Split (2)

train · 307k rows

query stringlengths 15 100	long_answer stringlengths 0 440k	short_answer stringlengths 0 1.27k	title stringlengths 0 135	bert_title stringlengths 0 134	abstract stringlengths 0 6.05k	content stringlengths 317 468k	url stringlengths 31 204	index int64 0 67.3k
when does jurassic world falling kingdom come out	Filming took place from February to July 2017 in the United Kingdom and Hawaii . Produced and distributed by Universal Pictures , Fallen Kingdom premiered in Madrid on May 21 , 2018 , and was released internationally in early June 2018 and in the United States on June 22 , 2018 . The film has grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide , making it the third Jurassic film to pass the mark , the third highest - grossing film of 2018 and the 13th highest - grossing film of all time . It received mixed reviews from critics , who praised Pratt 's performance , Bayona 's direction , the visuals , and the `` surprisingly dark moments '' , although many criticized the screenplay and lack of innovation , with some suggesting the series has run its course . An untitled sequel is set to be released on June 11 , 2021 , with Trevorrow returning to direct .	June 22 , 2018	Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom	jurassic world : fallen kingdom		2018 American science fiction adventure film Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Theatrical release poster Directed by J.A. Bayona Produced by Frank Marshall Patrick Crowley Belén Atienza Written by Derek Connolly Colin Trevorrow Based on Characters by Michael Crichton Starring Chris Pratt Bryce Dallas Howard Rafe Spall Justice Smith Daniella Pineda James Cromwell Toby Jones Ted Levine B.D. Wong Isabella Sermon Geraldine Chaplin Jeff Goldblum Music by Michael Giacchino Cinematography Óscar Faura Edited by Bernat Vilaplana Production companies Universal Pictures Amblin Entertainment The Kennedy / Marshall Company Legendary Pictures Perfect World Pictures Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date May 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 21 ) ( WiZink Center ) June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) ( United States ) Running time 128 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $170 -- 187 million Box office $1.276 billion Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom is a 2018 American science fiction adventure film and the sequel to Jurassic World ( 2015 ) . Directed by J.A. Bayona , it is the fifth installment of the Jurassic Park film series , as well as the second installment of a planned Jurassic World trilogy . Derek Connolly and Jurassic World director Colin Trevorrow both returned as writers , with Trevorrow and original Jurassic Park director Steven Spielberg acting as executive producers . Set on the fictional Central American island of Isla Nublar , off the Pacific coast of Costa Rica , it follows Owen Grady and Claire Dearing as they rescue the remaining dinosaurs on the island before a volcanic eruption destroys it . Chris Pratt , Bryce Dallas Howard , B.D. Wong , and Jeff Goldblum reprise their roles from previous films in the series , with Rafe Spall , Justice Smith , Daniella Pineda , James Cromwell , Toby Jones , Ted Levine , Isabella Sermon , and Geraldine Chaplin joining the cast . Filming took place from February to July 2017 in the United Kingdom and Hawaii . Produced and distributed by Universal Pictures , Fallen Kingdom premiered in Madrid on May 21 , 2018 , and was released internationally in early June 2018 and in the United States on June 22 , 2018 . The film has grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide , making it the third Jurassic film to pass the mark , the third highest - grossing film of 2018 and the 13th highest - grossing film of all time . It received mixed reviews from critics , who praised Pratt 's performance , Bayona 's direction , the visuals , and the `` surprisingly dark moments '' , although many criticized the screenplay and lack of innovation , with some suggesting the series has run its course . An untitled sequel is set to be released on June 11 , 2021 , with Trevorrow returning to direct . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Writing 3.4 Casting 3.5 Filming 3.6 Creatures on screen 4 Marketing 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 United States and Canada 6.1. 2 Outside North America 6.2 Critical response 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot Shortly after the events of Jurassic World , a small team of mercenaries arrives on the abandoned Isla Nublar to collect DNA from the remains of the Indominus rex at the bottom of the park 's lagoon . After successfully collecting a bone fragment , the team 's survivors barely escape the island following attacks by the Mosasaurus and Tyrannosaurus rex . Three years later in 2018 , a U.S. Senate hearing in Washington , D.C. debates whether Isla Nublar 's dinosaurs should be saved from an impending volcanic eruption . Mathematician Dr. Ian Malcolm testifies that the dinosaurs should be allowed to perish to correct John Hammond 's mistake of cloning them . Meanwhile , Jurassic World 's former operations manager Claire Dearing has established the Dinosaur Protection Group to save the animals . After the Senate rules against rescuing the dinosaurs , Hammond 's former partner , Benjamin Lockwood , summons Claire to his Northern California estate . Lockwood and his aide , Eli Mills , reveal a plan to relocate the dinosaurs to a new island sanctuary . Claire is needed to help reactivate the park 's dinosaur tracking system to locate the animals , particularly Blue , the last living Velociraptor . Although they are estranged , Claire recruits Jurassic World 's former Velociraptor trainer and Blue 's alpha , Owen Grady , to help capture her . On Isla Nublar , Claire and former park technician Franklin Webb get the tracking system online . Owen , paleo - veterinarian Zia Rodriguez , and a mercenary team led by Ken Wheatley search for Blue . Upon finding her , the encounter escalates , resulting in a mercenary shooting Blue and Wheatley tranquilizing Owen . The mercenaries take Zia so she can treat Blue 's injury . Their ship departs for the U.S. mainland as the animals left behind die in the eruption . Claire , Franklin , and Owen sneak aboard in time and assist Zia in transfusing Blue with Tyrannosaurus blood . The group now realize the captured dinosaurs were never being transported to a new island and are for another purpose . Back at the estate , Lockwood 's orphaned pre-teen granddaughter Maisie overhears Mills and auctioneer Gunnar Eversol secretly planning to auction the captured dinosaurs on the black market . They will also unveil the Indoraptor , a new genetically - engineered dinosaur created by geneticist Dr. Henry Wu using Indominus rex and Velociraptor DNA . Wu wants Blue 's DNA to create an enhanced Indoraptor , unaware that Blue 's blood is contaminated . After Maisie informs Lockwood about the auction , he confronts Mills , who murders him . Maisie is later revealed to have been cloned from Lockwood 's deceased daughter and is the reason John Hammond , who opposed human cloning , ended their partnership . The dinosaurs are transported to Lockwood 's estate and caged . Zia and Franklin evade capture , but Owen and Claire are apprehended and confined . Owen incites a Stygimoloch into breaking open their cell . They find Maisie who leads them to the auction where the Indoraptor is being sold despite Wu 's protests that it is a prototype . Owen disrupts the proceedings by luring the Stygimoloch into the room . In the ensuing chaos , Wheatley tranquilizes the Indoraptor to extract a tooth as a trophy , but it feigns sedation and escapes , killing him , Eversol , and others . The Indoraptor hunts Owen , Claire , and Maisie throughout the mansion . Zia releases Blue , who attacks the Indoraptor , causing it to fall through a glass roof to its death . When a hydrogen cyanide gas leak threatens the caged animals , Maisie is unable to let them die and frees them despite Owen 's warning . Mills is killed and the Indominus bone destroyed by the Tyrannosaurus . Owen , Claire , Maisie , Zia , and Franklin safely get away , while Blue and the other dinosaurs escape . In a new U.S. Senate hearing , Dr. Malcolm declares the beginning of a Neo-Jurassic Age where humans and dinosaurs must learn to coexist . The closing scenes show the freed dinosaurs roaming wilderness and outer urban areas . Cast Main article : List of Jurassic Park characters Chris Pratt as Owen Grady : A Navy veteran and former Velociraptor handler for Jurassic World . Bryce Dallas Howard as Claire Dearing : Jurassic World 's former operations manager , now a dinosaur - rights activist , who has founded the Dinosaur Protection Group at San Francisco to save the surviving dinosaurs from Isla Nublar . Rafe Spall as Eli Mills : Lockwood 's ambitious assistant who recruits Owen and Claire to rescue the dinosaurs . Speaking of his character 's actions over the course of the film , Spall noted that , `` Ambition is such a powerful emotion , you can get wrapped up in it and end up doing things in order to succeed . This character believes he is doing right . He has been entrusted with pushing Lockwood 's fortune into the future and making it survive after he dies . Mills feels he is simply doing what he was asked to do . '' Justice Smith as Franklin Webb : A former IT technician for Jurassic World who is now the Dinosaur Protection Group 's systems analyst and hacker . Daniella Pineda as Zia Rodriguez : A former Marine who is now the Dinosaur Protection Group 's paleoveterinarian . James Cromwell as Sir Benjamin Lockwood : John Hammond 's former partner in developing the technology to clone dinosaurs . Toby Jones as Gunnar Eversol : An auctioneer host at Lockwood Estate who sells the Isla Nublar dinosaurs for profit . In an interview , Jones likened his character to that of `` a rogue arms dealer ; he sees profits in selling these creatures as weapons . He is totally morally neutral about whatever he is selling . He is only interested in whether or not it will make him a profit . '' Ted Levine as Ken Wheatley : A seasoned mercenary who commands the rescue operation on Isla Nublar . B.D. Wong as Henry Wu : The former head geneticist of both Jurassic World and the original Jurassic Park . Speaking of his character 's actions , Wong stated : `` I do think he 's motivated by his love for science and his own ego , which is well supported by his massive achievements ... I think he turns a blind eye to the human suffering that comes as a result because he thinks he 's looking at some bigger picture . '' Isabella Sermon as Maisie Lockwood : Lockwood 's juvenile granddaughter and legal ward following her parents ' deaths . Geraldine Chaplin as Iris : The Lockwood Estate housekeeper , Maisie 's nanny , and protector of the Lockwood family 's secrets . Jeff Goldblum as Ian Malcolm : An expert in chaos theory who once consulted for InGen 's Jurassic Park . In a podcast interview , Goldblum revealed of his role `` It 's small ... who knows , they may cut me out entirely ! But if I stay in , I 'll be a sprig of parsley or a little garnish , hopefully with some impact ! '' Director Bayona confirmed that Goldblum 's role is simply a cameo , stating , `` He does n't have a major role in the action but it 's definitely a very meaningful one in terms of the story . '' Peter Jason as Senator Sherwood : A Senator who is among those who debate about saving the dinosaurs on Isla Nublar . Production Development During early conversations on the 2015 film Jurassic World , executive producer Steven Spielberg told director Colin Trevorrow that he was interested in having several more films made . In April 2014 , Trevorrow announced that sequels had been discussed : `` We wanted to create something that would be a little bit less arbitrary and episodic , and something that could potentially arc into a series that would feel like a complete story . '' Trevorrow said Chris Pratt and Omar Sy might reprise their roles for the next few films and said he would direct the film if asked . Trevorrow later told Spielberg that he would only focus on directing one film in the series . In May 2015 , Trevorrow announced that he would not direct another film in the series : `` I would be involved in some way , but not as director . '' Trevorrow felt that different directors could bring different qualities to future films . Pratt had been signed for future films in the series , as was Ty Simpkins , who portrayed Gray in Jurassic World . On June 3 , 2015 , Trevorrow stated that Jurassic World left many story possibilities open : `` I really like the idea that this group of geneticists are n't the only people who can make a dinosaur ( ... ) when you think of the differences between Apple and PC -- the minute something goes open - source , there are all kinds of entities and interests that may be able to utilize that technology . '' On June 8 , 2015 , Jurassic World producer Frank Marshall met with Trevorrow and Universal Pictures to discuss a sequel . Later that month , Trevorrow did not deny that the film could involve `` dinosaur soldiers '' and said the series is `` not always gon na be about a Jurassic Park '' , saying he felt that future films could explore the idea of dinosaurs and humans co-existing . Trevorrow also hinted that the next film may not involve the Jurassic World theme park and said he would be interested in seeing a Jurassic Park film made by one of several Spanish horror film directors , whose names he did not mention . Pre-production On July 23 , 2015 , Universal announced that a fifth film had been scheduled for a June 22 , 2018 , release date in the U.S. It was also announced that Trevorrow would write the script with his writing partner Derek Connolly , as they did for Jurassic World ; that the film would be produced by Frank Marshall ; and that Spielberg and Trevorrow would act as executive producers . Universal also said that Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard would reprise their roles from the previous film . At the time of the film 's announcement , Trevorrow said the series `` is n't always going to be limited to theme parks '' and confirmed that the film would not involve `` a bunch of dinosaurs chasing people on an island '' stating , `` That 'll get old real fast . '' Trevorrow also spoke of the film 's possible open - source storyline : `` It 's almost like InGen is Mac , but what if PC gets their hands on it ? What if there are 15 different entities around the world who can make a dinosaur ? '' In August 2015 , Howard said that the script was being written , and it was announced that the film would be released in the UK two weeks early , on June 7 , 2018 . Later that year , B.D. Wong said he `` would be happy to return '' as Dr. Henry Wu , while Howard announced that filming would begin in 2017 . Howard also said she would be interested in seeing characters from earlier Jurassic Park films return for the fifth film , saying , `` I could see versions of the film where a lot of the characters come back . '' By October 2015 , director J.A. Bayona was being considered to direct the film , although he chose instead to direct the World War Z sequel , a project to which he had already signed on . In January 2016 , it was reported that Bayona could still be a candidate to direct the film after he dropped out of the World War Z sequel due to other commitments . In March 2016 , London was being scouted as a possible filming location and setting for the film , and it was subsequently announced that filming would take place at a UK studio . On April 14 , 2016 , actor Jeff Goldblum said he had no plans to appear in the film as his character Ian Malcolm , although he said he was open to the possibility . On April 18 , 2016 , Bayona was announced as the film 's director , with Belén Atienza and Patrick Crowley joining Marshall as producers . Spielberg , Marshall , and Kathleen Kennedy had been impressed by Bayona 's 2012 film , The Impossible , and initially considered having him direct Jurassic World , but he declined as he felt there was not enough time for production . Trevorrow wanted Bayona to direct the film after seeing his 2007 horror film , The Orphanage . Before Bayona was hired , he met with Trevorrow and became enthused with the project after being shown the script 's second half , which would play out like a haunted house film . After Bayona was hired , Trevorrow said about the film , `` We 're moving it into new territory . J.A. Bayona is an incredible director and I know he 'll push the boundaries of what a ' Jurassic ' movie is . I think it 's important that we take risks . A franchise must evolve or perish . '' Trevorrow and Bayona worked closely throughout the film 's production . In June 2016 , actor Sam Neill was asked if he would return to the series as Dr. Alan Grant and responded , `` You never say never , but I think it 's moved on . It 's different times . '' The film , under the working title of Ancient Futures , was in full pre-production as of July 2016 , with storyboards being designed . Andy Nicholson was hired as the film 's production designer and spent four weeks with Bayona in Barcelona , discussing reference pictures and background details , as well as Bayona 's ideas for the Lockwood mansion . Production was scheduled to begin in Hawaii in February 2017 . Wales was also confirmed as a filming location , including Brecon Beacons and Penbryn . Trevorrow stated that Hawaii would be used as a primary filming location , while U.K. shooting would be limited to studios , without the story taking place there . Trevorrow also said that the film would feature many dinosaurs that were not seen in previous films and denied that the film 's story would involve militarized dinosaurs , which would only be mentioned in the film . For the film 's second half in which dinosaurs are transported by boat to the mainland , Ecuador and Peru had both been scouted as possible filming locations and settings , while Marshall thought that Cabo San Lucas would be ideal , but such locations ultimately did not work for the film 's story . Although the film was partially shot in England , Spielberg felt that the country was too far from the fictional Isla Nublar to be used as the in - film setting during the second half , as he and the producers did not want the film to focus too much time on a boat . Crowley stated , `` Rather than making it a movie about traveling on a boat , which is not very exciting , you needed to get to the place . '' In September 2016 , Bayona confirmed that the film would be the second chapter in a planned Jurassic World trilogy . Later that year , Marshall said that Wong was `` probably going to come back , '' while Jurassic World composer Michael Giacchino confirmed that he would return to compose the fifth film . Óscar Faura was announced as the film 's cinematographer at the end of the year . Writing Although Spielberg was heavily involved in the development of ideas for Jurassic World , he had Trevorrow and Connolly devise their own ideas for the sequel , while retaining final approval on the project . In June 2015 , approximately two weeks after the theatrical release of Jurassic World , Trevorrow embarked on a road trip from Los Angeles back to his home state of Vermont . Connolly agreed to accompany Trevorrow on the trip so they could discuss a basic set of ideas that Trevorrow had for the film . During their eight - day trip , the writers began work on the script and devised the basic story . Trevorrow said the film 's story was inspired by a quote from Dr. Alan Grant in the first film : `` Dinosaurs and man , two species separated by 65 million years of evolution , have suddenly been thrown back into the mix together . How can we possibly have the slightest idea of what to expect ? '' Trevorrow also said that the story was heavily inspired by the idea that , `` A mistake made a long time ago just ca n't be undone . '' The film is also based on concepts from Michael Crichton 's novel Jurassic Park ( 1990 ) and its sequel The Lost World ( 1995 ) , and includes dialogue from the first novel . Isla Nublar 's volcano was an idea that existed in the first novel , and the writers chose to incorporate the idea into the film 's plot . Trevorrow compared the destruction of Isla Nublar to `` the burning down of a church or a temple , '' stating , `` I honestly think it 's like killing off a character in a way , and if you 're going to do that , as long as you approach it with the proper respect and acknowledgement that you understand how indelible and permanent what you 're doing is , then hopefully people will have an emotional response but they wo n't hate you for it . '' The idea to include a `` silent partner '' of John Hammond was also inspired by the Jurassic Park novel . Although the character of Benjamin Lockwood was not featured in the novel , the book depicts the early years leading up to the cloning of dinosaurs , which made Trevorrow realize that there would have been many people involved in such a project , convincing him that someone like Lockwood would be among those people . In his initial film treatment , Trevorrow had included story elements that Marshall and Crowley considered excessive for a single film , as the producers felt it was also important to include details about Owen and Claire 's lives after the events of Jurassic World . Although the original ending was the same as the final film , Trevorrow had wanted to include more details about the integration of dinosaurs into the world , before choosing to remove such details to keep the story focused . For the script 's structure , Trevorrow said he had been inspired by Spielberg 's 2015 film Bridge of Spies , in which two seemingly unrelated stories `` collide in the middle , and move on together . '' Trevorrow was also inspired by the 1975 film Three Days of the Condor , stating , `` It 's one of those places where you think you know what the score is , and then everything changes , and then suddenly you do n't know who to trust . '' Having directed Jurassic World , Trevorrow became familiar with how animatronics worked and wrote scenes into the sequel in a way that would allow for their use , as animatronics are incapable of certain actions such as running . Regarding the idea of human cloning , Trevorrow stated that `` we 're so much closer to cloning humans than we are to cloning dinosaurs . It felt like far less of a leap to me than dinosaurs do . ( ... ) To have a character who has such deep love and has felt such loss and the inability to go on , I think is something we all feel . So the idea that you might be able to bring someone back in that way is emotionally grounded in a very universal idea . '' Trevorrow also stated that he was interested in `` the larger impact '' of genetic power , including its emotional impact and its potential human impact , while further stating `` we knew that we did n't want to continue to make movies about the dangers of messing with science . We want to tell a story about where we are now , which is that we have messed with science , we have fundamentally altered our world and now we 're dealing with the consequences . '' Trevorrow was nervous about how audiences would react to the story 's human cloning aspect , an idea that was supported by Spielberg , who was excited about the questions that such an idea could raise in the film 's sequel . Because of criticism regarding the death of Zara in the previous film , Trevorrow stated that for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom , `` We made sure that every death was earned . Everybody deserves their death in this movie , a lesson learned . In 2018 everyone earns it . Horrible people . '' After Bayona was hired , he began reading all of Crichton 's novels -- including Jurassic Park and The Lost World -- for inspiration and `` to try to immerse myself in Crichton 's mind . '' Trevorrow and Connolly began working with Bayona in July 2016 , to perfect the script to the director 's liking . Trevorrow stated that the film would be more `` suspenseful and scary '' than its predecessor : `` It 's just the way it 's designed ; it 's the way the story plays out . I knew I wanted Bayona to direct it long before anyone ever heard that it was a possibility , so the whole thing was just built around his skillset . '' Trevorrow later described the film as `` The Impossible meets The Orphanage with dinosaurs . '' Bayona stated that with the first half of the film set on an island , `` you have what you expect from a Jurassic movie , '' while the second half `` moves to a totally different environment that feels more suspenseful , darker , claustrophobic , and even has this kind of gothic element , which I love . '' Bayona 's concept of gothic suspense for the film was influenced by Alfred Hitchcock films , and he compared the film to The Empire Strikes Back and Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan , which were both considered darker than their predecessors . Trevorrow said the film 's dinosaurs would be `` a parable of the treatment animals receive today : the abuse , medical experimentation , pets , having wild animals in zoos like prisons , the use the military has made of them , animals as weapons . '' The idea of weaponized dinosaurs came from Spielberg . Trevorrow said that with the film 's dinosaur auction , `` The worst instincts of mankind are revealed . The first film was very clearly about corporate greed . This is just about human greed . '' The film includes ideas previously featured in a rejected 2004 draft for Jurassic Park IV ( later Jurassic World ) , presented in the same structure : a return to Isla Nublar followed by a second half set in a large Gothic building on the mainland . The idea of a dinosaur auction was also present in the rejected draft , which Trevorrow had read while writing the first Jurassic World film . Bayona had his own ideas incorporated into the script while essentially retaining the same original story devised by Trevorrow and Connolly . The film 's underwater opening sequence was already in Trevorrow and Connolly 's script , and Bayona asked Trevorrow to push for it to become a bigger scene with a larger set . Among Trevorrow 's ideas was to include Jeff Goldblum 's character of Ian Malcolm , who appeared in the franchise 's earlier films . Trevorrow and Goldblum discussed dialogue ideas for Malcolm , and Trevorrow stated that he used a lot of dialogue from Crichton 's Jurassic Park novel for the character . Marshall stated that Trevorrow wrote Malcolm as `` the ' Uh oh , danger , I told you so ' kind of character , '' and Trevorrow said about the character , `` I saw him as kind of Al Gore . He 's got a beard now , and he 's like , ' I told all of you this was going to be a disaster , and sure enough it is . ' '' Bayona and Trevorrow ultimately removed certain moments from the script that they felt would be better for the sequel , which was expected to depict dinosaurs having spread around the world . Casting In October 2016 , casting was underway for the role of a nine - year - old girl . Approximately 2,500 girls were interviewed for the role , which ultimately went to Isabella Sermon , marking her film debut . By November 2016 , Tom Holland -- who previously starred in The Impossible -- had discussed having a possible role in the film , but he did not believe he would be available for filming because of scheduling conflicts . Toby Jones , Rafe Spall , and Justice Smith were cast at the end of the year . Daniella Pineda , Ted Levine and James Cromwell were cast in early 2017 , while Wong confirmed his return as Dr. Henry Wu . To maintain secrecy , the Ancient Futures title was used in the casting phase . During auditions , references to dinosaurs were replaced with animals such as lions and grizzly bears . To convince the studio that Pineda was right for the role of Zia , Bayona had her demonstrate that she could perform comedy and drama scenes , as well as improvisation . Pineda auditioned a total of seven times before receiving the role . She auditioned for Bayona , Atienza , and Crowley , and did not meet the cast until she arrived in England for filming . In March 2017 , Bayona announced that Geraldine Chaplin , who had roles in each of his previous films , had joined the cast . The next month , it was announced that Jeff Goldblum would be reprising his role as Dr. Ian Malcolm from the first two films . Bayona considered Malcolm a `` great character ! '' while Marshall said , `` The world has changed a lot since Ian Malcolm went to Jurassic Park and we need his point of view now more than ever . He told us about chaos theory , he was right . '' Filming Filming began at Langley Business Centre in Slough , England , on February 23 , 2017 . Scenes shot at the business center included Claire 's Dinosaur Protection Group office , Owen training his baby raptors , and Owen and Claire attempting to retrieve blood from the sedated T. rex . A majority of filming in England took place at Pinewood Studios . Because of its large sound stages , Pinewood Studios was considered perfect for the film 's many interior scenes . After filming concluded in England , production moved to Hawaii , which was used as a primary filming location . Scenes shot in Hawaii were set on Isla Nublar , the fictional island featured in the first and fourth films . Scenes were also expected to be shot at Brecon Beacons National Park in Wales . The film was shot in CinemaScope , and is the first entry in the Jurassic Park series that is presented in a 2.40 : 1 aspect ratio . The film crew used Arri Alexa 65 cameras throughout the duration of filming . Several scenes were shot to reference various films including From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) and Dracula ( 1979 ) , as well as Spielberg 's films Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) . Spielberg was shown scenes from the film during production and he offered his opinions to Bayona . During filming and in between takes , Bayona used an iPod to play different types of music on set to inspire the actors during certain scenes , as he had done for his previous films . Bayona also played sound effects from previous films in the series , including a T. rex roar that he sometimes used to get a natural reaction from the actors . In particular , Bayona played unexpected sounds and loud music to scare Smith for certain scenes , as his character is portrayed as easily frightened . Prior to being filmed , Bayona and Pratt discussed each scene involving the character of Owen , and many of Pratt 's ideas were added into the film . Speaking about Levine 's character , Bayona said , `` He came with this idea of creating this kind of military man . He just wanted to portray the most hateable character possible . ( ... ) And he was so creative on set , trying to give ideas , bringing story notes to make this character more and more hateable . '' The film includes several indirect references to U.S. president Donald Trump , including an idea from Trevorrow in which a news ticker states that the `` U.S. president '' has questioned the `` existence of dinosaurs in the first place . '' Jones was allowed to decide his character 's appearance , which included a wig similar to Trump 's hairstyle . An unscripted moment that was left in the film involves Levine 's character referring to Pineda 's character Zia as a `` nasty woman '' , a line that was previously made famous by Trump . In April 2017 , scenes were filmed at East Berkshire College in Berkshire , England , and at Loch Long in Argyll and Bute , Scotland . Also that month , filming took place at Hartland Park -- formerly the Pyestock jet engine test site -- in Fleet , Hampshire , England , where the film 's opening sequence was shot . The scene was filmed through the night and involved helicopters , rain machines , and lightning simulators to depict a thunderstorm . Bayona described the opening scene as a `` massive action piece '' that resembled the prologues used in James Bond films . Scenes were filmed on sets at Hawley Common , also in Hampshire , where the exterior of Lockwood 's mansion was built , as well as a mainland loading dock where the dinosaurs are brought . The exterior of the ship that transports Isla Nublar 's dinosaurs to the mainland was created entirely through computer - generated effects by Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) , which worked on the previous films . The ship 's interior was constructed by Nicholson and his team as a large set at Pinewood Studios , and after filming , the set was rebuilt to depict the large rooftop of the Lockwood Estate . The exterior of the Cragside country house in Northumberland , England , along with its coniferous surrounding , was used to depict the Lockwood Estate exterior . The film crew took plate shots of Cragside and used a computer to combine the shots with footage filmed on set to create the exterior of the Lockwood Estate . No actors were involved in the Cragside shoot . Nicholson previsualized each of the sets that he and his team built to ensure they would be large enough for the intended scenes , stating , `` Someone can tell you a Velociraptor is X-feet long , but until you see it in the space , you ca n't appreciate what that means in terms of your set and the action that needs to take place within it . '' The interior of the multi-floor Lockwood Estate was built entirely on sound stages at Pinewood Studios . The estate set included Eli Mills ' office , Dr. Wu 's large underground laboratory , an underground dinosaur containment facility , separate bedrooms belonging to Benjamin and Maisie Lockwood , and a large library with dinosaur skeletons and artifacts . When filming was completed in the Lockwood library , the set was redecorated and converted into the estate 's underground garage , where the dinosaur auction takes place . Pratt stated that the film involved significantly more stunts than its predecessor . An improvised fist fight scene , between Owen and several men during the dinosaur auction , was added late in filming . It was the first such scene to be featured in the film series , and was filmed in a single continuous shot with the use of a dolly track . On May 10 , 2017 , it was reported that scenes were being filmed at Rock Barracks military base , near Woodbridge , Suffolk . On May 24 , 2017 , scenes were shot at Hampshire 's Blackbushe Airport , which stood in as an American airfield . Filming in the United Kingdom concluded on June 10 , 2017 . Up to that point , Trevorrow was present as an on - set writer for each day of production so he could aid Bayona with any possible script changes . Goldblum shot his scenes in a single day at Pinewood Studios , during the last day of filming in the United Kingdom . Jones also filmed his scenes on large sets at Pinewood Studios . Filming in Hawaii was underway as of June 13 , 2017 , and lasted more than 25 days , with locations that included Dillingham Airfield and Pua'ena Point . On June 21 , 2017 , filming began at Heʻeia Kea Small Boat Harbor in Heʻeia , Hawaii , which served as Isla Nublar 's shipping dock . More than half of the harbor was closed for filming , which required the use of smoke machines . Scenes were scheduled to be shot at the harbor throughout the end of the month . Filming also took place in a nearby Heʻeia jungle for scenes in which Owen searches for and locates Blue . As a reference to the first Jurassic Park film , the scene between Owen and Blue includes an overturned Ford Explorer , previously featured in the original film as a Jurassic Park tour vehicle . Trevorrow had initially considered including the vehicle in a scene in Jurassic World , before settling on the original Jurassic Park visitor center instead . On June 22 , 2017 , the film 's official title was announced as Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom . At the time , filming was underway at Kualoa Ranch on the Hawaiian island of Oahu . Filming at Kualoa Ranch included the exterior set for a radio tower bunker . In Hawaii , scenes in which characters are running were filmed with the use of the Edge Arm , a stabilized camera that was attached to a crane , which was mounted to a truck that drove alongside the actors . The specialized camera allowed for scenes to be shot steadily despite the truck driving over rough terrain . The film includes a scene on Isla Nublar in which Claire and Franklin are riding in a ball - shaped Jurassic World Gyrosphere ride to evade dinosaurs . The scene was shot at Kualoa Ranch and in England , and Bayona described it as one of the film 's biggest challenges . In Hawaii , the Edge Arm was used to film the actors riding in the Gyrosphere as it was hauled on a trailer to simulate its movement . In England , an outdoor roller coaster track with a 40 - foot drop was constructed for the Gyrosphere , which Howard and Smith rode in to shoot a scene in which the ride plummets off a cliff and into the water surrounding Isla Nublar . Although this portion of the scene could have been shot with the use of a green screen , Bayona wanted the actors to have genuine fear for the scene . The final portion of the scene was shot at Pinewood Studios , where a large indoor tank was constructed and filled with water to depict the submerged ride as Owen tries to break it open and rescue Claire and Franklin . Bayona wanted this portion of the scene to have the appearance of a single continuous shot ; to achieve this , the scene was filmed in five different takes that were merged to make it seem like a single shot . Pratt was aided by a diving instructor for the scene , which also involved Howard and Smith underwater . Filming in the tank lasted five days , and required 85 crew members . The scene in the tank was primarily shot by a second unit crew , as Bayona was busy directing scenes on other soundstages . David Vickery and his team at ILM created the volcanic special effects and consulted volcanologists for research . According to Vickery , the team inquired `` how a volcano of this type might erupt '' and also requested information about `` the various stages of lava and pyroclastic flow . We are speeding it up a bit for the sake of our film , but it is definitely all based on real science . '' All of the lava in the film was created through digital effects , although one scene used cat litter set on fire as a stand - in on set , so the actors would know where to react . The scene was set in an Isla Nublar bunker as lava begins dripping from the roof . The litter had been soaked in flammable liquid , and was dropped from 12 different nozzles above the set . The Main Street section of the Jurassic World theme park was rebuilt on Police Beach in Hawaii for a scene in which Owen and Claire return to the island . The set had previously been built in Louisiana for filming of the previous Jurassic World , but was dismantled after filming concluded . For the sequel , Nicholson had part of the Main Street practically built , although the park 's visitor center could not be constructed in its entirety because of its large size . Unbuilt portions of the park were created by ILM using digital set extensions . Main Street was the largest set built in Hawaii , and required more than three months to complete . Many of the same prop makers returned to recreate the Main Street set , which then had to be aged to give the appearance of abandonment . On July 7 , 2017 , filming took place at Oahu 's Hālona Blowhole , where Pratt , Howard and Smith shot scenes on a beach . Filming concluded on July 8 , 2017 , after shooting was completed at Hālona Blowhole . Bayona said that making the film was the biggest challenge of his life . The original cut of the film was approximately two hours and 45 minutes , which the filmmakers considered too long . The film was trimmed to two hours and eight minutes for the final cut . One scene that was removed from the film would reveal the character of Zia to be a lesbian , an idea that came from Bayona and Trevorrow , who chose to cut it out for runtime reasons . Creatures on screen See also : List of cloned animals in the Jurassic Park series The film 's dinosaurs were created through a combination of animatronics and computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) . Special effects artist Neal Scanlan served as the film 's creature effects creative supervisor , while Vickery and Alex Wuttke served as visual effects supervisors . Scanlan worked on the animatronic dinosaurs , while Vickery and his ILM team created versions of the dinosaurs through CGI . ILM animators in Vancouver worked on dinosaur stampede scenes , while ILM 's London studio created the remaining creature scenes . Approximately 52 ILM animators worked on the film . Scanlan worked closely with Bayona and Vickery to create the creatures , and Vickery and ILM did extensive research to accurately create and depict the dinosaurs , which included consulting with paleontologists . The ILM team also referred to elephants and rhinos to determine how the dinosaurs should move and behave . Dinosaur expert John Hankla , of the Denver Museum of Nature and Science , served as an advisor on the film . After reading fan thoughts on dinosaurs and speaking with children , Bayona realized that dinosaur textures and colors were frequently brought up , and stated , `` I thought that was the area where I could play with . They feel somehow a little bit more exotic and richer in this movie . '' New research had also suggested that real dinosaurs were more colorful and brighter than previously thought . The film features more dinosaurs than any previous film in the series , as Bayona wanted to include several new dinosaurs not previously seen in earlier films , including Allosaurus , Baryonyx , Carnotaurus , Sinoceratops , Stygimoloch , and the fictional Indoraptor . Baryonyx and Carnotaurus were among the creatures created through CGI . Dilophosaurus was in the film 's original cut , but was removed . The film features more animatronic dinosaurs than any previous sequel , and the animatronics used were more technologically advanced than in the previous films . Five animatronic dinosaurs were created for the film , whereas the previous film only featured one . More animatronics were used because the film features closer interaction between humans and dinosaurs than its predecessor , including a scene in which Howard rode atop the sedated T. rex . Bayona stated that animatronics `` are very helpful on set , especially for the actors so they have something to perform against . There 's an extra excitement if they can act in front of something real . '' Scanlan stated that animatronics were not best for every scene : `` In some ways it will have an impact on your shooting schedule ; you have to take time to film with an animatronic . In the balance , we ask ourselves if it is economically and artistically more valuable to do it that way , or as a post-production effect . Once we have looked at each particular case , with the director and the VFX supervisor we decide whether -- because of the environment or the circumstances -- it is the right way to go practically . '' Scanlan spent more than eight months at Pinewood Studios to work on the creatures before and during filming , with a crew of approximately 35 people . Scanlan 's team created functional animatronic models of the T. rex , the Indoraptor and Blue , while ILM worked on CGI versions of the creatures . The T. rex was one of the first animatronic creatures needed for filming , in the form of a full - scale head and shoulders . ILM sent Scanlan a model of the T. rex from its appearance in Jurassic World , and Scanlan used it to create a full - scale 3D print of the T. rex head and shoulders . The life - sized T. rex animatronic was controlled through joysticks , with the ability to breathe and move its head . The T. rex animatronic was used for a scene in which the sedated creature is inside a cage while Owen and Claire attempt to retrieve blood from it . The beginning shots in the scene were created using only the animatronic , while the ending shots solely used CGI , with the middle portion of the scene using a combination of the two methods . Within the film 's story , the T. rex is portrayed as the same individual featured in previous films . Trevorrow said , `` We 've been following this same character since the beginning ; she 's the same T. rex that was in Jurassic Park and in Jurassic World . She is iconic -- not just because she 's a T. rex , but because she 's this T. rex . '' The Blue animatronic was created to lay down on an operating table , depicting the animal in an injured state while the character of Zia operates on the creature . Up to 12 puppeteers , hidden under the operating table , were needed to control the animatronic during filming . The scene was shot twice , with and without the Blue animatronic , and the two versions were later combined for a seamless effect . In creating Blue through CGI , the animators referred to the animal 's appearance in the previous film . According to Vickery , Blue 's movements were designed to resemble a dog : `` You look at the way Blue cocks her head and looks up at you . It 's exactly like a dog . You 're trying to sort of connect the dinosaur with things that you understand as a human . '' The Indoraptor was primarily created through CGI , while a practical head , neck , shoulders , foot and arm were created for close - up shots . For some scenes , an inflatable dinosaur was operated by two puppeteers as a Indoraptor stand - in on set , while a CGI version of the creature would be added in later . The Indoraptor was designed to have long human - like arms , and the creature is depicted as a quadruped and biped , with a height of approximately 10 feet tall while standing on two legs . The Indoraptor 's black color was chosen as Bayona wanted the creature to have the appearance of a black shadow , stating that `` it 's very terrifying when you see the Indoraptor in the dark because you can only see the eyes and the teeth . '' Scanlan 's team also made puppeteering aids , rod puppets , and several prop dinosaurs , all created in coordination with Vickery to ensure a consistent result between the practical effects and CGI . Animal motions that could not be perfected with puppetry , such as blinking , were instead created with computer technology . Among the puppeteer dinosaurs were baby velociraptors , which were used for a scene with Pratt , while the final , wider shots of the scene used two - wheeled , remote - controlled toys to stand - in for the baby raptors on set . The toys included a spring which gave them the ability to jump , and the feature was used to get a genuinely startled reaction from Pratt . Although motion capture was used in the previous film to depict velociraptors , ILM determined after several tests that the technology would not be adequate for depicting dinosaurs in Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom , and the team chose instead to use key frame animation done for the previous films . However , some motion capture was done as a form of previsualization to aid Bayona . ILM used key framing to create scenes involving a large number of dinosaurs , and referred to high - speed photography of horses racing for aid in creating such scenes . The fight scene between Blue and the Indoraptor , set in Maisie 's bedroom , was designed in London and key framed by ILM . Jance Rubinchik , animation supervisor for ILM , stated that the fight was the `` trickiest sequence '' because of the lack of previsualization . According to Bayona , a Brachiosaurus that is shown dying in the volcanic eruption is meant to be the same individual that is first seen in the original Jurassic Park . The Brachiosaurus in the new film was created using the same animations from the 1993 film . The dinosaur 's death was the last shot on the entire film to be finished ; Bayona and the post-production team stayed up through the night to perfect the scene 's colors and composition , shortly before the film 's release . For advice on veterinary procedures and animatronic movements , the filmmakers sought a veterinary surgeon who had experience with African wildlife . Jonathan Cranston , a Gloucestershire veterinary surgeon , was recommended for the position because of his experience with wildlife in South Africa . Cranston advised Bayona and the producers on how to choreograph several scenes to accurately depict complex veterinarian procedures that involved the dinosaurs . Cranston also worked closely with Pratt , Howard , Pineda and Smith to teach them how to perform such procedures . Additionally , Cranston advised the puppeteers on creating subtle and authentic animal movements , and also worked with Bayona on two scenes . Cranston was on set for 12 days , primarily at Pinewood Studios . Marketing A six - second clip from the film was released on November 22 , 2017 . The first trailer was teased for release on November 30 , 2017 , but this was later confirmed to be incorrect . Several teaser trailers and a behind - the - scenes featurette of the film were released in early December 2017 , prior to the release of a full - length trailer on December 7 . That month , Universal launched a website for the Dinosaur Protection Group that ultimately included miscellaneous information about the group and its effort to save the island 's dinosaurs , as well as a video featuring Howard , Pineda and Smith as their characters . The website was created by Timothy Glover and Jack Anthony Ewins , who previously created the Masrani Global website for Jurassic World . A second trailer aired during Super Bowl LII on February 4 , 2018 . A 30 - second teaser trailer was released on April 13 , 2018 , announcing the release of a third full trailer on April 18 . Several of the trailers and commercials for the film included scenes from the ending that depict the Tyrannosaurus rex and the Mosasaurus now loose in the world , which frustrated Trevorrow , who preferred not to show such scenes prior to the film 's release . Universal spent $185 million on partners for a global marketing campaign , more than double the cost of the previous film 's partner program . The campaign included nine partners which aired television commercials and sold products to promote the film . The partners were Dairy Queen , Doritos , Dr Pepper , Ferrero SpA , Jeep , Juicy Fruit , Kellogg 's , M&M 's , and Skittles . The global marketing campaign consisted of 1.3 billion items to promote the film , including 100 million boxes of Kellogg 's products and 15 million packages of Kinder Joy candy by Ferrero . Dairy Queen , a returning partner from the previous film , sold `` Jurassic Chomp '' ice cream desserts in collectable cups , while Doritos and Dr Pepper marketed versions of their products that featured images of the film 's dinosaurs . For Super Bowl LII , Trevorrow directed a Jeep commercial starring Goldblum and featuring a T. rex . Within 24 hours of its release , the commercial received 39.7 million online views , which was more than any film trailer that was watched online following its Super Bowl LII television debut . Universal also teamed up with Amazon for a marketing stunt in which a large dinosaur - sized box was driven around Los Angeles on a truck to promote the film . Licensing partners included Mattel , Lego , and Funko , all of which created toys based on the film . Mattel produced a variety of toys , including dinosaurs and action figures , as well as Barbie dolls featuring the likeness of Pratt and Howard as their characters . A mobile app titled Jurassic World Facts was released as a tie - in to Mattel 's dinosaur toys , which included symbols that could be scanned to collect facts about each creature . Lego is expected to release 13 Lego sets based on the film . A video game , Jurassic World Evolution , was released simultaneously with the film . A two - part virtual reality miniseries titled Jurassic World : Blue was released for Oculus VR headsets as a film tie - in . It was created by Felix & Paul Studios and Industrial Light and Magic , and features Blue on Isla Nublar at the time of the volcanic eruption . A website and campaign for `` Extinction Now ! '' , the antithesis to the Dinosaur Protection Group , was created by Trevorrow , Glover and Ewins , and was launched shortly before the film 's release . The campaign included a found - footage clip of a Tyrannosaurus loose in San Diego , a reference to The Lost World : Jurassic Park . Release Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom had its premiere at the WiZink Center in Madrid , Spain , on May 21 , 2018 . The international theatrical release began on June 6 , with the film being released in Singapore and Malaysia on June 7 , in the United Kingdom , India , Italy , South Korea and Angola on June 8 , and in Pakistan on June 16 , 2018 . The film was released in the United States on June 22 , 2018 . Home Media Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom is scheduled for digital release on September 4 , 2018 and Blu - ray , DVD , Blu - ray 3D and 4K Blu - ray on September 18 , 2018 . Reception Box Office As of August 12 , 2018 , Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom has grossed $409.6 million in the United States and Canada and $866.8 million in other territories for a total worldwide gross of $1.276 billion , against a production budget in the range of $170 -- 187 million . The film crossed the $1 billion mark on July 5 , 2018 , becoming the 35th film all - time to make the milestone , and seventh for Universal . It also made Universal the second studio ( behind Disney ) to have at least two films in three different franchises make $1 billion worldwide , alongside The Fast and the Furious and Despicable Me . United States and Canada In December 2017 , a survey from Fandango indicated that Fallen Kingdom was one of the most anticipated films of 2018 . Initial projections three weeks before its release had the film grossing between $130 -- 150 million in its opening weekend in the United States and Canada , with BoxOffice magazine estimating a total of $325 -- 380 million for its final domestic gross . By the week of its release , the low - end of projections had reached $135 million . It was released on June 22 , 2018 , in 4,475 theaters ( the second - widest release ever behind Despicable Me 3 ) grossing $58.7 million on its opening day , the second - highest of the franchise and 28th - best on record . The film grossed $15.3 million from Thursday night previews at 3,600 theaters , down from the $18.5 million grossed by Jurassic World . It ended up debuting to $148 million , the 20th - best opening weekend of all - time and second highest for Universal . It also marked the first time two films opened to over $100 million in back - to - back weekends , following the Incredibles 2 's $182.7 million debut the week before . In its second weekend the film made $60 million , a drop of 59 % and less than the $105.8 million made by Jurassic World in its sophomore weekend , and in its third weekend made $28.3 million . Outside north america Overseas , the film was released in 48 countries between June 6 and June 8 , 2018 , including France , Germany , South Korea , the United Kingdom , Italy , Russia , and Spain , and was projected to gross $130 -- 145 million in its opening weekend . It made $20.2 million on its first day , including $1.4 million in France and $1 million in Indonesia . In South Korea , it grossed $9.7 million ( ₩ 10.3 billion ) and sold over 1 million tickets , setting opening day records for both ( beating The Mummy 's ₩ 7.4 billion and Avengers : Infinity War 's 980,000 , respectively ) . It went on to have an international debut of $151.1 million , including $8 million from IMAX screenings . Its largest opening markets were South Korea ( $27.2 million ) , the UK ( $19.9 million ) , France ( $10 million ) , Spain ( $9.5 million ) and Germany ( $9.1 million ) . In China , the film was released on June 15 and made $34.4 million ( ¥ 220 million ) on its opening day , nearly double the first day total of its predecessor ( $17.5 million ) . It went on to open to $111.9 million ( ¥ 715 million ) , the fourth best - ever in the country for a Hollywood release ( behind The Fate of the Furious , Avengers : Infinity War and Transformers : The Last Knight ) , and bringing the film 's two week international total to $372.1 million , more than the entire lifetime gross of Jurassic Park III ( $368 million ) . In its third week of international release the film made $106.7 million , bringing its total to $561.5 million . China remained one of the top markets with $32.4 million ( a standard 71 % drop for Hollywood films in the country ) , while it was also released in Mexico ( $12.3 million ) , Brazil ( $9.2 million ) and Australia $7.9 million ) . As of July 5 , 2018 , the film has grossed $245.5 million in China , making it the 5th highest grossing Hollywood film of all - time in the country . Critical response On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , Fallen Kingdom holds an approval rating of 51 % based on 311 reviews , and an average rating of 5.7 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom adds another set piece - packed entry to the blockbuster franchise , although genuinely thrilling moments are in increasingly short supply . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100 , based on 59 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A − '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 82 % overall positive score . Variety 's Owen Gleiberman called the film better than the first Jurassic World but wrote `` ... ( Fallen Kingdom ) ends up being just a so - so ride . I hope the next one is an all - out ride -- but that for the first time since Spielberg 's 1993 original , it 's actually a great one . The audience for this series has proved that it will turn out in mega-droves . '' Lindsey Bahr of the Associated Press wrote , `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom will not stand up to rigorous scrutiny , and yet , it 's kind of an enjoyable , preposterous and thrilling ride that ticks through nostalgia beats like a shopping list . '' The Boston Globe 's Ty Burr likened the film to a `` Universal Studios theme park ride '' noting , `` It 's enough for a fun fright night at the movies but lacks anything else : character , mystery , wonder , danger . The film 's a rush for an audience that only wants the high . '' In a more critical assessment , Peter Travers of Rolling Stone stated that `` ... this sequel has the perfunctory vibe that comes from filmmakers who cynically believe the public will buy anything T. rex - related , no matter how shoddy the goods or warmed - over the plot . '' Senior Editor Matt Goldberg of Collider also criticized the screenplay stating , `` The film is too lazy to even bother with the modest housekeeping of explaining its characters ' motives . '' The Verge 's Bryan Bishop was equally critical , writing , `` Like its predecessor , Fallen Kingdom is overstuffed with ethical conundrums , and not sophisticated enough to fully engage with them ... the movie 's villains become such cartoony caricatures that it 's impossible to take Fallen Kingdom 's attempted philosophical musings seriously . '' Sam Machkovech of Ars Technica called the film a B movie consisting of `` a sixth - grade sketchbook mash of dino - murder , cartoonish villains , and plot holes '' , while Travis M. Andrews of The Washington Post said the film had `` achieved the impossible : it makes dinosaurs boring '' . In a positive review , Scott Mendelson of Forbes wrote , `` Fallen Kingdom is a gorgeous , mostly enjoyable blockbuster that looked great in IMAX . That it does n't cash all the checks it tries to write is why it 's merely a good movie instead of a great one . '' Writing for The Hollywood Reporter , John DeFore also praised the film saying , `` Finally making good on its name , J.A. Bayona 's Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom says goodbye to the park for good , not just carrying the de-extincted dinos off the island but freeing itself from the genre trappings of the previous four films . '' Exclaim ! 's Alex Hudson said the film is `` a straight - ahead monster movie : it 's dumb , occasionally gory , and mostly plenty of fun ... It wo n't rekindle your childhood fascination with dinosaurs , but it makes for a suitably silly creature feature . '' Many reviewers singled out the scene where a lone Brachiosaurus , stranded on Isla Nublar , succumbs to the volcanic fumes while the characters helplessly watch from the departing ship , as `` poignant '' or `` haunting '' , especially given the species role in the first movie . Sequel Further information : Jurassic Park § Jurassic World 3 ( 2021 ) An untitled sequel , known as Jurassic World 3 , is scheduled for release on June 11 , 2021 . Trevorrow will direct the film , and will write the screenplay with Emily Carmichael , based on a story by him and Connolly . Trevorrow will also serve as executive producer along with Steven Spielberg ; Marshall and Crowley will serve as producers . Pratt and Howard will reprise their roles for the film . References Jump up ^ Bayona , JA ( December 29 , 2016 ) . `` Excited to announce that my longtime collaborator @ BernatVilaplana will be the editor for the new Jurassic film '' . Twitter . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom -- Production Information '' ( PDF ) . Universal Pictures . May 2018 . pp. 2 -- 4 , 6 , 8 , 12 , 16 , 18 , 21 , 26 , 28 , 30 -- 34 . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` JURASSIC WORLD : FALLEN KINGDOM ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 26 , 2018 . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Untitled Jurassic World Sequel ( 2018 ) '' . AllMovie . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Ready To Leave $135 M+ Footprint Stateside As Global Evolves To $600 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Graeme McMillank ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' -- What the Critics Are Saying '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Adam ( July 4 , 2018 ) . `` When Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom 's Opening Scene Actually Takes Place '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Colin Trevorrow clarified that the opening scene takes place only a few weeks , or at most a month , after Jurassic World . Jump up ^ Trevorrow , Colin ( June 24 , 2018 ) . `` Let 's call it 6 months '' . Twitter . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rebecca Ford ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 2 ' Set for 2018 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2015 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Trumbore , Dave ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Plot Details Emerge ... and They 're Bonkers '' . Collider . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rafe Spall Reveals His Character Name in Jurassic World Fallen Kingdom '' . Jurassic Outpost . October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bui , Hoai - Tran ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Viral Website Reveals What Claire Has Been Doing '' . / Film . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` James Cromwell shares details about ' Jurassic World ' sequel '' . Ora TV . April 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` James Cromwell Joins ' Jurassic World ' Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Rucha ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Dinosaur trade goes awry in the final trailer for ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' '' . Daily News and Analysis . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Schwerdtfeger , Connor ( February 19 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Is Bringing Back A Favorite Character '' . CinemaBlend.com . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2017 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jurassic World ' Star BD Wong Says It 's `` Simplistic '' to Think of His Character as a Villain `` . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Producers Frank Marshall and Pat Crowley on Going Back to the Park ( Set Visit Interview ) ( page 2 of 3 ) '' . / Film . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` 10 movies you absolutely must see this summer , from ' Avengers ' to young Han Solo '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Maisie ( Isabella Sermon ) wakes up to a nightmarish guest -- a new dinosaur called the Indoraptor -- in the sequel `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' ( June 22 ) . Jump up ^ Acuna , Kirsten ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` We just saw hundreds of new toys coming out this year -- here are the hottest things every kid will want '' . MSN . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Chitwood , Adam ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` Full ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Trailer Teases a Darker Sequel '' . Collider . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Jacob ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 2 ' Will Toss Geraldine Chaplin Into the Maw of a T - Rex '' . / Film . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Jeff Goldblum Joins ' Jurassic World ' Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Goldblum says his role in Jurassic World 2 is a small one '' . Scified . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nugent , John ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Empire Podcast Jeff Goldblum Interview Special '' . Empire . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 director JA Bayona : ' Jeff Goldblum Fallen Kingdom role is a cameo ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , Steve ( June 13 , 2015 ) . `` Jurassic World : Colin Trevorrow Talks Building a Foundation for Future Installments '' . Collider.com . Event occurs at 4 : 30 -- 7 : 58 . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2015 . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Phil de Semlyen ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Jurassic World Sequels Planned '' . Empire . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Colin Trevorrow Not Directing the Next Jurassic Park Film '' . ComingSoon.net . May 31 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2015 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( June 13 , 2015 ) . `` Chris Pratt is signed on for more Jurassic World movies '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2015 . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( June 10 , 2015 ) . `` Ty Simpkins Talks Jurassic World , Marvel Movies , & Deadpool '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2015 . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( June 3 , 2015 ) . `` Jurassic World sequel could see Apple vs Microsoft - style dinosaur tech race '' . Radio Times . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2015 . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 : Colin Trevorrow and Frank Marshall Talk Future of the Franchise '' . SlashFilm.com . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ward , Tom ( June 10 , 2015 ) . `` Will Jurassic World Be As Good As Jurassic Park ? '' . Esquire . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2015 . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( June 14 , 2015 ) . `` Jurassic World director Colin Trevorrow on where the franchise can go next '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2015 . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Semlyen , Phil ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Empire Spoiler Podcast : Ten Secrets Of Jurassic World '' . Empire . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2015 . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rundle , Michael ( July 24 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : Jurassic World 2 may be off - island , with open - source dinos '' . Wired UK . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2015 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bryce Dallas Howard on Her Hope for the Jurassic World Sequel '' . IGN . August 15 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( August 13 , 2015 ) . `` Jurassic World Sequel Opening in UK Cinemas Before US '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Krupa , Daniel ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` Jurassic World Star Wants His Character to Die in the Sequel '' . IGN.com . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2015 . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bryce Dallas Howard - eTalk Extended Jurassic World Interview '' . YouTube.com . October 20 , 2015 . 7 : 24 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2015 . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Krupa , Daniel ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Classic Characters Could Return for Jurassic World 2 '' . IGN . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2015 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ; Kit , Borys ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' World War Z ' Sequel Moves Forward After ' Jurassic World 2 ' Drama ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2015 . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Brad Pitt ' World War Z ' Sequel Loses Director Juan Antonio Bayona '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` J World sequel set for London '' . The Sun . March 18 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Nia ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Jurassic World sequel to film in the UK '' . TheKnowledgeOnline.com . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Davis , Erik ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Would Jeff Goldblum Ever Return to the ' Jurassic ' Franchise ? Here 's His Answer '' . Fandango . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' Sequel Finds Its Director '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Steven Spielberg , Kathleen Kennedy and Frank Marshall on How to Win in Hollywood Today '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Producers Frank Marshall and Pat Crowley on Going Back to the Park ( Set Visit Interview ) ( page 3 of 3 ) '' . / Film . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Stolworthy , Jacob ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 trailer : Director J.A. Bayona reveals huge Fallen Kingdom details - interview '' . The Independent . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , Steve ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Colin Trevorrow Says ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' is ' The Impossible ' Meets ' The Orphanage ' with Dinosaurs '' . Collider . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards , Matt ( June 4 , 2018 ) . `` JA Bayona interview : directing Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Perez , Rodrigo ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Interview : Colin Trevorrow Talks The ' Book Of Henry ' & Going From Blockbusters To Indie Films Again '' . ThePlaylist.net . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Calia , Michael ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Sam Neill Leaves His Comfort Zone in ' Hunt for the Wilderpeople ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pugh , Chris ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Jurassic World 2 's working title is ' Ancient Futures ' '' . Jurassic Outpost . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Cabin , Chris ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 2 ' Hawaii Production Gets 2017 Start Date '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2016 . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pugh , Chris ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Jurassic World 2 to begin production February 2017 ; Returning to Hawaii '' . Jurassic Outpost . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Jurassic World Sequel Begins Production in February 2017 '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2016 . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pugh , Chris ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Jurassic World Sequel Eyes Wales '' . Jurassic Outpost . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pink , Stuart ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` Sequel to smash hit Jurassic World movie set to be filmed in Wales '' . The Sun . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2016 . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Colin Trevorrow Talks Jurassic World 2 and More ! ( Surprise Guest : J.A. Bayona ! ) '' . Jurassic Outpost . September 30 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2016 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Producers Frank Marshall and Pat Crowley on Going Back to the Park ( Set Visit Interview ) ( page 1 of 3 ) '' . / Film . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward ( September 10 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Jurassic World Confirmed as a Trilogy '' . Latino Review Online . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2016 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Sean ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` The Jurassic World Co-Star Who 's Expected Back For Jurassic World 2 '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jacob ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Michael Giacchino Does Not Require Sleep , Will Score ' Jurassic World 2 ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bayona , JA ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Happy to confirm that Oscar Faura will be the Cinematographer for the Jurassic World Sequel '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trenholm , Richard ( June 2 , 2018 ) . `` Colin Trevorrow on Star Wars exit and Jurassic World experiments '' . CNET . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Yamato , Jen ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` How ' Jurassic World ' used the DNA of a beloved franchise to build a bold new universe '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Valentini , Valentina I. ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Is Officially Coming -- More Chris Pratt for Us All ! '' . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , James ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Colin Trevorrow On The Future Of Jurassic World '' . Empire . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` Which ' Jurassic Park ' Quote Inspired ' Jurassic World ' ? Which One Will Inspire ' Jurassic World 2 ' ? '' . Slashfilm . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom - Colin Trevorrow Interview '' . Flickering Myth YouTube channel . June 11 , 2018 . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Travis , Ben ; De Semlyen , Nick ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` 18 Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Secrets from JA Bayona and Colin Trevorrow '' . Empire . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` The Makers of Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Solve Some of the Film 's Biggest Mysteries '' . io9 . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( June 26 , 2018 ) . `` Exclusive : Colin Trevorrow Explains the ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Ending , Teases Where ' Jurassic World 3 ' Will Go '' . / Film . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Molly ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World Director Says Sequel Will Be A Better Movie '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Colin Trevorrow answers Fallen Kingdom burning questions '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` JA Bayona studying Michael Crichton Jurassic Park novels to prepare for Jurassic World Sequel ! '' . JurassicWorld.org. April 26 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pugh , Chris ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Director J.A. Bayona on Ian Malcolm : `` He 's a Great Character ! '' `` . Jurassic Outpost . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom roars into EW 's Summer Movie Preview '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mayturn , Matt ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` Why Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom will be `` more scary than ever '' `` . GamesRadar . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( October 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 2 ' Gets The ' Empire Strikes Back ' Comparison Like Every Other Blockbuster Sequel '' . / Film . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 2 ' Will Be a Parable For Animal Abuse '' . / Film . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Was Born Out of Several Moral and Ethical Dilemmas '' . io9 . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom trailer introduces dinosaur black market '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Singer , Matt ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` How a Jurassic Park IV Script Inspired the Jurassic World Movies '' . ScreenCrush . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lamble , Ryan ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World 3 : How a 2004 Script Holds the Future 's Answers '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Director J.A. Bayona on Bringing Suspense Back to the Franchise ( Set Visit Interview ) ( page 2 of 3 ) '' . / Film . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mithaiwala , Mansoor ( June 17 , 2017 ) . `` Ian Malcolm 's Jurassic World 2 Dialogue Is Mostly Based On The Original Novel '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom : Jeff Goldblum says fans have Ian Malcolm butt tattoos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 2 ' Will Continue The Tradition Of Having Kids Run From Dinosaurs '' . / Film . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Holland Learned He Got His ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Role From a Marvel Instagram Post '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` Toby Jones and Rafe Spall in Talks to Join Sequel to ' Jurassic World ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 2 ' Casts ' Get Down ' Star Justice Smith ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' Sequel Casts ' Get Down ' Star Justice Smith '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' : ' The Detour ' Actress Daniella Pineda Lands Key Role in Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2017 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' Sequel Adds ' Silence of the Lambs ' Actor Ted Levine '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Star Justice Smith on Terrifying Stunts and More Terrifying Dinosaurs ( Set Visit Interview ) '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Star Daniella Pineda on Saving Dinosaurs and Spilling Coffee on Frank Marshall ( Set Visit Interview ) ( page 1 of 3 ) '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Star Daniella Pineda on Saving Dinosaurs and Spilling Coffee on Frank Marshall ( Set Visit Interview ) ( page 2 of 3 ) '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Jeff Goldblum Returns For ' Jurassic World 2 ' ! Life Has Found A Way ! '' . / Film . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pugh , Chris ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 has begun filming -- first pictures of staging area ! '' . Jurassic Outpost . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crick , Andy ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` Latest Jurassic Park blockbuster relocated away from Hollywood ... to a business estate in Slough '' . The Sun . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( December 2016 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Shoots This February in London , New Details Emerge '' . MovieWeb.com . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2017 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bayona , JA ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` UK wrap for Jurassic ! ! So grateful to the fantastic UK crew . Next stop Hawaii ! # JW2 '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott , Ryan ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Photo Returns to Isla Nublar , Big News Coming Soon '' . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Kathryn ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 to film in the Brecon Beacons , director reveals '' . Media Wales . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2017 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( July 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Has a Handful of E.T. Easter Eggs You May Have Missed '' . / Film . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Director J.A. Bayona on Bringing Suspense Back to the Franchise ( Set Visit Interview ) ( page 3 of 3 ) '' . / Film . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` How J.A. Bayona Used Music During Filming of ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' '' . / Film . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Star Daniella Pineda on Saving Dinosaurs and Spilling Coffee on Frank Marshall ( Set Visit Interview ) ( page 3 of 3 ) '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Star Chris Pratt on Acting With Animatronic Dinos and Movie Legends ( Set Visit Interview ) '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( June 24 , 2018 ) . `` Colin Trevorrow on ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' and Planning the Ending for ' Jurassic World 3 ' '' . Collider. 2 : 47 . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Lerner , Will ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's how those Donald Trump jokes wound up in ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Jordan ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` Mad hair . Russian owners . Is Jurassic World 2 's meanest dinosaur really Donald Trump ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwerdtfeger , Connor ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` How A Nasty Woman Line Ended Up In Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwerdtfeger , Conner ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` BD Wong Looks Sharp On The Set Of Jurassic World 2 '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ali , Aftab ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom partly filmed in location near Glasgow '' . Evening Times . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Footage emerges of Jurassic World 2 filming in England '' . Jurassic Outpost. April 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2017 . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lloyd , Stephen ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 : See first shots of the woodland set for huge blockbuster being filmed on Hawley Common '' . Get Surrey . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2017 . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wood , Matt ( December 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom 's Opening Scene Sounds Amazing '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cragside stars in new Jurassic World movie '' . Northumberland Gazette . June 27 , 2018 . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Duke , Simon ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` Cragside has starring role in Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . Evening Chronicle . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hirst , Andrew ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Are Jeff Goldblum , Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard in Suffolk ? Jurassic World 2 rumoured to be filming at Rock Barracks '' . East Anglian Daily Times . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mathew , Ilin ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 weekly buzz : New set photos , plot spoilers excite fans '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wood , Matt ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` How Involved Colin Trevorrow Was With Making Jurassic World 2 '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boone , John ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Colin Trevorrow on ' The Book of Henry ' and What He Learned Directing ' Jurassic World ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shattuck , Kathryn ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` Jeff Goldblum , Back in ' Jurassic World ' and Making a Small Role Big '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Laxamana , Chris ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Jeff Goldblum and Vinnie Tortorich '' . The Adam Carolla Show . 01 : 16 : 00 -- 01 : 19 : 00 . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Howard , Bryce Dallas ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Playing in the mud or shooting a movie ? * not Claire 's shoes . Day 46 . # jurassicworld # jurassicworld2 # jungle '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Santos , Danny F. ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Has Jurassic World 2 's Original Ending Been Rewritten ? '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jurassic World 2 is currently filming in Hawaii . Jump up ^ `` Real roar : Production put $31 M into Hawaii '' . West Hawaii Today . June 24 , 2018 . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Donahue , Lillian ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Portion of Kamehameha Highway to be closed for Jurassic World sequel '' . KHNL . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Donahue , Lillian ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World sequel starts filming at Oahu harbor '' . KHNL . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Labrecqque , Jeff ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` See exclusive concept art for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . Entertainment Weekly . pp. 6 , 8 . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nugent , John ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Title Revealed In First Teaser Poster '' . Empire . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom -- Exclusive Behind - the - Scenes Images '' . Dread Central . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Evangelista , Chris ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` Sequel Bits : ' Hobbs and Shaw ' , ' Jurassic World ' , ' Mission : Impossible ' , ' Doom ' , ' Rabid ' , ' Deadpool 2 ' '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jurassic World : Bukott birodalom - A pörgőgömb '' . Universal International Pictures . May 24 , 2018 . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Failes , Ian ( July 9 , 2018 ) . `` The Unexpected Techniques ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Used to Create Super-Realistic FX '' . Thrillist . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Weiss , Josh ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` Watch Chris Pratt Take the Plunge with Diving Pro for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Underwater Stunt '' . SyFy Wire . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( June 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Director J.A. Bayona Talks About Creating That `` One Shot '' Sequence and More `` . / Film . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Rucha ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard reveal filthy details from ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' sets '' . Daily News and Analysis . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Libbey , Dirk ( July 10 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Burned Cat Litter To Mimic Lava On Set '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Donahue , Lillian ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' sequel to close Halona Blowhole for filming '' . KHNL . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Halona Blowhole to close for ' Jurassic World ' filming '' . KHON - TV . July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bayona , JA ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` This is a wrap for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ! What a journey ! Thank you to everyone that made it possible ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rodgers , Barry ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom 's trailer reveals film was shot in Hawaii '' . Architectural Digest . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , Steve ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Director J.A. Bayona on Why He Thanked Guillermo del Toro in the Credits '' . Collider. 2 : 26 . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Alter , Ethan ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' star Daniella Pineda 's lesbian reveal was cut from film '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Zemler , Emily ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 2 ' creature designer Neal Scanlan takes us on a dinosaur tour '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mallenbaum , Carly ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' premiere : Chris Pratt and cast speak fondly about Blue '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Robertson , Barbara ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` How ILM Blended Practical and Digital Effects for ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Bryan ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Meet the Indoraptor , the scaly , terrifying new villain of Jurassic World '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Davis , Erik ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Director J.A. Bayona Teases New Dinosaurs and Action '' . Fandango . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Anderton , Ethan ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Has More Animatronic Dinosaurs Than Any ' Jurassic Park ' Sequel '' . / Film . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Behind - the - Scenes Video Features a Lot of Dinosaurs '' . Collider . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evangelista , Chris ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` New ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Featurette Has Bryce Dallas Howard Riding A T - Rex '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : King , Darryn ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` In ' Jurassic World , ' Old - School Effects Make a Comeback '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Scott , Ryan ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` Original Jurassic Park T - Rex Will Return in Jurassic World 2 '' . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Louisa ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` Meet the Gloucestershire vet who had a major role in the upcoming Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom film '' . Gloucestershire Live . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' First Footage Shows Chris Pratt Petting Baby Raptor '' . Variety . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Clip : Six Seconds Of Chris Pratt & Dino Baby '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zinski , Dan ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Trailer Not Arriving This Week '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Freeman , Molly ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Teaser Confirms Trailer Arrives Thursday '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spry , Jeff ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` Chris Pratt Runs With the Dinos in Explosive New Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Teaser '' . SyFy . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Trailer Teaser Awakens the T - Rex '' . / Film . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Tom ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Jeff Goldblum 's joyous Jurassic return in Fallen Kingdom featurette '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trivedi , Sachin ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' viral marketing begins with new website '' . International Business Times . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Viral Video : Meet The Dinosaur Protection Group '' . / Film . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Klayton Fioriti ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) , The Dinosaur Protection Group Interview - Jurassic Park Canon - Meet The Creators ! , retrieved 2018 - 07 - 07 Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 27 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Movie Trailers : Netflix 's ' Cloverfield ' Sequel To Run Spot ? ' Jurassic World ' , ' Mission : Impossible ' & More To Air '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom 's Super Bowl trailer puts dinosaurs in all the wrong places '' . Polygon . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Evangelista , Chris ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Teaser Unleashes New Footage ; New Trailer Next Week '' . / Film . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` The final trailer for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom shows that people never learn from their mistakes '' . The Verge . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Joe ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World director Colin Trevorrow is ' frustrated ' by Fallen Kingdom being spoiled by the trailers - When will marketing learn ? '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Roars $185 M Promo Campaign , More Than Double 2015 Movie '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' and Dr. Pepper Join Forces for Collectible Cans Promotion '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Griner , David ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` Amazon Is Driving Around a Jurassic - Sized Box , and You Can Ask Alexa What 's Inside '' . Adweek . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stark , George ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` Amazon impresses fans with prime marketing stunt for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . Syfy . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pugh , Chris ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Universal Announces New Jurassic World Fallen Kingdom License Partners Including Funko and More '' . Jurassic Outpost . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Squires , John ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` Mattel Bringing ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Characters into Barbie Line '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Alter , Ethan ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Lego sets offer a peek inside ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' ( exclusive ) '' . Yahoo . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Funko Shows Off Full Line of ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' POP ! Vinyl Toys '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World toys bring the Fallen Kingdom back to life '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Konrad , Jeremy ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` Let 's Take a Look at Some Jurassic World Figures ! Part 1 : Humans '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Konrad , Jeremy ( April 29 , 2018 ) . `` Let 's Take a Look at Some Jurassic World Figures ! Part 2 : Dinos ! '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gilliam , Ryan ( June 11 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World Evolution is exactly the park sim you want it to be '' . Polygon . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rottgers , Janko ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` Universal Teams up With Felix & Paul Studios for Jurassic World VR Series '' . Variety . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fingas , Jon ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Blue ' tells a dinosaur 's story on Oculus VR headsets '' . Engadget . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` Universal , Felix & Paul Launch ' Jurassic World : Blue ' VR Experience '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roettgers , Janko ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` Felix & Paul Studios Releases ' Jurassic World : Blue ' Episode 2 on Oculus Headsets '' . Variety . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Extinction Now ! on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jacob ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Reactions from the Spanish Premiere : Here is What People Are Saying '' . / Film . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jurassic World : El Reino Caido ' Madrid Premiere '' . Getty Images . May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Roaring dinosaurs return in ' Jurassic World ' sequel '' . Reuters . May 24 , 2018 . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' begins its worldwide cinema rollout from June 6 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) '' . Popcorn. 7 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) '' . Popcorn. 7 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cinemax - É um espectáculo - Mundo Jurássico : Reino Caído '' . Cinemax . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Blu - ray Release Date & Features Revealed '' . Collider . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( July 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Thrashes Past $1 B At Worldwide Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` Fans pick ' Avengers , ' ' Black Panther ' as 2018 's most - anticipated films in Fandango poll '' . USA Today . Gannett Satellite Information Network , LLC . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Eyes $130 M - $150 M Stateside Start In Early Projections '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Shawn ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Long Range Tracking : ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' & ' Deadpool 2 ' Updates '' . BoxOffice . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' With $150 M Reps Uni 's 2nd Highest Opening Ever -- Sunday '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` Box office top 20 : ' Jurassic World ' debuts with $148 M '' . ABC News . ABC . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 1 , 2018 ) . `` At $2.5 B To Date , Summer 's B.O. Is More Colossal Than Ever Imagined ; Dinos Still Rule With $60 M+ Second Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ant - Man And The Wasp ' Shrinks A Tick To $76 M+ Opening , But Still 34 % Bigger Than Original -- Early Sunday Read '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' To Rise With $140 M+ Overseas Opening -- International Box Office Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Rises To $39 M Overseas ; Heading Past $140 M Open '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Roars To $151 M Offshore Bow ; ' Infinity War ' A Stone 's Throw From $2 B WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Crushes $34.4 M In China Friday Opening '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Rises To $370 M Overseas ; ' Incredibles 2 ' Powers $52 M Early Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Slurps $711 M+ WW ; ' Incredibles 2 ' Has Record Pixar China Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gleiberman , Owen ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` Film Review : ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsey ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' Jurassic World 2 ' leans on nostalgia , contrivances '' . Associated Press . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` The new ' Jurassic World ' is kind of a Tyrannosaurus wreck '' . The Boston Globe . Boston Globe Media Partners . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Travers , Peter ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Review : Welcome to Steaming Dino - Poop '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Spoiler Review : Stupidity Finds a Way '' . Collider . Complex Media . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Brian . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom is a stunning disappointment '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Machkovech , Sam ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom review : This nonsense has gone full Sharknado '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Travis M. ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` The ' Jurassic World ' sequel achieves the impossible : It makes dinosaurs boring '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Finally Escapes The Island '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ DeFore , John ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Alex ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soans , Neil ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Movie Review '' . The Times of India . The Times Group . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Randolph , Grace ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Fallen Kingdom SPOILER Review '' . Beyond the Trailer . YouTube . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Romano , Nick ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World 3 rampaging toward 2021 release date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Life Continues to Find a Way as ' Jurassic World 3 ' is Already Dated for Release ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Variety is reporting that Jurassic World 3 , which surely wo n't actually be the official title , will be hitting theaters on June 11 , 2021 , three years after Fallen Kingdom . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Steven Spielberg confirms Colin Trevorrow will direct third Jurassic World '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Universal launches plans for third ' Jurassic World ' film '' . ABC . Associated Press . February 21 , 2018 . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 3 ' to Hit Theaters in June 2021 '' . Variety . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World 3 will be a ' science thriller , ' says Colin Trevorrow '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . External links Official website Official Dinosaur Protection Group website Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom on IMDb Jurassic Park Novels Jurassic Park The Lost World Films Jurassic Park The Lost World : Jurassic Park Jurassic Park III Jurassic World Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Music Jurassic Park The Lost World : Jurassic Park Jurassic Park III Jurassic World Spin - off novels Jurassic Park Adventures : Survivor Jurassic Park Adventures : Prey Jurassic Park Adventures : Flyers Theme park attractions Jurassic Park : The Ride Jurassic Park Rapids Adventure Canopy Flyer Dino - Soarin ' The Flying Dinosaur Jurassic World Related Cloned animals Characters Video games Song Isla Nublar Lego Jurassic World : The Indominus Escape Films directed by J.A. Bayona The Orphanage ( 2007 ) The Impossible ( 2012 ) A Monster Calls ( 2016 ) Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) Colin Trevorrow Films written and directed Home Base ( 2002 ) Reality Show ( 2004 ; written with Daniel Klein ) Jurassic World ( 2015 ; written with Derek Connolly and Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver ) Directed only Safety Not Guaranteed ( 2012 ; written by Derek Connolly ) The Book of Henry ( 2017 ; written by Gregg Hurwitz ) Written only Making Revolution ( 2003 , written with Daniel Klein and Brandon Krueger ; directed by Klein ) Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 , written with Derek Connolly ; directed by J.A. Bayona ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jurassic_World:_Fallen_Kingdom&oldid=854633625 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2010s adventure films 2018 3D films American films American adventure films American disaster films American science fiction films American sequel films Amblin Entertainment films Biological weapons in popular culture Dinosaur films Films about animal rights Films about cloning Films about orphans Films about volcanoes Films based on works by Michael Crichton Films directed by J.A. Bayona Films produced by Frank Marshall Films scored by Michael Giacchino Films set in 2018 Films set in amusement parks Films set in Costa Rica Films set on islands Films set in California Films shot in England Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films shot in Hawaii Films shot in Argyll and Bute Jurassic Park films Science fiction adventure films Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles with short description Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 19 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic%20World%3A%20Fallen%20Kingdom	634
where is the new adventures of monkey filmed			The New Legends of Monkey	the new legends of monkey	The New Legends of Monkey is a television series inspired by Monkey , a Japanese production from the 1970s and 80s which garnered a cult following in New Zealand , Australia , the U.K. and South Africa . The Japanese production was based on the 16th century Chinese novel Journey to the West . The show is a co-production between ABC Me , TVNZ , and Netflix , and consists of ten episodes . The New Legends of Monkey premiered on 28 January 2018 .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes : 4 Broadcast 5 References 6 External links Premise ( edit ) The new series follows a young monk , escorted by a group of gods , on a journey across an ancient and fantastical land now ruled by evil demons to collect lost scrolls of wisdom . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Chai Hansen as Monkey Luciane Buchanan as Tripitaka Josh Thomson as Pigsy Emilie Cocquerel as Sandy Recurring ( edit ) Jarred Blakiston as Font Demon Josh McKenzie as Davari Jordan Mooney as Raxion Rachel House as Monica Daniel Watterson as Shaman Bryony Skillington as Princess Locke JJ Fong as Lusio Jayden Daniels as Gaxin Chelsie Preston Crayford as Gwen Episodes : ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Hope Must Never Die '' Gerard Johnstone Jacquelin Perske 28 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) After a demon steals a magical crown from warrior monks , an orphaned girl flees the monastery in a quest to awaken the long - petrified Monkey King . `` The Edge Of Nowhere '' Gerard Johnstone Jacquelin Perske 28 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) Tripitaka learns a troubling legend about Monkey , but the pair gains a surprising new ally before setting out to find the seven sacred scrolls . `` The Journey Begins '' Gerard Johnstone Jacquelin Perske 28 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) A demon jeopardizes the trio 's quest before it even begins . Tripitaka makes a startling discovery about Pigsy , who makes a momentous decision . `` The Monkey King Returns '' Gerard Johnstone Craig Irvin & Jacquelin Perske 29 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 29 ) An eccentric clan of loyal Monkey King zealots guides the group toward a sacred scroll 's hiding place , but booby traps and betrayal await them . 5 `` The Breaking Ground '' Craig Irvin Craig Irvin 30 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) A shaman uses trance - like mind games to trick the gods into translating divine scrolls , sending Monkey dangerously far into his own subconscious . 6 `` A Crown Does Not Make You '' Craig Irvin Jacquelin Perske 31 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) Trapped in the depths of his mind , Monkey relives terrible events of centuries before , when his arrogance led to tragedy and his banishment . 7 `` Until I Met You '' Gerard Johnstone Craig Irvin 1 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) The shaman hires nightmarish forest dwellers to hunt the group down . A foe from Monkey 's past sows seeds of doubt in Tripitaka 's mind . 8 `` A Part Of You That 's Missing '' Gerard Johnstone Samantha Strauss 2 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) Tripitaka leaves the quest to find her mother but faces even greater peril . Monkey and Pigsy strike a bargain with the demon hounding them . 9 `` In Search Of Tripitaka '' Craig Irvin Craig Irvin 3 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 03 ) With help from an unlikely ally , Monkey and Pigsy infiltrate Jade Mountain to help Tripitaka thwart the fiendish plans of demon master Davari . 10 `` A Hero To Save Us All '' Craig Irvin Jacquelin Perske 4 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 04 ) As Davari 's quest for immortality nears fruition , Tripitaka races to unlock a secret that could destroy the demon 's hold on power . Broadcast ( edit ) The first three episodes debuted in Australia on 28 January as a single 90 - minute telemovie . Subsequent episodes of the ten - episode series were released daily until 4 February 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lodderhouse , Diana ( 20 April 2017 ) . `` See - Saw & Jump Team On ' Legend Of The Monkey ' For ABC Australia , Netflix '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The New Legends of Monkey ( 2017 ) - The Screen Guide - Screen Australia '' . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Robert ( 20 April 2017 ) . `` See - Saw 's ' Legend of the Monkey ' Swings Into Production for ABC Australia , Netflix '' . Variety.com . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Television : The New Legends of Monkey : episode guide '' . www.australiantelevision.net . External links ( edit ) The New Legends of Monkey on IMDb Wu Cheng'en 's Journey to the West Characters Sun Wukong Tang Sanzang Zhu Bajie Sha Wujing Red Boy Baigujing Princess Iron Fan Others Films The Cave of the Silken Web ( 1927 ) Princess Iron Fan ( 1941 ) Alakazam the Great ( 1960 ) Havoc in Heaven ( 1961 ) Princess Iron Fan ( 1966 ) The Cave of the Silken Web ( 1967 ) Doraemon : The Record of Nobita 's Parallel Visit to the West ( 1988 ) A Chinese Odyssey ( 1995 ) A Chinese Tall Story ( 2005 ) Saiyūki ( 2007 ) Monkey King vs. Er Lang Shen ( 2007 ) The Forbidden Kingdom ( 2008 ) Journey to the West : Conquering the Demons ( 2013 ) The Monkey King ( 2014 ) Monkey King : Hero Is Back ( 2015 ) The Monkey King 2 ( 2016 ) A Chinese Odyssey Part Three ( 2016 ) Journey to the West : The Demons Strike Back ( 2017 ) Wu Kong ( 2017 ) The Monkey King 3 ( 2018 ) Sequels A Supplement to the Journey to the West ( c. 1640 ) TV Gokū no Daibōken ( 1967 ) Monkey ( 1978 ) Science Fiction Saiyuki Starzinger ( 1978 ) Journey to the West ( 1986 and 1999 ) Journey to the West ( 1996 ) Journey to the West II ( 1996 ) Monkey Magic ( 1998 ) Journey to the West -- Legends of the Monkey King ( 1999 ) Shinzo ( 2000 ) Sunny Piggy ( 2000 ) The Monkey King ( 2001 ) The Monkey King : Quest for the Sutra ( 2002 ) Saiyūki ( 2006 ) Wu Cheng'en and Journey to the West ( 2010 ) Journey to the West ( 2010 ) Journey to the West ( 2011 ) A Korean Odyssey ( 2017 ) The New Legends of Monkey ( 2018 ) Stage Monkey : Journey to the West ( play ) Manga and Comics Dragon Ball Saiyūki Patalliro Saiyuki Monkey Typhoon Saint The Monkey King Xin American Born Chinese Games Ether Saga Online Enslaved : Odyssey to the West Fantasy Westward Journey Ganso Saiyūki : Super Monkey Daibōken Legend of Wukong Monkey Hero Monkey Magic Saiyuki : Journey West SonSon Westward Journey Online II Whomp ' Em Yūyūki Literature Monkey ( 1942 novel ) Griever : An American Monkey King in China ( 1986 novel ) Tripmaster Monkey ( 1989 novel ) Four Great Classical Novels Places Gao Village Gao Village Arc Mount Huaguo Shuilian Cave Tepe Narenj Other List of media adaptations of Journey to the West Monkey King Festival Ruyi Jingu Bang Journey to the West ( album ) Netflix original series Current Since 2013 House of Cards Orange Is the New Black Since 2014 BoJack Horseman Since 2015 Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Chef 's Table Daredevil Grace and Frankie Club de Cuervos Dinotrux Narcos Jessica Jones F Is for Family Making a Murderer Real Rob Since 2016 Degrassi : Next Class Fuller House Lego Friends : The Power of Friendship Flaked The Ranch Kong : King of the Apes Voltron : Legendary Defender Word Party World of Winx Stranger Things Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh Last Chance U Beat Bugs Ask the StoryBots Kulipari : An Army of Frogs Easy Luke Cage Skylanders Academy The Crown 3 % Luna Petunia The OA Travelers Since 2017 One Day at a Time A Series of Unfortunate Events Frontier Santa Clarita Diet Ultimate Beastmaster Legend Quest 21 Thunder Iron Fist Ingobernable 13 Reasons Why Mystery Science Theater 3000 : The Return Bill Nye Saves the World Dear White People Cable Girls Buddy Thunderstruck Spirit Riding Free Anne with an E El Chapo Free Rein GLOW The Standups Castlevania Friends from College Ozark The Worst Witch Atypical True and the Rainbow Kingdom Greenhouse Academy The Confession Tapes American Vandal Neo Yokio Jack Whitehall : Travels with My Father Big Mouth The Magic School Bus Rides Again Suburra Mindhunter Super Monsters Cuando conocí al Chapo : La historia de Kate del Castillo Beyond Stranger Things Blazing Transfer Student The Punisher Shot in the Dark Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters She 's Gotta Have It Dark Wormwood The Toys That Made Us Since 2018 The End of the F * * * ing World My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! Llama Llama The New Legends of Monkey Altered Carbon Dirty Money Queer Eye First Team : Juventus The Joel McHale Show with Joel McHale Ugly Delicious B : The Beginning Flint Town Girls Incarcerated A.I.C.O. - Incarnation - Nailed It ! On My Block Wild Wild Country Alexa & Katie The Mechanism Requiem Sword Gai : The Animation Lost Song Troy : Fall of a City The Boss Baby : Back in Business Lost in Space Aggretsuko Spy Kids : Mission Critical The Letdown Luis Miguel A Little Help with Carol Burnett Busted ! The Rain Safe The Who Was ? Show The Break with Michelle Wolf The Hollow The Ballad of Hugo Sánchez Continuations Arrested Development ( seasons 4 -- 5 , 2013 -- 18 ) The Killing ( season 4 , 2014 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( season 6 , 2014 ) Trailer Park Boys ( seasons 8 -- 11 , 2014 -- 17 ) DreamWorks Dragons ( seasons 3 -- 8 , 2015 -- 18 ) Longmire ( seasons 4 -- 6 , 2015 -- 17 ) Justin Time ( season 3 , 2016 ) Black Mirror ( seasons 3 -- 4 , 2016 -- 17 ) Lovesick ( seasons 2 -- 3 , 2016 -- 18 ) The Last Kingdom ( season 2 , 2017 ) Glitch ( season 2 , 2017 ) Ended Lilyhammer ( 2012 -- 14 ) Hemlock Grove ( 2013 -- 15 ) Turbo FAST ( 2013 -- 16 ) VeggieTales in the House ( 2014 -- 16 ) Marco Polo ( 2014 -- 16 ) All Hail King Julien ( 2014 -- 17 ) The Adventures of Puss in Boots ( 2015 -- 18 ) Richie Rich ( 2015 ) Bloodline ( 2015 -- 17 ) Residue ( 2015 ) Between ( 2015 -- 16 ) Sense8 ( 2015 -- 18 ) Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp ( 2015 ) Project Mc ( 2015 -- 17 ) Popples ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show ( 2015 -- 17 ) Care Bears and Cousins ( 2015 -- 16 ) Master of None ( 2015 -- 17 ) W / Bob & David ( 2015 ) Atelier ( 2015 ) Lost & Found Music Studios ( 2015 -- 17 ) Dawn of the Croods ( 2015 -- 17 ) Chelsea Does ( 2016 ) Love ( 2016 -- 18 ) Lego Bionicle : The Journey to One ( 2016 ) Netflix Presents : The Characters ( 2016 ) Marseille ( 2016 -- 18 ) Chelsea ( 2016 -- 17 ) Lady Dynamite ( 2016 -- 17 ) Hibana : Spark ( 2016 ) Paranoid ( 2016 ) The Get Down ( 2016 -- 17 ) StoryBots Super Songs ( 2016 ) Haters Back Off ( 2016 -- 17 ) Roman Empire : Reign of Blood ( 2016 ) Gilmore Girls : A Year in the Life ( 2016 ) Captive ( 2016 ) White Rabbit Project ( 2016 ) Dirk Gently 's Holistic Detective Agency ( 2016 -- 17 ) Trollhunters ( 2016 -- 18 ) Crazyhead ( 2016 ) Chasing Cameron ( 2016 ) Edgar Rice Burroughs ' Tarzan and Jane ( 2017 ) We 're Lalaloopsy ( 2017 ) Abstract : The Art of Design ( 2017 ) Julie 's Greenroom ( 2017 ) Disjointed ( 2017 -- 18 ) Five Came Back ( 2017 ) Girlboss ( 2017 ) The Keepers ( 2017 ) Gypsy ( 2017 ) Wet Hot American Summer : Ten Years Later ( 2017 ) The Defenders ( 2017 ) Alias Grace ( 2017 ) Godless ( 2017 ) VeggieTales in the City ( 2017 ) A StoryBots Christmas ( 2017 ) Damnation ( 2017 -- 18 ) Devilman Crybaby ( 2018 ) Collateral ( 2018 ) Everything Sucks ! ( 2018 ) Seven Seconds ( 2018 ) Upcoming Harvey Street Kids ( 2018 ) Kiss Me First ( 2018 ) Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee ( season 10 , 2018 ) Sacred Games ( 2018 ) Samantha ! ( 2018 ) All About The Washingtons ( 2018 ) La casa de las flores ( 2018 ) Disenchantment ( 2018 ) The Innocents ( 2018 ) The Good Cop ( 2018 ) 3 Below ( 2018 ) Baki ( 2018 ) Chilling Adventures of Sabrina ( 2018 ) Distrito Salvaje ( 2018 ) Dogs Of Berlin ( 2018 ) Dr. Seuss ' Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) Hilda ( 2018 ) Insatiable ( 2018 ) Kingdom ( 2018 ) Knights of the Zodiac : Saint Seiya ( 2018 ) Maniac ( 2018 ) The Ballad of Buster Scruggs ( 2018 ) The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants ( 2018 ) The Umbrella Academy ( 2018 ) Diablero ( 2018 ) She - Ra and the Princesses of Power ( 2018 ) El Ganador ( 2018 ) Carmen Sandiego ( 2019 ) Jinn ( 2019 ) Messiah ( 2019 ) Tales of the City ( 2019 ) Top Boy ( season 3 , 2019 ) The Last Kids on Earth ( 2019 ) Wizards ( 2019 ) 10 After Midnight ( TBA ) After Life ( TBA ) AJ and the Queen ( TBA ) Another Life ( TBA ) Away ( TBA ) Best Worst Weekend Ever ( TBA ) Black Earth Rising ( TBA ) Chambers ( TBA ) Cursed ( TBA ) Dead to Me ( TBA ) Fast & Furious ( TBA ) Ghoul ( TBA ) Kaos ( TBA ) Lucifer ( season 4 , TBA ) Mr. Iglesias ( TBA ) Nightflyers ( TBA ) Norm Macdonald Has a Show ( TBA ) Paradise , P.D. ( TBA ) Quicksand ( TBA ) Raising Dion ( TBA ) Ratched ( TBA ) Russian Doll ( TBA ) Sex Education ( TBA ) The Dark Crystal : Age of Resistance ( TBA ) The Eddy ( TBA ) The Green Beret 's Guide to Surviving the Apocalypse ( TBA ) The Haunting of Hill House ( TBA ) The Kominsky Method ( TBA ) The Order ( TBA ) The Politician ( TBA ) The Prince of Peoria ( TBA ) The Spy ( TBA ) The Wave ( TBA ) The Witcher ( TBA ) Tidelands ( TBA ) Tuca & Bertie ( TBA ) Turn Up Charlie ( TBA ) Unbelievable ( TBA ) V - Wars ( TBA ) Wanderlust ( TBA ) Watership Down ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_New_Legends_of_Monkey&oldid=846335344 '' Categories : 2018 Australian television series debuts Australian Broadcasting Corporation shows Australian fantasy television series English - language television programs Demons in television Fairies and sprites in television Netflix original programming Television programs based on Journey to the West TVNZ 1 programmes Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 02 : 34 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20New%20Legends%20of%20Monkey	688
where did the missouri tigers get their name	The Missouri Tigers athletics programs include the extramural and intramural sports teams of the University of Missouri , located in Columbia , Missouri , United States . The name comes from a band of armed guards called the Fighting Tigers of Columbia who , in 1864 , protected Columbia from guerrillas during the Civil War .	from a band of armed guards called the Fighting Tigers of Columbia	Missouri Tigers	missouri tigers	The Missouri Tigers athletics programs include the extramural and intramural sports teams of the University of Missouri , located in Columbia , Missouri , United States . The name comes from a band of armed guards called the Fighting Tigers of Columbia who , in 1864 , protected Columbia from guerrillas during the Civil War .	From left to right , Tigers Hearnes Center , Mizzou Arena and Faurot Field . The University of Missouri ( often referred to as Mizzou or MU ) is the flagship institution of the University of Missouri System . Mizzou is a member of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) and is the only NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision program in Missouri . Its wrestling program , the only one sponsored by an SEC member school , competes in the Mid-American Conference . Prior to joining the SEC in 2012 , Missouri was a charter member of the Big 12 Conference , which was created with the merger of the former Big Eight Conference and four schools from the former Southwest Conference ( one of these schools , Texas A&M , joined the SEC with Missouri in 2012 ) , and which began athletic competition in the 1996 -- 97 academic year . Missouri competed in the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association starting in 1907 , which officially changed its name to the Big Eight Conference in 1964 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Sports sponsored 1.1 Baseball 1.2 Basketball 1.2. 1 Men 's basketball 1.2. 2 Women 's basketball 1.3 Football 1.4 Softball 1.5 Wrestling 2 Notable non-varsity sports 2.1 Rugby 2.2 Racquetball 3 Rivalries 3.1 University of Arkansas 3.2 University of South Carolina 3.3 University of Kansas 3.4 University of Nebraska 3.5 University of Illinois 3.6 University of Oklahoma 3.7 Iowa State University 4 Traditions 4.1 Homecoming 4.2 Big MO 4.3 Harpo 's goal post tradition 4.4 Alma mater 5 Championships 5.1 NCAA team championships 5.2 Conference championships 5.2. 1 Western Interstate University Football Association 5.2. 2 Missouri Valley 5.2. 3 Big Six 5.2. 4 Big Seven 5.2. 5 Big Eight 5.2. 6 Big 12 5.2. 7 Mid-American 5.2. 8 SEC 6 Notable athletes 7 Tiger media 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Sports sponsored ( edit ) Men 's sports Women 's sports Baseball Basketball Basketball Cross country Cross country Golf Football Gymnastics Golf Soccer Swimming & diving Softball Track & field Swimming & diving Wrestling Tennis Track & field Volleyball † -- Track and field includes both indoor and outdoor . Baseball ( edit ) Main article : Missouri Tigers baseball Ian Kinsler The first Missouri Tigers baseball team was in 1868 . The first recorded season was in 1891 , when the Tigers went 2 -- 2 . The Tigers won the National Championship in 1954 . The presence of former Missouri Tiger baseball players in professional baseball continues to grow each year . Former MU head coach Tim Jamieson has seen 40 players in his 13 - year tenure sign pro contracts . Notable Tiger baseball alumni include Tim Laudner , who played for the 1987 World Champion Minnesota Twins , and Phil Bradley , who played for several teams in 1980s and early 1990s , and current Major Leaguer Ian Kinsler . In 2006 , pitcher Max Scherzer was selected in the first round with the 11th overall pick by the Arizona Diamondbacks . Scherzer went on to win the Al Cy Young Award with the Detroit Tigers in 2013 . In 2008 , pitcher Aaron Crow was picked 9th overall by the Washington Nationals . Basketball ( edit ) Men 's basketball ( edit ) Main article : Missouri Tigers men 's basketball The men 's basketball program has produced several NBA players , including Anthony Peeler , Doug Smith , Jon Sundvold , Steve Stipanovich , Kareem Rush , Keyon Dooling , Linas Kleiza , Thomas Gardner , Jordan Clarkson and DeMarre Carroll . The Tigers were regularly a national power under Norm Stewart , whose tenure spanned four decades but which failed to include a Final Four appearance despite numerous conference championships . The team advanced to the Elite Eight under Quin Snyder in 2002 , but inconsistent performance and various improprieties in his leadership of the program caused him to be fired in the midst of an abysmal 2006 season . He was replaced with then - UAB head coach Mike Anderson . In 2009 the team lost in the Elite Eight to the Connecticut Huskies . Then , after a first - round exit from the NCAA tournament in 2011 , Anderson took the head coaching position with the University of Arkansas . The head coaching vacancy was filled in early April 2011 with Frank Haith , the former Miami ( Florida ) head coach who left after the 2013 season to go Tulsa . In 2014 , Kim Anderson became the new head basketball coach . The program is now led by Cuonzo Martin . The 1920 -- 21 and 1921 -- 22 teams were retroactively named national champions by the Premo - Porretta Power Poll . Women 's basketball ( edit ) Main article : Missouri Tigers women 's basketball The current head coach of the women 's basketball program is Robin Pingeton , formerly of Illinois State . She was hired in April 2010 to replace Cindy Stein , who resigned under pressure from boosters and media after the 2009 -- 10 season . Football ( edit ) Chase Daniel takes a snap in the first quarter of the 2007 Mizzou vs. Nebraska football game . Main article : Missouri Tigers football See also : Missouri Tigers football under Gary Pinkel The university 's first football team was formed in 1890 by the sophomore class of the `` Academic School '' ( now the College of Arts and Science ) . They challenged a team of Engineering students in April of that year upon encouragement of Dr. A.L. McRea , a university professor . Interest in the sport quickly grew among the students , professors , and administrators , and a Foot Ball Association was formed at a meeting on October 10 , 1890 . The first intercollegiate game for the university took place on Thanksgiving Day , 1890 , when Missouri played Washington University before a crowd of 3,000 in St. Louis , Missouri . The Washington University team , which had already been playing for several years , easily defeated the University of Missouri team by a score of 28 -- 0 . Missouri has compiled a 15 -- 16 record in bowl games , including a 41 - 31 victory over Oklahoma State in the 2014 Cotton Bowl and a 33 - 17 win over Minnesota in the 2015 Citrus Bowl . It has finished in the final Associated Press poll Top Ten eight times since the poll began in 1936 , and has had two top - five finishes since 2007 . Softball ( edit ) Main article : Missouri Tigers softball Missouri softball began play in 1975 . Missouri has appeared in seven Women 's College World Series , in 1981 , 1983 , 1991 , 1994 , 2009 , 2010 and 2011 . Wrestling ( edit ) Hearnes Center is home to the Missouri Tigers ' nationally ranked wrestling program . For 16 years Brian Smith has been the university 's head wrestling coach . Since 1998 , Smith has received honors for his coaching accomplishments at the University of Missouri : Dan Gable Coach of the Year ( 2007 ) , NWCA President ( 2010 - 12 ) , Big 12 Coach of the Year ( 2012 ) . Ben Askren , Tyron Woodley , and Michael Chandler are among the few from the university 's wrestling program to make the transition to Mixed Martial Arts . Askren is a 4 - time All - American wrestler ( 2004 - 2007 ) , 2 - time NCAA Division I Collegiate National Runner - up ( 2004 , 2005 ) , 2 - time NCAA Division I Collegiate National Champion ( 2006 , 2007 ) , 2 - time Dan Hodge Trophy Collegiate Wrestler of the Year ( 2006 , 2007 ) , and competed in the 2008 Olympics . He has been inducted into the University of Missouri Intercollegiate Athletics Hall of Fame ( 2012 ) . Askren is the former Bellator Welterweight Champion and current One Welterweight Champion . Chandler is a former Tiger wrestler earning All - American honors in 2009 ( 5th place 157 lbs . ) who is the former Bellator Lightweight Champion . Woodley is the current UFC Welterweight champion and former Strikeforce Welterweight title challenger . Notable non-varsity sports ( edit ) Rugby ( edit ) The University of Missouri Men 's Rugby Club plays Division 1 - AA college rugby in the Heart of America conference against traditional rivals such as Kansas and Kansas State . Mizzou has been led since 2010 by head coach J.P. Victor . Missouri rugby finished the 2011 -- 2012 season ranked 17th . As the winner of the Heart of America conference , Missouri qualified for the playoffs of the 2012 men 's collegiate DI - AA championships , reaching the round of 16 before losing to Wisconsin . Mizzou defeated Kansas 24 -- 7 to finish third at the 2012 Heart of America 7s tournament . Mizzou was again successful during the 2013 -- 2014 season , reaching the D1 - AA national playoffs , where they defeated Middle Tennessee 46 -- 10 in the round of 16 before losing in the quarterfinals to Bowling Green . Racquetball ( edit ) The University of Missouri Club Racquetball team has had success recently . The women 's team won back - to - back Division 1 titles in 2015 and 2016 at the USA Racquetball Intercollegiate Championships . The overall team placed 2nd and 3rd respectively in those years . The team 's president is Dan Witt . Rivalries ( edit ) University of Arkansas ( edit ) Missouri 's newest rivalry after joining the SEC is with the Arkansas Razorbacks , known as the Battle Line Rivalry . Both the Razorbacks and Tigers have played five times before playing annually in the same conference which started in 2014 . Arkansas was one of the founding members of the Southwest Conference along with the Texas Longhorns . The Razorbacks left the Southwest Conference to join the SEC , which triggered the Southwest and the Big Eight Conferences to merged to form the Big 12 in 1996 . Arkansas is placed in the West Division of the SEC while Missouri is placed in the East and with the SEC current football scheduling format a team from the West and the East divisions must play annually . To keep traditional rivalries ongoing in the SEC , the conference dropped Arkansas 's cross-division annual match up with South Carolina to replace the Gamecocks with the Tigers due to the proximity of the two universities . Missouri currently leads the football series 5 -- 3 . University of South Carolina ( edit ) Also known as Battle for Columbia due to the two universities in the city of Columbia in their respective states . Both the Tigers and the Gamecocks play for Missouri 's newest Trophy game , the Mayors ' Cup . The trophy was created in 2012 when Missouri joined the conference . Both teams are in the East division of the SEC and will play annually along with the other five members of the division . The series is currently tied at 4 -- 4 , while the trophy series South Carolina leads 4 - 2 . University of Kansas ( edit ) Main article : Border War ( Kansas -- Missouri rivalry ) Historically , the Tigers ' biggest rival was the Kansas Jayhawks , with whom they competed in the annual Border War . This was one of the most intense rivalries in college sports , going back to a time of actual armed conflict between pro-slavery residents from Missouri and anti-slavery residents of the Kansas Territory , known as Bleeding Kansas . The series ended for the foreseeable future once Mizzou moved to the SEC . The Kansas -- Missouri football series is the second - oldest and second-most - played rivalry in college football history . ( See : The Rivalry ( Lehigh -- Lafayette ) ) The teams first matched up in football on October 31 , 1891 . Missouri claims to lead the all - time series , 57 -- 54 -- 9 , since it counts the forfeit of Kansas ' 1960 victory as a win . Missouri claims the 1911 football game in Columbia , Missouri as the world 's first Homecoming . An important meeting between the Tigers and Jayhawks occurred on November 24 , 2007 when the two teams played for the Big 12 North Championship and a shot at playing for the Big 12 Championship and a possible National Championship . The Tigers defeated the Jayhawks 36 -- 28 . The Tigers season later resulted in a trip to the Cotton Bowl Classic , where they defeated Arkansas 38 -- 7 . University of Nebraska ( edit ) Main article : Missouri -- Nebraska football rivalry The Missouri - Nebraska football series was another historic rivalry alongside the MU -- KU series , although it ended with Nebraska 's departure for the Big Ten Conference . The Missouri -- Nebraska series was the second oldest rivalry in the Big 12 , dating back to 1892 . The two teams met 104 times , with Nebraska leading the series 65 -- 36 -- 3 . The large lead was the result of a 24 - year Nebraska winning streak from 1979 to 2002 . The teams split the eight games played from 2003 to 2010 . The rivalry saw renewed interest following the Flea Kicker . The two teams played for the Victory Bell trophy , which was first awarded in 1927 . University of Illinois ( edit ) Main articles : Braggin ' Rights and Illinois -- Missouri football rivalry There is also a relatively new basketball rivalry with the Illinois Fighting Illini of the Big Ten Conference referred to as Braggin ' Rights . The Braggin ' Rights game debuted in 1980 and has been played every year since 1983 . Missouri trails the series 20 -- 11 . The start of football season also often matches the two schools in the `` Arch Rivalry '' game , most recently played at the Edward Jones Dome . Mizzou leads the football series with an all - time record of 14 -- 7 since 1896 . In addition , the Missouri and Illinois baseball teams have recently begun a baseball rivalry , meeting at Busch Stadium since 2005 ( though the schools did not meet in 2009 or 2011 ) . Missouri leads the series 5 - 1 since 2005 . University of Oklahoma ( edit ) Main article : Missouri -- Oklahoma football rivalry The Tiger -- Sooner Peace Pipe is a rivalry trophy presented to the winner of the Missouri vs. Oklahoma game . The trophy is a ceremony of smoking the old pipe . The trophy was inaugurated in 1929 by Chester M. Brewer , Mizzou 's director of athletics , and by members of Mystical Seven , a University of Missouri honorary group . The peace pipe was donated by a Mr. R.L. Hill , an `` M '' man and former president of the Missouri student body . Ceremony takes place during halves , with Mystical Seven representing Missouri , and a similar organization representing Oklahoma . Missouri won the first game , 13 -- 0 . During Mizzou 's tenure in the Big 12 , the conference 's divisional play structure meant that the Tigers and the Sooners only faced off two out every four years . Therefore , only scheduled games between the two teams count for the exchange of the Peace Pipe . The most recent Big 12 Championship games featuring Mizzou and Oklahoma would not have triggered a transfer of the Peace Pipe ( if Missouri had won on either occasion . ) Oklahoma leads the all - time series with a record of 65 -- 23 -- 5 . In 2010 , Mizzou , ranked no . 11 in the BCS standings , defeated no . 1 ranked Oklahoma , 36 -- 27 . Oklahoma leads the series since the trophy tradition started with a record of 56 -- 14 -- 4 . Iowa State University ( edit ) Main article : Iowa State -- Missouri football rivalry The Telephone Trophy started during a 1959 Game featuring Iowa State and Missouri when the field phones were tested prior to the game , it was found that both teams could hear each other . The problem was solved by game time , but not without considerable worry on the part of the coaches . The Northwestern Bell Telephone Co. of Ames had a trophy made and presented it to Iowa State to be awarded each year to the team winning the game . An odd sidelight to the whole affair was that the same thing happened to Missouri later in the year in a game played at Columbia . Missouri won the first game , 14 -- 0 . The series is 58 -- 34 -- 9 in favor of Missouri . Missouri leads the series since the trophy tradition started with a record of 30 -- 18 -- 3 . Traditions ( edit ) Homecoming ( edit ) The University of Missouri claims to be the originator of the tradition of homecoming . Before , games against the University of Kansas were played in Kansas City . However , a change in conference regulations required intercollegiate football games to be played on campus starting in 1911 . Fearing that game attendance would be low , the new Missouri coach , C.L. Brewer , appealed with great success for the `` Old Grads '' to `` Come Back Home '' to boost attendance and help dedicate MU 's new football field . The fans responded , swelling the crowd at Rollins Field in Columbia to more than ten thousand . MU , Trivial Pursuit , and Jeopardy ! all verify that this game in 1911 was one of the first homecoming games . The 2010 edition of the University of Missouri Homecoming also included the first ever visit by ESPN College GameDay . 18,000 fans attended College GameDay at the Francis Quadrangle on Saturday , October 23 , 2010 . The turnout broke the previous record of 15,800 fans set at the University of Nebraska in 2001 . Big MO ( edit ) Big MO is a 6 - foot , 150 - pound bass drum featured at Mizzou football games . Big MO 's handlers are actually University of Missouri alumni rather than student members of Marching Mizzou . Big MO is used to lead fans in the traditional MIZ - ZOU cheer . The drum has been a Mizzou football tradition since 1981 , when it was acquired by a Mizzou athletic booster club known as the St. Louis Quarterback Club . The club donated $5,000 to purchase the drum , which was built by Ludwig Drums in Chicago . The drum , originally painted red with gold flakes , was brought back from Chicago strapped in the back of a pickup truck . When it arrived in Columbia , the drum was repainted black and presented to the university a week before the first 1981 football game at an event known as the Tiger Fall Rally . Responsibility for Big MO was transferred to the Mizzou chapters of Kappa Kappa Psi and Tau Beta Sigma in 1993 . Only student and alumni members of the two organizations are eligible to be on the Big MO crew . Big MO is the third largest bass drum in the United States , behind Big Bertha at the University of Texas and the Purdue Big Bass Drum . In April 2011 , the Mizzou chapters of Kappa Kappa Psi and Tau Beta Sigma kicked off a fundraising campaign to replace Big MO , which deteriorated over several decades of use . The current Big MO weighs 800 - plus - pounds and has a 9 - foot diameter and a 54 - inch width , making it the largest collegiate bass drum as well as largest bass drum in the United States . The new drum was built by Neil Boumpani of Boumpani Music Company , a custom drum maker in Barnesville , Georgia . The new record - setting Big MO debuted when Mizzou entered play in the Southeastern Conference in 2012 . Harpo 's goal post tradition ( edit ) Since 1971 , there has been no doubt about the destination of the goal posts any time they have been torn down following a home football game . 1971 marked the first year in which the goal posts ended up at Harpo 's Bar and Grill at 29 S. Tenth Street in Columbia . Although no concrete reasoning is known behind the tradition , it is suggested that Harpo 's became the destination because of its popularity among alumni returning to Columbia on game days and because the restaurant is one of the few places that had remained under consistent ownership without any name changes , so alumni and students all easily identify with the establishment . Following the 2005 season , removable goal posts were installed , which are lowered at the close of each home game . In 2010 the goal post tradition was revived following the victory against BCS # 1 ranked Oklahoma . Thousands of fans began to swarm the field before the final play had even ended . Although there were event staff and highway patrol encircling the field , security was unable to prevent fans from storming the field and removing the north end zone goal post from the stadium . Alma Mater ( edit ) The Alma Mater for the University of Missouri is Old Missouri . It was written in 1895 and is sung to the tune of Annie Lisle and has two verses . Before and after athletic events , sometimes only the first verse is used . The first and second verses are more commonly sung at student orientation and at commencement / graduation ceremonies . Both verses are followed by the chorus . Championships ( edit ) NCAA team championships ( edit ) Missouri has won 2 NCAA team national championships . Men 's ( 2 ) Baseball ( 1 ) : 1954 Indoor Track & Field ( 1 ) : 1965 see also SEC NCAA team championships List of NCAA schools with the most NCAA Division I championships Conference championships ( edit ) Western Interstate University Football Association ( edit ) Main article : Western Interstate University Football Association Football 1893 1894 1895 Missouri Valley ( edit ) Main article : Missouri Valley Conference Basketball 1918 1920 1921 1922 Football 1909 1913 1919 1924 1925 1927 Track and field 1911 1912 1913 1915 1916 1917 1918 1920 1925 Big Six ( edit ) Main article : Big Eight Conference Baseball 1930 1931 1937 1938 1941 1942 Basketball 1930 1939 1940 Cross country 1929 Football 1939 1941 1942 1945 Track and field 1938 1943 1947 Big Seven ( edit ) Main article : Big Seven Conference Baseball 1952 Track and field 1948 1949 1951 Big Eight ( edit ) Main article : Big Eight Conference Baseball 1958 1962 1963 1964 1965 1976 1980 1996 ( Regular Season ) Cross country 1967 1980 ( Women 's ) Football 1960 1969 Basketball 1976 1978 ( Tournament ) 1980 1981 1982 ( Regular Season and Tournament ) 1987 ( Regular Season and Tournament ) 1989 ( Tournament ) 1993 ( Tournament ) Big 12 ( edit ) Main article : Big 12 Conference Baseball 2012 ( Tournament ) Basketball 2009 ( Tournament ) 2012 ( Tournament ) Soccer 2008 ( Tournament ) 2009 Softball 1997 ( Regular Season and Tournament ) 2009 ( Tournament ) 2011 Wrestling 2012 Mid-American ( edit ) Main article : Mid-American Conference Wrestling 2013 ( Tournament ) 2014 ( Tournament ) 2015 ( Regular Season and Tournament ) 2016 ( Regular Season and Tournament ) 2017 ( Tournament ) SEC ( edit ) Main article : SEC Conference Volleyball 2013 2016 Notable athletes ( edit ) See also : University of Missouri Intercollegiate Athletics Hall of Fame Danario Alexander , wide receiver who led the nation in receiving yards and TDs his senior season , currently plays for the San Diego Chargers John Anderson , former high jumper , now an anchor on ESPN SportsCenter Ben Askren , Missouri 's first individual wrestling national champion ( 2 - Time ) , 2x Hodge Trophy Award Winner ( College wrestler of the year ) , 2007 ESPY - nominated Best College Male Athlete , 2008 Freestyle Wrestling Olympian , former Bellator MMA Welterweight Champion , Current One Championship Welterweight Champion Phil Bradley , standout football and baseball player who became an All - Star outfielder for the Seattle Mariners John Brown , standout basketball player who played professionally for the Chicago Bulls Christian Cantwell , former thrower on track team , current world - class shot putter , 2004 and 2008 IAAF World Indoor Champion , 2008 Summer Olympic Games silver medalist Lloyd Carr , former football player and former head coach at the University of Michigan Michael Chandler , 2009 NCAA Wrestling All - American ( 5th place 157 lbs . ) , current Mixed Martial Artist , current Bellator Lightweight Champion J'den Cox , 3 time NCAA National wrestling champion and 4 time All - American between 2014 -- 17 , bronze medalist at 2016 Rio Olympics Aaron Crow , pitcher for the Kansas City Royals Chase Daniel , former Missouri quarterback was a Heisman finalist in 2007 , Daniel led the Tigers to two Big 12 North Division titles and Cotton Bowl and Alamo Bowl Championships , was a member of the New Orleans Saints Super Bowl Championship team in 2009 , currently with the New Orleans Saints Justin Gage , record setting wide receiver at Mizzou , formerly played for the Chicago Bears and Tennessee Titans Tony Galbreath , former NFL running back with the New Orleans Saints , Minnesota Vikings , and New York Giants , where he was a part of the 1986 Super Bowl XXI Championship team Brad Imes , former Missouri offensive tackle , current professional mixed martial artists competing in the UFC , WEC , and most recently King of the Cage John Kelly , low amateur at the 2007 Masters Tournament Ian Kinsler , current player for the Detroit Tigers , an AL All Star in 2008 Linas Kleiza , former NBA player for the Toronto Raptors , now plays in Turkey Jim Leavitt , former football player and former coach at the University of South Florida Robin Lingle , 1,000 yards ( 910 m ) Big Eight indoor record - holder , 1965 national champion Jeremy Maclin , wide receiver for the Baltimore Ravens Bill McCartney , former head football coach at University of Colorado William Moore , Pro Bowl safety who is a free agent Anthony Peeler , former NBA player from 1992 -- 2005 Shane Ray , linebacker for the Denver Broncos , played for Denver in 2016 Super Bowl 50 Championship Kareem Rush , currently playing for the Los Angeles D - Fenders of the NBA D - League Michael Sam , first openly gay player to be drafted in the NFL Draft Max Scherzer , Cy Young Award - winning pitcher for the Washington Nationals Aldon Smith , former All - Pro linebacker for the San Francisco 49ers , currently plays for the Oakland Raiders Brad Smith , NCAA record - holder as a dual - threat quarterback , now a wide receiver / kick returner for the Philadelphia Eagles Doug Smith , former NBA player from 1991 -- 1996 Justin Smith , 4x Pro Bowler defensive end for the San Francisco 49ers Gene Snitsky , former Missouri football player , now WWE wrestler Sean Weatherspoon , former 1st round draft pick and current player for the Atlanta Falcons Roger Wehrli , Pro Football Hall of Fame 2007 inductee Kellen Winslow , former Missouri football player now in College and Pro Hall of Fame Tyron Woodley , former 2x Missouri wrestling All - American , current UFC welterweight champion Tiger media ( edit ) The Tiger Radio Network is anchored by KMBZ in Kansas City , KTGR AM / KCMQ FM in Columbia and Jefferson City , and KTRS in St Louis . Mike Kelly is the commentator for both sports , with Howard Richards and Chris Gervino serving as analysts for football and Gary Link filling in for basketball . In addition , the school owns and operates its own NBC affiliate , KOMU - TV , in Columbia . The station is run by MU faculty members and is staffed by professionals and students . It 's the only college - owned and operated network affiliate in the country . For indoor sports , Mizzou operates the Missouri Sports Network , a syndication package that airs on FSN Midwest and / or Metro Sports . It mainly broadcasts volleyball and basketball . Dan McLaughlin handles play - by - play for all sports , and is joined by a rotating group of color commentators , most notably Tigers coaching legend Norm Stewart for men 's basketball games . See also ( edit ) `` Fifth Down '' ( The infamous `` 5th '' down during the 1990 Colorado - Missouri football game ) Marching Mizzou List of college athletic programs in Missouri References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Official MU Colors '' . Identity Standards -- University of Missouri . University of Missouri . April 27 , 2015 . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived version of University of Missouri , Official Athletic Site of the Mizzou Tigers Traditions '' . Mutigers.cstv.com . October 11 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2009 . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` About Mizzou University of Missouri '' . Missouri.edu . December 16 , 2010 . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ESPN , ed. ( 2009 ) . ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia : The Complete History of the Men 's Game . New York , NY : ESPN Books . p. 535 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 51392 - 2 . Jump up ^ Plummer , William ; Floyd , Larry C. ( 2013 ) . A Series Of Their Own : History Of The Women 's College World Series . Oklahoma City , Oklahoma , United States : Turnkey Communications Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9893007 - 0 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Mizzouri Tiger Wrestling '' . University of Missouri . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ USA Rugby , College Conferences , http://www.usarugby.org/#cc%3D%5BApplication%5D%5C%5CStructure%5C%5CContent%5C%5CBrand%20Resource%20Center%5C%5CContent%5C%5CHome%5C%5C21D9415F-129C-3D1E-45B7-71078B463B81%5C%5C23181D59-131F-BE4F-E441-2B48F8B651A9%7B%7BTab%3AView%7D%7D Jump up ^ Rugby Mag , Men 's DI - AA College Top 25 , April 9 , 2012 , http://www.rugbymag.com/men-di-college/4098-mens-di-aa-college-top-25-april-9-2012.html Jump up ^ Rugby Mag , Men 's DI - AA Elite Eight Update , April 29 , 2012 , http://www.rugbymag.com/men's-di-college/4335-mens-di-aa-sweet-16-update.html Jump up ^ Rugby Mag , September 2012 Scores , Sep. 23 , 2012 , http://www.rugbymag.com/news/scores/5671-september-2012-scores.html Jump up ^ 2013 - 14 Men 's DI - AA College National Championship . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Butterfield , Kevin ( November 23 , 2007 ) . `` A Rivalry Born in Bloodshed Becomes Pivotal to the B.C.S '' . NYTimes . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ( 1 ) '' . mutigers.com -- All - Time Big 12 Opponents . Jump up ^ `` `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 05 . `` . `` Big12sports.com '' . ^ Jump up to : Chrös Mcdougall And Blaine Grider . `` Tradition 's beginnings mysterious '' . Columbia Missourian . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2012 . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ubben , David . `` Record turnout for ' College GameDay ' -- Big 12 Blog -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Maneater -- Blogs -- On Campus -- PHOTO : Crowd of 18,000 sets ESPN GameDay record ( Oct. 23 , 2010 ) '' . Themaneater.com . October 23 , 2010 . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mike DeArmond ( October 23 , 2010 ) . `` Official Now : ESPN Says Mizzou Sets GameDay Record Campus Corner '' . Campuscorner.kansascity.com . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2010 . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ralph , Kaylen ( 2011 - 10 - 13 ) . `` A conversation with Big MO 's handlers '' . Vox Magazine . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ JOE KOVAC JR . The Telegraph of Macon ( 2012 - 02 - 04 ) . `` Mizzou band can make a sonic boom : Sports '' . Stltoday.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` MU raising money to replace Big MO '' . News Tribune . 2011 - 04 - 24 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` What the Fudge ? : Harpo 's goal post tradition '' . The Maneater . November 1 , 2002 . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Faurot Field , COLUMBIA , MO ( October 23 , 2010 ) . `` Oklahoma Sooners vs. Missouri Tigers -- Recap -- October 23 , 2010 -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/champs_records_book/Overall.pdf External links ( edit ) Official website University of Missouri Located in : Columbia , Missouri Academics School of Accountancy College of Agriculture , Food and Natural Resources College of Arts and Science Trulaske College of Business College of Education College of Engineering Graduate School School of Health Professions College of Human Environmental Sciences School of Information Science and Learning Technology Missouri School of Journalism School of Law School of Medicine School of Music School of Natural Resources Sinclair School of Nursing Harry S Truman School of Public Affairs School of Social Work College of Veterinary Medicine Athletics Baseball Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Football Softball Volleyball The Antlers Arch Rivalry Border War Braggin ' Rights Brewer Fieldhouse Faurot Field Hall of Fame Hearnes Center Marching Mizzou Missouri -- Nebraska football rivalry Tiger -- Sooner Peace Pipe Tiger 's Lair Mizzou Arena Taylor Stadium Truman the Tiger Walton Stadium Campus A.P. Green Chapel Academic Hall Francis Quadrangle McAlester Arboretum Mizzou Botanic Garden The Columns University of Missouri Women 's and Children 's Hospital Sanford F. Conley House Ellis Fischel Cancer Center Ellis Library Jesse Hall Laws Hall Laws Observatory Memorial Union Missouri Theatre Center for the Arts Missouri State Teachers Association Building MU High School Police Department Sanborn Field Switzler Hall Red Campus University of Missouri Children 's Hospital University of Missouri Hospital University of Missouri Research Reactor Center Welch Hall Museum of Art and Archaeology Libraries University Hospitals and Clinics Research Oral Tradition ( journal ) Journal of Career Development Mizzou Hydrogen Car Team Pictures of the Year International Religion Newswriters Association Society of American Business Editors and Writers Student life The Maneater L.S.V. Mystical Seven QEBH Sigma Alpha Epsilon Fraternity House People Esterhazy Quartet General Alumni General Faculty Hall of Fame Inductees Presidents and Chancellors History History of the University of Missouri Geyer Act Missouri ex rel . Gaines v. Canada Missouri Waltz State Historical Society of Missouri 2015 -- 16 University of Missouri protests Media The Maneater Columbia Missourian KBIA KCOU KOMU - DT3 KOMU - TV MUTV University Press Founded : 1839 Links to related articles Southeastern Conference East Division Florida Gators Georgia Bulldogs and Lady Bulldogs Kentucky Wildcats Missouri Tigers South Carolina Gamecocks Tennessee Volunteers Vanderbilt Commodores West Division Alabama Crimson Tide Arkansas Razorbacks Auburn Tigers LSU Tigers and Lady Tigers Ole Miss Rebels Mississippi State Bulldogs Texas A&M Aggies Championships and awards National championships Conference champions Media SEC Network ( SEC Nation - SEC Storied - SEC Rewind ) SEC on CBS CBS Sports ESPN Former media outlets Raycom Sports Jefferson Pilot Sports Lincoln Financial Sports SEC TV ( defunct ) ( list of affiliates ) Turner Sports Lorimar Sports Network ( defunct ) TVS Television Network ( defunct ) Sports teams based in Missouri Baseball MLB Kansas City Royals St. Louis Cardinals TL Springfield Cardinals FL River City Rascals AA Joplin Blasters Basketball IBA St. Louis Trotters Football NFL Kansas City Chiefs CIF Kansas City Phantoms Independent Kansas City Storm Ice hockey NHL St. Louis Blues ECHL Kansas City Mavericks NA3HL St. Louis Jr . Blues WSHL Springfield Express Roller derby WFTDA Arch Rival Roller Derby CoMo Derby Dames Springfield Roller Girls St. Chux Derby Chix MRDA St. Louis GateKeepers Rugby USAR Kansas City Blues St. Louis Bombers Soccer NWSL FC Kansas City USL Saint Louis FC Swope Park Rangers MISL Missouri Comets St. Louis Ambush NPSL Joplin Demize PDL Saint Louis FC U23 St. Louis Lions Tennis WTT Springfield Lasers College athletics ( NCAA Div . I ) Missouri Missouri State Saint Louis Southeast Missouri UMKC The City of Columbia History Government and Politics Geography Demographics Transportation Culture Media Sports Education Metropolitan Area State of Missouri Famous Citizens University of Missouri System University of Missouri Stephens College Columbia College Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Missouri_Tigers&oldid=804293691 '' Categories : Missouri Tigers Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 01 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri%20Tigers	689
who played spock's dad on star trek	Sarek / ˈsærɛk / is a fictional character in the Star Trek media franchise . He is a Vulcan astrophysicist , the Vulcan ambassador to the United Federation of Planets , and father of Spock . The character was originated by Mark Lenard in the 1967 episode `` Journey to Babel '' ( Lenard previously portrayed a Romulan Commander in another episode of the original series , 1966 's `` Balance of Terror '' ) . Lenard later voiced Sarek in the animated series , and appeared in Star Trek movies and the series Star Trek : The Next Generation .	Mark Lenard	Sarek	sarek	Sarek / ˈsærɛk / is a fictional character in the Star Trek media franchise . He is a Vulcan astrophysicist , the Vulcan ambassador to the United Federation of Planets , and father of Spock . The character was originated by Mark Lenard in the 1967 episode `` Journey to Babel '' ( Lenard previously portrayed a Romulan Commander in another episode of the original series , 1966 's `` Balance of Terror '' ) . Lenard later voiced Sarek in the animated series , and appeared in Star Trek movies and the series Star Trek : The Next Generation .	Actor Jonathan Simpson played a younger Sarek in a brief scene in Star Trek V : The Final Frontier , with voice - over provided by Lenard . Ben Cross portrayed Sarek in the 2009 motion picture Star Trek . James Frain plays Sarek in the new TV series Star Trek : Discovery . The character appears in the original Star Trek series , the animated series , four Star Trek movies , two episodes of Star Trek : The Next Generation , and numerous Star Trek novels and comics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character biography 1.1 Star Trek : The Original Series 1.2 Animated series 1.3 TOS films 1.4 Star Trek : The Next Generation 1.5 Star Trek ( 2009 ) 1.6 Star Trek : Discovery 2 Family Relationships 3 Appearances 4 References 5 External links Character biography ( edit ) Star Trek : the original series ( edit ) Sarek was born in 2165 . He is the son of Skon of Vulcan and the grandson of Solkar ( the first Vulcan ambassador to Earth ) . Sarek was married twice , and had two sons . Prior to his first marriage , he had a relationship with the Vulcan priestess , T'Rea , which produced Sarek 's first son Sybok , a character not developed until the fifth feature film in the late 1980s . Sarek later married Amanda Grayson , a native of the planet Earth . After Amanda 's death , Sarek married Perrin , also human , who survived his death . Sarek and Perrin had no children . Sarek 's second son , Spock , entered Starfleet Academy . Sarek opposed the decision , and the two were estranged for 18 years . Following an Enterprise mission where Spock helped save Sarek 's life , father and son are reconciled in the episode `` Journey to Babel '' , with Mark Lenard portraying the first appearance of Sarek . Animated series ( edit ) Mark Lenard voiced Sarek in the Star Trek : The Animated Series episode `` Yesteryear '' . In this episode Spock must travel back in time to his childhood , and keep his younger self from dying and being replaced by an Andorian as First Officer of the Enterprise . Spock , posing as a relative , meets a younger version of Sarek . Tos films ( edit ) Mark Lenard portrayed Sarek in movies based on the original Star Trek . In Star Trek III : The Search for Spock , Sarek asks Kirk to bring Spock 's body back along with his katra , or living essence , to Vulcan . Sarek later confronts Kirk at his apartment , thinking that Spock placed his katra into Kirk 's mind ( since Kirk was the last person to be with the dying Spock ) , and asking Kirk why he did not return Spock to Vulcan . Unknown to either Sarek or Kirk , Spock had actually placed his katra in the mind of his friend Leonard McCoy for safekeeping . Kirk later discovers this through the security tapes during the last moments of Spock 's life in his fight to save the Enterprise from Khan and promised Sarek to bring both men to Vulcan . The Genesis Device regenerates Spock 's body and restores his life ; Kirk and his crew manage to get Spock off the planet and return him to his home planet of Vulcan . There , Sarek asks the priestess T'Lar to perform a fal - tor - pan , reuniting Spock 's mind and body . Sarek thanks Kirk for the rescue of Spock , which took place at the expense of the destruction of the Enterprise and the death of Kirk 's son . Kirk admitted if he did not try to save Spock , he would have faced a deeper guilt in his soul . Star Trek IV : The Voyage Home begins with Kirk , Spock , and the rest of the Enterprise crew still in exile on Vulcan . Sarek travels to Earth to speak on behalf of Kirk ( who is facing charges from the Klingon Empire ) , and is subsequently trapped on the planet when Earth is threatened by destruction by an alien probe . After Kirk and his crew return and save Earth , and are largely exonerated at their subsequent trial , Sarek has a private audience with his son . Sarek states that he is pleased with Spock , and admits that he was wrong in opposing Spock 's induction into Starfleet , praising his comrades as people of good character . Actor Jonathan Simpson briefly played a younger Sarek during Star Trek V : The Final Frontier , with a voice - over provided by Lenard . The scene is in reference to Spock 's birth and Sarek remarking he is `` so human . '' Mark Lenard 's final filmed appearance in the role of Sarek was in Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country . This film was recorded after , but released before , his last broadcast appearance in The Next Generation . It takes place in the time period of the original series , in the year 2293 . Sarek is once again shown as a diplomat participating in the Khitomer Conference , the first diplomatic meeting between the Klingons and the Federation . Star Trek : the Next Generation ( edit ) Lenard made two final appearances as the character in Star Trek : The Next Generation . In the first , in an episode named after him , Sarek suffers from Bendii Syndrome , an incurable and terminal neurological degenerative illness that makes him lose control of his emotions . Having established a mind - meld with Captain Jean - Luc Picard , Sarek is able to continue with an important diplomatic mission , but his emotions are expressed privately through Picard , among them his deep love for Amanda , Spock , and his current human wife Perrin . His death from Bendii Syndrome occurs in the first part of the TNG episode `` Unification '' . Star Trek ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Sarek , played by Ben Cross , appears in the 2009 Star Trek . Though respectful of Spock 's ability to make his own choices , Sarek clearly encourages him to maintain his logical Vulcan nature . Sarek maintains that he married Amanda because it was logical to do so , since as the Vulcan ambassador , it would of course fall upon Sarek to observe human behavior . Later , Sarek is on the board of the Vulcan Science Academy , and is disappointed to learn that his son has turned down admission in favor of joining Starfleet . When the vengeful Romulan captain , Nero , makes clear his intention to destroy Vulcan , Spock arrives to transport Sarek , Amanda , and the rest of the Vulcan council to safety ; however , Amanda is lost in the attempt . When Cadet Kirk provokes Spock to force him to relinquish command , it is only Sarek 's stern `` Spock ! '' that calms the enraged half - Vulcan . When Spock leaves the bridge , Sarek is clearly displeased by the events and follows him . Sarek advises Spock that if he feels anger ( at Vulcan 's destruction and Amanda 's death ) , then he should not try to hide it . Sarek also admits to his son : `` You once asked me why I married your mother ... I married her because I loved her . '' Sarek affirms to his son that not all Vulcans are as emotionless as they appear to be ; even Sarek is painfully grieved over the loss of his beloved wife . At this moment , father and son have reconciled as they grieve together over the losses of their world and loved ones , before Spock leaves to stop Nero from destroying Earth and to avenge his mother 's untimely death . Star Trek : Discovery ( edit ) On January 18 , 2017 it was announced that actor James Frain will assume the role of Sarek for the new Trek series Star Trek : Discovery . Mia Kirshner appeared as his wife Amanda in episode 6 . Family relationships ( edit ) Spock 's ongoing conflict between emotion and logic is countered by his parents , Sarek and human Amanda Grayson , a seemingly loving and devoted couple . The character of Sarek and his relationship with Spock and Amanda have been explored in depth in amateur fiction , several authorized novels , and in the animated episode `` Yesteryear '' . Movies and episodes of Star Trek : The Next Generation have also added to background on these relationships . Spock and Sarek 's relationship is formal and respectful , but strained . Captain Jean - Luc Picard , who mind melded with Sarek before he died , also mind melds with Spock in order to share Sarek 's thoughts and feelings about his son . Little is known about Sarek 's relationship with his oldest son Sybok , but presumably it was a difficult one since Sybok rejected Vulcan ways and was banished from the planet . Appearances ( edit ) Sarek appears in the following episodes and films : Star Trek : The Original Series `` Journey to Babel '' Star Trek : The Animated Series `` Yesteryear '' Star Trek films Star Trek III : The Search for Spock Star Trek IV : The Voyage Home Star Trek V : The Final Frontier Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country Star Trek Star Trek : The Next Generation `` Sarek '' `` Unification , Part I '' Star Trek : Discovery `` The Vulcan Hello '' `` Battle at the Binary Stars '' `` Lethe '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Okuda , Michael ; Denise Okuda ( 1996 ) . Star Trek Chronology : The History of the Future . Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 53610 - 9 . Jump up ^ According to Star Trek III : The Search for Spock , identifying him as `` Sarek , son of Skon , son of Solkar '' . Jump up ^ `` James Frain Joins Discovery As Sarek '' . Startrek.com. 2017 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 18 . External links ( edit ) Sarek at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) Amanda Grayson at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) Sybok at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) Perrin at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) Startrek.com article on Sarek ( hide ) Star Trek recurring characters Multiple series Reginald Barclay Boothby Chekote Zefram Cochrane Arne Darvin Evek Amanda Grayson Gowron Maggie Hubbell Kang Alynna Nechayev Khan Noonien Singh Koloth Kor Kurn Morn Keiko O'Brien Molly O'Brien Christopher Pike Q Janice Rand Alexander Rozhenko Sarek T'Pau Lwaxana Troi Vash Dr. Zimmerman Number One The Original Series and The Animated Series Christine Chapel Cyrano Jones Kyle Leslie Harry Mudd The Next Generation Jack Crusher Guinan Mr. Homn Lore Lursa and B'Etor Miles O'Brien Nurse Ogawa Ro Laren Sela Noonien Soong Spot Tomalak The Traveler Deep Space Nine Kimara Cretak Joran Dax Michael Eddington Vic Fontaine Martok M'Pella Kirayoshi O'Brien William Ross Joseph Sisko Luther Sloan Kasidy Yates Bajorans : Vedek Bareil Leeta Kai Opaka Shakaar Edon Winn Adami Tora Ziyal Cardassians : Damar Dukat Elim Garak Mila Enabran Tain Ferengi : Brunt Ishka Nog Rom Zek The Dominion : Female Changeling Weyoun Voyager Borg Queen Chaotica Jal Culluh Owen Paris Satan 's robot Seska Deanna Troi Naomi Wildman Borg children : Azan Icheb Mezoti Rebi Voyager crew : Ayala Michael Jonas Lon Suder Vorik Samantha Wildman Enterprise Daniels Maxwell Forrest Major Hayes Erika Hernandez Koss Michael Rostov Porthos Thy'lek Shran Silik Soval Sphere Builders Thalen Commander Williams Xindi council : Amman'sor Degra Dolim Jannar Feature films Fleet Admiral Cartwright David Marcus Saavik Category : Star Trek Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarek&oldid=815651445 '' Categories : Fictional ambassadors Fictional astrophysicists Fictional diplomats Star Trek : The Original Series characters Star Trek : The Animated Series characters Star Trek : The Next Generation characters Star Trek ( film franchise ) characters Vulcans Fictional characters introduced in 1967 Star Trek : Discovery characters Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Français Italiano עברית Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 04 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarek	690
who was defeated and killed in the fourth mysore war at srirangapatna	This was the final conflict of the four Anglo -- Mysore Wars . The British captured the capital of Mysore . The ruler Tipu Sultan was killed in the battle . Britain took indirect control of Mysore , restoring the Wodeyar Dynasty to the Mysore throne ( with a British commissioner to advise him on all issues ) . Tipu Sultan 's young heir , Fateh Ali , was sent into exile . The Kingdom of Mysore became a princely state in a subsidiary alliance with British India and ceded Coimbatore , Dakshina Kannada and Uttara Kannada to the British .	Tipu Sultan	Fourth Anglo - Mysore war	fourth anglo - mysore war	Decisive Anglo - Hyderabadi victory	Subjugation of Mysore Belligerents Mysore Nawab of the Carnatic Mughal Empire East India Company Hyderabad Deccan Maratha Empire Travancore Commanders and leaders Tipu Sultan † Mir Golam Hussain Mohomed Hulleen Mir Miran Umdat Ul - Umra Mir Sadiq Ghulam Muhammad Khan General George Harris Ali Khan Major General David Baird James Stuart Fourth Anglo - Mysore War Seedaseer Mallavelly Sultanpet Tope Seringapatam Anglo - Mysore wars First Second Third Fourth The Fourth Anglo -- Mysore War was a conflict in South India between the Kingdom of Mysore against the British East India Company and the Hyderabad Deccan in the 1799 . This was the final conflict of the four Anglo -- Mysore Wars . The British captured the capital of Mysore . The ruler Tipu Sultan was killed in the battle . Britain took indirect control of Mysore , restoring the Wodeyar Dynasty to the Mysore throne ( with a British commissioner to advise him on all issues ) . Tipu Sultan 's young heir , Fateh Ali , was sent into exile . The Kingdom of Mysore became a princely state in a subsidiary alliance with British India and ceded Coimbatore , Dakshina Kannada and Uttara Kannada to the British . The war , specifically the Battle of Mallavelly and the Siege of Seringapatam , with many of the key protagonists , is covered in the historical novel Sharpe 's Tiger . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Course of Events 3 Mysorean rockets 4 Gallery 5 References 6 Further reading Background ( edit ) Napoleon 's landing in Egypt in 1798 was intended to further the capture of the British possessions in India , and the Kingdom of Mysore was a key to that next step , as the ruler of Mysore , Tipu Sultan , sought France as an ally and his letter to Napoleon resulted in the following reply , `` You have already been informed of my arrival on the borders of the Red Sea , with an innumerable and invincible army , full of the desire of releasing and relieving you from the iron yoke of England . '' Additionally , General Malarctic , French Governor of Mauritius , issued the Malarctic Proclamation seeking volunteers to assist Tipu . Horatio Nelson crushed any help from Napoleon after the Battle of the Nile . However , Lord Wellesley had already set in motion a response to prevent any alliance between Tipu Sultan and France . Course of events ( edit ) Three armies -- one from Bombay and two British ( one of which contained a division that was commanded by Colonel Arthur Wellesley , the future 1st Duke of Wellington ) , marched into Mysore in 1799 and besieged the capital , Srirangapatnam , after some engagements with Tipu . On 8 March , a forward force managed to hold off an advance by Tipu at the Battle of Seedaseer . On 4 May , in the Battle of Seringapatam , broke through the defending walls . Tipu Sultan , rushing to the breach , was shot and killed . Today , the spot where Tipu 's body was discovered under the eastern gate has been fenced off by the Archaeological Survey of India , and a plaque erected . The gate itself was later demolished during the 19th century to lay a wide road . One notable military advance championed by Tipu Sultan was the use of mass attacks with iron - cased rocket brigades in the army . The effect of the Mysorean rockets on the British during the Third and Fourth Mysore Wars was sufficiently impressive to inspire William Congreve to develop the Congreve rockets . Many members of the British East India Company believed that Umdat Ul - Umra , the Nawab of Carnatic , secretly provided assistance to Tipu Sultan during the Fourth Anglo -- Mysore War ; and they immediately sought his deposition after the end of the conflict . Mysorean rockets ( edit ) Further information : Mysorean rockets During the war , rockets were again used on several occasions . One of these involved Colonel Arthur Wellesley , later famous as the First Duke of Wellington . Wellesley was defeated by Tipu 's Diwan , Purnaiya , at the Battle of Sultanpet Tope . Quoting Forrest , At this point ( near the village of Sultanpet , Figure 5 ) there was a large tope , or grove , which gave shelter to Tipu 's rocketmen and had obviously to be cleaned out before the siege could be pressed closer to Srirangapattana island . The commander chosen for this operation was Col. Wellesley , but advancing towards the tope after dark on the 5 April 1799 , he was set upon with rockets and musket - fires , lost his way and , as Beatson politely puts it , had to `` postpone the attack '' until a more favourable opportunity should offer . The following day , Wellesley launched a fresh attack with a larger force , and took the whole position without losing a single man . On 22 April 1799 , twelve days before the main battle , rocketeers worked their way around to the rear of the British encampment , then ' threw a great number of rockets at the same instant ' to signal the beginning of an assault by 6,000 Indian infantry and a corps of Frenchmen , all directed by Mir Golam Hussain and Mohomed Hulleen Mir Miran . The rockets had a range of about 1,000 yards . Some burst in the air like shells . Others , called ground rockets , would rise again on striking the ground and bound along in a serpentine motion until their force was spent . According to one British observer , a young English officer named Bayly : `` So pestered were we with the rocket boys that there was no moving without danger from the destructive missiles ... '' . He continued : The rockets and musketry from 20,000 of the enemy were incessant . No hail could be thicker . Every illumination of blue lights was accompanied by a shower of rockets , some of which entered the head of the column , passing through to the rear , causing death , wounds , and dreadful lacerations from the long bamboos of twenty or thirty feet , which are invariably attached to them . During the conclusive British attack on Srirangapattana on 2 May 1799 , a British shot struck a magazine of rockets within Tipu Sultan 's fort , causing it to explode and send a towering cloud of black smoke with cascades of exploding white light rising up from the battlements . On the afternoon of 4 May when the final attack on the fort was led by Baird , he was again met by `` furious musket and rocket fire '' , but this did not help much ; in about an hour 's time the fort was taken ; perhaps within another hour Tipu had been shot ( the precise time of his death is not known ) , and the war was effectively over . Gallery ( edit ) Fall of Tippu Sultan ( 1799 ) Tipu Sultan 's forces during the Siege of Srirangapatna . The Last Effort of Tippu Sahib at Seringapatam ( Corner , 1840 , p. 334 ) The Last Effort and Fall of Tipu Sultan by Henry Singleton , c. 1800 British troops examine the body of Tipu Sultan David Baird , a British officer , discovering the body of Tipu Sultan . British Marker showing the location where Tipu 's body was found . Preceded by Third Anglo - Mysore War Anglo - Mysore Wars Succeeded by None Preceded by Third Anglo -- Mysore War Indo - British conflicts Succeeded by Second Anglo - Maratha War References ( edit ) Jump up ^ George Childs Kohn ( 31 October 2013 ) . Dictionary of Wars . Routledge . pp. 322 -- 323 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 95494 - 9 . Jump up ^ Naravane , M.S. ( 2014 ) . Battles of the Honorourable East India Company . A.P.H. Publishing Corporation . pp. 178 -- 181 . ISBN 9788131300343 . Jump up ^ Forrest D ( 1970 ) Tiger of Mysore , Chatto & Windus , London Jump up ^ Holmes , Richard ( 2003 ) . Wellington : The Iron Duke . Harper Collins . p. 58 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 713750 - 8 . Jump up ^ Narasimha , Roddam . `` Rockets in Mysore and Britain , 1750 - 1850 A.D. '' ( PDF ) . National Aerospace Laboratories . nal.res.in . Jump up ^ Corner , Julia ( 1840 ) . The History of China & India , Pictorial & Descriptive ( PDF ) . London : Dean & Co. , Threadneedle St. , . p. 334 . Retrieved 23 March 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Bonghi , Ruggero ( 1869 ) , `` Chapter - XIX : Lord Wellesley 's administration -- Fourth and last Mysore war , 1798 , 1799 '' , in Marshman , John Clark , The History of India from the Earliest Period to the Close of Lord Dalhousie 's , 2 , Longmans , Green , Reader & Dyer , pp. 71 -- 102 Carter , Thomas ( 1861 ) , `` The Mysore War and the Siege of Seringapatam '' , India , China , etc , Medals of the British Army : And how They Were Won , 3 , Groombridge and sons , pp. 2 -- 6 Mill , James ; Wilson , Horace Hayman ( 1858 ) , `` Chapter - VIII '' , The History of British occupied India , 6 ( 5 ed . ) , J. Madden , pp. 50 -- 121 Colonial conflicts involving the English / British Empire 17th century Virginia ( 1609 -- 46 ) Swally ( 1612 ) Ormuz ( 1622 ) Saint Kitts ( 1626 ) Quebec ( 1628 ) Pequot War ( 1634 -- 38 ) Acadia ( 1654 -- 67 ) Anglo - Spanish War ( 1654 -- 60 ) Jamaica ( 1655 -- 1739 ) King Philip 's War ( 1675 -- 78 ) King William 's War ( 1688 -- 97 ) Ghana ( 1694 -- 1700 ) 18th century Queen Anne 's War ( 1702 -- 13 ) Tuscarora War ( 1711 -- 15 ) Yamasee War ( 1715 -- 17 ) Father Rale 's War / Dummer 's War ( 1722 -- 25 ) War of Jenkins ' Ear ( 1740 -- 42 ) King George 's War ( 1744 -- 48 ) Carnatic Wars ( 1746 -- 63 ) Nova Scotia ( 1749 -- 55 ) French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 63 ) Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 63 ) Anglo -- Cherokee War ( 1758 -- 61 ) Jamaica ( 1762 ) Anglo - Spanish War ( 1762 -- 63 ) Pontiac 's War ( 1763 -- 66 ) Lord Dunmore 's War ( 1774 ) American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 83 ) First Anglo -- Maratha War ( 1775 -- 82 ) Second Anglo -- Mysore War ( 1779 -- 84 ) Gold Coast ( 1781 -- 82 ) Sumatra ( 1782 -- 84 ) Australian Frontier Wars ( 1788 -- 1934 ) Nootka Sound ( 1789 ) Third Anglo -- Mysore War ( 1789 -- 92 ) Cotiote ( Wayanad ) War ( 1793 -- 1806 ) Cape Colony ( 1795 ) Jamaica ( 1795 -- 96 ) Ceylon ( 1795 ) Kandyan Wars ( 1796 -- 1818 ) Malta ( 1798 -- 1800 ) Fourth Anglo -- Mysore War ( 1798 -- 99 ) Dwyer 's Guerrilla Campaign ( 1799 -- 1803 ) 19th century Newfoundland ( 1800 ) Castle Hill convict rebellion Second Anglo -- Maratha War ( 1803 -- 05 ) Suriname ( 1804 ) Guiana ( 1804 ) Cape Colony ( 1806 ) Río de la Plata ( 1806 -- 07 ) Egypt ( 1807 ) Malta ( 1807 ) Reunion ( 1809 ) Seychelles ( 1809 ) Mauritius ( 1810 ) Java ( 1810 -- 11 ) Xhosa Wars ( 1811 -- 79 ) Martinique ( 1809 ) Guadeloupe ( 1810 ) USA ( 1812 -- 15 ) Nepal ( 1814 -- 16 ) Guadeloupe ( 1815 ) Cape Colony ( 1815 ) Third Anglo - Maratha War ( 1817 -- 18 ) Guiana ( 1823 ) Anglo - Ashanti wars ( 1824 -- 1901 ) First Anglo - Burmese War ( 1824 -- 26 ) Black War ( Van Diemen 's Land , 1828 -- 32 ) Jamaica ( 1831 -- 32 ) Malacca ( 1831 -- 33 ) Lower Canada ( 1837 -- 38 ) Upper Canada ( 1837 -- 38 ) Egyptian -- Ottoman War ( 1839 -- 41 ) First Anglo - Afghan War ( 1839 -- 42 ) First Opium War ( 1839 -- 42 ) New Zealand Wars ( 1845 -- 72 ) First Anglo -- Sikh War ( 1845 -- 46 ) Río de la Plata ( 1845 -- 50 ) Ceylon ( 1848 ) Second Anglo -- Sikh War ( 1848 -- 49 ) Second Anglo -- Burmese War ( 1852 ) Eureka Rebellion ( 1852 ) Anglo -- Persian War ( 1856 -- 57 ) Second Opium War ( 1856 -- 60 ) Indian Rebellion ( 1857 -- 59 ) Ambela Campaign ( 1863 -- 64 ) Bhutan War ( 1864 -- 65 ) Fenian Rebellion in Canada ( 1866 -- 71 ) Abyssinia ( 1868 ) Manitoba ( 1870 ) Perak ( 1875 -- 76 ) Anglo -- Zulu War ( 1879 ) Second Anglo - Afghan War ( 1879 -- 80 ) Basutoland ( 1880 -- 81 ) First Boer War ( 1880 -- 81 ) Mahdist War ( 1881 -- 99 ) Anglo - Egyptian War ( 1882 ) Saskatchewan ( 1885 ) Central Africa ( 1886 -- 89 ) Third Anglo - Burmese War ( 1885 ) Mashonaland ( 1890 ) Hunza - Nagar Campaign ( 1891 ) Anglo - Manipur War ( 1891 ) Matabeleland ( 1893 -- 94 ) North Borneo ( 1894 -- 1905 ) Chitral Expedition ( 1895 ) Jameson Raid South Africa ( 1896 ) Anglo -- Zanzibar War ( 1896 ) Matabeleland ( 1896 -- 97 ) Benin Expedition ( 1897 ) Siege of Malakand ( 1897 ) First Mohmand Campaign ( 1897 -- 98 ) Tirah Campaign ( 1897 -- 98 ) Six - Day War ( 1899 ) Boxer Rebellion ( 1898 -- 1901 ) Second Boer War ( 1899 -- 1902 ) 20th century Somaliland ( 1900 -- 20 ) West Africa ( 1901 -- 02 ) Tibet expedition ( 1903 -- 04 ) Bambatha Rebellion ( 1906 ) Nyasaland ( 1915 ) Nigeria ( 1915 ) Nigeria ( 1918 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Waziristan campaign ( 1919 -- 20 ) Iraq ( 1920 ) Malabar Rebellion ( 1921 ) Kurdistan ( 1922 -- 24 ) Transjordan ( 1923 ) Pink 's War ( 1925 ) Ikhwan Revolt ( 1927 -- 30 ) Barzani revolt ( 1931 -- 32 ) Second Mohmand Campaign ( 1935 ) Palestine ( 1936 -- 39 ) Waziristan campaign ( 1936 -- 39 ) Ethiopia ( 1943 ) Indochina ( 1945 -- 46 ) Indonesia ( 1945 ) Sarawak ( 1946 -- 50 ) Malayan Emergency ( 1948 -- 60 ) Mau Mau Uprising Kenya ( 1952 -- 60 ) Oman ( 1954 -- 59 ) Cyprus Emergency ( 1955 -- 59 ) Suez Crisis ( 1956 ) Oman ( 1962 -- 76 ) Brunei ( 1962 ) Sarawak ( 1962 -- 90 ) Malaysia ( 1962 -- 66 ) Aden ( 1963 -- 67 ) Falklands ( 1982 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War&oldid=796448533 '' Categories : Wars involving the Kingdom of Mysore Conflicts in 1798 Conflicts in 1799 History of Karnataka Wars involving British India Wars involving Great Britain 1798 in India 1799 in India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2017 Use Indian English from June 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Español Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2017 , at 22 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth%20Anglo-Mysore%20War	691
who was the first indian who win world junior badminton championship	Nehwal has achieved several milestones in badminton for India . She is the only Indian to have won at least a medal in every BWF major individual event , namely the Olympics , the BWF World Championships , and the BWF World Junior Championships . She is the first Indian badminton player to have won an Olympic medal , along with being the only Indian to have won the BWF World Junior Championships or to have reached to the final of the BWF World Championships . In 2006 , Nehwal became the first Indian female and the youngest Asian to win a 4 - star tournament . She also has the distinction of being the first Indian to win a Super Series title . In the 2014 Uber Cup , she captained the Indian team and remained undefeated , helping India to win bronze medal . It was India 's first medal in any BWF major team event . She is a role model to many young badminton players .	Nehwal	Saina Nehwal	saina nehwal	Saina Nehwal ( pronunciation ( help info ) ; born 17 March 1990 ) is an Indian professional badminton singles player . Nehwal , the former world no . 1 has won over twenty one international titles , which include ten Superseries titles . Although she reached to the world no . 2 ranking in 2009 , it was only in 2015 that she was able to attain the world no . 1 ranking , thereby becoming the only female player from India and overall the second Indian player -- after Prakash Padukone -- to achieve this feat . She has represented India three times in the Olympics , winning bronze medal in her second appearance .	Nehwal has achieved several milestones in badminton for India . She is the only Indian to have won at least a medal in every BWF major individual event , namely the Olympics , the BWF World Championships , and the BWF World Junior Championships . She is the first Indian badminton player to have won an Olympic medal , along with being the only Indian to have won the BWF World Junior Championships or to have reached to the final of the BWF World Championships . In 2006 , Nehwal became the first Indian female and the youngest Asian to win a 4 - star tournament . She also has the distinction of being the first Indian to win a Super Series title . In the 2014 Uber Cup , she captained the Indian team and remained undefeated , helping India to win bronze medal . It was India 's first medal in any BWF major team event . She is a role model to many young badminton players . Considered one of the most successful Indian sportspersons , she is credited for increasing the popularity of badminton in India . In 2016 , the Government of India ( GoI ) conferred the Padma Bhushan -- India 's third highest civilian award -- on her . Previously , the nation 's top two sporting honours , namely the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna and the Arjuna Award , were also conferred on her by the GoI . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Achievements 2.1 2006 -- 2009 2.3 2011 2.4 2012 -- 2013 2.5 2014 2.6 2015 2.7 2016 2.8 2017 3 Honours 4 International titles and runners - up 4.1 Individual titles ( 21 ) 4.2 Individual runners - up ( 8 ) 4.3 Individual Junior titles ( 3 ) 4.4 Individual Junior runners - up ( 1 ) 4.5 National titles and runners - up 4.5. 1 National Junior / Senior titles ( 12 ) 4.5. 2 National Junior / Senior runners - up ( 1 ) 4.6 Singles performance timeline 4.7 Record against top ranked players 4.8 Summer Olympics 4.8. 1 2008 Summer Olympics 4.8. 2 2012 Summer Olympics 4.8. 3 2016 Summer Olympics 5 Awards 6 Endorsements 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Personal life ( edit ) Saina Nehwal , the second daughter of Harvir Singh Nehwal and Usha Rani Nehwal , was born in Hindu Jat family in Hisar . Her father worked in CCS HAU . She completed her first few years of schooling at Campus School CCS HAU , Hisar . The family later shifted to Hyderabad . Nehwal also has a brown belt in Karate . Saina did her Xll from St. Ann 's College Mehdipatnam Hyderabad . Achievements ( edit ) 2006 -- 2009 ( edit ) In 2006 , Saina became the under - 19 national champion and created history by winning the prestigious Asian Satellite Badminton tournament ( India Chapter ) twice , becoming the first player to do so . In May 2006 , the 16 - year - old Saina became the first Indian woman and the youngest player from Asia to win a 4 - star tournament -- the Philippines Open . Entering the tournament as the 86th seed , Saina went on to stun several top seeded players including the then world number four Xu Huaiwen before defeating Julia Wong Pei Xian of Malaysia for the title . The same year Saina was also the runner up at the 2006 BWF World Junior Championships , where she lost a hard fought match against top seed Chinese Wang Yihan . She did one better in the 2008 by becoming the first Indian to win the World Junior Badminton Championships by defeating ninth seeded Japanese Sayaka Sato 21 -- 9 , 21 -- 18 . She became the first Indian woman to reach the quarter finals at the Olympic Games when she upset world number five and fourth seed Wang Chen of Hong Kong in a three - game thriller . In the quarter - finals Saina lost a nail biting 3 - gamer to world number 16 Maria Kristin Yulianti . In September 2008 , she won the Yonex Chinese Taipei Open 2008 beating Lydia Cheah Li Ya of Malaysia 21 -- 8 21 -- 19 . Maria Yulianti had earlier lost her quarter - final match to Pia Bernadet , Saina 's semi-final opponent , thus denying Saina a rematch . Saina was named `` The Most Promising Player '' in 2008 . She reached the world super series semifinals in the month of December 2008 . In June 2009 , she became the first Indian to win a BWF Super Series title , the most prominent badminton series of the world by winning the Indonesia Open . She beat Chinese Wang Lin in the final 12 -- 21 , 21 -- 18 , 21 -- 9 . Saina on winning the tournament said , `` I had been longing to win a super series tournament since my quarter final appearance at the Olympics '' . Saina is on the par with the likes of Prakash Padukone and her mentor Pullela Gopichand who both won the all England championships which are of similar status to the super series . In August 2009 , she reached to the quarterfinals of the World Championships , losing to the second seed Wang Lin . Saina successfully led the Indian Women Team to the Quarter - finals stage of the 2010 Uber Cup finals . Saina became the first Indian Woman to reach the semi finals of 2010 All - England Super Series before losing to eventual champion Tine Rasmussen . Top seeded Saina reached the semifinals of Yonex Sunrise Badminton Asia Championships 2010 losing out to unseeded eventual champion Li Xuerui of China . Saina 's Coach Gopichand advised her not exert too much pressure on herself due to the overwhelming home crowd support . Saina wins the 2010 India Open Grand Prix Gold , beating Wong Mew Choo of Malaysia in the final and thus justifying her billing as top seed in the tournament . She won a prize money of $8,280 for winning this BWF Grand Prix Gold tournament . Nehwal , again seeded no. 1 in the Singapore Open Super Series 2010 , entered the finals defeating World champion Lu Lan of China . Saina won the second Super Series title of her career by beating qualifier Tai Tzu - Ying of Chinese Taipei in the final of the Singapore Open 21 -- 18 , 21 -- 15 . But the fact that she won the tournament in the absence of all the top 5 ranked players takes a little sheen away from her path breaking victory . Saina won a prize money of $15,000 for winning this BWF Super Series tournament . Saina reached a career high of world no . 3 in the women 's singles badminton world rankings on 24 June 2010 . Saina defended her Indonesia Open super series title in three tough games against Sayaka Sato of Japan , 21 -- 19 , 13 -- 21 , 21 -- 11. This is her third super series title and her third successive title following wins at Indian open , Singapore Super series . She again won the top prize money of $18,750 for winning this BWF Super Series tournament . On 15 July 2010 , with 64791.26 points Saina Nehwal reached a career high world ranking of No. 2 only behind Wang Yihan of China . 2nd seed Saina , a tournament favourite , crashed out of the 2010 BWF World Championships in Paris after losing to 4th ranked Chinese Wang Shixian in straight sets 8 -- 21 , 14 -- 21 . She although equalled her tournament best performance , as she was also a losing quarter - finalist in the last edition held in Hyderabad . She subsequently dropped a spot to be No. 3 in the world rankings . Top seed Saina , won the gold medal in the Women 's Singles badminton event in the 2010 Commonwealth Games held in New Delhi . She beat Wong Mew Choo of Malaysia 19 -- 21 23 -- 21 21 -- 13 . After her win Saina said , `` when I was a match - point down , it was like a shock . It was a big match and winning it means a lot to me . Even many years from now , those present here will always remember how Saina won the gold . It is a proud feeling '' . In the BWF Super Series ranking for the year 2010 ( which only considers the performances of players in the elite world super series tournaments ) , as on 27 September 2010 , Saina has dropped to No. 7 from a high of No. 1 after giving a miss to 2010 China Masters Super Series and 2010 Japan Super Series due to her preparation for the 2010 Commonwealth Games . As on 5 Dec 2010 , for the first time in the year Saina Nehwal dropped out of the top 10 best performers in the 2010 BWF Super Series rankings . Saina Nehwal confirmed her participation for the 2010 Hong Kong Super series to held from 7 to 12 Dec 2010 and is also the penultimate super series tournament of the year . This would be Saina 's first super series tournament after a gap of more than 5 months since her win in the 2010 Indonesia Super Series in June 2010 . On 12 December 2010 , Saina Nehwal defeated Wang Shixian 15 -- 21 , 21 -- 16 , 21 -- 17 in the final of the 2010 Hong Kong Super Series to win her fourth career Super Series title . 2011 ( edit ) Fourth - seed Saina Nehwal crashed out of the 2011 Korea Open Super Series Premier on 27 January 2011 in the second round . She was defeated by the Japanese Sayaka Sato in a tight three - set match with score 17 -- 21 , 21 -- 19 and 21 -- 11 . Fifth - seed Saina was disappointed when she was defeated by Eriko Hirose of Japan at 2011 All England Super Series Premier on 11 March 2011 . She was defeated in straight sets with a score of 21 -- 11 and 22 -- 20 . It was her second early exit of the year after being defeated in Korean Premium Super Series earlier in January . One week later , on 17 March 2011 , she met Eriko Hirose again ( in the second round of the Wilson Badminton Swiss Open ) , but managed to win this time in three games 21 -- 15 , 17 -- 21 and 21 -- 11 -- on her birthday . 2nd seed Saina Nehwal beat Ji Hyun Sung of South Korea 21 -- 13 , 21 -- 14 to win the Swiss Open Grand Prix Gold badminton title on 20 March 2011 . Saina posed an early exit from the Indian Open Super Series in Delhi . She disappointed the home crowd being defeated by Ai Goto of Japan in straight games , 21 -- 17 and 21 -- 19 . Saina Nehwal faltered after a good start as she lost to the then world number three Wang Xin of China in the finals to finish runner - up in the 2011 Malaysian Open Grand Prix Gold tournament on 8 May 2011 . Saina Nehwal participated in the 2011 BWF Double Star Sudirman Cup Mixed team event , she won her first match against Tzu Ying Tai of Chinese Taipei which was a tough three setter 21 -- 10 , 12 -- 21 21 -- 17 , but India lost the tie 3 -- 2 . She was then shocked in her second match by current Junior World Champion and 16 - year - old teen sensation Ratchanok Inthanon of Thailand losing in straight sets 21 -- 14 , 22 -- 20 , but India managed to beat Thailand 3 -- 2 in the tie to book a spot in the quarterfinals of the Elite mixed team event for the first time in the history of the tournament . In the quarterfinals against the mighty Chinese , Saina put up her best performance and beat the then World number two Xin Wang in straight sets 21 -- 15 , 21 -- 11 , but still the Chinese managed to move into the semi finals with a 3 -- 1 win over India . Saina lost to Li Xuerui of China in the quarterfinals of the Thailand Open GP Gold . Defending Champion Saina lost to Cheng Shao - chieh of Chinese Taipei in the second round of Singapore Open Super Series . Saina , in her attempt to record a third straight win at the Indonesia Open Super Series Premier , reached the finals where she lost to Wang Yihan of China to finish as runner - up , on 26 June . Nehwal crashed out of World Championship 2011 as she lost 15 -- 21 , 10 -- 21 to World Number 3 Wang Xin of China in a lop - sided women 's singles match . Saina , who reached the quarterfinals in the last two editions of the event , had to be content with yet another last - eight finish . She lost in the quarter finals of 2011 China Masters Super Series against World No. 1 Wang Yihan of China in straight games , 8 -- 21 , 12 -- 21 . Saina lost in the semi finals of 2011 Japan Super Series against Juliane Schenk of Germany in straight games 19 -- 21 , 10 -- 21 . In the 2011 Denmark Super Series Premier , she lost to 17 - year - old teen Tai Tzu - ying of Taiwan in straight games 19 -- 21 , 13 -- 21 in the second round . Saina repeated her second - round exit in the 2011 French Super Series as she lost to World No. 16 Li Xuerui of China in straight games 18 -- 21 , 29 -- 30 . Saina lost in quarter finals of 2011 Hong Kong Super Series against World No. 7 Tine Baun of Denmark in straight games 16 -- 21 , 15 -- 21 . Saina was defeated in the first round of 2011 China Open Super Series Premier by World No. 8 Bae Youn - joo of South Korea 21 -- 15 , 22 -- 24 , 15 -- 21 . During the season ending tournament in December , Saina Nehwal created history by becoming the first Indian singles player to reach the final of BWF Super Series Masters Finals after defeating World No. 5 Tine Baun of Denmark to cruise 21 -- 17 , 21 -- 18 in the semifinals of the 2011 BWF Super Series Masters Finals in Liuzhou ( China ) . She went on to lose the final 21 -- 18 , 13 -- 21 , 13 -- 21 against the World No. 1 Chinese Wang Yihan in a contest lasting over an hour . 2012 -- 2013 ( edit ) Saina successfully did her Swiss Open Title by defeating World No 2 Wang Shixian of China 21 -- 19 21 -- 16 on 18 March 2012 , a day after she turned 22 years old . On 10 June 2012 , Saina defeated Thailand 's Ratchanok Inthanon 19 -- 21 21 -- 15 21 -- 10 , to lift the Thailand Open Grand Prix Gold title . On 17 June 2012 , Saina Nehwal won the Indonesia Open Super Series by defeating World No. 3 Li Xuerui of China 13 -- 21 , 22 -- 20 21 -- 19 . It was her 3rd Indonesia Open title . On 4 August 2012 , she won the bronze medal at the London Olympics when China 's Wang Xin retired from the match after an injury with the match at 18 -- 21 , 0 -- 1 . On 21 October 2012 , she won the Denmark Open Super Series Premier after defeating Wang Yihan 21 -- 12 12 -- 7 in the semifinal . Yihan got retired hurt in this match after losing first set and trailing in second set . In the final Saina defeated Juliane Schenk of Germany in two straight sets to lift her first Denmark open trophy . 2014 ( edit ) On 26 January 2014 Saina defeated World Championship bronze medalist P.V. Sindhu 21 -- 14 , 21 -- 17 to win the Women 's Singles of India Open Grand Prix Gold Tournament . On March , 2014 World No. 4 Saina Nehwal , who had a win - loss record of 4 -- 2 against the Chinese ace Wang Shixian , crashed out of the 2014 All England Super Series Premier after losing her quarter - final match . Saina took revenge of All England loss by defeating Wang Shixian in semifinals of 2014 Australian Super Series . In final on June 29 , 2014 Saina defeated Spain 's Carolina Marin 21 -- 18 , 21 -- 11 to win Women 's Singles of 2014 Australian Super Series . The win helped her to reach the ranking of World no . 7 , climbing two spots . She became the 1st Indian woman to win the China Open Super Series Premier by beating Japan 's Akane Yamaguchi 21 -- 12 , 22 -- 20 in the final . 2015 ( edit ) Defending Champion Saina Nehwal won the 2015 India Open Grand Prix Gold by defeating Spain 's Carolina Marin in the Final . She became the first Indian woman shuttler to reach the finals of All England Open Badminton Championships , but lost to Carolina in the final . On 29 March 2015 , Saina won her maiden women 's singles title at the India Open BWF Super Series beating Ratchanok Intanon of Thailand . This assured her of becoming World number 1 when the latest BWF rankings were released on April 2 . Thus , she became the first Indian women 's player to be World No. 1 in badminton . On 16th Aug 2015 , Saina went down fighting to Carolina Marin again , in the Final of World Badminton Championships held in Jakarta , settling for the Silver . defending champion Saina Nehwal fought hard before going down to Li Xuerei in the final of china open 2016 ( edit ) Saina dealt with injuries in the starting of 2016 but she eventually recovered . She , the defending champion lost to the reigning Olympic Champion Li Xuerui in a hard fought match at the India Open in the semifinals . She registered semifinal finishes at the India Open and Malaysia Open . She reached the semifinals of the Badminton Asia Championships after defeating the third seed Wang Shixian ( 21 -- 16 21 -- 19 ) in the quarterfinals , but lost to Wang Yihan in the semifinals . She settled for bronze , her second in the Asian Championships after 2010 . In June 2016 , she competed at the Indonesia Open Superseries Premier , she reached the quarterfinals where she lost to the top seed Carolina Marin with the score of 22 -- 24 , 11 -- 21 . At the Australian Super Series , after registering victories in straight games against unseeded players , Saina reached to the quarterfinals , where she won a hard - fought match against the second seed Ratchanok Intanon by 28 -- 26 , 21 -- 16 . After registering victory in the semifinals against the world no . 2 Wang Yihan by 21 -- 8 , 21 -- 12 , she won her first title of the year after defeating China 's Sun Yu in the final by 11 -- 21 , 21 -- 14 , 21 -- 19 . Making her third appearance at the Olympics , Nehwal , the fifth seed , won her opening match against the unseeded Lohaynny Vicente in straight games . However , she lost her second match against the world no . 61 Marija Ulitina by 18 -- 21 , 19 -- 21 , thereby making exit at the group stage . Her coach cited the week - old knee injury for her below par performance at the event . 2017 ( edit ) Saina entered 2017 with maiden Malaysia open Grand prix Gold title . In August she was seeded 12th in World Badminton Champioships at Glasgow . Nehwal again dug deep into her reservoir to eke out a 21 - 19 18 - 21 21 - 15 win over world No. 31 Kristy Gilmour of Scotland in the quarterfinal . However she lost in the semifinal in tight 3 setter to eventual winner Nozomi Okhuhara of Japan thus bagging bronze medal . This is Saina 's second consecutive medal at World Badminton Championship and a record breaking 7th consecutive quarterfinal . She then won the 82nd national badminton championship by beating P.V. Sindhu in the final . Honours ( edit ) Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award for Badminton Arjuna Award for Badminton Padma Bhushan for Badminton International titles and runners - up ( edit ) Individual titles ( 21 ) ( edit ) S. No . Year Tournament Opponent in final Score 2006 Philippines Open Julia Wong Pei Xian 21 -- 15 , 22 -- 20 2008 Chinese Taipei Open Lydia Cheah 12 -- 21 , 21 -- 18 , 21 -- 9 2009 India Grand Prix Aditi Mutatkar 21 -- 17 , 21 -- 13 2009 Indonesia Open Wang Lin 12 -- 21 , 21 -- 18 , 21 -- 9 5 India Open Wong Mew Choo 20 -- 22 , 21 -- 14 , 21 -- 12 6 Singapore Open Tai Tzu - ying 21 -- 18 , 21 -- 15 7 Indonesia Open Sayaka Sato 21 -- 19 , 13 -- 21 , 21 -- 11 8 Commonwealth Games Wong Mew Choo 21 - 19 , 21 - 23 , 13 - 21 9 Hong Kong Open Wang Shixian 15 -- 21 , 21 -- 16 , 21 -- 17 10 2011 Swiss Open Sung Ji - hyun 21 -- 13 , 21 -- 14 11 2012 Swiss Open Wang Shixian 21 -- 19 , 21 -- 16 12 2012 Thailand Open Ratchanok Inthanon 19 -- 21 , 21 -- 15 , 21 -- 10 13 2012 Indonesia Open Li Xuerui 13 -- 21 , 22 -- 20 , 21 -- 19 14 2012 Denmark Open Juliane Schenk 21 -- 17 , 21 -- 8 15 2014 India Grand Prix Gold P.V. Sindhu 21 -- 14 , 21 -- 17 16 2014 Australian Open Carolina Marín 21 -- 18 , 21 -- 11 17 2014 China Open Akane Yamaguchi 21 -- 12 , 22 -- 20 18 2015 Syed Modi International Carolina Marín 19 -- 21 , 25 -- 23 , 21 -- 16 19 2015 India Open Ratchanok Intanon 21 -- 16 , 21 -- 14 20 2016 Australian Open Sun Yu 11 -- 21 , 21 -- 14 , 21 -- 19 21 2017 Malaysia Masters Pornpawee Chochuwong 22 - 20 , 22 - 20 Individual runners - up ( 8 ) ( edit ) S. No . Year Tournament Opponent in final Score 2007 India International Challenge Kanako Yonekura 13 -- 21 , 18 -- 21 2011 Malaysia Masters Wang Xin 21 -- 13 , 8 -- 21 , 14 -- 21 2011 Indonesia Open Wang Yihan 21 -- 12 , 21 -- 23 , 14 -- 21 2011 Super Series Masters Finals Wang Yihan 21 -- 18 , 13 -- 21 , 13 -- 21 5 2012 French Open Minatsu Mitani 19 -- 21 , 11 -- 21 6 2015 All England Carolina Marín 21 -- 16 , 14 -- 21 , 7 -- 21 7 2015 World Championships Carolina Marín 16 -- 21 , 19 -- 21 8 2015 China Open Li Xuerui 12 -- 21 , 15 -- 21 BWF Event Multi-sport event Super Series Premier / Finals Super Series Grand Prix Gold Grand Prix International Challenge Individual Junior titles ( 3 ) ( edit ) S. No . Year Tournament Opponent in final Score 2003 Czech Junior International ( de ) Yana Vorotnykova 11 -- 3 , 11 -- 6 2008 Commonwealth Youth Games N. Sikki Reddy 23 -- 21 , 22 -- 20 2008 World Junior Championships Sayaka Sato 21 -- 9 , 21 -- 18 BWF Event Individual Junior runners - up ( 1 ) ( edit ) S. No . Year Tournament Opponent in final Score 2006 World Junior Championships Wang Yihan 13 -- 21 , 9 -- 21 BWF Event National titles and runners - up ( edit ) National Junior / Senior titles ( 12 ) ( edit ) S. No . Year Tournament Age group Format Partner Opponent ( s ) in final Score Ref . 2002 Sub-Junior National Badminton Championship Under 13 Singles N / A Parsa Naqvi 11 -- 0 , 11 -- 4 2002 Sub-Junior National Badminton Championship Under 13 Doubles Pizza Bharali Mudra Dhainje / Fernaz Jasdanwala 11 -- 5 , 11 -- 4 2002 Sub-Junior National Badminton Championship Under 16 Doubles Aparna Balan Manisha Eswarappa / Y.K. Subrata 11 -- 2 , 11 -- 3 2003 Sub-Junior National Badminton Championship Under 16 Singles N / A Anjali Kalita 11 -- 3 , 11 -- 13 , 11 -- 2 5 2003 Sub-Junior National Badminton Championship Under 16 Doubles Jyotshna P G.M. Nischitha / Madhuri Vijay 15 -- 6 , 15 -- 7 6 Junior National badminton championships Under 19 Singles N / A Ridhi Pajwani 11 -- 2 , 11 -- 4 7 Junior National badminton championships Under 19 Doubles Aparna Balan T. Soumya / Ashwini Chowdary 15 -- 6 , 15 -- 10 8 2005 Junior National badminton championships Under 19 Singles N / A Aditi Mutatkar 11 -- 5 , 13 -- 10 9 2005 Junior National badminton championships Under 19 Doubles Aparna Balan V. Ruth Misha / Saumya Padhye 15 -- 2 , 15 -- 4 10 2007 Senior National Badminton Championships Senior Singles N / A Aditi Mutatkar 21 -- 19 , 21 -- 16 11 2007 National Games Senior Singles N / A Aditi Mutatkar 24 -- 22 , 21 -- 15 12 2008 Senior National Badminton Championships Senior Singles N / A Trupti Murgunde 21 -- 11 , 21 -- 10 13 2017 Senior National Badminton Championships Senior Singles N / A P.V. Sindhu 21 -- 17 , 27 -- 25 National Junior / senior runners - up ( 1 ) ( edit ) S. No . Year Tournament Age group Format Partner Opponent ( s ) in final Score Ref . 2006 Senior National Badminton Championships Senior Singles N / A Aparna Popat 11 -- 13 , 3 -- 11 Career overview Singles Played Wins Losses Balance Total * 477 339 138 + 201 Current year ( 2016 ) * 24 17 8 + 10 Doubles Played Wins Losses Balance Total * 33 9 24 − 15 Current year ( 2016 ) * 0 0 0 0 * Statistics were last updated on 4 June 2016 . Event 2008 2012 2016 Summer Olympics QF 03 ! Bronze Group Stage Event 2006 Commonwealth Games 03 ! Bronze 01 ! Gold Event 2008 Commonwealth Youth Games 02 ! Silver 01 ! Gold Singles Titles Type No. of titles Super Series Premier Super Series 6 Grand Prix Gold 8 Grand Prix Others Total 23 Singles performance timeline ( edit ) Key SF QF # R RR Q # SF - B NH N / A Tournament 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 SR Best BWF events BWF World Junior Championships 2R NH N / A 1 / 3 W ( ' 08 ) BWF World Championships NH 1R 3R NH QF QF QF NH QF QF NH 0 / 8 F ( ' 15 ) Olympics N / A NH QF NH NH RR 0 / 3 SF ( ' 12 ) BWF Super Series All England Super Series Premier N / A 2R 1R 1R SF QF QF SF QF QF 0 / 10 F ( ' 15 ) India Open Super Series NH N / A 1R 2R 2R QF SF 1 / 6 W ( ' 15 ) Malaysia Super Series Premier N / A Absent QF QF SF SF 2R SF SF 0 / 7 SF ( ' 12 , ' 13 , ' 15 , ' 16 ) Singapore Open Super Series N / A SF QF 2R QF 1R Absent 1 / 6 W ( ' 10 ) Indonesia Super Series Premier N / A 2R SF QF QF QF 3 / 9 W ( ' 09 , ' 10 , ' 12 ) Australian Open Super Series N / A QF 2 / 3 W ( ' 14 , ' 16 ) Japan Open Super Series N / A 1R 1R SF Absent 2R 0 / 4 SF ( ' 11 ) Korea Open Super Series N / A Absent 2R 2R QF QF Absent 0 / 4 QF ( ' 12 , ' 13 ) Denmark Super Series Premier N / A 1R QF 2R QF QF 2R 1 / 7 W ( ' 12 ) French Open Super Series N / A Absent QF 2R 2R QF QF 0 / 6 F ( ' 12 ) China Open Super Series Premier N / A 1R 1R 2R 1R 2R 1R 1 / 7 W ( ' 14 ) Hong Kong Open Super Series N / A 1R QF 1R QF 2R 2R QF QF 1 / 8 W ( ' 10 ) Swiss Open Super Series N / A 1R 2R QF N / A 0 / 3 QF ( ' 09 ) China Masters Super Series NH N / A SF Absent QF Absent N / A 0 / 2 SF ( ' 08 ) BWF Super Series Masters Finals NH SF SF SF RR SF RR 0 / 7 F ( ' 11 ) BWF Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix Malaysia Open Grand Prix Gold NH QF Absent 1 / 3 W ( ' 17 ) Syed Modi Grand Prix Gold N / A NH Absent 1R NH 3 / 4 W ( ' 09 , ' 14 , ' 15 ) Swiss Open Grand Prix Gold N / A SF QF SF 2 / 5 W ( ' 11 , ' 12 ) Chinese Taipei Grand Prix Gold N / A Absent 1 / 1 W ( ' 08 ) Thailand Open Grand Prix Gold N / A 1R QF NH QF QF NH 1 / 5 W ( ' 12 ) India Open Grand Prix Gold NH 2R QF N / A 1 / 3 W ( ' 10 ) Macau Open Grand Prix Gold Absent QF 0 / 1 QF ( ' 16 ) Other Events Commonwealth Games NH 3R NH NH NH 1 / 2 W ( ' 10 ) Asian Games NH 2R NH QF NH QF NH 0 / 3 QF ( ' 10 , ' 14 ) Asian Championships Absent 2R 2R 1R 1R 2R Absent QF 0 / 8 SF ( ' 10 , ' 16 ) Philippines Open NH 1R NH NH 1 / 2 W ( ' 06 ) India Satellite NH 2 / 2 W ( ' 05 , ' 06 ) Year - end Ranking 8 8 10 Record against top ranked players ( edit ) Record against Super Series finalists , World Championships semifinalists and Olympic quarterfinalists ( as of 12 June 2016 ) : Opponent Record Opponent Record Opponent Record Carolina Marin 5 -- 4 Wang Yihan 5 -- 11 Wang Xin 3 -- 4 Jiang Yanjiao 0 -- 5 Lu Lan 4 -- 1 Wang Lin 2 -- 4 Li Xuerui 2 -- 12 Xie Xingfang 0 -- 2 Wang Shixian 7 -- 7 Tine Baun 5 -- 4 Juliane Schenk 8 -- 4 Cheng Shao - Chieh 3 -- 1 Tai Tzu - ying 5 -- 8 Bae Yeon - ju 9 -- 4 Sung Ji - hyun 9 -- 2 Eriko Hirose 4 -- 5 Nozomi Okuhara 6 -- 2 Minatsu Mitani 6 -- 4 Petya Nedelcheva 6 -- 2 Pi Hongyan 1 -- 5 Yip Pui Yin 6 -- 2 Zhou Mi 1 -- 3 Wang Chen 1 -- 3 Wong Mew Choo 5 -- 2 Porntip Buranaprasertsuk 8 -- 1 Ratchanok Inthanon 8 -- 5 Lindaweni Fanetri 3 -- 1 Maria Kristin Yulianti 0 -- 1 Zhang Ning 0 -- 1 Zhu Lin 2 -- 2 Lianne Tan 1 -- 0 Ella Diehl 5 -- 0 Sayaka Sato 5 -- 1 P.V. Sindhu 1 -- 1 Sun Yu 6 -- 2 Larisa Griga 1 -- 0 Summer Olympics ( edit ) 2008 Summer Olympics ( edit ) Stage Opponent Result Games Points First Round Diehl ( RUS ) Won 2 -- 0 21 -- 9 , 21 -- 8 Second Round Griga ( UKR ) Won 2 -- 0 21 -- 18 , 21 -- 10 Third Round Wang Chen ( HKG ) Won 2 -- 1 21 -- 19 , 11 -- 21 , 21 -- 11 Quarter - finals Yulianti ( INA ) Lost 1 -- 2 28 -- 26 , 14 -- 21 , 15 -- 21 2012 Summer Olympics ( edit ) Stage Opponent Result Games Points Group Stage Jaquet ( SUI ) Won 2 -- 0 21 -- 9 , 21 -- 4 Group Stage L Tan ( BEL ) Won 2 -- 0 21 -- 4 , 21 -- 14 Octo - finals Yao Jie ( NED ) Won 2 -- 0 21 -- 14 , 21 -- 16 Quarter - finals Tine Baun ( DEN ) Won 2 -- 0 21 -- 15 , 22 -- 20 Semi-finals Wang Yihan ( CHN ) Lost 0 -- 2 13 -- 21 , 13 -- 21 Bronze Medal Match Wang Xin ( CHN ) Won 0 -- 1 18 -- 21 , 0 -- 1 retired 2016 Summer Olympics ( edit ) Stage Opponent Result Games Points Group Stage Vicente ( BRA ) won 2 -- 0 21 -- 17 , 21 -- 17 Group Stage Ulitina ( UKR ) lost 0 -- 2 18 -- 21 , 19 -- 21 Awards ( edit ) Most Promising Player of the Year ( 2008 ) award by Badminton World Federation Arjuna Award ( 2009 ) Padma Shri ( 2010 ) Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Padma Bhushan ( 2016 ) For the Bronze medal at the 2012 London Olympics ₹ 10 million ( US $160,000 ) cash award from the Haryana Government . ₹ 5 million ( US $78,000 ) cash award from the Rajasthan Government . ₹ 5 million ( US $78,000 ) cash award from the Andhra Pradesh Government . ₹ 1 million ( US $16,000 ) cash award from the Badminton Association of India . Honorary Doctorate Degree by Mangalayatan University Honorary Doctorate Degree by SRM University Endorsements ( edit ) In 2002 , sports brand Yonex offered to sponsor Saina 's kit . As her status and rankings improved , the sponsorships increased . In 2004 , BPCL ( Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited ) signed the rising star . She is one of the athletes supported by Olympic Gold Quest . She is the brand ambassador of Sahara India Pariwar . Saina endorses Herbalife , Top Ramen Noodles , Fortune Cooking Oil , NECC , Indian Overseas Bank , Vaseline , Sahara and Yonex . Most recently Saina Nehwal was announced as the brand ambassador for Honor , the Huawei smartphone sub-brand . She had signed an endorsement deal worth Rs. 400 million with the popular sports management firm Rhiti Sports in 2012 . However , she severed this deal in 2013 and signed up with KWAN entertainment and marketing solutions for an undisclosed sum . She has a dedicated sporting range with the multinational sports goods manufacturer Yonex , 4 % of the profits of which goes to her . Apart from endorsements , she has also been invited on popular Indian television shows as a guest including Satyamev Jayate , Comedy Nights with Kapil , The Kapil Sharma Show . As of April 2017 , A biopic directed by Amol Gupte will be made on her and actress Shraddha Kapoor will play the title role . See also ( edit ) Pullela Gopichand P.V. Sindhu Badminton in India Shraddha Kapoor India national badminton team References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : T.S. Sudhir : Saina Nehwal -- An Insipirational Biography , Nimby Books ( Westland Publications ) , 2012 , ISBN 978 - 8190657037 Jump up ^ Krishnan , Madhuvanti S. ( 27 August 2015 ) . `` Breaking the jinx '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 25 August 2016 . Retrieved 25 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal remade in China '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 24 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BWF World Rankings : Ranking week : 4 / 2 / 2015 '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` It 's official , Saina Nehwal is World No. 1 badminton player '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BWF World Rankings -- BWF '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Selvaraj , Jonathan ( 29 March 2015 ) . `` Saina Nehwal smashes new mark : First Indian woman to be World No. 1 '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 9 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter round : Who says what on Saina Nehwal 's Australia Super Series win '' . Zee News . 12 June 2016 . Retrieved 9 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Youth Games 2008 '' . tournamentsoftware.com . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vij wins shot put gold '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` London 2012 Badminton : Saina Nehwal gets Bronze as Xin Wang withdraws '' . NDTV . IANS. 5 August 2012 . Archived from the original on 12 June 2016 . Retrieved 9 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal and Co eye another medal , uphill task for men in Thomas and Uber Cup '' . The Indian Express . Press Trust of India . 14 May 2016 . Archived from the original on 14 May 2016 . Retrieved 9 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Karmarkar , Amit ( 18 August 2015 ) . `` Lahiri does better than Jeev . Really ? '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 9 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Niumata , Foster . `` Badminton boom in India sparked by Saina Nehwal 's success '' . Yahoo ! News ( 16 March 2016 ) . Associated Press . Retrieved 9 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why Haryana is India 's mine for medals '' . Times of India . Jump up ^ `` Think higher education ! Saina Nehwal : `` Do n't leave studies '' `` . Careers360. 3 March 2010 . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal India Medal Hopes Badminton Delhi Commonwealth Games Profile Career -- Oneindia News '' . News.oneindia.in. 24 September 2010 . Retrieved 29 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal gave up karate to embrace badminton '' . The Times Of India . 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Saina creates history , wins Philippines Open -- The Hindu dated 29 May 2006 Jump up ^ `` Saina goes down in qualifiers '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Saina wins Chinese Taipei Open Jump up ^ `` Saina revels in global fame as Most Promising Player of 2008 '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Saina only wins praises but no prize money Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal scripts history , wins Indonesian Open '' . Rediff.com . Press Trust of India . 21 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 12 June 2016 . Retrieved 9 August 2016 . Jump up ^ SamayLive : Saina becomes World No3 Jump up ^ Subrahmanyam , V.V. ( 27 June 2010 ) . `` Saina Nehwal clinches third Super Series title '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal Wins Gold Medal for India In Badminton '' . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Rao , Rakesh ( 14 October 2010 ) . `` Saina wins singles gold '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Retrieved 5 November 2010 . Jump up ^ BWF World Super Series Ranking -- Women 's Singles Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal wins Hong Kong Open Series '' . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Early exit for Saina at Denmark Open Super Series '' . 20 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Saina crashes out of Hong Kong Open quarters '' . 18 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` South Korean Youn Joo Bae shuts the door on Saina Nehwal at the India Open '' . Daily Mail . London . 26 April 2012 . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal Beats Tine Baun in BWF Super Series Semis '' . Retrieved 17 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal loses to China 's Wang Yihan in World Super Series final '' . Retrieved 18 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal defends Swiss Open title '' . The Times Of India . Retrieved 18 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 10 June 2012 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal wins the Indonesia Open '' . 17 June 2012 . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Current Ranking '' . 14 June 2012 . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal wins her third Indonesia Open title '' . 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Saina loses to Yihan , now faces Wang for bronze '' . The Times Of India . 4 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Saina Nehwal wins Denmark Super Series Jump up ^ `` Results '' . Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal dedicates her Indian Open Title to Gopichand , Parents '' . IANS . Biharprabha News . Retrieved 27 January 2014 . Jump up ^ vishal kungwani Mar 8 , 2014 . `` Saina Nehwal loses in the quarter - finals of the 2014 All England Badminton Championships -- Sportskeeda '' . Sportskeeda.com . Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal wins Women 's Singles Tile of Australian Open 2014 '' . IANS . news.biharprabha.com . Retrieved 29 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal smashes new mark : First Indian woman to be World No. 1 '' . The Indian Express . 2015 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal crashes out of Indonesia Open Super Series '' . India Today . 3 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Open : Saina Nehwal and Kidambi Srikanth reach semifinals '' . The Indian Express . Press Trust of India . 10 June 2016 . Archived from the original on 12 June 2016 . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal beats Yihan Wang to reach Australian Open final '' . The Indian Express . Press Trust of India . 11 June 2016 . Archived from the original on 12 June 2016 . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` XIAMENAIR Australian Badminton Open '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rio : Saina Nehwal suffers shock defeat , crashes out of women 's singles event '' . The Hindu . PTI. 14 August 2016 . Retrieved 15 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal was playing with a knee injury , reveals coach Vimal Kumar after Rio Olympics exit '' . Daily News and Analysis . PTI. 14 August 2016 . Retrieved 15 August 2016 . Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/world-badminton-championships-saina-nehwal-loses-in-semis-settles-for-bronze.At the 82nd senior national championships , Saina Nehwal defeated the Rio olympics silver medallist Pusarla. V. Sindhu by the score of 21 - 18 27 - 25 to take the national title for the third time in her career / articleshow / 60235573. cms Jump up ^ https://www.sportskeeda.com/badminton/world-badminton-championships-2017-saina-nehwal-talks-about-surprising-schedule-wishes-she-could-push-more Jump up ^ `` Saina creates history , wins Philippines Open '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` JAYPEE CUP SYED MODI MEMORIAL INDIA GRAND PRIX 2009 : Draws : WS '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DJARUM INDONESIA SUPER SERIES 2009 : Draws : WS '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` INDIA GRAND PRIX GOLD 2010 : Draws : WS '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` INDIA INTERNATIONAL CHALLENGE 2007 : Draws : WS '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` YONEX - SUNRISE Malaysia Open Grand Prix Gold 2011 : Draws : WS '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saina , Anand do India proud '' . The Hindu . 20 November 2003 . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Youth Games 2008 : Draws : WS '' . tournament software . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CYG 2008 : Badminton : Women 's Singles '' ( PDF ) . Commonwealth Games Federation . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bahniman and Krishna Deka triumph '' . The Hindu . 8 July 2002 . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Double delight for Saina '' . The Hindu . 17 October 2003 . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chopda , Saina bag double '' . Deccan Herald . PTI. 9 November 2004 . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Saina , Kashyap triumph '' . The Hindu . 3 December 2005 . Retrieved 9 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chetan , Saina champions '' . Deccan Herald . PTI. 29 January 2007 . Retrieved 9 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Big triumph for Kashyap '' . The Hindu . 19 February 2007 . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Suryanarayan , S.R. ( 28 January 2008 ) . `` Chetan Anand , Saina Nehwal retain titles '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Kalyan , Ashok ( 12 January 2006 ) . `` No stopping Aparna '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saina NEHWAL -- Career overview '' . bwfbadminton.org . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Badminton > Round of 16 Match 40 -- Result '' . Retrieved 2 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chetan , Saina in second round '' . The Hindu . 30 March 2006 . Retrieved 2 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anup Sridhar advances '' . The Hindu . 13 April 2007 . Retrieved 2 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Badminton Asia Championships 2008 : Draws : WS '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 2 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Suwon Badminton Asia Championships 2009 : Draws : WS '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 2 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Badminton Asia Championships 2012 : Draws : WS '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 2 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saina creates history , wins Philippines Open '' . The Hindu . 29 May 2006 . Retrieved 2 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Philippines Open 2007 : Draws : WS '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 2 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` India Satellite 2005 : Winners '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 2 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` INDIA SATELLITE 2006 : Winners '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 2 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BWF World Rankings '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saina NEHWAL : Head To Head '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saina named ' The most promising player of the year ' '' . The Times of India . 8 December 2008 . Retrieved 25 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saina wins Padma Shri '' . Times of India . 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Khel Ratna award for Saina Nehwal '' . The Hindu . 31 July 2010 . Retrieved 25 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sania Mirza , Saina Nehwal awarded the Padma Bhushan '' . Hindustan Times ( 25 January 2016 ) . Retrieved 25 January 2016 . Jump up ^ PTI 4 Aug 2012 , 07.56 PM IST ( 4 August 2012 ) . `` Haryana govt announces Rs 1 crore for Saina Nehwal -- Times Of India '' . Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 19 August 2012 . Jump up ^ PTI 13 Aug 2012 , 05.17 PM IST ( 13 August 2012 ) . `` Rajasthan announces cash awards for Olympic winners Vijay Kumar , Sushil Kumar , Mary Kom , Saina Nehwal and others -- Economic Times '' . Economictimes.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 19 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AP govt announces Rs 50 lakh cash reward for Saina Nehwal '' . The Times Of India . 8 August 2012 . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BAI announces Rs 10 lakh award for Saina Nehwal '' . Indian Express . 22 June 2012 . Retrieved 19 August 2012 . Jump up ^ daily.bhaskar.com Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Saina-Nehwal-gets-honorary-doctorate-says-her-father-will-be-proud-of-her-as-he-wanted-her-to-be-a-doctor/articleshow/54882308.cms Jump up ^ BPCL Jump up ^ Olympic Gold Quest Official website Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal signed as brand ambassador by Sahara -- Badminton News '' . Sports.ndtv.com. 2012 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Herbalife Sponsorship List Jump up ^ About Top Ramen Jump up ^ `` Saina endorses Fortune '' . The Economic Times . 24 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal : Acing the brand endorsement scene '' . AFAQ. 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Saina-Nehwal-is-e-smartphone-Honors-brand-ambassador/articleshow/51618327.cms Jump up ^ `` Saina Nehwal signs Rs 40cr deal with sports management firm Rhiti Sports '' . CNN - IBN. 19 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Saina Nehwal severs ties with Rhiti sports ending Rs 40 crore deal '' . Sportskeeda. 19 December 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saina Nehwal . Saina NEHWAL at BWF.tournamentsoftware.com Saina NEHWAL at BWFbadminton.com Saina Nehwal at BadmintonLink.com Saina Nehwal first badminton academy at Gaur City at Sportskeeda Saina Nehwal Profile and latest news at Sportskeeda Interview with Saina Nehwal -- `` Your Call with Saina Nehwal '' on NDTV Padma Bhushan award recipients ( 2010 -- 19 ) Satya Paul Agarwal Mohammad Amin Sailesh Kumar Bandopadhyay M.S. Banga Anil Bordia Bipan Chandra B.K. Chaturvedi Sant Singh Chatwal G.P. Chopra Tan Chung Madhusudan Dhaky P.R. Dubhashi Puttaraj Gawai Belle Monappa Hegde Ilaiyaraaja Jagdish Chandra Kapur Shrinivas Khale Aamir Khan Sultan Khan Ram Kumar Kumudini Lakhia Kuzhur Narayana Marar Chhannulal Mishra Eledath Thaikkattu Narayanan Mooss C.P. Krishnan Nair S.P. Oswal Akbar Padamsee Ramakanta Panda Balasaheb Vikhe Patil Arogyaswami Paulraj A.R. Rahman Moosa Raza Mallika Sarabhai Nookala Chinna Satyanarayana Abhijit Sen Satya Vrat Shastri Noshir M. Shroff Kushal Pal Singh Bikash Sinha Balagangadharanatha Swamiji Narayanan Vaghul P.K. Warrier Fareed Zakaria 2011 S.P. Balasubrahmanyam Rajashree Birla M.N. Buch C.V. Chandrasekhar Ajai Chowdhry Yogesh Chander Deveshwar Satyadev Dubey T.J.S. George Shankha Ghosh Kris Gopalakrishnan Keki Byramjee Grant Shashi Kapoor Krishen Khanna Khayyam Chanda Kochhar Dwijen Mukhopadhyay Madavoor Vasudevan Nair Ramdas Pai Dashrath Patel Rajendra Singh Pawar Suryanarayanan Ramachandran Shobhana Ranade Gunupati Venkata Krishna Reddy Kallam Anji Reddy Waheeda Rehman Shyam Saran Analjit Singh Arpita Singh Surendra Singh R.K. Srikantan Raghavan Thirumulpad 2012 Suresh H. Advani Shabana Azmi Homi K. Bhabha Shashikumar Chitre Khaled Choudhury Jatin Das Vidya Dehejia Dharmendra S.N. Goenka M.S. Gopalakrishnan T.V. Gopalakrishnan Buddhadev Das Gupta Sunil Janah Anish Kapoor S.B. Mujumdar B. Muthuraman Mira Nair Arvind Panagariya José Pereira Mata Prasad M.S. Raghunathan P. Chandrasekhara Rao Ronen Sen Devi Shetty M.V. Subbiah N. Vittal N.H. Wadia George Yeo 2013 Satya N. Atluri Maharaj Kishan Bhan Jaspal Bhatti Rahul Dravid Adi Godrej S. Janaki Abdul Rashid Khan Rajesh Khanna Mary Kom Nandkishore Shamrao Laud Mangesh Padgaonkar Hemendra Singh Panwar Jogesh Pati Shivajirao Girdhar Patil A. Sivathanu Pillai D. Ramanaidu Kanak Rele V.K. Saraswat Ashoke Sen Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak B.N. Suresh Sharmila Tagore Ramamurthy Thyagarajan Saroja Vaidyanathan 2014 Anisuzzaman Mrityunjay Athreya Padmanabhan Balaram Dalveer Bhandari Ruskin Bond Anita Desai Pullela Gopichand Kamal Haasan Jyeshtharaj Joshi V.N. Kaul Neelam Kler M. Mahadevappa Leander Paes K. Radhakrishnan Anumolu Ramakrishna Thirumalachari Ramasami Lloyd Rudolph Susanne Hoeber Rudolph Vinod Prakash Sharma Ghulam Mohammed Sheikh Parveen Sultana Dhirubhai Thaker Vairamuthu J.S. Verma T.H. Vinayakram 2015 Jahnu Barua Manjul Bhargava Vijay P. Bhatkar Swapan Dasgupta David Frawley Bill Gates Melinda Gates Swami Satyamitranand N. Gopalaswami Subhash C. Kashyap Gokulotsavji Maharaj Saichiro Misumi Ambrish Mithal Sudha Ragunathan Harish Salve Ashok Seth Rajat Sharma Satpal Singh Shivakumara Swami Khadg Singh Valdiya 2016 Ravindra Chandra Bhargava Robert Blackwill Hafeez Contractor Indu Jain Heisnam Kanhailal Anupam Kher Sania Mirza Pallonji Mistry Udit Narayan Saina Nehwal Yarlagadda Lakshmi Prasad Vinod Rai N.S. Ramanuja Tatacharya A.V. Rama Rao D. Nageshwar Reddy Dayananda Saraswati Barjinder Singh Hamdard Ram V. Sutar Tejomayananda 2017 Vishwa Mohan Bhatt Deviprasad Dwivedi Ratnasundarsuri Niranjanananda Saraswati Cho Ramaswamy Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Tehemton Erach Udwadia # Posthumous conferral 1954 -- 1959 1960 -- 1969 1970 -- 1979 1980 -- 1989 1990 -- 1999 2000 -- 2009 2010 -- 2019 Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna awardees 1991 -- 2000 Viswanathan Anand ( 1991 -- 92 ) Geet Sethi ( 1992 -- 93 ) Homi Motivala and Pushpendra Kumar Garg ( 1993 -- 94 ) Karnam Malleswari ( 1994 -- 95 ) Kunjarani Devi ( 1995 -- 96 ) Leander Paes ( 1996 -- 97 ) Sachin Tendulkar ( 1997 -- 98 ) Jyotirmoyee Sikdar ( 1998 -- 99 ) Dhanraj Pillay ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Pullela Gopichand ( 2000 -- 01 ) 2001 -- 2010 Abhinav Bindra ( 2001 ) K.M. Beenamol and Anjali Bhagwat ( 2002 ) Anju Bobby George ( 2003 ) Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore ( 2004 ) Pankaj Advani ( 2005 ) Manavjit Singh Sandhu ( 2006 ) MS Dhoni ( 2007 ) No award ( 2008 ) Mary Kom , Vijender Singh , and Sushil Kumar ( 2009 ) Saina Nehwal ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present Gagan Narang ( 2011 ) Vijay Kumar and Yogeshwar Dutt ( 2012 ) Ronjan Sodhi ( 2013 ) No award ( 2014 ) Sania Mirza ( 2015 ) P.V. Sindhu , Dipa Karmakar , Jitu Rai , and Sakshi Malik ( 2016 ) Devendra Jhajharia and Sardara Singh ( 2017 ) World rankings : Top ten badminton players as of November 30 , 2017 Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Axelsen Son Lee 3 Chen Kidambi 2 Lin 1 Chou Shi Ng Kumar Tai Yamaguchi Sindhu Marin Sung Intanon Okuhara Chen He Nehwal Gideon / Sukamuljo Boe / Mogensen Li / Liu Liu / Zhang 1 Kamura / Sonoda 1 Conrad / Kolding Lee / Lee Ivanov / Sozonov Chen / Wang Inoue / Kaneko 2 Chen / Jia Matsutomo / Takahashi Juhl / Pedersen Chang / Lee Fukushima / Hirota Tanaka / Yonemoto Jung / Shin Fukuman / Yonao Kititharakul / Prajongjai 1 Polii / Rahayu 7 Zheng / Chen Lu / Huang Ahmad / Natsir Wang / Huang 2 Adcock / Adcock Jordan / Susanto 2 Zhang / Li Puavaranukroh / Taerattanachai Tang / Tse Tan / Lai Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saina_Nehwal&oldid=815935454 '' Categories : 1990 births Living people Indian national badminton champions Indian female badminton players World No. 1 badminton players Sportswomen from Hyderabad , India Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in sports Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports Recipients of the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan schools alumni Campus School , CCS HAU alumni Olympic badminton players of India Badminton players at the 2008 Summer Olympics Badminton players at the 2012 Summer Olympics Badminton players at the 2016 Summer Olympics Olympic medalists in badminton Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics Olympic bronze medalists for India Badminton players at the 2006 Asian Games Badminton players at the 2010 Asian Games Badminton players at the 2014 Asian Games Commonwealth Games gold medallists for India Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for India Asian Games medalists in badminton Asian Games bronze medalists for India Commonwealth Games competitors for India Badminton players at the 2006 Commonwealth Games Badminton players at the 2010 Commonwealth Games Commonwealth Games medallists in badminton Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India Sportswomen from Haryana 21st - century Indian sportswomen 21st - century Indian sportspeople People from Hisar ( city ) Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games Hidden categories : EngvarB from January 2014 Use dmy dates from January 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from August 2016 Interlanguage link template link number BWF template with ID same as Wikidata BWF2 template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu नेपाली 日本語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 04 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saina%20Nehwal	692
where does the turn of the screw take place			The Turn of the Screw	the turn of the screw	The Turn of the Screw , originally published in 1898 , is a novella written by Henry James . The story , a part of gothic and ghost story genres , first appeared in serial format in Collier 's Weekly magazine ( 27 January -- 16 April 1898 ) . In October 1898 it appeared in The Two Magics , a book published by Macmillan in New York City and Heinemann in London .	Due to its original content , The Turn of the Screw became a favourite text of academics who subscribe to New Criticism . The novella has had differing interpretations , often mutually exclusive . Many critics have tried to determine the exact nature of the evil hinted at by the story . However , others have argued that the brilliance of the novella results from its ability to create an intimate sense of confusion and suspense within the reader . Contents ( hide ) 1 Title 2 Plot 3 Major themes 4 Literary significance and criticism 5 Publication history 6 Adaptations 7 References 8 Editions 9 External links Title ( edit ) The title phrase appears twice in the novel , with opposite connotations . in the Preface on the first page : `` ... in regard to Griffin 's ghost , or whatever it was -- that its appearing first to the little boy , at so tender an age , adds a particular touch ... If the child gives the effect another turn of the screw , what do you say to two children ? '' `` We say , of course , '' somebody exclaimed , `` that they give two turns ! Also that we want to hear about them . '' in Chapter 22 : `` I could only get on at all ... by treating my monstrous ordeal as a push in a direction unusual , of course , and unpleasant , but demanding , after all , for a fair front , only another turn of the screw of ordinary human virtue . '' Plot ( edit ) 1898 illustration by John La Farge An unnamed narrator listens to Douglas , a friend , read a manuscript written by a former governess whom Douglas claims to have known and who is now dead . The manuscript tells the story of how the young governess is hired by a man who has become responsible for his young nephew and niece after the deaths of their parents . He lives mainly in London but also has a country house , Bly . He is uninterested in raising the children . The boy , Miles , is attending a boarding school , while his younger sister , Flora , is living at a summer country house in Essex . She is currently being cared for by Mrs. Grose , the housekeeper . Miles and Flora 's uncle , the governess ' new employer , gives her full charge of the children and explicitly states that she is not to bother him with communications of any sort . The governess travels to her new employer 's country house and begins her duties . Miles soon returns from school for the summer just after a letter arrives from the headmaster stating that he has been expelled . Miles never speaks of the matter , and the governess is hesitant to raise the issue . She fears there is some horrible secret behind the expulsion but is too charmed by the adorable young boy to want to press the issue . Soon thereafter , around the grounds of the estate , the governess begins to see the figures of a man and woman whom she does not recognise . These figures come and go at will without ever being seen or challenged by other members of the household , and they seem to the governess to be supernatural . She learns from Mrs. Grose that the governess ' predecessor , Miss Jessel , and another employee , Peter Quint , had had a sexual relationship . Before their deaths , Jessel and Quint spent much of their time with Flora and Miles , and this fact has grim significance for the current governess when she becomes convinced that the two children are secretly aware of the ghosts ' presence . Later , without permission , Flora leaves the house while Miles is playing music for the governess . The governess notices Flora 's absence and goes with Mrs. Grose in search of her . They find her in a folly on the shore of the lake , and the governess is convinced that Flora has been talking to the ghost of Miss Jessel . When the governess finally confronts Flora , the girl denies seeing Miss Jessel and demands never to see the governess again . At the governess ' suggestion , Mrs. Grose takes Flora away to her uncle , leaving the governess with Miles , who that night at last talks to her about his expulsion ; the ghost of Quint appears to the governess at the window . The governess shields Miles , who attempts to see the ghost . The governess tells Miles he is no longer controlled by the ghost and then finds that Miles has died in her arms , and the ghost has gone . Major themes ( edit ) Throughout his career James was attracted to the ghost story . However , he was not fond of literature 's stereotypical ghosts . He preferred to create ghosts that were eerie extensions of everyday reality , `` the strange and sinister embroidered on the very type of the normal and easy '' , as he put it in the New York Edition preface to his final ghost story , `` The Jolly Corner '' . With The Turn of the Screw , many critics have wondered if the `` strange and sinister '' were only in the governess 's mind and not part of reality . The result has been a longstanding critical dispute about the reality of the ghosts and the sanity of the governess . Beyond the dispute , critics have closely examined James 's narrative technique for the story . The framing introduction and subsequent first - person narrative by the governess have been studied by theorists of fiction interested in the power of fictional narratives to convince or even manipulate readers . The imagery of The Turn of the Screw is reminiscent of gothic fiction . The emphasis on old and mysterious buildings throughout the novella reinforces this motif . James also relates the amount of light present in various scenes to the strength of the supernatural or ghostly forces apparently at work . The governess refers directly to The Mysteries of Udolpho and indirectly to Jane Eyre , evoking a comparison of the governess not only to the character of Jane Eyre , but also to the character of Bertha , the madwoman confined in Thornfield . Literary significance and Criticism ( edit ) Oliver Elton wrote in 1907 that `` There is ... doubt , raised and kept hanging , whether , after all , the two ghosts who can choose to which persons they will appear , are facts , or delusions of the young governess who tells the story . '' Edmund Wilson was another of the earlier proponents of the theory questioning the governess 's sanity . Wilson eventually recanted his opinion after considering the governess 's point - by - point description of Quint . Then John Silver pointed out hints in the story that the governess might have gained previous knowledge of Quint 's appearance in non-supernatural ways . This induced Wilson to return to his original opinion that the governess was delusional and that the ghosts existed only in her imagination . William Veeder sees Miles 's eventual death as induced by the governess . In a complex psychoanalytic reading , Veeder concludes that the governess expressed her repressed rage toward her father and toward the master of Bly on Miles . Other critics , however , have strongly defended the governess . They note that James 's letters , his New York Edition preface , and his Notebooks contain no definite evidence that The Turn of the Screw was intended as anything other than a straightforward ghost story , and James certainly wrote ghost stories that did not depend on the narrator 's imagination . For example , `` Owen Wingrave '' includes a ghost that causes its title character 's sudden death , although no one actually sees it . James 's Notebooks entry indicates that he was inspired originally by a tale he heard from Edward White Benson , the archbishop of Canterbury . There are indications that the story James was told was about an incident in Hinton Ampner , where in 1771 a woman named Mary Ricketts moved from her home after seeing the apparitions of a man and a woman , day and night , staring through the windows , bending over the beds , and making her feel her children were in danger . In a 2012 commentary in The New Yorker , Brad Leithauser has given his own perspective on the different interpretations of James ' novella : All such attempts to ' solve ' the book , however admiringly tendered , unwittingly work toward its diminution ( ; its ) profoundest pleasure lies in the beautifully fussed over way in which James refuses to come down on either side ... the book becomes a modest monument to the bold pursuit of ambiguity . According to Leithauser , the reader is meant to entertain both the proposition that the governess is mad and the proposition that the ghosts really do exist , and consider the dreadful implications of each . Poet and literary critic Craig Raine , in his essay `` Sex in nineteenth - century literature '' , states quite categorically his belief that Victorian readers would have identified the two ghosts as child molesters . Publication history ( edit ) The Turn of the Screw was first published in the magazine Collier 's Weekly , serialised in 12 instalments ( 27 January -- 16 April 1898 ) . The title illustration by John La Farge depicts the governess with her arm around Miles . Episode illustrations were by Eric Pape . `` The next night , by the corner of the hearth , in the best chair ... Douglas began to read '' `` He did stand there ! -- But high up , beyond the lawn and at the very top of the tower '' `` Holding my candle high , till I came within sight of the tall window '' `` He presently produced something that made me drop straight down on the stone slab '' `` I must have thrown myself , on my face , on the ground '' In October 1898 the novella appeared with the short story `` Covering End '' in a volume titled The Two Magics , published by Macmillan in New York City and by Heinemann in London . James revised The Turn of the Screw ten years later for his New York Edition . In The Collier 's Weekly Version of The Turn of the Screw ( 2010 ) , the tale is presented in its original serial form with a detailed analysis of the changes James made over the years . Among many other revisions , James changed the children 's ages . Adaptations ( edit ) Among the various adaptations and reworkings of James 's novella are The Turn of the Screw , a 1954 opera by Benjamin Britten ( left , 1968 ) and The Nightcomers , a 1972 prequel film directed by Michael Winner ( right , photographed 2010 ) and starring Marlon Brando . The Turn of the Screw has been the subject of numerous adaptations and reworkings in a variety of media , and these reworkings and adaptations have , themselves , been analysed in the academic literature on Henry James and neo-Victorian culture . It was adapted to an opera by Benjamin Britten , which premiered in 1954 , and the opera has been filmed on numerous occasions . The novella was adapted as a ballet score ( 1980 ) by Luigi Zaninelli , and separately as a ballet ( 1999 ) by Will Tucket for the Royal Ballet . Harold Pinter directed The Innocents ( 1950 ) , a Broadway play which was an adaptation of The Turn of the Screw , and a subsequent eponymous stage play , adapted by Rebecca Lenkiewicz was presented in a co-production with Hammer at the Almeida Theatre , London , in January 2013 . There have been numerous film adaptations of the novel . The critically acclaimed The Innocents ( 1961 ) , directed by Jack Clayton , and Michael Winner 's prequel The Nightcomers ( 1972 ) are two particularly notable examples . Other feature film adaptations include Rusty Lemorande 's 1992 eponymous adaptation ( set in the 1960s ) ; Eloy de la Iglesia 's Spanish - language Otra vuelta de tuerca ( The Turn of the Screw , 1985 ) ; Presence of Mind ( 1999 ) , directed by Atoni Aloy ; In a Dark Place ( 2006 ) , directed by Donato Rotunno and Walter Lima Jr. 's Brazilian - Portuguese - language Através da Sombra ( Through the Shadow , 2016 ) . The Others ( 2001 ) is not an adaptation but has some themes in common with James 's novella . Television films have included a 1959 American adaptation as part of Ford Startime directed by John Frankenheimer and starring Ingrid Bergman ; the West German Die sündigen Engel ( The Sinful Angel , 1962 ) , a 1974 adaptation directed by Dan Curtis , adapted by William F. Nolan ; a French adaptation entitled Le Tour d'écrou ( The Turn of the Screw , 1974 ) ; a Mexican miniseries entitled Otra vuelta de tuerca ( The Turn of the Screw , 1981 ) ; a 1982 adaptation directed by Petr Weigl primarily starring Czech actors lip - synching ; a 1990 adaptation directed by Graeme Clifford ; The Haunting of Helen Walker ( 1995 ) , directed by Tom McLoughlin ; a 1999 adaptation directed by Ben Bolt ; a low - budget 2003 version written and directed by Nick Millard ; the Italian - language Il mistero del lago ( The Mystery of the Lake , 2009 ) ; and a 2009 BBC film adapted by Sandy Welch , starring Michelle Dockery and Sue Johnston . Literary reworkings of The Turn of the Screw identified by James scholar Adeline R. Tintner include The Secret Garden ( 1911 ) , by Frances Hodgson Burnett ; `` Poor Girl '' ( 1951 ) , by Elizabeth Taylor ; The Peacock Spring ( 1975 ) , by Rumer Godden ; Ghost Story ( 1975 ) by Peter Straub ; `` The Accursed Inhabitants of House Bly '' ( 1994 ) by Joyce Carol Oates ; and Miles and Flora ( 1997 ) -- a sequel -- by Hilary Bailey . Further literary adaptations identified by other authors include Affinity ( 1999 ) , by Sarah Waters ; A Jealous Ghost ( 2005 ) , by A.N. Wilson ; and Florence & Giles ( 2010 ) , by John Harding . Young adult novels inspired by The Turn of the Screw include The Turning ( 2012 ) by Francine Prose and Tighter ( 2011 ) by Adele Griffin . The Turn of the Screw has also influenced television . In December 1968 , the ABC daytime drama Dark Shadows featured a storyline based on The Turn of the Screw . In the story , the ghosts of Quentin Collins and Beth Chavez haunted the west wing of Collinwood , possessing the two children living in the mansion . The story led to a year - long story in the year 1897 , as Barnabas Collins travelled back in time to prevent Quentin 's death and stop the possession . In early episodes of Star Trek : Voyager ( `` Cathexis '' , `` Learning Curve '' and `` Persistence of Vision '' ) , Captain Kathryn Janeway is seen on the holodeck acting out scenes from a holonovel which appears to be based on The Turn of the Screw . References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Kaufmann , Professor Linda . Discourses of Desire . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 9510 - 5 . See this book for an argument that Bronte was actually the source of the tale , through Mary Sedgwick Benson . Jump up ^ Elton , Oliver ( 1907 ) . Modern studies / . London : . Jump up ^ Smith , John ( 1957 ) . `` A Note on the Freudian Reading of ' The Turn of the Screw ' '' . American Literature . Jump up ^ Veeder , William ( August 1999 ) . `` The Nurturance of the Gothic '' . Gothic Studies . 1 : 47 . Jump up ^ `` Books : How we all came to love a good ghost story '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ The Gale Encyclopedia of the Unusual and Unexplained ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Leithauser , Brad ( October 2012 ) . `` Ever scarier on The Turn of the Screw '' . The New Yorker . Jump up ^ Raine , Craig . `` Sex in nineteenth - century literature '' . In Defence of T.S. Eliot . ^ Jump up to : Orr , Leonard ( 2009 ) . James ' The Turn of the Screw : A Readers Guide . London , New York : Bloomsbury Publishing . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 3019 - 9 . Jump up ^ James , Henry ( 1996 ) . Complete Stories , 1892 -- 1898 . New York : Library of America . p. 941 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 883011 - 09 - 3 . Jump up ^ Henry James . Beidler , Peter G. , ed . The Collier 's Weekly Version of The Turn of the Screw . Coffeehouse Press . ^ Jump up to : Dinter , Sandra ( 2012 ) . `` The mad child in the attic : John Harding 's Florence & Giles as a neo-victorian reworking of The Turn of the Screw '' ( PDF ) . Neo-Victorian Studies . 5 ( 1 ) : 60 -- 88 . ^ Jump up to : Haralson , Eric L. ; Johnson , Kendall ( 2009 ) . Critical Companion to Henry James : A Literary Reference to His Life and Work . Infobase Publishing . p. 293 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 1727 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Monika ( 1998 ) . `` Film Music as Sister Art : Adaptations of ' The Turn of the Screw . ' '' . Mosaic ( Winnipeg ) . 31 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Jays , David ( 1 July 2006 ) . `` Ballet -- From page to stage '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Baker , William ( 2008 ) . Harold Pinter . A&C Black . p. 32 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 9970 - 7 . Jump up ^ Masters , Tim ( 23 November 2012 ) . `` Hammer takes first steps on stage in Turn of the Screw '' . BBC News . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Skidelsky , William ( 30 May 2010 ) . `` Classics corner : The Turn of the Screw '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Koch , J. Sarah ( 2002 ) . `` A Henry James Filmography '' . In Griffin , Susan M. Henry James Goes to the Movies . University Press of Kentucky . pp. 335 -- 358 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 3324 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Hischak , Thomas S. ( 2012 ) . American Literature on Stage and Screen : 525 Works and Their Adaptations . McFarland . p. 253 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 9279 - 4 . Jump up ^ Holland , J. ( 2006 ) . `` Turn of the Screw ( review ) '' . Notes . 62 ( 3 ) : 784 . doi : 10.1353 / not. 2006.0020 . Jump up ^ Tintner , Adeline R. ( 1998 ) . Henry James 's Legacy : The Afterlife of His Figure and Fiction . Louisiana State University Press . pp. 371 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Heilmann , Ann . ( 2010 ) `` The Haunting of Henry James : Jealous Ghosts , Affinities and The Others '' . In : Rosario Arias and Patricia Pulham ( eds . ) , Haunting and Spectrality in Neo-Victorian Fiction : Possessing the Past . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 111 -- 130 . Jump up ^ `` The Turning by Francine Prose '' . Kirkus. 1 August 2012 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tighter by Adele Griffin '' . Kirkus. 15 April 2011 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sborgi , Anna Viola ( 2011 ) . `` To think and watch the Evil : The Turn of the Screw as cultural reference in television from Dark Shadows to C.S.I. '' . Babel : Littératures plurielles. 24 : 181 -- 94 ( see paragraph 8 ) . Jump up ^ Ruditis , Paul ( 2003 ) . Star Trek Voyager Companion . New York : Simon and Schuster . p. 25 . Further reading Smith , Allan Lloyd . `` A Word Kept Back in `` The Turn of the Screw '' . In Clive Bloom ( ed ) , Creepers : British Horror and Fantasy in the Twentieth Century . London and Boulder CO : Pluto Press , 1993 , pp. 47 -- 63 . Editions ( edit ) The Collier 's Weekly Version of The Turn of the Screw , edited by Peter G. Beidler ( Seattle : Coffeetown Press , 2010 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 60381 - 018 - 0 . The Aspern Papers and The Turn of the Screw , with an introduction and notes by Anthony Curtis ( Harmondsworth : Penguin , 1986 ) ISBN 9780141439907 . Includes excerpts from the New York Preface to both novellas . Does not include a list of suggested further reading . The Turn of the Screw : Authoritative Text , Contexts , Criticism edited by Deborah Esch and Jonathan Warren ( New York : W.W. Norton & Company , 1999 ) ISBN 0 - 393 - 95904 - X . Offers a selection of criticism , including an excerpt from Edmund Wilson 's study of the novella . The Turn of the Screw : Authoritative Text , Contexts , Criticism edited by Robert Kimbrough ( New York : W.W. Norton & Company , 1966 ) ( no ISBN ) . The Tales of Henry James by Edward Wagenknecht ( New York : Frederick Ungar Publishing Co. 1984 ) ISBN 0 - 8044 - 2957 - X . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Turn of the Screw . Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Turn of the Screw Project Gutenberg text of The Turn of the Screw ( 1898 book version ) The Turn of the Screw public domain audiobook at LibriVox Author 's preface to the New York Edition text of The Turn of the Screw ( 1908 ) Note on the various texts of The Turn of the Screw at the Library of America web site . Synopsis of The Turn of the Screw from the English Touring Opera turnofthescrew.com A History of Its Critical Interpretations 1898 -- 1979 Edward J. Parkinson , PhD The Turn of the Screw ( 1959 ) on IMDb The Innocents ( 1961 ) on IMDb The Innocents ( 1961 ) at the TCM Movie Database The Turn of the Screw ( 1999 ) on IMDb Presence of Mind ( 1999 ) on IMDb The Others ( 2001 ) on IMDb Works by Henry James Novels Watch and Ward ( 1871 ) Roderick Hudson ( 1875 ) The American ( 1877 ) The Europeans ( 1878 ) Confidence ( 1879 ) Washington Square ( 1880 ) The Portrait of a Lady ( 1881 ) The Bostonians ( 1886 ) The Princess Casamassima ( 1886 ) The Reverberator ( 1888 ) The Tragic Muse ( 1890 ) The Other House ( 1896 ) The Spoils of Poynton ( 1897 ) What Maisie Knew ( 1897 ) The Awkward Age ( 1899 ) The Sacred Fount ( 1901 ) The Wings of the Dove ( 1902 ) The Ambassadors ( 1903 ) The Golden Bowl ( 1904 ) The Whole Family ( 1908 ) The Outcry ( 1911 ) The Ivory Tower ( 1917 ) The Sense of the Past ( 1917 ) Novellas Madame de Mauves ( 1874 ) Daisy Miller ( 1878 ) The Aspern Papers ( 1888 ) The Turn of the Screw ( 1898 ) The Beast in the Jungle ( 1903 ) Plays Theatricals ( 1894 ) Theatricals : Second Series ( 1895 ) Guy Domville ( 1895 ) Non-fiction French Poets and Novelists ( 1878 ) Hawthorne ( 1879 ) A Little Tour in France ( 1884 ) Partial Portraits ( 1888 ) Essays in London and Elsewhere ( 1893 ) Picture and Text ( 1893 ) William Wetmore Story and His Friends ( 1903 ) English Hours ( 1905 ) The American Scene ( 1907 ) Italian Hours ( 1909 ) A Small Boy and Others ( 1913 ) Notes on Novelists ( 1914 ) Notes of a Son and Brother ( 1914 ) Notebooks The Middle Years ( 1917 ) Henry James 's The Turn of the Screw ( 1898 ) Stage The Innocents ( 1950 play ) The Turn of the Screw ( 1954 opera ) Films The Innocents ( 1961 ) The Nightcomers ( 1971 , prequel ) Presence of Mind ( 1999 ) In a Dark Place ( 2006 ) TV films The Turn of the Screw ( 1974 ) The Turn of the Screw ( 2009 ) VIAF : 190478884 LCCN : no97077706 BNF : cb11964242j ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Turn_of_the_Screw&oldid=815689317 '' Categories : 1898 American novels 1898 British novels Frame stories Horror novels Gothic novels Ghost stories Novels adapted into television programs American novellas American novels adapted into films British novels adapted into films Fiction with unreliable narrators 1890s fantasy novels Novels set in Essex American novels adapted into plays Works originally published in Collier 's Novels by Henry James Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano Македонски 日本語 Português Русский Simple English Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 12 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Turn%20of%20the%20Screw	693
when was the national museum of natural history built	The National Museum of Natural History is a natural - history museum administered by the Smithsonian Institution , located on the National Mall in Washington , D.C. , United States . It has free admission and is open 364 days a year . In 2016 , with 7.1 million visitors , it was the fourth most visited museum in the world and the most visited natural - history museum in the world . Opened in 1910 , the museum on the National Mall was one of the first Smithsonian buildings constructed exclusively to hold the national collections and research facilities . The main building has an overall area of 1,500,000 square feet ( 140,000 m ) with 325,000 square feet ( 30,200 m ) of exhibition and public space and houses over 1,000 employees .	1910	National Museum of Natural History	national museum of natural history	The National Museum of Natural History is a natural - history museum administered by the Smithsonian Institution , located on the National Mall in Washington , D.C. , United States . It has free admission and is open 364 days a year . In 2016 , with 7.1 million visitors , it was the fourth most visited museum in the world and the most visited natural - history museum in the world . Opened in 1910 , the museum on the National Mall was one of the first Smithsonian buildings constructed exclusively to hold the national collections and research facilities . The main building has an overall area of 1,500,000 square feet ( 140,000 m ) with 325,000 square feet ( 30,200 m ) of exhibition and public space and houses over 1,000 employees .	The museum 's collections contain over 126 million specimens of plants , animals , fossils , minerals , rocks , meteorites , human remains , and human cultural artifacts . In 2016 it was the second most visited of all of the Smithsonian museums . It is also home to about 185 professional natural - history scientists -- the largest group of scientists dedicated to the study of natural and cultural history in the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1846 -- 1911 1.2 1981 -- 2003 1.3 2003 -- 2007 1.4 2007 -- 2012 2 Research and collections 3 Exhibitions 3.1 Hall of Geology , Gems , and Minerals 3.2 Hall of Human Origins 3.3 Dinosaurs / Hall of Paleobiology 3.4 Hall of Mammals 3.5 Insect Zoo 3.6 Ocean Hall 3.7 African Voices 3.8 Butterflies + Plants : Partners In Evolution 3.9 Western Cultures Hall 3.10 Korea Gallery 3.11 Teleology : Hall of Bones 3.12 Q ? rius 4 Other 5 Gallery 6 In popular culture 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links History ( edit ) 1846 -- 1911 ( edit ) The United States National Museum was founded in 1846 as part of the Smithsonian Institution . The museum was initially housed in the Smithsonian Institution Building , which is better known today as the Smithsonian Castle . A formal exhibit hall opened in 1858 . The growing collection led to the construction of a new building , the National Museum Building ( known today as the Arts and Industries Building ) . Covering a then - enormous 2.25 acres ( 9,100 m ) , it was built in just 15 months at a cost of $310,000 . It opened in March 1881 . Congress authorized construction of a new building on June 28 , 1902 . On January 29 , 1903 , a special committee composed of members of Congress and representatives from the Smithsonian 's board of regents published a report asking Congress to fund a much larger structure than originally planned . The regents began considering sites for the new building in March , and by April 12 settled on a site on the north side of B Street NW between 9th and 12th Streets . The D.C. architectural firm of Hornblower & Marshall was chosen to design the structure . Testing of the soil for the foundations was set for July 1903 , with construction expected to take three years . Model T Ford parked in front of the National Museum in 1926 The Natural History Building ( as the National Museum of Natural History was originally known ) opened its doors to the public on March 17 , 1910 , in order to provide the Smithsonian Institution with more space for collections and research . The building was not fully completed until June 1911 . The structure cost $3.5 million ( about $85 million in inflation - adjusted 2012 ) dollars . The Neoclassical style building was the first structure constructed on the north side of the National Mall as part of the 1901 McMillan Commission plan . In addition to the Smithsonian 's natural history collection , it also housed the American history , art , and cultural collections . 1981 -- 2003 ( edit ) Between 1981 and 2003 , the National Museum of Natural History had 11 permanent and acting directors . There were six directors alone between 1990 and 2002 . Turnover was high as the museum 's directors were disenchanted by low levels of funding and the Smithsonian 's inability to clearly define the museum 's mission . Robert W. Fri was named the museum 's director in 1996 . One of the largest donations in Smithsonian history was made during Fri 's tenure . Kenneth E. Behring donated $20 million in 1997 to modernize the museum . Fri resigned in 2001 after disagreeing with Smithsonian leadership over the reorganization of the museum 's scientific research programs . J. Dennis O'Connor , Provost of the Smithsonian Institution ( where he oversaw all science and research programs ) was named acting director of the museum on July 25 , 2001 . Eight months later , O'Conner resigned to become the vice president of research and dean of the graduate school at the University of Maryland . Douglas Erwin , a paleontologist at the National Museum of Natural History , was appointed interim director in June 2002 . The museum as seen from the National Mall 2003 -- 2007 ( edit ) In January 2003 , the Smithsonian announced that Cristián Samper , a Colombian with an M.Sc. and Ph. D. from Harvard University , would become the museum 's permanent director on March 31 , 2003 . Samper ( who holds dual citizenship with Colombia and the United States ) founded the Alexander von Humboldt Biological Resources Research Institute and ran the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute after 2001 . Smithsonian officials said Samper 's administrative experience proved critical in his appointment . Under Samper 's direction , the museum opened the $100 million Behring Hall of Mammals in November 2003 , received $60 million in 2004 for the Sant Hall of Oceans , and received a $1 million gift from Tiffany & Co. for the purchase of precious gems for the National Gem Collection . Aerial view , 2008 On March 25 , 2007 , Lawrence M. Small , Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution and the organization 's highest - ranking appointed official , resigned abruptly after public reports of lavish spending . 2007 -- 2012 ( edit ) On March 27 , 2007 Samper was appointed Acting Secretary of the Smithsonian . Paul G. Risser , former chancellor of the University of Oklahoma , was named Acting Director of the Museum of Natural History on March 29 . Samper 's tenure at the museum was not without controversy . In May 2007 , Robert Sullivan , the former associate director in charge of exhibitions at the National Museum of Natural History , charged that Samper and Smithsonian Undersecretary for Science David Evans ( Samper 's supervisor ) ordered `` last minute '' changes in the exhibit `` Arctic : A Friend Acting Strangely '' to tone down the role of human beings in the discussion of global warming , and to make global warming seem more uncertain than originally depicted . Samper denied that he knew of any scientific objections to the changes , and said that no political pressure had been applied to the Smithsonian to make the changes . In November 2007 , The Washington Post reported that an interagency group of scientists from the Department of the Interior , NASA , National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , and National Science Foundation believed that , despite Samper 's denial , the museum `` acted to avoid criticism from congressional appropriators and global - warming skeptics in the Bush administration '' . The changes were discussed as early as mid-August 2005 , and Dr. Waleed Abdalati , manager of NASA 's Cryospheric Sciences Program , noted at the time that `` There was some discussion of the political sensitivities of the exhibit . '' Although the exhibit was due to open in October 2005 , the Post reported that Samper ordered a six - month delay to allow for even further changes . The newspaper also reported that it had obtained a memo drafted by Samper shortly after October 15 , 2005 , in which Samper said the museum should not `` replicate '' work by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . A few weeks later , a NOAA climate researcher advised a superior that the delay was due to `` the debate within the administration and the science community over the existence and cause of global warming '' . During the delay , Samper asked high - level officials in other government agencies and departments to review the script for the exhibit , ordered his museum staff to make additionals changes , and rearranged the sequence of the exhibit panels so that the discussion of climate change was not immediately encountered by museum visitors . Shortly before the exhibit opened in April 2006 , officials at NOAA and the United States Department of Commerce expressed to their superiors their opinion that the exhibit had been changed to accommodate political concerns . In an interview with The Washington Post in November 2007 , Samper said he felt the exhibit displayed a scientific certainty that did not exist , and expressed his belief that the museum should present evidence on both sides and let the public make up its own mind . Inside the rotunda The controversy became more heated after the press reported that Samper gave permission for the museum to accept a $5 million donation from American Petroleum Institute that would support the museum 's soon - to - be-opened Hall of Oceans . Two members of the Smithsonian Institution 's Board of Regents ( which had final say on accepting the donation ) questioned whether the donation was a conflict of interest . Before the board could consider the donation , the donor withdrew the offer . Risser resigned as acting director of the museum on January 22 , 2008 , in order to return to his position at the University of Oklahoma . No new acting director was named at that time . Six weeks later , the Smithsonian regents chose Georgia Tech president G. Wayne Clough as the new Secretary . Samper stepped down to return to his position as Director of the National Museum of Natural History . The remainder of Samper 's tenure at the museum proved less controversial . In June 2008 , the Victoria and Roger Sant family donated $15 million to endow the new Ocean Hall at the museum . The museum celebrated the 50th anniversary of its acquisition of the Hope Diamond in August 2009 by giving the gemstone its own exhibit and a new setting . In March 2010 , the museum opened its $21 million human evolution hall . In January 2012 , Samper said he was stepping down from the National Museum of Natural History to become president and chief executive officer of the Wildlife Conservation Society . Two months later , the museum announced it had received a $35 million gift to renovate its dinosaur hall , and a month later the Sant family donated another $10 million to endow the director 's position . On July 25 , 2012 Kirk Johnson , vice president of research and collections at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science , was named Samper 's successor effective October 29 , 2012 . Johnson oversees a museum with 460 employees and a $68 million budget . Research and collections ( edit ) The Smithsonian gives an approximate number for artifacts and specimens of 127.3 million . More specifically , the collections include 30 million insects , 4.5 million plants preserved in the Museum 's herbarium , and 7 million fish stored in liquid - filled jars . Of the 2 million cultural artifacts , 400,000 are photographs housed in the National Anthropological Archives . Through an off - site active loan and exchange program , the museum 's collections can be accessed . As a result , 3.5 million specimens are out on loan every year . The rest of the collections not on display are stored in the non-public research areas of the museum and at the Museum Support Center , located in Suitland , MD . Other facilities include a marine science center in Ft . Pierce , Florida and field stations in Belize , Alaska , and Kenya . Research in the museum is divided into seven departments : anthropology , botany , entomology , invertebrate zoology , mineral sciences , paleobiology , vertebrate zoology . One collection of nearly a million specimens of birds , reptiles , and mammals kept at the museum has been maintained by the Biological Survey unit of the U.S. Geological Survey . This division had started in 1885 as an economic ornithology unit of the Agriculture Department . Clarence Birdseye and Clinton Hart Merriam had worked in this organization . As of February 2018 , the unit 's funding is planned to be cut , and it is not clear what would happen to the collection . Exhibitions ( edit ) Hall of Geology , gems , and minerals ( edit ) The Star of Asia , a large , 330 - carat cabochon - cut star sapphire in the U.S. National Gem Collection The Hope Diamond The National Gem and Mineral Collection is one of the most significant collections of its kind in the world . The collection includes some of the most famous pieces of gems and minerals including the Hope Diamond and the Star of Asia Sapphire , one of the largest sapphires in the world . There are currently over 15,000 individual gems in the collection , as well as 350,000 minerals and 300,000 samples of rock and ore specimens . Additionally , the Smithsonian 's National Gem and Mineral Collection houses approximately 35,000 meteorites , which is considered to be one of the most comprehensive collections of its kind in the world . The collection is displayed in the Janet Annenberg Hooker Hall of Geology , Gems and Minerals , one of the many galleries in the Museum of Natural History . Some of the most important donors , besides Hooker , are Washington A. Roebling , the man who built the Brooklyn Bridge , who gave 16,000 specimens to the collection ; Frederick A. Canfield , who donated 9,000 specimens to the collection ; and Dr. Isaac Lea , who donated the basis of the museum 's collection of 1312 gems and minerals . Hall of Human Origins ( edit ) Rick Potts , head of Smithsonian Human Origins project The David H. Koch Hall of Human Origins opened on March 17 , 2010 , marking the museum 's 100th anniversary . The hall is named for David H. Koch , who contributed $15 million to the $20.7 million exhibit . The Hall is `` dedicated to the discovery and understanding of human origins , '' and occupies 15,000 square feet ( 1,400 m ) of exhibit space . Specimens include 75 replica skulls , an interactive human family tree that follows six million years of evolution , and a Changing the World gallery that focuses on issues surrounding climate change and humans ' impact on the world . The Hall 's core concept idea is `` What Does It Mean To Be Human '' , and focuses on milestones of Human Evolution such as Walking Upright , Bigger Brains , and Creating a World of Symbols . Also covered is the Smithsonian 's significant research on the geological and climate changes which occurred in East Africa during significant periods of Human Evolution . The exhibit highlights an actual fossil Neanderthal and replicas created by famed paleoartist , John Gurche . The exhibit has been criticized for downplaying the significance of human - caused global warming . The exhibit also provides a complementary web site , which provides diaries and podcasts directly from related fields of research . The Companion Book , What Does It Mean To Be Human was written by Richard ( Rick ) Potts , the Curator , and Christopher Sloan . The exhibit was designed by Reich + Petch . Dinosaurs / Hall of paleobiology ( edit ) Skeleton of Brontotherium The revised skeleton of Triceratops Play media A FossiLab volunteer uses lab equipment to sift through collected sediments for bone particles at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History . The museum has over 570,000 catalogued reptiles from around the world . The National Collection of Amphibians and Reptiles has increased 300 percent since 1970 to over 570,000 specimen records in 2008 . The Hall of Dinosaurs has fossilized skeletons and cast models , including Tyrannosaurus rex cast facing a Triceratops cast . The Triceratops exhibit shows the first accurate dinosaur skeleton in virtual motion , achieved through the use of scanning and digital technology . '' The collection consists of 46 `` complete and important specimens '' of dinosaurs . In May 2012 , billionaire David H. Koch donated $35 million toward the cost of a $45 million upgrade to the 30 - year - old , 25,000 square feet ( 2,300 m ) dinosaur hall . The hall is anticipated to close in the spring of 2014 and reopen in 2019 . In June 2013 , the Smithsonian obtained a 50 - year lease on a T. rex fossil skeleton owned by the United States Army Corps of Engineers . It is the first T. rex skeleton to be displayed at the museum , which until now has only had the cast of a skull . The specimen , known as the `` Wankel '' or `` Devil '' rex , was found on Corps - owned land in the Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge in Montana in 1988 . It has since been on display at the Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman , Montana ( which helped excavate the fossil ) . The `` Wankel rex '' ( whose skeleton is 85 percent complete ) was to be unveiled at the Museum of Natural History on National Fossil Day , October 16 , 2013 , and was supposed to be on display until the dinosaur hall exhibit closes for renovation in the spring of 2014 . The 35 - foot ( 11 m ) long skeleton will be the centerpiece of the dinosaur hall when it re-opens in 2019 . The Museum of the Rockies ( which did not own the skeleton but was the repository for it ) has about a dozen T. rex specimens , including one which is eighty percent complete . Only about six museums in the United States have a T. rex skeleton . The Museum of the Rockies is a Smithsonian affiliate museum , and had long promised to find a T. rex for the Smithsonian to display . Due to the 2013 federal government shutdown , the fossil did not arrive in Washington , D.C. Smithsonian officials said it remained in storage in Montana , and would not arrive at the Smithsonian until late spring 2014 . Packed up in 16 crates , the T. rex , named `` Nation 's T. rex '' by the Smithsonian , traveled from the Museum of the Rockies and arrived at the National Museum of Natural History on April 15 , 2014 . The T. rex has been displayed in the Rex Room , while specialists performed a conservation assessment and the Smithsonian Digitization Program scanned each bone , to create a 3 - D model for research . The Nation 's T. rex will be the centerpiece of the new fossil hall , opening in 2019 . Hall of Mammals ( edit ) The Behring Hall of Mammals was designed by Reich + Petch . The mammal specimens are presented as works of modern art within minimal environmentals . Visitors discover mammal 's evolutionary adaptions to hugely diverse contexts , and ultimately discover that they too are mammals . The museum has the largest collection of vertebrate specimens in the world , nearly twice the size of the next largest mammal collections , including historically important collections from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries . Its collection was initiated by C. Hart Merriam and the U.S. Department of Agriculture ( later the Department of the Interior ) , which expanded it in the 1890s - 1930s . Insect zoo ( edit ) The O. Orkin Insect Zoo features live insects and exhibits about insects and entomologists . Different habitats have been created to show the type of insects that live in different environments and how they have adapted to a freshwater pond , house , mangrove swamp , desert , and rain forest . The zoo is sponsored by Orkin , a pest control company . Ocean Hall ( edit ) Ocean Hall The Sant Ocean Hall opened on September 27 , 2008 , and is the largest renovation of the museum since it opened in 1910 . The hall includes 674 marine specimens and models drawn from the over 80 million specimens in the museum 's total collection , the largest in the world . The hall is named for the Roger Sant family , who donated $15 million to endow the new hall and other related programs . The collection includes : a coelenterate - long North Atlantic Right Whale , a 1,500 - gallon aquarium , one female giant squid displayed in the center of the hall and a male displayed off to the side , an adult coelenterate , and a Basilosaurus . The museum also provides the Smithsonian Ocean Portal , a complementary web site which provides regularly updated , original content from the museum 's research , collections , and Sant Ocean Hall as well as content provided by more than 20 collaborating organizations , including Archive , Census of Marine Life , Consortium for Ocean Leadership , Encyclopedia of Life , INDUCT , Monterrey Bay Aquarium , Monterrey Bay Aquarium Research Institute , National Geographic , NOAA , New England Aquarium , Ocean Conservancy , Oceania , Pew Charitable Trusts , Sea Web , Save Our Seas , Scrips Institution of Oceanography , Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , World Heritage Marine Programmer . African voices ( edit ) This exhibit and associated website `` examines the diversity , dynamism , and global influence of Africa 's peoples and cultures over time in the realms of family , work , community , and the natural environment . '' Butterflies + plants : partners in Evolution ( edit ) Featuring a live butterfly pavilion allows `` visitors to observe the many ways in which butterflies and other animals have evolved , adapted , and diversified together with their plant partners over tens of millions of years . '' The exhibit was designed by Reich + Petch . Western cultures Hall ( edit ) `` This hall explores some examples from various cultures in the western world including northern Iraq , ancient Egypt , Greece and Rome and the recent discovery of the Iceman , a Copper Age mummy found in an Italian glacier . '' This exhibit closed September 26 , 2010 . Korea gallery ( edit ) The Korea Gallery is a special showcase to celebrate Korean traditions and examine its unique influence and complex role in the world today . The exhibit expresses the continuity of the past by highlighting enduring features of Korean culture that have influence and resonance today . The exhibit uses the Smithsonian ceramics collection as well as a rich selection of photographs , ritual objects and traditional Korean carpentry to communicate and connect to both the local Korean community and an international audience . Traditional art forms , such as ceramics and calligraphy , along with mythological figures , language , large feature photographs and illustrations speak to a range of shared historical memories that connect Koreans at home and abroad . Personal stories of modern Koreans , as told in their own voices , provide a context to discuss some of the many issues that face the divided country today . Korea 's incredible transformation from ' The Hermit Kingdom ' to a world power is traced through its impact on the arts , the economy and popular culture . The exhibit was designed by Reich + Petch . Teleology : Hall of Bones ( edit ) This exhibit displays a `` variety of vertebrate skeletons grouped by their evolutionary relationships . '' Q ? rius ( edit ) Opened since 2013 , this exhibit is the museum 's interactive and educational area . Using , microscopes and touch screens , the area hosts various interactive activities and puzzles visitors can experience and contains a `` collection zone '' that houses over 6000 different specimens and artifacts visitors are able personally handle . The area also hosts various events such as allowing visitors to meet and discuss with Smithsonian scientists and hosting school groups . Other ( edit ) The Discovery Room , a family - and student - friendly hands - on activity room on the first floor . In the lower level , there is a bird exhibit , Urban Bird Habitat Garden , with all the migratory and native birds to Washington D.C. The Global Volcanism Program is housed in the department of Mineral Sciences . The museum frequently hosts sleepovers through the Smithsonian Associates for children ages 8 -- 12 . Gallery ( edit ) Hall of Dinosaurs Hall of Mammals Hall of Mammals In popular culture ( edit ) In Fallout 3 , a derelict exhibit at the museum serves as the entrance to Underworld , a civilization established by ghouls . In the 2008 film Get Smart , the fictional spy organization CONTROL is located underneath the National Museum of Natural History . The giant squid from the National Museum of Natural History inspired the octopus that comes to life in 20th Century Fox 's film Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian . The exteriors of the Museum were used as a model for the `` Leyendecker Museum '' in the Sierra On - Line 1991 adventure game The Dagger of Amon Ra . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Visitor Statistics '' . Smithsonian Newsdesk . Archived from the original on 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The World 's most popular museums '' , CNN.com , 22 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Research & Collections '' . National Museum of Natural History . Archived from the original on 15 April 2012 . Retrieved 12 April 2012 . Jump up ^ D'Angelis , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Evelyn , Dickson , and Ackerman , p. 107 . Jump up ^ `` Plans for Museum Building . '' Washington Post . July 6 , 1902 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Building for Museum . '' Washington Post . January 30 , 1903 . Jump up ^ `` Site of New National Museum . '' Washington Post . March 7 , 1903 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Museum Plans . '' Washington Post . April 13 , 1903 . Jump up ^ `` Museum Building Design . '' Washington Post . May 24 , 1903 . Jump up ^ `` This Day in Smithsonian History - March '' . Siarchives.si.edu . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Museum History '' . National Museum of Natural History . 2008 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Bache , Rene . `` America 's $3,500,000 National Museum , Just Completed , Most Remarkable Structure of Its Kind in the World . '' Washington Post . March 6 , 1910 . ^ Jump up to : Trescott , Jacqueline . `` Smithsonian Taps Biologist For Natural History Museum . '' Washington Post . January 30 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Smithsonian Selects Fri for Natural History Post . '' Orlando Sentinel . March 21 , 1996 . ^ Jump up to : Olson , Elizabeth . `` A Biologist Will Lead Smithsonian Museum . '' New York Times . January 30 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Washington : New Museum Director . '' New York Times . July 26 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Wiltz , Teresa . `` Smithsonian Losing a Sixth Key Director . '' Washington Post . April 4 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Interim Chief Named At Natural History . '' Washington Post . June 6 , 2002 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biologist Named to Head Smithsonian Natural History Museum . '' Associated Press . January 29 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Edward . `` East Bay Developer Pumps Millions Into Smithsonian Project . '' San Francisco Chronicle . November 15 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Trescott , Jacqueline . `` Museum to Get $60 Million Exhibit . '' Washington Post . September 16 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Tiffany Makes $1.1 Million Gift to Smithsonian Museum . '' Associated Press . June 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Zongker , Brett . `` Smithsonian 's Top Official Resigns . '' Associated Press . March 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Pogrebin , Robin . `` Smithsonian Scrambles to Regain Its Footing . '' New York Times . April 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Acting Director Named at Smithsonian 's Natural History Museum . '' Associated Press . March 30 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Grimaldi , James V. and Trescott , Jacqueline . `` Scientists Fault Climate Exhibit Changes . '' Washington Post . November 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Zongker , Brett . `` Smithsonian Toned Down Exhibit on Arctic . '' Associated Press . May 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Pogrebin , Robin . `` Gift to Smithsonian Is Rescinded . '' New York Times . November 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Head of Smithsonian 's Natural History Museum Returning to OU . '' Associated Press . January 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` GIT President to Head Smithsonian . '' United Press International . March 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Couple Gives $15 M for Smithsonian Ocean Hall . '' Associated Press . June 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Schmid , Randolph E. `` Hope Diamond to Get New Setting for Anniversary . '' Associated Press . August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Zongker , Brett . `` Smithsonian Opens $21 M Human Evolution Hall . '' Associated Press . March 17 , 2010 ; Brotherton , Elizabeth . `` Natural History Details Origin of Our Species . '' Roll Call . March 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Zongker , Brett . `` Head of Smithsonian Natural History Museum Resigns . '' Associated Press . January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trescott , Jacqueline . `` Natural History Museum Gets $35 Million Gift . '' Washington Post . May 4 , 2012 ; `` Koch Gives Smithsonian $35 M for New Dinosaur Hall . '' Associated Press . May 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trescott , Jaqcqueline . `` Sants Give $10 Million to Natural History Museum . '' Washington Post . June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Parker , Lonnae O'Neal . `` Smithsonian Names New Director of Natural History Museum . '' Washington Post . July 26 , 2012 ; Zongker , Brett . `` Smithsonian Picks Paleontologist to Lead DC Museum . '' Associated Press . July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kamen , Al . `` Meet the Smithsonian 's Fossil Guy . '' Washington Post . August 20 , 2013 . Archived July 19 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 2013 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` NMNH Fact Sheet '' . Smithsonian Institution . Archived from the original on 1 September 2012 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` About the Museum '' . National Museum of Natural History . Archived from the original on 15 August 2012 . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Museum Support Center Library '' . Smithsonian Libraries . Archived from the original on 2 July 2012 . Retrieved 2 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Juliet Eilperin . Trump has long vowed to slash government Archived 2018 - 03 - 11 at the Wayback Machine ... Washington Post . 26 Feb 2018 ^ Jump up to : Hevesi , Dennis ( 2008 - 04 - 06 ) . `` George Switzer , 92 , Dies ; Started a Gem Treasury '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Klein , Julia M. ( May 11 , 2010 ) . `` Our Species Rediscovers Its Cousin '' . Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Smithsonian Opens Human Evolution Hall '' . CBS News . March 17 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 22 October 2014 . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Michael ( March 19 , 2010 ) . `` Smithsonian 's Natural History Museum opens its Hall of Human Origins '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 25 October 2014 . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Rothstein , Edward ( March 18 , 2010 ) . `` Searching the Bones of Our Shared Past '' . Archived from the original on 27 October 2014 . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Polluter - Funded Evolution & Climate Exhibit at the Smithsonian '' . National Wildlife Federation . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Jane ( August 30 , 2010 ) . `` Covert Operations : The billionaire brothers who are waging a war against Obama '' . The New Yorker . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2012 . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Exhibition Hall Devoted to Human Origins Opens at National Museum of Natural History '' . National Museum of Natural History . March 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Vertebrate Zoology : Division of Amphibians & Reptiles '' . National Museum of Natural History . 2008 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` New and Improved '' . National Geographic . December 1 , 2000 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Dinosaur Hall '' . National Museum of Natural History . 2008 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Dinosaur Collections '' . National Museum of Natural History . 2008 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Trescott , Jacqueline . `` David Koch Donates $35 Million to National Museum of Natural History for Dinosaur Hall . '' Washington Post . May 3 , 2012 . Archived July 19 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 2012 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ The specimen was found in sediments known as the Hell Creek Formation , hence the name `` Devil rex '' . ^ Jump up to : du Lac , J. Freedom `` Tyrannosaurus rex Gets Long - Term Lease at Smithsonian 's Natural History Museum . '' Washington Post . June 27 , 2013 . Archived July 20 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 2013 - 06 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Schontzler , Gail . `` Montana T. rex Heading to Smithsonian . '' Bozeman Daily Chronicle . June 28 , 2013 . Archived July 7 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 2013 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The Nation 's T. Rex Invades the Smithsonian '' . nationalgeographic.com. 17 April 2014 . Archived from the original on 1 July 2017 . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How to 3 - D print a dinosaur '' . PBS NewsHour . Archived from the original on 15 July 2017 . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Lac , J. Freedom du ( 15 April 2014 ) . `` T. rex fossils arrive at Smithsonian 's National Museum of Natural History '' . Archived from the original on 19 July 2017 . Retrieved 2 May 2018 -- via www.washingtonpost.com . Jump up ^ `` Department of Vertebrate Zoology '' . National Museum of Natural History . 2008 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Vertebrate Zoology : Division of Mammals '' . National Museum of Natural History . 2008 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The New Sant Ocean Hall Opens Sept 27 . at the Smithsonian 's National Museum of Natural History '' ( PDF ) . National Museum of Natural History . September 24 , 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 9 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Current Exhibitions '' . National Museum of Natural History . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Q ? rius , The Coralyn W. Whitney Science Education Center '' . si.edu. 9 September 2015 . Archived from the original on 12 September 2017 . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` National Museum of Natural History - Smithsonian Institution '' . Washington Post . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Urban Bird Habitat Garden '' . Exhibitions . Smithsonian Institution . Archived from the original on 24 October 2012 . Retrieved 24 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Smithsonian Sleepovers '' . Smithsonian Sleepovers . Smithsonian Institution . Archived from the original on 16 July 2016 . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian '' Treasure Map `` . Smithsonian Institution . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 17 . Bibliography ( edit ) D'Angelis , Gina . It Happened in Washington , D.C. Guilford , Conn. : TwoDot , 2004 . Evelyn , Dougas E. ; Dickson , Paul ; and Ackerman , S.J. On This Spot : Pinpointing the Past in Washington , D.C. Sterling , Va. : Capital Books , 2008 . Redman , Samuel J. Bone Rooms : From Scientific Racism to Human Prehistory in Museums . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Museum of Natural History , United States . Geographic data related to National Museum of Natural History at OpenStreetMap National Museum of Natural History official website A Brief History of the Museum - from the NMNH website National Museum of Natural History - National Gem and Mineral Collection Research collections of the National Museum of Natural History Finding Aid to the Records of the Department of Anthropology , United States National Museum - National Museum of Natural History , Manuscript and Pamphlet File , National Anthropological Archives , Smithsonian Institution Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History at Google Cultural Institute hide Smithsonian Institution Museums African American History and Culture African Art Air and Space Udvar -- Hazy American Art American History Numismatic Collection American Indian Heye Center Anacostia Arts and Industries Castle Cooper -- Hewitt Design Freer Gallery of Art Hirshhorn Natural History Barcode of Life Global Volcanism Portrait Gallery Postal Renwick Gallery Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Zoo National Zoological Park Uncle Beazley Research Archives of American Art American Gardens Caribbean Coral Reef Ecosystems Program Conservation and restoration Archives Astrophysics Conservation Biology Environmental Research Libraries Marine Station Museum Conservation Institute Migratory Bird Tropical Research Cultural Asian Pacific Latino Folklife and Cultural Heritage Folklife Festival Folkways Smithsonian Jazz Masterworks Orchestra Smithsonian Global Sound Media Air & Space Smithsonian magazine Smithsonian Channel Other Affiliations James Smithson Ripley Center Science Education Traveling Exhibition Service Wilson Center ( The Wilson Quarterly ) Smithsonian Police BNF : cb122991619 ( data ) GND : 1007947 - 6 ISNI : 0000 0001 2364 5061 LCCN : n78083411 NLA : 35376276 SNAC : w6f58c79 SUDOC : 032917767 VIAF : 134356831 Biology portal Evolutionary biology portal Science portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Museum_of_Natural_History&oldid=839315049 '' Categories : 1910 establishments in the United States American national museums in Washington , D.C. Dinosaur museums in the United States Domes Insectariums Members of the Cultural Alliance of Greater Washington Museums established in 1910 National Mall Natural history museums in Washington , D.C. Natural history of the United States Rotundas ( architecture ) Smithsonian Institution museums Asian art museums in the United States Egyptological collections in the United States Paleontology in Washington , D.C. Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2010 Articles with dead external links from August 2010 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Azərbaycanca Català Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语粵語中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018 , at 17 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Museum%20of%20Natural%20History	694
who sings the song i get by with a little help from my friends			With a Little Help from My Friends	with a little help from my friends	`` With a Little Help from My Friends '' is a song by the Beatles , written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney from the album Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band issued worldwide in June 1967 . The song was written for and sung by the Beatles ' drummer Ringo Starr as the character `` Billy Shears '' . The song , paired with `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band '' and featuring `` A Day in the Life '' as its B - side , was reissued as a single in the U.S. in August 1978 ( # 71 ) and in the U.K. in September 1978 ( # 63 ) . `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' was ranked No. 311 on Rolling Stone 's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Recording 3 Personnel 4 Live performances 5 Cover versions 6 Joe Cocker version 7 In popular culture 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Origins ( edit ) Lennon and McCartney finished writing this song in mid-March 1967 , written specifically as Starr 's track for the album . McCartney said : `` It was pretty much co-written , John and I doing a work song for Ringo , a little craft job . '' In 1970 Lennon stated : `` Paul had the line about ' a little help from my friends . ' He had some kind of structure for it , and we wrote it pretty well fifty - fifty from his original idea . '' , but in 1980 Lennon said : `` This is Paul , with a little help from me . ' What do you see when you turn out the light / I ca n't tell you , but I know it 's mine ... ' is mine . '' It was briefly called `` Bad Finger Boogie '' ( later the inspiration for the band name Badfinger ) , supposedly because Lennon composed the melody on a piano using his middle finger after having hurt his forefinger . The song begins with the applause from the end of Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band . Lennon and McCartney deliberately wrote a tune with a limited range -- except for the last note , which McCartney worked closely with Starr to achieve . Speaking in the Anthology , Starr explained that he insisted on changing the first line -- which originally was `` What would you think if I sang out of tune ? Would you throw ripe tomatoes at me ? '' -- so that fans would not throw tomatoes at him should he perform it live . ( In the early days , after George Harrison made a passing comment that he liked jelly babies , the group was showered with them at all of their live performances . ) The song 's composition is unusually well documented , as Hunter Davies was present and described the writing process in the Beatles ' official biography . The song is partly in the form of a conversation in which the other three Beatles sing a question -- e.g. `` Would you believe in a love at first sight ? '' where Starr answers , `` Yes , I 'm certain that it happens all the time . '' Recording ( edit ) The Beatles began recording the song on 29 March 1967 , the day before they posed for the Sgt . Pepper album cover . They recorded 10 takes of the song , wrapping up sessions at 5 : 45 in the morning . The backing track consisted of Starr on drums , McCartney playing piano , Harrison playing lead guitar and Lennon beating a cowbell . At dawn , Starr trudged up the stairs to head home -- but the other Beatles cajoled him into doing his lead vocal then and there , standing around the microphone for moral support . The following day they added tambourine , backing vocals , bass and more electric guitar . Personnel ( edit ) Ringo Starr -- lead vocal , drums , tambourine Paul McCartney -- backing vocal , bass , piano John Lennon -- backing vocal , cowbell George Harrison -- backing vocal , lead and rhythm guitars George Martin -- producer , Hammond organ Geoff Emerick -- engineer Personnel per Ian MacDonald Live performances ( edit ) To date , Starr has closed every concert performed by each version of his All - Starr Band with this song . After he is done singing , Starr tells the audience `` Peace and love ... peace and love is the only way ... and good night '' , then walks off the stage . Since 2008 , the band segued right into `` Give Peace a Chance '' , during which Starr comes back onstage , then walks off again . Starr performed the song with George Harrison , Eric Clapton , Bruce Springsteen , George Michael , Phil Collins , Elton John , and many others at the 1987 Prince 's Trust Concert at Wembley Arena , London . McCartney and Starr performed this song for the first time together at the David Lynch Foundation Benefit Concert in the Radio City Music Hall , New York on 4 April 2009 . McCartney and Starr also performed the song together on `` The Night That Changed America : A Grammy Salute to The Beatles '' , a commemorative show on 27 January 2014 , that marked 50 years since the band 's first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show. , then again in 2015 at Ringo Starr 's induction in the Rock'n Roll Hall of Fame . Cover versions ( edit ) There have been at least 50 cover versions of the song and it has achieved the number one position on the British singles charts three times : by Joe Cocker in 1968 , Wet Wet Wet in 1988 , and by Sam & Mark in 2004 . Chris Clark , the first white female recording artist to have an album released on Motown , recorded the song for her second album , 1969 's CC Rides Again . The song was also covered by Mumford & Sons and Dawes on the Tour of Two Halves in 2012 . Mumford & Sons also covered the song to close out their headline set at the 2013 Glastonbury Festival with Vampire Weekend , The Vaccines , First Aid Kit , and The Staves on 30 June 2013 . For the 1981 compilation Rarities , the Beach Boys released their version recorded in 1967 , while in 2015 , Brian Wilson named it one of his favorite songs , and in that year German rock band Bonfire , with new frontman David Reece , recorded their version for the album Glörious . Widespread Panic has performed the song twice , both times during their special 3 - Set New Year 's Eve shows . In March 2017 , Broadway and Hollywood artists including Liz Callaway , FORTE , Annie Golden , Telly Leung and Chris Mann performed a gospel - flavored version of the song for a single and video to benefit Americans for the Arts . `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' Single by Joe Cocker from the album With a Little Help from My Friends B - side `` Something 's Coming On '' Released October 1968 ( UK ) Format 7 '' Recorded 1968 Genre Blues rock , hard rock , soul Length 5 : 11 Label Regal Zonophone Songwriter ( s ) Lennon -- McCartney Joe Cocker singles chronology `` Marjorine '' ( 1968 ) Marjorine1968 `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' ( 1968 ) With a Little Help from My Friends1968 `` Delta Lady '' ( 1969 ) Delta Lady1969 Audio sample file help Joe Cocker version ( edit ) English singer Joe Cocker 's version of `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' was a radical re-arrangement of the original , in a slower , meter , using different chords in the middle eight , and a lengthy instrumental introduction ( featuring drums by Procol Harum 's B.J. Wilson , guitar lines from Jimmy Page , and organ by Tommy Eyre ) . Cocker performed the song at Woodstock in 1969 and that performance was included in the documentary film , Woodstock . This version gained even more fame when it was used as the opening theme song for the television series The Wonder Years . Cocker 's cover was ranked number two in UpVenue 's top 10 best music covers of all time in 2009 . In 2014 , a BBC poll saw it voted the seventh best cover version ever . The version heard in the film Across the Universe segues from the original to Cocker 's arrangement at the end of the song . In 2001 , Cocker 's version of the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . Personnel Joe Cocker -- lead vocals Jimmy Page -- guitar Chris Stainton -- bass Tommy Eyre -- organ B.J. Wilson -- drums Madeline Bell -- backing vocals Rosetta Hightower -- backing vocals Patrice Holloway -- backing vocals Sunny Wheetman -- backing vocals `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' Single by Wet Wet Wet from the album Sgt . Pepper Knew My Father A-side `` She 's Leaving Home '' ( performed by Billy Bragg ) Released 9 May 1988 ( UK ) Format 7 '' Recorded Genre Pop Label PolyGram Songwriter ( s ) Lennon -- McCartney Wet Wet Wet singles chronology `` Temptation '' ( 1988 ) `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` String Module Error : Match not found '' ( 1988 ) `` Sweet Surrender '' ( 1989 ) `` Temptation '' ( 1988 ) `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` She 's Leaving Home '' ( Billy Bragg and Cara Tivey ) ( 1988 ) `` Sweet Surrender '' ( 1989 ) In popular culture ( edit ) Janice sang this song as an opening number to an episode of The Muppet Show where other members of Dr. Teeth and The Electric Mayhem were pretending to rescue her from a Hindu human sacrifice . Sesame Street spoofed this song as `` With a Little Yelp from My Friends '' , sung by a dog named Moe Cocker , who spoofs Joe Cocker , and the arrangement is clearly based on Cocker 's version . The Animaniacs sketch Woodstock Slappy features Joe Cocker singing the song . The song was featured in the EastEnders 2007 Children in Need sketch where the cast sang to famous Beatles songs , the song was the last to be sung by the cast with the characters of Ronnie Mitchell , Roxy Mitchell , Chelsea Fox , Carly Wicks , Jane Beale , Lucy Beale , Peter Beale , Ben Mitchell , Zainab Masood , Masood Ahmed , Honey Mitchell , Dawn Swann and Mickey Miller singing the majority of the song . The Joe Cocker version was used as the title music for the 1988 -- 1993 television series The Wonder Years . The Cocker version appears in a 2017 TV commercial for Volkswagen . `` Lend me your ears '' is a Shakespearean reference , taken from the `` Friends , Romans , countrymen '' speech in Julius Caesar and used at the time as a popular way of asking people to listen . `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' was played as wake - up music on Space Shuttle Mission STS - 61 . On Saturday Night Live , Season - 1 Ep. 3 : John Belushi performed a full - length impression of Cocker singing this song . The cult PBS film The Lathe of Heaven ( from 1980 ) uses the original recording of the song . The main character ( George Orr ) , who can manipulate reality with his dreams , comes upon a 45 of the song at a novelty shop run by an alien . The alien hands George the 45 saying `` Help is available . '' The song plays in the soundtrack and morphs into a synthesizer version . The film was out of circulation for over 20 years . When it was finally re-aired on PBS and released on DVD in 2001 , many fans were upset that the original Beatles recording was replaced by a singer with an acoustic guitar . This was due to changes in publishing rights that have occurred since 1980 involving the dissolution of The Beatles ' original Northern Songs and the acquisition by Sony / ATV ( partly owned by the Jackson family ) . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , p. 123 . `` In the United Kingdom Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ... was rush - released six days ahead of its official date , June 1 . '' Jump up ^ Dowlding 1989 , p. 165 . ^ Jump up to : `` 100 Greatest Beatles Songs . No. 61 -- ' With a Little Help From My Friends ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 18 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Matovina 2000 . Jump up ^ The Beatles 2000 , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ `` With A Little Help From My Friends '' . The Beatles Bible . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 246 . Jump up ^ `` With a Little Help From My Friends '' . Retrieved 11 November 2017 Jump up ^ `` Paul McCartney and Friends : Change Begins Within '' . Radio City Music Hall . New York , NY : Madison Square Garden . Archived from the original on 21 January 2010 . Retrieved 27 March 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEGwjAKK5z4 Jump up ^ `` Song : With a Little Help From My Friends -- John Lennon , Paul McCartney '' . Second Hand Songs . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Number 1 Singles of the 1960s '' . everyHit.com . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Number 1 Singles of the 1980s '' . everyHit.com . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Number 1 Singles of the 2000s '' . everyHit.com. 16 March 2000 . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mumford & Sons Get a Little Help From Their Friends for Glastonbury Finale '' . 30 June 2013 . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ bradelliott.com 1983 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Brian ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` Brian Wilson : The Music That Made Me '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ `` Everyday Companion '' . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Broadway Stars Come Together For All - Star Single ' With a Little Help from My Friends ' to Support the Arts '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Parrott , Billy ( 9 August 2013 ) . `` The Wonder Years : Music and References from Season One '' . The New York Public Library . Archived from the original on 2 September 2013 . Jump up ^ UpVenue.com 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pet Shop Boys ' Always On My Mind tops cover version vote '' . BBC News . 27 October 2014 . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Hall of Fame Award . Grammy.org Retrieved 21 December 2012 Jump up ^ Sesame Street -- With a Little YELP from my Friends on YouTube Jump up ^ Fries 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SNL Season 01 Episode 03 - Rob Reiner , John Belushi as Joe Cocker - NBC.com '' . NBC . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 05 . References ( edit ) The Beatles ( 2000 ) . The Beatles Anthology . San Francisco : Chronicle Books . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 2684 - 8 . Chianello , Joanne ( 2 October 2009 ) . `` Harper gets on stage with a little help from his wife '' . Ottawa Citizen . Archived from the original on 6 October 2009 . Retrieved 2 October 2009 . Dowlding , William J. ( 1989 ) . Beatlesongs . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 68229 - 6 . Everett , Walter ( 1999 ) . The Beatles as Musicians : Revolver Through the Anthology . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512941 - 0 . Fries , Colin , ed. ( 30 November 2009 ) . `` Chronology of Wakeup Calls '' ( PDF ) . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Lewisohn , Mark ( 1988 ) . The Beatles Recording Sessions . New York : Harmony Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 57066 - 1 . MacDonald , Ian ( 2005 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( Second Revised ed . ) . London : Pimlico ( Rand ) . ISBN 1 - 84413 - 828 - 3 . Matovina , Dan ( 2000 ) . Without You : The Tragic Story of Badfinger . Frances Glover Books . ISBN 0 - 9657122 - 2 - 2 . Apple 's Neil Aspinall remembers , `` ( ... ) Badfinger just popped in my head . It was from an old Lennon thing . He was playing the piano and he had a bad finger so he called the piece he was playing ' Bad Finger Boogie ' ( which evolved into ' With A Little Help From My Friends ' ) `` Original liner notes for Capitol 's Beach Boys Rarities album '' . bradelliott.com. 1983 . `` Ringo Starr -- With a Little Help from My Friends '' . The Daily Show with Jon Stewart . 13 January 2010 . Kilpatrick , Sean ( 4 October 2009 ) . `` Stephen Harper rocks out '' . thestar.com . Toronto . Retrieved 22 October 2009 . `` UpVenue Top 10 Best Music Covers '' . UpVenue.com. 2010 . External links ( edit ) Quotations related to Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band at Wikiquote How B.J. Wilson Rescued a Classic Joe Cocker Track ( page about B.J. Wilson and Joe Cocker 's recording of the song ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Those Were the Days '' by Mary Hopkin UK number one single 6 November 1968 -- 13 November 1968 ( Joe Cocker version ) Succeeded by `` The Good , the Bad and the Ugly '' by Hugo Montenegro & His Orchestra Preceded by `` Perfect '' by Fairground Attraction UK number one single 15 May 1988 -- 12 June 1988 ( Wet Wet Wet version ) Succeeded by `` Doctorin ' the Tardis '' by The Timelords Preceded by `` Take Me to the Clouds Above '' by LMC vs U2 UK number one single 15 February 2004 -- 21 February 2004 ( Sam and Mark version ) Succeeded by `` Who 's David ? '' by Busted Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Songs Side one `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band '' `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' `` Getting Better '' `` Fixing a Hole '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite ! '' Side two `` Within You Without You '' `` When I 'm Sixty - Four '' `` Lovely Rita '' `` Good Morning Good Morning '' `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( Reprise ) '' `` A Day in the Life '' Non-album single `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' `` Penny Lane '' Outtakes `` Only a Northern Song '' `` Carnival of Light '' Tribute albums Easy Star 's Lonely Hearts Dub Band Sgt . Pepper Knew My Father Sgt . Pepper Live Sgt . Petsound 's Lonely Hearts Club Band With a Little Help from My Fwends Related articles The Beatles discography The Beatles ' studio years Sgt . Pepper 's cover Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( film ) Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( soundtrack ) Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band on the Road Yellow Submarine ( film ) Their Satanic Majesties Request `` Tina in the Sky with Diamonds '' Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters The Beatles singles discography UK and US ( all labels ) 1963 `` Please Please Me '' / `` Ask Me Why '' `` From Me to You '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` She Loves You '' / `` I 'll Get You '' 1964 `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' / `` You Ca n't Do That '' `` I Feel Fine '' / `` She 's a Woman '' 1965 `` Ticket to Ride '' / `` Yes It Is '' `` Help ! '' / `` I 'm Down '' `` We Can Work It Out '' / `` Day Tripper '' 1966 `` Paperback Writer '' / `` Rain '' `` Yellow Submarine '' / `` Eleanor Rigby '' 1967 `` Penny Lane '' / `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' `` All You Need Is Love '' / `` Baby , You 're a Rich Man '' `` Hello , Goodbye '' / `` I Am the Walrus '' 1968 `` Lady Madonna '' / `` The Inner Light '' `` Hey Jude '' / `` Revolution '' 1969 `` Get Back '' / `` Do n't Let Me Down '' `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' / `` Old Brown Shoe '' `` Something '' / `` Come Together '' 1970 `` Let It Be '' / `` You Know My Name ( Look Up the Number ) '' 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` A Day in the Life '' 1982 `` The Beatles Movie Medley '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' 1995 `` Free as a Bird '' / `` Christmas Time ( Is Here Again ) '' `` Real Love '' / `` Baby 's in Black '' UK only ( Parlophone , Apple ) 1962 `` My Bonnie '' / `` The Saints '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` This Boy '' 1964 `` Ai n't She Sweet '' / `` If You Love Me , Baby '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` Things We Said Today '' 1976 `` Yesterday '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Twist and Shout '' US only ( Vee - Jay , Swan , Tollie , Capitol , Apple ) 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` I Saw Her Standing There '' 1964 `` Twist and Shout '' / `` There 's a Place '' `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' `` Sie liebt dich '' / `` I 'll Get You '' `` I 'll Cry Instead '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' `` And I Love Her '' / `` If I Fell '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Matchbox '' / `` Slow Down '' 1965 `` Eight Days a Week '' / `` I Do n't Want to Spoil the Party '' `` Yesterday '' / `` Act Naturally '' 1966 `` Nowhere Man '' / `` What Goes On '' 1970 `` The Long and Winding Road '' / `` For You Blue '' 1976 `` Got to Get You into My Life '' / `` Helter Skelter '' `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` Julia '' Other countries ( Odeon , Parlophone , Apple ) 1963 `` All My Loving '' / `` This Boy '' ( Canada ) 1964 `` Komm , gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich '' ( Germany ) 1966 `` Norwegian Wood ( This Bird Has Flown ) '' / `` Nowhere Man '' ( Australia ) 1968 `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' ( Europe , Japan , Australia ) `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` I Will '' ( Philippines ) `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Do n't Pass Me By '' ( Sweden ) 1969 `` You 're Going to Lose That Girl '' / `` Tell Me What You See '' ( Japan ) 1970 `` Oh ! Darling '' / `` Here Comes the Sun '' ( Japan ) 1972 `` All Together Now '' / `` Hey Bulldog '' ( Europe ) 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` Within You Without You '' ( Germany ) Wet Wet Wet Graeme Clark Tommy Cunningham Neil Mitchell Marti Pellow Studio albums Popped In Souled Out The Memphis Sessions Holding Back the River High on the Happy Side Cloak & Dagger Picture This 10 Timeless Singles `` Wishing I Was Lucky '' `` Sweet Little Mystery '' `` Angel Eyes ( Home and Away ) '' `` Temptation '' `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' `` Sweet Surrender '' `` Broke Away '' `` Hold Back the River '' `` Stay with Me Heartache ( Ca n't Stand the Night ) '' `` Make It Tonight '' `` Put the Light On '' `` Goodnight Girl '' `` More than Love '' `` Lip Service '' `` Blue for You / This Time '' `` Shed a Tear '' `` Cold Cold Heart '' `` Love Is All Around '' `` Julia Says '' `` Do n't Want to Forgive Me Now '' `` Somewhere Somehow '' `` She 's All on My Mind '' `` Morning '' `` If I Never See You Again '' `` Strange '' `` Yesterday / Maybe I 'm in Love '' `` All I Want '' `` Too Many People '' `` Weightless '' Live albums Wet Wet Wet : Live Live at the Royal Albert Hall Compilations End of Part One : Their Greatest Hits The Greatest Hits Step by Step : The Greatest Hits Videos Video Singles Live Glasgow Green Free Concert High on the Happy Side Wets at the Castle Live at the Royal Albert Hall End of Part One Picture This - All Around and in the Crowd Playing Away at Home The Greatest Hits and More Related articles Discography Maggie Pie & The Impostors Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=With_a_Little_Help_from_My_Friends&oldid=826685170 '' Categories : 1967 songs 1968 singles 1988 singles The Beatles songs Songs about friendship Barbra Streisand songs Joe Cocker songs The Beach Boys songs The Muppets songs Number - one singles in Switzerland Sham 69 songs Song recordings produced by George Martin Songs written by Lennon -- McCartney UK Singles Chart number - one singles Wet Wet Wet songs Song recordings produced by Jeff Lynne Capitol Records singles Parlophone singles PolyGram singles Regal Zonophone Records singles Songs published by Northern Songs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2014 EngvarB from September 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Music infoboxes with Module : String errors All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Talk Contents Help About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara Français Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 13 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/With%20a%20Little%20Help%20from%20My%20Friends	695
what countries were part of the transatlantic slave trade			Atlantic slave trade	atlantic slave trade	The Atlantic slave trade or transatlantic slave trade involved the transportation by slave traders of enslaved African people , mainly from Africa to the Americas , and then their sale there . The slave trade used mainly the triangular trade route and its Middle Passage , and existed from the 16th to the 19th centuries . The vast majority of those who were enslaved and transported in the transatlantic slave trade were Africans from central and western Africa , who had been sold by other West Africans to Western European slave traders ( with a small number being captured directly by the slave traders in coastal raids ) , who brought them to the Americas . The South Atlantic and Caribbean economies especially were dependent on the supply of secure labour for the production of commodity crops , making goods and clothing to sell in Europe . This was crucial to those western European countries which , in the late 17th and 18th centuries , were vying with each other to create overseas empires .	The Portuguese were the first to engage in the Atlantic slave trade in the 16th century . In 1526 , they completed the first transatlantic slave voyage to Brazil , and other European countries soon followed . Shipowners regarded the slaves as cargo to be transported to the Americas as quickly and cheaply as possible , there to be sold to work on coffee , tobacco , cocoa , sugar and cotton plantations , gold and silver mines , rice fields , construction industry , cutting timber for ships , in skilled labour , and as domestic servants . The first Africans imported to the English colonies were classified as `` indentured servants '' , like workers coming from England , and also as `` apprentices for life '' . By the middle of the 17th century , slavery had hardened as a racial caste , with the slaves and their offspring being legally the property of their owners , and children born to slave mothers were also slaves . As property , the people were considered merchandise or units of labour , and were sold at markets with other goods and services . The major Atlantic slave trading nations , ordered by trade volume , were : the Portuguese , the British , the French , the Spanish , and the Dutch Empires . Several had established outposts on the African coast where they purchased slaves from local African leaders . These slaves were managed by a factor who was established on or near the coast to expedite the shipping of slaves to the New World . Slaves were kept in a factory while awaiting shipment . Current estimates are that about 12 million Africans were shipped across the Atlantic , although the number purchased by the traders was considerably higher , as the passage had a high death rate . Near the beginning of the 19th century , various governments acted to ban the trade , although illegal smuggling still occurred . In the early 21st century , several governments issued apologies for the transatlantic slave trade . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Atlantic travel 1.2 African slavery 1.3 European colonization and slavery in West Africa 2 16th , 17th and 18th centuries 2.1 Triangular trade 2.2 Labour and slavery 2.3 African participation in the slave trade 2.4 European participation in the slave trade 2.5 Slavery in Africa and the New World contrasted 2.6 Slave market regions and participation 2.7 African kingdoms of the era 2.7. 1 Ethnic groups 3 Human toll 3.1 African conflicts 3.2 Port factories 3.3 Atlantic shipment 3.4 Seasoning camps 4 European competition 5 New World destinations 6 Economics of slavery 7 Effects 7.1 Effect on the economy of West Africa 7.2 Effects on the British economy 7.3 Demographics 7.4 Legacy of racism 8 End of the Atlantic slave trade 9 Legacy 9.1 African diaspora 9.2 `` Back to Africa '' 9.3 Rastafari movement 9.4 Apologies 9.4. 1 Worldwide 9.4. 2 Benin 9.4. 3 France 9.4. 4 Ghana 9.4. 5 Netherlands 9.4. 6 Nigeria 9.4. 7 Uganda 9.4. 8 United Kingdom 9.4. 9 United States 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links Background See also : History of slavery Atlantic travel The Atlantic slave trade developed after trade contacts were established between the `` Old World '' ( Afro - Eurasia ) and the `` New World '' ( the Americas ) . For centuries , tidal currents had made ocean travel particularly difficult and risky for the ships that were then available , and as such there had been very little , if any , maritime contact between the peoples living in these continents . In the 15th century , however , new European developments in seafaring technologies resulted in ships being better equipped to deal with the tidal currents , and could begin traversing the Atlantic Ocean . Between 1600 and 1800 , approximately 300,000 sailors engaged in the slave trade visited West Africa . In doing so , they came into contact with societies living along the west African coast and in the Americas which they had never previously encountered . Historian Pierre Chaunu termed the consequences of European navigation `` disenclavement '' , with it marking an end of isolation for some societies and an increase in inter-societal contact for most others . Historian John Thornton noted , `` A number of technical and geographical factors combined to make Europeans the most likely people to explore the Atlantic and develop its commerce '' . He identified these as being the drive to find new and profitable commercial opportunities outside Europe as well as the desire to create an alternative trade network to that controlled by the Muslim Empire of the Middle East , which was viewed as a commercial , political and religious threat to European Christendom . In particular , European traders wanted to trade for gold , which could be found in western Africa , and also to find a maritime route to `` the Indies '' ( India ) , where they could trade for luxury goods such as spices without having to obtain these items from Middle Eastern Islamic traders . Although many of the initial Atlantic naval explorations were led by Iberians , members of many European nationalities were involved , including sailors from Portugal , Spain , the Italian kingdoms , England , France and the Netherlands . This diversity led Thornton to describe the initial `` exploration of the Atlantic '' as `` a truly international exercise , even if many of the dramatic discoveries were made under the sponsorship of the Iberian monarchs '' . That leadership later gave rise to the myth that `` the Iberians were the sole leaders of the exploration '' . African slavery Main article : Slavery in Africa Group of men , children , and women being taken to a slave market Slavery was practiced in some parts of Africa , Europe , Asia and the Americas for many centuries before the beginning of the Atlantic slave trade . There is evidence that enslaved people from some parts of Africa were exported to states in Africa , Europe , and Asia prior to the European colonization of the Americas . The African slave trade provided a large number of slaves to Europeans and many more to Muslim countries . The Atlantic slave trade was not the only slave trade from Africa , although it was the largest in volume and intensity . As Elikia M'bokolo wrote in Le Monde diplomatique : The African continent was bled of its human resources via all possible routes . Across the Sahara , through the Red Sea , from the Indian Ocean ports and across the Atlantic . At least ten centuries of slavery for the benefit of the Muslim countries ( from the ninth to the nineteenth ) ... Four million enslaved people exported via the Red Sea , another four million through the Swahili ports of the Indian Ocean , perhaps as many as nine million along the trans - Saharan caravan route , and eleven to twenty million ( depending on the author ) across the Atlantic Ocean . According to John K. Thornton , Europeans usually bought enslaved people who were captured in endemic warfare between African states . Some Africans had made a business out of capturing Africans from neighboring ethnic groups or war captives and selling them . A reminder of this practice is documented in the Slave Trade Debates of England in the early 19th century : `` All the old writers ... concur in stating not only that wars are entered into for the sole purpose of making slaves , but that they are fomented by Europeans , with a view to that object . '' People living around the Niger River were transported from these markets to the coast and sold at European trading ports in exchange for muskets and manufactured goods such as cloth or alcohol . However , the European demand for slaves provided a large new market for the already existing trade . While those held in slavery in their own region of Africa might hope to escape , those shipped away had little chance of returning to Africa . European colonization and slavery in West Africa This section relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( April 2011 ) The Portuguese presenting themselves before the Manikongo . The Portuguese initially fostered a good relationship with the Kingdom of Kongo . Civil War within Kongo would lead to many of its subjects ending up as enslaved people in Portuguese and other European vessels . Upon discovering new lands through their naval explorations , European colonisers soon began to migrate to and settle in lands outside their native continent . Off the coast of Africa , European migrants , under the directions of the Kingdom of Castile , invaded and colonised the Canary Islands during the 15th century , where they converted much of the land to the production of wine and sugar . Along with this , they also captured native Canary Islanders , the Guanches , to use as slaves both on the Islands and across the Christian Mediterranean . As historian John Thornton remarked , `` the actual motivation for European expansion and for navigational breakthroughs was little more than to exploit the opportunity for immediate profits made by raiding and the seizure or purchase of trade commodities '' . Using the Canary Islands as a naval base , Europeans , at the time primarily Portuguese traders , began to move their activities down the western coast of Africa , performing raids in which slaves would be captured to be later sold in the Mediterranean . Although initially successful in this venture , `` it was not long before African naval forces were alerted to the new dangers , and the Portuguese ( raiding ) ships began to meet strong and effective resistance '' , with the crews of several of them being killed by African sailors , whose boats were better equipped at traversing the west African coasts and river systems . By 1494 , the Portuguese king had entered agreements with the rulers of several West African states that would allow trade between their respective peoples , enabling the Portuguese to `` tap into '' the `` well - developed commercial economy in Africa ... without engaging in hostilities '' . `` Peaceful trade became the rule all along the African coast '' , although there were some rare exceptions when acts of aggression led to violence . For instance , Portuguese traders attempted to conquer the Bissagos Islands in 1535 . In 1571 Portugal , supported by the Kingdom of Kongo , took control of the south - western region of Angola in order to secure its threatened economic interest in the area . Although Kongo later joined a coalition in 1591 to force the Portuguese out , Portugal had secured a foothold on the continent that it continued to occupy until the 20th century . Despite these incidences of occasional violence between African and European forces , many African states ensured that any trade went on in their own terms , for instance , imposing custom duties on foreign ships . In 1525 , the Kongolese king , Afonso I , seized a French vessel and its crew for illegally trading on his coast . Historians have widely debated the nature of the relationship between these African kingdoms and the European traders . The Guyanese historian Walter Rodney ( 1972 ) has argued that it was an unequal relationship , with Africans being forced into a `` colonial '' trade with the more economically developed Europeans , exchanging raw materials and human resources ( i.e. slaves ) for manufactured goods . He argued that it was this economic trade agreement dating back to the 16th century that led to Africa being underdeveloped in his own time . These ideas were supported by other historians , including Ralph Austen ( 1987 ) . This idea of an unequal relationship was contested by John Thornton ( 1998 ) , who argued that `` the Atlantic slave trade was not nearly as critical to the African economy as these scholars believed '' and that `` African manufacturing ( at this period ) was more than capable of handling competition from preindustrial Europe '' . However , Anne Bailey , commenting on Thornton 's suggestion that Africans and Europeans were equal partners in the Atlantic slave trade , wrote : ( T ) o see Africans as partners implies equal terms and equal influence on the global and intercontinental processes of the trade . Africans had great influence on the continent itself , but they had no direct influence on the engines behind the trade in the capital firms , the shipping and insurance companies of Europe and America , or the plantation systems in Americas . They did not wield any influence on the building manufacturing centers of the West . 16th , 17th and 18th centuries Portrait of an African Slave Woman , probably painted by Annibale Carracci in the 1580s The Atlantic slave trade is customarily divided into two eras , known as the First and Second Atlantic Systems . The First Atlantic system was the trade of enslaved Africans to , primarily , South American colonies of the Portuguese and Spanish empires ; it accounted for slightly more than 3 % of all Atlantic slave trade . It started ( on a significant scale ) in about 1502 and lasted until 1580 when Portugal was temporarily united with Spain . While the Portuguese were directly involved in trading enslaved peoples , the Spanish empire relied on the asiento system , awarding merchants ( mostly from other countries ) the license to trade enslaved people to their colonies . During the first Atlantic system , most of these traders were Portuguese , giving them a near - monopoly during the era . Some Dutch , English , and French traders also participated in the slave trade . After the union , Portugal came under Spanish legislation that prohibited it from directly engaging in the slave trade as a carrier . It became a target for the traditional enemies of Spain , losing a large share of the trade to the Dutch , English , and French . The Second Atlantic system was the trade of enslaved Africans by mostly English , Portuguese , French and Dutch traders . The main destinations of this phase were the Caribbean colonies and Brazil , as European nations built up economically slave - dependent colonies in the New World . Slightly more than 3 % of the enslaved people exported from Africa were traded between 1450 and 1600 , and 16 % in the 17th century . It is estimated that more than half of the entire slave trade took place during the 18th century , with the British , Portuguese and French being the main carriers of nine out of ten slaves abducted in Africa . By the 1690s , the English were shipping the most slaves from West Africa . They maintained this position during the 18th century , becoming the biggest shippers of slaves across the Atlantic . However , it was the Portuguese colony of Angola and nearby Kingdoms in the Congo region which overwhelmingly dominated as the slave trade 's main sources of slaves , with the Angola city of Luanda early serving as the main port for the Portuguese slave traders . By the 18th century , Angola had become the principal source of the Atlantic slave trade . Following the British and United States ' bans on the African slave trade in 1808 , it declined , but the period after still accounted for 28.5 % of the total volume of the Atlantic slave trade . `` The Slave Trade '' by Auguste François Biard , 1840 A burial ground in Campeche , Mexico , suggests slaves had been brought there not long after Hernán Cortés completed the subjugation of Aztec and Mayan Mexico in the 16th century . The graveyard had been in use from approximately 1550 to the late 17th century . Triangular trade Main article : Triangular trade The first side of the triangle was the export of goods from Europe to Africa . A number of African kings and merchants took part in the trading of enslaved people from 1440 to about 1833 . For each captive , the African rulers would receive a variety of goods from Europe . These included guns , ammunition , and other factory - made goods . The second leg of the triangle exported enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas and the Caribbean Islands . The third and final part of the triangle was the return of goods to Europe from the Americas . The goods were the products of slave - labour plantations and included cotton , sugar , tobacco , molasses and rum . Sir John Hawkins , considered the pioneer of the British slave trade , was the first to run the Triangular trade , making a profit at every stop . Labour and slavery `` Am I Not a Man and a Brother ? '' 1787 medallion designed by Josiah Wedgwood for the British anti-slavery campaign The Atlantic Slave Trade was the result of , among other things , labour shortage , itself in turn created by the desire of European colonists to exploit New World land and resources for capital profits . Native peoples were at first utilized as slave labour by Europeans until a large number died from overwork and Old World diseases . Alternative sources of labour , such as indentured servitude , failed to provide a sufficient workforce . Many crops could not be sold for profit , or even grown , in Europe . Exporting crops and goods from the New World to Europe often proved to be more profitable than producing them on the European mainland . A vast amount of labour was needed to create and sustain plantations that required intensive labour to grow , harvest , and process prized tropical crops . Western Africa ( part of which became known as `` the Slave Coast '' ) and later Central Africa , became the source for enslaved people to meet the demand for labour . Despite not being a part of the recognized Slave Coast , it has been acknowledged that Angola and nearby Kingdoms dominated as the main source for the slave trade . The basic reason for the constant shortage of labour was that , with large amounts of cheap land available and lots of landowners searching for workers , free European immigrants were able to become landowners themselves after a relatively short time , thus increasing the need for workers . Thomas Jefferson attributed the use of slave labour in part to the climate , and the consequent idle leisure afforded by slave labour : `` For in a warm climate , no man will labour for himself who can make another labour for him . This is so true , that of the proprietors of slaves a very small proportion indeed are ever seen to labour . '' African participation in the slave trade Slave traders in Gorée , Senegal , 18th century Africans played a direct role in the slave trade , selling their captives or prisoners of war to European buyers . The prisoners and captives who were sold were usually from neighbouring or enemy ethnic groups . These captive slaves were considered `` other '' , not part of the people of the ethnic group or `` tribe '' ; African kings held no particular loyalty to them . Sometimes criminals would be sold so that they could no longer commit crimes in that area . Most other slaves were obtained from kidnappings , or through raids that occurred at gunpoint through joint ventures with the Europeans . But some African kings refused to sell any of their captives or criminals . King Jaja of Opobo , a former slave , refused to do business with the slavers completely . Africans also participated in the slave trade through intermarriage , or cassare , meaning `` to set up house '' . It is derived from the Portuguese word `` casar '' , meaning `` to marry '' . Cassare created political and economic bonds between European and African slave traders . Cassare was a pre-European practice used to integrate the `` other '' from a differing African tribe . Powerful West African groups used these marriages as an alliance used to strengthen their trade networks with European men by marrying off African women from families with ties to the slave trade . Early on in the Atlantic Slave trade , these marriages were common . The marriages were even performed using African customs , which Europeans did not object to , seeing how important the connections were . European participation in the slave trade Although Europeans were the market for slaves , Europeans rarely entered the interior of Africa , due to fear of disease and fierce African resistance . In Africa , convicted criminals could be punished by enslavement , a punishment which became more prevalent as slavery became more lucrative . Since most of these nations did not have a prison system , convicts were often sold or used in the scattered local domestic slave market . A slave being inspected As of 1778 , Thomas Kitchin estimated that Europeans were bringing an estimated 52,000 slaves to the Caribbean yearly , with the French bringing the most Africans to the French West Indies ( 13,000 out of the yearly estimate ) . The Atlantic slave trade peaked in the last two decades of the 18th century , during and following the Kongo Civil War . Wars among tiny states along the Niger River 's Igbo - inhabited region and the accompanying banditry also spiked in this period . Another reason for surplus supply of enslaved people was major warfare conducted by expanding states , such as the kingdom of Dahomey , the Oyo Empire , and the Asante Empire . Slavery in Africa and the New World contrasted Further information : Slavery in Africa Forms of slavery varied both in Africa and in the New World . In general , slavery in Africa was not heritable -- that is , the children of slaves were free -- while in the Americas , children of slave mothers were considered born into slavery . This was connected to another distinction : slavery in West Africa was not reserved for racial or religious minorities , as it was in European colonies , although the case was otherwise in places such as Somalia , where Bantus were taken as slaves for the ethnic Somalis . The treatment of slaves in Africa was more variable than in the Americas . At one extreme , the kings of Dahomey routinely slaughtered slaves in hundreds or thousands in sacrificial rituals , and slaves as human sacrifices were also known in Cameroon . On the other hand , slaves in other places were often treated as part of the family , `` adopted children '' , with significant rights including the right to marry without their masters ' permission . Scottish explorer Mungo Park wrote : The slaves in Africa , I suppose , are nearly in the proportion of three to one to the freemen . They claim no reward for their services except food and clothing , and are treated with kindness or severity , according to the good or bad disposition of their masters ... The slaves which are thus brought from the interior may be divided into two distinct classes -- first , such as were slaves from their birth , having been born of enslaved mothers ; secondly , such as were born free , but who afterwards , by whatever means , became slaves . Those of the first description are by far the most numerous ... '' In the Americas , slaves were denied the right to marry freely and masters did not generally accept them as equal members of the family . New World slaves were considered the property of their owners , and slaves convicted of revolt or murder were executed . Slave market regions and participation Major slave trading regions of Africa , 15th -- 19th centuries There were eight principal areas used by Europeans to buy and ship slaves to the Western Hemisphere . The number of enslaved people sold to the New World varied throughout the slave trade . As for the distribution of slaves from regions of activity , certain areas produced far more enslaved people than others . Between 1650 and 1900 , 10.24 million enslaved Africans arrived in the Americas from the following regions in the following proportions : Senegambia ( Senegal and the Gambia ) : 4.8 % Upper Guinea ( Guinea - Bissau , Guinea and Sierra Leone ) : 4.1 % Windward Coast ( Liberia and Ivory Coast ) : 1.8 % Gold Coast ( Ghana and east of Ivory Coast ) : 10.4 % Bight of Benin ( Togo , Benin and Nigeria west of the Niger Delta ) : 20.2 % Bight of Biafra ( Nigeria east of the Niger Delta , Cameroon , Equatorial Guinea and Gabon ) : 14.6 % West Central Africa ( Republic of Congo , Democratic Republic of Congo and Angola ) : 39.4 % Southeastern Africa ( Mozambique and Madagascar ) : 4.7 % African kingdoms of the era Ghezo , King of Dahomey , was under pressure from the British to end the slave trade There were over 173 city - states and kingdoms in the African regions affected by the slave trade between 1502 and 1853 when Brazil became the last Atlantic import nation to outlaw the slave trade . Of those 173 , no fewer than 68 could be deemed nation states with political and military infrastructures that enabled them to dominate their neighbours . Nearly every present - day nation had a pre-colonial predecessor , sometimes an African Empire with which European traders had to barter . Ethnic groups The different ethnic groups brought to the Americas closely corresponds to the regions of heaviest activity in the slave trade . Over 45 distinct ethnic groups were taken to the Americas during the trade . Of the 45 , the ten most prominent , according to slave documentation of the era are listed below . The BaKongo of the Democratic Republic of Congo and Angola The Mandé of Upper Guinea The Gbe speakers of Togo , Ghana , and Benin ( Adja , Mina , Ewe , Fon ) The Akan of Ghana and Ivory Coast The Wolof of Senegal and the Gambia The Igbo of southeastern Nigeria The Mbundu of Angola ( includes both Ambundu and Ovimbundu ) The Yoruba of southwestern Nigeria The Chamba of Cameroon The Makua of Mozambique Human toll The transatlantic slave trade resulted in a vast and as yet still unknown loss of life for African captives both in and outside America . Approximately 1.2 -- 2.4 million Africans died during their transport to the New World . More died soon upon their arrival . The number of lives lost in the procurement of slaves remains a mystery but may equal or exceed the number who survived to be enslaved . The savage nature of the trade led to the destruction of individuals and cultures . The following figures do not include deaths of enslaved Africans as a result of their labour , slave revolts , or diseases suffered while living among New World populations . Historian Ana Lucia Araujo has noted that the process of enslavement did not end with arrival on the American shores ; the different paths taken by the individuals and groups who were victims of the Atlantic slave trade were influenced by different factors -- including the disembarking region , the kind of work performed , gender , age , religion , and language . Estimates by Patrick Manning are that about 12 million slaves entered the Atlantic trade between the 16th and 19th century , but about 1.5 million died on board ship . About 10.5 million slaves arrived in the Americas . Besides the slaves who died on the Middle Passage , more Africans likely died during the slave raids in Africa and forced marches to ports . Manning estimates that 4 million died inside Africa after capture , and many more died young . Manning 's estimate covers the 12 million who were originally destined for the Atlantic , as well as the 6 million destined for Asian slave markets and the 8 million destined for African markets . Of the slaves shipped to The Americas , the largest share went to Brazil and the Caribbean . African conflicts Diagram of a slave ship from the Atlantic slave trade . From an Abstract of Evidence delivered before a select committee of the House of Commons in 1790 and 1791 . Diagram of a large slave ship . Thomas Clarkson : The cries of Africa to the inhabitants of Europe , 1822 ? According to Kimani Nehusi , the presence of European slavers affected the way in which the legal code in African societies responded to offenders . Crimes traditionally punishable by some other form of punishment became punishable by enslavement and sale to slave traders . According to David Stannard 's American Holocaust , 50 % of African deaths occurred in Africa as a result of wars between native kingdoms , which produced the majority of slaves . This includes not only those who died in battles but also those who died as a result of forced marches from inland areas to slave ports on the various coasts . The practice of enslaving enemy combatants and their villages was widespread throughout Western and West Central Africa , although wars were rarely started to procure slaves . The slave trade was largely a by - product of tribal and state warfare as a way of removing potential dissidents after victory or financing future wars . However , some African groups proved particularly adept and brutal at the practice of enslaving , such as Oyo , Benin , Igala , Kaabu , Asanteman , Dahomey , the Aro Confederacy and the Imbangala war bands . In letters written by the Manikongo , Nzinga Mbemba Afonso , to the King João III of Portugal , he writes that Portuguese merchandise flowing in is what is fueling the trade in Africans . He requests the King of Portugal to stop sending merchandise but should only send missionaries . In one of his letters he writes : Each day the traders are kidnapping our people -- children of this country , sons of our nobles and vassals , even people of our own family . This corruption and depravity are so widespread that our land is entirely depopulated . We need in this kingdom only priests and schoolteachers , and no merchandise , unless it is wine and flour for Mass . It is our wish that this Kingdom not be a place for the trade or transport of slaves ... Many of our subjects eagerly lust after Portuguese merchandise that your subjects have brought into our domains . To satisfy this inordinate appetite , they seize many of our black free subjects ... They sell them . After having taken these prisoners ( to the coast ) secretly or at night ... As soon as the captives are in the hands of white men they are branded with a red - hot iron . Before the arrival of the Portuguese , slavery had already existed in Kongo . Afonso believed that the slave trade should be subject to Kongo law . When he suspected the Portuguese of receiving illegally enslaved persons to sell , he wrote to King João III in 1526 imploring him to put a stop to the practice . The kings of Dahomey sold war captives into transatlantic slavery ; they would otherwise have been killed in a ceremony known as the Annual Customs . As one of West Africa 's principal slave states , Dahomey became extremely unpopular with neighbouring peoples . Like the Bambara Empire to the east , the Khasso kingdoms depended heavily on the slave trade for their economy . A family 's status was indicated by the number of slaves it owned , leading to wars for the sole purpose of taking more captives . This trade led the Khasso into increasing contact with the European settlements of Africa 's west coast , particularly the French . Benin grew increasingly rich during the 16th and 17th centuries on the slave trade with Europe ; slaves from enemy states of the interior were sold and carried to the Americas in Dutch and Portuguese ships . The Bight of Benin 's shore soon came to be known as the `` Slave Coast '' . King Gezo of Dahomey said in the 1840s : The slave trade is the ruling principle of my people . It is the source and the glory of their wealth ... the mother lulls the child to sleep with notes of triumph over an enemy reduced to slavery ... In 1807 , the UK Parliament passed the Bill that abolished the trading of slaves . The King of Bonny ( now in Nigeria ) was horrified at the conclusion of the practice : We think this trade must go on . That is the verdict of our oracle and the priests . They say that your country , however great , can never stop a trade ordained by God himself . Port factories After being marched to the coast for sale , enslaved people were held in large forts called factories . The amount of time in factories varied , but Milton Meltzer states in Slavery : A World History that around 4.5 % of deaths attributed to the transatlantic slave trade occurred during this phase . In other words , over 820,000 people are believed to have died in African ports such as Benguela , Elmina , and Bonny , reducing the number of those shipped to 17.5 million . Atlantic shipment A Liverpool Slave Ship by William Jackson . Merseyside Maritime Museum After being captured and held in the factories , slaves entered the infamous Middle Passage . Meltzer 's research puts this phase of the slave trade 's overall mortality at 12.5 % . Their deaths were the result of brutal treatment and poor care from the time of their capture and throughout their voyage . Around 2.2 million Africans died during these voyages where they were packed into tight , unsanitary spaces on ships for months at a time . Measures were taken to stem the onboard mortality rate , such as enforced `` dancing '' ( as exercise ) above deck and the practice of force - feeding enslaved persons who tried to starve themselves . The conditions on board also resulted in the spread of fatal diseases . Other fatalities were suicides , slaves who escaped by jumping overboard . The slave traders would try to fit anywhere from 350 to 600 slaves on one ship . Before the African slave trade was completely banned by participating nations in 1853 , 15.3 million enslaved people had arrived in the Americas . Raymond L. Cohn , an economics professor whose research has focused on economic history and international migration , has researched the mortality rates among Africans during the voyages of the Atlantic slave trade . He found that mortality rates decreased over the history of the slave trade , primarily because the length of time necessary for the voyage was declining . `` In the eighteenth century many slave voyages took at least 21⁄2 months . In the nineteenth century , 2 months appears to have been the maximum length of the voyage , and many voyages were far shorter . Fewer slaves died in the Middle Passage over time mainly because the passage was shorter . '' Despite the vast profits of slavery , the ordinary sailors on slave ships were badly paid and subject to harsh discipline . Mortality of around 20 % was expected in a ship 's crew during the course of a voyage ; this was due to disease , flogging , overwork or slave uprisings . Disease ( malaria or yellow fever ) was the most common cause of death among sailors . A high crew mortality rate on the return voyage was in the captain 's interests as it reduced the number of sailors who had to be paid on reaching the home port . The slave trade was hated by many sailors and those who joined the crews of slave ships often did so through coercion or because they could find no other employment . Seasoning camps Meltzer also states that 33 % of Africans would have died in the first year at the seasoning camps found throughout the Caribbean . Jamaica held one of the most notorious of these camps . Dysentery was the leading cause of death . Around 5 million Africans died in these camps , reducing the number of survivors to about 10 million . European competition The trade of enslaved Africans in the Atlantic has its origins in the explorations of Portuguese mariners down the coast of West Africa in the 15th century . Before that , contact with African slave markets was made to ransom Portuguese who had been captured by the intense North African Barbary pirate attacks on Portuguese ships and coastal villages , frequently leaving them depopulated . The first Europeans to use enslaved Africans in the New World were the Spaniards , who sought auxiliaries for their conquest expeditions and labourers on islands such as Cuba and Hispaniola . The alarming decline in the native population had spurred the first royal laws protecting them ( Laws of Burgos , 1512 -- 13 ) . The first enslaved Africans arrived in Hispaniola in 1501 . After Portugal had succeeded in establishing sugar plantations ( engenhos ) in northern Brazil ca . 1545 , Portuguese merchants on the West African coast began to supply enslaved Africans to the sugar planters . While at first these planters had relied almost exclusively on the native Tupani for slave labour , after 1570 they began importing Africans , as a series of epidemics had decimated the already destabilized Tupani communities . By 1630 , Africans had replaced the Tupani as the largest contingent of labour on Brazilian sugar plantations . This ended the European medieval household tradition of slavery , resulted in Brazil 's receiving the most enslaved Africans , and revealed sugar cultivation and processing as the reason that roughly 84 % of these Africans were shipped to the New World . Punishing slaves at Calabouco , in Rio de Janeiro , c. 1822 As Britain rose in naval power and settled continental North America and some islands of the West Indies , they became the leading slave traders . At one stage the trade was the monopoly of the Royal Africa Company , operating out of London . But , following the loss of the company 's monopoly in 1689 , Bristol and Liverpool merchants became increasingly involved in the trade . By the late 17th century , one out of every four ships that left Liverpool harbour was a slave trading ship . Much of the wealth on which the city of Manchester , and surrounding towns , was built in the late 18th century , and for much of the 19th century , was based on the processing of slave - picked cotton and manufacture of cloth . Other British cities also profited from the slave trade . Birmingham , the largest gun - producing town in Britain at the time , supplied guns to be traded for slaves . 75 % of all sugar produced in the plantations was sent to London , and much of it was consumed in the highly lucrative coffee houses there . New World destinations Recently bought slaves in Brazil on their way to the farms of the landowners who bought them c. 1830 . A 19th - century lithograph showing a sugarcane plantation in Suriname . The first slaves to arrive as part of a labour force in the New World reached the island of Hispaniola ( now Haiti and the Dominican Republic ) in 1502 . Cuba received its first four slaves in 1513 . Jamaica received its first shipment of 4000 slaves in 1518 . Slave exports to Honduras and Guatemala started in 1526 . The first enslaved Africans to reach what would become the United States arrived in July 1526 as part of a Spanish attempt to colonize San Miguel de Gualdape . By November the 300 Spanish colonists were reduced to 100 , and their slaves from 100 to 70 . The enslaved people revolted in 1526 and joined a nearby Native American tribe , while the Spanish abandoned the colony altogether ( 1527 ) . The area of the future Colombia received its first enslaved people in 1533 . El Salvador , Costa Rica and Florida began their stints in the slave trade in 1541 , 1563 and 1581 , respectively . The 17th century saw an increase in shipments . Africans arrived in the English colony of Jamestown , Virginia in 1619 . The first kidnapped Africans in English North America were classed as indentured servants and freed after seven years . Virginia law codified chattel slavery in 1656 , and in 1662 the colony adopted the principle of partus sequitur ventrem , which classified children of slave mothers as slaves , regardless of paternity . Irish immigrants took slaves to Montserrat in 1651 , and in 1655 slaves were shipped to Belize . By 1802 , Russian colonists noted that `` Boston '' ( U.S. - based ) skippers were trading African slaves for otter pelts with the Tlingit people in Southeast Alaska . Distribution of slaves ( 1519 -- 1867 ) Destination Percentage Portuguese America 38.5 % British America ( minus North America ) 18.4 % Spanish Empire 17.5 % French Americas 13.6 % British North America 6.45 % English Americas 3.25 % Dutch West Indies 2.0 % Danish West Indies 0.3 % The number of the Africans who arrived in each region is calculated from the total number of slaves imported , about 10,000,000 . Economics of slavery Slaves processing tobacco in 17th - century Virginia In France in the 18th century , returns for investors in plantations averaged around 6 % ; as compared to 5 % for most domestic alternatives , this represented a 20 % profit advantage . Risks -- maritime and commercial -- were important for individual voyages . Investors mitigated it by buying small shares of many ships at the same time . In that way , they were able to diversify a large part of the risk away . Between voyages , ship shares could be freely sold and bought . By far the most financially profitable West Indian colonies in 1800 belonged to the United Kingdom . After entering the sugar colony business late , British naval supremacy and control over key islands such as Jamaica , Trinidad , the Leeward Islands and Barbados and the territory of British Guiana gave it an important edge over all competitors ; while many British did not make gains , a handful of individuals made small fortunes . This advantage was reinforced when France lost its most important colony , St. Domingue ( western Hispaniola , now Haiti ) , to a slave revolt in 1791 and supported revolts against its rival Britain , after the 1793 French revolution in the name of liberty . Before 1791 , British sugar had to be protected to compete against cheaper French sugar . After 1791 , the British islands produced the most sugar , and the British people quickly became the largest consumers . West Indian sugar became ubiquitous as an additive to Indian tea . It has been estimated that the profits of the slave trade and of West Indian plantations created up to one - in - twenty of every pound circulating in the British economy at the time of the Industrial Revolution in the latter half of the 18th century . Effects World population ( in millions ) Year 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 1999 World 791 978 1,262 1,650 2,521 5,978 Africa 106 107 111 133 221 767 Asia 502 635 809 947 1,402 3,634 Europe 163 203 276 408 547 729 Latin America and the Caribbean 16 24 38 74 167 511 Northern America 7 26 82 172 307 Oceania 6 13 30 World population ( by percentage distribution ) Year 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 1999 World 100 100 100 100 100 100 Africa 13.4 10.9 8.8 8.1 8.8 12.8 Asia 63.5 64.9 64.1 57.4 55.6 60.8 Europe 20.6 20.8 21.9 24.7 21.7 12.2 Latin America and the Caribbean 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.5 6.6 8.5 Northern America 0.3 0.7 2.1 5.0 6.8 5.1 Oceania 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5 Historian Walter Rodney has argued that at the start of the slave trade in the 16th century , although there was a technological gap between Europe and Africa , it was not very substantial . Both continents were using Iron Age technology . The major advantage that Europe had was in ship building . During the period of slavery , the populations of Europe and the Americas grew exponentially , while the population of Africa remained stagnant . Rodney contended that the profits from slavery were used to fund economic growth and technological advancement in Europe and the Americas . Based on earlier theories by Eric Williams , he asserted that the industrial revolution was at least in part funded by agricultural profits from the Americas . He cited examples such as the invention of the steam engine by James Watt , which was funded by plantation owners from the Caribbean . Other historians have attacked both Rodney 's methodology and accuracy . Joseph C. Miller has argued that the social change and demographic stagnation ( which he researched on the example of West Central Africa ) was caused primarily by domestic factors . Joseph Inikori provided a new line of argument , estimating counterfactual demographic developments in case the Atlantic slave trade had not existed . Patrick Manning has shown that the slave trade did have a profound impact on African demographics and social institutions , but criticized Inikori 's approach for not taking other factors ( such as famine and drought ) into account , and thus being highly speculative . Effect on the economy of West Africa The neutrality of this section is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cowrie shells were used as money in the slave trade No scholars dispute the harm done to the enslaved people but the effect of the trade on African societies is much debated , due to the apparent influx of goods to Africans . Proponents of the slave trade , such as Archibald Dalzel , argued that African societies were robust and not much affected by the trade . In the 19th century , European abolitionists , most prominently Dr. David Livingstone , took the opposite view , arguing that the fragile local economy and societies were being severely harmed by the trade . Because the negative effects of slavery on the economies of Africa have been well documented , namely the significant decline in population , some African rulers likely saw an economic benefit from trading their subjects with European slave traders . With the exception of Portuguese controlled Angola , coastal African leaders `` generally controlled access to their coasts , and were able to prevent direct enslavement of their subjects and citizens '' . Thus , as African scholar John Thornton argues , African leaders who allowed the continuation of the slave trade likely derived an economic benefit from selling their subjects to Europeans . The Kingdom of Benin , for instance , participated in the African slave trade , at will , from 1715 to 1735 , surprising Dutch traders , who had not expected to buy slaves in Benin . The benefit derived from trading slaves for European goods was enough to make the Kingdom of Benin rejoin the trans - Atlantic slave trade after centuries of non-participation . Such benefits included military technology ( specifically guns and gunpowder ) , gold , or simply maintaining amicable trade relationships with European nations . The slave trade was , therefore , a means for some African elites to gain economic advantages . Historian Walter Rodney estimates that by c. 1770 , the King of Dahomey was earning an estimated £ 250,000 per year by selling captive African soldiers and enslaved people to the European slave - traders . Many West African countries also already had a tradition of holding slaves , which was expanded into trade with Europeans . The Atlantic trade brought new crops to Africa and also more efficient currencies which were adopted by the West African merchants . This can be interpreted as an institutional reform which reduced the cost of doing business . But the developmental benefits were limited as long as the business including slaving . Both Thornton and Fage contend that while African political elite may have ultimately benefited from the slave trade , their decision to participate may have been influenced more by what they could lose by not participating . In Fage 's article `` Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Context of West African History '' , he notes that for West Africans `` ... there were really few effective means of mobilizing labour for the economic and political needs of the state '' without the slave trade . Effects on the British economy Further information : Historiography of the British Empire § Slavery This map argues that import prohibitions and high duties on sugar were artificially inflating prices and inhibiting manufacturing in England . 1823 Historian Eric Williams in 1944 argued that the profits that Britain received from its sugar colonies , or from the slave trade between Africa and the Caribbean , was a major factor in financing Britain 's industrial revolution . However , he says that by the time of its abolition in 1833 it had lost its profitability and it was in Britain 's economic interest to ban it . Other researchers and historians have strongly contested what has come to be referred to as the `` Williams thesis '' in academia . David Richardson has concluded that the profits from the slave trade amounted to less than 1 % of domestic investment in Britain . Economic historian Stanley Engerman finds that even without subtracting the associated costs of the slave trade ( e.g. , shipping costs , slave mortality , mortality of British people in Africa , defense costs ) or reinvestment of profits back into the slave trade , the total profits from the slave trade and of West Indian plantations amounted to less than 5 % of the British economy during any year of the Industrial Revolution . Engerman 's 5 % figure gives as much as possible in terms of benefit of the doubt to the Williams argument , not solely because it does not take into account the associated costs of the slave trade to Britain , but also because it carries the full - employment assumption from economics and holds the gross value of slave trade profits as a direct contribution to Britain 's national income . Historian Richard Pares , in an article written before Williams ' book , dismisses the influence of wealth generated from the West Indian plantations upon the financing of the Industrial Revolution , stating that whatever substantial flow of investment from West Indian profits into industry there occurred after emancipation , not before . Seymour Drescher and Robert Anstey argue the slave trade remained profitable until the end , and that moralistic reform , not economic incentive , was primarily responsible for abolition . They say slavery remained profitable in the 1830s because of innovations in agriculture . Karl Marx in his influential economic history of capitalism Das Kapital wrote that `` ... the turning of Africa into a warren for the commercial hunting of black - skins , signaled the rosy dawn of the era of capitalist production '' . He argued that the slave trade was part of what he termed the `` primitive accumulation '' of capital , the ' non-capitalist ' accumulation of wealth that preceded and created the financial conditions for Britain 's industrialisation . Demographics A Linen Market with enslaved Africans . West Indies , circa 1780 The demographic effects of the slave trade is a controversial and highly debated issue . Walter Rodney argued that the export of so many people had been a demographic disaster which left Africa permanently disadvantaged when compared to other parts of the world , and it largely explains the continent 's continued poverty . He presented numbers showing that Africa 's population stagnated during this period , while those of Europe and Asia grew dramatically . According to Rodney , all other areas of the economy were disrupted by the slave trade as the top merchants abandoned traditional industries in order to pursue slaving , and the lower levels of the population were disrupted by the slaving itself . Others have challenged this view . J.D. Fage compared the demographic effect on the continent as a whole . David Eltis has compared the numbers to the rate of emigration from Europe during this period . In the 19th century alone over 50 million people left Europe for the Americas , a far higher rate than were ever taken from Africa . Other scholars accused Walter Rodney of mischaracterizing the trade between Africans and Europeans . They argue that Africans , or more accurately African elites , deliberately let European traders join in an already large trade in enslaved people and that they were not patronized . As Joseph E. Inikori argues , the history of the region shows that the effects were still quite deleterious . He argues that the African economic model of the period was very different from the European model , and could not sustain such population losses . Population reductions in certain areas also led to widespread problems . Inikori also notes that after the suppression of the slave trade Africa 's population almost immediately began to rapidly increase , even prior to the introduction of modern medicines . Legacy of racism West Indian Creole woman , with her black servant , circa 1780 Walter Rodney states , `` The role of slavery in promoting racist prejudice and ideology has been carefully studied in certain situations , especially in the USA . The simple fact is that no people can enslave another for four centuries without coming out with a notion of superiority , and when the colour and other physical traits of those peoples were quite different it was inevitable that the prejudice should take a racist form . '' Eric Williams argued that `` A racial twist ( was ) given to what is basically an economic phenomenon . Slavery was not born of racism : rather , racism was the consequence of slavery . '' End of the Atlantic slave trade Main article : Abolitionism See also : Blockade of Africa William Wilberforce ( 1759 -- 1833 ) , politician and philanthropist who was a leader of the movement to abolish the slave trade . In Britain , America , Portugal and in parts of Europe , opposition developed against the slave trade . Davis says that abolitionists assumed `` that an end to slave imports would lead automatically to the amelioration and gradual abolition of slavery '' . In Britain and America , opposition to the trade was led by the Religious Society of Friends ( Quakers ) and establishment Evangelicals such as William Wilberforce . Many people joined the movement and they began to protest against the trade , but they were opposed by the owners of the colonial holdings . Following Lord Mansfield 's decision in 1772 , slaves became free upon entering the British isles . Under the leadership of Thomas Jefferson , the new state of Virginia in 1778 became the first state and one of the first jurisdictions anywhere to stop the importation of slaves for sale ; it made it a crime for traders to bring in slaves from out of state or from overseas for sale ; migrants from other states were allowed to bring their own slaves . The new law freed all slaves brought in illegally after its passage and imposed heavy fines on violators . Denmark , which had been active in the slave trade , was the first country to ban the trade through legislation in 1792 , which took effect in 1803 . Britain banned the slave trade in 1807 , imposing stiff fines for any slave found aboard a British ship ( see Slave Trade Act 1807 ) . The Royal Navy moved to stop other nations from continuing the slave trade and declared that slaving was equal to piracy and was punishable by death . The United States Congress passed the Slave Trade Act of 1794 , which prohibited the building or outfitting of ships in the U.S. for use in the slave trade . In 1807 Congress outlawed the importation of slaves beginning on 1 January 1808 , the earliest date permitted by the United States Constitution for such a ban . William Wilberforce was a driving force in the British Parliament in the fight against the slave trade in the British Empire . On 22 February 1807 , the House of Commons passed a motion 283 votes to 16 to abolish the Atlantic slave trade . The United States abolished the slave trade the same year , but not its internal slave trade which became the dominant character in American slavery until the 1860s . In 1805 the British Order - in - Council had restricted the importation of slaves into colonies that had been captured from France and the Netherlands . Britain continued to press other nations to end its trade ; in 1810 an Anglo - Portuguese treaty was signed whereby Portugal agreed to restrict its trade into its colonies ; an 1813 Anglo - Swedish treaty whereby Sweden outlawed its slave trade ; the Treaty of Paris 1814 where France agreed with Britain that the trade is `` repugnant to the principles of natural justice '' and agreed to abolish the slave trade in five years ; the 1814 Anglo - Netherlands treaty where the Dutch outlawed its slave trade . `` Am I not a woman and a sister ? '' An antislavery medallion from the late 18th century The Royal Navy 's West Africa Squadron , established in 1808 , grew by 1850 to a force of some 25 vessels , which were tasked with combating slavery along the African coast . Between 1807 and 1860 , the Royal Navy 's Squadron seized approximately 1,600 ships involved in the slave trade and freed 150,000 Africans who were aboard these vessels . Several hundred slaves a year were transported by the navy to the British colony of Sierra Leone , where they were made to serve as `` apprentices '' in the colonial economy until the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 . Capture of slave ship El Almirante by the British Royal Navy in the 1800s . HMS Black Joke freed 466 slaves . The last recorded slave ship to land on U.S. soil was the Clotilde , which in 1859 illegally smuggled a number of Africans into the town of Mobile , Alabama . The Africans on board were sold as slaves ; however , slavery in the U.S. was abolished five years later following the end of the American Civil War in 1865 . The last survivor of the voyage was Cudjoe Lewis , who died in 1935 . The last country to ban the Atlantic slave trade was Brazil in 1831 . However , a vibrant illegal trade continued to ship large numbers of enslaved people to Brazil and also to Cuba until the 1860s , when British enforcement and further diplomacy finally ended the Atlantic slave trade . In 1870 Portugal ended the last trade route with the Americas where the last country to import slaves was Brazil . In Brazil , however , slavery itself was not ended until 1888 , making it the last country in the Americas to end involuntary servitude . The historian Walter Rodney contends that it was a decline in the profitability of the triangular trades that made it possible for certain basic human sentiments to be asserted at the decision - making level in a number of European countries - Britain being the most crucial because it was the greatest carrier of African captives across the Atlantic . Rodney states that changes in productivity , technology , and patterns of exchange in Europe and the Americas informed the decision by the British to end their participation in the trade in 1807 . In 1809 President James Madison outlawed the slave trade with the United States . Nevertheless , Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri argue that it was neither a strictly economic nor moral matter . First , because slavery was ( in practice ) still beneficial to capitalism , providing not only an influx of capital but also disciplining hardship into workers ( a form of `` apprenticeship '' to the capitalist industrial plant ) . The more `` recent '' argument of a `` moral shift '' ( the basis of the previous lines of this article ) is described by Hardt and Negri as an `` ideological '' apparatus in order to eliminate the sentiment of guilt in western society . Although moral arguments did play a secondary role , they usually had major resonance when used as a strategy to undercut competitors ' profits . This argument holds that Eurocentric history has been blind to the most important element in this fight for emancipation , precisely , the constant revolt and the antagonism of slaves ' revolts . The most important of those being the Haitian Revolution . The shock of this revolution in 1804 , certainly introduces an essential political argument into the end of the slave trade , which happened only three years later . Legacy African Diaspora House slaves in Brazil c. 1820 , by Jean - Baptiste Debret The African diaspora which was created via slavery has been a complex interwoven part of American history and culture . In the United States , the success of Alex Haley 's book Roots : The Saga of an American Family , published in 1976 , and the subsequent television miniseries based upon it Roots , broadcast on the ABC network in January 1977 , led to an increased interest and appreciation of African heritage amongst the African - American community . The influence of these led many African Americans to begin researching their family histories and making visits to West Africa . In turn , a tourist industry grew up to supply them . One notable example of this is through the Roots Homecoming Festival held annually in the Gambia , in which rituals are held through which African Americans can symbolically `` come home '' to Africa . Issues of dispute have however developed between African Americans and African authorities over how to display historic sites that were involved in the Atlantic slave trade , with prominent voices in the former criticising the latter for not displaying such sites sensitively , but instead treating them as a commercial enterprise . `` Back to Africa '' In 1816 , a group of wealthy European - Americans , some of whom were abolitionists and others who were racial segregationists , founded the American Colonization Society with the express desire of returning African Americans who were in the United States to West Africa . In 1820 , they sent their first ship to Liberia , and within a decade around two thousand African Americans had been settled in the west African country . Such re-settlement continued throughout the 19th century , increasing following the deterioration of race relations in the southern states of the US following Reconstruction in 1877 . Rastafari movement The Rastafari movement , which originated in Jamaica , where 98 % of the population are descended from victims of the Atlantic slave trade , has made great efforts to publicize the slavery and to ensure it is not forgotten , especially through reggae music . Apologies Worldwide In 1998 , UNESCO designated 23 August as International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition . Since then there have been a number of events recognizing the effects of slavery . At the 2001 World Conference Against Racism in Durban , South Africa , African nations demanded a clear apology for slavery from the former slave - trading countries . Some nations were ready to express an apology , but the opposition , mainly from the United Kingdom , Portugal , Spain , the Netherlands , and the United States blocked attempts to do so . A fear of monetary compensation might have been one of the reasons for the opposition . As of 2009 , efforts are underway to create a UN Slavery Memorial as a permanent remembrance of the victims of the Atlantic slave trade . Benin In 1999 , President Mathieu Kerekou of Benin ( formerly the Kingdom of Dahomey ) issued a national apology for the role Africans played in the Atlantic slave trade . Luc Gnacadja , minister of environment and housing for Benin , later said : `` The slave trade is a shame , and we do repent for it . '' Researchers estimate that 3 million slaves were exported out of the Slave Coast bordering the Bight of Benin . France On 30 January 2006 , Jacques Chirac ( the then French President ) said that 10 May would henceforth be a national day of remembrance for the victims of slavery in France , marking the day in 2001 when France passed a law recognising slavery as a crime against humanity . Ghana President Jerry Rawlings of Ghana also apologized for his country 's involvement in the slave trade . Netherlands At a UN conference on the Atlantic slave trade in 2001 , the Dutch Minister for Urban Policy and Integration of Ethnic Minorities Roger van Boxtel said that the Netherlands `` recognizes the grave injustices of the past . '' On 1 July 2013 , at the 150th anniversary of the abolition of slavery in the Dutch West Indies , the Dutch government expressed `` deep regret and remorse '' for the involvement of the Netherlands in the Atlantic slave trade . The Dutch government has remained short of a formal apology for its involvement in the Atlantic slave trade , as an apology implies that it considers its own actions of the past as unlawful , and could lead to litigation for monetary compensation by descendants of the enslaved . Nigeria In 2009 , the Civil Rights Congress of Nigeria has written an open letter to all African chieftains who participated in trade calling for an apology for their role in the Atlantic slave trade : `` We can not continue to blame the white men , as Africans , particularly the traditional rulers , are not blameless . In view of the fact that the Americans and Europe have accepted the cruelty of their roles and have forcefully apologized , it would be logical , reasonable and humbling if African traditional rulers ... ( can ) accept blame and formally apologize to the descendants of the victims of their collaborative and exploitative slave trade . '' Uganda In 1998 , President Yoweri Museveni of Uganda called tribal chieftains to apologize for their involvement in the slave trade : `` African chiefs were the ones waging war on each other and capturing their own people and selling them . If anyone should apologise it should be the African chiefs . We still have those traitors here even today . '' United Kingdom On 9 December 1999 , Liverpool City Council passed a formal motion apologizing for the City 's part in the slave trade . It was unanimously agreed that Liverpool acknowledges its responsibility for its involvement in three centuries of the slave trade . The City Council has made an unreserved apology for Liverpool 's involvement and the continual effect of slavery on Liverpool 's black communities . On 27 November 2006 , British Prime Minister Tony Blair made a partial apology for Britain 's role in the African slavery trade . However African rights activists denounced it as `` empty rhetoric '' that failed to address the issue properly . They feel his apology stopped shy to prevent any legal retort . Blair again apologized on March 14 , 2007 . On 24 August 2007 , Ken Livingstone ( Mayor of London ) apologized publicly for London 's role in the slave trade . `` You can look across there to see the institutions that still have the benefit of the wealth they created from slavery '' , he said pointing towards the financial district , before breaking down in tears . He claimed that London was still tainted by the horrors of slavery . Jesse Jackson praised Mayor Livingstone and added that reparations should be made . United states On 24 February 2007 , the Virginia General Assembly passed House Joint Resolution Number 728 acknowledging `` with profound regret the involuntary servitude of Africans and the exploitation of Native Americans , and call for reconciliation among all Virginians '' . With the passing of that resolution , Virginia became the first of the 50 United States to acknowledge through the state 's governing body their state 's involvement in slavery . The passing of this resolution came on the heels of the 400th - anniversary celebration of the city of Jamestown , Virginia , which was the first permanent English colony to survive in what would become the United States . Jamestown is also recognized as one of the first slave ports of the American colonies . On 31 May 2007 , the Governor of Alabama , Bob Riley , signed a resolution expressing `` profound regret '' for Alabama 's role in slavery and apologizing for slavery 's wrongs and lingering effects . Alabama is the fourth state to pass a slavery apology , following votes by the legislatures in Maryland , Virginia , and North Carolina . On 30 July 2008 , the United States House of Representatives passed a resolution apologizing for American slavery and subsequent discriminatory laws . The language included a reference to the `` fundamental injustice , cruelty , brutality and inhumanity of slavery and Jim Crow '' segregation . On 18 June 2009 , the United States Senate issued an apologetic statement decrying the `` fundamental injustice , cruelty , brutality , and inhumanity of slavery '' . The news was welcomed by President Barack Obama . See also Wikisource has original text related to this article : On the Horrors of the Slave Trade Atlantic history Triangular trade Arab slave trade Barbary slave trade History of slavery Piracy Slave ship Slave Trade Acts Slavery in Africa Slavery in Canada Slavery in the colonial United States Slavery in the United States Indian indenture system Slavery in contemporary Africa United States labor law References Jump up ^ `` The capture and sale of slaves '' . Liverpool : International Slavery Museum . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mannix , Daniel ( 1962 ) . Black Cargoes . The Viking Press . pp. Introduction -- 1 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Weber , Greta ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` Shipwreck Shines Light on Historic Shift in Slave Trade '' . National Geographic Society . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Klein , Herbert S. , and Jacob Klein . The Atlantic Slave Trade . Cambridge University Press , 1999 , pp. 103 -- 139 . Jump up ^ Ronald Segal , The Black Diaspora : Five Centuries of the Black Experience Outside Africa ( New York : Farrar , Straus and Giroux , 1995 ) , ISBN 0 - 374 - 11396 - 3 , p. 4 . `` It is now estimated that 11,863,000 slaves were shipped across the Atlantic . '' ( Note in original : Paul E. Lovejoy , `` The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Africa : A Review of the Literature '' , in Journal of African History 30 ( 1989 ) , p. 368 . ) Jump up ^ Eltis , David and Richardson , David , `` The Numbers Game '' . In : Northrup , David : The Atlantic Slave Trade , 2nd edn , Houghton Mifflin Co. , 2002 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Basil Davidson . The African Slave Trade . Jump up ^ Thornton 1998 , pp. 15 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Christopher 2006 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Thornton 1998 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Chaunu 1969 , pp. 54 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Thornton 1998 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Thornton 1998 , pp. 24 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Thornton 1998 , p. 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical survey , Slave societies '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Ferro , Mark ( 1997 ) . Colonization : A Global History . Routledge , p. 221 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 14007 - 2 . Jump up ^ Adu Boahen , Topics In West African History , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Kwaku Person - Lynn , African Involvement In Atlantic Slave Trade . Archived December 23 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Slave trade : a root of contemporary African Crisis '' , Africa Economic Analysis 2000 . Jump up ^ Elikia M'bokolo , `` The impact of the slave trade on Africa '' , Le Monde diplomatique , 2 April 1998 . Jump up ^ Thornton , p. 112 . ^ Jump up to : Thornton , p. 310 . Jump up ^ Slave Trade Debates 1806 , Colonial History Series , Dawsons of Pall Mall , London 1968 , pp. 203 - 204 . Jump up ^ Thornton , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Thornton , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Thornton 1998 , pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Thornton 1998 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Thornton 1998 , pp. 29 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Thornton 1998 , pp. 37 . Jump up ^ Thornton 1998 , p. 38 . ^ Jump up to : Thornton 1998 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Thornton 1998 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Rodney 1972 , pp. 95 - 113 . Jump up ^ Austen 1987 , pp. 81 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Thornton 1998 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Anne C. Bailey , African Voices of the Atlantic Slave Trade : Beyond the Silence and the Shame , Beacon Press , 2005 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Anstey , Roger : The Atlantic Slave Trade and British abolition , 1760 -- 1810 . London : Macmillan , 1975 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ P.C. Emmer , The Dutch in the Atlantic Economy , 1580 -- 1880 . Trade , Slavery and Emancipation ( 1998 ) , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Klein 2010 . Jump up ^ Keith Bradley ; Paul Cartledge ( 2011 ) . The Cambridge World History of Slavery . Cambridge University Press . p. 583 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 84066 - X . Jump up ^ Hair & Law 1998 , p. 257 . Jump up ^ Christopher 2006 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` Angola - The Dutch Interregnum , 1641 - 48 '' . countrystudies.us . Jump up ^ Domingues , da Silva , Daniel B. ( 1 January 2013 ) . `` The Atlantic Slave Trade from Angola : A Port - by - Port Estimate of Slaves Embarked , 1701 - 1867 '' . The International Journal of African Historical Studies . 46 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Lovejoy , Paul E. , `` The Volume of the Atlantic Slave Trade . A Synthesis '' . In : Northrup , David ( ed . ) : The Atlantic Slave Trade . D.C. Heath and Company , 1994 . Jump up ^ `` Skeletons Discovered : First African Slaves in New World '' , 31 January 2006 , LiveScience.com . Accessed September 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Inikori , Joseph E. ; Engerman , Stanley L. The Atlantic Slave Trade : Effects on Economies , Societies and Peoples in Africa , the Americas , and Europe . Jump up ^ `` Smallpox Through History '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` History Kingdom of Kongo '' . www.africafederation.net . Jump up ^ `` Memories of the Angolan slave trade - BUALA '' . www.buala.org . Jump up ^ Solow , Barbara ( ed . ) . Slavery and the Rise of the Atlantic System , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1991 . Jump up ^ `` Notes on the State of Virginia Query 18 '' . Jump up ^ Ipsen , Pernille ( 2015 ) . Daughters of the Trade : Atlantic Slavers and Interracial Marriage on the Gold Coast . University of Pennsylvania Press . pp. 1 , 21 , 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 4673 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Historical survey > The international slave trade '' . Jump up ^ Kitchin , Thomas ( 1778 ) . The Present State of the West - Indies : Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe . London : R. Baldwin . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Thornton , p. 304 . Jump up ^ Thornton , p. 305 . Jump up ^ Thornton , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Thornton , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Howard Winant ( 2001 ) , The World is a Ghetto : Race and Democracy Since World War II , Basic Books , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Catherine Lowe Besteman , Unraveling Somalia : Race , Class , and the Legacy of Slavery ( University of Pennsylvania Press : 1999 ) , pp. 83 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Kevin Shillington , ed. ( 2005 ) , Encyclopedia of African History , CRC Press , vol. 1 , pp. 333 -- 34 ; Nicolas Argenti ( 2007 ) , The Intestines of the State : Youth , Violence and Belated Histories in the Cameroon Grassfields , University of Chicago Press , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Rights & Treatment of Slaves Archived 2010 - 12 - 23 at the Wayback Machine ... Gambia Information Site . Jump up ^ Mungo Park , Travels in the Interior of Africa v. II , Chapter XXII - War and Slavery . Jump up ^ The Negro Plot Trials : A Chronology . Archived 2010 - 07 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lovejoy , Paul E. Transformations in Slavery . Cambridge University Press , 2000 . Jump up ^ Midlo Hall , Gwendolyn ( 2007 ) . Slavery and African Ethnicities in the Americas . University of North Carolina Press . p. . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 5862 - 2 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Quick guide : The slave trade ; Who were the slaves ? BBC News , 15 March 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Stannard , David . American Holocaust . Oxford University Press , 1993 . Jump up ^ Paths of the Atlantic Slave Trade : Interactions , Identities , and Images . Jump up ^ Patrick Manning , `` The Slave Trade : The Formal Dermographics of a Global System '' in Joseph E. Inikori and Stanley L. Engerman ( eds ) , The Atlantic Slave Trade : Effects on Economies , Societies and Peoples in Africa , the Americas , and Europe ( Duke University Press , 1992 ) , pp. 117 - 44 , online at pp. 119 - 20 . Jump up ^ Maddison , Angus . Contours of the world economy 1 - 2030 AD : Essays in macro-economic history . Oxford University Press , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Gomez , Michael A. Exchanging Our Country Marks . Chapel Hill , 1998 Jump up ^ Thornton , John . Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World , 1400 -- 1800 , Cambridge University Press , 1998 . Jump up ^ Stride , G.T. , and C. Ifeka . Peoples and Empires of West Africa : West Africa in History 1000 -- 1800 . Nelson , 1986 . Jump up ^ Hochschild , Adam ( 1998 ) . King Leopold 's Ghost : A Story of Greed , Terror , and Heroism in Colonial Africa . Houghton Mifflin Books . ISBN 0 - 618 - 00190 - 5 . Jump up ^ Winthrop , reading by John Thornton , `` African Political Ethics and the Slave Trade '' Archived March 16 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , Millersville College . Jump up ^ Museum Theme : The Kingdom of Dahomey , Musee Ouidah . Jump up ^ `` Dahomey ( historical kingdom , Africa ) '' , Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ `` Benin seeks forgiveness for role in slave trade '' , Final Call , 8 October 2002 . Jump up ^ Le Mali précolonial . Archived 2011 - 12 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Story of Africa , BBC . Jump up ^ `` The Anglo - American Magazine '' . V. July -- December 1854 . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . Jump up ^ African Slave Owners , BBC . ^ Jump up to : Meltzer , Milton . Slavery : A World History . Da Capo Press , 1993 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Brendan . `` Slave Ships and the Middle Passage '' . encyclopediavirginia.org . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Raymond L. Cohn '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Cohn , Raymond L. `` Deaths of Slaves in the Middle Passage '' , Journal of Economic History , September 1985 . Jump up ^ Bernard Edwards ; Bernard Edwards ( Captain . ) ( 2007 ) . Royal Navy Versus the Slave Traders : Enforcing Abolition at Sea 1808 - 1898 . Pen & Sword Books . pp. 26 -- 27 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84415 - 633 - 7 . Jump up ^ Hochschild , Adam ( 2005 ) . Bury the Chains : Prophets , Slaves , and Rebels in the First Human Rights Crusade . Houghton Mifflin . p. 94 . ISBN 0618104690 . Jump up ^ Marcus Rediker ( 4 October 2007 ) . The Slave Ship : A Human History . Penguin Publishing Group . pp. 138 -- 138 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4406 - 2084 - 3 . Jump up ^ Kiple , Kenneth F. ( 2002 ) . The Caribbean Slave : A Biological History . Cambridge University Press . p. 65 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 52470 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - History - British History in depth : British Slaves on the Barbary Coast '' . Jump up ^ Health In Slavery . Archived 2006 - 10 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` European traders '' . International Slavery Museum . Retrieved 7 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Elkins , Stanley : Slavery . New York : Universal Library , 1963 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Rawley , James : London , Metropolis of the Slave Trade , 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Anstey , Roger : The Atlantic Slave Trade and British Abolition , 1760 -- 1810 . London : Macmillan , 1975 . Jump up ^ `` Slave - grown cotton in greater Manchester '' , Revealing Histories . Jump up ^ Williams , David J. ( 2005 ) . `` The Birmingham Gun Trade and The American System of Manufactures '' ( PDF ) . Trans . Newcomen Soc . Retrieved 3 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Wynter , Sylvia ( 1984a ) . `` New Seville and the Conversion Experience of Bartolomé de Las Casas : Part One '' . Jamaica Journal . 17 ( 2 ) : 25 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Dauenhauer , Nora Marks ; Richard Dauenhauer ; Lydia T. Black ( 2008 ) . Anóoshi Lingít Aaní Ká , Russians in Tlingit America : The Battles of Sitka , 1802 and 1804 . Seattle : University of Washington Press . pp. XXVI . ISBN 978 - 0 - 295 - 98601 - 2 . Jump up ^ Stephen D. Behrendt , David Richardson , and David Eltis , W.E.B. Du Bois Institute for African and African - American Research , Harvard University . Based on `` records for 27,233 voyages that set out to obtain slaves for the Americas '' . Stephen Behrendt ( 1999 ) . `` Transatlantic Slave Trade '' . Africana : The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience . New York : Basic Civitas Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 00071 - 1 . Jump up ^ Curtin , The Atlantic Slave Trade , 1972 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Daudin 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Haiti , 1789 to 1806 '' . www.fsmitha.com . Jump up ^ Digital History . Archived February 26 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ UN report . Archived January 1 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Walter Rodney , How Europe Underdeveloped Africa . ISBN 0950154644 . Jump up ^ Manning , Patrick : `` Contours of Slavery and Social change in Africa '' . In : Northrup , David ( ed . ) : The Atlantic Slave Trade . D.C. Heath & Company , 1994 , pp. 148 -- 160 . ^ Jump up to : Thornton , John . A Cultural History of the Atlantic World 1250 - 1820 . 2012 , p. 64 . ^ Jump up to : Fage , J.D. `` Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Context of West African History '' , The Journal of African History , Vol. 10 . No 3 , 1969 , p. 400 . Jump up ^ Baten , Jörg ( 2016 ) . A History of the Global Economy . From 1500 to the Present . Cambridge University Press . p. 321 . ISBN 9781107507180 . Jump up ^ Eric Williams , Capitalism & Slavery ( University of North Carolina Press , 1944 ) , pp. 98 -- 107 , 169 -- 177 . Jump up ^ David Richardson , `` The British Empire and the Atlantic Slave Trade , 1660 - 1807 , '' in P.J. Marshall , ed . The Oxford History of the British Empire : Volume II : The Eighteenth Century ( 1998 ) , pp. 440 - 64 . ^ Jump up to : Stanley L. Engerman . `` The Slave Trade and British Capital Formation in the Eighteenth Century '' . 46 : 430 -- 443 . JSTOR 3113341 . Jump up ^ Richard Pares . `` The Economic Factors in the History of the Empire '' . 7 : 119 -- 144 . JSTOR 2590147 . Jump up ^ J.R. Ward , `` The British West Indies in the Age of Abolition , '' in P.J. Marshall , ed . The Oxford History of the British Empire : Volume II : The Eighteenth Century ( 1998 ) , pp. 415 - 39 . Jump up ^ Marx , Karl . `` Chapter Thirty - One : Genesis of the Industrial Capitalist '' . Karl Marx : Capital Volume One . Retrieved 21 February 2014 . the turning of Africa into a warren for the commercial hunting of black - skins , signalised the rosy dawn of the era of capitalist production . These idyllic proceedings are the chief momenta of primitive accumulation . Jump up ^ David Eltis , Economic Growth and the Ending of the Transatlantic Slave Trade . Jump up ^ Thornton , John . Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World , 1400 - 1800 . Cambridge University Press , 1992 . Jump up ^ Joseph E. Inikori , `` Ideology versus the Tyranny of Paradigm : Historians and the Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on African Societies '' , African Economic History , 1994 . Jump up ^ Williams , Eric ( 1994 ) ( 1944 ) . Capitalism and Slavery . p. 7 . Jump up ^ David Brion Davis , The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution : 1770 -- 1823 ( 1975 ) , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Library of Society of Friends Subject Guide : Abolition of the Slave Trade . ^ Jump up to : Paul E. Lovejoy ( 2000 ) . Transformations in Slavery : a history of slavery in Africa , Cambridge University Press , p. 290 . Jump up ^ John E. Selby and Don Higginbotham , The Revolution in Virginia , 1775 -- 1783 ( 2007 ) , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Erik S. Root , All Honor to Jefferson ? : The Virginia Slavery Debates and the Positive Good Thesis ( 2008 ) , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Marcyliena H. Morgan ( 2002 ) . Language , Discourse and Power in African American Culture , Cambridge University Press , 2002 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Huw Lewis - Jones , `` The Royal Navy and the Battle to End Slavery '' , BBC , 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Jo Loosemore , `` Sailing against slavery '' , BBC , 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Caroline Davies , `` William Wilberforce ' condoned slavery ' , Colonial Office papers reveal ... Rescued slaves forced into unpaid ' apprenticeships ' '' , The Guardian , 2 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Navy News , June 2007 '' . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Question of the Month -- Jim Crow Museum at Ferris State University '' . Jump up ^ Diouf , Sylvianne ( 2007 ) . Dreams of Africa in Alabama : The Slave Ship Clotilda and the Story of the Last Africans Brought to America . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 531104 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hardt , M. , and A. Negri ( 2000 ) , Empire , Cambridge , Mass , Harvard University Press , pp. 114 - 128 . Jump up ^ `` Africans in America '' . www.pbs.org . Jump up ^ Handley 2006 , pp. 21 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Handley 2006 , pp. 23 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Osei - Tutu 2006 . Jump up ^ Handley 2006 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` Reggae and slavery '' , BBC , 9 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ending the Slavery Blame - Game '' , The New York Times , 22 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Benin Officials Apologize For Role In U.S. Slave Trade '' . Chicago Tribune , 1 May 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Chirac names slavery memorial day '' . BBC News , 30 January 2006 . Accessed 22 July 2009 . Jump up ^ van Heeteren , Renee ( 25 June 2013 ) . `` BNR Juridische Zaken ' Geen excuses want slavernij mogelijk niet onrechtmatig ' '' ( in Dutch ) . BNR Nieuwsradio . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , David . `` African chiefs urged to apologise for slave trade '' . BBC News . Retrieved 1 March 2014 . Jump up ^ National Museums Liverpool , `` Liverpool and the transatlantic slave trade '' . Accessed 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Blair ' sorrow ' over slave trade '' . BBC News , 27 November 2006 . Accessed 15 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Blair ' sorry ' for UK slavery role '' . BBC News , 14 March 2007 . Accessed 15 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Livingstone breaks down in tears at slave trade memorial '' . Daily Mail , 24 August 2007 . Accessed 22 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Muir , Hugh ( 24 August 2007 ) . `` Livingstone weeps as he apologises for slavery '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 July 2014 . Jump up ^ House Joint Resolution Number 728 . Commonwealth of Virginia . Accessed 22 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . `` Alabama Governor Joins Other States in Apologizing For Role in Slavery '' . Fox News , 31 May 2007 . Accessed 22 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Fears , Darryl . `` House Issues An Apology For Slavery '' . The Washington Post , 30 July 2008 , p . A03 . Accessed 22 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Agence France - Presse . `` Obama praises ' historic ' Senate slavery apology '' . Google News , 18 June 2009 . Accessed 22 July 2009 . Bibliography Academic books Austen , Ralph ( 1987 ) . African Economic History : Internal Development and External Dependency . London : James Currey . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85255 - 009 - 0 . Christopher , Emma ( 2006 ) . Slave Ship Sailors and Their Captive Cargoes , 1730 -- 1807 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 67966 - 4 . Rodney , Walter ( 1972 ) . How Europe Underdeveloped Africa . London : Bogle L'Ouverture . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9501546 - 4 - 0 . Thornton , John ( 1998 ) . Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World , 1400 -- 1800 ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 62217 - 2 . Academic articles Handley , Fiona J.L. ( 2006 ) . `` Back to Africa : Issues of hosting `` Roots '' tourism in West Africa `` . African Re-Genesis : Confronting Social Issues in the Diaspora . London : UCL Press : 20 -- 31 . Osei - Tutu , Brempong ( 2006 ) . `` Contested Monuments : African - Americans and the commoditization of Ghana 's slave castles '' . African Re-Genesis : Confronting Social Issues in the Diaspora . London : UCL Press : 09 -- 19 . Revealing Histories , Remembering Slavery . Non-academic sources Further reading Anstey , Roger : The Atlantic Slave Trade and British Abolition , 1760 -- 1810 . London : Macmillan , 1975 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 14846 - 0 . Blackburn , Robin ( 2011 ) . The American Crucible : Slavery , Emancipation and Human Rights . London & New York : Verso . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84467 - 569 - 2 . Clarke , Dr. John Henrik : Christopher Columbus and the Afrikan Holocaust : Slavery and the Rise of European Capitalism . Brooklyn , NY : A & B Books , 1992 . ISBN 1 - 881316 - 14 - 9 . Curtin , Philip D. ( 1969 ) . The Atlantic Slave Trade . Madison : University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 9780299054007 . OCLC 46413 . Daudin , Guillaume ( 2004 ) . `` Profitability of Slave and Long - Distance Trading in Context : The Case of Eighteenth - Century France '' . The Journal of Economic History . 64 ( 1 ) : 144 -- 171 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022050704002633 . ISSN 1471 - 6372 . Drescher , Seymour ( 1999 ) . From Slavery to Freedom : Comparative Studies in the Rise and Fall of Atlantic Slavery . New York : New York University Press . ISBN 0333737482 . OCLC 39897280 . Eltis , David : `` The volume and structure of the transatlantic slave trade : a reassessment '' , William and Mary Quarterly ( 2001 ) : 17 - 46 . in JSTOR Emmer , Pieter C. : The Dutch in the Atlantic Economy , 1580 -- 1880 . Trade , Slavery and Emancipation . Variorum Collected Studies Series CS614 . Aldershot ( u.a. ) : Variorum , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 86078 - 697 - 8 . Eli Faber ( 1998 ) . Jews , Slaves , and the Slave Trade : Setting the Record Straight . NYU Press . ISBN 9780814728796 . , argues the role was minimal Gleeson , David T. , and Simon Lewis ( eds ) : Ambiguous Anniversary : The Bicentennial of the International Slave Trade Bans ( University of South Carolina Press ; 2012 ) 207 pp . Gomez , Michael Angelo : Exchanging Our Country Marks ( The Transformation of African Identities in the Colonial and AnteBellum South ) . Chapel Hill , N.C. : The University of North Carolina Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4694 - 5 . Guasco , Michael . Slaves and Englishmen : Human Bondage in the Early Modern Atlantic . Philadelphia , PA : University of Pennsylvania Press , 2014 . Hall , Gwendolyn Midlo : Slavery and African Ethnicities in the Americas : Restoring the Links . Chapel Hill , N.C. : The University of North Carolina Press , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2973 - 0 . Horne , Gerald : The Deepest South : The United States , Brazil , and the African Slave Trade . New York , NY : New York University Press , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 3688 - 3 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 3689 - 0 . Inikori , Joseph E. , and Stanley L. Engerman ( eds ) ( 1992 ) . The Atlantic Slave Trade : Effects on Economies , Societies and Peoples in Africa , the Americas , and Europe . Duke UP . ISBN 0822382377 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Klein , Herbert S. : The Atlantic Slave Trade ( 2nd edn , 2010 ) . Lindsay , Lisa A. Captives as Commodities : The Transatlantic Slave Trade . Prentice Hall , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 194215 - 8 McMillin , James A . The Final Victims : Foreign Slave Trade to North America , 1783 -- 1810 , ( Includes database on CD - ROM ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 57003 - 546 - 3 Meltzer , Milton : Slavery : A World History . New York : Da Capo Press , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80536 - 7 . Northrup , David : The Atlantic Slave Trade ( 3rd edn , 2010 ) Rawley , James A. , and Stephen D. Behrendt : The Transatlantic Slave Trade : A History ( University of Nebraska Press , 2005 ) Rediker , Marcus ( 2007 ) . The Slave Ship : A Human History . New York , NY : Viking Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 01823 - 9 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 31 . Rodney , Walter : How Europe Underdeveloped Africa . Washington , D.C. : Howard University Press ; Revised edn , 1981 . ISBN 0 - 88258 - 096 - 5 . Rodriguez , Junius P. ( ed . ) , Encyclopedia of Emancipation and Abolition in the Transatlantic World . Armonk , NY : M.E. Sharpe , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 1257 - 1 . Solow , Barbara ( ed . ) , Slavery and the Rise of the Atlantic System . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 40090 - 2 . Thomas , Hugh : The Slave Trade : The History of the Atlantic Slave Trade 1440 -- 1870 . London : Picador , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 330 - 35437 - X. ; comprehensive history Thornton , John : Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World , 1400 -- 1800 , 2nd edn Cambridge University Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 62217 - 4 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 62724 - 9 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 59370 - 0 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 59649 - 1 . Williams , Eric ( 1994 ) ( 1944 ) . Capitalism & Slavery . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2175 - 6 . Araujo , Ana Lucia . Public Memory of Slavery : Victims and Perpetrators in the South Atlantic Cambria Press , 2010 . ISBN 9781604977141 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Slavery . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Atlantic slave trade . Voyages : The Trans - Atlantic Slave Trade Database BBC Africa Quick guide : The slave trade Teaching resources about Slavery and Abolition on blackhistory4schools.com British documents on slave holding and the slave trade , 1788 -- 1793 Africa articles History Chronology Antiquity North Africa Archaeology Pre-colonial kingdoms Bantu expansion Arab conquest Exploration European colonisation Slavery Atlantic Arab Scramble for Africa Decolonisation By topic Economy Empires Historiography Military conflicts By region Central East North South West Geography Countries and territories Highest points Impact craters Islands Natural history Regions Central East North South West Rivers Politics African Union Elections Heads of government Heads of state Human rights LGBT rights Linguistic rights Religious rights Women 's rights International organisations Pan-African Parliament Pan-Africanism Politics parties United States of Africa Economy Central banks and currencies Countries by GDP ( nominal ) Countries by GDP ( PPP ) Countries by HDI Education Internet Millionaires Natural resources Poverty Renewable energy Stock exchanges Society Caste systems Etiquette Health Circumcision Infrastructure Languages Philosophy Culture Architecture Art contemporary Cinema films film festivals Cuisine Literature writers by country Media Newspapers Radio TV Music musicians guitarists Religion Irreligion World Heritage Sites Sport African Cricket Association African Games Afro - Asian Games Australian - rules football Confederation of African Football Africa Cup of Nations FIBA Africa Rugby Africa Africa Cup Stadiums by capacity Tour d'Afrique Demographics Countries by population density Emigration Ethnic groups HIV / AIDS Urbanization cities metropolitan areas Youth in Africa By year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Outline Index Book Category Portal History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women This Is America , Charlie Brown Category Portal African American topics History Atlantic slave trade Maafa Slavery in the United States Partus sequitur ventrem Free negro Reconstruction era Military history of African Americans Jim Crow laws Nadir of American race relations Redlining Great Migration Civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 68 Black Power movement Second Great Migration Afrocentrism New Great Migration Post -- civil rights era Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 / Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013 Black Lives Matter Culture Art African - American names Afrofuturism Black mecca Dance Film Juneteenth Kwanzaa Literature Music Musical theater Neighborhoods Sexual orientation Soul food Education , science and technology Black schools Black colleges and universities Museums African - American studies Inventors and scientists Women in computer science in medicine in STEM fields Religion Black church Black theology Doctrine of Father Divine American Society of Muslims Nation of Islam Black Hebrew Israelites Political movements Pan-Africanism Self - determination Nationalism Black Power Black fist Anarchism Capitalism Conservatism Populism Leftism Garveyism Back - to - Africa movement Civic and economic groups National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) Black Panther Party National Urban League ( NUL ) Rights organizations Association for the Study of African American Life and History ( ASALH ) Thurgood Marshall College Fund United Negro College Fund ( UNCF ) National Black Chamber of Commerce ( NBCC ) National Pan-Hellenic Council ( NPHC ) National Council of Negro Women ( NCNW ) Sports Negro league baseball Baseball color line Black players in professional American football African Americans in the Canadian Football League Black players in ice hockey Athletic associations and conferences Central ( CIAA ) Southern ( SIAC ) Mid-Eastern ( MEAC ) Southwestern ( SWAC ) Ethnic subdivisions Black Indians Gullah Fula Igbo Louisiana Creole ( of color ) Melungeon Yoruba Demographics Neighborhoods list U.S. cities with large populations 2000 majorities 2010 majorities Metropolitan areas Black Belt Languages English American English African - American English Gullah Louisiana Creole French By state / city Alabama Florida Georgia ( Atlanta ) Illinois ( Chicago ) Iowa ( Davenport ) Louisiana Maryland Massachusetts ( Boston ) Michigan ( Detroit ) Mississippi Nebraska ( Omaha ) New York New York City Pennsylvania ( Philadelphia ) Puerto Rico Tennessee Texas ( Houston ) Diaspora Africa Gambia Ghana Liberia Sierra Leone Back - to - Africa movement Americas Caribbean history Canada Nova Scotia Dominican Republic Haiti Mexico Trinidad and Tobago Other France Israel Lists African Americans visual artists Republicans US senators African - American firsts mayors US state firsts Neighborhoods Landmark African - American legislation African American - related articles Topics related to the African diaspora Category Portal Black British topics Black British history First Africans in London Atlantic slave trade Abolitionism Empire Windrush Bristol Bus Boycott Race Relations Act 1965 Decline and legacy of the British Empire Race riots Black British culture Music British hip hop Ska Caribbean Grime UK garage Dubstep Jungle Drum and Bass Civic and economic groups Black and Asian Studies Association Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor National Black Police Association Ethnic and national sub-divisions African - Caribbean Antiguan and Barbudan Barbadian Jamaican Guyanese Montserratians Trinidadian and Tobagonian Congolese Ghanaian Ivorian Kenyan Nigerian Sierra Leonean Tanzanian Ugandan Zimbabwean Other black groups Languages British English Multicultural London English Lists Black Britons Plantation agriculture in the Southeastern United States The plantation Plantations in the American South Plantation economy Plantation complexes in the Southeastern United States Cash crops Cotton Indigo Rice Sugarcane Tobacco Slavery Slavery in the United States Slave breeding in the United States Atlantic slave trade Internal slave trade Interregional slave trade Fugitive slave laws Other labor Sharecropping Convict leasing Lists of plantations List of plantations in the United States List of plantations in Alabama Category : Plantations in Florida List of plantations in Georgia List of plantations in Louisiana List of plantations in Mississippi List of plantations in North Carolina List of plantations in South Carolina List of plantations in Virginia List of plantations in West Virginia Piracy Periods Ancient Mediterranean Golden Age Republic of Pirates Libertatia 21st century Types of pirate Privateers Buccaneers Corsairs Sindhi corsairs Timber pirate River pirate Brethren of the Coast Barbary pirates Moro pirates Wōkòu Vikings Ushkuiniks Narentines Cilician pirates Confederate privateer Baltic Slavic pirates Uskoks Cossack pirates Sea Beggars Sea Dogs Fillibusters Areas Caribbean Lake Nicaragua British Virgin Islands Strait of Malacca Somali Coast Sulu Sea Falcon Lake South China Coast Anglo - Turkish piracy Port Royal Tortuga Saint - Malo Barbary Coast Lundy Lagos Salé Spanish Main Gulf of Guinea Indonesia Barataria Bay Persian Gulf Noted pirates Mansel Alcantra Chui A-poo Louis - Michel Aury Joseph Baker Hayreddin Barbarossa Joseph Barss Samuel Bellamy Charlotte de Berry Black Caesar Blackbeard Eli Boggs Stede Bonnet Anne Bonny Hippolyte Bouchard Abshir Boyah Roche Braziliano Henri Caesar Roberto Cofresí William Dampier Liang Daoming Diabolito Peter Easton Henry Every Alexandre Exquemelin Vincenzo Gambi Charles Gibbs Pedro Gilbert Nathaniel Gordon Laurens de Graaf Michel de Grammont Calico Jack Rahmah ibn Jabir al - Jalahimah Zheng Jing Jørgen Jørgensen Shirahama Kenki William Kidd Fūma Kotarō Jean Lafitte Limahong Samuel Hall Lord John Hawkins Bully Hayes Piet Pieterszoon Hein Moses Cohen Henriques Albert W. Hicks Nicholas van Hoorn Benjamin Hornigold Pierre Lafitte Olivier Levasseur Edward Low Hendrick Lucifer John Newland Maffitt Samuel Mason Henry Morgan Shap Ng - tsai Gan Ning François l'Olonnais Samuel Pallache Lawrence Prince Cai Qian Redbeard Bartholomew Roberts Lai Choi San Dan Seavey Ching Shih Benito de Soto Klaus Störtebeker Henry Strangways Cheung Po Tsai Dominique You Wang Zhi Zheng Zhilong Categories Piracy Pirates By nationality Barbary pirates Female pirates Years in piracy Fictional pirates Pirate ships Adventure Galley Fancy Ganj - i - Sawai Queen Anne 's Revenge Quedagh Merchant Saladin Whydah Gally Marquis of Havana Ambrose Light York Pirate hunters Pedro Menéndez de Avilés Angelo Emo Richard Avery Hornsby Jose Campuzano - Polanco Robert Maynard Chaloner Ogle Pompey Woodes Rogers David Porter James Brooke Miguel Enríquez ( privateer ) Pirate battles and incidents Jiajing wokou raids Turkish Abductions Chepo Expedition Battle of Mandab Strait Battle of Pianosa Blockade of Charleston Battle of Cape Fear River Battle of Ocracoke Inlet Capture of the William Sack of Campeche Attack on Veracruz Raid on Cartagena Battle of Cape Lopez Capture of the Fancy Persian Gulf Campaign Battle of New Orleans Anti-Piracy in the Aegean Anti-piracy in the West Indies Capture of the Bravo Action of 9 November 1822 Capture of the El Mosquito Battle of Doro Passage Falklands Expedition Great Lakes Patrol Pirate attacks in Borneo Balanguingui Expedition Battle of Tysami Battle of Tonkin River Battle of Nam Quan Battle of Ty - ho Bay Battle of the Leotung Antelope incident North Star affair Battle off Mukah Salvador Pirates Battle of Boca Teacapan Capture of the Ambrose Light Irene incident 1985 Lahad Datu ambush Operation Enduring Freedom -- HOA Action of 18 March 2006 Action of 3 June 2007 Action of 28 October 2007 Dai Hong Dan incident Operation Atalanta Carré d'As IV incident Action of 11 November 2008 Action of 9 April 2009 Maersk Alabama hijacking Operation Ocean Shield Action of 23 March 2010 Action of 1 April 2010 Action of 30 March 2010 Action of 5 April 2010 MV Moscow University hijacking Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden Operation Dawn 8 : Gulf of Aden Beluga Nomination incident Battle off Minicoy Island Quest incident MT Zafirah hijacking MT Orkim Harmony hijacking Slave trade African slave trade Atlantic slave trade Arab slave trade Barbary slave trade Blockade of Africa African Slave Trade Patrol Capture of the Providentia Capture of the Presidente Capture of the El Almirante Capture of the Marinerito Capture of the Veloz Passagera Capture of the Brillante Amistad Incident Capture of the Emanuela Fictional pirates Tom Ayrton Barbe Rouge Hector Barbossa Captain Blood Captain Crook Captain Flint José Gaspar Captain Hook Don Karnage Monkey D. Luffy Captain Nemo One Piece Captain Pugwash Red Rackham Captain Sabertooth Sandokan Long John Silver Jack Sparrow Captain Stingaree Roronoa Zoro Miscellaneous Truce of Ratisbon Piracy Act 1698 Piracy Act 1717 Piracy Act 1837 Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law Child pirate Golden Age of Piracy Jolly Roger Walking the plank Treasure map Buried treasure Pirate booty No purchase , no pay Marooning Pirate code Pirate utopia Victual Brothers Pirate Round Libertatia Sack of Baltimore A General History of the Pyrates Mutiny Pegleg Eyepatch Letter of marque Davy Jones ' Locker Air pirate Space pirate Lists Pirates Privateers Timeline of piracy Pirate films Women in piracy Fictional pirates Pirates in popular culture List of ships attacked by Somali pirates Literature Treasure Island Facing the Flag On Stranger Tides Castaways of the Flying Dutchman The Angel 's Command Voyage of Slaves Pirate Latitudes Dominican Republic articles History Cacicazgo Santo Domingo Colonial governors Slave trade Maroons Era de Francia Spanish Haiti Spanish reconquest España Boba Unification of Hispaniola La Trinitaria War of Independence Dominican Restoration War U.S. occupation 1916 -- 24 Trujillo Era ( Rafael and Héctor Trujillo ) Parsley Massacre Dominican Civil War Geography Cities Ciudad Colonial Hispaniola Islands Mountains Municipalities Protected areas Provinces Regions Rivers Wildlife Politics Cabinet Congress Senate Chamber of Deputies Constitution Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Law enforcement Military Politics Political parties President Economy Peso ( currency ) Banks Central Bank Companies Energy Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Crime Demographics Education Health Language Religion Water and sanitation Culture Anthem Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Flag Literature Music People Sports Outline Index Category Portal Slave narratives Slave Narrative Collection Captivity narrative Individuals by continent of enslavement Africa Robert Adams ( c. 1790 -- ? ) Francis Bok ( b . 1979 ) James Leander Cathcart ( 1767 -- 1843 ) Ólafur Egilsson ( 1564 -- 1639 ) Hark Olufs ( 1708 -- 1754 ) Mende Nazer ( b . 1982 ) Thomas Pellow ( 1705 -- ? ) Joseph Pitts ( 1663 -- 1735 ? ) Guðríður Símonardóttir ( 1598 -- 1682 ) Europe Lovisa von Burghausen ( 1698 -- 1733 ) Olaudah Equiano ( c. 1745 Nigeria -- 31 March 1797 Eng ) Ukawsaw Gronniosaw ( c. 1705 Bornu -- 1775 Eng ) Roustam Raza ( 1783 -- 1845 ) Brigitta Scherzenfeldt ( 1684 -- 1736 ) North America : Canada Marie - Joseph Angélique ( c. 1710 Portugal -- 1734 Montreal ) North America : Caribbean Juan Francisco Manzano ( 1797 -- 1854 , Cuba ) Esteban Montejo ( 1860 -- 1965 , Cuba ) Mary Prince Venerable Pierre Toussaint ( 1766 Saint - Dominque -- June 30 , 1853 NY ) Marcos Xiorro ( c. 1819 -- ? ? ? , Puerto Rico ) North America : United States Sam Aleckson Jordan Anderson William J. Anderson Jared Maurice Arter Solomon Bayley Polly Berry Henry Bibb Leonard Black Henry `` Box '' Brown John Brown William Wells Brown Peter Bruner ( 1845 KY -- 1938 OH ) Ellen and William Craft Hannah Crafts Lucinda Davis Noah Davis Lucy Delaney Ayuba Suleiman Diallo Frederick Douglass Kate Drumgoold Jordan Winston Early ( 1814 -- after 1894 ) Sarah Jane Woodson Early David George Moses Grandy William Green ( 19th century MD ) William Grimes Josiah Henson Fountain Hughes ( 1848 / 1854 VA -- 1957 ) John Andrew Jackson Harriet Ann Jacobs John Jea Thomas James ( minister ) Paul Jennings ( 1799 -- 1874 ) Elizabeth Keckley Boston King Lunsford Lane J. Vance Lewis Jermain Wesley Loguen Solomon Northup John Parker ( 1827 VA -- 1900 ) William Parker James Robert Moses Roper Omar ibn Said William Henry Singleton Venture Smith Austin Steward ( 1793 VA -- 1860 ) Venerable Pierre Toussaint ( 1766 Saint - Dominque -- 1853 NY ) Harriet Tubman Wallace Turnage Bethany Veney Booker T. Washington Wallace Willis ( 19th century Indian Territory ) Harriet E. Wilson Zamba Zembola ( b.c. 1780 Congo ) See also Treatment of slaves in the US , Exodus narrative in Antebellum America , Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas South America Osifekunde ( c. 1795 Nigeria -- ? Brazil ) Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua ( 1845 -- 1847 , Brazil ) Non-fiction books The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano ( 1789 ) The Narrative of Robert Adams ( 1816 ) American Slavery as It Is ( 1839 ) Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass , an American Slave ( 1845 ) The Life of Josiah Henson ( 1849 ) Twelve Years a Slave ( 1853 ) My Bondage and My Freedom ( 1855 ) Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl ( 1861 ) The Underground Railroad Records ( 1872 ) Life and Times of Frederick Douglass ( 1881 ) Up from Slavery ( 1901 ) The Peculiar Institution ( 1956 ) The Slave Community ( 1972 ) Fiction / novels Oroonoko ( 1688 ) Sab ( 1841 ) Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 1852 ) The Heroic Slave ( 1852 ) Clotel ( 1853 ) Dred : A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp ( 1856 ) The Bondwoman 's Narrative ( 1853 ? -- 1861 ? ) Our Nig ( 1859 ) Jubilee ( 1966 ) Confessions of Nat Turner ( 1967 ) Roots : The Saga of an American Family ( 1976 ) Underground to Canada ( 1977 ) Kindred ( 1979 ) Dessa Rose ( 1986 ) Beloved ( 1987 ) Middle Passage ( 1990 ) Queen : The Story of an American Family ( 1993 ) Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons ( 1996 ) Ama : A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade ( 2001 ) Walk Through Darkness ( 2002 ) The Known World ( 2003 ) Unburnable ( 2006 ) Copper Sun ( 2006 ) The Book of Negroes ( 2007 ) The Underground Railroad ( 2016 ) Young adult books Amos Fortune , Free Man ( 1951 ) I , Juan de Pareja ( 1965 ) The Slave - girl from Jerusalem ( 2007 ) Essay To a Southern Slaveholder ( 1848 ) A Key to Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 1853 ) Plays The Escape ; or , A Leap for Freedom ( 1858 ) The Octoroon ( 1859 ) Related African - American literature Caribbean literature Films featuring slavery Songs of the Underground Railroad Book of Negroes ( 1783 ) Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book ( 1847 ) Slave Songs of the United States ( 1867 ) Amazing Grace : An Anthology of Poems about Slavery ( 2002 ) The Hemingses of Monticello ( 2008 ) Documentaries Unchained Memories ( 2003 ) Frederick Douglass and the White Negro ( 2008 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_slave_trade&oldid=833596439 '' Categories : Black British history Forced migration African slave trade Colonization of the Americas Racism European colonisation in Africa Early Modern period Slavery in the United States History of sugar History of the Caribbean Slavery in the British Empire Trade routes Slavery in North America Slavery in South America History of the Americas History of the Atlantic Ocean History of English colonialism Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2011 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles needing additional references from April 2011 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2014 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2016 NPOV disputes from December 2013 All NPOV disputes CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages Asturianu Català Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Patois Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Zeêuws 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 14 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic%20slave%20trade	696
who is running for governor of south carolina 2018	Kevin Bryant , incumbent Lieutenant Governor Yancey McGill , former Democratic Lieutenant Governor and former Democratic State Senator Henry McMaster , incumbent Governor Catherine Templeton , former Director of the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control and former Director of the Department of Labor , Licensing and Regulation		South Carolina gubernatorial election , 2018	south carolina gubernatorial election, 2018	Henry McMaster Republican	Elections in South Carolina Federal government ( show ) Presidential elections 1788 - 89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Presidential primaries Democratic 2008 Republican 2000 2008 2012 United States Senate elections 1896 1902 1908 1912 1914 1918 1920 1924 1926 1930 1932 1936 1938 1942 1944 1948 1950 1954 1956 1960 1962 1966 1968 1972 1978 1980 1984 1986 1990 1992 1998 2002 2008 2014 2016 United States House elections 1788 1870 1872 1874 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 Special elections Senate , 1897 7th district , 1901 4th district , 1915 Senate , 1918 6th district , 1919 7th district , 1919 Senate , 1941 4th district , 1953 1st district , 1971 2nd district , 2001 1st district , 2013 Senate , 2014 5th district , 2017 Others State offices ( show ) General elections 2006 2014 Gubernatorial elections 1865 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1930 1934 1938 1942 1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 State Senate elections 2008 State House elections 2008 Ballot measures ( show ) 2006 Amendment 1 2008 2012 2014 The 2018 South Carolina gubernatorial election will take place on November 6 , 2018 , to elect the Governor of South Carolina . Incumbent Republican Governor Henry McMaster is currently running for election to a full term . Contents ( hide ) 1 Republican primary 1.1 Candidates 1.1. 1 Declared 1.1. 2 Potential 1.1. 3 Declined 1.2 Endorsements 1.3 Polling 2 Democratic primary 2.1 Candidates 2.1. 1 Declared 2.1. 2 Potential 2.1. 3 Declined 2.2 Endorsements 3 General election 3.1 Predictions 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Republican primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Kevin Bryant , incumbent Lieutenant Governor Yancey McGill , former Democratic Lieutenant Governor and former Democratic State Senator Henry McMaster , incumbent Governor Catherine Templeton , former Director of the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control and former Director of the Department of Labor , Licensing and Regulation Potential ( edit ) Jeff Duncan , U.S. Representative Kirkman Finlay , state representative Curtis Loftis , state treasurer Tommy Pope , State Representative and candidate for SC - 05 in 2017 Mark Sanford , U.S. Representative and former Governor Bill Stern , real estate developer and former South Carolina Ports Authority Chairman Declined ( edit ) Tom Davis , state senator Mikee Johnson , businessman and former Chairman of the South Carolina Chamber of Commerce ( endorsed Catherine Templeton ) Joe Taylor , former South Carolina Secretary of Commerce Billy Wilkins , former Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit Tim Scott , U.S. Senator Alan Wilson , Attorney General ( running for re-election ) Endorsements ( edit ) ( show ) Henry McMaster Donald Trump , President of the United States Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Kevin Bryant Henry McMaster Yancey McGill Catherine Templeton Other Undecided South Carolina Public Affairs October 10 -- 11 , 2017 633 ± 4 % 5 % 33 % 5 % 7 % -- 50 % Democratic primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Phil Cheney , former Anderson City Councilman , candidate for SC - 03 in 2006 and write - in candidate for SC - 05 in 2017 Phil Noble , business and technology consultant and candidate for Lieutenant Governor in 1994 James Smith , State Representative Potential ( edit ) Justin Bamberg , State Representative Steve Benjamin , Mayor of Columbia Elizabeth Colbert Busch , Director of Business Development at Clemson University 's Restoration Institute and nominee for SC - 01 in 2013 Terrence Culbreath , Mayor of Johnston Brad Hutto , state senator and nominee for the U.S. Senate in 2014 Marlon Kimpson , state senator Gerald Malloy , state senator Thomas McElveen , state senator Russell Ott , state representative David Pascoe , Solicitor for South Carolina 's 1st Circuit Mandy Powers Norrell , state representative John Scott , State Senator Bakari Sellers , former state representative and nominee for lieutenant governor in 2014 Vincent Sheheen , state senator and nominee in 2010 and 2014 Marguerite Willis , attorney Stephen Wukela , Mayor of Florence Declined ( edit ) Inez Tenenbaum , former State Superintendent of Education , former Chair of the Consumer Product Safety Commission and nominee for the U.S. Senate in 2004 Endorsements ( edit ) ( show ) James Smith Joe Biden , former Vice President of the United States Jim Hodges , former Governor of South Carolina Steve Benjamin , current Mayor of Columbia General election ( edit ) Predictions ( edit ) Source Ranking As of The Cook Political Report 104 ! Solid R August 7 , 2017 Rothenberg Political Report 104 ! Solid R November 10 , 2017 Sabato 's Crystal Ball 104 ! Safe R November 14 , 2017 See also ( edit ) South Carolina elections , 2018 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brown , Andy ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' I am the right ' : South Carolina Lt. Gov. Kevin Bryant joins 2018 governor 's race '' . The Post and Courier . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shain , Andrew ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Former Lt. Gov. McGill running for governor as a Republican '' . The State . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson , Gavin ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` 2018 governor 's race starts to loom large after November . So who 's going to run ? '' . The Post and Courier . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kinnard , Meg ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` McMaster is ' hoping to be in ' next South Carolina gov 's race '' . The Herald . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Emma ; Kropf , Schuyler ( November 19 , 2016 ) . `` Catherine Templeton running for governor '' . The Post and Courier . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brack , Andy ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` Possible candidates already eyeing governor 's mansion '' . Statehouse Report . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 SC Governor 's Race : Status Check '' . FITS News . March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marchant , Bristow ( November 15 , 2014 ) . `` State Rep. Pope of York already thinking about 2018 gubernatorial election '' . The Herald . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shain , Andrew ( April 30 , 2016 ) . `` Developer considering Trump - like run for SC governor '' . The State . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shain , Andy ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` Sen. Tom Davis opts out of running for South Carolina governor in 2018 '' . The Post and Courier . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Governor 2018 : Mikee Johnson Is Out '' . FITS News . March 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Taylor Mulls 2018 Gubernatorial Bid '' . FITS News . September 8 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Catherine Templeton Backed By Joe Taylor '' . FITS News . September 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dykes , David ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Billy Wilkins considering run for governor in ' 18 '' . Greenville Journal . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dykes , David ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Wilkins wo n't run for governor in 2018 '' . Upstate Business Journal . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.postandcourier.com/news/tim-scott-trey-gowdy-could-team-up-for-governor-lt/article_3db2dfa8-a84c-11e6-89a3-6bacb2ef32cd.html Jump up ^ Dumain , Emma ; Kropf , Schuyler ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` Sen. Tim Scott leaning toward not running for South Carolina governor '' . The Post and Courier . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ [email protected] , Emma Dumain . `` South Carolina 2018 governor 's race : Sen. Tim Scott out , Catherine Templeton in '' . Post and Courier . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Kropf , Schuyler ( October 7 , 2017 ) . `` Palmetto Politics : All of South Carolina 's Republicans in Washington took gun lobby money last year '' . The Post and Courier . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` President Trump endorsing Governor McMaster for re-election in 2018 '' . Live 5 News . WCSC - TV . 9 October 2017 . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SC - Gov : South Carolina Public Affairs ( October 2017 ) '' . Scribd . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Benson , Adam ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Gubernatorial hopeful wants Nicholson as running mate , forgets to tell him '' . Index - Journal . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kropf , Schuyler ( 10 October 2017 ) . `` Charleston consultant Phil Noble joins Democratic Race for Governor '' . Charleston Post Courier . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Shain , Andy ( 5 October 2017 ) . `` Rep. James Smith becomes first Democrat to enter 2018 South Carolina governor 's race '' . Charleston Post Courier . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Majchrowicz , Michael ( August 20 , 2017 ) . `` Rep. Justin Bamberg ' exploring ' possible run in 2018 South Carolina governor race '' . The Post and Courier . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marchant , Bristow ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` If Richland 's Rep. Smith runs for SC governor , Lowcountry Democrat will support him '' . The State . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Self , Jamie ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Democrats running for SC governor ? It 's anyone 's guess '' . The State . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Tyler ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` 2018 SC Governor 's Race - 8 Democrats to Watch '' . Speak Strategic . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` # SC2018 : John Scott Making Calls '' . FITS News . August 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kropf , Schuyler ; Shain , Andy ( September 2 , 2017 ) . `` Palmetto Politics : Merrill 's exit sets up battle of Daniel Island '' . The Post and Courier . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shain , Andy ( October 8 , 2017 ) . `` Joe Biden on why he 's involved in S.C. 's governor 's race , Trump 's global problems , Thurmond 's take on D.C. today '' . The Post and Courier . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kropf , Schuyler ( 12 October 2017 ) . `` Former Democratic Gov. Jim Hodges backs James Smith for South Carolina governor in 2018 '' . Post and Courier . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Trainor , Chris ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Mayor Steve Benjamin Endorses James Smith for Governor '' . The Free Times . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Governor Race ratings The Cook Political Report '' . The Cook Political Report . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Gubernatorial Ratings Inside Elections '' . insideelections.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Larry J. Sabato 's Crystal Ball '' 2018 Governor `` . www.centerforpolitics.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . External links ( edit ) Kevin Bryant ( R ) for Governor Yancey McGill ( R ) for Governor Henry McMaster ( R ) for Governor Catherine Templeton ( R ) for Governor James Smith ( D ) for Governor Phil Noble ( D ) for Governor ( 2017 ← ) 2018 United States elections ( → 2019 ) U.S. Senate Arizona California Connecticut Delaware Florida Hawaii Indiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Jersey New Mexico New York North Dakota Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming U.S. House Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Ohio 12th ( special ) Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania 18th ( special ) Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia U.S. Virgin Islands Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Governors Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Iowa Kansas Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Mexico New York Northern Mariana Islands Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Vermont Wisconsin Wyoming Mayoral Louisville Newark Oakland Phoenix San Jose Shreveport Washington , D.C. States / Territories Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election,_2018&oldid=811971477 '' Categories : South Carolina gubernatorial elections United States gubernatorial elections , 2018 South Carolina elections , 2018 Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 November 2017 , at 03 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Carolina%20gubernatorial%20election%2C%202018	168
who can say where the road goes wiki			Only Time	only time	`` Only Time '' is a song by Irish singer , songwriter and musician Enya , released in November 2000 as the lead single to her fifth studio album , A Day Without Rain ( 2000 ) .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Release 2 Live performances 3 Track listings 3.1 2000 original release ( single ) 3.2 2001 remix release ( EP ) 3.3 Promotional 2001 release 4 Cover versions 5 Charts and sales 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Decade - end charts 5.3 Certifications 6 References 7 External links Release ( edit ) In 2001 , `` Only Time '' was released again as a remix . The track was remixed by the Swiss American Federation ( S.A.F. ) ( Christian B. and Marc Dold ) with a final remix by Enya 's producer , Nicky Ryan . Enya donated the earnings from the sale of that single to the Uniform Firefighters Association 's Widows ' and Children 's Fund to help the families of fire fighters in the aftermath of 9 / 11 . The song was also featured in the soundtrack of the motion picture Sweet November . Following the September 2001 attacks , sales of the album and its lead single , `` Only Time '' , skyrocketed after it was used by several radio and television networks in their coverage and aftermath of the attacks . As a result , `` Only Time '' climbed to number ten on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart and number one on the adult contemporary chart . During the summer of 2001 , NBC used the song in commercials to promote Friends , which ended its season on a cliffhanger . NBC also used it as background during the death scene for character Bobby Caffey in the episode `` Unfinished Business '' ( aired March 12 , 2001 ) during the second season of Third Watch . The exposure helped the song gain familiarity and increased radio play . As a result , the song became Enya 's first top 40 radio hit in 12 years . The song appeared twice on the TV show Viva La Bam where it first appeared in the montage of Bam Margera destroying Don Vito 's cars in `` Bamiature Golf '' and again in `` Where 's Vito ? '' during a retrospective for Bam 's Hummer after it was thrown off the cliff by Vito . Enya performed the song at the 2001 World Music Awards . On November 13 , 2013 , a Volvo Trucks campaign featuring the song and Jean - Claude Van Damme was launched . The success of the ad caused `` Only Time '' to re-enter the Billboard Hot 100 at number 43 , and the UK Singles Chart at number 95 . The song 's music video , which shows Enya performing the song in a spring , summer , fall and winter theme , was directed by Graham Fink and was released in 2000 . In 2002 , the song received a ECHO Award for Best Single of the Year . Live performances ( edit ) Enya performed `` Only Time '' several times , performances included Larry King Live , Children in Need , This Morning , The View , Happy Xmas Show , Entertainment Tonight , Live ! with Regis and Kelly , The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and 2001 World Music Awards . Track listings ( edit ) 2000 original release ( single ) ( edit ) `` Only Time '' `` The First of Autumn '' `` The Promise '' 2001 remix release ( ep ) ( edit ) `` Only Time ( S.A.F. Remix ) '' `` Oíche Chiúin '' `` Willows on the Water '' `` Only Time '' `` Oíche Chiún '' is properly spelled as `` Oíche Chiúin '' on some editions . Promotional 2001 release ( edit ) `` Only Time ( S.A.F. Pop Radio Remix ) '' Cover versions ( edit ) British soprano Keedie covered the song on her album I Believe My Heart . The Chinese musical group Twelve Girls Band covered the song on their album Eastern Energy . American singer Jackie Evancho covered the song during a live performance . Irish singer Brian McFadden covered the song on his fourth album The Irish Connection . Róisín & Celtic Spirit also covered the song on the album The Magic of Enya . The American musical group Vitamin String Quartet covered the song on their album Dreams : The String Quartet Tribute to Enya . Charts and sales ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 - 2002 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 69 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 11 Brazil ( ABPD ) 12 Canada ( Nielsen SoundScan ) France ( SNEP ) 48 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Italy ( FIMI ) 17 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 44 Poland ( Polish Singles Chart ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 28 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) United Kingdom ( The Official Charts Company ) 32 US Billboard Hot 100 10 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 11 Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Top New Age Digital Tracks Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 92 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 10 Ireland ( Irish Singles Chart ) 58 US Billboard Hot 100 43 Decade - end charts ( edit ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) Position German Singles Chart 99 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 25,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 3 × Gold 750,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 25,000 shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Only Time song details at Enya.sk Jump up ^ Billboard Jump up ^ Hot 100 chart stats from billboard.com Jump up ^ Billboard Jump up ^ Davies , Alex ( 14 November 2013 ) . `` Jean - Claude Van Damme Did A Crazy Split Standing On 2 Trucks For A Volvo Ad '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/5800854/lorde-royals-hot-100-chart-nine-weeks-eminem Jump up ^ `` Only Time , 2000 . Directed by Graham Fink '' . EnyaOne. 2000 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 -- 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Enya -- Only Time '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Enya -- Only Time '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lescharts.com -- Enya -- Only Time '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Enya Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ Italiancharts.com Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Enya -- Only Time '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Music Control '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Enya -- Only Time '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Enya -- Only Time '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ Chartstats.com ^ Jump up to : `` Enya Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Enya Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Enya Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Enya Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Billboard Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Jump up ^ `` GFK Chart - Track - TOP 100 SINGLES , WEEK ENDING 21 November 2013 '' . Jump up ^ Rtl.de Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Enya -- Only Time '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Enya in the field Interpret . Enter Only Time in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Enya ; ' Only Time ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Enya ; ' Only Time ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . External links ( edit ) `` Only Time '' at Discogs ( list of releases ) Preceded by `` There You 'll Be '' by Faith Hill `` If You 're Gone '' by Matchbox Twenty Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one single September 29 , 2001 ( first run ) October 13 , 2001 ( second run ) October 27 , 2001 ( third run ) November 10 -- December 1 , 2001 ( fourth run ) Succeeded by `` If You 're Gone '' by Matchbox Twenty `` There You 'll Be '' by Faith Hill `` Hero '' by Enrique Iglesias ( hide ) Enya Discography Studio albums Enya ( aka The Celts ) Watermark Shepherd Moons The Memory of Trees A Day Without Rain Amarantine And Winter Came ... Dark Sky Island Singles `` I Want Tomorrow '' `` Orinoco Flow '' `` `` Evening Falls ... '' `` Storms in Africa '' `` Exile '' `` Caribbean Blue '' `` How Can I Keep from Singing ? '' `` Book of Days '' `` Marble Halls '' `` The Celts '' `` Anywhere Is '' `` On My Way Home '' `` Only If ... '' `` Only Time '' `` Wild Child '' `` May It Be '' `` Amarantine '' `` It 's in the Rain '' `` Trains and Winter Rains '' `` White Is in the Winter Night '' `` My ! My ! Time Flies ! '' `` Echoes in Rain '' Compilations Paint the Sky with Stars The Very Best of Enya EPs 6 Tracks 3 Tracks The Christmas EP Sounds of the Season : The Enya Holiday Collection ( aka Christmas Secrets EP ) Box sets The Enya Collection A Box of Dreams Only Time -- The Collection Other releases The Frog Prince : The Original Soundtrack Recording Themes from Calmi Cuori Appassionati Related articles Clannad Nicky Ryan Roma Ryan Manderley Castle 6433 Enya Maiden of Mysteries : The Music of Enya Orinoco Flow Thread of Time Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Only_Time&oldid=840971725 '' Categories : 2000 singles 2001 singles Enya songs Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Poland Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Pop ballads Songs with lyrics by Roma Ryan Songs with music by Enya 2000 songs 2000s ballads Warner Music Group singles Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Magyar Português Simple English Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 13 May 2018 , at 07 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Only%20Time	697
what are the five love languages for singles			The Five love Languages	the five love languages	The Five Love Languages : How to Express Heartfelt Commitment to Your Mate is a 1995 book by Gary Chapman . It outlines five ways to express and experience love that Chapman calls `` love languages '' : receiving gifts , quality time , words of affirmation , acts of service ( devotion ) , and physical touch . Examples are given from his counseling practice , as well as questions to help determine one 's own love languages .	Chapman 's book claims that the list of five love languages is exhaustive . According to this theory , each person has one primary and one secondary love language . Chapman suggests that to discover another person 's love language , one must observe the way they express love to others , and analyze what they complain about most often and what they request from their significant other most often . He theorizes that people tend to naturally give love in the way that they prefer to receive love , and better communication between couples can be accomplished when one can demonstrate caring to the other person in the love language the recipient understands . An example would be if a husband 's love language is acts of service , he may be confused when he does the laundry for his wife and she does n't perceive that as an act of love , viewing it as simply performing household duties , because the love language she comprehends is words of affirmation ( verbal affirmation that he loves her ) . She may try to use what she values , words of affirmation , to express her love to him , which he would not value as much as she does . If she understands his love language and mows the lawn for him , he perceives it in his love language as an act of expressing her love for him ; likewise , if he tells her he loves her , she values that as an act of love . There has been a lack of research to test the validity of Chapman 's model and whether it can be generalized . Egbert ( 2006 ) suggests that the Five Love Languages might have some degree of psychometric validity despite its abstract nature . The book has been on the New York Times Best Seller list since August 2009 . A new , revised edition of The Five Love Languages was released on January 1 , 2015 . Related works ( edit ) Since 1995 , Chapman has written several books related to The Five Love Languages , including The Five Love Languages of Children in 1997 and The Five Love Languages for Singles in 2004 . In 2011 , Chapman co-authored The 5 Languages of Appreciation in the Workplace with Dr. Paul White , applying the 5 Love Languages concepts to work - based relationships . There are also special editions of the book such as The Five Love Languages : Military Edition , released in 2013 , which Chapman co-authored with Jocelyn Green . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gary Chapman ( 1995 ) . The Five Love Languages : How to Express Heartfelt Commitment to Your Mate . Northfield Publishing . ISBN 1881273156 . Jump up ^ Pam Farrel ( 2005 ) . The 10 Best Decisions a Couple Can Make . Harvest House . p. 125 . ISBN 0736934731 . Jump up ^ Stephen M.R. Covey ; Rebecca R. Merrill ( 2006 ) . The Speed of Trust : The One Thing that Changes Everything . Simon & Schuster . p. 212 . ISBN 141654237X . Jump up ^ Michael Olpin ; Margie Hesson ( 2009 ) . Stress Management for Life ( 2 ed . ) . Cengage Learning . p. 205 . ISBN 0324599439 . Jump up ^ Egbert , Nichole ; Polk , Denise ( 23 Aug 2006 ) . `` Speaking the Language of Relational Maintenance : A Validity Test of Chapman 's Five Love Languages '' . Communication Research Reports . 23 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 26 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/paperback-advice/list.html Jump up ^ David Rainey ( 2008 ) . Faith Reads : A Selective Guide to Christian Nonfiction . ABC - CLIO . p. 125 . ISBN 1591588472 . Jump up ^ Chapman and White , Northfield Press ( 2011 ) , Appreciation at Work network External links ( edit ) Official Website : The 5 Love Languages Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Five_Love_Languages&oldid=821298552 '' Categories : 1995 books American non-fiction books English - language books 20th - century Christian texts 1995 in the United States 1995 in religion Marriage in Christianity Relationship counseling Psychology books Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk About Wikipedia Languages Deutsch Magyar Edit links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 16 : 23 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Five%20Love%20Languages	698
given the demand function q = ap write down a linear relationship between the variables			Inverse demand function	inverse demand function	In economics , an ' inverse demand function ' , P = f ( Q ) , is a function that maps the quantity of output demanded to the market price ( dependent variable ) for that output . Quantity demanded , Q , is a function of price ; the inverse demand function treats price as a function of quantity demanded , and is also called the price function . Note that the inverse demand function is not the reciprocal of the demand function -- the word `` inverse '' refers to the mathematical concept of an inverse function .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Applications 3 Relation to marginal revenue 4 See also 5 References Definition ( edit ) In mathematical terms , if the demand function is f ( P ) , then the inverse demand function is f ( Q ) , whose value is the highest price that could be charged and still generate the quantity demanded Q . This is to say that the inverse demand function is the demand function with the axes switched . This is useful because economists typically place price ( P ) on the vertical axis and quantity ( Q ) on the horizontal axis . The inverse demand function is the same as the average revenue function , since P = AR . To compute the inverse demand function , simply solve for P from the demand function . For example , if the demand function has the form Q = 240 - 2P then the inverse demand function would be P = 120 - 0.5 Q . Applications ( edit ) The inverse demand function can be used to derive the total and marginal revenue functions . Total revenue equals price , P , times quantity , Q , or TR = P × Q. Multiply the inverse demand function by Q to derive the total revenue function : TR = ( 120 - . 5Q ) × Q = 120Q - 0.5 Q2 . The marginal revenue function is the first derivative of the total revenue function or MR = 120 - Q. Note that in this linear example the MR function has the same y - intercept as the inverse demand function , the x-intercept of the MR function is one - half the value of the demand function , and the slope of the MR function is twice that of the inverse demand function . This relationship holds true for all linear demand equations . The importance of being able to quickly calculate MR is that the profit - maximizing condition for firms regardless of market structure is to produce where marginal revenue equals marginal cost ( MC ) . To derive MC the first derivative of the total cost function is taken . For example , assume cost , C , equals 420 + 60Q + Q. then MC = 60 + 2Q . Equating MR to MC and solving for Q gives Q = 20 . So 20 is the profit maximizing quantity : to find the profit - maximizing price simply plug the value of Q into the inverse demand equation and solve for P . The inverse demand function is the form of the demand function that appears in the famous Marshallian Scissors diagram . The function appears in this form because economists place the independent variable on the y - axis and the dependent variable on the x-axis . The slope of the inverse function is ∆ P / ∆ Q . This fact should be kept in mind when calculating elasticity . The formula for elasticity is ( ∆ Q / ∆ P ) × ( P / Q ) . Relation to marginal revenue ( edit ) There is a close relationship between any inverse demand function for a linear demand equation and the marginal revenue function . For any linear demand function with an inverse demand equation of the form P = a - bQ , the marginal revenue function has the form MR = a - 2bQ . The marginal revenue function and inverse linear demand function have the following characteristics : Both functions are linear . The marginal revenue function and inverse demand function have the same y interecept . The x intercept of the marginal revenue function is one - half the x intercept of the inverse demand function . The marginal revenue function has twice the slope of the inverse demand function . The marginal revenue function is below the inverse demand function at every positive quantity . See also ( edit ) Supply and demand Demand Demand Curve Law of demand Profit ( economics ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Samuelson , W and Marks , S Managerial Economics 4th ed. page 35 . Wiley 2003 . Jump up ^ Varian , H.R ( 2006 ) Intermediate Microeconomics , Seventh Edition , W.W Norton & Company : London Jump up ^ Chiang & Wainwright , Fundamental Methods of Mathematical Economics 4th ed . Page 172 . McGraw - Hill 2005 Jump up ^ Samuelson & Marks , Managerial Economics 4th ed . ( Wiley 2003 ) Jump up ^ Perloff , Microeconomics , Theory & Applications with Calculus ( Pearson 2008 ) 240. ISBN 0 - 321 - 27794 - 5 Jump up ^ Samuelson , W & Marks , S Managerial Economics 4th ed . Page 47 . Wiley 2003 . Jump up ^ Perloff , J : Microeconomics Theory & Applications with Calculus page 363 . Pearson 2008 . Jump up ^ Samuelson , W & Marks , S Managerial Economics 4th ed . Page 47 . Wiley 2003 . Jump up ^ Samuelson , W & Marks , S Managerial Economics 4th ed . Page 47 . Wiley 2003 . Jump up ^ Perloff , J : Microeconomics Theory & Applications with Calculus page 362 . Pearson 2008 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inverse_demand_function&oldid=827950000 '' Categories : Mathematical finance Demand Hidden categories : Wikipedia references cleanup from May 2012 All articles needing references cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from May 2012 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 18 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse%20demand%20function	699
who is the lead singer for fall out boy	Fall Out Boy is an American rock band formed in Wilmette , Illinois , a suburb of Chicago , in 2001 . The band consists of lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist Patrick Stump , bassist Pete Wentz , lead guitarist Joe Trohman , and drummer Andy Hurley . The band originated from Chicago 's hardcore punk scene , with which all members were involved at one point . The group was formed by Wentz and Trohman as a pop punk side project of the members ' respective hardcore bands , and Stump joined shortly thereafter . The group went through a succession of drummers before landing Hurley and recording the group 's debut album , Take This to Your Grave ( 2003 ) . The album became an underground success and helped the band gain a dedicated fanbase through heavy touring , as well as some moderate commercial success . Take This to Your Grave has commonly been cited as an influential blueprint for pop punk music in the 2000s .	Patrick Stump	Fall Out Boy	fall out boy	Fall Out Boy is an American rock band formed in Wilmette , Illinois , a suburb of Chicago , in 2001 . The band consists of lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist Patrick Stump , bassist Pete Wentz , lead guitarist Joe Trohman , and drummer Andy Hurley . The band originated from Chicago 's hardcore punk scene , with which all members were involved at one point . The group was formed by Wentz and Trohman as a pop punk side project of the members ' respective hardcore bands , and Stump joined shortly thereafter . The group went through a succession of drummers before landing Hurley and recording the group 's debut album , Take This to Your Grave ( 2003 ) . The album became an underground success and helped the band gain a dedicated fanbase through heavy touring , as well as some moderate commercial success . Take This to Your Grave has commonly been cited as an influential blueprint for pop punk music in the 2000s .	With Wentz as the band 's lyricist and Stump as the primary composer , the band 's 2005 major - label breakthrough , From Under the Cork Tree , produced two hit singles , `` Sugar , We 're Goin Down '' and `` Dance , Dance , '' and went double platinum , transforming the group into superstars and making Wentz a celebrity and tabloid fixture . Fall Out Boy received a Best New Artist nomination at the 2006 Grammy Awards . The band 's 2007 follow - up , Infinity on High , landed at number one on the Billboard 200 with 260,000 first week sales . It produced two worldwide hit singles , `` This Ai n't a Scene , It 's an Arms Race '' and `` Thnks fr th Mmrs . '' Folie à Deux , the band 's fourth album , created a mixed response from fans and commercially undersold expectations . Following the release of Believers Never Die -- Greatest Hits , the band took a hiatus from 2009 to 2012 to `` decompress , '' exploring various side projects . The band regrouped and recorded Save Rock and Roll ( 2013 ) , which gave the band its second career number one and produced the top 20 single `` My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark ( Light Em Up ) . '' The group 's sixth studio album , American Beauty / American Psycho ( 2015 ) , released worldwide on Island Records , was preceded by the top 10 hit `` Centuries '' and also spawned the single `` Uma Thurman '' which peaked at 22 on Hot 100 . The album peaked at No. 1 , making it the band 's third No. 1 album and the group 's fifth consecutive top 10 album . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 2001 -- 2002 : Early years 1.2 2003 -- 2004 : Early success and Take This to Your Grave 1.3 2005 -- 2006 : From Under the Cork Tree 1.4 2007 : Infinity on High 1.5 2008 -- 2009 : Folie à Deux 1.6 2010 -- 2012 : Hiatus and solo careers 1.7 2013 -- 2014 : Reformation and Save Rock and Roll 1.8 2014 -- 2016 : American Beauty / American Psycho 1.9 2017 -- present : Mania 2 Musical style and influences 3 Legacy 4 Band members 4.1 Timeline 5 Discography 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 7.1 Footnotes 7.2 Bibliography 8 External links History 2001 -- 2002 : early years Fall Out Boy was formed in 2001 in the Chicago suburb of Wilmette , Illinois by friends Pete Wentz and Joe Trohman . Wentz was a `` visible fixture '' of the relatively small Chicago hardcore punk scene of the late 1990s , performing in various groups such as Birthright , Extinction and First Born , as well the metalcore band Arma Angelus and the more political Racetraitor , `` a band that managed to land the covers of Maximumrocknroll and Heartattack fanzines before releasing a single note of music . '' Wentz was growing dissatisfied with the changing mores of the community , which he viewed as a transition from political activism to an emphasis on moshing and breakdowns . With enthusiasm in Arma Angelus waning , he created a pop punk side project with Trohman as an `` easy and escapist '' project . Trohman met Patrick Stump , then a drummer for grindcore band Xgrinding processX and a host of other bands that `` never really managed , '' at a Borders bookstore in Wilmette . While discussing Neurosis with a friend , Stump interrupted the conversation to correct their classification of the band in a conversation that soon shifted to the new band . Stump , viewing it as an opportunity to try out with `` local hardcore celebrity '' Wentz , directed Trohman to his MP3.com page , which contained sung - through acoustic recordings . Stump intended to try out as a drummer , but Trohman urged him to bring out his acoustic guitar ; he impressed the duo with songs from Saves the Day 's Through Being Cool . While Wentz wanted Racetraitor bandmate Andy Hurley in the group as drummer , Hurley appeared uninterested and too busy . The band 's first public performance came in a cafeteria at DePaul University alongside Stilwell and another group that performed Black Sabbath in its entirety . The band 's only performance with guitarist John Flamandan and original drummer Ben Rose was in retrospect described as `` goofy '' and `` bad , '' but Trohman made an active effort to make the band work , picking up members for practice . Wentz and Stump argued over band names ; the former favored verbose , tongue - in - cheek names while the latter desired to reference Tom Waits in name . After creating a short list of names that included `` Fall Out Boy , '' a fictional character from The Simpsons and Bongo Comics , friends voted on the name . The band 's second performance , at a southern Illinois university with The Killing Tree , began with Wentz introducing the band under a name Stump recalled as `` very long . '' According to Stump , an audience member yelled out , `` Fuck that , no , you 're Fall Out Boy ! , '' and the band were credited later in the show under that name by Killing Tree frontman Tim McIlrath . As the group looked up to McIlrath , and Trohman and Stump were `` die - hard '' Simpsons fans , the name stuck . The group 's first cassette tape demo was recorded in Rose 's basement , but the band later set off for Wisconsin to record a proper demo with 7 Angels 7 Plagues drummer Jared Logan , whom Wentz knew through connections in the hardcore scene . Several more members passed through the group , including drummer Mike Pareskuwicz of Subsist and guitarist T.J. `` Racine '' Kunasch . While Stump at this point felt uninterested in the group , Wentz was , according to Uprising Records owner Sean Muttaqi , viewing the group as `` the thing that would make him famous . He had a clear vision . '' Wentz was `` singularly focused on taking things to the next level , '' and threw the band into promotion via early social media . Muttaqi got word of the demo and wanted to release half of it as a split extended play with Hurley 's band Project Rocket , which the band viewed as competition . Uprising desired to release an album with the emerging band , which to that point had only written three songs . With the help of Logan , the group attempted to put together a collection of songs in two days , and recorded them as Fall Out Boy 's Evening Out with Your Girlfriend . The rushed recording experience and underdeveloped songs left the band dissatisfied . When the band set off to Smart Studios in Madison , Wisconsin to record three songs for a possible split 7 - inch with 504 Plan , engineer Sean O'Keefe suggested the band record the trio with Hurley . Hurley was also recording an EP with his new group the Kill Pill in Chicago the same day , but raced to Madison to lay down drums for Fall Out Boy . `` It was still a fill - in thing but when Andy sat in , it just felt different . It was one of those `` a-ha '' moments , '' recalled Wentz . 2003 -- 2004 : early success and Take This to Your Grave The band booked a two - week tour with Spitalfield , but Pareskuwicz was unable to get time off from work and Kunasch was kicked out of the band as the group `` had all gotten sick of him . '' Kunasch was temporarily replaced by friend Brandon Hamm on guitar , alongside drummer Chris Envy from the recently disbanded Showoff , but both quit prior to the kickoff of the tour . The band invited Hurley instead to fill - in once more , while Stump borrowed one of Trohman 's guitars for the trek . While most shows were cancelled , the band played any show possible : `` Let 's just get on whatever show we can . You can pay us in pizza , '' remembered Wentz . As the tour concluded , the general consensus was that Hurley would be the band 's new drummer , and the band began to shop around the three songs from the group 's unreleased split as a demo to record labels . The band members set their sights on pop punk labels , and attempted with considerable effort to join Drive - Thru Records . A showcase for label co-founders went largely mediocre , and the band were offered to sign to side label Rushmore , an offer that the members of the band declined . They got particularly far in discussions with The Militia Group and Victory Records , and Bob McLynn of Crush Management became the band 's first manager . The band re-entered the studio with O'Keefe to record several more tracks to create label interest . Wentz felt `` in the backseat '' in writing the songs and temporarily questioned his place in the group , but Stump argued in his favor : `` No ! That 's not fair ! Do n't leave me with this band ! Do n't make me kind of like this band and then leave it ! That 's bullshit ! '' The band 's early tour vehicle was a `` tiny V6 that was running on three cylinders , and it was not getting enough air , so it would drive really slowly , '' recalled Wentz . `` We had to turn on the hot air to reach the speed limit , so we had the heat on all the time in 120 degree weather . It was so hot it melted the plastic molding around the windows . When it rained , we 'd get all wet . '' John Janick of Fueled by Ramen had heard an early version of a song online and cold - called the band members at their apartment , first reaching Stump and later talking to Wentz for an hour . Rob Stevenson from Island Records eventually offered the band a `` first - ever incubator sort of deal , '' in which they gave the band money to sign with Fueled by Ramen for the group 's one - off debut , knowing they could `` upstream '' the band to radio on the sophomore record . Fueled by Ramen , at the time the smallest of independent labels clamoring to sign the band , would effectively release the group 's debut album and help build the band 's ever - expanding fanbase before the group moved to Island . The band again partnered with O'Keefe at Smart Studios , bringing together the three songs from the demo and recording an additional seven songs in nine days . The band , according to Stump , did n't `` sleep anywhere that we could shower ( ... ) There was a girl that Andy 's girlfriend at the time went to school with who let us sleep on her floor , but we 'd be there for maybe four hours at a time . It was crazy . '' As the band progressed and the members ' roles became more defined , Wentz took lyrics extremely seriously in contrast to Stump , who had been the group 's primary lyricist up to that point . Arguments during the recording sessions led to what `` most reductively boils down to Wentz writing the lyrics and Stump writing the melodies . '' The band 's debut album , Take This to Your Grave , was issued by Fueled by Ramen in May 2003 . Previously , one of the band 's earliest recordings , Evening Out with Your Girlfriend , had not seen release until shortly before Grave in March 2003 , when the band had gained considerable momentum . `` Our record was something being rushed out to help generate some interest , but that interest was building before we could even get the record out , '' said Sean Muttaqi . The band actively tried to stop Uprising from releasing the recordings ( as the band 's relationship with Muttaqi had grown sour ) , as the band viewed it as a `` giant piece of garbage '' recorded before Hurley 's involvement that the band members ceased to consider the debut album of the group . Gradually , the band 's fanbase grew in size as the label pushed for the album 's mainstream success . According to Wentz , shows began to end in a near - riot and the group were banned from several venues because the entire crowd would end up onstage . The band gained positive reviews for subsequent gigs at South by Southwest ( SXSW ) and various tour appearances . The band joined the Warped Tour for five dates in the summer of 2004 , and on one date the band had only performed three songs when the stage collapsed due to the large crowd . The band appeared on the cover of the August 2004 edition of Alternative Press , and listening stations at Hot Topic partially helped the album move 2,000 - 3,000 copies per week by Christmas 2004 , at which point the label considered the band `` tipping '' into mainstream success . 2005 -- 2006 : from Under the Cork Tree Fall Out Boy performing in 2006 The band had been flooded with `` hyperbolic praise , '' and deemed `` the next big thing '' by multiple media outlets . Before recording the follow - up to its debut , the band released the acoustic EP / DVD My Heart Will Always Be the B - Side to My Tongue . The EP was the band 's first charting on the Billboard 200 at number 153 . From Under the Cork Tree was recorded in Burbank , California , and served as the first time the band had stayed in California for an extended period of time . The group lived in corporate housing during the making of the album . In contrast to Take This to Your Grave 's rushed recording schedule , Fall Out Boy took a much more gradual pace while working on From Under the Cork Tree . It was the first Fall Out Boy record in which Stump created all the music and Wentz wrote all the lyrics , continuing the approach they took for some songs on Grave . Stump felt that this process was much more `` smooth '' as every member was able to focus on his individual strengths . He explained : `` We have n't had any of those moments when I play the music and he 'll say , ' I do n't like that , ' and he 'll read me lyrics and I 'll say , ' I do n't like those lyrics . ' It 's very natural and fun . '' Despite this , the band had great difficulty creating its desired sound for the album , constantly scrapping new material . Two weeks before recording sessions began , the group abandoned ten songs and wrote eight more , including the album 's first single , `` Sugar , We 're Goin Down . '' The band suffered a setback , however , when Wentz had an emotional breakdown in February 2005 , culminating in an unsuccessful suicide attempt . He had withdrawn from the rest of the group , with his condition only apparent through his lyrics , and had also become obsessed with the recent Indian tsunami and his own self - doubt . `` It is particularly overwhelming when you are on the cusp of doing something very big and thinking that it will be a big flop , '' he said later . Wentz swallowed a handful of Ativan anxiety pills ( he described the act as `` hypermedicating '' ) in the Chicago Best Buy parking lot . After being rushed to the hospital and having his stomach pumped , Wentz moved back home to Wilmette to live with his parents . From Under the Cork Tree debuted and peaked at number nine on the Billboard 200 upon its May 2005 release . It was spearheaded by the band 's breakthrough single , `` Sugar , We 're Goin ' Down , '' reached number eight in the US Billboard Hot 100 in September 2005 , and in the UK chart in February 2006 , crossing over from Alternative to Pop radio . `` Dance , Dance , '' the album 's second single , also was a top ten hit in the United States and was certified 3x Platinum in 2014 . The record 's success led to stardom among teenagers in North America , and the band 's first arena tour had the group playing to 10,000 people per night . Rolling Stone wrote that the band 's `` anthems , '' distributed and marketed through their MySpace , connected with `` skinny - jeans - wearing teen girls . '' In support of From Under the Cork Tree , the band toured exhaustively with international tours , TRL visits , late - night television appearances and music award shows . The band performed at music festivals in 2005 and 2006 , including the third Nintendo Fusion Tour in the fall of 2005 , joining The Starting Line , Motion City Soundtrack , Boys Night Out , and Panic ! at the Disco on a 31 city tour . The album earned the band a Grammy nomination for Best New Artist , and has sold over 2.7 million copies in the United States , becoming the group 's best - selling album . `` Sugar , We 're Goin Down '' also won the band an MTV Music Video Award . 2007 : Infinity on High Pete Wentz ( shown in May 2007 ) became the band 's spokesman and a tabloid fixture in the mid-2000s . In the wake of the band 's multiplatinum success , the `` especially extroverted '' Wentz became the most publicly visible member of the band . He confided to the press his suicide attempt and nude photos of the bassist appeared on the Internet in 2006 . He gained additional exposure through his clothing line , his Decaydance record label ( an imprint of Fueled by Ramen ) , and eventually a celebrity relationship with pop singer Ashlee Simpson , which made the two tabloid fixtures in the United States . Due to its increased success from the group 's MTV Video Music Award , the group headlined the Black Clouds and Underdogs Tour , a pop punk event that featured The All - American Rejects , Well - Known Secret , Hawthorne Heights , and From First to Last . The tour also featured The Hush Sound for half of the tour and October Fall for half . The band played to 53 dates in the US , Canada , and the UK . After taking a two - month - long break following the band 's Black Clouds and Underdogs tour in promotion of the band 's 2005 album From Under the Cork Tree , Fall Out Boy returned to the studio to begin work on a follow - up effort . The band began writing songs for the new album while touring , and intended to quickly make a new album in order to keep momentum in the wake of its breakthrough success . In early 2007 , the group released its third studio album , Infinity on High , which was the band 's second release on major label Island . The album marked a departure in Fall Out Boy 's sound in which the band implemented a diverse array of musical styles including funk , R&B , and flamenco . As reported by Billboard , Fall Out Boy `` drifts further from its hardcore punk roots to write increasingly accessible pop tunes , '' a slight departure from the group 's previous more pop punk sound predominant on their 2003 effort , Take This to Your Grave . Fall Out Boy on NBC 's The Today Show in Rockefeller Center Infinity 's first week was a major success and was the band 's biggest selling week , selling 260,000 copies to debut at No. 1 on the US Billboard 200 and inside the top five worldwide . This charting was first started with lead single `` The Carpal Tunnel of Love '' , with minor success on the Billboard charts . This success was bolstered by the further - successful second single `` This Ai n't a Scene , It 's an Arms Race '' , which reached No. 2 in both the US and UK as well as the top five in many other countries . On the band 's decision to pick the song as a single , Wentz commented `` There may be other songs on the record that would be bigger radio hits , but this one had the right message . '' `` Thnks fr th Mmrs '' , the third single , peaked just outside the top 10 at No. 11 on the strength of sales and popular radio play , and went on to sell over two million copies in the US . It found its greatest success in Australia where it charted at No. 3 . In 2007 , Fall Out Boy placed at No. 9 in the Top Selling Digital Artists chart with 4,423,000 digital tracks sold , according to Nielsen SoundScan . The album itself has sold over two million copies worldwide and subsequently was certified Platinum in the United States . Fall Out Boy then headlined the 2007 Honda Civic Tour to promote the album . Though the tour was initially postponed due to personal issues , it would take place with + 44 , Cobra Starship , The Academy Is ... and Paul Wall as supporting acts . The band also headlined the Young Wild Things Tour , an international arena tour featuring Gym Class Heroes , Plain White T 's and Cute Is What We Aim For . Inspired by Maurice Sendak 's 1963 children 's book Where the Wild Things Are , the concert tour and included sets designed by artist Rob Dobi containing images from the book . The band 's `` hugely successful '' amphitheater tour to promote Infinity led to the release of the 2008 live album Live in Phoenix , consisting of live material recorded during a June 22 , 2007 , concert at Phoenix 's Cricket Wireless Pavilion , a date of the Honda Civic Tour . The disc also a studio cover of Michael Jackson 's `` Beat It '' , with guitarist John Mayer guesting for a guitar solo . The track was released as a single and became a mainstay on the iTunes top ten . 2008 -- 2009 : Folie a Deux The band members decided to keep publicity down during the recording of their fourth album , as the group was taken aback by such press surrounding Infinity on High . Sessions proved to be difficult for the band as Wentz started taking LSD when Zach Blair lead guitarist for Rise Against made him try it at a party in April 2008 . The goal in Wentz using LSD was to hope it would influence his songwriting , but it just made him distracted from writing songs , which annoyed Stump , so he stopped using LSD in August 2008 . Wentz later said he had taken LSD over 50 times . Stump called the making of the album `` painful '' , noting that he and Wentz quarreled over many issues , revealing `` I threw something across the room over a major - to - minor progression . '' On previous albums , Trohman felt he and Hurley did not have enough musical freedom and that Stump and Wentz exerted too much control over the group : `` I felt , ' Man , this is n't my band anymore . ' It 's no one 's fault , and I do n't want to make it seem that way . It was more of a complex I developed based off of stuff I was reading . It 's hard to hear , ' Joe and Andy are just along for the ride . ' '' To amend the situation , Trohman sat down with Stump to communicate his concerns , which led to more collaboration on Folie à Deux . `` It made me feel like I owned the songs a lot more . It made me really excited about contributing to Fall Out Boy and made me find my role in the band , '' Trohman recalled . As the release of the new album approached , the band and its management found that they would have to navigate changes in the music industry , facing declining record sales , the lack of a proper outlet for exhibition of music videos , and the burgeoning US economic crisis . To promote the album , Wentz launched a viral campaign in August 2008 , inspired by George Orwell 's novel Nineteen Eighty - Four ( 1949 ) , and the autocratic , overbearing Big Brother organization . Folie à Deux , released in December 2008 , did not perform as well commercially as its predecessor , Infinity on High . It debuted at number eight on the US Billboard 200 chart with first week sales of 150,000 copies during a highly competitive week with other big debuts , becoming Fall Out Boy 's third consecutive top ten album . This is in contrast to the band 's more successful previous effort which shifted 260,000 copies in its opening week to debut at number one the chart . Folie spent two weeks within the top 20 out of its 22 chart weeks . It also entered Billboard 's Rock Albums and Alternative Albums charts at number three . Within two months of its release , Folie à Deux was certified Gold in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , denoting shipments of 500,000 copies . The lead single , `` I Do n't Care '' , reached a peak at number twenty - one on the Billboard Hot 100 , and was certified Platinum by the RIAA for shipments of one million copies . To promote the album , Fall Out Boy embarked on the Believers Never Die Tour Part Deux , which included dates in the United States and Canada . The constant touring schedule became difficult for the band due to conflicting fan opinion regarding Folie à Deux : concertgoers would `` boo the band for performing numbers from the record in concert '' , leading Stump to describe touring in support of Folie as like `` being the last act at the vaudeville show : We were rotten vegetable targets in Clandestine hoods . '' `` Some of us were miserable onstage , '' said guitarist Joe Trohman . `` Others were just drunk . '' A greatest hits compilation , Believers Never Die -- Greatest Hits , followed in the fall , and following these events , the band decided to take a break . The band 's decision stemmed from disillusionment with the music industry and Stump recalled that `` We found ourselves running on fumes a little bit -- creatively and probably as people , too . '' Stump realized the band was desperate to take a break ; he sat the group down and explained that a hiatus was in order if the band wanted to continue in the future . All involved felt the dynamic of the group had changed as personalities developed . Rumors and misquotes led to confusion as to what such a break truly meant ; Wentz preferred to not refer to the break as a `` hiatus , '' instead explaining that the band was just `` decompressing . '' Fall Out Boy played its last show at Madison Square Garden on October 4 , 2009 . Near the end , Blink - 182 's Mark Hoppus shaved Wentz 's head in a move Rolling Stone would later describe as a `` symbolic cleansing of the past , but also the beginning of a very dark chapter for the band . '' 2010 -- 2012 : hiatus and solo careers By the time the break began , Stump was the heaviest he had ever been and loathed the band 's image as an `` emo '' band . Coming home from tour , drummer Andy Hurley `` went through the darkest depression ( I 've ) ever felt . I looked at my calendar and it was just empty . '' Wentz , who had been abusing Xanax and Klonopin , was divorced by his wife Ashlee Simpson and returned to therapy . `` I 'd basically gone from being the guy in Fall Out Boy to being the guy who , like , hangs out all day , '' Wentz recalled . Previously known as the `` overexposed , despised '' leader of the band , Wentz `` simply grew up , '' sharing custody of his son and embracing maturity : `` There was a jump - cut in my life . I started thinking -- like , being old would be cool . '' During the hiatus , the band members each pursued individual musical interests , which were met with `` varying degrees of failure . '' Stump was the only member of the quartet to take on a solo project while Fall Out Boy was on hiatus , recording debut album Soul Punk entirely on his own : he wrote , produced , and played every instrument for all tracks on the record . In addition , he married his longtime girlfriend and lost over sixty pounds through portion control and exercise . Stump blew through most of his savings putting together a large band to tour behind Soul Punk , but ticket sales were sparse and the album stalled commercially . During a particularly dark moment in February 2012 , Stump poured his heart out in a 1500 - word blog entry called `` We Liked You Better Fat : Confessions of a Pariah . '' In the post , Stump lamented the harsh reception of the record and his status as a `` has - been '' at 27 . Stump revealed that fans harassed him on his solo tour , hurling insults such as `` We liked you better fat , '' and noted that `` Whatever notoriety Fall Out Boy used to have prevents me from having the ability to start over from the bottom again . '' Aside from Soul Punk and personal developments , Stump moonlighted as a professional songwriter / producer , co-writing tracks with Bruno Mars and All Time Low , and pursued acting . Wentz formed electronic duo Black Cards with vocalist Bebe Rexha in July 2010 . The project released one single before album delays led to Rexha 's departure in 2011 . Black Cards added Spencer Peterson to complete the Use Your Disillusion EP in 2012 . Wentz also completed writing a novel , Gray , that he had been working on for six years outside the band , and began hosting the reality tattoo competition show Best Ink . Hurley ventured farther into rock during the hiatus , drumming with multiple bands over the three - year period . He continued to manage his record label , Fuck City , and drummed for bands Burning Empires and Enabler . He also formed heavy metal outfit The Damned Things with Trohman , Scott Ian and Rob Caggiano of Anthrax , and Keith Buckley of Every Time I Die . Despite this , the members all remained cordial to one another ; Wentz was Stump 's best man at his wedding . The hiatus was , all things considered , beneficial for the group and its members , according to Hurley . `` The hiatus helped them all kind of figure themselves out , '' he explained in 2013 . `` Especially Joe and Patrick , who were so young . And Pete is a million times better . '' 2013 -- 2014 : reformation and Save Rock and Roll Stump and Wentz met up for the first time in several years in early 2012 for a writing session . Wentz reached out to Stump after he penned his letter , as he too felt he was in a dark place and needed a creative outlet . He was at first reluctant to approach Stump , likening the phone call to reconnecting with a lover after years of acrimony . `` I know what you need -- you need your band , '' Wentz told Stump . `` I think it 's kind of weird that we have n't really seen each other this year . We paid for each other 's houses and you do n't know my kid , '' Wentz remarked . The result , `` three or four '' new songs , were shelved with near immediacy , with the two concluding that `` it just was n't right and did n't feel right . '' Several months later , the two reconvened and wrote tracks that they felt truly represented the band in a modern form . The band decided that if a comeback was in order , it must represent the band in its current form : `` We did n't want to come back just to bask in the glory days and , like , and collect a few checks and pretend ... and do our best 2003 impersonation , '' said Stump . Afterwards , the quartet held an all - day secret meeting at their manager 's home in New York City where they discussed ideas and the mechanics of getting together to record . Trohman was the last to be contacted , through a three - hour phone call from Stump . As Trohman was arguably the most excited to begin other projects , he had a list of stipulations for rejoining the band . `` If I 'm not coming back to this band writing music ( ... ) then I do n't want to , '' he remarked . Stump supported Trohman 's ambition saying Trohman `` needed to be writing more . '' The band members ' main goal was to reinvent the group 's sound from scratch , creating what Trohman called a `` reimagining of the band , '' which focuses more on pop . Sessions were not without difficulties , as the band struggled initially to produce new material . Walker had doubts about the band 's volatility , feeling the record would not get made following `` meltdown after meltdown . '' The entire album was recorded in secrecy from the music industry , critics , and fans of the band . While specifically denying that the group 's announcement was a reunion because `` ( the group had ) never broke ( n ) up '' , the band announced a reunion tour and details of Save Rock and Roll on February 4 , 2013 . The quartet 's announcement included a photo of the group that had been taken earlier that morning of the band members huddled around a bonfire tossing copies of their back catalog into flames at the original location of Comiskey Park , the location of 1979 's Disco Demolition Night , a baseball promotional event which involved destroying disco records . A message on the group 's website read `` when we were kids the only thing that got us through most days was music . It 's why we started Fall Out Boy in the first place . This is n't a reunion because we never broke up . We needed to plug back in and make some music that matters to us . The future of Fall Out Boy starts now . Save rock and roll ... '' Save Rock and Roll debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart , with first week sales of 154,000 copies in the United States , according to Nielsen SoundScan . The arrival of Save Rock and Roll posted the quartet 's third - biggest sales week , and earned the group 's second career number one on the chart . The band 's chart success was best described as unexpected by music journalists . Rolling Stone called the band 's comeback a `` rather stunning renaissance '' , and Entertainment Weekly called the number one a `` major accomplishment for a band whom many in the industry had dismissed as kings of a genre whose time had passed . '' Fall Out Boy performing at a concert during the Monumentour The record 's lead single , `` My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark ( Light Em Up ) '' , peaked at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 , marking the band 's first top twenty single since the group 's 2008 cover of Michael Jackson 's `` Beat It '' . It was certified 3x Platinum in the US for over 3 million sales . Inspired in part by Daft Punk 's Interstella 5555 : The 5tory of the 5ecret 5tar 5ystem , the band released a music video for every song on the album in a series titled The Young Blood Chronicles between February 2013 and May 2014 . The band also released a hardcore punk - influenced EP , PAX AM Days , in late 2013 . Fall Out Boy covered Elton John 's ( who was featured on the Save Rock And Roll title track ) song `` Saturday Night 's Alright for Fighting '' for inclusion in the fortieth anniversary re-release edition of Goodbye Yellow Brick Road on March 25 , 2014 , alongside covers by different artists . Fall Out Boy headlined Save Rock And Roll tours ( including US , Australian and European legs ) and played at music festivals around the world for one and a half years . The group co-headlined Monumentour with Paramore in North America to close the Save Rock And Roll era . 2014 -- 2016 : American Beauty / American Psycho On June 2 , 2014 , Wentz stated that he and Stump were writing new music : `` We 're writing . I was just listening to something Patrick had written in the trailer . So we 're writing , finishing out the album cycle in South Africa in September . '' In a later interview with Rock Sound regarding the status of the album , Wentz commented `` We do n't have an exact timetable yet . I have a two - week old son and Patrick has a baby on the way in October , so there 's a lot going on . '' as well as stating a rough release time as early 2015 . In December 2014 the band played radio - sponsored Christmas shows , including KROQ 's Almost Acoustic Christmas . `` Centuries '' - the first single of Fall Out Boy 's sixth studio album - premiered on September 8 , 2014 on BBC Radio 1 , receiving a worldwide release the next day . By the 2010s , there were few rock bands achieving success on mainstream radio and the charts , but `` Centuries '' defied the odds to peak at No. 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 13 on Billboard Mainstream Top 40 . Fall Out Boy also was featured on the track `` Back to Earth '' from Steve Aoki 's second album Neon Future I , which was released on September 30 , 2014 . Another song titled `` Immortals '' was released October 14 , 2014 , as part of the soundtrack for the Walt Disney film Big Hero 6 . The group remade the Chicago Bulls 's anthem `` Only the Bulls '' with guest Lupe Fiasco . The recording of the song was released in November 2014 . On November 24 , 2014 , the title of Fall Out Boy 's sixth studio album was announced as American Beauty / American Psycho ; the album was released on January 20 , 2015 . The album 's title track premiered on BBC Radio 1 in the UK along with the album 's title reveal . American Beauty / American Psycho debuted at No. 1 on the US Billboard 200 with 192,000 first week sales and 218,000 equivalent album units , becoming Fall Out Boy 's third No. 1 album . The band played two small venue release shows in January 2015 , in London and Chicago . American Beauty / American Psycho was certified platinum in the US on March 1 , 2016 , after selling 1 millions units . From February through March , the band played at the Australian Soundwave festival for the first time , with two additional side shows in Sydney and Brisbane . Fall Out Boy inducted Green Day into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on April 18 , 2015 . On May 18 , the group performed its song `` Uma Thurman '' with Wiz Khalifa on the 2015 Billboard Music Awards . In June -- August 2015 , Fall Out Boy began touring across the United States with Wiz Khalifa , Hoodie Allen , and MAX on the `` Boys of Zummer Tour '' . On October 1 , 2015 , the `` American Beauty / American Psycho '' European tour kicked off in Dublin , Ireland , and consisted of 12 dates with shows in the UK , Russia , and Europe . On May 24 , 2015 it was announced English rapper Professor Green would support Fall Out Boy on the 8 - date leg of the band 's UK tour . New York based dance - duo Matt and Kim were added as additional support for the UK tour . On October 23 , 2015 , Fall Out Boy announced via Twitter the release of a re-worked version of its sixth studio album , Make America Psycho Again . The remix album features a remade version of each track from the original record , each featuring a different rapper . The album was released on October 30 , 2015 . It included the version of `` Uma Thurman '' featuring Wiz Khalifa which had been originally performed at the Billboard Music Awards . On March 1 , 2016 , it was announced Fall Out Boy are to headline Reading and Leeds Festivals in the UK in August 2016 along with Biffy Clyro . 2017 -- present : Mania On April 27 , 2017 , Fall Out Boy announced that their new album was set to be released on September 15 , titled Mania . The first single , `` Young and Menace , '' was released the same day . The second single , `` Champion , '' was released in the U.S. on June 22 and worldwide on June 23 . Music videos have been posted to Vevo and YouTube for both songs . The band plans to begin the Mania Tour in North America in October 2017 with hip hop artist blackbear and actor - rapper Jaden Smith , and will perform in Australia in 2018 with indie band WAAX . On August 3 , 2017 , Patrick Stump tweeted that the album 's release would be pushed back to January 19 , 2018 , because the band were not satisfied with the results of their work at the time . On November 6 , 2017 , the band announced the album 's completion and revealed the track list . Musical style and influences Many of the band 's melodies are created by Stump ( left ) , while lyricism is handled by Wentz ( right ) . `` Sugar , We 're Goin Down '' The Phoenix New Times writer Martin Cizmar wrote that `` Sugar , We 're Goin Down '' was possibly `` the most listened - to emo track of all time '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . While widely considered to be a pop punk band , Fall Out Boy has also been described as pop rock emo , and emo pop , and cites emo group The Get Up Kids as an influence among many other bands . When interviewed for a retrospective article in Alternative Press at the time The Get Up Kids disbanded in 2005 , Pete Wentz stated that `` Fall Out Boy would not be a band if it were not for The Get Up Kids . '' Early in the band 's career , when Jared Logan was producing the group 's debut album , he asked bassist Pete Wentz what sound the band desired for recording . Wentz responded by `` handing over the first two New Found Glory records '' . Wentz also cites Green Day , the Ramones , Screeching Weasel , Metallica , Earth Crisis , Gorilla Biscuits and Lifetime as influences . The band acknowledges its hardcore punk roots as an influence ; all four members were involved in the Chicago hardcore scene before joining Fall Out Boy . Wentz described the band 's affiliation with the genre by saying `` I think the interesting thing is that we are all hardcore kids that are writing pop music ... It gives us a different style because at our core we are always hardcore . That aspect is always going to be evident in the music . We are hardcore kids that could n't quite cut it as hardcore kids . '' He referred to Fall Out Boy 's genre as `` softcore '' : hardcore punk mixed with pop sensibility . Lead singer Patrick Stump , however , is also influenced by artists he listened to while growing up including Prince , Michael Jackson , and David Bowie . Fall Out Boy 's albums Take This to Your Grave and From Under the Cork Tree are both said to have pop punk as well as punk rock sounds and influences , and Infinity on High features a wide range of styles and instrumentation , including orchestral arrangements ( `` Thnks fr th Mmrs '' ) and a slower piano ballad ( `` Golden '' ) . R&B influences on Infinity on High are on songs such as `` This Ai n't a Scene , It 's an Arms Race '' and two of the album 's tracks are produced by R&B singer / producer Babyface . On Folie à Deux , the group continues to evolve its sound , with less of a pop punk sound and increasing the use of piano ( such as `` What a Catch , Donnie '' , `` Headfirst Slide into Cooperstown on a Bad Bet '' , and `` 20 Dollar Nose Bleed '' ) , synthesizers , and guest artists . The band also shows a number of influences , with `` Disloyal Order of Water Buffaloes '' borrowing a chord sequence from The Who song `` Baba O'Riley '' . The group has worked with many producers and artists , including The Neptunes , Timbaland , Ryan Adams , Lil Wayne and Kanye West , the latter of which Patrick Stump described as `` the Prince of his generation . '' When the band returned from hiatus with Save Rock and Roll , their main goal was to reinvent the sound of the group from scratch , creating what Trohman called a `` reimagining of the band '' , which focused more on pop and moved away from the punk aspects of their sound . While mostly an album which mixes pop , rock and R&B , the record was still described by Dave Simpson of The Guardian as a pop punk record , but also noted influences from Heart in the album 's ballads . In American Beauty / American Psycho , the band felt influences from playing with different artists and expanded on boundaries further than Save Rock and Roll did . In an interview with Rolling Stone , guitarist Joe Trohman said the album has `` hip hop grooves with guitars on it , '' with `` more in your face guitar than Save Rock and Roll '' . Annie Zaleski of Alternative Press described American Beauty / American Psycho as a `` mix of fluid grooves , punky riffs and outré pop sensibilities . '' A central part of Fall Out Boy 's sound is rooted in the band 's lyrics , mainly penned by bassist Pete Wentz , who commonly uses irony and other literary devices to narrate personal experience and stories . Wentz stated , `` I write about what I 'm going through most of the time , or what I imagine people are going through most of the time . '' He draws inspiration from authors such as Charles Bukowski , Ernest Hemingway , and JT LeRoy , as well as rappers such as Lil Wayne , who he described as his primary influence while writing Infinity on High . On Fall Out Boy 's earlier works , Wentz wrote primarily about love and heartbreak . Themes addressed on From Under the Cork Tree include narcissism and megalomania , while many tracks on Infinity on High discuss the ups and downs of fame . While writing Folie à Deux , he explored moral dilemmas and societal shortcomings , as well as concepts such as trust , infidelity , responsibility , and commitment . While the album does contain political overtones , the band wanted to avoid being overt about these themes , leaving many lyrics open to interpretation for listeners . Legacy Fall Out Boy have been instrumental in the careers of other artists , such as Panic ! at the Disco , whom Pete Wentz signed to his record label , Decaydance Records , in late 2004 . Several artists , such as You Me at Six and Taylor Swift , have created or performed covers of Fall Out Boy songs as a homage to the band . The Fall Out Boy band members were the first inductees to the `` Hall of Wood '' at the 2015 MtvU Woodie Awards and performed a medley of five songs at the ceremony . This honor is given to artists who have used MTV Woodie Awards as a `` launching pad '' in achieving chart topping success within their musical careers , thus influencing up and coming bands . The award also recognizes bands `` sticking to their roots '' and `` maintaining their loyal fan base . '' The group had won the Woodie Award for Streaming for `` Grand Theft Autumn '' at the first ceremony in 2004 . Band members Current members Patrick Stump -- lead vocals ( 2001 -- present ) ; rhythm guitar ( 2002 -- present ) Joe Trohman -- lead guitar , backing vocals ( 2001 -- present ) Pete Wentz -- bass , unclean vocals , backing vocals ( 2001 -- present ) Andy Hurley -- drums , percussion ( 2003 -- present ) Former members T.J. Kunasch -- rhythm guitar , backing vocals ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Brandon Hamm -- rhythm guitar , backing vocals ( 2002 ) Ben Rose -- drums , percussion ( 2001 ) Mike Pareskuwicz -- drums , percussion ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Timeline Discography Main article : Fall Out Boy discography Take This to Your Grave ( 2003 ) From Under the Cork Tree ( 2005 ) Infinity on High ( 2007 ) Folie à Deux ( 2008 ) Save Rock and Roll ( 2013 ) American Beauty / American Psycho ( 2015 ) Mania ( 2018 ) Awards and nominations A select list of Fall Out Boy 's awards and nominations . Year Nominee / work Award Result `` Grand Theft Autumn / Where Is Your Boy '' MtvU Woodie Award - Streaming Artist Won 2005 `` Sugar , We 're Goin Down '' MTV Video Music Award - MTV2 Award 2006 `` Dance , Dance '' MuchMusic Video Award - People 's Choice : Favorite International Group `` Sugar , We 're Goin Down '' Kerrang ! Award - Best Single Nominated Kerrang ! Award -- Best Video Won `` Dance , Dance '' Teen Choice Award -- Rock Track Teen Choice Award -- Single Fall Out Boy Teen Choice Award -- Rock Group MTV Video Music Award -- Viewer 's Choice Grammy Award for Best New Artist Nominated 2007 `` This Ai n't a Scene , It 's an Arms Race '' Kerrang ! Award -- Best Video Won `` Thnks fr th Mmrs '' Teen Choice Award -- Single Nickelodeon 's Australian Kids ' Choice Awards - Fave Song Nickelodeon 's Kids ' Choice Award -- Single Fall Out Boy Teen Choice Award -- Best Group MTV Video Music Award -- Best Group Nickelodeon 's Kids Choice Award - Best Band Nominated 2008 `` The Take Over , the Breaks Over '' MuchMusic Video Award -- People 's Choice : Favorite International Video Won Fall Out Boy TMF Award -- Best Live International TMF Award -- Best Rock International TMF Award -- Best Alternative International `` Beat It '' MTV Video Music Award -- Best Rock Video Nominated Fall Out Boy Teen Choice Award -- Choice Rock Group Pete Wentz Teen Choice Award -- Choice Hotties 2009 `` I Do n't Care '' NRJ Music Award -- Best International Band 2013 `` The Phoenix '' Kerrang ! Award for Best Single Won `` My Songs Know What You Did In The Dark ( Light Em Up ) '' MTV Video Music Award for Best Rock Video Nominated Fall Out Boy MTV Europe Music Awards - Best Alternative 2014 Fall Out Boy People 's Choice Awards - Favorite Alternative Band Won Fall Out Boy Billboard Music Awards - Top Rock Artist Nominated Save Rock and Roll Billboard Music Awards - Top Rock Album Fall Out Boy Kerrang ! Awards - Best International Band Won Save Rock and Roll Tour Kerrang ! Awards - Best Event Pete Wentz Kerrang ! Awards - Tweeter of the Year Nominated Fall Out Boy Alternative Press Award - Artist of the Year Won Fall Out Boy Alternative Press Award - Best Live Band Nominated Save Rock and Roll Alternative Press Award - Album of the Year `` My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark ( Light Em Up ) '' Alternative Press Award - Song of the Year Pete Wentz Alternative Press Award - Best Bassist Fall Out Boy & The Band Perry CMT Music Awards - CMT Performance of the Year Fall Out Boy World Music Awards - World 's Best Alternative Act Won Fall Out Boy World Music Awards - World 's Best Group Nominated Fall Out Boy World Music Awards - World 's Best Live Act Save Rock and Roll World Music Awards - World 's Best Album `` My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark ( Light Em Up ) '' World Music Awards - World 's Best Song `` My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark ( Light Em Up ) '' World Music Awards - World 's Best Music Video 2015 Fall Out Boy Billboard Music Awards - Top Rock Artist `` Centuries '' Billboard Music Awards - Top Rock Song Teen Choice Awards - Choice Song : Group Fall Out Boy Teen Choice Awards - Choice Music Group : Male `` Uma Thurman '' Teen Choice Awards - Choice Rock Song The Boys of Zummer ( with Wiz Khalifa ) Teen Choice Awards - Choice Summer Tour `` Uma Thurman '' MTV Video Music Award - Best Rock Video Won Fall Out Boy American Music Awards - Favorite Alternative Band Fall Out Boy People 's Choice Awards - Favorite Group Nominated 2016 Fall Out Boy Billboard Music Awards - Top Rock Artist `` Uma Thurman '' Billboard Music Awards - Top Rock Song Radio Disney Music Awards - Best Song To Dance To Fall Out Boy Radio Disney Music Awards - Best Music Group Alternative Press Music Awards - Artist of the Year Patrick Stump Alternative Press Music Awards - Best Vocalist Won Fall Out Boy Teen Choice Awards - Choice Music Group Nominated MTV Video Music Award - Best Rock Video References Footnotes ^ Jump up to : Downey , 2013 . p. 65 Jump up ^ `` Patrick Stump tweet on past bands '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2014 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Downey , 2013 . p. 66 ^ Jump up to : Downey , 2013 . p. 68 ^ Jump up to : Wiederhorn , Jon . `` You Hear It First - Fall Out Boy '' . MTV News . Viacom . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2009 . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Downey , 2013 . p. 70 Jump up ^ Downey , 2013 . p. 71 ^ Jump up to : Downey , 2013 . p. 72 Jump up ^ Downey , 2013 . p. 73 Jump up ^ D'Angelo , Joe ( December 8 , 2004 ) . `` Fall Out Boy No Longer Forced To Sleep On Strangers ' Floors '' . MTV News . Viacom . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Downey , 2013 . p. 74 ^ Jump up to : Downey , 2013 . p. 69 ^ Jump up to : Downey , 2013 . p. 76 ^ Jump up to : Loftus , Johnny . `` Biography : Fall Out Boy '' . All Music Guide . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2010 . Retrieved November 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Wiederhorn , Jon ( May 11 , 2005 ) . `` Fall Out Boy 's Sound Has Changed , But The Weirdly Long Song Titles Remain '' . MTV News . Viacom . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2011 . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Believers Never Die -- Greatest Hits ( CD liner ) . Fall Out Boy . Island Records . 2009 . 0015133 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Knopper , Steve ( May 4 , 2006 ) . `` Yes , R&B influences this emo band , But they 'll be sure to stick with rock at Bamboozle Fest '' . Newsday . Fred Groser . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Cripps , Charlotte ( April 28 , 2006 ) . `` Last year , Fall Out Boy 's bassist Pete Wentz attempted suicide ; now the band are punk - pop gods '' . The Independent . Independent Print Limited . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved June 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brackett , Nathan . ( 2004 ) . The New Rolling Stone Album Guide . New York : Fireside , 904 pp. First edition , 2004 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jonathan ( July 27 , 2005 ) . `` Fall Out Boy To Lead Nintendo Fusion Tour '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2014 . Retrieved November 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Francie , Grace ( August 29 , 2005 ) . `` Rock Roars Back At MTV Awards '' . cbsnews.com . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2016 . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wood , Mikael ( May 11 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy and Paramore : Coming back on top '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lamb , Bill ( 2006 ) . `` Fall Out Boy Black Clouds and Underdogs '' . About.com . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2009 . Retrieved November 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Sciaretto , Amy ( December 27 , 2006 ) . `` Fall Out Boy : Interview with Patrick Stump '' . The Aquarian Weekly . Diane Casazza , Chris Farinas . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2011 . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( October 11 , 2005 ) . `` Fall Out Boy Nearly Done Writing ' Way Different ' Next LP '' . mtv.com . Viacom . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ de Sylvia , Dave ( February 3 , 2007 ) . `` Fall Out Boy - Infinity on High Review '' . Sputnikmusic . Retrieved May 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( January 27 , 2007 ) . `` Scene Is Believing : Fall Out Boy '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved May 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy Hits ' High ' Note With No. 1 Debut '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . February 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2013 . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Infinity on High Chart History '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2013 . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Music : Top 100 Songs '' . Billboard.com . Prometheus Global Media . December 30 , 2006 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` This Ai n't a Scene , It 's an Arms Race '' peaked in the top five positions in Australia , New Zealand , and Ireland . All accessed June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Fall Out Boy Album Deets '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . November 16 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2013 . Retrieved June 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Week Ending Dec. 27 , 2009 : Boyle 's Five - Week Blitz Archived 2010 - 01 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . Yahoo Music Blog Chartwatch . Retrieved July 6 , 2011 Jump up ^ 2007 U.S. MUSIC PURCHASES EXCEED 1.4 BILLION garthbrooks.com . Nielsen SoundScan . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lamy , Jonathan ( April 11 , 2007 ) . `` It 's Never Too Late '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2014 . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fall Out Boy Experience `` Personal Issues , '' Delay Tour , Kevin Costner Fights the Man in the Name of His Band , Watch 50 Shove a Model Into a Pool Archived 2008 - 12 - 01 at the Wayback Machine. `` . Rolling Stone , April 6 , 2007 . Retrieved on November 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Montgomery , James ( August 16 , 2007 ) . `` Fall Out Boy : Monsters Of Rock ? Band 's Tour To Have ' Where The Wild Things Are ' Theme '' . MTV News . Viacom . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Montgomery , James ( April 10 , 2008 ) . `` Fall Out Boy To Enter Studio Soon , But Michael Jackson Cover Could Delay Them A Bit '' . MTV News . Viacom . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2012 . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Diehl , Matt ( September 4 , 2008 ) . `` In the Studio : Fall Out Boy Face Fame on New CD '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2013 . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Diehl , Matt ( September 4 , 2008 ) . `` In the Studio : Fall Out Boy Face Fame on New CD '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2013 . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Griffin , J.R. ( December 11 , 2008 ) . `` Everything You Know is Wrong '' . Alternative Press . Alternative Press Magazine , Inc . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ NME staff ( November 26 , 2008 ) . `` Fall Out Boy discuss new album , Pete Wentz 's new baby '' . NME . IPC Media . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( August 26 , 2008 ) . `` Fall Out Boy To Release New Album On Election Day , But That Does n't Mean It Is -- Or Is n't ! -- Political '' . MTV News . Viacom . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2012 . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Folie à Deux - Chart History '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2013 . Retrieved October 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Gil ( December 24 , 2008 ) . `` Taylor Swift Stays On Top Of Billboard Albums Chart ; Fall Out Boy Squeak Into Top 10 '' . MTV News . Viacom . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2012 . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum - RIAA '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I Do n't Care - Chart History '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2013 . Retrieved October 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` I Do n't Care - Gold & Platinum Certifications '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2013 . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Berger , David ( April 11 , 2009 ) . `` Fall Out Boy never dies on tour '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . MediaNews Group . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2012 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Rolling Stone staff ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` Patrick Stump : I 'm a 27 - Year - Old Has - Been '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Andy Greene ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy 's Surprise Return '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . pp. 19 -- 20 . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Makarechi , Kia ( April 15 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy On Save Rock And Roll , Working With Elton John And Why Everything Is Different This Time Around '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Andy Greene ( April 18 , 2013 ) . `` How Fall Out Boy Beat the Odds and Rose Again '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( November 18 , 2009 ) . `` Pete Wentz Says Fall Out Boy Not Broken Up , Just ' Decompressing ' '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hiatt , Brian ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy : Life After Emo '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2013 . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Crow , Sarah ( 10 February 2011 ) . `` Report : Pete Wentz Does n't Want to Divorce Ashlee Simpson '' . PopEater . Archived from the original on 15 February 2011 . Retrieved 23 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Us Weekly staff ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` Patrick Stump Explains 60 Pound Weight Loss '' . Us Weekly . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2013 . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Maloy , Sarah ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy 's Reunion : Looking Back at the Hiatus , Side Projects & Rumors '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2013 . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Billboard staff ( March 1 , 2012 ) . `` Patrick Stump Lets the Bastards Get Him Down in New Blog Post '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2013 . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Lily ( April 10 , 2013 ) . `` Q&A : Pete Wentz on How Fall Out Boy Can Save Rock '' . Time . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2013 . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan J. Downey ( June 2013 ) . `` Cynics , You 're Going Down '' . Alternative Press . Alternative Magazines Inc. ( 299 ) : 70 -- 76 . ISSN 1065 - 1667 . ^ Jump up to : Lipshutz , Jason ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` Pete Wentz Q&A : Why Fall Out Boy 's Reunion Needed To Be A Secret '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Vena , Jocelyn ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy Say Reunion Wo n't Be ' Our Best 2003 Impersonation ' '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy Reunite , Will Save Rock And Roll In May '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gomez , Luis ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy reuniting , despite past denials '' . The Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ falloutboyrock.com at March 2 , 2013 . falloutboy.com ( WayBack Machine ) . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( April 24 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy Tops Kid Cudi on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2013 . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Kyle ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy 's Patrick Stump on being back at No. 1 , hanging with Elton John , and why he loves Shostakovich '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Save Rock and Roll Chart History '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2013 . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy 's Save Rock And Roll Storyline : We Know What Happens Next ! '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2013 . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy On Ryan Adams Hang : ' Somehow Some Music Got Recorded '' . MTV . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2013 . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Greene , Andy ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` Elton John Releasing Vegas Concert Film , ' Yellow Brick Road ' Reissue '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2016 . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy , Paramore Announce ' Monumentour ' '' . Billboard.com . Prometheus Global Media . January 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2016 . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy 's Pete Wentz : `` There will be an album . '' `` . Rock Sound Magazine . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2014 . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fall Out Boy Talk New Album , Motley Crue & Grateful Dead Archived 2014 - 12 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . Billboard . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` College playoff to feature Fall Out Boy '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2014 . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy to premiere new single on Radio 1 next week '' . GIGWISE.com . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - Centuries - Single by Fall Out Boy '' . iTunes . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2014 . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fall Out Boy on the Oscars , Marvel Movies & Hit Single ' Centuries ' Archived 2015 - 02 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Radio.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Listen to Fall Out Boy Go EDM on Steve Aoki 's `` Back to Earth '' Archived 2014 - 10 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . Fuse . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy `` Immortals '' ( Single Preview ) `` . Ultimate Music . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Trevor ( November 7 , 2014 ) . `` Fall Out Boy - Only The Bulls Feat . Lupe Fiasco ( New Song ) '' . hotnewhiphop.com . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy -- the moment where a shadow lets you know where the ... '' Falloutboy.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2015 . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith . `` Fall Out Boy Scores Third No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2016 . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ FALL OUT BOY ANNOUNCE INTIMATE ISLINGTON ASSEMBLY HALL SHOW Archived 2014 - 12 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . gigwise.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brian Cantor . `` Fall out boy 's `` American beauty / American psycho , '' Fetty Wap 's album certified platinum `` . Headline Planet . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2016 . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy Return To Australia & To Soundwave Stages '' . au.tv.yahoo.com . February 24 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 2015 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame presenters set to rock Cleveland Archived 2015 - 06 - 10 at the Wayback Machine ... CNN . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Payne , Chris ( May 17 , 2015 ) . `` Fall Out Boy & Wiz Khalifa Perform ' Uma Thurman ' at the 2015 Billboard Music Awards '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Leight , Elias . `` Fall Out Boy & Wiz Khalifa Announce Co-Headlining Summer Tour '' . Billboard.com . Billboard . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2015 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Europe + Russia Tour Dates '' . falloutboy.com . February 13 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2016 . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( May 24 , 2015 ) . `` Professor Green will support Fall Out Boy on tour in UK '' . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2015 . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Payne , Chris ( November 1 , 2015 ) . `` Rappers Remix Fall Out Boy : New Album 's Songs Ranked Worst to Best '' . Billboard.com . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Biffy Clyro and Fall Out Boy named as final Reading & Leeds Festival headliners '' . nme.com . Time Inc . March 1 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Payne , Chris ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` Fall Out Boy Drops New Song ' Young and Menace ' Along With Album & Tour Details '' . Billboard.com . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy Releases ' Champion , ' the First Single From Forthcoming Album ' MANIA ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy announce ' Mania Tour ' opener and other news you might have missed today '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Jaden Smith is Going On Tour With Fall Out Boy '' . Spin. 2017 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` FALL OUT BOY / / Announce ' Mania ' Tour 2018 '' . Hysteria Magazine . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Stump , Patrick ( 3 August 2017 ) . `` Patrick Stump ( @ PatrickStump ) on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boy , Fall Out ( 10 : 37 AM - 6 Nov 2017 ) . `` check again http://ismaniadoneyet.com checking things off that to do list '' . @ falloutboy . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 07 . line feed character in title = at position 40 ( help ) ; Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Cizmar , Martin ( March 5 , 2009 ) . `` 10 Emo Songs That Do n't Suck '' . Phoenix New Times . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Adita , Bradley ( March 2004 ) . `` Fall Out Boy Interview '' . Redline Distribution . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2008 . Retrieved November 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( December 14 , 2005 ) . `` Fall Out Boy takes pop route to rock success '' . MSNBC.com . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2008 . Retrieved November 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy Hits ' High ' Note With No. 1 Debut '' . Billboard.com . September 14 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2013 . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Line - up and Artists : Fall Out Boy '' . BBC . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2009 . Retrieved November 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy Biography & History '' . AllMusic . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Marchese , David ( November 24 , 2009 ) . `` Q&A : Fall Out Boy 's Pete Wentz '' . SPIN . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Say Goodnight , Mean Goodbye : The Oral History of The Get Up Kids '' . Alternative Press , issue No. 204 . Jump up ^ Manley , Brendan ( March 2010 ) . `` 2001 - 2005 : The Oral History of New Found Glory '' . Alternative Press ( 260 ) . p. 65 . ISSN 1065 - 1667 . Jump up ^ `` In The Firing Line : Fall Out Boy 's Pete Wentz '' . fasterlouder.com.au . September 24 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Graff , Gary ( July 25 , 2011 ) . `` Patrick Stump : Solo Album Has ' Nothing To Do with Fall Out Boy ' '' . Billboard.com . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stump , Patrick ; Downey , Ryan ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' It 's an honor to have lived at the same time as David Bowie ' -- Patrick Stump remembers idol '' . Alternative Press . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Loftus , Johnny . `` From Under The Cork Tree '' . Allmusic . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2010 . Retrieved November 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Loftus , Johnny . `` Take This To Your Grave '' . Allmusic . Retrieved November 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Shetler , Scott ( February 16 , 2007 ) . `` Fall Out Boy Infinity On High '' . Slant Magazine . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . `` Thnks Fr Th Mmrs '' has smash hit potential , with darker , string - heavy verses giving way to a signature FOB pop - punk chorus . ^ Jump up to : Apar , Cory . `` Infinity on High -- Fall Out Boy -- Review '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kot , Greg ( December 16 , 2008 ) . `` Fall Out Boy blasts out more ambitious hooks '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Offitzer , Adam ( December 20 , 2008 ) . `` Fall Out Boy - Folie A Deux Album Review '' . Prettymuchamazing.com . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine . Folie a Deux > Overview AMG Jump up ^ Scaggs , Austin ( December 11 , 2008 ) . `` Q&A : Patrick Stump '' . Rolling Stone ( 1067 ) . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Save Rock and Roll -- Fall Out Boy '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Dave ( April 21 , 2013 ) . `` Fall Out Boy : Save Rock and Roll -- review '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Zaleski , Annie ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` '' Rock ' n ' roll is this progressive idea ( with ) room to be dangerous `` -- Pete Wentz on new Fall Out Boy '' . Alternative Press . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2016 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greene , Andy ( January 9 , 2015 ) . `` 14 Things We Learned on the Road With Fall Out Boy '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In The Firing Line : Fall Out Boy 's Pete Wentz '' . fasterlouder.com.au . September 24 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . I write about what I 'm going through most of the time , or what I imagine people are going through most of the time . ^ Jump up to : Anderman , Joan . `` Fall Out Boys stays grounded despite skyrocketing fame '' . The Boston Globe . The New York Times Company . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( July 18 , 2006 ) . `` Pete Wentz Says : Do n't Expect A Fall Out Boy Album This Year '' . MTV News . Viacom . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2016 . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loftus , Johnny . `` Review - Fall Out Boy 's Take This to Your Grave '' . Allmusic . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Frere - Jones , Sasha ( March 12 , 2007 ) . `` Fear Factor '' . The New Yorker . Condé Nast . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved June 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Montgomery , James ( September 5 , 2008 ) . `` Fall Out Boy Exclusive : Band Previews Folie A Deux Tracks For MTV News '' . MTV . Viacom . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2012 . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pete Wentz Adds the Latest Piece to the Panic ! at the Disco Puzzle '' . Rolling Stone . January 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` You Me At Six cover Fall Out Boy '' . rocksound.tv . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2015 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's a video of Taylor Swift covering Fall Out Boy 's `` Sugar , We 're Going Down '' `` . altpress.com . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2016 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fall Out Boy Flooded Our Brains ( And Hearts ) With Memories During This Super Nostalgic Performance Archived 2015 - 03 - 22 at the Wayback Machine ... MTV . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy to enter ' Hall of Wood ' '' . videtteonline.com/ . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paoletta , Rae ( March 9 , 2015 ) . `` 5 Mind - Blowing Reasons We Should Have Known All Along That Fall Out Boy Would Make Woodies History '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2015 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ EXCLUSIVE : Fall Out Boy to Perform at SXSW , Receive First of Its Kind Honor at MTV Woodies Archived 2015 - 03 - 11 at the Wayback Machine ... ETonline . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Fall Out Boy to Perform on People 's Choice Awards Archived 2015 - 01 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . 941wvic.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Bibliography Downey , Ryan ( October 2013 ) . `` Chicago Is So 10 Years Ago '' . Alternative Press . Alternative Press Magazine , Inc. ( 303 ) . ISSN 1065 - 1667 . Pages 64 -- 78 Sutherland , Mark ( October 27 , 2012 ) . James McMahon , ed . `` Fall Out Boy Are Missing Presumed Dead '' . Kerrang ! . Bauer Media Group ( 1438 ) . ISSN 0262 - 6624 . Pages 24 -- 25 External links Chicago portal Media related to Fall Out Boy at Wikimedia Commons Official website Patrick Stump official website ( hide ) Fall Out Boy Patrick Stump Pete Wentz Joe Trohman Andy Hurley Ben Rose Mike Pareskuwicz T.J. Kunasch Brandon Hamm Studio albums Take This to Your Grave From Under the Cork Tree Infinity on High Folie à Deux Save Rock and Roll American Beauty / American Psycho Mania Extended plays Project Rocket / Fall Out Boy My Heart Will Always Be the B - Side to My Tongue Leaked in London America 's Suitehearts : Remixed , Retouched , Rehabbed and Retoxed PAX AM Days Live albums Live in Phoenix Compilation albums Believers Never Die -- Greatest Hits Remix albums Make America Psycho Again Demo albums Fall Out Boy 's Evening Out with Your Girlfriend Singles `` Dead on Arrival '' `` Grand Theft Autumn / Where Is Your Boy '' `` Saturday '' `` Sugar , We 're Goin Down '' `` Dance , Dance '' `` A Little Less Sixteen Candles , a Little More `` Touch Me '' '' `` The Carpal Tunnel of Love '' `` This Ai n't a Scene , It 's an Arms Race '' `` Thnks fr th Mmrs '' `` '' The Take Over , the Breaks Over `` '' `` I 'm Like a Lawyer with the Way I 'm Always Trying to Get You Off ( Me & You ) '' `` Beat It '' `` I Do n't Care '' `` America 's Suitehearts '' `` Headfirst Slide into Cooperstown on a Bad Bet '' `` What a Catch , Donnie '' `` My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark ( Light Em Up ) '' `` The Phoenix '' `` Alone Together '' `` Young Volcanoes '' `` Centuries '' `` Immortals '' `` American Beauty / American Psycho '' `` The Kids Are n't Alright '' `` Uma Thurman '' `` Irresistible '' `` Ghostbusters ( I 'm Not Afraid ) '' `` Young and Menace '' `` Champion '' `` The Last of the Real Ones '' `` Hold Me Tight or Do n't '' Concert tours Honda Civic Tour 2007 Young Wild Things Tour Believers Never Die Tour Part Deux Monumentour American Beauty / American Psycho Tour Wintour is Coming The Mania Tour Related articles Discography List of songs Arma Angelus Where Sleeplessness Is Rest from Nightmares Racetraitor The Damned Things Black Cards Welcome to the New Administration Fall Out Toy Works The Young Blood Chronicles VIAF : 141114258 ISNI : 0000 0000 9568 2593 GND : 10338834 - 5 SUDOC : 158937562 BNF : cb150554304 ( data ) MusicBrainz : 516cef4d - 0718 - 4007 - 9939 - f9b38af3f784 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fall_Out_Boy&oldid=814799850 '' Categories : Fall Out Boy Musical groups from Chicago American pop rock music groups Pop punk groups from Illinois American emo musical groups Musical quartets Decaydance Records artists Fueled by Ramen artists Musical groups established in 2001 Crush Management artists Kerrang ! Awards winners 2001 establishments in Illinois Musical groups from Wilmette , Illinois Musical groups disestablished in 2009 Musical groups reestablished in 2013 Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 errors : invisible characters CS1 errors : dates Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Good articles Articles with hCards Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 00 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall%20Out%20Boy	700
who died in the 16th street baptist church bombing	Four girls , Addie Mae Collins ( age 14 , born April 18 , 1949 ) , Carol Denise McNair ( age 11 , born November 17 , 1951 ) , Carole Robertson ( age 14 , born April 24 , 1949 ) , and Cynthia Wesley ( age 14 , born April 30 , 1949 ) , were killed in the attack . The explosion was so intense that one of the girls ' bodies was decapitated and so badly mutilated in the explosion that her body could only be identified through her clothing and a ring , whereas another victim had been killed by a piece of mortar embedded in her skull . All four girls were pronounced dead on arrival at the Hillman Emergency Clinic . The then - pastor of the church , the Reverend John Cross , would recollect in 2001 that the girls ' bodies were subsequently found `` stacked on top of each other , clung together '' .	Addie Mae Collins\|Carol Denise McNair\|Carole Robertson\|Cynthia Wesley	16th Street Baptist Church bombing	16th street baptist church bombing	The 16th Street Baptist Church bombing was an act of white supremacist terrorism which occurred at the African - American 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham , Alabama , on Sunday , September 15 , 1963 , when four members of the Ku Klux Klan planted at least 15 sticks of dynamite attached to a timing device beneath the steps located on the east side of the church .	Described by Martin Luther King Jr. as `` one of the most vicious and tragic crimes ever perpetrated against humanity '' , the explosion at the church killed four girls and injured 22 others . Although the FBI had concluded in 1965 that the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing had been committed by four known Ku Klux Klansmen and segregationists -- Thomas Edwin Blanton Jr. , Herman Frank Cash , Robert Edward Chambliss , and Bobby Frank Cherry -- no prosecutions ensued until 1977 , when Robert Chambliss was tried and convicted of the first degree murder of one of the victims , 11 - year - old Carol Denise McNair . Thomas Edwin Blanton Jr. and Bobby Cherry were each convicted of four counts of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment in 2001 and 2002 respectively , whereas Herman Cash , who died in 1994 , was never charged with his alleged involvement in the bombing . The 16th Street Baptist Church bombing marked a turning point in the United States during the Civil Rights Movement and contributed to support for passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Birmingham Campaign and the 16th Street Baptist Church 2 Bombing 3 Reactions and condemnation 3.1 Funerals 4 Initial investigation 4.1 FBI closure of case 5 Resulting legislation 6 Formal reopening of investigation 6.1 Prosecution of Robert Chambliss 7 Later prosecutions 7.1 Thomas Edwin Blanton 7.2 Bobby Frank Cherry 8 Possible fifth conspirator 9 Aftermath 10 Media and memorials 10.1 Music 10.2 Film 10.3 Television 10.4 Books ( non-fiction ) 10.5 Books ( fiction ) 10.6 In sculpture and symbolism 11 See also 12 References 13 Cited works and further reading 14 External links Background ( edit ) In the years leading up to the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing , Birmingham had earned a national reputation as a tense , violent and racially segregated city , in which even tentative racial integration of any form was met with violent resistance . Martin Luther King described Birmingham as `` probably the most thoroughly segregated city in the United States '' . The city had no black police officers or firefighters , and few of the city 's black residents were registered to vote . Bombings at black institutions were a regular occurrence : Birmingham had seen at least 21 separate explosions at black properties and churches in the eight years before 1963 , although none of these explosions had resulted in fatalities . These attacks had earned the city the nickname `` Bombingham '' . The 16th Street Baptist Church in 2005 . The steps beneath which the bomb was planted can be seen in the foreground Birmingham campaign and the 16th Street Baptist Church ( edit ) Main article : Birmingham campaign The three - story 16th Street Baptist Church had become a rallying point for civil rights activities through the spring of 1963 , and became the location where students who were arrested during the 1963 Birmingham campaign 's Children 's Crusade had been organized and trained by Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Director of Direct Action , James Bevel . The church was also used as a meeting - place for other civil rights leaders such as Martin Luther King Jr. , Ralph David Abernathy , and Fred Shuttlesworth . Tensions further escalated when the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and the Congress on Racial Equality became involved in a campaign to register African - Americans to vote in Birmingham . On May 2 , more than 1,000 students , some reportedly as young as eight , opted to leave school and gather at the 16th Street Baptist Church . Demonstrators present were given instructions to march to downtown Birmingham and discuss with the mayor their concerns about racial segregation in Birmingham , then to integrate buildings and businesses currently segregated . Although this march was met with fierce resistance and criticism , and saw up to 600 arrests on the first day alone , the Birmingham campaign and its Children 's Crusade continued until May 5 . These demonstrations led to an agreement , on May 8 , between the city 's business leaders and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference , to integrate public facilities , including schools , in the city within 90 days . ( The first three schools in Birmingham to become integrated would do so on September 4 . ) These demonstrations , and the concessions from city leaders to the majority of demonstrators ' demands , were met with fierce resistance in Birmingham . In the weeks following the September 4 integration of public schools , three further bombs had been detonated in Birmingham . Other acts of violence followed the settlement , and several staunch Ku Klux Klansmen were known to have expressed frustration at what they saw as a lack of effective resistance to integration . The 16th Street Baptist Church was a known and popular rallying point for civil rights activists , and had become an obvious target . Bombing ( edit ) In the early morning of Sunday , September 15 , 1963 , four members of the United Klans of America -- Thomas Edwin Blanton Jr. , Herman Frank Cash , Robert Edward Chambliss , and Bobby Frank Cherry -- planted a minimum of 15 sticks of dynamite with a time delay under the steps of the church , close to the basement . At approximately 10 : 22 a.m. , an anonymous man phoned the 16th Street Baptist Church . The call was answered by the acting Sunday School secretary : a 14 - year - old girl named Carolyn Maull . To Maull , the anonymous caller simply said the words , `` Three minutes '' , before terminating the call . Less than one minute later , the bomb exploded as five children were present within the basement assembly , changing into their choir robes in preparation for a sermon entitled `` A Love That Forgives '' . According to one survivor , the explosion shook the entire building and propelled the girls ' bodies through the air `` like rag dolls '' . The explosion blew a hole measuring seven feet in diameter in the church 's rear wall , and a crater five feet wide and two feet deep in the ladies ' basement lounge , destroying the rear steps to the church and blowing one passing motorist out of his car . Several other cars parked near the site of the blast were destroyed , and windows of properties located more than two blocks from the church were also damaged . All but one of the church 's stained - glass windows were destroyed in the explosion . The sole stained - glass window largely undamaged in the explosion depicted Christ leading a group of young children . Hundreds of individuals , some of them lightly wounded , converged on the church to search the debris for survivors as police erected barricades around the church and several outraged men scuffled with police . An estimated 2,000 black people , many of them hysterical , converged on the scene in the hours following the explosion as the church 's pastor , the Reverend John Cross Jr. , attempted to placate the crowd by loudly reciting the 23rd Psalm through a bullhorn . One individual who converged on the scene to help search for survivors , Charles Vann , later recollected that he had observed a solitary white man whom he recognized as Robert Edward Chambliss ( a known member of the Ku Klux Klan ) standing alone and motionless at a barricade . According to Vann 's later testimony , Chambliss was standing `` looking down toward the church , like a firebug watching his fire '' . Four girls , Addie Mae Collins ( age 14 , born April 18 , 1949 ) , Carol Denise McNair ( age 11 , born November 17 , 1951 ) , Carole Robertson ( age 14 , born April 24 , 1949 ) , and Cynthia Wesley ( age 14 , born April 30 , 1949 ) , were killed in the attack . The explosion was so intense that one of the girls ' bodies was decapitated and so badly mutilated in the explosion that her body could only be identified through her clothing and a ring , whereas another victim had been killed by a piece of mortar embedded in her skull . All four girls were pronounced dead on arrival at the Hillman Emergency Clinic . The then - pastor of the church , the Reverend John Cross , would recollect in 2001 that the girls ' bodies were subsequently found `` stacked on top of each other , clung together '' . More than 20 additional people were injured in the explosion , one of whom was Addie Mae 's younger sister , 12 - year - old Sarah Collins , who had 21 pieces of glass embedded in her face and was blinded in one eye . In her later recollections of the bombing , Collins would recall that in the moments immediately before the explosion , she had observed her sister , Addie , tying her dress sash . Another sister of Addie Mae Collins , 16 - year - old Junie Collins , would later recall that shortly before the explosion , she had been sitting in the basement of the church reading the Bible and had observed Addie Mae Collins tying the dress sash of Carol Denise McNair before she had herself returned upstairs to the ground floor of the church . Reactions and condemnation ( edit ) As violence escalated in Birmingham in the hours following the bombing , police urged parents of black and white youths to keep their children indoors , as the Governor of Alabama , George Wallace , ordered an additional 300 state police to assist in quelling unrest . Birmingham City Council convened an emergency meeting to propose safety measures for the city , although proposals for a curfew were rejected . Within 24 hours of the bombing , a minimum of five businesses and properties had been firebombed and numerous cars -- most of which were driven by whites -- had been stoned by rioting youths . In response to the church bombing , described by the Mayor of Birmingham , Albert Boutwell , as `` just sickening '' , the Attorney General dispatched 25 FBI agents , including explosives experts , to Birmingham to conduct a thorough forensic investigation . Congress of Racial Equality and members of the All Souls Church march in memory of the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing victims on September 22 , 1963 Although reports of the bombing and the loss of four children 's lives were glorified by white supremacists , who in many instances chose to celebrate the loss as `` four less niggers '' , as news of the church bombing and the fact that four young girls had been killed in the explosion reached the national and international press , many felt that they had not taken the civil rights struggle seriously enough . The day following the bombing , a young white lawyer named Charles Morgan Jr. addressed a meeting of businessmen , condemning the acquiescence of white people in Birmingham towards the oppression of blacks . In this speech , Morgan addressed his audience with a speech in which he lamented : `` Who did it ( the bombing ) ? We all did it ! The ' who ' is every little individual who talks about the ' niggers ' and spreads the seeds of his hate to his neighbor and his son ... What 's it like living in Birmingham ? No one ever really has known and no one will until this city becomes part of the United States . '' A Milwaukee Sentinel editorial opined , `` For the rest of the nation , the Birmingham church bombing should serve to goad the conscience . The deaths ... in a sense , are on the hands of each of us . '' Two more black youths , Johnny Robinson and Virgil Ware , were shot to death in Birmingham within seven hours of the Sunday morning bombing . Robinson , aged 16 , was shot in the back by a policeman as he fled down an alley , after ignoring police orders to halt . The police were reportedly responding to black youths throwing rocks at cars driven by white people . Robinson died before reaching the hospital . Ware , aged 13 , was shot in the cheek and chest with a revolver in a residential suburb 15 miles north of the city . A 16 - year - old white youth named Larry Sims fired the gun ( given to him by another youth named Michael Farley ) at Ware , who was sitting on the handlebars of a bicycle ridden by his brother . Sims and Farley had been riding home from an anti-integration rally which had denounced the church bombing . When he spotted Ware and his brother , Sims fired twice , reportedly with his eyes closed . ( Sims and Farley were later convicted of second - degree manslaughter , although the judge suspended their sentences and imposed two years ' probation upon each youth . ) Some civil rights activists blamed George Wallace , the Governor of Alabama and an outspoken segregationist , for creating the climate that had led to the killings . One week before the bombing , Wallace granted an interview with a The New York Times journalist in which he said he believed Alabama needed a `` few first - class funerals '' to stop racial integration . The city of Birmingham initially offered a $52,000 reward for the arrest of the bombers . Governor George Wallace himself offered an additional $5,000 on behalf of the state of Alabama . Although this donation was accepted , Martin Luther King Jr. is known to have informed Wallace via telegram of his belief that `` the blood of four little children ... is on your hands . Your irresponsible and misguided actions have created in Birmingham and Alabama the atmosphere that has induced continued violence and now murder . '' Funerals ( edit ) Carole Rosamond Robertson was laid to rest in a private family funeral held on September 17 , 1963 . Reportedly , Carole 's mother , Alpha , had expressly requested her daughter be buried separately from the other victims due to her distress at a remark Martin Luther King had made in which he ( King ) said the mindset that had allowed the murder of the four girls was the `` apathy and complacency '' of black people in Alabama . The service for Carole Rosamond Robertson was held at St. John 's African Methodist Episcopal Church . In attendance were 1,600 people . At this service , the Reverend C.E. Thomas addressed the congregation , informing them : `` The greatest tribute you can pay to Carole is to be calm , be lovely , be kind , be innocent . '' Carole Robertson was buried in a blue casket at Shadow Lawn Cemetery . On September 18 , the funeral of the three other girls killed in the bombing was held at the Sixth Avenue Baptist Church . Although no city officials attended this service , present at the girls ' funerals were an estimated 800 clergymen of all races . Also present was Martin Luther King Jr . In a speech conducted before the burial of the girls , King addressed an estimated 3,300 mourners -- including numerous white people -- with a speech which included : `` This tragic day may cause the white side to come to terms with its conscience . In spite of the darkness of this hour , we must not become bitter ... We must not lose faith in our white brothers . Life is hard . At times as hard as crucible steel , but , today , you do not walk alone . '' As the girls ' coffins were led to their graves , King ordered that those present remain solemn and forbid any singing , shouting or demonstrations . These instructions were relayed to the crowd present by a single youth with a bullhorn . At the time of the funerals , two of those critically injured in the bombing were still hospitalized , as was a 16 - year - old white teenager named Dennis Robertson , who had been hit on the head with a brick thrown by a black youth as Robertson cycled home from his job . Initial investigation ( edit ) Initially , investigators theorized that a bomb thrown from a passing car had caused the explosion at the 16th Street Baptist church ; however , by September 20 , the FBI was able to confirm that the explosion had been caused by a device which had been purposely planted beneath the steps to the church , close to the women 's lounge , where a section of wire and remnants of red plastic which could have been part of a timing device were discovered . ( The plastic remnants were later lost by investigators . ) Within days of the bombing , investigators began to focus their attention upon a Ku Klux Klan splinter group known as the `` Cahaba Boys '' . The Cahaba Boys had formed earlier in 1963 due to a mutual feeling the Ku Klux Klan was becoming restrained and impotent in response to concessions granted to blacks aimed at ending racial segregation , and had previously been linked to several bomb attacks at black - owned businesses and the homes of black community leaders throughout the spring and summer of 1963 . Although the Cahaba Boys consisted of fewer than 30 active members , this splinter group included Thomas Blanton Jr. , Herman Cash , Robert Chambliss , and Bobby Cherry . Investigators also gathered numerous witness statements attesting to a group of white men in a turquoise 1957 Chevrolet who had been seen near the church in the early hours of the morning of September 15 . These witness statements specifically indicated that a white man had exited the car and walked towards the steps of the church . ( The physical description of the individual who had exited the car varied , and could have matched either Bobby Cherry or Robert Chambliss . ) Chambliss was questioned by the FBI on September 26 . On September 29 , Chambliss was indicted solely upon charges of illegally purchasing and transporting dynamite on September 4 , 1963 . He and two acquaintances , John Hall and Charles Cagle , were each convicted upon a charge of illegally possessing and transporting dynamite on October 8 -- each receiving a $100 fine and a suspended 180 - day jail sentence . At the time , no federal charges were filed against Chambliss or any of his fellow conspirators in relation to the bombing . FBI closure of case ( edit ) The FBI did encounter difficulties in their initial investigation into the bombing . One later report stated : `` By 1965 , we had ( four ) serious suspects -- namely Thomas Blanton Jr. , Herman Frank Cash , Robert Chambliss , and Bobby Frank Cherry , all Klan members -- but witnesses were reluctant to talk and physical evidence was lacking . Also , at that time , information from our surveillance was not admissible in court . As a result , no federal charges were filed in the ' 60s . '' On May 13 , 1965 , local investigators and the FBI formally named Blanton , Cash , Chambliss , and Cherry as the perpetrators of the bombing , with Robert Chambliss the likely ringleader of the four . This information was relayed to the Director of the FBI , J. Edgar Hoover ; however , no prosecutions of the four suspects ensued , reportedly on the basis of mistrust between local and federal investigators . Later the same year , J. Edgar Hoover formally blocked any impending prosecutions against the suspects , and refused to disclose any evidence his agents had obtained with state or federal prosecutors . In 1968 , the FBI formally closed their investigation into the bombing without filing charges against any of their named suspects . The files were sealed by order of J. Edgar Hoover . Resulting legislation ( edit ) President Lyndon Johnson signs into effect the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . July 2 , 1964 The Birmingham campaign , the March on Washington , the bombing of the 16th Street Baptist church , and the later assassination of John F. Kennedy -- an ardent supporter of the civil rights cause who had proposed a Civil Rights Act of 1963 on national television -- increased worldwide awareness of and sympathy towards the civil rights cause . Following the assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22 , 1963 , newly - inaugurated President Lyndon Johnson continued to press for the passage of the civil rights bill sought by his predecessor . On July 2 , 1964 , President Lyndon Johnson signed into effect the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . In attendance were various leaders of the Civil Rights Movement including Martin Luther King Jr . This resulting legislation outlawed any discrimination based on race , color , religion , gender , or national origin ; thus ensuring full , equal rights of African - Americans before the law . Formal reopening of investigation ( edit ) Officially , the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing remained unsolved until William Baxley was elected Attorney General of Alabama in January 1971 . Baxley had been a student at the University of Alabama when he heard about the bombing in 1963 , and later recollected : `` I wanted to do something , but I did n't know what . '' Within one week of being sworn into office , Baxley had researched original police files into the bombing , discovering that most of the original police documents were lackluster and inefficient . Nonetheless , Baxley formally reopened the case into the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing in 1971 . Baxley was able to corroborate with and build trust with key witnesses , some of whom had been reluctant to testify in the first trial . Other witnesses obtained were able to identify Chambliss as the individual who had placed the bomb beneath the church . Baxley also gathered evidence proving Chambliss had purchased dynamite from a store in Jefferson County less than two weeks before the bomb was planted , upon the pretext the dynamite was to be used to clear land the Ku Klux Klan had purchased near Highway 101 . In addition , he also obtained testimony from witnesses who were able to place Robert Chambliss and his car in the vicinity of the church on the day of the bombing . This testimony and evidence was used to formally construct a case against Robert Chambliss . Baxley then requested access to the original FBI files on the case and discovered that evidence accumulated by the FBI against the named suspects between 1963 and 1965 had not been revealed to the prosecutors in Birmingham . Although he met with initial resistance from the FBI , Baxley was formally presented with some of the evidence which had been compiled by the FBI in 1976 , after he publicly threatened to expose the Department of Justice for withholding evidence which could result in the prosecution of the perpetrators of the bombing . Prosecution of Robert Chambliss ( edit ) On November 14 , 1977 , Robert Chambliss , then aged 73 , stood trial in Birmingham 's Jefferson County Courthouse . Chambliss was initially indicted on September 24 , 1977 , charged with four counts of murder relating to each victim of the 1963 church bombing ; however , at an initial court hearing scheduled October 18 , Judge Wallace Gibson ruled that the defendant would be tried upon one count of murder -- that of Carol Denise McNair -- and that the remaining three counts of murder would remain , but that he would not be charged in relation to these three deaths . Before his trial , Chambliss remained free upon a $200,000 bond raised by family and supporters and posted October 18 . Chambliss pleaded not guilty to the charges , insisting that although he had indeed purchased a case of dynamite less than two weeks before the bombing , he had given the dynamite to a known Klan member named Gary Thomas Rowe Jr . To discredit Chambliss 's claims that Rowe had committed the bombing , prosecuting attorney William Baxley introduced two law enforcement officers to testify as to Chambliss 's inconsistent claims of innocence . The first of these witnesses was a retired Birmingham police officer named Tom Cook , who testified on November 15 as to a conversation he had had with Chambliss in 1975 . Cook testified that Chambliss had acknowledged his guilt regarding his 1963 arrest for possession of dynamite , but that he ( Chambliss ) was insistent he had given the dynamite to Rowe prior to the bombing . Following the testimony of Tom Cook , Baxley then introduced a police sergeant named Ernie Cantrell , who testified that Chambliss had visited his headquarters in 1976 , where he had attempted to affix the blame for the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing upon an altogether different member of the Ku Klux Klan . Cantrell also stated that Chambliss had boasted of his knowledge of how to construct a `` drip - method bomb '' using a fishing float and leaking bucket of water . ( Upon cross examination by defense attorney Art Hanes Jr. , Cantrell did concede that Chambliss had emphatically denied actually bombing the church . ) One of the key witnesses to testify on behalf of the prosecution was the Reverend Elizabeth Cobbs -- Chambliss 's own niece . Reverend Cobbs stated that her uncle had repeatedly informed her he had been engaged in what he referred to as a `` one - man battle '' against blacks since the 1940s . Moreover , Cobbs testified on November 16 that , on the day before the bombing , Chambliss had informed her he had in his possession enough dynamite to `` flatten half of Birmingham '' . Cobbs also testified that , approximately one week after the bombing , she had observed Chambliss watching a news article relating to the four girls killed in the bombing . According to Cobbs , Chambliss had informed her : `` It ( the bomb ) was n't meant to hurt anybody ... it did n't go off when it was supposed to . '' Another witness to testify was a man named William Jackson , who testified as to his joining the Ku Klux Klan in 1963 and his becoming acquainted with Chambliss shortly thereafter . Jackson testified that Chambliss had expressed frustration as to his ( Chambliss 's ) belief that the Klan was `` dragging its feet '' on the issue of racial integration , and of his eagerness to form a more virulent splinter group . In his closing argument before the jury on November 17 , Baxley acknowledged that Chambliss was not the sole perpetrator in the bombing , before informing the jury of his regret that the state was unable to request the death penalty in this case , owing to the fact the death penalty in Alabama which had been in effect in 1963 had been repealed , and that the current death penalty within the state was only applicable in relation to crimes committed after its reinstatement . Noting that the day of the closing argument fell upon what would have been Carol Denise McNair 's 26th birthday , and that she would have likely been a mother by this date , Baxley harked towards the testimony earlier delivered by Carol 's father , Chris McNair , and requested that the jury return a verdict of guilty . In his rebuttal closing argument , defense attorney Art Hanes Jr. attacked the evidence presented by the prosecution as being purely circumstantial , adding that similar circumstantial evidence had earlier seen Chambliss acquitted of the church bombing in 1963 . Hanes also harked towards the testimony of several of the 12 witnesses the defense had called to testify as to Chambliss 's whereabouts on the day of the bombing , including a policeman and a neighbor who had each testified as to Chambliss being at the home of a man named Clarence Dill on the day of the bombing . Following the closing arguments , the jury retired to begin their deliberations , which lasted for over six hours and continued into the following day . On November 18 , 1977 , Robert Chambliss was found guilty of the murder of Carol Denise McNair and sentenced to life imprisonment for her murder . At his sentencing , Chambliss stood before the judge and stated : `` Judge , your honor , all I can say is God knows I have never killed anybody , never have bombed anything in my life ... I did n't bomb that church . '' The same afternoon Chambliss was convicted , William Baxley issued a subpoena to Thomas Blanton to appear in court in relation to the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing . Although Baxley knew he had insufficient evidence to charge Blanton at this stage , this subpoena was issued in the hope of frightening Blanton into confessing his involvement and negotiating a deal to turn state evidence against his co-conspirators . Blanton , however , simply hired a lawyer and refused to answer any questions . Chambliss did appeal his conviction , citing that much of the evidence presented at his trial -- including testimony relating to his activities within the Ku Klux Klan -- was circumstantial ; that the 14 - year delay between the crime and his eventual trial violated his constitutional right to a speedy trial ; and that this delay was a tactic used by the prosecution to gain an advantage over his own defense attorneys . This appeal was dismissed on May 22 , 1979 . Robert Chambliss died in the Lloyd Noland Hospital and Health Center on October 29 , 1985 , at the age of 81 . In the years since his incarceration , Chambliss had been confined to a solitary cell to protect him from attacks by fellow inmates . He had repeatedly proclaimed his innocence -- repeatedly insisting Gary Thomas Rowe Jr. was the actual perpetrator . Later prosecutions ( edit ) Ten years after Chambliss had died , the FBI discreetly reopened their investigation into the bombing , resulting in the unsealing of 9,000 pieces of evidence previously gathered by the FBI in the 1960s ( many of these documents relating to the 16th Street Baptist Church Bombing had been unavailable to William Baxley in the 1970s ) . In May 2000 , the FBI publicly announced their findings that the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing had been committed by four members of the Ku Klux Klan splinter group known as the Cahaba Boys . The four individuals named in the FBI report were Blanton , Cash , Chambliss , and Cherry . At the time of the announcement , Herman Cash was deceased ; however , Thomas Blanton and Bobby Cherry were still alive . Both were arrested . On May 16 , 2000 , a grand jury in Alabama indicted Thomas Edwin Blanton and Bobby Frank Cherry with eight counts each of first - degree murder in relation to the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing . Both named individuals were charged with four counts of first - degree murder , and four counts of universal malice . The following day , both men surrendered to police . The prosecution had originally intended to try both defendants together ; however , the trial of Bobby Cherry was delayed due to the findings of a court - ordered psychiatric evaluation , which had concluded that vascular dementia had impaired his mind , therefore making Cherry mentally incompetent to stand trial or assist in his own defense . On April 10 , 2001 , Judge James Garrett indefinitely postponed Cherry 's trial , pending further medical analysis . In January 2002 , Judge Garrett ruled Cherry mentally competent to stand trial and set an initial trial date for April 29 . Thomas Edwin Blanton ( edit ) Thomas Edwin Blanton Jr. was brought to trial in Birmingham , Alabama , before Judge James Garrett on April 24 , 2001 . Blanton pleaded not guilty to the charges , and opted not to testify on his own behalf throughout the trial . In his opening statement to the jurors , defense attorney John Robbins acknowledged his client 's affiliation with the Ku Klux Klan and his views on racial segregation , but warned the jury : `` Just because you do n't like him , that does n't make him responsible for the bombing . '' The prosecution called a total of seven witnesses to testify in their case against Blanton , including relatives of the victims , the former reverend of the 16th Street Baptist Church , John Cross , an FBI agent named William Fleming , and a former Klansman who became a paid FBI informant , Mitchell Burns . Burns had secretly recorded several conversations with Blanton in which he ( Blanton ) had gloated when talking about the bombing , and had boasted the police would not catch him when he bombed another church . The most crucial piece of evidence presented at Blanton 's trial was an audio recording secretly taped by the FBI in June , 1964 , in which Blanton was recorded discussing his involvement in the bombing with his wife , who can be heard accusing her husband of conducting an affair with a woman named Waylene Vaughn two nights before the bombing . Although sections of the recording -- presented in evidence on April 27 -- are unintelligible , Blanton can twice be heard mentioning the phrase `` plan a bomb '' or `` plan the bomb '' . Most crucially , Blanton can also be heard describing his not being with Miss Vaughn , but at a meeting with other Ku Klux Klansmen on a bridge above the Cahaba River two nights before the bombing , adding : `` You 've got to have a meeting to plan a bomb . '' In addition to calling attention to flaws in the prosecution 's case , the defense was able to expose inconsistencies in the memories of some prosecution witnesses who had testified . Blanton 's attorneys also criticized the validity and quality of the 16 tape recordings introduced as evidence , arguing that the prosecution had deliberately spliced the sections of the audio recording secretly obtained within Blanton 's kitchen , reducing the entirety of the tape by 26 minutes , and that the sections presented were of a poor audio quality , requiring the prosecution to present questionable text transcripts to the jury . In reference to the recordings made as Blanton conversed with Burns , Robbins emphasized that Burns had earlier testified that Blanton had never expressly stated he had made or planted the bomb , and portrayed the audio tapes introduced into evidence as the statements of `` two rednecks driving around , drinking '' and making false , ego - inflating claims to one another . The trial lasted for one week , and saw seven witnesses testify on behalf of the prosecution , as opposed to just two witnesses for the defense . One of the defense witnesses was a retired chef named Eddie Mauldin , who was called to testify in an effort to discredit prosecution witnesses ' statements that they had seen Blanton in the vicinity of the church prior to the bombing . Mauldin testified on April 30 that he had observed two men in a Rambler station wagon adorned with a confederate flag repeatedly drive past the church immediately before the blast , and that , seconds after the bomb had exploded , the car had `` burned rubber '' as it drove away . ( Thomas Blanton had owned a Chevrolet in 1963 , and neither Chambliss , Cash nor Cherry had owned such a vehicle . ) Both counsels delivered their closing arguments before the jury on May 1 . In his closing argument , prosecuting attorney Doug Jones first pointed to the fact that the trial was conducted 38 years after the bombing made the trial no less important , adding : `` It 's never too late for the truth to be told ... It 's never too late for a man to be held accountable for his crimes . '' Jones then recited Blanton 's extensive history with the Ku Klux Klan , before referring to the audio recordings presented earlier in the trial . Jones then recited the most damning statements Blanton had made in these recordings , before pointing at Blanton and stating : `` That is a confession out of this man 's mouth . '' Defense attorney John Robbins reminded the jury in his closing argument that his client was an admitted segregationist and a `` loudmouth '' , but that that was all that could be proven , and that his past was not the evidence upon which they should return their verdicts . Stressing that Blanton should not be judged for his beliefs , Robbins again vehemently criticized the validity and poor quality of the audio recordings presented , and the selectivity of the sections which had been introduced into evidence . Robbins also discredited the testimony of FBI agent William Fleming , who had earlier testified as to a government witness claiming he had seen Blanton in the vicinity of the church shortly before the bombing . The jury deliberated for just two and a half hours before returning with a verdict finding Thomas Edwin Blanton guilty of four counts of first - degree murder . When asked by the judge whether he had anything to say before sentence was imposed , Blanton simply said : `` I guess the Lord will settle it on Judgment Day . '' Blanton was sentenced to serve a sentence of life imprisonment , and remains the sole perpetrator of the 1963 Birmingham Church bombing still alive . His first parole hearing was held on August 3 , 2016 . Relatives of the slain girls , prosecutor Doug Jones , Alabama Chief Deputy Attorney General Alice Martin , and Jefferson County district attorney Brandon Falls each spoke at the hearing to oppose Blanton 's parole , with Martin addressing the hearing by stating : `` The cold blooded callousness of this hate crime has not diminished by the passage of time . '' The Board of Pardons and Paroles debated for less than 90 seconds before opting to deny parole to Blanton . He is next eligible for parole in 2021 . Bobby Frank Cherry ( edit ) Bobby Frank Cherry was tried in Birmingham , Alabama , before Judge James Garrett , on May 6 , 2002 . Cherry also pleaded not guilty to the charges , and did not testify on his own behalf during the trial . In his opening statement for the prosecution , Don Cochran outlined that he expected the evidence to be presented to show that Cherry had participated in a conspiracy to commit the bombing and conceal evidence linking him to the crime , and that he had later gloated over the deaths of the victims . Cochran also added that although the evidence to be presented would not conclusively show that Cherry had actually planted or ignited the bomb , the combined evidence would illustrate that he had aided and abetted in the commission of the act . Cherry 's defense attorney , Mickey Johnson , protested his client 's innocence , citing that much of the evidence presented was circumstantial , and that Cherry had initially been linked to the bombing by the FBI via an informant who had claimed , fifteen months after the bombing , that she had seen Cherry place the bomb at the church shortly before the bombing . Johnson then warned the jurors they would have to draw a distinction between evidence and proof . Following the opening statements , the prosecution began presenting witnesses . Crucial testimony at Cherry 's trial was delivered by his former wife , Willadean Brogdon , whom Cherry had married in 1970 . Brogdon testified on May 16 that Cherry had boasted to her that he had been the individual who planted the bomb beneath the steps to the church , then returned hours later to light the fuse upon the dynamite . Brogdon also testified that Cherry had informed her of his regret that children had died in the bombing , before adding his contentment that they would never reproduce . Although the credibility of Brogdon 's testimony was called into dispute at the trial , forensic experts did concede that , although her account of the planting of the bombing differed from that which had been discussed in the previous perpetrators ' trials , Brogdon 's recollection of Cherry 's account of the planting and subsequent lighting of the bomb could explain why no conclusive remnants of a timing device were subsequently discovered after the bombing . ( A fishing float attached to a section of wire which may have been part of a timing device was found 20 feet from the explosion crater following the bombing , although one of several vehicles heavily damaged in the explosion was found to have carried fishing tackle . ) Another witness to testify on behalf of the prosecution was Barbara Ann Cross , the daughter of the Reverend John Cross , who was aged 13 in 1963 . Cross had been slightly wounded in the bombing , and had attended the same Sunday School class as the four victims on the day of the bombing . On May 15 , Cross testified that prior to the explosion , she and the four girls killed had each attended a Youth Day Sunday School lesson in which the theme taught was how to react to a physical injustice . Cross testified that each girl present had been taught to contemplate how Jesus would react to affliction or injustice , with the message taught being to consider , `` What Would Jesus Do ? '' Cross testified that she would herself have accompanied her friends into the basement lounge to change into robes for the forthcoming sermon , but she had been given an assignment . Shortly thereafter , she had heard `` the most horrible noise '' , before being struck on the head by debris . Throughout the trial , Cherry 's defense attorney , Mickey Johnson , repeatedly observed that many of the prosecution 's witnesses were either circumstantial or `` inherently unreliable '' . Many of the same audio tapes presented in Blanton 's trial were also introduced into evidence in the trial of Bobby Cherry . A key point contested as to the validity of the audio tapes being introduced into evidence , outside the hearing of the jury , was the fact that Cherry had no grounds to contest the introduction of the tapes into evidence , as , under the Fourth Amendment , neither his home or property had been subject to discreet recording by the FBI . This was disputed by Don Cochran , who argued that Alabama law allows conspiracies to conceal evidence to be proven by both inference and circumstantial evidence . In spite of a rebuttal argument by the defense , Judge Garrett ruled that some sections were too prejudicial , but also that portions of some audio recordings could be introduced as evidence . Through these rulings , Mitchell Burns was also called to testify on behalf of the prosecution , although his testimony was restricted to the areas of the recordings permitted into evidence . Prosecutor Doug Jones points toward Bobby Cherry as he delivers his closing argument to the jury . May 21 , 2002 On May 21 , 2002 , both prosecution and defense attorneys delivered their closing arguments to the jury . In his closing argument for the prosecution , Don Cochran gave attention to the fact the victims ' `` Youth Sunday ( sermon ) never happened ... because it was destroyed by this defendant 's hate . '' Cochran then outlined Cherry 's extensive record of racial violence dating back to the 1950s , also noting his knowledge of constructing and installing bombs obtained in his days as a Marine demolition expert . Cochran also reminded the jury of a secretly - obtained FBI recording which had earlier been introduced into evidence in which Cherry had informed his first wife , Jean , that he and other Klansmen had constructed the bomb within the premises of a business the Friday before the bombing , and that Cherry had signed an affidavit in the presence of the FBI on October 9 , 1963 , confirming that he , Chambliss and Blanton were at these premises on this date . In the closing argument for the defense , attorney Mickey Johnson argued that Cherry had nothing to do with the bombing , and reminded the jurors that his client was not on trial for his beliefs , stating : `` It seems like more time has been spent here throwing around the n - word than proving what happened in September 1963 . '' Johnson then reiterated that there was no hard evidence linking Cherry to the bombing , but only evidence attesting to his racist beliefs dating from that era , and that the family members who had testified against him were all estranged and therefore unreliable witnesses . Johnson then urged the jury not to convict his client via guilt by association . Following these closing arguments , the jury retired to consider their verdicts . These deliberations continued until the following day . On the afternoon of May 22 , after deliberating for almost seven hours , the forewoman of the jury announced they had reached their verdicts : Bobby Frank Cherry was convicted of four counts of first - degree murder and sentenced to life imprisonment . Cherry remained stoic as the sentence was read aloud , although relatives of the four victims openly wept in relief . When asked by the judge whether he had anything to say before sentence was imposed , Cherry motioned to the prosecutors and stated : `` This whole bunch lied all the way through this thing ( the trial ) . I told the truth . I do n't know why I 'm going to jail for nothing . I have n't done anything ! '' Bobby Frank Cherry died of cancer on November 18 , 2004 , at age 74 , while incarcerated at the Kilby Correctional Facility . Following the convictions of Blanton and Cherry , Alabama 's former Attorney General , William Baxley , expressed his frustration at his never being informed of the existence of these audio recordings before their emergence at the 2001 and 2002 trials . Baxley acknowledged that the social circumstances in 1960s Alabama would likely have leaned in favor of both defendants even with the FBI recordings presented in evidence , but added that he could have prosecuted Thomas Blanton -- and likely Bobby Cherry -- in 1977 , had he been granted access to the secretly recorded tapes of Blanton conversing with his wife and with FBI informant Mitchell Burns . ( A 1980 Justice Department report had concluded that J. Edgar Hoover had blocked prosecution of the four suspects of the bombing in 1965 , and had officially closed the investigation in 1968 . ) Possible fifth conspirator ( edit ) Although both Blanton and Cherry denied their involvement in the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing , until his death in 1985 , Robert Chambliss repeatedly insisted that the bombing had been committed by Gary Thomas Rowe , Jr . Rowe had been encouraged to join the Klan by acquaintances in 1960 before becoming a paid FBI informant just two months after the bombing . In this role , Rowe acted as an agent provocateur between 1961 and 1965 . Although informative to the FBI , Rowe participated in violence against blacks and white civil rights activists . By Rowe 's own later admission , in his role as an FBI informant , he had shot and killed an unidentified black man and had been an accessory to the murder of Viola Liuzzo . Investigative records show that Rowe had twice failed polygraph tests when questioned as to his possible involvement in the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing and two separate , non-fatal explosions . These polygraph results had convinced some FBI agents of Rowe 's culpability in the bombing . Prosecutors at Chambliss 's 1977 trial had initially intended to call Rowe as a witness ; however , William Baxley had opted not to call Rowe as a witness after being informed of the results of these polygraph tests . Although never formally named as one of the conspirators by the FBI , Rowe 's record of deception on the polygraph tests leaves open the possibility that Chambliss 's claims may have held a degree of truth . Nonetheless , a 1979 investigation cleared Rowe of any involvement in the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing . Aftermath ( edit ) They forever changed the face of this state and the history of this state . Their deaths made all of us focus upon the ugliness of those who would punish people because of the color of their skin . -- State Senator Roger Bedford at the unveiling of a state historic marker to the victims . September 15 , 1990 Following the bombing , the 16th Street Baptist Church remained closed for over eight months , as assessments and , later , repairs were conducted upon the property . Both the church and the bereaved families received an estimated $23,000 in cash donations from members of the public . Gifts totalling over $186,000 were donated from around the world . The church reopened to members of the public on June 7 , 1964 , and continues to remain an active place of worship today , with an average weekly attendance of nearly 2,000 worshippers . The current pastor of the church is the Reverend Arthur Price Jr . The most seriously injured survivor of the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing , Sarah Jean Collins , remained hospitalized for more than two months following the bombing . Collins ' injuries were so extensive that medical personnel did initially fear she would lose the sight in both eyes , although by October , they were able to inform Collins she would regain the sight in her left eye . When asked her feelings towards the bombers on October 15 , 1963 , Collins first thanked those who had cared for her and sent messages of condolence , flowers and toys , then said : `` As for the bomber , people are praying for him . We wonder what he would be thinking today , if he had children ... He will face God . We turn this problem over to God , because no one else can solve Birmingham 's problems . We leave it up to God to solve them . '' Charles Morgan Jr. , the young white lawyer who had delivered an impassioned speech on September 16 , 1963 , deploring the tolerance and complacency of much of the white population of Birmingham towards the suppression and intimidation of blacks -- thereby contributing to the climate of hatred in the city -- himself received death threats directed against him and his family in the days following his speech . Within three months , Morgan and his family were forced to flee Birmingham . James Bevel , a prominent figure within the Civil Rights Movement and organizer of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference , was galvanized to create what became known as the Alabama Project for Voting Rights as a direct result of the 16th Street Baptist Church Bombing . Following the bombing , Bevel and his then - wife , Diane , relocated to Alabama , where they tirelessly worked upon the Alabama Project for Voting Rights , which aimed to extend full voting rights for all eligible citizens of Alabama regardless of race . This initiative subsequently contributed to the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches , which themselves resulted in the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , thus prohibiting any form of racial discrimination within the process of voting . The Welsh Window . Designed by artist John Petts , the stained - glass window depicts a black Christ with his arms outstretched ; his right arm pushing away hatred and injustice , the left extended in an offering of forgiveness . Within the 16th Street Baptist Church , there still stands the Welsh Window . Sculpted by Carmarthenshire - based artist John Petts , who had initiated a campaign in Wales to raise money to fund a replacement stained - glass window which had been destroyed in the bombing . Petts had opted to construct a stained - glass image of a black Christ to replace one of the windows destroyed in the bombing . Within two days of the church bombing , Petts had contacted then - pastor of the church , the Reverend John Cross , announcing he had launched a fundraising campaign to create this sculpture via an appeal conducted through the Western Mail , requesting funds from the Welsh public to pay for the construction of the structure in Wales , and its delivery and installation at the 16th Street Baptist Church . John Petts died in 1991 at the age of 77 . In a 1987 interview focusing upon his recollections of the bombing , Petts recollected : `` Naturally , as a father , I was horrified by the deaths of those children . '' Petts then elaborated that the inspiration for the stained - glass image was a verse from the Gospel of Matthew : `` Truly , I say to you , as you did it to one of the least of these my brothers , you did it to me . '' The Welsh Window bears the inscription , `` Given by The People of Wales '' . On the 27th anniversary of the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing , a state historic marker was unveiled at Greenwood Cemetery , the final resting place of three of the four victims of the bombing ( Carole Robertson 's body had been reburied in Greenwood Cemetery in 1974 , following the death of her father ) . Several dozen people were present at the unveiling , presided over by state Senator Roger Bedford . At the service , the four girls were described as martyrs who `` died so freedom could live '' . Herman Frank Cash died of cancer in February 1994 . He was never charged with his alleged involvement in the bombing , and did maintain his innocence . Although Cash is known to have passed a polygraph test in which he was questioned as to his potential involvement in the bombing , the FBI had concluded in May 1965 that Cash was one of the four conspirators . Cash is interred at Northview Cemetery in Polk County , Georgia . The Reverend John Cross , who had been the pastor of the 16th Street Baptist Church at the time of the 1963 bombing , died of natural causes on November 15 , 2007 . He was 82 years old . The Reverend Cross is interred at Hillandale Memorial Gardens in DeKalb County , Georgia . Thomas Edwin Blanton , the sole perpetrator of the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing still alive , is currently incarcerated at the St. Clair Correctional Facility in Springville , Alabama . Since his 2001 conviction , Blanton has been confined in a one - man cell under tight security . He has seldom spoken of his involvement in the bombing , shuns social activity and rarely receives visitors . Former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice was eight years old at the time of the bombing and both a classmate and friend of Carol Denise McNair . On the day of the bombing , Rice was at her father 's church , located a few blocks from the 16th Street Baptist Church . In 2004 , Rice recalled her memories of the bombing : I remembered the bombing of that Sunday School at 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham in 1963 . I did not see it happen , but I heard it happen and I felt it happen , just a few blocks away at my father 's church . It is a sound that I will never forget , that will forever reverberate in my ears . That bomb took the lives of four young girls , including my friend and playmate ( Carol ) Denise McNair . The crime was calculated , not random . It was meant to suck the hope out of young lives , bury their aspirations , and ensure that old fears would be propelled forward into the next generation . On May 24 , 2013 , President Barack Obama posthumously awarded a Congressional Gold Medal to the four girls killed in the 1963 Birmingham Church Bombing . This medal was awarded through signing into effect Public Law 113 -- 11 ; a bill which awarded one Congressional Gold Medal to be created in recognition of the fact the girls ' deaths served as a major catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement , and invigorated a momentum ensuring the signing into passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . The gold medal was presented to the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute to display or temporarily loan to other museums . Media and memorials ( edit ) Music ( edit ) The song `` Birmingham Sunday '' is directly inspired by the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing . Written in 1964 by Richard Fariña and recorded by Fariña 's sister - in - law , Joan Baez , the song was included on Baez 's 1964 album Joan Baez / 5 . The song would also be covered by Rhiannon Giddens , and is included on her 2017 album Freedom Highway . The 1964 album track upon jazz musician John Coltrane 's album Live at Birdland includes the track `` Alabama '' . This song was written as a direct musical tribute to the victims of the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing . African - American composer Adolphus Hailstork 's 1982 work for wind ensemble titled American Guernica was composed in memory of the victims of the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing . Film ( edit ) A 1997 documentary , 4 Little Girls , focuses exclusively upon the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing . Directed by Spike Lee , this documentary includes interviews with family and friends of the victims and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Documentary . The 2002 docudrama , Sins of the Father , directly focuses upon the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing . Directed by Robert Dornhelm , the film casts Richard Jenkins as Bobby Cherry and Bruce McFee as Robert Chambliss . The 2014 American historical drama , Selma , which focuses upon the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches , also includes a scene depicting the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing . This film was directed by Ava DuVernay . Television ( edit ) The 1993 documentary , Angels of Change , focuses upon both the events leading to the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing and its aftermath . This documentary was produced by Birmingham - based TV station WVTM - TV , and subsequently received a Peabody Award . The History Channel has broadcast a documentary entitled Remembering the Birmingham Church Bombing . Broadcast to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the bombing , this documentary includes interviews with the Head of Education at the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute . Books ( non-fiction ) ( edit ) Anderson , Susan ( 2008 ) . The Past on Trial : The Sixteenth Street Baptist Church Bombing , Civil Rights Memory and the Remaking of Birmingham . Chapel Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 54988 - 141 - 4 . Branch , Taylor ( 1988 ) . Parting the Waters : America in the King Years , 1954 -- 1963 . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 68742 - 5 . Chalmers , David ( 2005 ) . Backfire : How the Ku Klux Klan Helped the Civil Rights Movement . Chapel Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 2311 - 1 . Cobbs , Elizabeth H. ; Smith , Petric J. ( 1994 ) . Long Time Coming : An Insider 's Story of the Birmingham Church Bombing that Rocked the World . Crane Hill Publishers . ISBN 1 - 881548 - 10 - 4 . Hamlin , Christopher M. ( 1998 ) . Behind the Stained Glass : A History of Sixteenth Street Baptist Church . Crane Hill Publishers . ISBN 1 - 57587 - 083 - 5 . Klobuchar , Lisa ( 2009 ) . 1963 Birmingham Church Bombing : The Ku Klux Klan 's History of Terror . Compass Point Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7565 - 4092 - 0 . McKinstry , Carolyn ; George , Denise ( 2011 ) . While the World Watched : A Birmingham Bombing Survivor Comes of Age During the Civil Rights Movement . Tyndale House Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4143 - 3636 - 7 . McWhorter , Diane ( 2001 ) . Carry Me Home : Birmingham , Alabama , the Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4767 - 0951 - 2 . Sikora , Frank ( 1991 ) . Until Justice Rolls Down : The Birmingham Church Bombing Case . University of Alabama Press . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 0520 - 3 . Thorne , T.K. ( 2013 ) . Last Chance for Justice : How Relentless Investigators Uncovered New Evidence Convicting the Birmingham Church Bombers . Lawrence Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61374 - 864 - 0 . Books ( fiction ) ( edit ) Christopher Paul Curtis 's 1995 novel The Watsons Go to Birmingham -- 1963 conveys the events of the bombing . This fictional account of the bombing was later converted into a movie . The 2001 novel Bombingham , written by Anthony Grooms , is set in Birmingham in 1963 . This novel portrays a fictional account of the bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church and the shootings of Virgil Ware and Johnny Robinson . The American Girl book No Ordinary Sound , set in 1963 and featuring the character of Melody Ellison , has the bombing as a major plot point . In sculpture and symbolism ( edit ) The Four Spirits sculpture , unveiled at Kelly Ingram Park , September 2013 Welsh craftsman and artist John Petts was inspired to construct and deliver the iconic stained - glass Welsh Window to the 16th Street Baptist Church in 1965 . The Welsh Window is a large stained - glass edifice depicting a black Jesus , with arms outstretched , reminiscent of the Crucifixion of Jesus . Erected at the church in 1965 , the Welsh Window stands over the front door of the sanctuary . The American sculptor John Henry Waddell has created a memorial symbolizing those killed in the bombing . Entitled That Which Might Have Been : Birmingham 1963 , the sculpture -- depicting four adult women in differing postures -- was created over a period of 15 months . The four women in the sculpture are each depicted in symbolic terms ; representing the four victims of the bombing , had they been allowed to mature to womanhood . The sculpture was originally displayed at the First Unitarian Universalist Church in Phoenix in 1969 . A second casting of the sculpture was intended for display in Birmingham ; however , due to controversy over the nudity of the women in the sculpture , this second casting is now on display at the George Washington Carver Museum . The names of the four girls killed in the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing are engraved upon the Civil Rights Memorial . Erected in Montgomery , Alabama in 1989 . The Civil Rights Memorial is an inverted , conical granite fountain and is dedicated to 41 people who died in the struggle for the equal rights and integrated treatment of all people between the years 1954 and 1968 . The names of the 41 individuals themselves are chronologically engrained upon the surface of this fountain . Creator Maya Lin has described this sculpture as a `` contemplative area ; a place to remember the Civil Rights Movement , to honor those killed during the struggle , to appreciate how far the country has come in its quest for equality '' . The Four Spirits sculpture was unveiled at Birmingham 's Kelly Ingram Park in September 2013 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the bombing . Crafted in Berkeley , California by Birmingham - born sculptor Elizabeth MacQueen and designed as a memorial to the four children killed on September 15 , 1963 , the bronze and steel life - size sculpture depicts the four girls in preparation for the church sermon at the 16th Street Baptist Church in the moments immediately before the explosion . The youngest girl killed in the explosion ( Carol Denise McNair ) is depicted releasing six doves into the air as she stands tiptoed and barefooted upon a bench as another barefooted girl ( Addie Mae Collins ) is depicted kneeling upon the bench , affixing a dress sash to McNair ; a third girl ( Cynthia Wesley ) is sat upon the bench alongside McNair and Collins with a Bible in her lap . The fourth girl ( Carole Robertson ) is depicted standing and smiling as she motions the other three girls to attend their church sermon . At the base of the sculpture is an inscription of the name of the sermon the four girls were to attend prior to the bombing -- `` A Love That Forgives '' . Oval photographs and brief biographies of the four girls killed in the explosion , the most seriously injured survivor ( Sarah Collins ) , and the two teenage boys shot to death later that day also adorn the base of the sculpture . More than 1,000 people were present at the unveiling of the memorial , including survivors of the bombing , friends of the victims and the parents of Denise McNair , Johnny Robinson and Virgil Ware . Among those to speak at the unveiling was the Reverend Joseph Lowery , who informed those present : `` Do n't let anybody tell you these children died in vain . We would n't be here right now , had they not gone home before our eyes . '' See also ( edit ) African - American history Mass racial violence in the United States Timeline of the civil rights movement 1960s portal African American portal Alabama portal Christianity portal Criminal justice portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 16th Street Baptist Church bombing '' , from Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ `` Fifty Years After Bombing , Birmingham is Resurrected '' , by John Meacham , Time . September 23 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Today in 1963 : The Bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church '' . ajccenter.wfu.edu. 2013 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Know 1 Radio.com Jump up ^ N.Y. Daily News Sept. 1 , 2013 Jump up ^ wsws.org May 20 , 2000 ^ Jump up to : Times Daily May 23 , 2002 Jump up ^ TeachingAmericanHistory.org Jump up ^ `` New Bomb Blast Hits Birmingham '' . The Miami News . 1963 - 09 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Washington Post Sept. 16 , 1963 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Six Negro Children Killed in Alabama Sunday '' . The Times - News , Hendersonville , NC. 1963 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Observer - Reporter Nov. 19 , 1977 Jump up ^ `` Factiva '' . Global.factiva.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : CrimeLibrary.com p. 5 Jump up ^ Bilal R. Muhammad ( 2011 ) . The African - American Odyssey . books.google.com . ISBN 978 - 1467035132 . Jump up ^ CBN.com Jump up ^ 1963 Birmingham Church Bombing : The Ku Klux Klan 's History of Terror p. 10 ^ Jump up to : Eugene Register - Guard Oct. 29 , 1985 Jump up ^ University of California , Los Angeles . `` Birmingham Church Bombed '' . ucla.edu . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Father Recalls Deadly Blast At Ala . Baptist Church '' . npr.org . September 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/terrorists/birmingham_church/4.html CrimeLibrary.com p. 4 Jump up ^ History.com . Sep. 13 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` Six Dead After Church Bombing '' . Washington Post . 1963 - 09 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ N.Y. Sun.com Jump up ^ United States House of Representatives ( April 24 , 2013 ) . `` AWARDING CONGRESSIONAL GOLD MEDAL TO ADDIE MAE COLLINS , DENISE McNAIR , CAROLE ROBERTSON , AND CYNTHIA WESLEY '' . beta.congress.gov . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ TheGuardian.com Sep. 16 , 2014 Jump up ^ NPR.org Sep. 15 , 2008 Jump up ^ al.com Sep. 15 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Lakeland Ledger Apr. 25 , 2001 Jump up ^ `` 16th Street Baptist Church Bombing : Forty Years Later , Birmingham Still Struggles with Violent Past '' . National Public Radio : All Things Considered. 2003 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 22 November 2010 . Jump up ^ The Daily Beast Sep. 15 , 2013 Jump up ^ Nelson , Cary ( ed . ) . `` About the 1963 Birmingham Bombing '' . The Modern American Poetry Site . Department of English , University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign . Jump up ^ TheGospelCoalition.org Jump up ^ Washington Post Sep. 16 , 1963 Jump up ^ Free at Last : A History of the Civil Rights Movement and Those Who Died in the Struggle p. 63 Jump up ^ TheAtlantic.com Sep. 13 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Nation 's Shame '' . The Milwaukee Sentinel. 1963 - 09 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Free at Last : A History of the Civil Rights Movement and Those Who Died in the Struggle p. 64 Jump up ^ William O. Bryant ( September 11 , 1963 ) . `` Six Negro Children Killed in Alabama '' . The Times News . United Press International . Retrieved 6 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : TIME Sep. 22 , 2003 Jump up ^ Times Daily May 7 , 2004 Jump up ^ The Informant , the FBI and the Ku Klux Klan p. 88 Jump up ^ `` Columns : Drawn back to Birmingham '' . ^ Jump up to : Crimes and Trials of the Century p. 274 . Jump up ^ 1963 : The Year of Hope and Hostility pp. 184 -- 185 ^ Jump up to : Park City Daily News Sept. 19 , 1963 ^ Jump up to : Crimes and Trials of the Century p. 272 Jump up ^ Sarasota Herald - Tribune Sept. 18 , 1963 Jump up ^ Baltimore Afro - American Sept. 21 , 1963 Jump up ^ `` We Shall Overcome Historic Places of the Civil Rights Movement '' . National Public Radio . Archived from the original on 17 December 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Pittsburgh Post-Gazette Sept. 19 , 1963 Jump up ^ Ocala Star - Banner Sept. 19 , 1963 Jump up ^ Ocala Star ( - Banner Sept. 19 , 1963 Jump up ^ Time.com Sept. 22 , 2003 Jump up ^ The Milwaukee Journal Sep. 21 , 1963 Jump up ^ 1963 Birmingham Church Bombing : The Ku Klux Klan 's History of Terror p. 63 Jump up ^ 1963 Birmingham Church Bombing : The Ku Klux Klan 's History of Terror p. 57 Jump up ^ CNN.com May 22 , 2000 Jump up ^ L.A. Times.com Apr. 14 , 2001 p. 1 Jump up ^ The Informant : The FBI , the Ku Klux Klan , and the Murder of Viola Liuzzo p. 386 Jump up ^ It Happened in Alabama p. 102 Jump up ^ JOHN HERBERS Special to the New York Times ( 1963 - 10 - 09 ) . `` N.Y. Times Oct. 9 , 1963 '' . Select.nytimes.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` FBI : A Byte Out of History : The ' 63 Baptist Church Bombing '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Archived from the original on 13 October 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ blackhistorycollection.org ^ Jump up to : wsws.org May 5 , 2001 ^ Jump up to : Al.com May 23 , 2002 Jump up ^ Huffington Post Sep. 15 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Civil Rights Act of 1964 Jump up ^ Jenkins , Ray ( 1977 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Birmingham Church Bombing Conviction Ended an Obsession of the Prosecutor '' . The Day ( New London , Connecticut ) . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ The Crimson.com. Oct. 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weary Feet , Rested Souls : A Guided History of the Civil Rights Movement p. 84 Jump up ^ Carry Me Home : Birmingham , Alabama , the Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution p. 497 Jump up ^ Clary , Mike ( 2001 - 04 - 14 ) . `` Birmingham 's Painful Past Reopened '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Crimes and Trials of the Century p. 278 Jump up ^ abcnews.com May 5 , 2002 Jump up ^ The Tuscalooasa News Oct. 30 , 1977 Jump up ^ Gadsden Times Oct. 30 , 1977 Jump up ^ Times Oct. 30 , 1977 Jump up ^ Gadsden Times Oct. 18 , 1977 Jump up ^ Gadsden Times Oct. 29 , 1977 Jump up ^ Tuscaloosa News Oct. 4 , 1978 Jump up ^ WordPress.com Jump up ^ Boca Raton News Nov. 16 , 1977 Jump up ^ Lakeland Ledger Nov. 19 , 1977 Jump up ^ Sarasota Herald - Tribume Nov. 19 , 1977 Jump up ^ The Crisis Nov. 1978 p. 314 Jump up ^ St. Petersburg Times Nov. 18 , 1977 ^ Jump up to : Rome News - Tribune Nov. 18 , 1977 Jump up ^ Rome News Tribunal Nov. 18 , 1977 Jump up ^ Gadsden Times Nov. 20 , 1977 Jump up ^ Anderson , S. Willoughby , `` The Past on Trial : Birmingham , the Bombing , and Restorative Justice '' , California Law Review , 96 / 2 , ( April 2008 ) : 482 . Jump up ^ CrimeLibrary.com p. 9 Jump up ^ Carry Me Home : Birmingham , Alabama , the Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution p. 574 Jump up ^ Gadsden Times May 23 , 1979 . Jump up ^ `` Klansman Guilty in Death '' . The Pittsburgh Press . 1977 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ The Tuscaloosa News Sep. 4 , 1978 Jump up ^ `` Robert E. Chambliss , Figure in ' 63 Bombing '' . The New York Times . Dated October 30 , 1985 . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . `` Robert Edward Chambliss ... who was convicted of murder in the 1963 bombing of a Birmingham church ... died yesterday in a hospital in Birmingham . '' Jump up ^ TheGuardian.com . May 23 , 2002 Jump up ^ `` The ghosts of Alabama '' . CNN . 2000 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Leith , Sam ( 2002 - 05 - 23 ) . `` Klansman convicted of killing black girls '' . London : Telegraph . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ CNN.com Jun. 13 , 2013 Jump up ^ Chance for Justice : How Relentless Investigators Uncovered New Evidence Convicting the Birmingham Church Bombers p. 162 Jump up ^ Sack , Kevin ( 2001 - 04 - 25 ) . `` As Church Bombing Trial Begins in Birmingham , the City 's Past Is Very Much Present '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Toledo Blade Apr. 26 , 2001 Jump up ^ Tuscaloosa News Jun. 1 , 2001 Jump up ^ The Tuscaloose News Nov. 23 , 2002 ^ Jump up to : Star - News Apr. 28 , 2001 Jump up ^ Herald - Journal Apr. 29 , 2001 Jump up ^ Southeast Missourian Apr. 29 , 2001 Jump up ^ CNN.com May 1 , 2001 Jump up ^ The New York Times May 1 , 2001 Jump up ^ The Dispatch May 1 , 2001 Jump up ^ The Argus - Press May 2 , 2001 Jump up ^ The Telegraph May 2 , 2001 Jump up ^ AlabamaCivilRights.edu Jump up ^ `` Former Klansman faces prison in 1963 Killings '' . The Vindicator. 2001 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Faulk , Kent ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Sixteenth Street Baptist Church bomber up for parole next month '' . The Birmingham News . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Faulk , Kent ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` 16th Street Baptist Church bomber Thomas Blanton denied parole '' . The Birmingham News . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Race , Law and Public Policy p. 426 ^ Jump up to : Last Chance for Justice : How Relentless Investigators Uncovered New Evidence Convicting the Birmingham Church Bombers ch. 35 Jump up ^ N.Y , Times.com May 17 , 2002 Jump up ^ Tuscaloosa News Apr. 20 , 2001 Jump up ^ Nevada Daily Mail May 15 , 2002 Jump up ^ Washington Times May 22 , 2002 Jump up ^ N.Y. Times May 22 , 2002 Jump up ^ Washington Times May 22 , 2002 . Jump up ^ O'Donnell , Michelle ( 2004 - 11 - 19 ) . `` Bobby Frank Cherry , 74 , Klansman in Bombing , Dies '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Reading Eagle May 23 , 2002 Jump up ^ N.Y. Times Nov. 19 , 2004 Jump up ^ Baltimore Sun May 7 , 2002 Jump up ^ The Spokesman Review Feb. 18 , 1980 Jump up ^ The New York Times Oct. 4 , 1998 Jump up ^ The Times - News Oct. 3 , 1978 Jump up ^ Ocala Star - Banner Jul. 11 , 1978 p. 1 Jump up ^ Ocala Star - Banner Jul. 11 , 1978 p. 10a Jump up ^ encyclopediaofalabama.org ^ Jump up to : Gadsden Times Sept. 16 , 1990 Jump up ^ 16thstreetbaptist.org Jump up ^ CNN.com Sept. 14 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : The Owosso Argus - Press Oct. 16 , 1963 Jump up ^ Chicago Tribune Apr. 26 , 1964 Jump up ^ Historical Dictionary of the Civil Rights Movement p. 401 Jump up ^ BBC.co.uk Mar. 10 , 2011 Jump up ^ BBC Mar. 10 , 2011 Jump up ^ Tuscaloose News Sept. 19 , 1963 Jump up ^ The Guardian . Mar. 6 , 2011 Jump up ^ Gary Younge . `` The Wales Window of Alabama '' . BBC4 radio . Nicola Swords . Jump up ^ al.com Sep. 7 , 1997 Archived May 26 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ L.A. Times.com Apr. 14 , 2001 Jump up ^ Sarasota Herald - Tribune Nov. 19 , 2007 Jump up ^ Alabama Dept. of Corrections . Blanton , Thomas Edwin Jump up ^ Daily Mail Sept. 10 , 2013 Jump up ^ Scott W Johnson . `` Birmingham 's New Legacy '' . The Weekly Standard . Jump up ^ gpo.gov ^ Jump up to : `` H.R. 360 -- Summary '' . United States Congress . Retrieved 30 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American Guernica , LKM Music - Hal Leonard Online '' . www.halleonard.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ History.com Jump up ^ Younge , Gary ( 6 March 2011 ) . `` American civil rights : the Welsh connection '' . guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 7 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of African - American History p. 1029 Jump up ^ Huffington Post Sept. 15 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` That which might have been '' . Artbyjohnwaddell.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Waymarking.com Jump up ^ `` Civil Rights Martyrs Southern Poverty Law Center '' . Splcenter.org . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ slpcenter.org Jump up ^ al.com Sep. 2 , 2013 Jump up ^ WeldBirmingham.com Sept. 14 , 2013 Jump up ^ MyFoxLocal.com Sep. 15 , 2013 Jump up ^ MyFoxLocal.com Sept. 15 , 2013 Jump up ^ wbhm.org Sep. 15 , 2013 Cited works and further reading ( edit ) Branch , Taylor ( 1988 ) . Parting the Waters : America in the King Years , 1954 -- 1963 . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 68742 - 5 . Cobbs , Elizabeth H. ; Smith , Petric J. ( 1994 ) . Long Time Coming : An Insider 's Story of the Birmingham Church Bombing that Rocked the World . Crane Hill Publishers . ISBN 1 - 881548 - 10 - 4 . Hamlin , Christopher M. ( 1998 ) . Behind the Stained Glass : A History of Sixteenth Street Baptist Church . Crane Hill Publishers . ISBN 1 - 57587 - 083 - 5 . Klobuchar , Lisa ( 2009 ) . 1963 Birmingham Church Bombing : The Ku Klux Klan 's History of Terror . Compass Point Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7565 - 4092 - 0 . McKinstry , Carolyn ; George , Denise ( 2011 ) . While the World Watched : A Birmingham Bombing Survivor Comes of Age During the Civil Rights Movement . Tyndale House Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4143 - 3636 - 7 . Sikora , Frank ( 1991 ) . Until Justice Rolls Down : The Birmingham Church Bombing Case . University of Alabama Press . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 0520 - 3 . Thorne , T.K. ( 2013 ) . Last Chance for Justice : How Relentless Investigators Uncovered New Evidence Convicting the Birmingham Church Bombers . Lawrence Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61374 - 864 - 0 . Wade , Wyn C. ( 1998 ) . The Fiery Cross : The Ku Klux Klan in America . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512357 - 3 . External links ( edit ) 16th Street Baptist Church bombing at CrimeLibrary.com Official website of the 16th Street Baptist Church Transcript of Martin Luther King 's eulogy , delivered at the funerals of Addie Mae Collins , Carol Denise McNair and Cynthia Wesley , September 18 , 1963 FBI article documenting the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing FBI.gov archive of newspaper clippings relating to the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing October 1963 Jet magazine article focusing upon the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing Online archives available at the Birmingham Public Library . These archives include photographic and newspaper archives About the Birmingham Church Bombing and 1963 Civil Rights Movement at Illinois.edu Chambliss vs. State : Details of Robert Chambliss 's 1979 appeal against his conviction Contemporary news article detailing Robert Chambliss 's 1977 conviction Audio interview with 16th Street Baptist Church bombing survivor Sarah Collins Rudolph WHBM news article detailing the 2013 unveiling of the Four Spirits Statue at Kelly Ingram Park FourSpirits1963.com -- A website devoted to the construction and preservation of the Four Spirits memorial sculpture at Kelly Ingram Park Civil Rights Memorial In memoriam Louis Allen Willie Brewster Benjamin Brown Johnnie Mae Chappell James Chaney Addie Mae Collins Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Henry Hezekiah Dee Roman Ducksworth Jr . Willie Edwards Medgar Evers Andrew Goodman Paul Guihard Samuel Hammond Jr . Jimmie Lee Jackson Wharlest Jackson Martin Luther King Jr . Bruce W. Klunder George W. Lee Herbert Lee Viola Liuzzo Carol Denise McNair Delano Herman Middleton Charles Eddie Moore Oneal Moore William Lewis Moore Mack Charles Parker Lemuel Penn James Reeb John Earl Reese Carole Robertson Michael Schwerner Henry Ezekial Smith Lamar Smith Emmett Till Clarence Triggs Virgil Lamar Ware Cynthia Wesley Ben Chester White Sammy Younge Jr . Contributors Southern Poverty Law Center Maya Lin Related Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore Civil rights movement Civil rights movement Notable events ( timeline ) Prior to 1954 Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore 1954 -- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton White America , Inc . Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream sit - in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi wade - ins 1960 -- 1963 Greensboro sit - ins Nashville sit - ins Sit - in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit - ins Robert F. Kennedy 's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit - ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment , Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now , segregation forever '' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children 's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy 's Report to the American People on Civil Rights March on Washington `` I Have a Dream '' St. Augustine movement 1964 -- 1968 Twenty - fourth Amendment Bloody Tuesday Freedom Summer workers ' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches `` How Long , Not Long '' Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement / Chicago open housing movement Memphis sanitation strike King assassination funeral riots Poor People 's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Committee on Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Montgomery Improvement Association Nashville Student Movement NAACP Youth Council Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) The Freedom Singers Wednesdays in Mississippi Women 's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr . Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Raylawni Branch Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J.L. Chestnut Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Cleaver Charles E. Cobb Jr . Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Devine Patricia Stephens Due Joseph Ellwanger Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter E. Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer William E. Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T.R.M. Howard Ruby Hurley Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T.J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones J. Charles Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A.D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr . Martin Luther King Sr . Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Douglas E. Moore Harriette Moore Harry T. Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Fay Bellamy Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. Philip Randolph George Raymond Jr . Bernice Johnson Reagon Cordell Reagon James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson David Richmond Bernice Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Bernie Sanders Michael Schwerner Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Alexander D. Shimkin Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas Dorothy Tillman A.P. Tureaud Hartman Turnbow Albert Turner C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hollis Watkins Walter Francis White Roy Wilkins Hosea Williams Kale Williams Robert F. Williams Andrew Young Whitney Young Sammy Younge Jr . James Zwerg Influences Nonviolence Padayatra Sermon on the Mount Mahatma Gandhi Ahimsa Satyagraha The Kingdom of God Is Within You Frederick Douglass W.E.B. Du Bois Mary McLeod Bethune Related Jim Crow laws Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal Buchanan v. Warley Hocutt v. Wilson Sweatt v. Painter Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States Katzenbach v. McClung Loving v. Virginia Fifth Circuit Four Brown Chapel Holt Street Baptist Church Edmund Pettus Bridge March on Washington Movement African - American churches attacked Journey of Reconciliation Freedom Songs `` Kumbaya '' `` Keep Your Eyes on the Prize '' `` Oh , Freedom '' `` This Little Light of Mine '' `` We Shall Not Be Moved '' `` We Shall Overcome '' Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' Watts riots Voter Education Project 1960s counterculture In popular culture King Memorial Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Civil Rights Memorial Noted historians Taylor Branch Clayborne Carson John Dittmer Michael Eric Dyson Chuck Fager Adam Fairclough David Garrow David Halberstam Vincent Harding Steven F. Lawson Doug McAdam Diane McWhorter Charles M. Payne Timothy Tyson Akinyele Umoja Movement photographers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing&oldid=832369747 '' Categories : 1963 in Alabama 1963 murders in the United States African - American history in Birmingham , Alabama Anti-black racism in the United States Attacks on churches Attacks on places of worship in the United States Conflicts in 1963 Explosions in the United States History of African - American civil rights History of Alabama History of Birmingham , Alabama Improvised explosive device bombings in the United States Ku Klux Klan crimes in Alabama Mass murder in 1963 Massacres in places of worship Murder in Alabama Murdered American children Murdered African - American people People murdered in Alabama Racially motivated violence against African Americans September 1963 events in the United States Terrorist incidents in 1963 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 15 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th%20Street%20Baptist%20Church%20bombing	701
what the record for most points in an nba game			List of National Basketball Association single - game scoring leaders	list of national basketball association single - game scoring leaders	This is a complete listing of National Basketball Association players who have scored 60 or more points in a game .	This feat has been accomplished 67 times in NBA history . Twenty - four different players have scored 60 or more points in a game . Only four players have scored 60 or more points on more than one occasion : Wilt Chamberlain ( 32 times ) , Kobe Bryant ( 6 times ) , Michael Jordan ( 5 times ) , and Elgin Baylor ( 4 times ) . Chamberlain holds the single - game scoring record , having scored 100 in game in 1962 . Jordan ( 63 ) and Baylor ( 61 ) are the only players to score at least 60 points in a game during the playoffs , each accomplishing this once . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 List 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Key ( edit ) Denotes player who is currently active in the NBA * Denotes player who has been inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Occurred in playoff competition Player 's team lost the game MP Minutes played FGM Field goals made FGA Field goal attempts 3PM 3 - point field goals made 3PA 3 - point field goal attempts DNP Did not play FTM Free throws made FTA Free throw attempts List ( edit ) Rank Points Player Date 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Team Opponent Score MP FGM FGA 3PM 3PA FTM FTA Notes Ref . Scoring by quarter 100 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 1962 23 18 28 31 Philadelphia Warriors New York Knicks 169 -- 147 48 36 63 -- -- 28 32 81 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 000000002006 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 2006 14 12 27 28 Los Angeles Lakers Toronto Raptors 122 -- 104 41 : 56 28 46 7 13 18 20 78 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001961 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 147 -- 151 63 31 62 -- -- 16 31 73 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Chicago Packers 135 -- 117 48 29 48 -- -- 15 25 73 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors New York Knicks 127 -- 111 48 29 43 -- -- 15 19 73 Thompson , David David Thompson * 000000001978 - 04 - 09 - 0000 April 9 , 1978 32 21 9 11 Denver Nuggets Detroit Pistons 137 -- 139 43 28 38 -- -- 17 20 7 72 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 115 -- 127 -- 29 48 -- -- 14 18 8 71 Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * 000000001960 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 1960 -- -- -- -- Los Angeles Lakers New York Knicks 123 -- 108 45 28 48 -- -- 15 18 71 Robinson , David David Robinson * 000000001994 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 1994 18 6 19 28 San Antonio Spurs Los Angeles Clippers 112 -- 97 44 26 41 18 25 10 70 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001963 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 1963 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Syracuse Nationals 148 -- 163 48 27 38 -- -- 16 22 70 Booker , Devin Devin Booker ^ March 24 , 2017 10 9 23 28 Phoenix Suns Boston Celtics 120 -- 130 45 21 40 11 24 26 12 69 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 000000001990 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 1990 16 15 20 18 Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers 117 -- 113 50 23 37 6 21 23 13 68 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001967 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 1967 14 15 15 24 Philadelphia 76ers Chicago Bulls 143 -- 123 -- 30 40 -- -- 8 22 68 Maravich , Pete Pete Maravich * 000000001977 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 1977 17 14 17 20 New Orleans Jazz New York Knicks 124 -- 107 43 26 43 -- -- 16 19 15 67 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001961 - 03 - 09 - 0000 March 9 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors New York Knicks 135 -- 126 -- 27 37 -- -- 13 17 67 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors St. Louis Hawks 121 -- 128 48 26 44 -- -- 15 20 67 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors New York Knicks 135 -- 149 48 25 38 -- -- 17 22 67 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001963 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1963 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 129 -- 134 -- 28 47 -- -- 11 17 19 66 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001969 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 1969 17 17 22 10 Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns 134 -- 116 48 29 35 -- -- 8 18 20 65 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Cincinnati Royals 132 -- 152 48 24 40 -- -- 17 30 65 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors St. Louis Hawks 147 -- 137 48 25 43 -- -- 15 20 65 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001966 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 1966 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia 76ers Los Angeles Lakers 132 -- 125 -- 28 43 -- -- 9 20 65 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 000000002007 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2007 19 9 24 Los Angeles Lakers Portland Trail Blazers 116 -- 111 49 : 58 23 39 8 12 11 12 24 64 Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * 000000001959 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 1959 13 12 17 22 Minneapolis Lakers Boston Celtics 136 -- 115 -- 25 47 -- -- 14 19 64 Barry , Rick Rick Barry * 000000001974 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 1974 -- -- 23 22 Golden State Warriors Portland Trail Blazers 143 -- 120 43 30 45 -- -- 5 64 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 000000001993 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 1993 22 8 11 16 Chicago Bulls Orlando Magic 124 -- 128 47 27 49 5 9 11 27 63 Fulks , Joe Joe Fulks * 000000001949 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 1949 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Indianapolis Jets 108 -- 87 -- 27 56 -- -- 9 14 63 Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * 000000001961 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Los Angeles Lakers Philadelphia Warriors 151 -- 147 -- 23 55 -- -- 17 24 63 West , Jerry Jerry West * 000000001962 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Los Angeles Lakers New York Knicks 129 -- 121 39 22 36 -- -- 19 22 63 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 118 -- 120 -- 24 41 -- -- 15 20 63 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001964 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 1964 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Philadelphia 76ers 117 -- 128 -- 27 58 -- -- 9 20 63 Gervin , George George Gervin * 000000001978 - 04 - 09 - 0000 April 9 , 1978 20 33 10 DNP San Antonio Spurs New Orleans Jazz 132 -- 153 33 23 49 -- -- 17 20 63 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 000000001986 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 1986 17 6 13 18 Chicago Bulls Boston Celtics 131 -- 135 53 22 41 0 0 19 21 34 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Boston Celtics 136 -- 145 48 27 45 -- -- 8 10 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors St. Louis Hawks 136 -- 130 53 24 48 -- -- 14 20 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Syracuse Nationals 139 -- 132 53 25 42 -- -- 12 17 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001963 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1963 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors New York Knicks 123 -- 103 -- 27 44 -- -- 8 17 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001964 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 1964 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Cincinnati Royals 122 -- 106 -- 26 44 -- -- 10 21 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001966 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 1966 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia 76ers San Francisco Warriors 135 -- 125 -- 26 39 -- -- 10 19 62 McGrady , Tracy Tracy McGrady * 000000002004 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 2004 7 21 24 10 Orlando Magic Washington Wizards 108 -- 99 45 : 50 20 37 5 14 17 26 62 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 000000002005 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 2005 15 17 30 DNP Los Angeles Lakers Dallas Mavericks 112 -- 90 32 : 53 18 31 10 22 25 62 Anthony , Carmelo Carmelo Anthony ^ 000000002014 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 2014 20 17 19 6 New York Knicks Charlotte Bobcats 125 -- 96 38 : 39 23 35 6 11 10 10 43 61 Mikan , George George Mikan * 000000001952 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1952 18 18 -- -- Minneapolis Lakers Rochester Royals 91 -- 81 -- 22 45 -- -- 17 21 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001961 - 12 - 09 - 0000 December 9 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Chicago Packers 135 -- 113 48 28 48 -- -- 5 10 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors St. Louis Hawks 139 -- 121 48 21 36 -- -- 19 34 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 , 1962 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Chicago Packers 128 -- 119 48 24 46 -- -- 13 17 61 Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * 000000001962 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 1962 18 15 13 15 Los Angeles Lakers Boston Celtics 126 -- 121 -- 22 46 -- -- 17 19 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Cincinnati Royals 139 -- 143 -- 27 52 -- -- 7 15 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors Syracuse Nationals 136 -- 124 -- 27 57 -- -- 7 11 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 12 - 18 - 0000 December 18 , 1962 -- -- -- -- San Francisco Warriors St. Louis Hawks 130 -- 110 -- 26 53 -- -- 9 14 61 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 000000001987 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1987 14 10 7 26 Chicago Bulls Detroit Pistons 125 -- 120 43 22 39 0 0 17 18 61 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 000000001987 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 1987 15 17 16 13 Chicago Bulls Atlanta Hawks 114 -- 117 41 22 38 0 17 21 61 Malone , Karl Karl Malone * 000000001990 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1990 17 13 20 11 Utah Jazz Milwaukee Bucks 144 -- 96 33 21 26 0 0 19 23 61 O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal * 000000002000 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2000 10 16 16 19 Los Angeles Lakers Los Angeles Clippers 123 -- 103 44 : 52 24 35 0 0 13 22 61 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 000000002009 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2009 18 16 12 15 Los Angeles Lakers New York Knicks 126 -- 117 36 : 48 19 31 6 20 20 61 James , LeBron LeBron James ^ 000000002014 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 2014 11 13 25 12 Miami Heat Charlotte Bobcats 124 -- 107 41 : 12 22 33 8 10 9 12 57 60 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001961 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 138 -- 117 48 22 47 -- -- 16 26 60 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001961 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 1961 -- -- -- -- Philadelphia Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 123 -- 118 48 24 43 -- -- 12 19 60 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001969 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1969 18 9 10 23 Los Angeles Lakers Cincinnati Royals 126 -- 113 -- 22 36 -- -- 16 24 60 King , Bernard Bernard King * 000000001984 - 12 - 25 - 0000 December 25 , 1984 21 19 11 9 New York Knicks New Jersey Nets 114 -- 120 41 19 30 0 0 22 26 60 Bird , Larry Larry Bird * 000000001985 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 1985 12 11 19 18 Boston Celtics Atlanta Hawks 126 -- 115 43 22 36 15 16 60 Chambers , Tom Tom Chambers 000000001990 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24 , 1990 14 21 14 11 Phoenix Suns Seattle SuperSonics 121 -- 95 42 22 32 0 0 16 18 60 Iverson , Allen Allen Iverson * 000000002005 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 , 2005 17 12 11 20 Philadelphia 76ers Orlando Magic 112 -- 99 42 : 01 17 36 5 24 27 60 Arenas , Gilbert Gilbert Arenas 000000002006 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2006 12 5 12 15 Washington Wizards Los Angeles Lakers 147 -- 141 49 : 00 17 32 5 12 21 27 60 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 000000002007 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 2007 13 11 19 17 Los Angeles Lakers Memphis Grizzlies 121 -- 119 45 : 11 20 37 7 17 18 60 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 000000002016 - 04 - 13 - 0000 April 13 , 2016 15 7 15 23 Los Angeles Lakers Utah Jazz 101 -- 96 42 22 50 6 21 10 12 60 Klay Thompson ^ December 5 , 2016 17 23 20 DNP Golden State Warriors Indiana Pacers 142 -- 106 29 21 33 8 14 10 11 See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal NBA regular season records List of National Basketball Association single - game playoff scoring leaders List of NCAA Division I men 's basketball players with 60 or more points in a game List of basketball players who have scored 100 points in a single game Notes ( edit ) Chamberlain set the following , still - standing ( as of the 2016 - 17 season ) single - game NBA records : points scored ( 100 ) , points scored in a half ( 59 ) , shots made ( 36 ) , shots attempted ( 63 ) , and free throws made ( 28 ) . Also set a then - record for points scored in a quarter ( 31 ) . Last game in a streak in which Chamberlain scored 60 points or more in four straight games . Game played at Hershey Sports Arena in Hershey , Pennsylvania . Outscored the Raptors 55 - 41 in the second half . Led Lakers from an 18 - point deficit . Bryant was in the middle of a free throw scoring streak which came to an end at 62 . Scored 28 of the Lakers ' 31 points in the fourth quarter . Scored 19 consecutive Laker points between the end of the first half and the middle of the third quarter . 3 OT ; set a then - record for points in a game . Most points scored in a losing effort . Also recorded 43 rebounds . Set a then - record for points in a regulation game . Most points scored in an opposing arena . Last game of the season ; George Gervin scored 63 on the same night to win the scoring title by a . 07 margin . Set a then - record for points in a game . Last game of regular season to win a scoring title over Shaquille O'Neal . Youngest player to score at least 60 points in a game . 8 points in overtime . OT victory ; also recorded his regular season career - high for rebounds in this game with 18 . Last time Chamberlain scored 60 . Scored basket that sent game in OT . Scored nine in extra period . Set a then - record for points in a game . Scored 7 points in OT . Pre-shot clock era ; set a then - record for points in a game . 3 OT . Scored a then - record 33 points in the second quarter . Lost game but won the scoring title on last game of the season over David Thompson . NBA Playoffs record . 5 points in first OT , 4 points in second OT . OT ; Game played at Detroit , Michigan . OT ; Game played at Utica , New York . Sat out the fourth quarter ; outscored Dallas alone through three quarters , 62 -- 61 . Anthony made a half - court buzzer - beater at the end of the first half . 2 OT ; Mikan scored 67 % of his team 's points . NBA Finals record ( game 5 victory ) ; most points in a regulation playoff game . Scored four points in OT . Part of a streak in which Jordan scored 50 or more points in three consecutive games to become the only player besides Wilt Chamberlain with a 3,000 point season . On his 28th birthday . Made his first 8 three - pointers . Chamberlain 's seventh straight 50 + point game ( an NBA record ) and 13th straight 40 + point game ( he would push this streak to 14 the next evening ) . Game played at Hershey Sports Arena in Hershey , Pennsylvania . Game played at Cleveland , Ohio . Scored last basket at the buzzer . Game played at Lakefront Arena in New Orleans , Louisiana . Scored 16 of his team 's 21 points in OT , setting an NBA record . 3rd game of a four - game 50 + streak ; Bryant 's 50 + streak exceeded only by Chamberlain 's streaks of seven ( twice ) , six , and five ( four times ) . Final game of Bryant 's career . Oldest player to score 60 . Sat out the fourth quarter . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lawrence , Mitch . `` Chamberlain 's feats the stuff of legend '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` This Date in History - March '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ hoophall.com ( 2007 - 02 - 10 ) . `` The Story Behind Wilt Chamberlain 's 100 - point game '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Wilt 's 100 - Point Game Box Score '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wilt Chamberlain 1961 - 62 game log '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe 's 81 - point game second only to Wilt '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 18 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto Raptors @ Los Angeles Lakers Box Score '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe 's 81 point game highlights '' . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wilt Chamberlain 1962 - 63 game log '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ROBINSON GETS 71 , SCORING TITLE '' . Chicago Tribune . April 25 , 1994 . p . C10 . Jump up ^ `` Robinson Wins Title with 71 Big Ones '' . The Washington Post . April 25 , 1994 . p . B8 . Jump up ^ `` Basketball ; 69 Points F > or Jordan '' . The New York Times . March 29 , 1990 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sam ( March 29 , 1990 ) . `` Jordan pours in 69 His ` best game ever ' beats Cavs in OT '' . Chicago Tribune . p . C1 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan top rebounding regular season games '' . Basketball - Reference . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portland Trail Blazers @ Los Angeles Lakers - Friday , March 16th , 2007 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Povtak , Tim ( January 17 , 1993 ) . `` Jordan 's 64 ca n't stop Magic Anderson steals show in overtime '' . Orlando Sentinel . p . C1 . Jump up ^ `` T - Mac has first 60 - point game since 2000 '' . ESPN.com . March 10 , 2004 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Wizards @ Orlando Magic - Wednesday , March 10th , 2004 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Kobe 's night as Mavs have no answers '' . ESPN.com . December 20 , 2005 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Mavericks @ Los Angeles Lakers - Tuesday , December 20th , 2005 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bobcats at Knicks - Game Preview , Play - by - Play , Scores and Recap on NBA.com '' . ESPN.com . January 24 , 2014 . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan Lights Up Silverdome With 61 Points '' . Jump up ^ `` MICHAEL JORDAN : 61 pts vs Detroit Pistons ( 1987.03. 04 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan 61 Points vs Pistons & Isiah Thomas 31Pts 18Assists ( 1987 ) MUST Watch ! '' . Jump up ^ `` 61 for Jordan , 23 in a Row '' . The New York Times . April 17 , 1987 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sakamoto , Bob ( April 17 , 1987 ) . `` Jordan triumphant in Bulls ' defeat '' . Chicago Tribune . p . C1 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan 61pts vs Hawks part 1 '' . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan 61pts vs Hawks part 2 '' . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan 61pts vs Hawks part 3 '' . Jump up ^ Enlund , Tom ( January 28 , 1990 ) . `` Malone answers all - star snub with 61 points against Bucks '' , The Milwaukee Journal , p. 1C . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers @ Los Angeles Clippers - Monday , March 6th , 2000 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers @ New York Knicks - Monday , February 2nd , 2009 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bobcats at Heat - March 3 , 2014 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bobcats vs Heat game recap '' . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldpaper , Sam ( December 26 , 1984 ) . `` King Scores Knick - Record 60 Points in Loss to Nets '' . The New York Times . p . D9 . Jump up ^ `` ' It Was Like Living in a Video Game ' : An Oral History of Larry Bird 's 60 - Point Game '' . archive.boston.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Nosedive Persists For Nets '' . The New York Times . March 25 , 1990 . p . S4 . Jump up ^ `` Suns ' Chambers lights up Sonics for 60 points '' . Chicago Tribune . March 25 , 1990 . p . C15 . Jump up ^ `` On This Day In History ( 3.24. 90 ) Tom Chambers scored a franchise high 60 points vs the Sonics '' . Ballislife.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Chambers Lights It Up '' . www.nba.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Three - time scoring champ hits career high '' . ESPN.com . February 12 , 2005 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Orlando Magic @ Philadelphia 76ers - Saturday , February 12th , 2005 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Wizards @ Los Angeles Lakers - Sunday , December 17th , 2006 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers @ Memphis Grizzlies - Thursday , March 22nd , 2007 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jazz vs. Lakers - Box Score - April 13 , 2016 '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe scores 60 in unbelievable farewell victory '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pacers vs. Warriors - Box Score - December 5 , 2016 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Top single - game scorers ( 60 - plus ) from NBA.com NBA Almanac : Most Points Historical NBA Box Scores Wilt Chamberlain Career Retrospective Harvey Pollack 's Statistical Yearbook ( hide ) National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Basketball_Association_single-game_scoring_leaders&oldid=816090024 '' Categories : National Basketball Association statistical leaders Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 05 : 30 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20National%20Basketball%20Association%20single-game%20scoring%20leaders	702
who plays hillary on days of our lives			Days of Our Lives cast members	days of our lives cast members	Days of Our Lives is a long - running American television soap opera drama , airing on NBC . Created by Ted and Betty Corday , the series premiered on November 8 , 1965 . The longest - running cast member is Suzanne Rogers , who has portrayed Maggie Horton since August 20 , 1973 , making her one of the longest - tenured actors in American soap operas . Original cast member , Frances Reid , was previously the soap 's longest - running cast member , portraying Horton family matriarch , Alice Horton , from 1965 to 2007 . Actresses Susan Seaforth Hayes and Deidre Hall , who portray Julie Olson Williams and Dr. Marlena Evans , are currently the second and third longest tenured actors on Days of Our Lives , joining in 1968 and 1976 , respectively . The following list is of cast members who are currently on the show : the main and recurring cast members , or those who are debuting , departing or returning to the series .	Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Recurring cast 2 Cast changes 2.1 Debuting 2.2 Departing 2.3 Returning 3 See also 4 References Cast Main cast Actor Character Duration Lucas Adams Tripp Johnson 2017 -- Kristian Alfonso Hope Williams Brady 1983 -- 87 , 1990 , 1994 -- Gina Von Amberg 1998 -- 2001 , 2012 , 2017 Lamon Archey Eli Grant 2017 -- Camila Banus Gabi Hernandez 2010 -- Nadia Bjorlin Chloe Lane 1999 -- 2005 , 2007 -- 11 , 2013 , 2015 -- Tyler Christopher Signore Christofero Stefan DiMera 2017 -- Kassie DePaiva Eve Donovan 2014 -- Mary Beth Evans Kayla Brady 1986 -- 92 , 2006 -- Billy Flynn Chad DiMera 2014 -- Galen Gering Rafe Hernandez 2008 -- Rafe Hernandez 2 2011 Stacy Haiduk Warden Smith Susan Banks 2018 -- Kristen DiMera 2018 -- Deidre Hall Dr. Marlena Evans 1976 -- 87 , 1991 -- 2009 , 2011 -- Samantha Evans 1992 , 2008 Hattie Adams 2004 , 2016 -- 18 Drake Hogestyn John Black 1986 -- 2009 , 2011 -- Olivia Rose Keegan Claire Brady 2015 -- Victoria Konefal Ciara Brady 2017 -- Lauren Koslow Kate Roberts 1996 -- Eric Martsolf Brady Black 2008 -- Chandler Massey Will Horton 2010 -- 14 , 2017 -- Marci Miller Abigail Deveraux 2016 -- Casey Moss JJ Deveraux 2013 -- Stephen Nichols Steve Johnson 1985 -- 90 , 2006 -- 09 , 2015 -- Melissa Reeves Jennifer Horton 1985 -- 95 , 2000 -- 06 , 2010 -- James Reynolds Abe Carver 1981 -- Suzanne Rogers Maggie Horton Kiriakis 1973 -- Christopher Sean Paul Narita 2014 -- Freddie Smith Sonny Kiriakis 2011 -- Sal Stowers Lani Price 2015 -- Josh Taylor Chris Kositchek 1977 -- 87 Roman Brady 1997 -- Greg Vaughan Eric Brady 2012 -- Vanessa A. Williams Valerie Grant 2016 -- Robert Scott Wilson Ben Weston 2014 -- Recurring cast Cast changes Actor Character Duration John Aniston Eric Richards 1970 Victor Kiriakis 1985 -- Julian Barnes Harold 2009 -- Brandon Beemer Shawn - Douglas Brady 2006 -- 08 , 2016 -- Laura Kai Chen Melinda Trask 2013 , 2016 -- Bryan Dattilo Lucas Horton 1993 -- 2010 , 2012 -- Judi Evans Adrienne Johnson Kiriakis 1986 -- 91 , 2007 -- 08 , 2010 -- Bonnie Lockhart 2003 -- 07 , 2017 -- Bill Hayes Doug Williams 1970 -- 84 , 1986 -- 87 , 1993 -- 96 , 1999 -- Byron Carmichael 1979 Leann Hunley Anna DiMera 1982 -- 86 , 2007 -- 10 , 2017 -- Wally Kurth Justin Kiriakis 1987 -- 91 , 2009 -- Ron Leath Henderson 1987 -- 2004 , 2008 -- Meredith Scott Lynn Anne Milbauer 2012 -- Martha Madison Belle Black 2004 -- 08 , 2015 -- Gilles Marini Ted Laurent 2018 -- Susan Seaforth Hayes Julie Olson Williams 1968 -- 84 , 1990 -- 94 , 1996 , 1999 -- Scott Shilstone Zack Brady 2016 Wyatt 2017 -- Alison Sweeney Adrienne Johnson Sami Brady 1993 -- 2015 , 2017 -- Colleen Brady 2007 -- 08 Paul Telfer Xander Kiriakis 2015 -- Harper & Sydnee Udell Arianna Horton 2013 -- Debuting Actor Character Date Ref . Linsey Godfrey Sarah Horton TBA Departing Actor Character Date Ref . Stephen Nichols Steve Johnson August 31 , 2018 Marci Miller Abigail Deveraux TBA 2018 Christopher Sean Paul Narita Returning Actor Character Date Ref . Matthew Ashford Jack Deveraux December 2018 Farah Fath Mimi Lockhart TBA 2018 Kyle Lowder Role TBA Kate Mansi Abigail Deveraux Arianne Zucker Nicole Walker Chrishell Hartley Jordan Ridgeway TBA 2019 See also List of previous Days of Our Lives cast members References Jump up ^ `` Cinema '' . Time . 1965 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Roger ( August 20 , 2014 ) . `` Today in Soap Opera History ( August 20 ) '' . We Love Soaps . Blogger ( Google ) . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Greenblatt , Leah ( February 4 , 2010 ) . `` Frances Reid , Days of Our Lives matriarch , dies at 95 '' . Entertainment Weekly . United States . Time Inc . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Seaforth joins regular series '' . San Antonio ( TX ) Light . December 8 , 1968 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Newcomb , Roger ( June 21 , 2014 ) . `` Today in Soap Opera History ( June 21 ) '' . We Love Soaps . United States : Blogger ( Google ) . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ SOD ( July 25 , 2018 ) . `` Linsey Godfrey Joins DAYS ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2018 . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bowe , Jillian ( July 25 , 2018 ) . `` B&B Alum Linsey Godfrey Heads to Days of Our Lives '' . Daytime Confidential . United States : Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2018 . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows ( July 25 , 2018 ) . `` Linsey Godfrey Joins Days of Our Lives as Sarah Horton '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2018 . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fix , Christine ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` Stephen Nichols No Longer Taping at Days of Our Lives , Reportedly Out '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows ( August 22 , 2018 ) . `` Stephen Nichols ' Final Days Air Date As Steve Johnson '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved August 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bowe , Jillian ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` Marci Miller Quits Days of Our Lives '' . Daytime Confidential . United States : Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : SOD ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` DAYS Casting News : Marci Miller Quits ; Kate Mansi Back '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2018 . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bowe , Jillian ( June 8 , 2018 ) . `` Christopher Sean Quits Days of Our Lives '' . Daytime Confidential . United States : Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SOD ( June 8 , 2018 ) . `` Christopher Sean Leaves DAYS '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows ( August 1 , 2018 ) . `` Matthew Ashford Confirmed to Be Returning To Days of our Lives '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved August 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SOD ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` Farah Fath Back To DAYS ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` Farah Fath Returns to Days as Mimi Lockhart '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` Kyle Lowder Returns to Days of Our Lives After a Decade '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SOD ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` Exclusive ! Kyle Lowder Back At DAYS '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SOD ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Exclusive ! Arianne Zucker Back to DAYS ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SOD ( August 1 , 2018 ) . `` Exclusive ! Chrishell Hartley Back To DAYS ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved August 1 , 2018 . Days of Our Lives Current characters Susan Banks Belle Black Brady Black John Black Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Sami Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Chad DiMera Kristen DiMera Stefan DiMera Eve Donovan Theresa Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Parker Jonas Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Notable past characters Alice Horton Tom Horton Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Shawn Brady Dr. Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Jack Deveraux Andre DiMera Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Calliope Jones Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Ben Rogers Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Related information Cast members Producers and writers Awards and nominations 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Will and Sonny Shane and Kimberly Salem Cruise of Deception Fictional families DiMera family Horton family Brady family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Days of Our Lives characters Present and future characters Susan Banks Belle Black Brady Black John Black Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Sami Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Chad DiMera Kristen DiMera Stefan DiMera Thomas DiMera Eve Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Arianna Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Xander Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Ben Weston Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Past characters Tom Horton Alice Horton Hattie Adams Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Bart Beiderbecke Tate Black Peter Blake Eugene Bradford Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Rex Brady Shawn Brady Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Anjelica Deveraux Jack Deveraux André DiMera Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Lee DuMonde Renée DuMonde Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Dario Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Parker Jonas Calliope Jones Bradford Alexander Kiriakis Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Maxine Landis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Mia McCormick Jade Michaels Anne Milbauer Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Wilhelm Rolf Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Fay Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Cast members Previous cast members Producers and writers Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Shane and Kimberly Will and Sonny Salem Cruise of Deception Horton family Brady family DiMera family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Days_of_Our_Lives_cast_members&oldid=857136502 '' Categories : Lists of actors by soap opera television series Days of Our Lives Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 20 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days%20of%20Our%20Lives%20cast%20members	703
who sings i'm in love with a monster in hotel transylvania	`` I 'm in Love with a Monster '' is a song recorded by American girl group Fifth Harmony for the computer animated fantasy - comedy film , Hotel Transylvania 2 . It was written by Harmony Samuels , Carmen Reece , Sarah Mancuso , Edgar Etienne and Ericka Coulter with production handled by Samuels . It was released to digital retailers on August 14 , 2015 through Epic Records and Syco Music and serviced to contemporary hit radio in the United States four days later on August 18 . `` I 'm in Love with a Monster '' is a pop song that blends elements of R&B , soul , rock and hip hop with `` jazzy '' rhythms along with heavy and funky beats . Critics drew comparisons to the musical style of girl groups such as The Supremes .	Fifth Harmony	I 'm in Love with a Monster	i'm in love with a monster	`` I 'm in Love with a Monster '' is a song recorded by American girl group Fifth Harmony for the computer animated fantasy - comedy film , Hotel Transylvania 2 . It was written by Harmony Samuels , Carmen Reece , Sarah Mancuso , Edgar Etienne and Ericka Coulter with production handled by Samuels . It was released to digital retailers on August 14 , 2015 through Epic Records and Syco Music and serviced to contemporary hit radio in the United States four days later on August 18 . `` I 'm in Love with a Monster '' is a pop song that blends elements of R&B , soul , rock and hip hop with `` jazzy '' rhythms along with heavy and funky beats . Critics drew comparisons to the musical style of girl groups such as The Supremes .	Lyrically , the track is about someone who is in love with a mischievous person , using `` monster '' as a hyperbole to describe their personality . The song failed to chart in domestic and international charts but did enter the Belgium charts , peaking at number 23 . Its music video premiered at the Sony billboard in Times Square on August 27 , 2015 and features the group dancing in front and inside a hotel with actors dressed as monsters , in reference to the song 's addition in the movie . Each member played a character for this video . Live performances for this track included The Late Late Show , hosted by James Corden and a special radio performance at On Air with Ryan Seacrest . The song was released to digital retailers as a single , and was later featured on the Japanese deluxe edition of the group 's debut studio album , Reflection . Contents ( hide ) 1 Recording and release 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Music video 4.1 Synopsis and reception 5 Track listing 6 Charts 7 Release history 8 References 9 External links Recording and Release ( edit ) An announcement of the artist involved in the track for Hotel Transylvania 2 was first made public by Lia Vollack , president of Worldwide Music for Sony Pictures Animation , on June 16 , 2015 . When making the announcement at the press release , Vollack commented that there were `` few groups out there '' that could match the `` incredibly fun feel '' and the `` animated vision '' that Genndy Tartakovsky brought to the movie and stated that Fifth Harmony `` knocked it out of the park . '' According to Vollack , the track was exactly what `` we were hoping for . '' A preview of `` I 'm in Love with a Monster '' was featured in a trailer for the movie which was released on June 17 , 2015 . The song was released for digital download on August 14 . and serviced to contemporary hit radio four days later on August 18 . `` I 'm in Love with a Monster '' was written by Harmony Samuels , Carmen Reece , Sarah Mancuso , Edgar Etienne and Ericka Coulter . Samuels also produced the track , as well as being responsible for trombones , drums , percussion , bass and vocal production . When speaking on working with group , Samuels , who previously worked on the Reflection track `` Body Rock '' stated that the girls knew how to `` work among themselves '' and made the production process `` very easy '' . In other interviews , he called the group `` mature '' and that after several years recording music , they are `` starting to explore their individualities '' , which was a goal producing this track . Composition ( edit ) `` I 'm in Love with a Monster '' A 19 - second sample of `` I 'm in Love with a Monster '' , which features musical elements of the 1960s music , such as funk and soul music . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` I 'm in Love with a Monster '' is a funk - influenced pop song performed in a moderately fast tempo . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony Music Publishing , `` I 'm in Love with a Monster '' written in the key of C# minor and is set in a 4 4 time signature . The song has been viewed as reminiscent of 1960s music , with Jeff Benjamin of Fuse describing the tune as a `` throwback - inspired funk jam - thumper '' . The song utilizes `` deep heavy beats , trombones and drums over an almost creepy base . '' The lyrics of `` I 'm in Love with a Monster '' revolve around a person who is in love with a mischievous person , using `` monster '' as a hyperbole to describe its personality . Carolyn Menyes from website `` Music Times '' commented that the song `` takes on loving an unconventional type of guy , who is , well , a monster . He 's the type who will but you thorns and leather before roses and lace . '' Critical reception ( edit ) Critics drew comparisons to 1960 's all - female group The Supremes . `` I 'm in Love with a Monster '' received mostly positive responses , with several critics noting a similarity between the musical style of 1960 's all - female group The Supremes . Robbie Daw , from Idolator pointed out the resemblance to 1960s girl groups , such as the Supremes , and said , `` Fifth Harmony 's vocal ability shine brightly . '' In a positive review , Joseph Earp of Renowned for Sound said that the song is a `` testament '' to the group 's `` myriad of skills '' in which it does not feel like a `` movie cash in '' . He elaborates by stating that this was `` as rich and deep '' as anything the group has ever released . Earp gave the song a four and a half out of five stars rating . Writing for Fuse , Jeff Benjamin compared the `` booming tuba '' to the 1960s track , `` Big Spender '' and called the chorus `` slick '' and `` repetitive '' . Phillip Picardi of Teen Vogue wrote that the song is `` catchy and upbeat , with a nod to the ' 60s '' , from a cross between early Pussycat Dolls and The Supremes `` . Picardi finishes his review by stating that despite the group 's previous songs like `` Boss '' and `` Worth It '' , which hold momentum , this song is `` still gold . '' Conversely , Chris DeVille of Stereogum was critical of the song saying that it was a `` dumb soundtrack song ( sic ) for kids movies '' and stated that the track did not compare with the singles from Reflection . Music video ( edit ) The music video debuted on New York City 's Time Square Plaza on August 27 , 2015 . It later premiered on Vevo the same day . Members of the girl group each reprise the role of a different character , but a `` fun , gothic style '' and Halloween - themed decor is common throughout the video . In an exclusive behind the scenes interview with Entertainment Tonight , the group revealed that Camila played Margaret , Lauren played Scarlett , Dinah played Cathy , Normani played Suga and Ally played Mary Jane . Scenes from Hotel Transylvania 2 are spliced with scenes of Fifth Harmony exploring a haunted hotel accompanied by a variety of monsters . Synopsis and reception ( edit ) The members of Fifth Harmony dressed in 1940s style attire , dancing in front of a hotel in reminisence of a Halloween theme . The video begins with a static television screen showing the group 's name before interchanging clips from the Hotel Transylvania 2 movie and individual takes of the girls inside a hotel . The setting is Halloween themed with skulls , candles and dim lighting through out the area . All girls then stand in front of a hotel , with different colored suitcases and each wearing coats while dancing . Lauren then sings as she holds a rotary dial telephone in her hand . The scene intensifies as rapid shots of the girls appear on screen . Synchronized choreography is performed by all the girls , in front of the hotel . Interchanged scenes consist of movie clips and Normani and Dinah behaving in a seductive way as the monsters make their way towards the halls . Each group then stands in a hallway , singing and moving to a camera before walking as Lauren holds a candle lantern in her hand as an ominous purple light beams in the background before turning blue . All of them are seen wearing large sunglasses . In different takes , the group dances mimicking a zombie . The monsters then make their way to the rooms , where some initially attempt to fight them but eventually interact with them , by taking pictures , dancing and seducing them . Towards the end of the video , one of the monsters snaps his finger , putting Ally to sleep . The girls begin to act more aggressive , laughing maniacally , with the video zooming out to the show the initial static screen . Zach Dionne of Fuse described the styling of Fifth Harmony 's costumes as `` Stepford Wives - gone - Addams Family '' and also commented that the video was reminiscent of the TRL era when many music videos often included scenes from movies . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` I 'm in Love with a Monster '' 3 : 31 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 23 Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref United States August 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 14 ) Digital download Syco August 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 18 ) Contemporary hit radio References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sony Pictures Animation ( 16 June 2015 ) . `` Pop Sensation Fifth Harmony Checks In To ' Hotel Transylvania 2 ' With Their New Song `` I 'm In Love With A Monster '' `` . prnewswire.com . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` FMQB : Radio Industry News , Music Industry Updates , Nielsen Ratings , Music News and more ! '' . fmqb.com . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2015 . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` See Fifth Harmony I 'm in Love With a Monster video from Hotel Transylvania 2 - EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Carley , Brennan . `` Fifth Harmony Vamped Up ' I 'm In Love With a Monster ' on ' Late Late Show ' '' . Spin . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ On Air With Ryan Seacreat ( September 23 , 2015 ) . `` Fifth Harmony `` I 'm In Love With a Monster '' ( Acoustic ) `` . YouTube . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Movies News Desk . `` Fifth Harmony Checks Into ' Hotel Transylvania 2 ' With New Song ' I 'm In Love With A Monster ' '' . broadwayworld.com . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Hotel Transylvania 2 - Official Trailer ( HD ) - See it 9 / 25 ! . YouTube . 17 June 2015 . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Menyes , Carolyn . `` Fifth Harmony Release Spooky ' I 'm in Love with a Monster ' from ' Hotel Transylvania 2 ' '' . Music Times . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` iTunes - Music - I 'm In Love With a Monster - Single by Fifth Harmony '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . August 14 , 2015 . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Producer Harmony Samuels Talks Working With Fifth Harmony '' . YouTube / Entertainment Scoop . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harmony Samuels talks about Fifth Harmony ! '' . YouTube . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Benjamin , Jeff ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Fifth Harmony 's New Song `` I 'm in Love With a Monster '' Is Spooky Good `` . Fuse . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifth Harmony -- I 'm in Love with a Monster ( music sheet ) '' . Sony Music Publishing . Musicnotes.com . Jump up ^ Garibaldi , Christina ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` Fifth Harmony Have Found Love ... In The Form Of A Monster '' . MTV News . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifth Harmony Release Spooky ' I 'm in Love with a Monster ' from ' Hotel Transylvania 2 ' '' . Music Times . August 14 , 2015 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Daw , Robbie ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` Fifth Harmony 's ' I 'm In Love With A Monster ' : Listen To The ' Hotel Transylvania 2 ' Soundtrack Song '' . Idolator . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Earp , Joseph . `` Single Review : Fifth Harmony - ' I 'm In Love With A Monster ' '' . Renowned for Sound . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Picardi , Phillip ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` Fifth Harmony I 'm In Love With a Monster Single '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DeVille , Chris . `` The Week In Pop : Bro - Country Is Temporary , But Luke Bryan Is Forever '' . Stereogum . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fifth Harmony Releases ' I 'm in Love With a Monster ' Music Video ( Watch ) '' . Latin Post . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifth Harmony debut sexy ' I 'm In Love With A Monster ' video : Pressparty '' . Pressparty . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` EXCLUSIVE : Fifth Harmony Behind the Scenes of ' I 'm in Love With a Monster ' Music Video '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Carley , Brennan . `` Fifth Harmony Go ' 40s - Glam in Their Vampy ' I 'm In Love With a Monster ' Video '' . Spin . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fifth Harmony 's `` I 'm in Love With a Monster '' Video Is a Fancy Fright `` . Fuse . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Fifth Harmony -- I 'm in Love with a Monster '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) `` I 'm in Love with a Monster '' on YouTube `` I 'm in Love with a Monster '' audio on YouTube ( hide ) Fifth Harmony Ally Brooke Dinah Jane Lauren Jauregui Normani Kordei Camila Cabello Studio albums Reflection 7 / 27 Fifth Harmony EPs Better Together Singles `` Miss Movin ' On '' `` Boss '' `` Sledgehammer '' `` Worth It '' `` I 'm in Love with a Monster '' `` Work from Home '' `` All in My Head ( Flex ) '' `` That 's My Girl '' `` Down '' `` He Like That '' `` Por Favor '' Promotional singles `` Me & My Girls '' `` The Life '' `` Write on Me '' `` Angel '' Concert tours The Worst Kept Secret Tour The Reflection Tour The 7 / 27 Tour PSA Tour Related articles Discography Songs recorded Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_in_Love_with_a_Monster&oldid=816802551 '' Categories : Fifth Harmony songs 2015 songs 2015 singles Hotel Transylvania Songs written for films Syco Music singles Songs written by Harmony Samuels Songs written by Carmen Reece Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 23 December 2017 , at 20 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%2527m%20in%20Love%20with%20a%20Monster	704
in case of polycythemia vera why is blood pressure elevated			Polycythemia	polycythemia	Polycythemia ( also known as polycythaemia or polyglobulia ) is a disease state in which the hematocrit ( the volume percentage of red blood cells in the blood ) is elevated .	It can be due to an increase in the number of red blood cells ( `` absolute polycythemia '' ) or to a decrease in the volume of plasma ( `` relative polycythemia '' ) . Polycythemia is sometimes called erythrocytosis , but the terms are not synonymous , because polycythemia refers to any increase in red blood cells , whereas erythrocytosis only refers to a documented increase of red cell mass . The emergency treatment of polycythemia ( e.g. , in hyperviscosity or thrombosis ) is by phlebotomy ( removal of blood from the circulation ) . Depending on the underlying cause , phlebotomy may also be used on a regular basis to reduce the hematocrit . Cytostatics such as busulfan and hydroxyurea are sometimes used for long - term management of polycythemia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Absolute polycythemia 1.1 Primary polycythemia 1.2 Secondary polycythemia 1.3 Altered oxygen sensing 2 Relative polycythemia 3 See also 4 References Absolute polycythemia ( edit ) The overproduction of red blood cells may be due to a primary process in the bone marrow ( a so - called myeloproliferative syndrome ) , or it may be a reaction to chronically low oxygen levels or , rarely , a malignancy . Alternatively , additional red blood cells may have been received through another process -- for example , being over-transfused ( either accidentally or , as blood doping , deliberately ) or being the recipient twin in a pregnancy , undergoing twin - to - twin transfusion syndrome . Primary polycythemia ( edit ) Main article : Polycythemia vera Primary polycythemias are due to factors intrinsic to red cell precursors . Polycythemia vera ( PCV ) , polycythemia rubra vera ( PRV ) , or erythremia , occurs when excess red blood cells are produced as a result of an abnormality of the bone marrow . Often , excess white blood cells and platelets are also produced . PCV is classified as a myeloproliferative disease . Symptoms include headaches and vertigo , and signs on physical examination include an abnormally enlarged spleen and / or liver . In some cases , affected individuals may have associated conditions including high blood pressure or formation of blood clots . Transformation to acute leukemia is rare . Phlebotomy is the mainstay of treatment . A hallmark of polycythemia is an elevated hematocrit , with Hct > 55 % seen in 83 % of cases . A somatic ( non-hereditary ) mutation ( V617F ) in the JAK2 gene is found in 95 % of cases , though also present in other myeloproliferative disorders . Primary familial polycythemia , also known as primary familial and congenital polycythemia ( PFCP ) , exists as a benign hereditary condition , in contrast with the myeloproliferative changes associated with acquired PCV . In many families , PFCP is due to an autosomal dominant mutation in the EPOR erythropoietin receptor gene . PFCP can cause an increase of up to 50 % in the oxygen - carrying capacity of the blood ; skier Eero Mäntyranta had PFCP , which is considered to have given him a large advantage in endurance events . Secondary polycythemia ( edit ) Secondary polycythemia is caused by either natural or artificial increases in the production of erythropoietin , hence an increased production of erythrocytes . In secondary polycythemia , 6 to 8 million and occasionally 9 million erythrocytes may occur per millimeter of blood . Secondary polycythemia resolves when the underlying cause is treated . Secondary polycythemia in which the production of erythropoietin increases appropriately is called physiologic polycythemia . Conditions which may result in a physiologically appropriate polycythemia include : Altitude related - This physiologic polycythemia is a normal adaptation to living at high altitudes ( see altitude sickness ) . Many athletes train at high altitude to take advantage of this effect -- a legal form of blood doping . Some individuals believe athletes with primary polycythemia may have a competitive advantage due to greater stamina . However , this has yet to be proven due to the multifaceted complications associated with this condition . Hypoxic disease - associated - for example in cyanotic heart disease where blood oxygen levels are reduced significantly , may also occur as a result of hypoxic lung disease such as COPD and as a result of chronic obstructive sleep apnea . Iatrogenic - Secondary polycythemia can be induced directly by phlebotomy ( blood letting ) to withdraw some blood , concentrate the erythrocytes , and return them to the body . Genetic - Heritable causes of secondary polycythemia also exist and are associated with abnormalities in hemoglobin oxygen release . This includes patients who have a special form of hemoglobin known as Hb Chesapeake , which has a greater inherent affinity for oxygen than normal adult hemoglobin . This reduces oxygen delivery to the kidneys , causing increased erythropoietin production and a resultant polycythemia . Hemoglobin Kempsey also produces a similar clinical picture . These conditions are relatively uncommon . Conditions where the secondary polycythemia is not as a result of physiologic adaptation and occurs irrespective of body needs include : Neoplasms - Renal - cell carcinoma or liver tumors , von Hippel - Lindau disease , and endocrine abnormalities including pheochromocytoma and adrenal adenoma with Cushing 's syndrome . People whose testosterone levels are high because of the use of anabolic steroids , including athletes who abuse steroids , or people on testosterone replacement for hypogonadism or transgender hormone replacement therapy , as well as people who take erythropoietin , may develop secondary polycythemia . Altered oxygen sensing ( edit ) Inherited mutations in three genes which all result in increased stability of hypoxia - inducible factors , leading to increased erythropoietin production , have been shown to cause erythrocytosis : Chuvash polycythemia is an autosomal recessive form of erythrocytosis which is endemic in patients from Chuvashia , an autonomous republic within the Russian Federation . Chuvash polycythemia is associated with homozygosity for a C598T mutation in the von Hippel - Lindau gene ( VHL ) , which is needed for the destruction of hypoxia - inducible factors in the presence of oxygen . Clusters of patients with Chuvash polycythemia have been found in other populations , such as on the Italian island of Ischia , located in the Bay of Naples . PHD2 erythrocytosis : Heterozygosity for loss - of - function mutations of the PHD2 gene are associated with autosomal dominant erythrocytosis and increased hypoxia - inducible factors activity . HIF2α erythrocytosis : Gain - of - function mutations in HIF2α are associated with autosomal dominant erythrocytosis and pulmonary hypertension . Relative polycythemia ( edit ) Relative polycythemia is an apparent rise of the erythrocyte level in the blood ; however , the underlying cause is reduced blood plasma ( hypovolemia , cf . dehydration ) . Relative polycythemia is often caused by loss of body fluids , such as through burns , dehydration , and stress . A specific type of relative polycythemia is Gaisböck syndrome . In this syndrome , primarily occurring in obese men , hypertension causes a reduction in plasma volume , resulting in ( amongst other changes ) a relative increase in red blood cell count . See also ( edit ) Cytopenia , a decrease in blood cell count Capillary leak syndrome , another cause of hemoconcentration References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` absolute polycythemia '' at Dorland 's Medical Dictionary Jump up ^ `` relative polycythemia '' at Dorland 's Medical Dictionary Jump up ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Polycythemia vera Jump up ^ Jacques Wallach ; Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests , 7th Ed. ; Lippencott Williams & Wilkins Jump up ^ Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment . McGraw Hill Lange. 2008 . p. 438 . Jump up ^ OMIM - POLYCYTHEMIA , PRIMARY FAMILIAL AND CONGENITAL ; PFCP Jump up ^ Guardian newspaper : interview with Malcolm Gladwell , 29 September 2013 Jump up ^ Ang SO , Chen H , Hirota K , et al. ( December 2002 ) . `` Disruption of oxygen homeostasis underlies congenital Chuvash polycythemia '' . Nat . Genet. 32 ( 4 ) : 614 -- 21 . doi : 10.1038 / ng1019 . PMID 12415268 . Jump up ^ Perrotta S , Nobili B , Ferraro M , et al. ( January 2006 ) . `` Von Hippel - Lindau - dependent polycythemia is endemic on the island of Ischia : identification of a novel cluster '' . Blood . 107 ( 2 ) : 514 -- 9 . doi : 10.1182 / blood - 2005 - 06 - 2422 . PMID 16210343 . Jump up ^ Percy MJ , Zhao Q , Flores A , et al. ( January 2006 ) . `` A family with erythrocytosis establishes a role for prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2 in oxygen homeostasis '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 ( 3 ) : 654 -- 9 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0508423103 . PMC 1334658 . PMID 16407130 . Jump up ^ Percy MJ , Furlow PW , Beer PA , Lappin TR , McMullin MF , Lee FS ( September 2007 ) . `` A novel erythrocytosis - associated PHD2 mutation suggests the location of a HIF binding groove '' . Blood . 110 ( 6 ) : 2193 -- 6 . doi : 10.1182 / blood - 2007 - 04 - 084434 . PMC 1976349 . PMID 17579185 . Jump up ^ Percy MJ , Furlow PW , Lucas GS , et al. ( January 2008 ) . `` A gain - of - function mutation in the HIF2A gene in familial erythrocytosis '' . N. Engl. J. Med. 358 ( 2 ) : 162 -- 8 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa073123 . PMC 2295209 . PMID 18184961 . Jump up ^ Gale DP , Harten SK , Reid CD , Tuddenham EG , Maxwell PH ( August 2008 ) . `` Autosomal dominant erythrocytosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with an activating HIF2 alpha mutation '' . Blood . 112 ( 3 ) : 919 -- 21 . doi : 10.1182 / blood - 2008 - 04 - 153718 . PMID 18650473 . Jump up ^ Stefanini , Mario ; Urbas , John V. ; Urbas , John E. ( July 1978 ) . `` Gaisböck 's syndrome : its hematologic , biochemical and hormonal parameters '' . Angiology. 29 ( 7 ) : 520 -- 533 . doi : 10.1177 / 000331977802900703 . ISSN 0003 - 3197 . PMID 686487 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 31 . Diseases of red blood cells ( D50 -- 69 , 74 , 280 -- 287 ) ↑ Polycythemia Polycythemia vera ↓ Anemia Nutritional Micro - : Iron - deficiency anemia Plummer -- Vinson syndrome Macro - : Megaloblastic anemia Pernicious anemia Hemolytic ( mostly normo - ) Hereditary enzymopathy : G6PD glycolysis PK TI HK hemoglobinopathy : Thalassemia alpha beta delta Sickle - cell disease / trait HPFH membrane : Hereditary spherocytosis Minkowski -- Chauffard syndrome Hereditary elliptocytosis Southeast Asian ovalocytosis Hereditary stomatocytosis Acquired Autoimmune WAHA CAD PCH membrane PNH MAHA TM HUS Drug - induced autoimmune Drug - induced nonautoimmune Hemolytic disease of the newborn Aplastic ( mostly normo - ) Hereditary : Fanconi anemia Diamond -- Blackfan anemia Acquired : PRCA Sideroblastic anemia Myelophthisic Blood tests MCV Normocytic Microcytic Macrocytic MCHC Normochromic Hypochromic Other Methemoglobinemia Sulfhemoglobinemia Reticulocytopenia Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period / fetal disease ( P , 760 -- 779 ) Maternal factors and complications of pregnancy , labour and delivery placenta : Placenta praevia Placental insufficiency Twin - to - twin transfusion syndrome chorion / amnion : Chorioamnionitis umbilical cord : Umbilical cord prolapse Nuchal cord Single umbilical artery Length of gestation and fetal growth Small for gestational age / Large for gestational age Preterm birth / Postmature birth Intrauterine growth restriction Birth trauma scalp Cephalhematoma Chignon Caput succedaneum Subgaleal hemorrhage Brachial plexus lesion Erb 's palsy Klumpke paralysis By system Respiratory Intrauterine hypoxia Infant respiratory distress syndrome Transient tachypnea of the newborn Meconium aspiration syndrome pleural disease Pneumothorax Pneumomediastinum Wilson -- Mikity syndrome Bronchopulmonary dysplasia Cardiovascular Pneumopericardium Persistent fetal circulation Haemorrhagic and hematologic disease Vitamin K deficiency Haemorrhagic disease of the newborn HDN ABO Anti-Kell Rh c Rh D Rh E Hydrops fetalis Hyperbilirubinemia Kernicterus Neonatal jaundice Velamentous cord insertion Intraventricular hemorrhage Germinal matrix hemorrhage Anemia of prematurity Digestive Ileus Necrotizing enterocolitis Meconium peritonitis Integument and thermoregulation Erythema toxicum Sclerema neonatorum Nervous system Perinatal asphyxia Periventricular leukomalacia Musculoskeletal Gray baby syndrome muscle tone Congenital hypertonia Congenital hypotonia Infectious Vertically transmitted infection Neonatal infection Congenital rubella syndrome Neonatal herpes simplex Mycoplasma hominis infection Ureaplasma urealyticum infection Omphalitis Neonatal sepsis Group B streptococcal infection Neonatal conjunctivitis Other Miscarriage Perinatal mortality Stillbirth Infant mortality Neonatal withdrawal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycythemia&oldid=813991837 '' Categories : Red blood cell disorders Haemorrhagic and haematological disorders of fetus and newborn Hematopathology Hidden categories : Infobox medical condition All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Español Français Gaeilge Hrvatski Italiano עברית Lietuvių Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 09 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycythemia	705
who died in season 1 episode 1 of game of thrones			Winter is Coming	winter is coming	`` Winter Is Coming '' is the first episode of the HBO medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones . It was written by the show creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss , in a faithful adaptation of the first chapters of George R.R. Martin 's book A Game of Thrones . The episode was directed by Tim Van Patten , redoing the work done by director Tom McCarthy in an unaired pilot .	As the first episode of the series , it introduces the setting and the main characters of the show . The episode centers on the Stark family , and how its lord , Eddard Stark , gets involved in the court politics after the king chooses Eddard to replace his recently deceased chief administrator ( `` Hand of the King '' ) . The episode received largely positive reviews , and was seen initially by 2.2 million viewers . A week before the episode first aired , HBO made the first 15 minutes available as an Internet preview . The title of the episode is the motto of House Stark , which is spoken several times in the episode and in the series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Beyond the Wall 1.2 In King 's Landing 1.3 In the North 1.4 In Pentos 2 Production 2.1 Conception and development 2.2 Writing 2.3 Filming 2.4 The original pilot 2.5 Aired episode 3 Reception 3.1 Preview 3.2 Ratings 3.3 International 3.4 Critical response 3.5 Accolades 3.5. 1 Awards and nominations 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The episode begins the process of interweaving action happening in multiple separate locations within and around the fictional continent of Westeros . Most of the action takes place in and around Winterfell where Lord Eddard Stark is the feudal overlord of the northern reaches of the kingdom . Outside of Westeros is a land across the Narrow Sea where the two surviving members of House Targaryen , previous rulers of Westeros , live in exile . Beyond the Wall ( edit ) The episode opens with three rangers of the Night 's Watch -- Ser Waymar Royce , Will and Gared -- scouting beyond the Wall , a massive barrier of ice at the north end of the kingdom . After finding the mutilated corpses of some wildlings ( tribal humans who live north of the Wall ) , the rangers are confronted by White Walkers ( demonic creatures ) and undead wildlings . Two of the rangers are killed by the White Walkers , while the third , Will , is for some reason left alive . Fearing for his life , Will deserts the Night 's Watch , going South , without returning to the Wall . In King 's landing ( edit ) Queen Cersei , and her twin brother , Jaime Lannister , are watching as the dead body of Jon Arryn , The Hand of The King is tended to by the Silent Sisters . They discuss whether he revealed any dangerous information regarding the two of them to anyone before his death . Jaime assures his sister that if Arryn had spoken to anyone , they would already have been executed . In the north ( edit ) After the opening sequence , the Starks of Winterfell are introduced , including Lord Eddard `` Ned '' Stark , his wife , Lady Catelyn `` Cat '' Stark and his five children : their heir Robb , their elder daughter Sansa , younger daughter Arya , ten - year - old son Bran and youngest son , Rickon . Also introduced are Ned 's illegitimate son Jon Snow and hostage / ward Theon Greyjoy , who , like Robb , are older teenagers . Ned is informed that a deserter of the Night 's Watch , Will , has been captured . Members of the Night 's Watch are sworn never to desert their posts , upon penalty of death . Ned takes his sons to witness Will 's execution . Will reports repeatedly that he saw White Walkers , but nobody believes him . The young man faces death bravely , admitting that he `` should have gone back to the Wall and warned them '' . Ned himself passes sentence and beheads him . When Bran asks his father about the ranger 's talk of White Walkers , Ned dismisses it as a madman 's ravings , insisting that the Walkers have been considered extinct for thousands of years . Upon their return , the Starks find a dead stag , sigil ( seal ) of House Baratheon . A bit farther they find a dead dire wolf and her surviving pups . Noting that the dire wolf is the sigil of the Stark family and there are as many pups as the Stark children ( even an albino runt for Jon ) , they take the pups in as companions . Back at Winterfell , Catelyn informs her husband of a letter announcing the death of Lord Arryn , Eddard 's old friend and Catelyn 's brother - in - law . An additional message reports that the king himself is coming to Winterfell . Winterfell receives the royal court , including King Robert Baratheon ; his wife Queen Cersei ; their three children : the heir Prince Joffrey , Princess Myrcella and the youngest Prince Tommen ; as well as Cersei 's twin brother , Jaime Lannister , a member of the Kingsguard ; and their younger brother , Tyrion Lannister , a dwarf known as `` The Imp '' . As Robert pays his respects to Lyanna Stark , his late fiancée and Ned 's sister , Robert confides to his old friend that he does n't trust anyone around him . He decides to name Ned as the new Hand of the King , and to solidify the alliance between the two families , he suggests that Ned 's daughter , Sansa , be betrothed to his son , Joffrey . At night , Catelyn receives a troubling message from her sister , Lord Arryn 's widow . She suspects her husband Jon was murdered by the king 's in - laws , the powerful Lannisters . Ned , who at first was reluctant to accept the position of Hand of the King , does so in order to protect his old friend . Bran , who enjoys climbing the walls of Winterfell , climbs an abandoned tower where he stumbles on Queen Cersei and Jaime having sex . To keep the incestuous relationship a secret , Jaime shoves Bran out of the high window . In Pentos ( edit ) Exiled prince Viserys Targaryen plots to overthrow King Robert and reclaim his father 's throne . To this end , he brokers a marriage between his sister Daenerys and a powerful warlord Khal Drogo , leader of a nomadic horde of Dothraki . Daenerys voices her fear of the barbarian lord , but her brother tells her to marry him . During the wedding ceremony , Daenerys is given two wedding gifts . The first is a collection of books from the Seven Kingdoms , given by Ser Jorah Mormont , an exiled knight loyal to the Targaryens . The second gift is a chest containing three petrified dragon eggs , given by Magister Illyrio Mopatis , the man who helped arrange the marriage . Production ( edit ) Conception and development ( edit ) A number of Hollywood studios had contacted George R. R. Martin about possible adaptation of his book series A Song of Ice and Fire into a film , however Martin expressed the opinion the books could not be made into a film as too much would have to be cut from the books , but thought it could be made into a television series . In January 2006 , David Benioff spoke to Martin 's literary agent about the books he represented for possible adaption , and the agent sent the first four books of A Song of Ice and Fire to David Benioff . Benioff read a few hundred pages of the first book in the series , A Game of Thrones , called D.B. Weiss and said : `` Maybe I 'm crazy , but I have n't had this much fun reading anything in about 20 years . So take a look because I think it might make a great HBO series . '' Weiss , who then read the first book in two days , was very enthusiastic about a possible television project based on the books . They arranged a meeting with Martin , who asked them if they knew who Jon Snow 's real mother might be , and was satisfied with their answer . In March 2006 , a few weeks after meeting Martin , Benioff and Weiss pitched the show to Showtime and Carolyn Strauss of HBO , who accepted their proposal . HBO acquired the rights to the novels to turn them into a television series , with Benioff and Weiss as writers and executive producers of the series . The series went into development in January 2007 . The series would begin with the 1996 first book of A Song of Ice and Fire , `` A Game of Thrones '' , with the intention that each novel in the series would form the basis for a season 's worth of episodes . However , Benioff and Weiss had to resubmit a proposal after Carolyn Strauss stepped down as president of HBO in 2008 . The first and second drafts of the pilot script , written by Benioff and Weiss , were submitted in August 2007 and June 2008 respectively . While HBO found both drafts to their liking , a pilot was not ordered until November 2008 . Writing ( edit ) Series co-creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss wrote the episode . Scripted by the show creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss , the first episode includes the plot of the book 's chapters 1 -- 9 and 12 ( Prologue , Bran I , Catelyn I , Daenerys I , Eddard I , Jon I , Catelyn II , partial Arya I , Bran II , Daenerys II ) . Changes in the adaptation include the sequence of events in the prologue ( in the books it is Gared and not Will who survives and is beheaded by Eddard afterwards , and Arya 's material is set before the arrival of the royal family ) , new scenes showing the Lannister twins ' perspective , and Daenerys 's wedding night showing Drogo not waiting for her to consent to sex . Filming ( edit ) Sean Bean portrays Ned Stark in the series . Tom McCarthy was chosen to direct the pilot episode , shot between October 24 and November 19 , 2009 on location in Northern Ireland , Scotland and Morocco . However , the pilot was deemed unsatisfactory and had to be reshot . The new pilot episode was filmed in 2010 by new director Tim Van Patten , and several actors appearing in the original pilot did not return for the series . Tamzin Merchant was replaced as Daenerys Targaryen by Emilia Clarke , and Jennifer Ehle was replaced as Catelyn Stark by Michelle Fairley . Additionally , Ian McNeice was replaced as Magister Illyrio by Roger Allam , Richard Ridings as Gared by Dermot Keaney , and Jamie Campbell Bower as Ser Waymar Royce by Rob Ostlere . Another difference is that the original pilot featured scenes shot in Scotland and scenes in Pentos were shot in Morocco , but in the aired series , Winterfell was filmed in a combination of locations in Northern Ireland , while scenes from Pentos were from Malta . The Doune Castle in Scotland was originally used to recreate Winterfell , and its great hall was used for some interior shots . Some scenes survived , but as it was not practical to return to Scotland for the reshoot , an exact replica of Doune 's Great Hall was recreated in the soundstage in Belfast for the series . Castle Ward in Northern Ireland was used in the reshoot to film King Robert 's entourage entry into Winterfell castle . A car park stood in for the Winterfell castle 's courtyard and a wine cellar for the Stark family crypt . The Tollymore Forest Park was used for the opening scene of the encounter with the White Walkers . All the scenes shot in Morocco were reshot in Malta . The original pilot reused the sets of Kingdom of Heaven in Morocco to stand in for Pentos and the site of Drogo and Daenerys 's wedding . In Malta , the Verdala Palace , the 16th century summer palace of the president of Malta , was used for the exterior scenes at Illyrio 's mansion . The Azure Window was used as the backdrop for the wedding . Filming at the Azure Window , however , caused some controversy when a protected ecosystem was damaged by a subcontractor . In the sex scene , the then - pregnant Lena Headey was substituted by a body double ; the production hid her pregnancy for the rest of the season . In the scene in which the Starks encounter a stag killed by a dire wolf as they return from the execution , an actual animal was used rather than a prop . As the stag had been dead for two days , it stank so much that the actors had to take much care not to let it show on their faces . Some scenes filmed were never aired , for example a flashback to the death of Eddard Stark 's brother , and the death of Jon Arryn . The original pilot ( edit ) The original pilot from 2009 was poorly received in a private viewing with friends , one of whom , Craig Mazin , said to Benioff and Weiss , `` You guys have a massive problem '' , and said `` change everything '' when asked for ideas . Weiss said of the viewing : `` Watching them watch the pilot was a deeply humiliating , painful experience , because these are very smart individuals , and it just clearly was n't working for any of them on a very basic level . '' For example , it was never established that the two major characters , Jaime and Cersei Lannister were in fact brother and sister , a major plot point . HBO did not make a decision for four months after the pilot was delivered . In March 2010 , HBO 's decision to greenlight the series including the pilot was announced , with the production of the series scheduled to start June 2010 . HBO however demanded extensive reshoot of the pilot , and wanted all the scenes from Morocco scrapped . A cameo appearance by George RR Martin as a Pentoshi nobleman at Daenerys 's wedding filmed in Morocco was therefore also cut . In all 90 percent of the pilot was re-shot in 2010 , with some cast changes and a different director . Aired episode ( edit ) The original pilot remained unaired , although some footage from the original pilot was used in the first aired episode . This includes Sansa 's scenes with Catelyn ( Michelle Fairley 's footage as Catelyn was inserted over Jennifer Ehle 's performance ) , Will 's ride through the woods ( retained though also portrayed by a different actor ) , most of the feast at Winterfell , and Ned and Robert 's scene in the crypt . That scene is one of a few to be filmed on 35 mm film , and consequently slight film grain can be seen in the HD version of the episode . Reception ( edit ) Preview ( edit ) On April 3 , 2011 , two weeks before the series premiere aired , the first 15 minutes of `` Winter Is Coming '' were released as a preview on HBO 's website . Wired 's Dave Banks called the preview `` much better than anticipated . ( How 's that even possible ? ) '' Scott Stinson of Toronto 's National Post noted that `` you know you are n't watching a network drama when there have been two beheadings in the first 15 minutes . '' Ratings ( edit ) The first episode of Game of Thrones obtained 2.2 million viewers in its premiere airing , with an additional 2 million viewers in the reruns aired during the same night . The day after the premiere HBO aired the episode six additional times , adding another 1.2 million to the viewer 's figures . Reruns aired during the following week upped the total viewership to 6.8 million . International ( edit ) The show premiered on HBO Canada at the same time as its U.S. premiere . On April 18 , 2011 , the show premiered in United Kingdom and Ireland through Sky Atlantic , gathering 750,000 viewers , a ratings record for the network . The series was broadcast throughout Latin America beginning on May 8 , 2011 . New Zealand 's Dominion Post noted in an article on copyright laws that the popular series was downloaded via file sharing service regularly before its release to that market . In Australia , the July 17 premiere of the series was largely overshadowed by the release of A Dance with Dragons , but according to The Sydney Morning Herald was successful `` especially with women , who are n't seen as a target market for sword - fighting sagas '' . Critical response ( edit ) The critical response to the first episode of the series was positive . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes surveyed 10 reviews of the episode and judged 100 % of them to be positive with an average score of 8.5 out of 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` ' Winter is Coming ' is an introduction to a wonderfully bleak journey that honors its source material with stellar execution and an impressive cast . '' James Poniewozik from Time considered it an `` epic win '' , and Jace Lacob from The Daily Beast deemed it `` unforgettable '' . HitFix 's Alan Sepinwall wrote that while it was too early to say if Game of Thrones belonged to the HBO pantheon with shows like The Sopranos or The Wire , it had many things in common with those shows . IGN 's Matt Fowler wrote that the pilot `` effortlessly takes us along , faithfully , through the book , but it also manages to capture the majestically morbid spirit of Martin 's pages and turn them into thrilling television '' . Much praise was given to the production values and the acting : Scott Meslow from The Atlantic states that `` the show 's immense cast is almost universally strong , and the fantasy land of Westeros feels lived - in , and looks terrific '' . Alan Sepinwall also qualifies the casting as `` really exceptional '' , and states that the show is `` feast for the eyes '' , with all the different locations having their own memorable looks . The opening sequence , with an aerial view of the world where the series takes place with the different settings emerging from it , was also acclaimed . On April 19 , less than two days after the initial airing , HBO announced that the series had been renewed for a second season . In a press teleconference , HBO executives announced their satisfaction with initial ratings , which they compared favorably to True Blood . Accolades ( edit ) Tim Van Patten received a 2011 Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series , and the episode was also nominated for Outstanding Makeup for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result 2011 Portal Award Best Episode Won 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Tim Van Patten Nominated 63rd Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Makeup for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) Paul Engelen and Melissa Lackersteen Nominated 2012 Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing -- Short Form Sound Effects and Foley in Television Won 64th Directors Guild of America Awards Dramatic Series Tim Van Patten Nominated Visual Effects Society Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Broadcast Program Lucy Ainsworth - Taylor , Angela Barson , Ed Bruce and Adam McInnes Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones 01 '' . HBO . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Cindy ( March 12 , 2012 ) . `` Mindhole Blowers : 20 Facts About `` Game of Thrones '' That Might Leave You Crippled , a Bastard or a Broken Thing `` . Pajiba . Jump up ^ Cogman , Bryan ( November 6 , 2014 ) . Inside HBO 's Game of Thrones . Gollancz . ASIN B00P187U0Y . ^ Jump up to : Mitchell , Elvis ( May 8 , 2013 ) . UpClose : Game of Thrones with David Benioff and D.B. Weiss ( FULL LENGTH ) . KCRW . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Windolf , Jim ( April 2014 ) . `` The Gathering Storm '' . Vanity Fair . Jump up ^ Radish , Christina ( March 20 , 2013 ) . `` Producers David Benioff , Dan Weiss & George R.R. Martin Talk GAME OF THRONES Season 3 and 4 , Martin 's Cameo , the End of the Series , and More '' . Collider . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( April 9 , 2010 ) . `` Winter Is Coming ... Around the Globe '' . Not A Blog . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2012 . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Michael ( January 16 , 2007 ) . `` HBO turns Fire into fantasy series '' . Variety . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Surprising Connection Between Game of Thrones and Monty Python '' . Vanity Fair . March 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. `` Ice & Fire on HBO '' . Not a Blog . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( November 11 , 2008 ) . `` HBO orders fantasy pilot ' Thrones ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Elio . `` EP101 : Winter is Coming '' . Westeros.org . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lacob , Jace ( April 4 , 2011 ) . `` Game of Thrones : 10 Secrets About HBO 's Adaptation '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Game of Thrones ' recasts noble role '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tonnel , Merwin ( September 17 , 2010 ) . `` Changement d'acteur pour Illyrio Mopatis '' . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( October 20 , 2009 ) . `` Three for the Prologue '' . Not A Blog . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2009 . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Winter Is Coming on IMDb ^ Jump up to : Itzkoff , Dave ( April 8 , 2010 ) . `` A Heroic Fantasy for Skeptics '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. `` Magic in Morocco '' . Not a Blog . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Harry Lloyd '' . Westeros.org . May 24 , 2011 . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cogman , Bryan ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Chapter II : Winterfell '' . Inside HBO 's Game of Thrones . Gollancz . ASIN B00P187U0Y . Jump up ^ Jennings , Mike ( February 2012 ) . `` 46 things we learned from the Game Of Thrones Blu - rays '' . Den of Geeks . Jump up ^ Cogman , Bryan ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Chapter I : The Wall '' . Inside HBO 's Game of Thrones . Gollancz . ASIN B00P187U0Y . Jump up ^ `` George R.R. Martin Talks Santa Fe , Interactive Art , and ' Game of Thrones ' '' . National Geographic . April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McGloin , Catherine ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` 44 incredible Game of Thrones locations '' . Skyscanner . Jump up ^ Peregin , Christian ( November 17 , 2010 ) . `` ' Total elimination of ecosystem ' at Dwejra '' . The Times ( Malta ) . Retrieved August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( June 7 , 2013 ) . `` Lena Headey on The Purge , Game of Thrones Nudity , and Finding Peace in Horror Movies '' . Vulture . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jennings , Mike ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` 46 things we learned from the Game Of Thrones Blu - rays '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . Citing the extra material of the season 1 Blu - ray box set . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones cut a ' lunatic ' Jon Arryn death scene from pilot '' . Jump up ^ `` Scriptnotes , Ep 235 : The one with Jason Bateman and the Game of Thrones guys -- Transcript '' . johnaugust.com . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Joanna ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Show - Runners Get Extremely Candid About Their Original `` Piece of Sh -- t '' Pilot `` . Vanity Fair . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Creators : We Know How It 's Going to End '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 2 , 2010 ) . `` HBO greenlights ' Game of Thrones ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( March 3 , 2010 ) . `` HBO Picks Up Thrones , Places Bet on Dustin Hoffman '' . Time . Jump up ^ Jackson , Matthew ( December 17 , 2012 ) . `` Why you 'll never see the Thrones cameo George R.R. Martin filmed '' . Blastr . Jump up ^ O'Neill , Phelim ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` Game Of Thrones : do n't believe the gripes '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hatzigiannis , Marielena ( April 4 , 2011 ) . `` '' Game of Thrones '' preview wows ( VIDEO ) `` . CBS News . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Banks , Dave ( April 4 , 2011 ) . `` 10 Reasons Why You Should Watch Game Of Thrones '' . Wired . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Stinson , Scott ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Game of Thrones is behead of the class '' . National Post . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James . `` ' Game of Thrones ' premiere ratings are in '' . Inside TV . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James . `` ' Game of Thrones ' ratings steady for second episode '' . Inside TV . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` HBO renueva Game of Thrones para una segunda temporada '' . La Tercera. April 19 , 2011 . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gutiérrez Segura , Eduardo ( May 8 , 2011 ) . `` Game of thrones , una guerra sensual y sangrienta '' . La Crónica de Hoy . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Torrie , Bronwyn ( September 3 , 2011 ) . `` Where you stand under new copyright law '' . Dominion Post . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . `` Shows such as the much - talked about American epic fantasy Game of Thrones become overnight sensations but , with the prospect of waiting years for it to hit our TV screens , Kiwis download them in droves . '' Jump up ^ Birmingham , John ( July 30 , 2011 ) . `` Hit and Myth '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Is Coming '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( April 25 , 2011 ) . `` Epic Win ! HBO 's Bloody , Bold Game of Thrones '' . TIME . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lacob , Jace . `` Where Wolves Prey : An Advance Review of HBO 's Unforgettable Game of Thrones '' . Televisionary . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sepinwall , Alan . `` HBO 's ' Game of Thrones ' an epic , mature , well - crafted fantasy series '' . HitFix . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt . `` Game of Thrones : `` Winter is Coming '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved April 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Meslow , Scott . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Premiere : ' Winter Is Coming ' '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` Second Season ! ! ! '' . Not A Blog . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2011 . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` HBO Orders a Second Season of ' Game of Thrones ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Winter is Coming `` Winter Is Coming '' at HBO `` Winter Is Coming '' on IMDb `` Winter Is Coming '' at TV.com ( hide ) Game of Thrones episodes Seasons : 1 5 6 7 Season 1 `` Winter Is Coming '' `` The Kingsroad '' `` Lord Snow '' `` Cripples , Bastards , and Broken Things '' `` The Wolf and the Lion '' `` A Golden Crown '' `` You Win or You Die '' `` The Pointy End '' `` Baelor '' `` Fire and Blood '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_Is_Coming&oldid=804563740 '' Categories : 2011 American television episodes Game of Thrones episodes American television pilots Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from October 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Español فارسی Français Magyar 日本語 Português Română Русский Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 20 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter%20Is%20Coming	706
what are the zombies called in the last of us	In September 2013 , an outbreak of a mutant Cordyceps fungus ravages the United States , transforming its human hosts into cannibalistic monsters known as infected . In the suburbs of Austin , Texas , Joel ( Troy Baker ) flees the chaos with his brother Tommy ( Jeffrey Pierce ) and daughter Sarah ( Hana Hayes ) . As they flee , Sarah is shot by a soldier and dies in Joel 's arms . In the twenty years that follow , most of civilization is destroyed by the infection . Survivors live in heavily policed quarantine zones , independent settlements , and nomadic groups . Joel works as a smuggler with his partner Tess ( Annie Wersching ) in the quarantine zone in the North End of Boston , Massachusetts . They hunt down Robert ( Robin Atkin Downes ) , a black - market dealer , to recover a stolen weapons cache . Before Tess kills him , Robert reveals that he traded the cache with the Fireflies , a rebel militia opposing the quarantine zone authorities .	infected	The Last of Us	the last of us	The Last of Us is an action - adventure survival horror video game developed by Naughty Dog and published by Sony Computer Entertainment . It was released for the PlayStation 3 worldwide on June 14 , 2013 . Players control Joel , a smuggler tasked with escorting a teenage girl named Ellie across a post-apocalyptic United States . The Last of Us is played from a third - person perspective ; players use firearms and improvised weapons , and can use stealth to defend against hostile humans and cannibalistic creatures infected by a mutated strain of the Cordyceps fungus . In the game 's online multiplayer mode , up to eight players engage in cooperative and competitive gameplay .	Development of The Last of Us began in 2009 , soon after the release of Naughty Dog 's previous game , Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves . The relationship between Joel and Ellie became the central focus of the game , with all other elements developed around it . Actors Troy Baker and Ashley Johnson portrayed Joel and Ellie respectively through voice and motion capture , and assisted creative director Neil Druckmann with the development of the characters and story . The original score was composed and performed by Gustavo Santaolalla . Following its announcement in December 2011 , The Last of Us was widely anticipated . Upon release , it received universal acclaim , with praise directed at its narrative , gameplay , visual and sound design , characterization , and depiction of female characters . The Last of Us became one of the best - selling games on the PlayStation 3 , selling over 1.3 million units in its first week and over eight million units within fourteen months . It won year - end accolades , including multiple Game of the Year awards from several gaming publications , critics , and game award ceremonies , making it one of the most awarded games in history , and is considered to be one of the greatest video games of all time . After the game 's release , Naughty Dog released several downloadable content additions ; The Last of Us : Left Behind adds a single - player campaign following Ellie and her best friend Riley . An enhanced edition of the original game , The Last of Us Remastered , was released for the PlayStation 4 in July 2014 . A sequel , The Last of Us Part II , was announced in December 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 Multiplayer 2 Plot 3 Development 3.1 Additional content 3.2 The Last of Us Remastered 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Sales 4.3 Awards 5 Adaptations 6 Sequel 7 References 7.1 Notes 7.2 Footnotes 8 External links Gameplay ( edit ) The Last of Us is an action - adventure survival horror game played from a third - person perspective . Players traverse post-apocalyptic environments such as towns , buildings , forest and sewers to advance the story . Players use firearms , improvised weapons , and stealth to defend against hostile humans and cannibalistic creatures infected by a mutated strain of the Cordyceps fungus . For most of the game , players control Joel , a man tasked with escorting a young girl , Ellie , across the United States ; Ellie and other companions are controlled by the artificial intelligence . Players also control Ellie throughout the game 's winter segment . In combat , players can use long - range weapons , such as rifles , shotguns , and bows , and short - range weapons such as handguns and short - barreled shotgun . Players can scavenge limited - use melee weapons , such as pipes and baseball bats , and throw bottles and bricks to distract , stun , or attack enemies . Players can upgrade weapons at workbenches using collected items . Equipment such as health kits and Molotov cocktails can be found or crafted using collected items . Attributes such as the health meter and crafting speed can be upgraded by collecting pills and medicinal plants . Health can be recharged through the use of health kits. . Listen Mode allows players to discover the position of enemies and characters by displaying their outline through walls , achieved through a heightened sense of hearing and spatial awareness . Though players can attack enemies directly , they can also use stealth to attack undetected or sneak by them . `` Listen Mode '' allows players to locate enemies through a heightened sense of hearing and spatial awareness , indicated as outlines visible through walls and objects . In the dynamic cover system , players crouch behind obstacles to gain a tactical advantage during combat . The game features periods without combat , often involving conversation between the characters . Players solve simple puzzles , such as using floating pallets to move Ellie , who is unable to swim , across bodies of water , and using ladders or dumpsters to reach higher areas . Story collectibles , such as notes , maps and comics , can be scavenged and viewed in the backpack menu . The game features an artificial intelligence system by which hostile human enemies react to combat . If enemies discover the player , they may take cover or call for assistance , and can take advantage of players when they are distracted , out of ammunition , or in a fight . Player companions , such as Ellie , can assist in combat by throwing objects at threats to stun them , announcing the location of unseen enemies , or using a knife and pistol to attack enemies . Multiplayer ( edit ) The online multiplayer allows up to eight players to engage in competitive gameplay in recreations of multiple single - player settings . The game features three multiplayer game types : Supply Raid and Survivors are both team deathmatches , with the latter excluding the ability to respawn ; Interrogation features teams investigating the location of the enemy team 's lockbox , and the first to capture such lockbox wins . In every mode , players select a faction -- Hunters ( a group of hostile survivors ) or Fireflies ( a revolutionary militia group ) -- and keep their clan alive by collecting supplies during matches . Each match is equal to one day ; by surviving twelve `` weeks '' , players have completed a journey and can re-select their Faction . Killing enemies , reviving allies , and crafting items earn the player parts that can be converted to supplies ; parts can also be scavenged from enemies ' bodies . Players are able to carry more equipment by earning points as their clan 's supplies grow . Players can connect the game to their Facebook account , which alters clan members ' names and faces to match the players ' Facebook friends . Players have the ability to customize their characters with hats , helmets , masks , and emblems . Plot ( edit ) See also : List of The Last of Us characters In September 2013 , an outbreak of a mutant Cordyceps fungus ravages the United States , transforming its human hosts into cannibalistic monsters known as infected . In the suburbs of Austin , Texas , Joel ( Troy Baker ) flees the chaos with his brother Tommy ( Jeffrey Pierce ) and daughter Sarah ( Hana Hayes ) . As they flee , Sarah is shot by a soldier and dies in Joel 's arms . In the twenty years that follow , most of civilization is destroyed by the infection . Survivors live in heavily policed quarantine zones , independent settlements , and nomadic groups . Joel works as a smuggler with his partner Tess ( Annie Wersching ) in the quarantine zone in the North End of Boston , Massachusetts . They hunt down Robert ( Robin Atkin Downes ) , a black - market dealer , to recover a stolen weapons cache . Before Tess kills him , Robert reveals that he traded the cache with the Fireflies , a rebel militia opposing the quarantine zone authorities . The leader of the Fireflies , Marlene ( Merle Dandridge ) , promises to double their cache in return for smuggling a teenage girl , Ellie ( Ashley Johnson ) , to Fireflies hiding in the Massachusetts State House outside the quarantine zone . Joel , Tess , and Ellie sneak out in the night , but after an encounter with a patrol , they discover Ellie is infected . Full infection normally occurs in under two days , but Ellie claims she was infected three weeks ago and that her immunity may lead to a cure . The trio make their way to their destination through hordes of the infected , but find that the Fireflies there have been killed . Tess reveals she has been bitten by an infected ; believing in Ellie 's importance , Tess sacrifices herself against pursuing soldiers so Joel and Ellie can escape . Joel decides to find Tommy , a former Firefly , in the hope that he can locate the remaining Fireflies . With the help of Bill ( W. Earl Brown ) , a smuggler who owes Joel a favor , they acquire a working vehicle . Driving into Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , Joel and Ellie are ambushed by bandits and their car is wrecked . They ally with two brothers , Henry ( Brandon Scott ) and Sam ( Nadji Jeter ) ; after they escape the city , Sam is bitten by an infected , but hides it from the group . As his infection takes hold , Sam attacks Ellie , but Henry shoots him dead and commits suicide out of grief . In the fall , Joel and Ellie finally find Tommy in Jackson , Wyoming , where he has assembled a fortified settlement near a hydroelectric dam with his wife Maria ( Ashley Scott ) . Joel contemplates leaving Ellie with Tommy , but after she confronts him about Sarah , he decides to let her stay with him . Tommy directs them to a Fireflies enclave at the University of Eastern Colorado . They find the university abandoned , but learn that the Fireflies have moved to a hospital in Salt Lake City , Utah . Afterward , Joel is severely wounded by bandits , who are killed by Ellie . During the winter , Ellie and Joel shelter in the mountains . Joel is on the brink of death and relies on Ellie to care for him . Hunting for food , Ellie encounters David ( Nolan North ) and James ( Reuben Langdon ) , scavengers willing to trade medicine for food ; David turns hostile after revealing the university bandits were part of his group . Ellie manages to lead David 's group away from Joel , but is eventually captured ; David intends to recruit her into his cannibal group . Refusing the offer , she escapes after killing James , but David corners her in a burning restaurant . Meanwhile , Joel recovers from his wounds and sets out to find Ellie . He reaches Ellie as she kills David and breaks down crying ; Joel comforts her before they flee . In the spring , Joel and Ellie arrive in Salt Lake City and are captured by a Firefly patrol . In the hospital , Marlene tells Joel that Ellie is being prepared for surgery : in hope of producing a vaccine for the infection , the Fireflies must remove the infected portion of Ellie 's brain , which will kill her . Unwilling to let Ellie die , Joel battles his way to the operating room and carries the unconscious Ellie to the parking garage . He is confronted by Marlene , whom he shoots and kills to prevent the Fireflies from pursuing them . On the drive out of the city , Joel claims that the Fireflies had found many other immune people but were unable to create a cure , and that they have stopped trying . On the outskirts of Tommy 's settlement , Ellie reveals that she was not alone when she was infected and expresses her survivor guilt . At her insistence , Joel swears his story about the Fireflies is true . Development ( edit ) Main article : Development of The Last of Us Bruce Straley ( left ) and Neil Druckmann ( right ) were appointed to lead development on The Last of Us , as game director and creative director , respectively . Naughty Dog began developing The Last of Us in 2009 , following the release of Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves . For the first time in the company 's history , Naughty Dog split into two teams ; while one team developed Uncharted 3 : Drake 's Deception ( 2011 ) , the other began work on The Last of Us . Director Bruce Straley and creative director Neil Druckmann led the team responsible for developing The Last of Us . Druckmann views The Last of Us as a coming of age story , in which Ellie adapts to survival after spending time with Joel , as well as an exploration of how willing a father is to save his child . A major motif of the game is that `` life goes on '' ; this is presented in a scene in which Joel and Ellie discover a herd of giraffes , which concept artist John Sweeney explained was designed to `` reignite ( Ellie 's ) lust for life '' , after her suffering following her encounter with David . The Infected , a core concept of the game , were inspired by a segment of the BBC nature documentary Planet Earth ( 2006 ) , which featured the Cordyceps fungi . Though the fungi mainly infect insects , taking control of their motor functions and forcing them to help cultivate the fungus , the game explores the concept of the fungus evolving and infecting humans , and the direct results of an outbreak of this infection . The relationship between Joel and Ellie was the central focus of the game ; all other elements were developed around it . Troy Baker and Ashley Johnson were cast as Joel and Ellie , respectively , and provided voice and motion capture performances . Baker and Johnson contributed to the development of the characters ; for example , Baker convinced Druckmann that Joel would care for Tess due to his loneliness , and Johnson convinced Druckmann that Ellie should be stronger and more defensive . Ellie 's physical appearance was also redesigned throughout development to make her look more similar to Johnson . The game 's other characters also underwent changes . The character Tess was originally intended to be the main antagonist of The Last of Us , but the team found it difficult to believe her motives . The sexuality of the character Bill was originally left vague in the script , but later altered to further reflect his homosexuality . Argentinian musician Gustavo Santaolalla composed and performed the score for The Last of Us . The Last of Us features an original score composed primarily by Gustavo Santaolalla , along with compositions by Andrew Buresh , Anthony Caruso , and Jonathan Mayer . Known for his minimalist compositions , Santaolalla was contacted early in development . He used various instruments to compose the score , including some that he was unfamiliar with , giving a sense of danger and innocence . This minimalist approach was also taken with the game 's sound and art design . The sound of the Infected was one of the first tasks during development ; the team experimented with the sound in order to achieve the best work possible . To achieve the sound of the Clicker , they hired voice actress Misty Lee , who provided a sound that audio lead Phillip Kovats described as originating in the `` back of the throat '' . The art department took various pieces of work as inspiration , such as Robert Polidori 's photographs following Hurricane Katrina , which were used as a reference point when designing the flooded areas of Pittsburgh . The art department were forced to negotiate for things that they wished to include , due to the strong differing opinions of the team during development . Ultimately , the team settled on a balance between simplicity and detail ; while Straley and Druckmann preferred the former , the art team preferred the latter . The game 's opening credits were produced by Sony 's San Diego Studio . The team created new engines to satisfy their needs for the game . The artificial intelligence was created to coordinate with players ; the addition of Ellie as artificial intelligence was a major contributor to the engine . The lighting engine was also re-created to incorporate soft light , in which the sunlight seeps in through spaces and reflects off surfaces . The gameplay introduced difficulty to the team , as they felt that every mechanic required thorough analysis . The game 's user interface design also underwent various iterations throughout development . The Last of Us was announced on December 10 , 2011 , at the Spike Video Game Awards , alongside its debut trailer and an official press release acknowledging some of the game 's features . The announcement ignited widespread anticipation within the gaming industry , which journalists owed to Naughty Dog 's reputation . The game missed its original projected release date of May 7 , 2013 , and was pushed to June 14 , 2013 worldwide for further polishing . To promote pre-order sales , Naughty Dog collaborated with several retailers to provide special editions of the game with extra content . Additional content ( edit ) Downloadable content ( DLC ) for the game was released following its launch . The game 's Season Pass includes access to all DLC , as well as some additional abilities , and the documentary Grounded : Making The Last of Us ; the documentary was released online in February 2014 . Two DLC packs were included with some of the game 's special editions and were available upon release . The Sights and Sounds Pack included the soundtrack , a dynamic theme for the PlayStation 3 home screen , and two avatars . The Survival Pack featured bonus skins for the player following the completion of the campaign , and in - game money , as well as bonus experience points and early access to customizable items for the game 's multiplayer . Abandoned Territories Map Pack , released on October 15 , 2013 , added four new multiplayer maps , based on locations in the game 's story . Nightmare Bundle , released on November 5 , 2013 , added a collection of ten head items , nine of which are available to purchase separately . The Last of Us : Left Behind adds a single - player campaign which serves as a prequel to the main storyline , featuring Ellie and her friend Riley . It was released on February 14 , 2014 as DLC and on May 12 , 2015 as a standalone expansion pack . A third bundle was released on May 6 , 2014 , featuring five separate DLC : Grounded added a new difficulty to the main game and Left Behind ; Reclaimed Territories Map Pack added new multiplayer maps ; Professional Survival Skills Bundle and Situational Survival Skills Bundle added eight new multiplayer skills ; and Survivalist Weapon Bundle added four new weapons . The Grit and Gear Bundle , which added new headgear items , masks and gestures , was released on August 5 , 2014 . A Game of the Year Edition containing all downloadable content was released in Europe on November 11 , 2014 . The Last of Us Remastered ( edit ) Main article : The Last of Us Remastered On April 9 , 2014 , Sony announced The Last of Us Remastered , an enhanced version of the game for the PlayStation 4 . It was released on July 29 , 2014 in North America . Remastered features improved graphics and rendering upgrades , including increased draw distance , an upgraded combat mechanic , and higher frame rate . Other enhancements include advanced audio options , an audio commentary , and a Photo Mode . It includes the previously released downloadable content , including Left Behind and some multiplayer maps . The development team aimed to create a `` true '' remaster , maintaining the `` core experience '' and major story and gameplay elements . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic 95 / 100 Review scores Publication Score CVG 10 / 10 Edge 10 / 10 Eurogamer 10 / 10 Game Informer 9.5 / 10 GameSpot 8 / 10 IGN 10 / 10 Joystiq OPM ( UK ) 10 / 10 Polygon 7.5 / 10 The Last of Us received critical acclaim . Metacritic calculated an average score of 95 out of 100 , indicating `` universal acclaim '' , based on 98 reviews . It is the fifth - highest rated PlayStation 3 game on Metacritic . Reviewers praised the character development , story and subtext , visual and sound design , and depiction of female and LGBT characters . The game is considered one of the most significant titles of the seventh generation of video games , and has been included among the greatest video games of all time . Colin Moriarty of IGN called The Last of Us `` a masterpiece '' and `` PlayStation 3 's best exclusive '' , and Edge considered it `` the most riveting , emotionally resonant story - driven epic '' of the console generation . Oli Welsh of Eurogamer wrote that it is `` a beacon of hope '' for the survival horror genre ; Andy Kelly of Computer and Video Games declared it `` Naughty Dog 's finest moment '' . Kelly of Computer and Video Games found the story memorable , and IGN 's Moriarty named it one of the game 's standout features . PlayStation Official Magazine 's David Meikleham wrote that the pacing contributed to the improvement of the story , stating that there is `` a real sense of time elapsed and journey traveled along every step of the way '' , and Destructoid 's Jim Sterling lauded the game 's suspenseful moments . Richard Mitchell of Joystiq found that the narrative improved the character relationships . The characters -- particularly the relationship between Joel and Ellie -- received acclaim . Matt Helgeson of Game Informer wrote that the relationship felt identifiable , naming it `` poignant '' and `` well - drawn '' . Eurogamer 's Welsh wrote that the characters were developed with `` real patience and skill '' , appreciating their emotional value , and Joystiq 's Mitchell found the relationship `` genuine '' and emotional . PlayStation Official Magazine 's Meikleham named Joel and Ellie the best characters of any PlayStation 3 game , while IGN 's Moriarty identified it as a highlight of the game . Kelly of Computer and Video Games named the characters `` richly painted '' , feeling invested in their stories . Philip Kollar of Polygon felt that Ellie was believable , making it easier to develop a connection to her , and that the relationship between the characters was assisted by the game 's optional conversations . The character performances also received praise , with Edge and Eurogamer 's Welsh noting that the script improved as a result . Many reviewers found the game 's combat a refreshing difference from other games . Game Informer 's Helgeson appreciated the vulnerability during fights , while Kelly of Computer and Video Games enjoyed the variety in approaching the combat . IGN 's Moriarty felt that the crafting system assisted the combat , and that the latter contributed to the narrative 's emotional value , adding that enemies feel `` human '' . Joystiq 's Mitchell reiterated similar comments , stating that the combat `` piles death upon death on Joel 's hands '' . Welsh of Eurogamer found the suspenseful and threatening encounters added positively to the gameplay . Tom Mc Shea of GameSpot wrote that the artificial intelligence negatively affected the combat , with enemies often ignoring players ' companions . Polygon 's Kollar felt that the combat was unfair , especially when fighting the Infected . An artistic design of a location in the post-apocalyptic United States . Reviewers praised the design and layouts of the locations . The game 's visual features , both artistic and graphic , were also well received . The game 's visual features were commended by many reviewers . The art design was lauded as `` outstanding '' by Computer and Video Games ' Kelly , and `` jaw - dropping '' by Eurogamer 's Welsh . In contrast , Mc Shea of GameSpot identified the visual representation of the post-apocalyptic world was `` mundane '' , having been portrayed various times previously . The game 's graphics have been frequently named by critics as the best for a PlayStation 3 game , with Helgeson of Game Informer naming them `` unmatched in console gaming '' and Moriarty of IGN stating that they contribute to the realism . Destructoid 's Sterling wrote that game was visually impressive but that technical issues , such as some `` muddy and basic '' textures found early in the game , left a negative impact on the visuals . The world and environments of the game drew acclaim from many reviewers . Kelly of Computer and Video Games stated that the environments are `` large , detailed , and littered with secrets '' , adding that The Last of Us `` masks '' its linearity successfully . Edge repeated similar remarks , writing that the level design serves the story appropriately . Helgeson of Game Informer wrote that the world `` effectively and gorgeously ( conveys ) the loneliness '' of the story . IGN 's Moriarty appreciated the added design elements placed around the game world , such as the hidden notes and letters . Reviewers praised the use of sound in The Last of Us . Eurogamer 's Welsh felt that the sound design was significantly better than in other games , while Game Informer 's Helgeson dubbed it `` amazing '' . Mc Shea of GameSpot stated that the audio added to the effect of the gameplay , particularly when hiding from enemies . Kelly of Computer and Video Games found that the environmental audio positively impacted gameplay , and that Gustavo Santaolalla 's score was `` sparse and delicate '' . Both Game Informer 's Helgeson and Destructoid 's Sterling called the score `` haunting '' , with the latter finding that it complements the gameplay . The graphic depiction of violence in The Last of Us generated substantial commentary from critics . Engadget writer Ben Gilbert found the game 's persistent focus on combat was `` a necessary evil to lead the game 's fragile protagonist duo to safety '' , as opposed to being used as a method to achieve objectives . Kotaku 's Kirk Hamilton wrote that the violence was `` heavy , consequential and necessary '' , as opposed to gratuitous . USGamer 's Anthony John Agnello wrote that the game consistently reinforces the negativity associated with violence , intentionally making players feel uncomfortable while in violent combat . He stated that the deaths within the game were not unnecessary or unjustified , making the story more powerful . Kelly of Computer and Video Games stated that , despite the `` incredibly brutal '' combat , the violence never felt gratuitous . Eurogamer 's Welsh echoed similar remarks , stating that the violence is not `` desensitized or mindless '' . Matt Helgeson of Game Informer observed that the game 's violence leads to players questioning the morality of their choices . Joystiq 's Mitchell wrote that the violence is `` designed to be uncomfortable '' , stating that it contributes to Joel 's character . Prior to the release of the game , Keith Stuart of The Guardian wrote that the acceptability of the violence would depend on its context within the game . Many critics discussed the game 's depiction of female characters . Jason Killingsworth of Edge praised its lack of sexualized female characters , writing that it `` offers a refreshing antidote to the sexism and regressive gender attitudes of most blockbuster videogames '' . Eurogamer 's Ellie Gibson praised Ellie as `` sometimes strong , sometimes vulnerable , but never a cliché '' . She felt that Ellie is initially established as a `` damsel in distress '' , but that this concept is subverted . GameSpot 's Carolyn Petit praised the female characters as morally conflicted and sympathetic , but wrote that gender in video games should be evaluated `` based on their actual merits , not in relation to other games '' . Chris Suellentrop of The New York Times acknowledged that Ellie was a likable and `` sometimes powerful '' character , but argued that The Last of Us is `` actually the story of Joel '' , stating that it 's `` another video game by men , for men and about men '' . The Last of Us was also praised for its depiction of LGBT characters . Sam Einhorn of GayGamer.net felt that the revelation of Bill 's sexuality `` added to his character ... without really tokenizing him '' . American organization GLAAD named Bill one of the `` most intriguing new LGBT characters of 2013 '' , calling him `` deeply flawed but wholly unique '' . A kiss between two female characters in Left Behind was met with positive reactions . Sales ( edit ) Within seven days of its release , The Last of Us sold over 1.3 million units , becoming the biggest video game launch of 2013 at the time . Three weeks after its release , the game sold over 3.4 million units , and was deemed the biggest launch of an original game since 2011 's L.A. Noire and the fastest - selling PlayStation 3 game of 2013 at the time . The game became the best - selling digital release on PlayStation Store for PlayStation 3 , though numerical sales figures were not disclosed ; this record was later beaten by Grand Theft Auto V . The Last of Us ultimately became the tenth best - selling game of 2013 . By August 2014 , the game had sold eight million copies : seven million on PlayStation 3 and one million on PlayStation 4 . It is the third best - selling PlayStation 3 game of all time . In the United Kingdom , the game remained atop the charts for six consecutive weeks , matching records set by multi-platform titles . Within 48 hours of its release , The Last of Us generated more than the £ 3 million earned by Man of Steel in the same period . The game also topped the charts in the United States , France , Ireland , Italy , the Netherlands , Sweden , Finland , Norway , Denmark , Spain , and Japan . Awards ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by The Last of Us The Last of Us is one of the most awarded games of all time , winning over 240 Game of the Year awards . Prior to its release , it received numerous awards for its previews at E3 . It was review aggregators Metacritic and GameRankings ' second - highest rated for the year 2013 , behind Grand Theft Auto V . The game appeared on several year - end lists of the best games of 2013 , receiving wins from the 41st Annie Awards , The A.V. Club , the British Academy Video Games Awards , Canada.com , Daily Mirror , The Daily Telegraph , Destructoid , the 17th Annual DICE Awards , The Escapist , GamesRadar , GameTrailers , the 14th Annual Developers Choice Awards , Game Revolution , Giant Bomb , Good Game , Hardcore Gamer , IGN , IGN Australia , International Business Times , Kotaku , National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers , VG247 , VideoGamer.com . It was also named the Best PlayStation Game by GameSpot , GameTrailers , Hardcore Gamer , and IGN . Naughty Dog won Studio of the Year and Best Developer from The Daily Telegraph , Edge , the Golden Joystick Awards , Hardcore Gamer , and the 2013 Spike VGX . Baker and Johnson received multiple nominations for their performances ; Baker won awards from Hardcore Gamer and the 2013 Spike VGX , while Johnson won awards at the British Academy Video Games Awards , DICE Awards , VGX 2013 , and from The Daily Telegraph . The game 's story also received awards at the British Academy Video Games Awards , the DICE Awards , the Game Developers Choice Awards , the Golden Joystick Awards , and the Writers Guild of America Awards , and from GameTrailers , Giant Bomb , Hardcore Gamer , and IGN . The sound design and music received awards at the DICE Awards , the Inside Gaming Awards , and from IGN . The game 's graphical and artistic design also won awards from Destructoid , the DICE Awards , the Golden Joystick Awards , and IGN . The Last of Us was awarded Outstanding Innovation in Gaming at the DICE Awards , and Best Third Person Shooter from GameTrailers . The game received Best New IP from Hardcore Gamer , Best Newcomer at the Golden Joystick Awards , and Best Debut from Giant Bomb . It received Best Overall Sound , Best PlayStation 3 Multiplayer , and Best Action - Adventure Game on PlayStation 3 , and overall at IGN 's Best of 2013 Awards . It also won Best Action - Adventure Game at the British Academy Video Games Awards , and The Escapist , as well as Best Action Game from Hardcore Gamer and Adventure Game of the Year at the DICE Awards . Adaptations ( edit ) A four - issue comic book miniseries , titled The Last of Us : American Dreams , was published by Dark Horse Comics from April to July 2013 . Written by Druckmann and illustrated by Faith Erin Hicks , the comics serve as a prequel to the game , chronicling the journey of a younger Ellie and Riley . On July 28 , 2014 , the cast of the game performed a live reading of selected scenes in Santa Monica , California , with live music by Santaolalla . The performance was hosted and directed by Druckmann , with graphics by Alex Hobbs . On March 6 , 2014 , Sony announced that Screen Gems will distribute a film adaptation of The Last of Us , written by Druckmann and produced by Sam Raimi . By January 2015 , Druckmann had written the script 's second draft , and performed a read - through with some actors . Very little work occurred following this , as Druckmann stated in April 2016 that the film had entered development hell . In November 2016 , Raimi stated that the film was at a standstill after Sony had a disagreement with Druckmann . Actress Maisie Williams expressed enthusiasm in playing Ellie , and was in talks with both Druckmann and Raimi to take the role . Sequel ( edit ) Main article : The Last of Us Part II In February 2014 , Druckmann said Naughty Dog were considering a sequel but needed to find a story `` really worth telling , and that 's not repeating itself '' . In September 2015 , Druckmann stated that a small team had begun building prototypes , but shifted development to Uncharted 4 : A Thief 's End , released in May 2016 . Sony announced The Last of Us Part II at the PlayStation Experience event on December 3 , 2016 . The story takes place about five years after the first game ; Ellie and Joel return , with players controlling Ellie . Santaolalla will return to compose the music , and Druckmann will return to write the story alongside Halley Gross . Straley will not return as game director . References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Last of Us Remastered was released on different dates , dependent on territory : July 29 , 2014 in North America ; July 30 , 2014 in Europe , Australia and New Zealand ; and August 1 , 2014 in the United Kingdom and Ireland . Jump up ^ The Last of Us shares its status as fifth - highest rated PlayStation 3 game on Metacritic with Red Dead Redemption ( 2010 ) , Portal 2 ( 2011 ) and LittleBigPlanet ( 2008 ) . The PlayStation 3 games that are rated higher than The Last of Us on Metacritic are Grand Theft Auto IV ( 2008 ) , Grand Theft Auto V ( 2013 ) , Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves ( 2009 ) and Batman : Arkham City ( 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Other games that remained atop the UK charts for six consecutive weeks include FIFA 12 ( 2011 ) and Call of Duty : Black Ops II ( 2012 ) . Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hamilton , Kirk ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` The Last of Us : The Kotaku Review '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2015 . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wells , Evan ( December 10 , 2011 ) . `` Naughty Dog Reveals The Last of Us at 2011 VGAs '' . PlayStation Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Naughty Dog and Area 5 ( February 24 , 2014 ) . Grounded : Making The Last of Us . Sony Computer Entertainment . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kietzmann , Ludwig ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us : Bricks , bottles and a few bullets '' . Joystiq . AOL . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yoon , Andrew ( May 20 , 2013 ) . `` A guide to crafting in The Last of Us '' . Shacknews . Gamerhub . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lavoy , Bill ( August 2014 ) . `` The Last of Us Remastered Beginners Tips '' . Prima Games . Random House . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , David ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` The Last Of Us review -- clicking together '' . Metro . DMG Media . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lavoy , Bill ( August 2014 ) . `` The Last of Us Remastered - All Optional Conversations - I Want to Talk About It '' . Prima Games . Random House . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Tony . `` The Last of Us Remastered - Collectibles guide '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Arne ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` Balance Of Power : Gameplay In The Last of Us '' . PlayStation Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us multiplayer detailed '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moriarty , Colin ( August 28 , 2013 ) . `` This Is The Last of Us ' New Multiplayer Mode '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Monacelli , Eric ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` How The Last of Us Remastered Enhances Multiplayer '' . PlayStation Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Watters , Chris ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` Something to Lose : The Pitfalls and Potential of Competitive Multiplayer '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` The Last of Us PS4 Gets Brutal Executions Not Possible on PS3 '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Naughty Dog ( June 14 , 2013 ) . The Last of Us . PlayStation 3 . Sony Computer Entertainment . ^ Jump up to : Hansen , Ben ( February 22 , 2012 ) . `` New Tricks : An Interview With Naughty Dog 's Co-Presidents '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2015 . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moriarty , Colin ( December 12 , 2011 ) . `` Naughty Dog Officially Split Into Two Teams '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Takahashi , Dean ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` What inspired The Last of Us ( interview ) '' . GamesBeat . VentureBeat . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2015 . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Triana , Joe ( July 13 , 2013 ) . `` The Philosophical Themes In The Last of Us '' . Gamasutra . UBM plc . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2015 . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , John ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Making The Last of Us ' Iconic Giraffe Scene '' . Control500 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2015 . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Takahashi , Dean ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` What inspired The Last of Us ? ( interview ) page 2 '' . VentureBeat . p. 2 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Matt ( March 3 , 2011 ) . `` Photos : `` Zombie '' Ants Found With New Mind - Control Fungi `` . National Geographic Society . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hanson , Ben ( February 20 , 2012 ) . `` Capturing Joel And Ellie For The Last Of Us '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2015 . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Robertson , Andy ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us : interview with Neil Druckmann and Ashley Johnson '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Edward ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us , Neil Druckmann and Less Being More '' . International Business Times . IBT Media . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2014 . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gera , Emily ( May 16 , 2012 ) . `` The Last of Us gets new trailer , reveals Ellie redesign '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Helgeson , Matt ( August 2013 ) . Stead , Chris , ed . `` Afterword : The Last of Us '' . Game Informer . CBS Interactive ( 45 ) : 32 -- 33 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Last Of Us : the definitive postmortem -- spoilers be damned - Page 2 of 3 '' . Edge . Future plc . June 18 , 2013 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2014 . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( June 23 , 2013 ) . `` Naughty Dog discusses sound and music in The Last of Us '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2015 . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Of Us : the definitive postmortem -- spoilers be damned '' . Edge . Future plc . June 18 , 2013 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Of Us : the definitive postmortem -- spoilers be damned - Page 3 of 3 '' . Edge . Future plc . June 18 , 2013 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2014 . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Will ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us ( 2013 ) '' . Art of the Title . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2015 . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Last of Us : An Interview with Naughty Dog '' . The Digital Fix . Poisonous Monkey Ltd . May 29 , 2013 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Moriarty , Colin ( February 13 , 2012 ) . `` Naughty Dog Talks Combat in The Last of Us '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Neonakis , Alexandria ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` How We Made The Last of Us 's Interface Work So Well '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2015 . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cullen , Johnny ( December 11 , 2011 ) . `` Naughty Dog 's The Last of Us announced at VGAs '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sinclair , Brendan ( December 10 , 2011 ) . `` Naughty Dog readies The Last of Us '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2014 . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , Liam ( December 31 , 2012 ) . `` Digital Spy 's most anticipated games of 2013 : Part two '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Corporation . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2015 . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( January 2 , 2013 ) . `` Developers ' Most Anticipated Games of 2013 '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2015 . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Taormina , Anthony ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` 2012 Spike Video Game Awards Nominees Announced '' . Game Rant . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2012 . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , Greg ( February 12 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us Delayed '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nichols , Scott ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Last of Us ' Special Editions coming to Europe , North America '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Corporation . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Monacelli , Eric ( May 28 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us : Pre-Order the Digital Edition & Season Pass , DLC Detailed '' . PlayStation Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` The Making of The Last of Us documentary now on YouTube '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , Greg ( December 9 , 2012 ) . `` The Last of Us Box Art , Preorder Bonuses '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Monacelli , Eric ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us -- Abandoned Territories Map Pack and patch 1.05 available tomorrow '' . PlayStation Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Monacelli , Eric ( November 4 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us Nightmare Bundle Available this Week '' . Naughty Dog . Sony Computer Entertainment . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` The Last of Us : Left Behind Release Date Confirmed '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Arne ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` The Last of Us : Left Behind launches as a standalone download this month '' . PlayStation Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2015 . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Monacelli , Eric ( April 16 , 2014 ) . `` The Last of Us : New Mode and Multiplayer DLC Detailed '' . PlayStation Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` The Last of Us Gets New DLC ; Some Fans Are n't Happy About It '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` The Last of Us : Game of the Year Edition Announced For PS3 '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2015 . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` E3 2014 : The Last of Us : Remastered PS4 Release Date Announced '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2015 . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mathé , Charlotte ; Reynolds , Matthew ( July 1 , 2014 ) . `` Games out this month : 10 biggest releases for July '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Corporation . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ LeJacq , Yannick ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` The Last Of Us Is Coming To The PS4 On July 30 '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ashraf , Jawad ( July 30 , 2014 ) . `` New on PlayStation Store : The Last of Us Remastered , Rogue Legacy , more '' . PlayStation Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` The Last of Us PS4 Development Began Ages Ago '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2015 . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moriarty , Colin ( April 9 , 2014 ) . `` The Last of Us Remastered : First Details , Pre-Order Info '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2015 . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Haywald , Justin ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` The Last of Us Remastered Devs Discuss Making 60fps the New Standard in Games '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2015 . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ GameCentral ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` The Last Of Us Remastered interview -- ' How much more immersive can this be ? ' '' . Metro . DMG Media . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2015 . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Last of Us for PlayStation 3 Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2015 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Andy . `` The Last of Us review : Survival horror masterpiece is Naughty Dog 's finest moment '' . Computer and Video Games . Future plc . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2013 . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Last of Us review '' . Edge . Future plc . June 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2013 . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Welsh , Oli ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` The Last of Us review '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2015 . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Helgeson , Matt ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` Naughty Dog 's Grim Masterpiece '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2015 . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mc Shea , Tom ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us Review '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2015 . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Moriarty , Colin ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us Review '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2015 . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mitchell , Richard ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us review : Humans , conditioned '' . Joystiq . AOL . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2015 . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Meikleham , David ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` The Last Of Us review SPOILER FREE - Naughty Dog 's latest masterpiece is apocalypse wow '' . PlayStation Official Magazine . Future plc . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2013 . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kollar , Philip ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us review : dead inside '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2015 . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hussain , Tamoor ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us review round - up : ' Easily Naughty Dog 's finest moment ' '' . Computer and Video Games . Future plc . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2013 . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best PlayStation 3 Video Games of All Time '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2015 . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sources that refer to The Last of Us being considered one of the most significant titles of the seventh generation of video games include : `` The Last of Us - # 3 Top Games of a Generation '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . June 4 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Robinson , Martin ( November 4 , 2013 ) . `` Eurogamer 's Games of the Generation : The top 50 '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Brian ( October 5 , 2014 ) . `` EDGE ranks the ten best games of the generation '' . Nintendo Everything . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` The Top Ten Games of the Generation '' . Hardcore Gamer . November 8 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Hoggins , Tom ( December 28 , 2013 ) . `` The 50 best games of the console generation : part two '' . The Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` CVG 's Games of the Generation 20 - 1 '' . Computer and Video Games . Future plc . January 1 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2014 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` Games of a Generation : Your Top 100 '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . June 4 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Turi , Tim ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Top 10 Action Games Of The Generation '' . Game Informer . GameStop . p. 2 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Juba , Joe ( July 18 , 2014 ) . `` Top 25 PlayStation 3 Games '' . Game Informer . GameStop . p. 5 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sources that list The Last of Us among the greatest video games of all time include : `` The 100 best games of all time '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . March 7 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` 1 . The Last of Us The 100 Greatest Video Games Of All Time '' . Empire . Bauer Media Group . August 15 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` The 20 best games of Edge 's lifetime '' . Edge . Future plc . November 15 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Moriarty , Colin ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` Colin Moriarty 's Top 25 Games of All Time '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . p. 4 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Levy , Karyne ; Smith , Dave ( November 15 , 2014 ) . `` The Top 50 Video Games Of All Time -- RANKED '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sterling , Jim ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` Review : The Last of Us '' . Destructoid . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2015 . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Ben ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` Necessary violence : The creators of The Last of Us defend its reliance on combat '' . Engadget . AOL . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2015 . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Agnello , Anthony John ( December 27 , 2013 ) . `` 2013 in Review : In The Last of Us , No Death is Meaningless '' . USGamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2015 . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stuart , Keith ( June 20 , 2012 ) . `` Does The Last of Us fetishise violence ? '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2015 . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Killingsworth , Jason ( June 24 , 2013 ) . `` Sexism sells ? The Last of Us begs to differ '' . Edge . Future plc . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gibson , Ellie ( July 5 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us is n't the solution to sexism in games , but it 's a start '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Petit , Carolyn ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us and Grading on the Gender Curve '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Suellentrop , Chris ( June 14 , 2013 ) . `` In the Video Game The Last of Us , Survival Favors the Man '' . The New York Times . Arthur Ochs Sulzberger , Jr . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Einhorn , Sam ( September 3 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us Has a Gay Character . Really ! '' . GayGamer.net . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The most intriguing new LGBT characters of 2013 '' . GLAAD . December 26 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Kirk ( February 17 , 2014 ) . `` Video Gaming 's Latest Breakthrough Moment '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Keza ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` The Significance of The Last of Us : Left Behind '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tassi , Paul ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Last of Us ' Has The Biggest Launch Of The Year With 1.3 M Sold '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Sony declares The Last of Us a success with over 3.4 million global sales '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ivan , Tom ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us is PS3 's fastest selling new franchise '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dutton , Fred ( October 7 , 2013 ) . `` PlayStation Store charts , September : GTA5 and Killzone Mercenary take top honours '' . PlayStation Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 100 best - selling video games of 2013 revealed '' . Metro . DMG Media . January 16 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2015 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dunning , Jason ( September 1 , 2014 ) . `` The Last of Us Remastered Crosses One Million Sold Worldwide '' . PlayStation LifeStyle . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Weber , Rachel ( July 22 , 2013 ) . `` 6 weeks on top for The Last of Us '' . Gamesindustry.biz . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ French , Michael ( June 17 , 2013 ) . `` UK CHARTS : The Last of US is No. 1 '' . Market for Home Computing and Video Games . Intent Media . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hillier , Brenna ( July 19 , 2013 ) . `` NPD June : The Last of Us , Animal crossing top charts '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Les Meilleures Ventes De Jeux Vidéo '' ( The Best Video Game Sales ) ( in French ) . SELL . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Entertainment Software ( All Prices ) , Week Ending 15 June 2013 '' . Chart - Track . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pugliese , Tommaso ( July 2013 ) . `` Le classifiche italiane per il mese di giugno '' ( The Italian charts for the month of June ) ( in Italian ) . Multiplayer.it . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GfK Dutch Game Charts '' ( in Dutch ) . NVPI . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swedish Games chart total , week 26 2013 '' . GfK . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2013 . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ranking de videojuegos más vendidos '' ( Ranking of top selling games ) . Española de Distribuidores y Editores de Software de Entretenimiento ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2013 . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 「 The Last of Us 」が 11 万 7000 本で 1 位に. 「ネプテューヌ PP 」「クマ・トモ」「さよなら海腹川背」なども発売された「週間販売ランキング + 」 '' ( `` The Last of Us '' is in first place in the 117 000 this . `` Neptunia PP '' , `` bear Tomo '' `` Goodbye Umihara Kawase '' , etc. were also released `` weekly sales rankings + '' ) . 4Gamer.net ( in Japanese ) . Aetas Inc . June 26 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dutton , Fred ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` The Last of Us and Tearaway take the BAFTAs by storm '' . PlayStation Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2015 . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Last of Us - GameSpot 's Best of E3 2012 Editors ' Choice Awards '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . June 4 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2013 . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hoggins , Tom ( June 9 , 2012 ) . `` E3 2012 : Best in show '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Electric Playground 's Best of E3 Winners '' . The Electric Playground . Greedy Productions Ltd . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EGM Presents : The Best of E3 2012 '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly . EGM Media , LLC . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Aziz , Hamza ( June 12 , 2012 ) . `` Destructoid 's Best of E3 2012 winners revealed ! '' . Destructoid . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Highest Rated Video Games for 2013 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Browse and Search Games -- Highest Rated Video Games for 2013 '' . GameRankings . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( February 1 , 2014 ) . `` Annie Awards : ' Frozen ' Wins Big Including Best Feature ; Miyazaki Gets Best Writing ; Spielberg Honored ; ' Futurama ' & ' Sofia ' Top TV ; ' Get A Horse ! ' Best Short '' . Deadline.com . Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Kyle ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` The people have spoken : The 2013 A.V. Club Readers ' Poll results '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion , Inc . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Karmali , Luke ( March 13 , 2014 ) . `` BAFTA Games Awards 2014 Winners Announced '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Rourke , Patrick ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Top video games of 2013 : What 's this year 's best game ? '' . Canada.com . Postmedia News . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Silver , Dan ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` Top games of 2013 : Five best video games to buy for Christmas '' . Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hoggins , Tom ( December 31 , 2013 ) . `` Telegraph Video Game Awards 2013 '' . The Daily Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Steven ( December 24 , 2013 ) . `` The winner of Destructoid 's 2013 Game of the Year '' . Destructoid . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 17th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards '' . Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences . February 7 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Escapist Awards - Game of the Year 2013 '' . The Escapist . January 11 , 2014 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Game of the year 2013 '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . January 21 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : GT 's Game of the Year ! . GameTrailers . January 10 , 2014 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pitcher , Jenna ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` The Last of Us cleans up at the 2014 Game Developer Choice Awards '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bischoff , Daniel ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` Game of the Year 2013 '' . Game Revolution . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Giant Bomb 's 2013 Game of the Year Awards : Day Five '' . Giant Bomb . CBS Interactive . December 27 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Good Game ( December 3 , 2013 ) . `` Good Game Stories - Award - Best Game '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Game of the Year Award '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 22 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Overall - IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . December 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ IGN Australia ( December 21 , 2013 ) . `` IGN AU 's Top 12 Games of 2013 '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Elise , Abigail ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` The Five Best Video Games of 2013 : Why We 'll Miss This Current Generation of Consoles '' . International Business Times . IBT Media . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Totilo , Stephen ( December 30 , 2013 ) . `` The Last of Us Is Kotaku 's Game of the Year '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Totilo , Stephen ( December 30 , 2013 ) . `` Pranksters Almost Voted An Erotic Game As Our Readers ' Game of the Year '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Allen , Thomas J. ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` 2013 NAVGTR Winners '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nunneley , Stephany ( January 11 , 2014 ) . `` VG247 Community Games of the Year '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Burns , Steven ( December 31 , 2013 ) . `` Game of the Year 2013 : - No. 1 : The Last of Us '' . VideoGamer.com . Pro-G Media Ltd . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PS3 Game of the Year 2013 Winner '' . GameSpot . December 13 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Best PS3 Game '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best PS3 Game - IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Edge awards 2013 : studio of the year '' . Edge . Future plc . December 30 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2013 . Retrieved January 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hussain , Tamoor ( October 26 , 2013 ) . `` Golden Joysticks 2013 : Full list of winners '' . Computer and Video Games . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2013 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Best Developer '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dane , Patrick ( December 7 , 2013 ) . `` ' Grand Theft Auto V ' Tops Spike VGX 2013 Award Winners List '' . Game Rant . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 The Troy Baker Award '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` WGA Award Winners & More -- 2014 Writers Guild Awards '' . Deadline.com . Penske Media Corporation . February 1 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Giant Bomb 's 2013 Game of the Year Awards : Day Two '' . Giant Bomb . CBS Interactive . December 24 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Best Story '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best PS3 Story - IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best Overall Sound - IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best PS3 Sound - IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Steven ( December 24 , 2013 ) . `` The winner of Destructoid 's best of 2013 visuals '' . Destructoid . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best PS3 Graphics - IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Overall Graphics - Technology - IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Best New IP '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Giant Bomb 's 2013 Game of the Year Awards : Day Three '' . Giant Bomb . CBS Interactive . December 25 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best PS3 Multiplayer Game - IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best PS3 Action - Adventure Game - IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Overall Action - Adventure Game - IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Winners of The Escapist Awards and Game of the Year Nominees '' . The Escapist . January 1 , 2014 . p. 6 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Best Action Game '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 19 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldfarb , Andrew ( October 12 , 2012 ) . `` The Last of Us Prequel Comic , Art Book Revealed '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2014 . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( July 21 , 2014 ) . `` The Last of Us will be performed on stage for just one night '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` Screen Gems to Distribute Sam Raimi - Produced The Last of Us Movie '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Watts , Steve ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` The Last of Us Movie to Have ' Big Changes ' '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2015 . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Naughty Dog 's Neil Druckmann Offers Updates on Uncharted , Last of Us Movies '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Producer Sam Raimi Says The Last of Us Movie Stuck at a ' Standstill ' '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2016 . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ben ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Maisie Williams on The Last of Us movie : ' It 's very , very early days ' '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Corporation . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Martin ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` Naughty Dog mulls The Last of Us 2 '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hussain , Tamoor ( September 23 , 2015 ) . `` The Last of Us 2 Was Prototyped But Naughty Dog Focused on Uncharted 4 For Now '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Druckmann , Neil ( December 3 , 2016 ) . `` The Last of Us Part II '' . PlayStation Blog . Sony Interactive Entertainment . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2016 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( December 3 , 2016 ) . `` The Last of Us Part 2 Announced '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2016 . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Martin ( December 3 , 2016 ) . `` Ellie is the lead character in The Last of Us Part 2 '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2016 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Chris ( December 3 , 2016 ) . `` In The Last of Us : Part 2 , You Play as Ellie '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` The Last of Us 2 Brings on Westworld Writer ; Story Described as `` Intense '' `` . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( December 4 , 2016 ) . `` The Last of Us 2 : Bruce Straley Not Returning to Direct '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Last of Us Official website The Last of Us on IMDb 2010s portal Horror portal Sony PlayStation portal Speculative fiction portal Video games portal Viruses portal Naughty Dog Video games Crash Bandicoot Crash Bandicoot ( 1996 ) Crash Bandicoot 2 : Cortex Strikes Back ( 1997 ) Crash Bandicoot : Warped ( 1998 ) Crash Team Racing ( 1999 ) Jak and Daxter Jak and Daxter : The Precursor Legacy ( 2001 ) Jak II ( 2003 ) Jak 3 ( 2004 ) Jak X : Combat Racing ( 2005 ) Uncharted Uncharted : Drake 's Fortune ( 2007 ) 2 : Among Thieves ( 2009 ) 3 : Drake 's Deception ( 2011 ) 4 : A Thief 's End ( 2016 ) The Lost Legacy ( 2017 ) The Last of Us The Last of Us ( 2013 ) Left Behind ( 2014 ) The Last of Us Part II ( TBA ) Other games Dream Zone ( 1987 ) Keef the Thief ( 1989 ) Rings of Power ( 1991 ) Way of the Warrior ( 1994 ) Remasters Jak and Daxter Collection ( 2012 ) The Last of Us Remastered ( 2014 ) Uncharted : The Nathan Drake Collection ( 2015 ) People Neil Druckmann Bruce Straley Andy Gavin Jason Rubin Tom Bissell Related Sony Interactive Entertainment ICE Team List The Last of Us Video games The Last of Us Left Behind Remastered The Last of Us Part II Other media Music The Last of Us : American Dreams Related articles Development of The Last of Us List of accolades received by The Last of Us Characters Ellie Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences D.I.C.E. Award for Game of the Year GoldenEye 007 ( 1997 ) The Legend of Zelda : Ocarina of Time ( 1998 ) The Sims ( 1999 ) Diablo II ( 2000 ) Halo : Combat Evolved ( 2001 ) Battlefield 1942 ( 2002 ) Call of Duty ( 2003 ) Half - Life 2 ( 2004 ) God of War ( 2005 ) Gears of War ( 2006 ) Call of Duty 4 : Modern Warfare ( 2007 ) LittleBigPlanet ( 2008 ) Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves ( 2009 ) Mass Effect 2 ( 2010 ) The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim ( 2011 ) Journey ( 2012 ) The Last of Us ( 2013 ) Dragon Age : Inquisition ( 2014 ) Fallout 4 ( 2015 ) Overwatch ( 2016 ) BAFTA Games Award for Best Game Call of Duty ( 2003 ) Half - Life 2 ( 2004 ) Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon Advanced Warfighter ( 2006 ) BioShock ( 2007 ) Super Mario Galaxy ( 2008 ) Batman : Arkham Asylum ( 2009 ) Mass Effect 2 ( 2010 ) Portal 2 ( 2011 ) Dishonored ( 2012 ) The Last of Us ( 2013 ) Destiny ( 2014 ) Fallout 4 ( 2015 ) Uncharted 4 : A Thief 's End ( 2016 ) Game Developers Choice Award for Game of the Year The Sims ( 2000 ) Grand Theft Auto III ( 2001 ) Metroid Prime ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Knights of the Old Republic ( 2003 ) Half - Life 2 ( 2004 ) Shadow of the Colossus ( 2005 ) Gears of War ( 2006 ) Portal ( 2007 ) Fallout 3 ( 2008 ) Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves ( 2009 ) Red Dead Redemption ( 2010 ) The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim ( 2011 ) Journey ( 2012 ) The Last of Us ( 2013 ) Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor ( 2014 ) The Witcher 3 : Wild Hunt ( 2015 ) Overwatch ( 2016 ) VIAF : 313250146 LCCN : n2015072076 BNF : cb16935263t ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_of_Us&oldid=808899064 '' Categories : 2013 video games Action - adventure games AIAS Game of the Year winners Cannibalism in fiction Horror video games Interactive Achievement Award winners LGBT - related video games Multiplayer and single - player video games Naughty Dog games PlayStation 3 games PlayStation 3 - only games Post-apocalyptic video games Sony Interactive Entertainment games Stealth video games Survival video games The Last of Us Video games about viral outbreaks Video games developed in the United States Video games featuring female antagonists Video games featuring female protagonists Video games set in 2013 Video games set in the 2030s Video games set in Colorado Video games set in Boston Video games set in Pennsylvania Video games set in Texas Video games set in Wyoming Video games set in Utah Video games using Havok Video games with downloadable content Video games with expansion packs Zombie video games Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Featured articles Use mdy dates from May 2014 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English کوردی Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 22 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Last%20of%20Us	707
when does episode 2 of game of thrones game come out			Game of Thrones ( season 2 )	game of thrones ( season 2 )	The second season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered in the United States on HBO on April 1 , 2012 , and concluded on June 3 , 2012 . It was broadcast on Sunday at 9 : 00 pm in the United States , consisting of 10 episodes , each running approximately 50 -- 60 minutes . The season mostly covers the events of A Clash of Kings , the second novel of the A Song of Ice and Fire series by George R.R. Martin , adapted for television by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . HBO ordered the second season on April 19 , 2011 , which began filming in July 2011 , primarily in Ireland , Northern Ireland , Croatia and Iceland .	The story takes place in a fictional world , primarily upon a continent called Westeros , with one storyline occurring on another continent to the east known as Essos . Like the novel , the season follows the dramatic death of Lord Eddard `` Ned '' Stark , with all of the Starks being separated across Westeros . Season two mainly centres around the war of the five kings , fought between the leaders of Westerosi factions who are either staking a claim on the Iron Throne , or seeking independence from it . Game of Thrones features a large ensemble cast , including Peter Dinklage , Lena Headey , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Michelle Fairley and Emilia Clarke . The season introduced a number of new cast members , including Stephen Dillane , Natalie Dormer , Carice van Houten and Liam Cunningham . Critics praised the show 's production values and cast . Viewership rose compared to the previous season . The second season won six of the eleven Emmy Awards for which it was nominated , it received a nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( Peter Dinklage ) and Outstanding Drama Series . U.S. viewership rose by approximately 8 % over the course of the season , from 3.9 million to 4.2 million by the season finale . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Episodes 3 Cast 3.1 Main cast 3.1. 1 Starring 3.1. 2 Also starring 3.2 Guest cast 3.2. 1 At and beyond the Wall 3.2. 2 In King 's Landing 3.2. 3 In the Stormlands 3.2. 4 On Dragonstone 3.2. 5 On the Iron Islands 3.2. 6 In the North 3.2. 7 In the Riverlands 3.2. 8 In the Riverlands 3.2. 9 In the Riverlands 3.2. 10 In Essos 4 Production 4.1 Crew 4.2 Casting 4.3 Locations 4.4 Music 4.5 Promotion 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 5.3 Accolades 6 Release 6.1 Broadcast 6.2 Home media 6.3 Copyright infringement 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) See also : Synopsis of A Song of Ice and Fire The Starks declare war on the Lannisters for the death of Ned and having won three victories , Robb Stark offers the Lannisters peace in exchange for the North 's independence , sending Theon Greyjoy to gain Balon Greyjoy 's support and Catelyn Stark to seek Renly Baratheon 's . Cersei Lannister rejects Robb 's terms . Meanwhile , Tyrion Lannister exiles Janos Slynt , head of the Gold Cloaks , to the Wall , promoting Bronn to commander of the watch . Catelyn arrives at King Renly 's camp to negotiate an alliance , and Brienne of Tarth wins the right to join Renly 's kings guard . Catelyn and Brienne witness Renly 's murder at the hands of dark magic sent by the ' Red Lady ' Melisandre , an emissary of Renly 's brother and rival claimant to the Iron Throne Stannis Baratheon . Catelyn and Brienne flee Renly 's camp and rejoin Robb 's army as Renly 's supporters switch their allegiance to Stannis . Meanwhile , Theon betrays the Starks by siding with his father and seizing Winterfell by force . Robb receives news of Theon 's plans and sends men to retake Winterfell , while inside the city the Starks ' allies form plans to sneak Bran and Rickon Stark out . Robb learns that his mother Catelyn has secretly freed Jaime Lannister , now escorted by Brienne of Tarth , in order to ransom her daughters Sansa and Arya ; he also enters into a romantic relationship with Volantene healer Talisa Maegyr . Yara Greyjoy arrives at Winterfell to bring Theon back to the Iron Islands , after his botched attempt to recapture the Stark boys . Tywin Lannister leaves Harrenhal , which allows Arya , Gendry and Hot Pie to make an escape with the help of the enigmatic Jaqen H'ghar . In King 's Landing , Cersei attempts to blackmail Tyrion by abducting the prostitute , Ros , whom Cersei believes to be his secret lover . Leading the defense against Stannis ' attack on King 's Landing , Tyrion destroys many of the attacking craft with an exploding ship full of wildfire , and is forced to lead a counterattack as King Joffrey Baratheon and his bodyguard Sandor Clegane each desert the battlefield . Stannis 's forces make it inside the castle , but Tyrion leads his men behind the Baratheon forces via underground tunnels and attacks . Baratheon is defeated when Tywin 's forces , aided by House Tyrell , arrive at King 's Landing shortly after . Following Khal Drogo 's death , Daenerys and the remnants of her khalasar find refuge in the city of Qarth , where they are taken in by the merchant Xaro Xhoan Daxos . However , Xaro conspires with the warlock Pyat Pree to kill most of Daenerys ' servants , kidnap her dragons and assume control of Qarth . Daenerys is lured into a showdown with Pyat Pree at the House of the Undying , where her dragons kill Pyat Pree . Daenerys seals Xaro in his own vault as punishment for his treachery and leaves Qarth with Jorah and her remaining servants . Whilst on a ranging beyond the Wall , Jon Snow captures a Wildling , Ygritte , who soon leads him into a trap where he himself is captured by Ygritte 's fellow wildlings . Amongst the wildlings ' prisoners is fellow ranger Qhorin Halfhand , who convinces Jon to kill him in order to gain the wildlings ' trust so he can get close to their leader , King - beyond - the - Wall Mance Rayder . The rest of the rangers set up camp at an ancient fortification , the Fist of the First Men , where they come under attack from an ancient enemy , the White Walkers . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 11 `` The North Remembers '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 01 ) 3.86 To Cersei 's dismay , Tyrion takes up his post as acting Hand at King 's Landing . At Dragonstone , Stannis proclaims allegiance to Melisandre 's new god and lays public claim to the Iron Throne , revealing Joffrey 's bastardy . The latter orders the soldiers to slaughter Robert 's bastards , one of whom named Gendry manages to escape King 's Landing along with Arya . Having won three victories , Robb offers the Lannisters peace in exchange for the North 's independence and Sansa 's return , sending Theon to gain the support of Balon , his father , and Catelyn to seek alliance with Renly , who also claims the throne . Beyond the Wall , the Night 's Watch finds shelter with Craster and his daughters / wives . In Essos , as her people slowly die in the Red Waste , Daenerys sends out riders for reconnaissance . 12 `` The Night Lands '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 08 ) 3.76 Returning to his home of Pyke after nine years as the Starks ' ward , Theon is reunited with his sister , Yara , and Balon , who despises Theon for his Northern ways and intends to win back his crown by force . Cersei rejects Robb 's terms and Tyrion exiles Slynt , head of the Gold Cloaks , to the Wall , promoting Bronn to commander of the watch . On the road to the Wall , Arya reveals her true identity to Gendry . North of the Wall , Tarly is approached by one of Craster 's daughters , Gilly , who is pregnant and fears for her unborn son ; Snow is reluctant to help her despite Tarly 's pleas . In the Red Waste , one of the horses returns to Daenerys with the severed head of its rider in a pouch , a message from one of her enemies . In Dragonstone , Davos , Stannis 's henchman , recruits the pirate Salladhor Saan to Stannis ' side , and the latter has sex with Melisandre to obtain the son his wife can not give him . Snow discovers that Craster sacrifices his sons to the White Walkers ; in response , Craster knocks Snow unconscious . 13 `` What Is Dead May Never Die '' Alik Sakharov Bryan Cogman April 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 15 ) 3.77 Catelyn arrives at Renly 's camp to negotiate an alliance , watching the female warrior Brienne of Tarth winning the right to join Renly 's guard . Renly has recently married Margaery , Loras 's sister , but refuses to have sex with her due to having feelings for Loras . In the Iron Islands , Balon makes a plan to attack the North , led by Yara . After burning a letter warning Robb of Balon 's impending attack , Theon re-joins the Greyjoys in a water - based ceremony . In King 's Landing , Tyrion crafts a plan to find who is in Cersei 's confidence ; finding it to be Pycelle , whom the former imprisons . Tyrion assigns his prostitute , Shae , as handmaiden to Sansa . Beyond the Wall , Craster demands the Night 's Watchmen leave . Snow finds out that Jeor already knew about Craster 's felonies . On the road to the wall , the band of Night 's Watch recruits are attacked by Lannister soldiers . Yoren is killed and Arya is taken prisoner . The latter states that Gendry was a boy already killed . 14 `` Garden of Bones '' David Petrarca Vanessa Taylor April 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 22 ) 3.65 Catelyn tries to convince the Baratheon brothers to abandon their quarrel and unite against the Lannisters ; but Stannis demands Renly submit to his command . Baelish visits her and offers a trade of Jaime for her daughters . Melisandre gives birth to a shadow creature . Sansa is abused by Joffrey in revenge for Robb 's victories . Tyrion intervenes and in return , Joffrey is cruel to the prostitutes Tyrion sends him as `` gifts '' . Tyrion releases Pycelle , but fires him from the Small Council . Tyrion also finds out about the incestuous relationship between Cersei and their cousin , Lancel , forcing the latter to spy on her by threatening to reveal it to Joffrey . Arya and Gendry are taken as captives to the castle of Harrenhal , where prisoners are tortured until death . Tywin arrives and stops the torture , picking her as his servant without knowing about her true identity . After her exhausting journey through the desert , Daenerys arrives at the gates of the prosperous city of Qarth , where Daxos , a member of the Council of Thirteen , convinces the others to let her caravan enter the city . 15 5 `` The Ghost of Harrenhal '' David Petrarca David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 29 ) 3.90 H'ghar , one of the three caged prisoners Arya saved , pledges to kill three people of her choosing in order to repay his debt to her . She accepts and first chooses the Tickler , the man who mortally tortured the captives . After Renly 's death at the hands of Melisandre 's shadowy assassin , Catelyn and Brienne , who are accused of the murder , are forced to flee from the camp . Excluding the Tyrells , Renly 's forces submit to Stannis . Brienne swears loyalty to Catelyn . Theon sails from Pyke prepared to prove that he is a true Ironborn , with plans to capture Winterfell while Robb is absent . Tyrion learns from Lancel about the Wildfire , a burning substance mass produced to destroy Stannis ' fleet and army during the upcoming siege . Tyrion takes control of the scheme . The Night 's Watch arrives at an ancient fortress called the Fist of the First Men , where Jeor allows Snow to join the team led by a veteran named Halfhand in order to kill the enemy leader . In Qarth , Daxos proposes marriage to Daenerys in exchange for providing her with the wealth to conquer the Seven Kingdoms . Jorah convinces her to gain the support of the Westerosi people instead . 16 6 `` The Old Gods and the New '' David Nutter Vanessa Taylor May 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 06 ) 3.88 Myrcella , Cersei 's daughter , is sent away from King 's Landing . Theon manages to take Winterfell and executes Cassel , a henchman , for insulting him . Osha , the captured wildling , helps Brandon and Rickon escape . Robb reunites with the healer Maegyr . At the Fist of the First Men , Snow captures a Wildling named Ygritte , but gets separated from his patrol when she tries to escape and he is forced to chase her . Joffrey incites a riot at King 's Landing , in which he is nearly killed and Sansa is nearly raped . Tywin allows Baelish to seek the allegiance of the Tyrells . An officer suspects Arya ; and she has H'ghar kill him . Robb receives news of Theon 's plans and sends men to retake Winterfell . At Qarth , Daenerys tries to procure a ship to take her people to Westeros , all the while keeping Daxos at bay . Daenerys ' dragons are stolen . 17 7 `` A Man Without Honor '' David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 13 ) 3.69 Theon begins tracking Brandon and Rickon . Tywin begins searching Harrenhal for the murderer . Ygritte continues her attempts to seduce Snow and , after a momentary lapse in Jon 's concentration , she escapes and leads him into a trap . Still shaken from the riot , Sansa is horrified when she awakens to find that she has had her first menstruation and can thus bear Joffrey 's children . Cersei warns her to love no one but her children , not even Joffrey . In Robb 's camp , a failed escape attempt by Jaime leaves a guard dead , with some soldiers seeking retribution . In Qarth , the warlock Pree reveals to Daenerys that he stole her dragons , but gives her the opportunity to reunite with them before slaughtering the Council of Thirteen and establishing Daxos as the king . Theon presents to Luwin and his subjects the charred corpses of two boys , claiming that he has tracked down and killed Brandon and Rickon . 18 8 `` The Prince of Winterfell '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 20 ) 3.86 Robb learns that Catelyn has secretly freed Jaime , now escorted by Brienne , in order to ransom Sansa and Arya ; he locks her in her tent and sends men to find them , also entering into a romantic relationship with Talisa . Yara arrives at Winterfell to bring Theon back to Pyke , blaming him for his actions . Tywin leaves Harrenhal to attack Robb , which leads Arya , Gendry and their friend Hot Pie to attempt an escape with the help of H'ghar , who agrees in order for Arya to refrain from naming H'ghar himself as the third man to kill . In King 's Landing , Cersei attempts to blackmail Tyrion by abducting the prostitute , Ros , whom the former believes to be his secret lover . On the way to King 's Landing , Stannis promises Seaworth to make him his Hand of the King . Beyond the Wall , the Wildling leader `` Rattleshirt '' leads the captured Snow and Halfhand to his king , Rayder . At the Fist of the First Men , the brothers of the Night 's Watch find a hidden cache of dragonglass . In Qarth , Jorah agrees to accompany Daenerys into the House of the Undying to retrieve her dragons . Brandon and Rickon are revealed to be alive and hiding in Winterfell . 19 9 `` Blackwater '' Neil Marshall George R.R. Martin May 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 27 ) 3.38 Baratheon 's fleet assaults King 's Landing . Leading the defense , Tyrion destroys many of the attacking ships with an exploding ship full of wildfire , forcing the former to attack on land . Sandor leads the defense outside the gate , but is defeated and returns inside , denouncing Joffrey and leaving . Joffrey also escapes . Tyrion convinces the Gold Cloaks to fight with him . Baratheon 's forces make it inside the castle , but Tyrion leads his men behind the Baratheon forces via underground tunnels and attacks . Cersei goes to the throne room with Tommen , intending to kill him . Shae convinces Sansa to go to her chamber , where Sandor offers to take her back to Winterfell ; but she decides to stay . As Tyrion is wounded and Cersei is about to poison Tommen , Tywin 's forces , joined by Loras , arrive and defeat Baratheon 's forces , with the latter forced to retreat . 20 10 `` Valar Morghulis '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 03 ) 4.20 Joffrey sets Sansa aside in favor of marrying Margaery while Tyrion fears for his and Shae 's safety now that Tywin has replaced him as Hand and relieved Bronn from his command . Melisandre gives Stannis a new hope . Brienne and Jaime are spotted by three Stark soldiers , whom she kills . Catelyn fails to dissuade Robb from marrying Talisa . In Qarth , Daenerys ventures into the House of the Undying and successfully retrieves her dragons , who kill Pree . She then seals Daxos inside his own vault and claims his wealth for herself . In Winterfell , Theon tries to convince his men to fight Robb 's army , but is knocked unconscious by them , who decide to leave . A dying Luwin convinces Brandon 's party to go to the Wall . Arya , having escaped Harrenhal with Hot Pie and Gendry , receives the gift of a valuable coin from H'ghar , who magically changes his face . North of the Wall , Halfhand forces Snow to kill him to prove his loyalty to the wildlings while an army of White Walkers surrounds the Fist of the First Men . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones characters Peter Dinklage ( Tyrion Lannister ) Lena Headey ( Cersei Lannister ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ( Jaime Lannister ) Michelle Fairley ( Catelyn Stark ) Emilia Clarke ( Daenerys Targaryen ) Iain Glen ( Jorah Mormont ) Aidan Gillen ( Petyr Baelish ) Kit Harington ( Jon Snow ) Richard Madden ( Robb Stark ) Main cast ( edit ) Starring ( edit ) Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister Nikolaj Coster - Waldau as Jaime Lannister Michelle Fairley as Catelyn Stark Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen Aidan Gillen as Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish Iain Glen as Jorah Mormont Kit Harington as Jon Snow Charles Dance as Tywin Lannister Liam Cunningham as Davos Seaworth Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark Richard Madden as Robb Stark Sophie Turner as Sansa Stark Maisie Williams as Arya Stark Alfie Allen as Theon Greyjoy John Bradley as Samwell Tarly Jack Gleeson as Joffrey Baratheon Rory McCann as Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Natalie Dormer as Margaery Tyrell Stephen Dillane as Stannis Baratheon Carice van Houten as Melisandre James Cosmo as Jeor Mormont Jerome Flynn as Bronn Conleth Hill as Varys Sibel Kekilli as Shae Also starring ( edit ) Jason Momoa as Khal Drogo Guest cast ( edit ) The recurring actors listed here are those who appeared in season 2 . They are listed by the region in which they first appear : At and beyond the Wall ( edit ) Simon Armstrong as Qhorin Halfhand Ben Crompton as Eddison Tollett Mark Stanley as Grenn Edward Dogliani as the Lord of Bones Rose Leslie as Ygritte Robert Pugh as Craster Hannah Murray as Gilly Ian Whyte & Ross Mullan as White Walkers In King 's Landing ( edit ) Callum Wharry as Tommen Baratheon Aimee Richardson as Myrcella Baratheon Julian Glover as Grand Maester Pycelle Dominic Carter as Janos Slynt Ian Beattie as Meryn Trant Eugene Simon as Lancel Lannister Wilko Johnson as Ilyn Payne Daniel Portman as Podrick Payne Tony Way as Dontos Hollard Roy Dotrice as Wisdom Hallyne Andrew Wilde as Tobho Mott Esmé Bianco as Ros Antonia Christophers as Mhaegen Sahara Knite as Armeca Maisie Dee as Daisy Josephine Gillan as Marei In the Stormlands ( edit ) Gethin Anthony as Renly Baratheon Gwendoline Christie as Brienne of Tarth Finn Jones as Loras Tyrell On Dragonstone ( edit ) Kerr Logan as Matthos Seaworth Lucian Msamati as Salladhor Saan Oliver Ford Davies as Maester Cressen On the Iron Islands ( edit ) Patrick Malahide as Balon Greyjoy Gemma Whelan as Yara Greyjoy Ralph Ineson as Dagmer Cleftjaw Forbes KB as Black Lorren David Coakley as Drennan In the North ( edit ) Art Parkinson as Rickon Stark Donald Sumpter as Maester Luwin Ron Donachie as Rodrik Cassel Peter Ballance as Farlen Kristian Nairn as Hodor Natalia Tena as Osha In the Riverlands ( edit ) Oona Chaplin as Talisa Maegyr Michael McElhatton as Roose Bolton John Stahl as Rickard Karstark Paul Caddell as Jacks Aidan Crowe as Quent Tyrone McElhennon as Torrhen Karstark In the Riverlands ( edit ) Fintan McKeown as Amory Lorch Ian Gelder as Kevan Lannister Ian Whyte as Gregor Clegane Karl Davies as Alton Lannister Anthony Morris as the Tickler Andy Kellegher as Polliver David Fynn as Rennick In the Riverlands ( edit ) Francis Magee as Yoren Joe Dempsie as Gendry Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie Eros Vlahos as Lommy Greenhands Tom Wlaschiha as Jaqen H'ghar Andy Beckwith as Rorge Gerard Jordan as Biter In Essos ( edit ) Nonso Anozie as Xaro Xhoan Daxos Ian Hanmore as Pyat Pree Nicholas Blane as the Spice King Slavko Juraga as the Silk King Laura Pradelska as Quaithe Steven Cole as Kovarro Elyes Gabel as Rakharo Roxanne McKee as Doreah Amrita Acharia as Irri Production ( edit ) HBO ordered a second season of Game of Thrones on April 19 , 2011 , two days after the series premiere . The second season obtained a 15 % increase in budget in order to be able to stage the war 's most important battle , the Battle of the Blackwater , in episode nine . Filming took place during 106 shooting days . During three - quarters of those , two crews ( `` Dragon '' and `` Wolf '' ) were working simultaneously in different locations . Crew ( edit ) David Benioff and D.B. Weiss serve as main writers and showrunners for the second season . They co-wrote six out of ten episodes . The remaining four episodes were written by story editor Bryan Cogman , A Song of Ice and Fire author George R.R. Martin , and new series writer and co-executive producer Vanessa Taylor , who wrote two episodes . Alan Taylor was promoted to co-executive producer and directed four episodes , including the season premiere and finale . David Petrarca and David Nutter each directed two episodes , while series cinematographer Alik Sakharov and filmmaker Neil Marshall directed the remaining two . Casting ( edit ) The casting for the second season began in May 2011 . Although a large portion of the first - season cast were returning , the producers were still faced with a huge number of new characters to be cast . The producers decided that several characters from A Clash of Kings , including the Freys and Crannogmen Reeds at Winterfell , Frey bannermen of the Starks , the Tullys , Stannis ' wife and daughter , Theon 's uncle Aeron Greyjoy and the bastard Ramsay Snow would not be cast despite appearing in the novel . Showrunners David Benioff and D.B. Weiss commented on this saying that certain character introductions taking place in A Clash of Kings would be delayed until the third season . This was done due to the large number of characters already introduced in season two , and because they could n't afford to have people `` waiting around '' for their characters to become central to the plot . Having to fill so many speaking roles , the showrunners not only `` postponed '' the introduction of several key characters , but they also merged some into one , or certain plot - functions were given to different characters . Many physical traits were also altered , such as the ethnicity or age of characters . The cast was estimated to be the largest on television . Scattered around two fictional continents characters include , by order of importance : Stephen Dillane ( Stannis Baratheon ) Carice van Houten ( Melisandre ) Emerging as the fourth claimant to the throne is the estranged brother of the late king Robert , Stannis Baratheon ( Stephen Dillane ) . The foreign priestess Melisandre , portrayed by Carice van Houten poses as an influential , yet manipulative advisor to Stannis. Van Houten was previously asked ( but unable ) to audition for the role of Cersei in season one . While her character retains her signature red robes and hair , unlike in the novels Melisandre is not portrayed as having red eyes , making her appear somewhat more human . Liam Cunningham stars as Ser Davos Seaworth , the `` Onion Knight '' , a bannerman of Stannis and a former smuggler . Cunningham had already been in talks for a role in the first season . As he is left - handed , his Davos has the fingers of the right hand shortened , unlike in the novels where his left hand is crippled . In an interview , Cunningham said that a lot of new dialogue had to be written for his character , because in the novels Davos , a point - of - view character , is portrayed more through his thoughts than through his actions . These three characters headed a new storyline set on a different location , that by the end of the season merged with the main plot . Theon Greyjoy ( Alfie Allen ) , a main cast member from the first season , but with lesser importance than the others , came to prominence during the second season , as his story unfolded and his character became more central . Gemma Whelan appeared as his sister , Yara Greyjoy . Named `` Asha '' in the novels , the character 's name was changed to avoid confusion with the Wildling Osha , Bran Stark 's companion . `` Asha '' is portrayed as a fairly provocative and independent woman , a captain of thirty ships , as opposed to her television counterpart Yara , who did not retain `` Asha 's '' traits , although her rivalry with Theon remained intact . Their father Balon Greyjoy was played by Patrick Malahide . Many of the characters involved in the Greyjoys ' storyline were n't introduced , most notably Balon 's brother Aeron Greyjoy . Nonetheless , the storyline received enormous praise , with the alternation of Yara 's name and persona being the only criticism . Tom Wlaschiha is cast as Jaqen H'ghar , a mysterious prisoner who develops a murderous relationship with young Arya Stark ( Maisie Williams ) . Wlaschiha 's pronunciation of his character 's name , Jack - in , was adopted for use in the show . Natalie Dormer , best known for her portrayal as seductive Anne Boleyn in Showtime 's The Tudors , was cast in a similar role as Margaery Tyrell , a noblewoman and the wife of the third claimant to the throne , Renly Baratheon . Gwendoline Christie played , to much praise , Brienne of Tarth , a female warrior who joins Renly Baratheon 's guard , but later becomes a follower of Catelyn Stark . To prepare for the role , Christie took up an intense training regimen , adding over a stone ( 6.4 kg ) of muscle mass . So that she could be mistaken for a man , her armor was decorated with lines that slant away from her hips . On the other side of the fictional world , two female roles with rising prominence were added to the cast : Skins star Hannah Murray filled the role of Craster 's daughter Gilly , a love interest to Samwell Tarly ; while the second role , the one of Ygritte , Jon Snow 's love interest among the Wildlings , was played by Rose Leslie . Daenerys Targaryen 's ( Emilia Clarke ) stay at Qarth , opened the way for several recurring characters . Nonso Anozie played Daenerys 's host at Qarth , Xaro Xhoan Daxos . The character differed a lot from his novel counterpart . Xaro 's homosexuality , femininity and caucasian origin were overshadowed by dark skinned Anozie 's masculinity and heterosexuality . Acting as one of her suitors is the treacherous warlock Pyat Pree portrayed by Ian Hanmore . Her third and final suitor was the masked priestess Quaithe ( Laura Pradelska ) . Specially created for the television series was the so - called `` Spice King '' , a rich merchant from Qarth , played by Nicholas Blane . Also an original creation of the show is the character of Talisa ( Oona Chaplin ) , a healer from Volantis and a romantic interest for Robb . She fills the role of another female interest of Robb 's , called Jeyne Westerling , who has no similarities with Talisa whatsoever . In addition to Talisa , Michael McElhatton joins the cast in the role of Roose Bolton , an important character in Robb Stark 's storyline . Lastly , Simon Armstrong plays the legendary Night 's Watch ranger Qhorin Halfhand . Others were also added to the cast , either in a small recurring role or with reduced prominence . The most notable example is Tony Way 's Ser Dontos Hollard , a drunkard knight , who had a pivotal role in Sansa Stark 's storyline that ran in the course of two novels , while in the series the role was reduced to a small scene in the opening episode . Others include : Ben Crompton as `` Dolorous Edd '' Tollet , a man of the Night 's Watch . Robert Pugh as the Wildling Craster , father and husband to Gilly . Kerr Logan as Davos Seaworth 's pious son Matthos . Karl Davies as Ser Alton Lannister , a character created for the series who replaces Cleos Frey as envoy from the Starks to the Lannisters . Daniel Portman took the role of Podrick Payne , the squire to Tyrion Lannister . The 19 - year - old Portman plays Podrick as about 16 years old , instead of about 12 as in the novels . To be able to portray Podrick as awkward , shy and weak , Portman , previously a sportsman , stopped his fitness regimen and gained some weight to appear more endearing . Lucian Msamati played Salladhor Saan , a Lysene pirate and friend of Davos Seaworth . Finally , Edward Dogliani appeared briefly as the `` Lord of Bones '' ( or `` Rattleshirt '' in the novels ) , a Wildling leader and Oliver Ford Davies as Stannis 's maester Cressen . All of the recurring characters from the first season returned , with one notable exception : Conan Stevens , whose role of Gregor Clegane was recast with Ian Whyte , did not return . Roy Dotrice , a friend of George R.R. Martin , known for reading the audio versions of the novels and having previously rejected a role due to health reasons , appears this season as Pyromancer Hallyne , an elderly alchemist at King 's Landing . Locations ( edit ) The walled city of Dubrovnik stands in for King 's Landing in season 2 For the second season , the city of Dubrovnik , Croatia , was used instead of Malta for scenes in King 's Landing and Daenerys ' scenes in Qarth . For example , the Minčeta Tower in Dubrovnik was used as the House of the Undying . Scenes set north of the Wall were filmed in Iceland in November 2011 . The main locations are the Vatnajökull glacier , the Svínafellsjökull glacier near Skaftafell , and the Mýrdalsjökull glacier near Vik used as the location for the Fist of the First Men with Höfðabrekka as the Frostfang Mountains . New shooting locations in Northern Ireland include The Linen Mill Film & Television Studios in Banbridge , Ballintoy Harbour and Downhill Strand . As the story in the second season required that the Winterfell set be expanded , a new set for Winterfell was built at the Moneyglass Estate near Toome village . Music ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones : Season 2 ( soundtrack ) The music for the second season , again composed by Ramin Djawadi , was published as a soundtrack album in June 2012 . It contains a rendition of a song often mentioned or sung in the novels , The Rains of Castamere , by the indie rock band The National . The soundtrack for the season was released on June 19 , 2012 . Promotion ( edit ) HBO released numerous teaser trailers for the second season , beginning on December 11 , 2011 . The second trailer , published on January 29 , 2012 , was viewed 3.5 million times in the first three days after publication , a record for HBO promotional content . Other trailers were released on February 24 , March 3 ( set to Florence and the Machine 's Seven Devils ) as well as subsequently . HBO also published other promotional material , such as cast photographs and teaser posters , prior to the airing of the first episode . The second issue of Entertainment Weekly in March 2012 had four alternative covers dedicated to in - costume photographs of Peter Dinklage ( Tyrion ) , Emilia Clarke ( Daenerys ) , Kit Harington ( Jon Snow ) or Nikolaj Coster - Waldau and Lena Headey ( Jaime and Cersei Lannister ) . Reception ( edit ) Thanks to the critical and commercial success of the first season , as well as HBO 's marketing efforts , the second season received intensive media coverage well before it started airing . Sunday is Coming , a two - minute short film for Funny or Die , satirized viewers ' excitement about the return of Game of Thrones . Critical response ( edit ) Several media outlets reviewed the season 's first four episodes before they were broadcast , and rendered almost uniformly positive verdicts . The season holds a Metacritic score of 90 out of 100 , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , the second season has a 96 % approval rating from 33 critics with an average rating of 8.9 out of 10 ; the season also received a 96 % average episode score . Entertainment Weekly rated the new season `` A - '' and praised the `` vivid , vital , and just plain fun '' storytelling . In the reviewer 's opinion , the greatly enlarged cast did not feel like bloat and the show remained accessible to those who had not read the novel . The Huffington Post called the start of the second season `` far more elegant and engaging '' than that of the first , and appreciated the show 's maturation , increased assurance and momentum as well as the visually improved settings and the new actors ' performance . Newsday 's review gave it an `` A + '' , calling it the `` best show on television '' and warranting the preparation required by viewers . The Hollywood Reporter also wrote that Game of Thrones made a `` strong case for being one of TV 's best series '' . Impressed that the series continued to improve in quality as it breathed life into its vast web of interconnected storylines , the reviewer considered that , unlike other genre shows , Game of Thrones had gravitas such that it should not be considered dramatically inferior to shows like Mad Men or Breaking Bad . HitFix 's Alan Sepinwall gave the new , `` bigger and better '' season an `` A '' , praising its increased confidence and smoothness despite its even greater use of `` sexposition '' . New to the series , the Chicago Sun - Times 's reviewer found the season premiere `` engrossing '' and praised the `` top - notch '' acting , writing , sets and storytelling . The New York Times was the only major publication to publish a mixed review . It criticized the lack of complexity in the characters apart from Dinklage 's , the confusing multitude of characters and the meandering plot . Game of Thrones ( season 2 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 2 ( 2012 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings ( edit ) Game of Thrones : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Average 2.22 2.20 2.44 2.45 2.58 2.44 2.40 2.72 2.66 3.04 2.52 3.86 3.76 3.77 3.65 3.90 3.88 3.69 3.86 3.38 4.20 3.80 4.37 4.27 4.72 4.87 5.35 5.50 4.84 5.13 5.22 5.39 4.97 6.64 6.31 6.59 6.95 7.16 6.40 7.20 7.17 6.95 7.09 6.84 5 8.00 6.81 6.71 6.82 6.56 6.24 5.40 7.01 7.14 8.11 6.88 6 7.94 7.29 7.28 7.82 7.89 6.71 7.80 7.60 7.66 8.89 7.69 7 10.11 9.27 9.25 10.17 10.72 10.24 12.07 N / A 10.26 Source : Nielsen Media Research Accolades ( edit ) See also : List of awards and nominations received by Game of Thrones The second season was nominated for 11 Primetime Emmy Awards , which included Outstanding Drama Series and Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for Peter Dinklage . It won six awards , for , Outstanding Costumes for a Series , Outstanding Art Direction for a Single - Camera Series , Outstanding Makeup for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) , Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series , Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( One - Hour ) , and Outstanding Special Visual Effects . Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2012 AFI Awards AFI TV Award Game of Thrones Won Artios Awards Outstanding Achievement in Casting -- Television Series Drama Nina Gold Nominated ASCAP Awards Top Television Series Ramin Djawadi Won Portal Award Best Actor Peter Dinklage Nominated Best Actress Lena Headey Won Best Supporting Actor Aidan Gillen Nominated Best Supporting Actress Michelle Fairley Nominated Maisie Williams Won Best Episode Ghost of Harrenhal Nominated Best Series Game of Thrones Won Best Young Actor Jack Gleeson Nominated Maisie Williams Won EWwy Award Best Supporting Actress , Drama Lena Headey Won 64th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series David Benioff , D.B. Weiss , Frank Doelger , Carolyn Strauss , George R.R. Martin , Vanessa Taylor , Alan Taylor , Guymon Casady , Vince Gerardis and Bernadette Caulfield Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated 64th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Art Direction for a Single - Camera Series Gemma Jackson , Frank Walsh , and Tina Jones for `` Garden of Bones '' , `` The Ghost of Harrenhal '' and `` A Man Without Honor '' Won Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Nina Gold and Robert Sterne Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Series Michele Clapton , Alexander Fordham , and Chloe Aubry for `` The Prince of Winterfell '' Won Outstanding Creative Achievement in Interactive Media HBO Nominated Outstanding Hairstyling for a Single - Camera Series Kevin Alexander , Candice Banks , Rosalia Culora , and Gary Machin for `` The Old Gods and the New '' Nominated Outstanding Makeup for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) Paul Engelen and Melissa Lackersteen for `` The Old Gods and the New '' Won Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series , Miniseries , Movie or a Special Paul Engelen , Conor O'Sullivan , and Rob Trenton for `` Valar Morghulis '' Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series Peter Brown , Kira Roessler , Tim Hands , Paul Aulicino , Stephen P. Robinson , Vanessa Lapato , Brett Voss , James Moriana , Jeffrey Wilhoit , and David Klotz for `` Blackwater '' Won Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Drama Series ( 1 hour ) Matthew Waters , Onnalee Blank , Ronan Hill , and Mervyn Moore for `` Blackwater '' Won Outstanding Special Visual Effects Rainer Gombos , Juri Stanossek , Sven Martin , Steve Kullback , Jan Fiedler , Chris Stenner , Tobias Mannewitz , Thilo Ewers , and Adam Chazen for `` Valar Morghulis '' Won 2nd Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated Hollywood Post Alliance Awards Outstanding Visual Effects -- Television `` The Prince of Winterfell '' Won Golden Nymph awards Outstanding International Producer David Benioff , Frank Doelger , Carolyn Strauss and D.B. Weiss Won Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series Emilia Clarke Nominated Lena Headey Nominated Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated Kit Harington Nominated British Society of Cinematographers Best Cinematography in a Television Drama Sam McCurdy for `` Blackwater '' Nominated 17th Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Peter Dinklage Nominated Best Television Series -- Drama Game of Thrones Nominated IGN Awards Best TV Episode Blackwater Won Best TV DVD or Blu - ray For the complete first season on Blu - ray Won Best TV Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best TV Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best TV Villain Jack Gleeson as Joffrey Baratheon Nominated IGN People 's Choice Award Best TV Episode Blackwater Won Best TV Drama Series Game of Thrones Won Best TV Villain Jack Gleeson as Joffrey Baratheon Won Best TV DVD or Blu - ray For the complete first season on Blu - ray Won Best TV Series Game of Thrones Won 28th TCA Awards Program of the Year Game of Thrones Won Individual Achievement in Drama Peter Dinklage Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Gold Derby TV Awards 2012 Best Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best Drama Supporting Actor Peter Dinklage Nominated Best Drama Supporting Actress Lena Headey Nominated Breakthrough Performer of the Year Maisie Williams Nominated Ensemble of the Year The cast of Game of Thrones Nominated 2013 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Thriller Show Game of Thrones Nominated ADG Excellence in Production Design Award One - Hour Single Camera Television Series Gemma Jackson for `` The Ghost of Harrenhal '' Won American Society of Cinematographers Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in One - Hour Episodic Television Series Kramer Morgenthau for `` The North Remembers '' Won SFX Awards Best Actress Emilia Clarke Won Best Actress Lena Headey Nominated Best Actor Peter Dinklage Nominated NewNowNext Awards Cause You 're Hot Richard Madden Nominated British Academy Television Awards International Game of Thrones Nominated Radio Times Audience Award Game of Thrones Won Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Period / Fantasy Television Series Game of Thrones Nominated Cinema Audio Society Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing -- Television Series -- One Hour Ronan Hill , Onnalee Blank , Mathew Waters , and Brett Voss for `` Blackwater '' Nominated Dorian Awards TV Drama of the Year Game of Thrones Nominated 10th Irish Film & Television Awards Best Television Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Best Director of Photography P.J. Dillon Nominated Best Sound Ronan Hill , Mervyn Moore Nominated Astra Awards Favourite Program -- International Drama Game of Thrones Won Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing -- Long Form Dialogue and ADR in Television Game of Thrones for `` Valar Morghulis '' Won Best Sound Editing -- Long Form Sound Effects and Foley in Television Game of Thrones for `` Valar Morghulis '' Won Best Sound Editing -- Short Form Dialogue and ADR in Television Game of Thrones for `` Blackwater '' Nominated Best Sound Editing -- Short Form Music in Television Game of Thrones for `` Blackwater '' Nominated Best Sound Editing -- Short Form Sound Effects and Foley in Television Game of Thrones for `` Blackwater '' Nominated Hugo Awards Best Dramatic Presentation , Short Form Neil Marshall ( director ) and George R.R. Martin ( writer ) for `` Blackwater '' Won Producers Guild Awards `` The Norman Felton Award for Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television , Drama '' David Benioff , Bernadette Caulfield , Frank Doelger , Carolyn Strauss , D.B. Weiss Nominated Saturn Award Best Television Presentation Game of Thrones Nominated 19th Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Action Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series Rob Cooper , Jamie Edgell , Dave Fisher , Dave Forman , Paul Herbert , Michelle McKeown , Sian Miline , Jimmy O'Dee , Domonkos Pardanyi , Marcus Shakesheff , CC Smiff , and Mark Southworth Won Visual Effects Society Outstanding Animated Character in a Commercial or Broadcast Program Irfan Celik , Florian Friedmann , Ingo Schachner , Chris Stenner for `` Training the Dragons '' Won Outstanding Compositing in a Broadcast Program Falk Boje , Esther Engel , Alexey Kuchinsky , Klaus Wuchta for `` White Walker Army '' Won Outstanding Created Environment in a Commercial or Broadcast Program Rene Borst , Thilo Ewers , Adam Figielski , Jonas Stuckenbrock for `` Pyke '' Won Outstanding Visual Effects in a Broadcast Program Rainer Gombos , Steve Kullback , Sven Martin , Juri Stanossek for `` Valar Morghulis '' Won Writers Guild of America Awards Television Drama Series David Benioff , Bryan Cogman , George R.R. Martin , Vanessa Taylor , D.B. Weiss Nominated Young Artist Award Best Performance in a TV Series -- Supporting Young Actor Isaac Hempstead - Wright Nominated Best Performance in a TV Series -- Supporting Young Actress Sophie Turner Nominated Best Performance in a TV Series -- Supporting Young Actress Maisie Williams Nominated IGN Awards Best TV DVD or Blu - ray For the complete second season on Blu - ray Nominated Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The second season of Game of Thrones was broadcast on HBO in the United States from April 1 , 2012 to June 3 , 2012 . Home media ( edit ) DVD / Blu - ray box sets and digital downloads of the second season were released in North America on February 19 , 2013 . The DVD set contains a 30 - minute feature covering the production of the episode `` Blackwater '' , actor interviews , character profiles , twelve audio commentaries by cast and crew , and a discussion about Westerosi religions by the showrunners and George R.R. Martin . The Blu - ray set additionally contains a feature about the `` War of the Five Kings '' that breaks out in season two , as well as 19 animated histories of the mythology of Westeros and Essos . Game of Thrones : The Complete Second Season Set details Special features Format : AC - 3 , Blu - ray , DTS Surround Sound , Dubbed , NTSC , Subtitled , Widescreen Language : English , French , Castilian , Czech , Hungarian , Polish , Spanish Subtitles : English , Castilian , Spanish , Czech , Danish , Dutch , Finnish , French , Hebrew , Hungarian , Norwegian , Polish , Portuguese , Romanian , Serbian , Swedish , Turkish 16 : 9 aspect ratio 5 - disc set , 10 episodes `` Creating the Battle of Blackwater Bay '' : A 30 - minute feature including new footage from the set and interviews . `` Game of Thrones : Inner Circle '' : Interviews with several cast member to talk about their experiences shooting season two , moderated by executive producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . `` The Religions of Westeros '' : George R.R. Martin , David Benioff and D.B. Weiss discuss the competing religions in the series and how they influence the various characters in Westeros and beyond . `` Character Profiles '' : Profiles of seven major characters as described by the actors portraying them including Renly Baratheon , Stannis Baratheon , Robb Stark , Theon Greyjoy and more . Twelve audio commentaries by , among others , Benioff , Weiss , Martin , Clarke , Dinklage , Harington and more . Blu - ray exclusive : `` War of the Five Kingss '' : Track the claims , strategies and key players involved in the battle for the Iron Throne with this interactive guide that follows the movements of various armies detailing their victories and defeats . `` Histories & Lore '' : 19 animated histories detailing the mythology of Westeros and Essos as told from the varying perspectives of the characters themselves and featuring , in - part , illustrations from Game of Thrones storyboard artist Will Simpson . `` In - Episode Guide '' : In - feature resource that provides background information about on - screen characters , locations and relevant histories . `` Hidden Dragon Eggs '' , easter eggs . DVD release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 February 19 , 2013 March 4 , 2013 March 6 , 2013 Copyright infringement ( edit ) The second season of Game of Thrones was the most - pirated TV series in 2012 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Returns To Series High ; + ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' The Killing ' , ' Mad Men , ' Army Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Leads + Atlanta ' Housewives , ' ' Mad Men , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' The Client List ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 17 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones , ' + ' Real Housewives ATL ' ' Mad Men , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones , ' + ' Real Housewives ATL ' ' Mad Men , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Rises , Ties NBA Playoffs + ' Real Housewives , ' ' The Client List , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs + ' Game of Thrones ' , ' The Client List ' , ' Army Wives , ' ' Khloe & Lamar ' , ' Mad Men ' + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game Of Thrones ' Tops , ' Real Housewives NJ , ' ' The Client List , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' Army Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs , + ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Ax Men ' , ' The Client List ' , ' Sister Wives ' , + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 30 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night , ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Girls ' , ' Pawn Stars ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 5 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs + ' Game of Thrones ' Finale , MTV Movie Awards , ' Sister Wives ' , ' The Glades ' , ' Longmire ' + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emmy ( R ) and Golden Globe - Winning HBO Series `` Game of Thrones '' Begins Its Second Season April 1 '' ( Press release ) . HBO . March 13 , 2012 . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` HBO renews ' Game of Thrones ' for second season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` This Week 's Cover : ' Game of Thrones , ' the battle to make season 2 epic '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 18 , 2012 . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jurgensen , Josh ( March 3 , 2012 ) . `` A Bigger , Pricier ' Game of Thrones ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Baltes , Alan ( May 2011 ) . `` HBO hit series ' Game of Thrones ' Season 2 casting call and auditions '' . TVShowAuditions.info blog . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with David Benioff and Dan Weiss '' . Westeros.org. April 9 , 2012 . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' scoop : Season 3 character list revealed -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 19 , 2011 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' casts sorceress Melisandre and Stannis Baratheon '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` Game of Thrones Newbie Carice Van Houten On Joining the Show , Her Movie Black Butterflies , and Nude Scenes '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nededog , Jethro ( July 19 , 2011 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Casts Liam Cunningham as Davos Seaworth '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lash , Jolie ( February 1 , 2012 ) . `` Access Countdown To ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 2 : Q&A Liam Cunningham Talks Davos Seaworth '' . Access Hollywood . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( August 2 , 2011 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' casts Theon 's fierce sister '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick Malahide cast as Balon Greyjoy '' . WinterIsComing.net . August 24 , 2011 . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Tom Wlaschiha is Jaqen H'ghar '' . WinterIsComing.net . August 3 , 2011 . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Access Countdown To ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 2 Q&A : Tom Wlaschiha Talks Jaqen H'ghar '' . Access Hollywood . March 1 , 2012 . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 23 , 2011 ) . `` ' Tudors ' star joins ' Game of Thrones ' cast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 8 , 2011 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' casts fan favorite Brienne '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ( April 12 , 2012 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Gwendoline Christie : ' I 'm similar to Brienne ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Elist , Jasmine ( March 26 , 2012 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : The costumes '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Does Hannah Murray have flower power ? Yes ! '' . WinterIsComing.net . August 8 , 2011 . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' casts wild beauty Ygritte '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lash , Jolie ( August 2 , 2011 ) . `` Two New Faces Join ' Game of Thrones ' Season 2 '' . Access Hollywood . Access Hollywood . Retrieved August 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Crompton fits . But why is he so sad ? '' . WinterIsComing.net . August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Masters , Megan ( August 11 , 2011 ) . `` Eureka 's Extra Hour , Roseanne 's ( Scripted ) TV Return & Thrones Casting '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Elio ( August 2 , 2011 ) . `` Meet Xaro Xhoan Daxos '' . westeros.org . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lash , Jolie ( August 8 , 2011 ) . `` ' Skins ' UK Star & Former British Soap Actor Join ' Game of Thrones ' Season 2 '' . Access Hollywood . NBCUniversal . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lash , Jolie ( August 24 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive : Tyrion Lannister 's Squire , Podrick Payne , Cast For ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Access Hollywood . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lash , Jolie ( February 8 , 2012 ) . `` Access Countdown To ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 2 : Q&A Daniel Portman Talks Podrick Payne '' . Access Hollywood . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Masters , Megan ( July 20 , 2011 ) . `` South Park Lives , Ringer Nabs Dexter Baddie , Thrones Castings , and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ( September 13 , 2011 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' adds Fintan McKeown , Ian Whyte to cast '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Roy Dotrice is Pyromancer Hallyne '' . WinterIsComing.net . August 7 , 2011 . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dubrovnik filming locations revealed '' . WinterIsComing.net . August 21 , 2011 . Retrieved August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Iceland filming location revealed '' . WinterIsComing.net . October 28 , 2011 . Retrieved October 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , Oliver ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Iceland 's most spectacular Game of Thrones filming locations '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Iceland in Pictures '' . February 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 44 incredible Game of Thrones locations '' . Skyscanner. April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gallery : Amazing pictures of Antrim 's Game of Thrones set '' . TheJournal.ie . August 5 , 2011 . Retrieved August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cogman , Bryan ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Chapter II : Winterfell '' . Inside HBO 's Game of Thrones . Gollancz . ASIN B00P187U0Y . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 2 Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter . May 24 , 2012 . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 2 ( Music from the HBO Series ) '' . iTunes . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Banks , Dave ( December 12 , 2011 ) . `` Cold Winds Are Rising in New Game of Thrones Teaser '' . Wired . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Moore , Ben ( February 1 , 2012 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' season 2 trailer debuts online '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 1 , 2012 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' trailer shatters HBO records '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( February 25 , 2012 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 2 : New Trailer Previews Comets , Dragons and War ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 3 , 2012 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' new trailer : It 's war ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( February 10 , 2012 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Photos Unveil New Characters '' . MTV . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( March 15 , 2012 ) . `` EW 's ' Game of Thrones ' covers : Which do you like the best ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( March 30 , 2012 ) . `` ' Sunday is Coming ' : The story behind ' Game of Thrones ' video 's cupcake - baking Khaleesi '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2012 . Retrieved March 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( March 21 , 2012 ) . `` TV Review : Game Of Thrones ( 2012 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( March 28 , 2012 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 2 Review : A Bigger , Better , Bolder Journey Through Westeros '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gay , Verne ( March 28 , 2012 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' is TV 's best '' . Newsday . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Tim ( March 27 , 2012 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 2 : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( March 29 , 2012 ) . `` Review : HBO 's ' Game of Thrones ' is bigger and better in season 2 '' . HitFix . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rackl , Lori ( March 28 , 2012 ) . `` The ' Game of Thrones ' world pulls in another new viewer '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Genzlinger , Neil ( March 29 , 2012 ) . `` Uneasy Lies the Head That Steals a Crown : ' Game of Thrones ' on HBO '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . August 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ' Game of Thrones ' Ratings : Season One '' . TV by the Numbers . June 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ^ Jump up to : `` Game Of Thrones '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AFI AWARDS 2012 '' . American Film Institute . June 12 , 2012 . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Artios Casting Award Winners Announced - ONCE , VENUS IN FUR & More '' . Broadway World . October 30 , 2012 . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ASCAP Honors Top Film and Television Music Composers at 27th Annual Awards Celebration '' . ASCAP . June 28 , 2012 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hinman , Michael ( September 17 , 2012 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Conquers With 4 Portal Awards '' . Airlock Alpha . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EWwys 2012 : Meet Your Winners ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . September 14 , 2012 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( June 5 , 2012 ) . `` Community , Breaking Bad , Parks and Rec , Mad Men , Girls Lead Critics ' Choice Nominations '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 7th Annual Hollywood Post Alliance Awards Winners Unveiled '' . Hollywood Post Alliance . November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees of the 52nd Festival de Télévision de Monte - Carlo '' . TV Festival . April 5 , 2012 . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best Cinematography in a Television Drama Award '' . British Society of Cinematographers . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Satellite Winners '' . International Press Academy . 2012 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV - Best of 2012 '' . IGN . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 TCA Award Nominations -- BREAKING BAD , GAME OF THRONES , HOMELAND , MAD MEN , and DOWNTON ABBEY Vie for Program of the Year '' . Collider . June 6 , 2012 . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Daniel ( September 20 , 2012 ) . `` ' Breaking Bad ' and ' Community ' win top honors at the Gold Derby TV Awards '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees Announced for the ' People 's Choice Awards 2013 '' . TV by the Numbers . November 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Art Directors Guild Awards : ' Skyfall ' Best Contemporary Film , Fantasy Film To ' Life Of Pi ' , Period Film ' Anna Karenina ' ; Also ' Game Of Thrones ' , ' American Horror Story : Asylum ' , ' Girls ' , 84th Oscars , ' SNL ' '' . Deadline . February 2 , 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ASC Awards for Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography '' . American Society of Cinematographers . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vote for Thrones in the SFX Awards '' . WinterIsComing.net . May 26 , 2013 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spargo , Chris ( March 15 , 2013 ) . `` 2013 Logo NewNowNext Awards : And The Nominees Are ... '' . NewNowNext . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Television in 2013 '' . BAFTA . March 8 , 2015 . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cinema Audio Society Unveils Sound Mixing Noms '' . Deadline . January 17 , 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Costume Designers Unveil CDG Awards Nominees '' . Deadline . January 8 , 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Magic Mike , Game of Thrones Nominated For Dorian Awards '' . NewNowNext . January 9 , 2013 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 10th Annual Irish Film & Television Awards '' . Irish Film & Television Academy . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Astra Awards '' . Astra . January 8 , 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sound Editors Announce Nominations For Golden Reel Awards '' . Deadline . January 17 , 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Hugo Award Winners '' . The Hugo Awards . September 1 , 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HOMELAND , GAME OF THRONES , MODERN FAMILY , and LOUIE Lead Television Nominations for 2013 Producers Guild Awards '' . Collider . November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Hobbit ' leads Saturn Awards with nine nominations '' . USA Today . February 20 , 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Screen Actors Guild 2013 Awards : ' Argo ' Cast , Daniel Day - Lewis In ' Lincoln ' , Jennifer Lawrence In ' Silver Linings Playbook ' , Anne Hathaway in ' Les Miserables ' , Tommy Lee Jones In ' Lincoln ' , ' Downton Abbey ' Cast , Bryan Cranston In ' Breaking Bad ' , Claire Danes In ' Homeland ' , Julianne Moore In ' Game Change ' , Kevin Costner in ' Hatfields & McCoy ' , ' Modern Family ' Cast , Tina Fey & Alec Baldwin In ' 30 Rock ' '' . Deadline . January 27 , 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` VES Awards 2013 : ' Life of Pi ' Wins Top Prize '' . The Hollywood Reporter . February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WGA Announces TV Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 6 , 2012 . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 NOMINATIONS '' . Young Artist Awards . May 5 , 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV - Best of 2013 '' . IGN . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( January 13 , 2012 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 2 Premiere Date Set '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 4 , 2012 ) . `` Game of Thrones season finale recap : ' Game of Thrones ' finale recap '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2016 . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lambert , David ( November 19 , 2012 ) . `` Game of Thrones -- Winter is Coming , with ' The Complete 2nd Season ' : Date , Extras , Boxes ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James . `` ' Game of Thrones ' season 2 DVD date and extras revealed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( November 19 , 2012 ) . `` Game of Thrones -- Winter is Coming , with The Complete 2nd Season : Date , Extras , Boxes ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 2 ( DVD ) ( 2013 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 2 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Andy ( May 9 , 2012 ) . `` HBO 's ' Game Of Thrones ' On Track To Be Crowned Most Pirated Show Of 2012 '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2016 . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Game of Thrones -- official US site Game of Thrones -- official UK site Game of Thrones -- The Viewers Guide on HBO.com Making Game of Thrones on HBO.com List of Game of Thrones episodes on IMDb List of Game of Thrones episodes at TV.com Game of Thrones : Season 2 at Rotten Tomatoes George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Category Game of Thrones episodes Seasons : 1 5 6 7 Season 2 `` The North Remembers '' `` The Night Lands '' `` What Is Dead May Never Die '' `` Garden of Bones '' `` The Ghost of Harrenhal '' `` The Old Gods and the New '' `` A Man Without Honor '' `` The Prince of Winterfell '' `` Blackwater '' `` Valar Morghulis '' Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series 24 , season 6 ( 2007 ) Heroes , season 3 , part I ( 2008 ) 24 , season 7 ( 2009 ) True Blood , season 3 ( 2010 ) Game of Thrones , season 1 ( 2011 ) Game of Thrones , season 2 ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones , season 3 ( 2013 ) Game of Thrones , season 4 ( 2014 ) Game of Thrones , season 5 ( 2015 ) Game of Thrones , season 6 ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_of_Thrones_(season_2)&oldid=798882302 '' Categories : Game of Thrones 2012 American television seasons Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Magyar Português Română Русский Suomi Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 10 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game%20of%20Thrones%20%28season%202%29	708
tamil nadu veterinary and animal sciences university chennai tamil nadu			Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences university	tamil nadu veterinary and animal sciences university	Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University ( TANUVAS ) is a veterinary university founded in 1989 in Madhavaram Milk Colony , Chennai , India . It is composed of the Madras Veterinary College , Veterinary College and Research Institute , Namakkal , Veterinary College and Research Institute , Tirunelveli ; Veterinary College and Research Institute , Orathanadu and the Institute of Food and Dairy Technology , Koduvalli , Chennai - 52 . Research farms are for leprosy bacteria , for prawn and edible fish culture , and for animal feed safety .	Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Constituent colleges 3 References 4 See also 5 External links History ( edit ) The institution now operating as a university was established in 1876 and became a college in 1903 , with 20 students at Dobbin Hall , Chenai . The three - year diploma course , Graduate of Madras Veterinary College , was then offered . The Government of Tamil Nadu established the university on 20 September 1989 through the Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Act , 1989 ( Tamil Nadu Act 42 of 1989 ) . Tamil Nadu Agricultural University 's Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences ( i.e. , Madras Veterinary College , Veterinary College and Research Institute , Namakkal and Fisheries College and Research Institute , Thoothukudi ) formed the nucleus of university and the institutes became constituent colleges of the newly formed university . Constituent colleges ( edit ) The university has the following constituent colleges . No . College Name Location District Estd Madras Veterinary College Vepery , Chennai Chennai district 1936 Veterinary College and Research Institute , Namakkal Laddivadi Namakkal district 1985 Veterinary College and Research Institute , Tirunelveli Ramayanpatti , Palayamkottai Taluk Tirunelveli district 2011 Veterinary College and Research Institute , Orathanadu , Thanjavur Orathanadu Thanjavur district 2011 5 Fisheries College and Research Institute , Thoothukudi Chidambara Nagar , Thoothukudi Thoothukudi district 1977 6 College of Food and Dairy Technology , Koduvalli Koduvalli Chennai district 1972 7 Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences , Kattupakkam Kattupakkam Tiruvallur district 1972 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` TANUVAS , Chennai admissions 2015 : Apply for MBA programme '' . India Today , Education . 27 July 2015 . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . See also ( edit ) List of universities in India Universities and colleges in India Education in India Distance Education Council University Grants Commission ( India ) List of Tamil Nadu Government 's Educational Institutions External links ( edit ) TANUVAS Official website ( hide ) Education in Tamil Nadu List of educational institutions by districts Chennai Coimbatore Cuddalore Dharmapuri Erode Kanyakumari Krishnagiri Madurai Namakkal Nilgiris Perambalur Pudukkottai Salem Sivagangai Thanjavur Thoothukudi Tiruchirapalli Tirunelveli Tiruvarur Vellore Viluppuram Virudhunagar Institutes of National Importance Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha Indian Institute of Information Technology , Design & Manufacturing Kancheepuram Indian Institute of Technology Madras Kalakshetra Foundation National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development Central universities Central University of Tamil Nadu Indian Maritime University State universities Alagappa University Anna University Annamalai University Bharathiar University Bharathidasan University Madurai Kamaraj University Manonmaniam Sundaranar University Mother Teresa Women 's University Periyar University Tamil University Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University Tamil Nadu Fisheries University Tamil Nadu Music and Fine Arts University Tamil Nadu National Law School Tamil Nadu Open University Tamil Nadu Teachers Education University Tamil Nadu Physical Education and Sports University Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Thiruvalluvar University University of Madras Deemed universities AMET University Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Avinashilingam University Bharath University B.S. Abdur Rahman University Chennai Mathematical Institute Chettinad Academy of Research & Education Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute Gandhigram Rural Institute Hindustan University Kalasalingam University Karpagam University Karunya University Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research Noorul Islam University Periyar Maniammai University Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University - Coimbatore Campus Sathyabama University Saveetha University Shanmugha Arts , Science , Technology & Research Academy Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi Viswa Mahavidyalaya Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute SRM University Vels University Vinayaka Missions University VIT University Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Nadu_Veterinary_and_Animal_Sciences_University&oldid=788698865 '' Categories : 1989 establishments in India Educational institutions established in 1989 Veterinary schools in India Universities in Chennai Animal research institutes Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia नेपाली தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 2 July 2017 , at 23 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil%20Nadu%20Veterinary%20and%20Animal%20Sciences%20University	709
when did the first go pro come out	In 2004 , the company sold its first camera system , which used 35 mm film . Digital still and video cameras were later introduced . As of 2014 , a fixed - lens HD video camera with a wide 170 - degree lens was available ; two or more can be paired to create 360 video .	2004	GoPro	gopro	GoPro , Inc. ( marketed as GoPro and sometimes stylised as GoPRO ) is an American technology company founded in 2002 by Nick Woodman . It manufactures eponymous action cameras and develops its own mobile apps and video - editing software .	Founded as Woodman Labs , Inc , the company eventually focused on the connected sports genre , developing its line of action cameras and , later , video editing software . It also developed a quadcopter drone , Karma , released in October 2016 . In October 2016 , before the release of `` Karma '' quadcopter drone , GoPro released the GoPro `` HERO 5 '' and `` HERO 5 Session '' Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Corporate actions 1.2 IPO 2 Product lines 2.1 HERO cameras 2.2 GoPro KARMA & GoPro KARMA Grip 2.3 Accessories 2.4 Video editing 3 Content company 4 HD HERO cameras 5 Products 5.1 HERO cameras 5.1. 1 35mm 5.1. 2 Digital 5.1. 3 Digital 3 5.1. 4 Digital 5 5.1. 5 Digital Wide 5.1. 6 HD 5.1. 6.1 960 5.1. 6.2 LED 5.1. 6.3 Specifications 5.1. 7 HERO2 5.1. 8 HERO3 5.1. 8.1 HERO3+ 5.1. 9 HERO4 5.1. 9.1 HERO + LCD 5.1. 9.2 HERO+ 5.1. 10 HERO5 5.1. 11 HERO6 5.2 GoPro KARMA Drone 5.3 GoPro Omni 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The company was founded by Nick Woodman in 2002 . He was motivated by a tramp in 2002 surfing trip to Australia in which he was hoping to capture quality action photos , but could not because amateur photographers could not get close enough or buy quality equipment at reasonable prices . His desire for a camera system that could capture the professional angles inspired the ' GoPro ' name . Woodman raised a portion of his initial capital by selling bead and shell belts for under US $20 from his VW van and , later , fashionable camera straps . He also received over $230,000 from his parents to invest in the business . In 2004 , the company sold its first camera system , which used 35 mm film . Digital still and video cameras were later introduced . As of 2014 , a fixed - lens HD video camera with a wide 170 - degree lens was available ; two or more can be paired to create 360 video . On June 4 , 2014 , the company announced the appointment of former Microsoft executive Tony Bates as President reporting directly to Woodman . In January 2016 , GoPro partnered with Periscope for live streaming . After growing the number of employees by more than 500 in 2015 , the company responded to weak sales in the fourth quarter by cutting about 7 % of its workforce ( 100 workers ) in January 2016 . At its peak , a share of GoPro was valued at $86 , but on September 27 , 2016 , only $16.79 . In November 2016 , the company announced it was laying off an additional 200 employees in an effort to reduce costs . The company also announced that President Tony Bates would be stepping down at the end of 2016 . 270 more employees were laid off in March 2017 . Corporate actions ( edit ) On March 30 , 2011 , GoPro acquired CineForm . The acquisition included the CineForm 444 video codec used in the film Slumdog Millionaire . The company claimed that the codec `` makes HD and 3D editing faster and more convenient without sacrificing image quality '' . It was incorporated in the company 's 3D Hero System shortly after the acquisition . In March 2013 , GoPro issued a DMCA takedown notice to website DigitalRev.com , which had posted a review of its product , citing trademark use as a breach of copyright . This notice was retracted 10 days later , citing `` erroneous enforcement '' . On February 29 , 2016 , GoPro spent $105 million and acquired two start - ups , namely , Stupeflix and Vemory , for their video editing tools Replay and Splice . IPO ( edit ) On February 7 , 2014 , GoPro submitted a confidential filing for an initial public offering ( IPO ) with the Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) . On May 19 , 2014 , GoPro filed its S - 1 with the SEC without specifying the number of shares or their price . The company stated that they hoped to raise at least $100 million through the sale of shares , using the money to pay off debt in full ( $111 million as of March 31 , 2014 ) and `` to acquire or invest in complementary businesses , technologies or assets '' . They said that they planned to list on the NASDAQ stock exchange using the symbol ' GPRO . ' The expected price range was $21 to $24 a share ; on June 25 , 2014 , GoPro sold 17.8 million shares to initial investors at $24 per share ( totaling $427.2 M ) . At the IPO price the company was valued at $2.95 billion . 1.5 percent of those shares were allotted to LOYAL3 , a technology platform that allows small investors to participate . One reason for GoPro 's decision to go public was the potential to become a media company to generate additional revenue from the content its cameras create . Product lines ( edit ) HERO cameras ( edit ) Woodman worked on his first camera for two years after founding the company , eventually introducing the GoPro 35mm HERO in September 2004 at San Diego 's Action Sports Retailer trade show . In its first year GoPro sold $150,000 worth of products . In 2006 the company introduced its first Digital HERO , with 10 second video capability , and generated $800,000 in revenue . The following year GoPro sales quadrupled to $3.4 million . In 2014 , the company was selling the HERO3+ in editions of different colors . It was capable of filming in 16 : 9 aspect ratio , supporting 4K UHD video and 12 MP still photographs . The HERO4 was introduced on 24 September 2014 . At 28 September Gopro released new Hero 6 . It has new , better stabilisation , than Hero 5 and it can capture 4K in 60 FPS . Hero 6 Black costs about $500 . GoPro Karma & GoPro Karma grip ( edit ) GoPro drone Karma The GoPro Karma is GoPro 's consumer drone . In 2014 , GoPro entered into discussions with DJI for a private label model built with the GoPro branding . After the failure of these negotiations , GoPro entered into an agreement with 3D Robotics ( 3DR ) for a similar partnership based on 3DR 's flight controllers . 3DR failed to meet their agreed upon timelines . As a result , GoPro took full control of the development process in mid-2015 . Scheduled to be released early 2016 , the GoPro Karma project was delayed several times before the GoPro Karma was announced with an introduction date of October 23 , 2016 . The Karma was released along with newer models of the HERO5 and Session cameras and features a removable handheld stabilizer ( gimbal ) integrated into the design . After a few customers complained about power failure during operation , GoPro recalled Karma drones and gave customers full refunds . In February 2017 , GoPro re-launched the Karma Drone . Accessories ( edit ) GoPro produces various mounting accessories for its cameras including a 3 - way mount , suction cup , chest harness , jaws - type flexible clamp , dog harness , surfing mount , etc . Video editing ( edit ) The company developed GoPro Studio , simple video editing software to edit camera footage . It was reported that GoPro intended to also become a content provider , also with a new app for the HERO5 called GoPro Quik to share , and edit videos easier . Content company ( edit ) In April 2014 , GoPro was listed by Adweek as one of the `` Top 10 Best Brand Channels on YouTube '' based on a combination of views , shares , comments and overall engagement . Content is uploaded daily , an additional source of revenue for the company . As part of its transformation to a media company in 2014 , GoPro created additional channels with GoPro content on YouTube , Virgin America , and Xbox Live . This was extended to the PlayStation Network in 2015 . HD HERO cameras ( edit ) As of October 2014 , GoPro sells three fixed - lens cameras , two without viewfinders and one including a touchscreen viewfinder . A 2 - bit LCD on the front of the camera allows access to its menu system , which is controlled by the front and top shutter buttons . The HERO4 Black have dimensions of 41 mm × 59 mm × 30 mm and weighs 88 grams ( 152 grams with housing ) . Still images from 6 to 12 megapixels can be captured . The cameras are sold with a clear polycarbonate HD Housing with a glass lens that is rated shockproof and waterproof to 131 feet ( 40 m ) , with a quick - release buckle on the top and threads at the bottom to attach to all of the GoPro mounts . The housing has metal buttons that connect to the camera 's controls and has a `` skeleton '' backdoor option to allow audio recording when the camera is used with a mount but without the need to be watertight or shockproof . Products ( edit ) HERO cameras ( edit ) 35mm ( edit ) The 35mm camera ( model # 001 ) became available on April 13 , 2005 . It had dimensions of 2.5 by 3 inches ( 64 by 76 mm ) and weighed 0.45 pounds ( 200 g ) . It included the camera , a clear case with quick release , a camera strap and ski glove adapter lash . It could pivot `` on the fly '' and be functional to a depth in water of about 15 feet ( 5 m ) . It was described as a `` reusable wrist camera '' and included a roll of 24 exposure Kodak 400 film . Digital ( edit ) The Digital HERO released in 2006 ( Model : SQ907 mini-cam ) had a 640 × 460 camera and shot VGA definition 320X240 ( 10 fps ) video for a maximum of 10 seconds . The Digital HERO1 had 32 MB internal memory without SD slot . Digital 3 ( edit ) The Digital HERO3 released in 2007 had a 3 - megapixel camera and shot standard definition 512 × 384 video . It was rated up to 30 m ( 98.4 feet ) in depth . Digital 5 ( edit ) The Digital HERO5 was first introduced on December 5 , 2006 . It had a 5 megapixel still photo sensor and supported standard definition ( 512 × 384 ) video capture . It ran on two AAA batteries , had 16 MB of internal memory and could function with a 2 GB SD card . Its housing was rated to 100 ft / 30 meters depth . Its dimensions were 2.6 × 1.75 × 1.25 inches ( 66 × 44 × 32 mm ) . The camera is not designed to work with the newer HD HERO line of housings , although the standard screw mounts are indeed compatible . Digital Wide ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2016 ) HD ( edit ) 960 ( edit ) HD HERO 960 - shoots a maximum of 960p video and is not compatible with GoPro 's electronic accessories although the camera is compatible with all GoPro mounts . It was first listed on August 6 , 2010 . Led ( edit ) The HD HERO Naked , released with a range of accessories , shoots a maximum of 1080p video on its 5 MP sensor . The Naked camera line forms the basis for other bundles , which are differentiated by the types of mounts they have ( HD Helmet HERO , HD Motorsports HERO , HD Surf HERO ) . It was first listed on January 25 , 2010 . Specifications ( edit ) Sensor size : 1 / 2.5 - inch ( 5.75 mm × 4.28 mm ) Pixel size : 2.2 μm Image formats : Mode Size fps FOV R1 848 × 480 60 170 ° R2 1280 × 720 30 170 ° R3 1280 × 720 60 170 ° R4 1280 × 960 30 170 ° R5 1920 × 1080 30 127 ° Photo 2592 × 1944 0 170 ° HERO2 ( edit ) The HERO2 was launched on October 24 , 2011 . It has an 11 MP image sensor , improved low - light capability and records at up to 120 fps . It was sold with three different accessory packages as the Outdoor , Motorsports , and Surf Editions . HERO3 ( edit ) In late 2012 , GoPro announced the HERO3 line of cameras . These cameras came in three editions : black , silver and white . All three versions of the HERO3 come in a 30 % smaller and 25 % lighter package , with WiFi built in . The change of the physical dimensions of the cameras compared to the previous generations ( HERO1 and HERO2 were physically identical ) means that some accessories for HD HERO Original and HERO2 are not compatible with HERO3 , so GoPro made new versions of those accessories specifically for HERO3 ( and mostly for HERO3+ , see below ) . Those new versions of accessories are usually not compatible with older Hero camera generations . However , a lot of other accessories are compatible with all HD Hero camera generations . The HERO3 Silver and Black cameras have significantly less battery endurance than the HD HERO Original and HERO2 . For example , in 720p resolution with 25 / 30 fps , while HD HERO Original and HERO2 have a stated battery runtime of 3 hours , HERO3 Silver Edition has a stated battery runtime of 2 hours , and HERO3 Black Edition has a stated battery runtime of 1.5 hours ( the Black Edition 's `` most economical '' setting is 1080p / 30 fps , so this also partially contributes to its poor battery runtime ) . The Black Edition has a new 12 MP sensor that can capture 4K UHD digital video at 15 fps , 2.7 K video at 30 fps , 1440p at 48 fps , 1080p at 60 fps , 960p at 100 fps , 720p at 120 fps and WVGA at 240 fps . The Black edition also includes the WiFi Remote . The Black Edition can not record at 25 / 30 fps in 720p and WVGA resolutions ; it can only record at very fast frame rates in those resolutions . This is a deliberate firmware limitation , as the manufacturer does not expect that this high - end camera model will be used at these lower resolutions and frame rates . The Silver Edition uses the same 11 MP sensor as the HERO2 , and the White edition uses the same 5 MP sensor as the HD HERO Original . HERO3+ ( edit ) Play media A timelapse recording one frame every 10 seconds with a GoPro HERO3 camera mounted on a bicycle helmet during a bike ride in Chicago . Note how the wide angle lens allows for the rider to capture wide images . In October 2013 , GoPro released the HERO3+ , available in Black and Silver Editions , replacing the HERO3 generation . The HERO3 White Edition remains as GoPro 's low - end device . The HERO3+ camera models claim dramatically improved low light performance and have a waterproof enclosure which is 20 % lighter and 15 % smaller than the HERO3 's , according to the GoPro website . The HERO3+ camera housing is 20 % smaller than the HERO3 . The cameras are claimed to have improved image sharpness ( close focus down to 7 '' vs about 3 ft on the HERO3 , at the expense of distant focus which is slightly less sharp with HERO3+ ) , and better audio functionality with wind noise reduction . Battery life is claimed to be 30 % longer than for the HERO3 model ( both through better efficiency and a higher - capacity battery of the same dimensions ) . The Black Edition has video modes of 1440p48 , 1080p60 , 960p100 and 720p120 as well as 4K15 and 2.7 K30 and can shoot 12 MP stills at up to 30 fps . The HERO3+ Black Edition also offers an optional function in firmware ( called `` SuperView '' ) which increases the field of view . It has additional functions , including dynamic low light situation adjustment , higher - quality recording modes ( higher bitrates , no white balance applied , etc . ) etc . The Black Edition continues to include a Wifi Remote . It does not have the ability to record 25 / 30 fps in 720p and WVGA modes ( it can only record at very fast frame rates in those lower resolutions ) . This is an intentional firmware limitation . The battery runtime of HERO3+ Black Edition is significantly longer than HERO3 Black Edition but 30 -- 50 % lower than the battery runtime of the older HERO2 and HERO1 . The Silver Edition has video modes of 1080p60 and 720p120 and can shoot 10 MP stills at up to 10 fps . In contrast to the Black Edition , the Silver Edition can record at 25 / 30 fps ( or higher ) in all supported resolutions . HERO3+ Silver Edition also has about 25 % - 50 % longer battery runtime during recording than HERO3+ Black Edition ( they both use the same batteries ) . The difference in runtime depends on the resolution / fps combination , and whether WiFi and GoPro mobile application are used during recording . The difference in runtime increases as the fps is lowered and the additional functions are deactivated on both cameras . The battery runtime of HERO3+ Silver Edition is similar to the battery runtime of HERO2 and HERO1 . The HERO3 HD camera was awarded the 2013 Technology & Engineering Emmy Award for its contribution to television . HERO4 ( edit ) GoPro Hero 4 Silver Edition In September 2014 , GoPro announced the HERO4 , available in Black Edition and Silver Edition , which replace their respective HERO3+ generation predecessors . The HERO Session , a budget camera , was also announced . The HERO4 Black Edition still has a 12 megapixel ( MP ) CMOS and a f / 2.8 fixed maximum aperture and focus free . It adds Bluetooth connectivity , Highlight tag , Protune Available for photo and a new processor claimed by GoPro to be twice as fast as that of the HERO3+ Black Edition , doubling the frame rates in most resolutions . The HERO4 Black Edition can record 4K UHD video ( 3840 × 2160 ) at a frame rate of 24 , 25 and 30 fps . In Superview mode , 4k is only possible at 25 fps . Many other rates and resolutions are available . The HERO4 Black Edition still shoots stills at a maximum of 12 MP with a maximum burst rate of 30 fps . With Wi - Fi disabled at 4k / 30 , GoPro claims the HERO4 Black Edition battery life to be 65 minutes , increasing to a maximum of 1h 50 ' at 720p / 240 . The HERO4 Black battery is in a different form factor than its predecessors . Initial side - by - side comparisons of HERO3+ and HERO4 Black edition video results suggest that the newer model has more detail at long range and similar performance at close range . The HERO4 Silver Edition is basically a HERO3 Black Edition with the addition of a micro speaker , built - in touchscreen display , Protune for photo and highlight tag ( the first GoPro with this ) , a lower clocked Cortex - A9 and missing the Black Edition 's integrated analog - to - digital converter which supports a wider variety of professional low - sensitivity external microphones . The video modes supported by the HERO4 Silver Edition are similar to those of the HERO3+ Black , due to the higher processing speed and thermal requirements of encoding 4K video ( 3840 × 2160 ) , but it supports Wi - Fi , Bluetooth and contains the same Ambarella Inc . A9 system on a chip ( SoC ) as in the HERO4 Black . The HERO Session , released July 6 , 2015 , is 50 % smaller and 40 % lighter compared to other versions of the GoPro HERO4 camera . The HERO4 models maintain the H. 264 video codec of previous versions and MP4 file formats . GoPro claims the mono microphone in both the Black and Silver Editions has twice the dynamic range of that in the HERO3+ , and that the HERO4 Black and Silver Editions have improved low - light performance . Model HERO Session Hero4 Silver Hero4 Black Sensor Size 1 / 3.2 '' 1 / 2.3 '' 1 / 2.3 '' Aperture f / 2.8 f / 2.8 f / 2.8 38 x 38 x 38 mm 41 x 59 x 30 mm 41 x 59 x 30 mm Weight 74 g 83 g ( 147 g with case ) 88 g ( 152 g with case ) Still Image Resolution 8 MP 12 MP 12 MP Video Modes 1440p30 1080p60 720p100 480p120 4k15 2.7 k30 1080p60 720p120 480p240 4k30 2.7 k60 1440p80 1080p120 720p240 480p240 Photo burst 10 fps 10 fps 30 fps Connectivity WiFi , Bluetooth WiFi , Bluetooth WiFi , Bluetooth Water Resistance 10 m 40 m ( with case ) 40 m ( with case ) Touchscreen no 1.5 inches ( 38 mm ) 320x240 optional extra HERO + LCD ( edit ) In June 2015 , the company started to sell the GoPro HERO + LCD , which provides video recording at 1080p at 60 fps / and 8 megapixel photos . GoPro HERO + LCD has a touchscreen to preview the shot to frame the scene and letting the user navigate the menu . A new feature in the camera was instant camera editing . GoPro HERO + LCD is waterproof , because it is built directly into a waterproof case ( waterproof to 131 feet ( 40 m ) ) . The device also includes a feature HiLight Tagging and built - in video editing function , which allows the user to put a label on the main points while shooting video or in the process of view , which makes it possible to quickly find desired footage later . It also has built - in Wi - Fi and Bluetooth , and user - friendly modes like QuikCapture , SuperView and Auto Low Light . HERO+ ( edit ) In October 2015 , GoPro released its third entry level camera : GoPro HERO+ . This camera is the same as the previous HERO + LCD with its 1080p 60 fps / 720p 60 fps video resolution , 8 MP / 5 fps burst photo resolution , built - in Wi - Fi and Bluetooth , waterproof up to 40 m and other modes like Superview , Auto Low Light , QuikCapture and Timelapse mode which automatically captures photos at set time intervals from 0.5 to 60 seconds . However , it does not have an LCD built - in touchscreen display and it is slightly lighter than HERO + LCD . The HERO+ weighs 123 g whereas the HERO + LCD weighs 127 g . The housing also remained the same . HERO5 ( edit ) HERO5 Black and HERO5 Session were introduced in September 2016 . They are waterproof up to 10 m , support 4k video recording up to 30 fps , automatic upload of footage to cloud and voice controls . Model HERO5 Session HERO5 Black Video Modes 4k60 , 4k30 , 1440p60 , 1080p90 4k30 , 1440p80 , 1080p120 Still Image Resolution 10 MP 12 MP Photo burst 30 fps 30 fps Connectivity WiFi , Bluetooth WiFi , Bluetooth Water Resistance 10 m 10 m Wired Connectors USB - C USB - C , micro HDMI Battery built - in 1000 mAh , Li - Ion replaceable 1220 mAh , Li - Ion Screen none touchscreen , 51 mm Location Capture none GPS HERO6 ( edit ) The HERO6 Black was introduced on September 28 , 2017 . The camera is waterproof up to 10 m , supports 4k HEVC video recording at up to 60 fps and 1080p at up to 240 fps , automatic upload of footage to cloud , voice controls and 5 Ghz Wi - Fi . It will be the first GoPro with its own custom system on a chip ( SoC ) the GP1 . Model HERO6 Black Video Modes 4k60 , 2.7 k120 , 1080p240 Video Formats H. 264 / MPEG - 4_AVC , H. 265 ( HEVC ) Still Image Resolution 12 MP Photo burst 30 fps Connectivity 5Ghz / 2.4 Ghz Wi - Fi , Bluetooth Water Resistance 10 m Wired Connectors USB - C , micro HDMI Battery replaceable 1220 mAh , Li - Ion Screen touchscreen , 51 mm , pinch zoom Location Capture GPS GoPro Karma Drone ( edit ) GoPro drone Karma Karma Drone became available October 23 , 2016 . The drone is compatible with the HERO5 and HERO4 Black and Silver . The Drone has 20 minutes of battery life . The stabilizer can be taken out and attached to a Karma stick . The Karma stick has greater than 1 - hour battery life . On November 8 , 2016 , Go Pro announced the recall of the Karma Drone following reports of loss of electrical power on the drone during operation . On February 1 , 2017 , the company announced that the Karma Drone will return to stores with a redesigned battery latch . GoPro omni ( edit ) A camera rig that synchronizes six GoPro HERO4 Black cameras allowing users to stitch and make virtual reality 360 ° videos . See also ( edit ) Unmanned aerial vehicle ( UAV ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` GoPro Announces Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2015 Results '' . San Mateo , California : GoPro . February 3 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FORM S - 1 REGISTRATION STATEMENT - GOPRO , INC '' . U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Form S - 1 '' . www.sec.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Mac , Ryan ( 4 Mar 2013 ) . `` The Mad Billionaire Behind GoPro : The World 's Hottest Camera Company '' . Forbes . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` GoPro with Founder / Inventor Nick Woodman '' . Malakye.com. 5 Jan 2010 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 27 Jul 2011 . Jump up ^ Burrows , Peter . `` GoPro 's Incredible Small , Durable Camcorder '' . BusinessWeek . Retrieved 27 Jul 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Five Startup Lessons From GoPro Founder And Billionaire Nick Woodman '' . 13 Mar 2013 . Retrieved 16 Mar 2015 . Jump up ^ Brian Solomon . `` Nick Woodman with his father Dean - In Photos : The Early Years of GoPro and Founder Nicholas Woodman '' . Forbes . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How Family Ties Helped Nick Woodman Make GoPro Click '' . 20 Jun 2013 . Retrieved 16 Mar 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Owen ( 5 Apr 2014 ) . `` This 360 video shot with 6 GoPro cameras will blow your mind '' . The Next Web . Retrieved 23 Jul 2014 . Jump up ^ GoPro ( 4 Jun 2014 ) . `` GoPro Appoints Tony Bates as President And Member of the Board of Directors '' . Archived from the original on 4 June 2014 . Retrieved 4 Jun 2014 . Jump up ^ Katie Roof ( 26 January 2016 ) . `` GoPro Integrates With Periscope '' . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GoPro Cutting About 100 Jobs After Weak 4Q Sales '' . February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What is the Reason behind the Decline in the Shares of GoPro ? '' . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( 2016 - 11 - 30 ) . `` GoPro cuts 15 percent of jobs to restructure struggling camera business '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Heater , Brian . `` GoPro will cut 270 more jobs '' . Techcrunch . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ GoPro ( 2011 - 03 - 30 ) . `` GoPro ® , Leading Activity Image Capture Company , Acquires Award Winning Video Compression Software Company , CineForm ® , Inc '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Reale , Tony ( 2011 - 03 - 30 ) . `` GoPro , sports camera manufacturer , acquires CineForm , video compression software company '' . NextWaveDV.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` GOPRO HERO3 vs SONY HDR - AS15 - Which Action Camera should you get ? '' . DigitalRev.com. 2013 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` GoPro does n't like their HERO3 compared to Sony 's AS15 ? '' . DigitalRev.com. 2013 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Andrew ( 2013 - 03 - 20 ) . `` A lesson from GoPro : Do n't mess with Reddit '' . Salon.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` GoPro Shells Out $105 Million For Two Video Editing Startups To Address Its Biggest Problem '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ Roettgers , Janko . `` GoPro Acquires Stupeflix , Vemory to Build Better Video Editing Software '' . Variety . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ Demos , Tells ; Sherr , Ian ( 7 Feb 2014 ) . `` GoPro Files for IPO Confidentially '' . Wall Street Journal . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Leslie Picker ( 26 Jun 2014 ) . `` GoPro Raises $427 Million , Pricing IPO at Top of Marketed Range '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 26 Jun 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FORM S - 1 REGISTRATION STATEMENT : GOPRO Inc . '' United States Securities and Exchange Commission , May 19 , 2014 Jump up ^ Krantz , Matt ( 25 Feb 2014 ) . `` GoPro IPO prices at $24 , set to trade Thursday '' . USA Today Money . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Loyal3 '' . Jump up ^ Calvey , Mark ( 2014 - 07 - 03 ) . `` GoPro 's IPO access for small investors sparks familiar lament '' . San Francisco Business Times . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Picker , Leslie ( 25 Jun 2014 ) . `` GoPro Touts Media Ahead of IPO for Higher Value Than Cameras '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 22 Jul 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Graser , Marc ( 5 May 2014 ) . `` GoPro Sees Future as ' Content Company ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 22 Jul 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Early Years of GoPro and Founder Nicholas Woodman '' . Forbes . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` GoPro HERO 3 + review ( Black Edition ) : your action videos never looked so good '' . Engadget . Retrieved 16 Oct 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GoPro Introduces HERO4 : The Most Powerful GoPro Lineup , Ever '' . GoPro . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Howley , Daniel ( 8 November 2016 ) . `` Go Pro recalls 2,500 drones '' . Yahoo Tech . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GoPro Re-Launching Its Recalled Karma Drone , But It May Be Too Late '' . Fast Company . 2017 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Jennings , Ali ( 26 Dec 2013 ) . `` Top 10 GoPro Accessories '' . TechRadar . Retrieved 22 Jul 2014 . Jump up ^ Rose , Brent ( 9 Sep 2013 ) . `` GoPro Studio 2.0 Hands - On : Easier , Awesomer Videos ( UPDATE ) '' . Gizmodo . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Sloane , Garett ( 22 Apr 2014 ) . `` The 10 Best Brand Channels on YouTube Go Pro No. 1 , followed by Six Pack Shortcuts '' . AdWeek . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Lev - Ram , Michal ( 20 May 2014 ) . `` What 's next for GoPro ? Content '' . Fortune . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Andrew Tarantola . GoPro 's streaming channel finally lands on PlayStation , engadget.com , 22 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HERO camera - The perfect entry - level GoPro '' . gopro.com . GoPro . Jump up ^ `` GoPro Digital HERO 3 Sports Wrist Camera Specs - Digital Camcorders - CNET Reviews '' . Reviews.cnet.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` GoPro launches budget version of its HD HERO actioncam '' . www.gizmag.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Series of GoPro cameras over the Years . - The Greatest Generation Society '' . 2014 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` GoPro 3D HERO System - World 's Smallest 1080p 3D camera '' . Gopro.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ GoPro Product Comparison , gopro.com Jump up ^ `` HERO3 Cameras More Powerful in Every Way Most Advanced GoPro '' . Gopro.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ O'Kane , Sean ( 2016 - 06 - 02 ) . `` The future of GoPro depends on software '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` HERO3 Camera Battery - life '' . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GoPro Hero 3 Black Edition : Seconda solo a se stessa '' . InsideHardware.it ( in Italian ) . 2013 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Clash of the Heroes : GoPro HERO4 Black vs. GoPro Hero4 Silver '' . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` HERO3+ Camera Battery - life '' . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . Jump up ^ HERO3+ Black Edition , gopro.com Jump up ^ HERO3+ Silver Edition , gopro.com Jump up ^ Nick Kelley . `` GoPro Wins an Emmy '' , Outside , January 15 , 2014 Jump up ^ James Trew . `` GoPro 's Hero4 cameras offer 30 fps 4K shooting or touchscreen controls '' . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GoPro HERO4 Black Edition Technical Specifications '' . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GoPro Hero4 Silver Edition Technical Specifications '' . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GoPro External Microphone Recommendations '' . gopro.com . Jump up ^ `` GoPro Hero4 Black Edition Teardown ( teardown.com ) '' . youtube.com . , Jump up ^ `` Gentry Thomas Disassembled GoPro Hero 4 Silver '' . googleusercontent.com . Jump up ^ `` Ambarella A9 SoC '' ( PDF ) . ambarella.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Wearable of the Week : GoPro Hero4 Session '' . humavox.com . Jump up ^ https://www.dpreview.com/articles/9489190812/gopro-hero4-session-review Jump up ^ https://www.cnet.com/uk/products/gopro-hero4-silver/specs/ Jump up ^ https://www.cnet.com/uk/products/gopro-hero4-black/specs/ Jump up ^ `` New in line of GoPro touch screen - HERO+ LCD '' . goprouk.org . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://gopro.com/news/The-Launch-GoPro-Unveils-HERO5-and-Karma Jump up ^ https://shop.gopro.com/EMEA/cameras/ Jump up ^ Karma Tech Specs , Go Pro Jump up ^ Karma Drone Recall , Go Pro Jump up ^ O'Kane , Sean ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) . `` GoPro 's Karma drone is back on sale , three months after recall '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to GoPro . Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GoPro&oldid=810310383 '' Categories : 2002 establishments in California 3D imaging Action cameras Camcorders Companies based in San Mateo County , California Companies established in 2002 Companies listed on NASDAQ Video surveillance companies 2014 initial public offerings Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2014 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2015 Articles to be expanded from January 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from January 2016 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from September 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 13 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoPro	710
when was the last time argentina won the world cup	Year Round Position GP D * GS GA 1930 Second 5 0 18 9 1934 First round 9 0 0 1938 Did not Enter 1950 Did Not Enter 1954 Did not Enter 1958 Group Stage 13 0 5 10 1962 Group Stage 10 1966 Quarter - finals 5 1970 Did not qualify Second Group Stage 8 6 9 12 1978 Champions 7 5 15 1982 Second Group Stage 11 5 0 8 7 1986 Champions 7 6 0 14 5 1990 Runners - up 7 5 1994 Round of 16 10 0 8 6 1998 Quarter - finals 6 5 10 2002 Group stage 18 2006 Quarter - finals 6 5 0 11 Quarter - finals 5 5 0 10 6 2014 Runners - up 7 5 1 * 8 2018 Qualified 2022 To Be Determined Total 2 titles 16 / 20 77 42 14 21 131 84	2014	Argentina at the FIFA World Cup	argentina at the fifa world cup	This is a record of Argentina 's results at the FIFA World Cup . Argentina is one of the most successful national football teams in the world , having won 2 World Cups in 1978 and 1986 . Argentina has been runners up three times in the 1930 , 1990 and 2014 . The team was present in all but four of the World Cups , being behind only Brazil , Italy and Germany in number of appearances . Argentina has also won the Copa América 14 times , one less than Uruguay . Moreover , Argentina has also won the Confederations Cup and the gold medal at the Olympic football tournament in 2004 and 2008 . Prior to that occasion Argentina had obtained two silver medals in the 1928 and 1996 editions . On other levels of international competition Argentina has won the FIFA U-20 World Cup a record six times . The FIFA U-17 World Cup is the only FIFA international competition yet to be obtained .	Contents ( hide ) 1 World Cup Record 2 Record Players 3 Top Goalscorers 4 Goalscoring By Tournament 5 Awards 5.1 Team 5.2 Individual 6 Referees 7 External links World Cup record ( edit ) Year Round Position GP D * GS GA 1930 Second 5 0 18 9 1934 First round 9 0 0 1938 Did not Enter 1950 Did Not Enter 1954 Did not Enter 1958 Group Stage 13 0 5 10 1962 Group Stage 10 1966 Quarter - finals 5 1970 Did not qualify Second Group Stage 8 6 9 12 1978 Champions 7 5 15 1982 Second Group Stage 11 5 0 8 7 1986 Champions 7 6 0 14 5 1990 Runners - up 7 5 1994 Round of 16 10 0 8 6 1998 Quarter - finals 6 5 10 2002 Group stage 18 2006 Quarter - finals 6 5 0 11 Quarter - finals 5 5 0 10 6 2014 Runners - up 7 5 1 * 8 2018 Qualified 2022 To Be Determined Total 2 titles 16 / 20 77 42 14 21 131 84 * Denotes draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks . * * Gold background color indicates that the tournament was won . Red border color indicates tournament was held on home soil . Record players ( edit ) Diego Maradona has captained the team in 16 matches , a record in FIFA World Cup history . His total of 21 matches is only beaten by three other players . No . Name Matches World Cups Diego Maradona 21 1982 , 1986 , 1990 and 1994 Mario Kempes 18 1974 , 1978 and 1982 Javier Mascherano 17 2006 , 2010 , 2014 and 2018 Oscar Ruggeri 16 1986 , 1990 and 1994 Lionel Messi 16 2006 , 2010 , 2014 and 2018 6 Jorge Burruchaga 14 1986 and 1990 7 Ubaldo Fillol 13 1974 , 1978 and 1982 8 Ten players 12 Current as of 16 June 2018 after the match v Iceland Top Goalscorers ( edit ) Rank Name Goals World Cups Gabriel Batistuta 10 1994 ( 4 ) , 1998 ( 5 ) and 2002 ( 1 ) Guillermo Stábile 8 1930 Diego Maradona 8 1982 ( 2 ) , 1986 ( 5 ) and 1994 ( 1 ) Mario Kempes 6 1978 5 Lionel Messi 5 2006 ( 1 ) and 2014 ( 4 ) Gonzalo Higuaín 5 2010 ( 4 ) and 2014 ( 1 ) 7 Seven players Current as of 16 June 2018 after the match v Iceland Goalscoring By Tournament ( edit ) World Cup Goalscorer ( s ) 1930 Guillermo Stábile ( 8 ) , Carlos Peucelle ( 3 ) , Luis Monti ( 2 ) , Adolfo Zumelzú ( 2 ) , Mario Evaristo , Alejandro Scopelli , Francisco Varallo 1934 Ernesto Belis , Alberto Galateo 1958 Omar Oreste Corbatta ( 3 ) , Ludovico Avio , Norberto Menéndez 1962 Héctor Facundo , José Sanfilippo 1966 Luis Artime ( 3 ) , Ermindo Onega René Houseman ( 3 ) , Héctor Yazalde ( 2 ) , Rubén Ayala , Carlos Babington , Miguel Ángel Brindisi , Ramón Heredia 1978 Mario Kempes ( 6 ) , Leopoldo Luque ( 4 ) , Daniel Bertoni ( 2 ) , René Houseman , Daniel Passarella , Alberto Tarantini 1982 Daniel Bertoni ( 2 ) , Diego Maradona ( 2 ) , Daniel Passarella ( 2 ) , Osvaldo Ardiles , Ramón Díaz 1986 Diego Maradona ( 5 ) , Jorge Valdano ( 4 ) , Jorge Burruchaga ( 2 ) , José Luis Brown , Pedro Pasculli , Oscar Ruggeri 1990 Claudio Caniggia ( 2 ) , Jorge Burruchaga , Pedro Monzón , Pedro Troglio 1994 Gabriel Batistuta ( 4 ) , Claudio Caniggia ( 2 ) , Abel Balbo , Diego Maradona 1998 Gabriel Batistuta ( 5 ) , Ariel Ortega ( 2 ) , Claudio López , Mauricio Pineda , Javier Zanetti 2002 Gabriel Batistuta , Hernán Crespo 2006 Hernán Crespo ( 3 ) , Maxi Rodríguez ( 3 ) , Roberto Ayala , Esteban Cambiasso , Lionel Messi , Javier Saviola , Carlos Tevez Gonzalo Higuaín ( 4 ) , Carlos Tevez ( 2 ) , Martin Demichelis , Gabriel Heinze , Martin Palermo , Own Goal 2014 Lionel Messi ( 4 ) , Ángel Di María , Gonzalo Higuaín , Marcos Rojo , Own Goal 2018 Sergio Agüero Awards ( edit ) Team ( edit ) World Champions 1978 World Champions 1986 2nd Place 1930 2nd Place 1990 2nd Place 2014 Fair Play Award 1978 Individual ( edit ) Golden Ball 1978 : Mario Kempes Golden Ball 1986 : Diego Maradona Golden Ball 2014 : Lionel Messi Silver Ball 1930 : Guillermo Stábile Bronze Ball 1990 : Diego Maradona Golden Boot 1930 : Guillermo Stábile Golden Boot 1978 : Mario Kempes Silver Boot 1986 : Diego Maradona Silver Boot 1998 : Gabriel Batistuta Silver Boot 2006 : Hernán Crespo Golden Glove 1978 : Ubaldo Fillol Golden Glove 1990 : Sergio Goycochea ( shared ) Man of the Match award 2014 : Lionel Messi José Pékerman won the FIFA Fair Play Trophy as a coach with Colombia in 2014 . Referees ( edit ) As a major CONMEBOL member , Argentina has been represented by match officials in nearly every tournament . In 2006 , Horacio Elizondo refereed the final between France and Italy , where he sent off Zinedine Zidane after a headbutt to an opponent . External links ( edit ) Official website , at the Asociación del Fútbol Argentino 's website FIFA Official Ranking of all Participants at Finals 1930 -- 2002 . FIFA Match Results for all Stages 1930 -- 2002 Argentina national football team squads Argentina squad -- 1930 FIFA World Cup runners - up GK Bossio GK Botasso FW Cherro MF Chividini FW Demaría DF Della Torre MF J. Evaristo FW M. Evaristo FW Ferreira ( c ) MF Monti DF Muttis MF Orlandini DF Paternoster FW Perinetti FW Peucelle DF Piaggio FW Scopelli FW Spadaro FW Stábile MF Suárez FW Varallo MF Zumelzú Coach : Olazar & Tramutola Argentina squad -- 1934 FIFA World Cup MF Albarracín DF Astudillo DF Belis DF Chimento FW Devincenzi GK Freschi FW Galateo GK Grippa FW Irañeta FW Izzeta MF López MF Lorenzo MF Nehin DF Pedevilla FW Pérez FW Rúa MF Urbieta Sosa FW Wilde Coach : Pascucci Argentina squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup 1 Carrizo 2 Dellacha ( c ) 3 Vairo 4 Lombardo 5 Rossi 6 Varacka 7 Corbatta 8 Prado 9 Menéndez 10 Rojas 11 Labruna 12 Musimessi 13 Pérez 14 Edwards 15 Acevedo 16 Mouriño 17 Ramos Delgado 18 Boggio 19 Avio 20 Infante 21 Sanfilippo 22 Cruz Coach : Stábile Argentina squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Roma 2 Ramos Delgado 3 Marzolini 4 Sainz 5 Sacchi 6 Páez 7 Facundo 8 Pando 9 Pagani 10 Sanfilippo 11 Belén 12 Domínguez 13 Rossi 14 Mariotti 15 Navarro ( c ) 16 Rattín 17 Albrecht 18 Cap 19 Sosa 20 Oleniak 21 Abeledo 22 González Coach : Lorenzo Argentina squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup 1 Roma 2 Irusta 3 Gatti 4 Perfumo 5 Varacka 6 Calics 7 Marzolini 8 Ferreiro 9 Simeone 10 Rattín ( c ) 11 Pastoriza 12 Albrecht 13 López 14 Chaldú 15 Solari 16 González 17 Sarnari 18 Rojas 19 Artime 20 Onega 21 Más 22 Tarabini Coach : Lorenzo Argentina squad -- 1974 FIFA World Cup 1 Carnevali 2 Ayala 3 Babington 4 Balbuena 5 Bargas 6 Brindisi 7 Carrascosa 8 Chazarreta 9 Glaria 10 Heredia 11 Houseman 12 Fillol 13 Kempes 14 Perfumo ( c ) 15 Poy 16 Sá 17 Squeo 18 Telch 19 Togneri 20 Wolff 21 Santoro 22 Yazalde Coach : Cap Argentina squad -- 1978 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Alonso 2 Ardiles 3 Baley 4 Bertoni 5 Fillol 6 Gallego 7 L. Galván 8 R. Galván 9 Houseman 10 Kempes 11 Killer 12 Larrosa 13 La Volpe 14 Luque 15 Olguín 16 Ortiz 17 Oviedo 18 Pagnanini 19 Passarella ( c ) 20 Tarantini 21 Valencia 22 Villa Coach : Menotti Argentina squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup 1 Ardiles 2 Baley 3 Barbas 4 Bertoni 5 Calderón 6 Díaz 7 Fillol 8 Galván 9 Gallego 10 Maradona 11 Kempes 12 Hernández 13 Olarticoechea 14 Olguín 15 Passarella ( c ) 16 Pumpido 17 Santamaría 18 Tarantini 19 Trossero 20 Valdano 21 Valencia 22 Van Tuyne Coach : Menotti Argentina squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup winners ( 2nd title ) 1 Almirón 2 Batista 3 Bochini 4 Borghi 5 Brown 6 Passarella 7 Burruchaga 8 Clausen 9 Cuciuffo 10 Maradona ( c ) 11 Valdano 12 Enrique 13 Garré 14 Giusti 15 Islas 16 Olarticoechea 17 Pasculli 18 Pumpido 19 Ruggeri 20 Tapia 21 Trobbiani 22 Zelada Coach : Bilardo Argentina squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup runners - up 1 Pumpido ( Comizzo ) 2 Batista 3 Balbo 4 Basualdo 5 Bauza 6 Calderón 7 Burruchaga 8 Caniggia 9 Dezotti 10 Maradona ( c ) 11 Fabbri 12 Goycochea 13 Lorenzo 14 Giusti 15 Monzón 16 Olarticoechea 17 Sensini 18 Serrizuela 19 Ruggeri 20 Simón 21 Troglio 22 Cancelarich Coach : Bilardo Argentina squad -- 1994 FIFA World Cup 1 Goycochea 2 Vázquez 3 Chamot 4 Sensini 5 Redondo 6 Ruggeri 7 Caniggia 8 Basualdo 9 Batistuta 10 Maradona ( c ) 11 Medina Bello 12 Islas 13 Cáceres 14 Simeone 15 Borelli 16 Díaz 17 Ortega 18 Pérez 19 Balbo 20 Rodríguez 21 Mancuso 22 Scoponi Coach : Basile Argentina squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Roa 2 Ayala 3 Chamot 4 Pineda 5 Almeyda 6 Sensini 7 C. López 8 Simeone ( c ) 9 Batistuta 10 Ortega 11 Verón 12 Burgos 13 Paz 14 Vivas 15 Astrada 16 Berti 17 Cavallero 18 Balbo 19 Crespo 20 Gallardo 21 Delgado 22 Zanetti Coach : Passarella Argentina squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Burgos 2 Ayala 3 Sorín 4 Pochettino 5 Almeyda 6 Samuel 7 C. López 8 Zanetti 9 Batistuta 10 Ortega 11 Verón ( c ) 12 Cavallero 13 Placente 14 Simeone 15 Husaín 16 Aimar 17 G. López 18 K. González 19 Crespo 20 Gallardo 21 Caniggia 22 Chamot 23 Bonano Coach : Bielsa Argentina squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Abbondanzieri 2 Ayala 3 Sorín ( c ) 4 Coloccini 5 Cambiasso 6 Heinze 7 Saviola 8 Mascherano 9 Crespo 10 Riquelme 11 Tevez 12 Franco 13 Scaloni 14 Palacio 15 Milito 16 Aimar 17 Cufré 18 Rodríguez 19 Messi 20 Cruz 21 Burdisso 22 González 23 Ustari Coach : Pékerman Argentina squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 Pozo 2 Demichelis 3 C. Rodríguez 4 Burdisso 5 Bolatti 6 Heinze 7 Di María 8 Verón 9 Higuaín 10 Messi 11 Tevez 12 Garcé 13 Samuel 14 Mascherano ( c ) 15 Otamendi 16 Agüero 17 Gutiérrez 18 Palermo 19 Milito 20 M. Rodríguez 21 Andújar 22 Romero 23 Pastore Coach : Maradona Argentina squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup runners - up 1 Romero 2 Garay 3 Campagnaro 4 Zabaleta 5 Gago 6 Biglia 7 Di María 8 Pérez 9 Higuaín 10 Messi ( c ) 11 M. Rodríguez 12 Orión 13 A. Fernández 14 Mascherano 15 Demichelis 16 Rojo 17 F. Fernández 18 Palacio 19 Álvarez 20 Agüero 21 Andújar 22 Lavezzi 23 Basanta Coach : Sabella Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argentina_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=846414245 '' Categories : Argentina at the FIFA World Cup Argentina national football team Countries at the FIFA World Cup Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 16 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina%20at%20the%20FIFA%20World%20Cup	711
who were the pro football players in little giants	Just as Danny 's team start to lose hope , a bus arrives carrying NFL stars John Madden , Emmitt Smith , Bruce Smith , Tim Brown , and Steve Emtman . They teach and inspire the young players into believing they can win .	John Madden\|Emmitt Smith\|Bruce Smith\|Tim Brown\|Steve Emtman	Little Giants	little giants		Little Giants Theatrical release poster Directed by Duwayne Dunham Produced by Arne Schmidt Written by James Ferguson Robert Shallcross Starring Rick Moranis Ed O'Neill John Madden Music by John Debney Cinematography Janusz Kamiński Edited by Donn Cambern Production company Amblin Entertainment Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date October 21 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 21 ) Running time 106 minutes Language English Budget $20 million Box office $19.3 million Little Giants is a 1994 American family sports comedy film , starring Rick Moranis and Ed O'Neill as brothers in a small Ohio town , coaching rival Pee - Wee Football teams . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 5 Cultural references 6 Home media 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) This section 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Danny O'Shea ( Rick Moranis ) has always lived in the shadow of his older brother , Kevin ( Ed O'Neill ) , a Heisman Trophy winner and a local football hero . They live in their hometown of Urbania , Ohio . Kevin coaches the local `` Pee - Wee Cowboys '' football team . Despite being the best player , Danny 's tomboy daughter , Becky ( Shawna Waldron ) , nicknamed Icebox , is cut during try outs because she is a girl . Also cut are her less - talented friends , Rashid Hanon ( who ca n't catch anything ) , Tad Simpson ( who ca n't run ) , and Rudy Zolteck ( who 's overweight and quite flatulent ) . After being ridiculed by the other players who made the team , she convinces her dad to coach a new pee - wee team of their own . At first , Danny is reluctant to do so , but later accepts in an attempt to show Urbania that Kevin is not invincible , and that there is another O'Shea in town capable of winning . Kevin mockingly reminds him of the `` one town , one team '' rule and with the help of the locals , they decide to have a playoff game to determine the lone team that will represent Urbania . Among Becky , Hanon , Tad , Rudy , and Nubie ( an intelligent boy who becomes assistant coach ) , Danny also gathers other children that have never been given a chance and dubs the team the `` Little Giants . '' One such player is Junior Floyd ( Devon Sawa ) , a strong - armed quarterback who turns out to be the son of Danny 's childhood crush , Patty Floyd ( Susanna Thompson ) . Becky slowly develops a crush on him and struggles with her newfound feelings as a girl . Two old - timers , Orville ( Harry Fleer ) and Wilbur ( Dabbs Greer ) , encourage the rivalry between Danny and Kevin by reporting to them that a new star player , Spike Hammersmith ( Sam Horrigan ) , has just moved to Urbania . Danny succeeds at recruiting him by tricking his overzealous father , Mike ( Brian Haley ) , that he is the famous `` Coach O'Shea '' , but this is a problem as Spike proves to be rude , arrogant , and refuses to play on a team with a girl . The deception is later discovered and he switches over to Kevin 's more well - structured team . Kevin also encourages his daughter , Debbie ( Courtney Peldon ) , to be a cheerleader and later convinces Becky that a quarterback will want to date a cheerleader , not a teammate . Believing it is her best chance to win over Junior , she decides to quit the team and pursue cheerleading . Just as Danny 's team start to lose hope , a bus arrives carrying NFL stars John Madden , Emmitt Smith , Bruce Smith , Tim Brown , and Steve Emtman . They teach and inspire the young players into believing they can win . On the day of the game , Kevin goads Danny into making an impulsive bet : If Danny wins , he gets Kevin 's Chevrolet dealership ; if Kevin wins , he gets Danny 's gas station . Facing a 21 - point halftime deficit , the Giants are lifted when Danny asks them to individually recall a time when they had a proud accomplishment and reassures them that all it takes is `` one time '' to beat the Cowboys . With this , they begin to make a big comeback with a series of outstanding and unexpected plays . Realizing that Junior is the main threat to them , Spike , under orders from Mike , injures him by spearing him with his helmet after the whistle , which even Kevin considers disgraceful , unsportsmanlike conduct . Witnessing from the sidelines , an enraged Becky drops her pompoms and suits up for the game , to which Kevin knows she will be a threat . She immediately makes an impact when she forces a fumble after a jarring hit on Spike . Other Giants make touchdowns in tandem with overcoming personal problems , such as Hanon 's fear of dropping passes and making a reception , or another one running towards the end zone in excitement when he sees his little - seen dad has rushed back from a business trip to watch him play . In the game 's closing seconds with the score tied at 21 all , the Giants make a goal line stand when Becky stops Spike . With time remaining for one final play , their offense steps back onto the field and uses a trick play Nubie calls `` The Annexation of Puerto Rico , '' inspired by one of Madden 's plays at Super Bowl XI . Kevin shouts out its actual name as it occurs , shouting `` Fumblerooski , Fumblerooski ! '' The play includes three different ball carriers , utilizing the hook and lateral from Zolteck , to Junior , and finally to Berman , who scores the Giants ' 99 yard game - winning touchdown . Afterwards , Danny suggests that rather than having the Giants solely represent Urbania , they should merge with the Cowboys , and both he and Kevin can coach the team . Danny and Patty rekindle their childhood romance . He also decides not to hold Kevin to the prior bet , on the stipulation that the town water tower be changed from `` Home of Kevin O'Shea '' to `` Home of The O'Shea Brothers , '' reflecting a much earlier promise that Kevin made to Danny from their childhood . Cast ( edit ) Rick Moranis - Danny O'Shea Justin Jon Ross as Young Danny Ed O'Neill - Kevin O'Shea Travis Robertson as Young Kevin Shawna Waldron - Becky `` Icebox '' O'Shea Susanna Thompson - Patty Floyd Janna Michaels as Young Patty Devon Sawa - Junior Floyd Brian Haley - Mike Hammersmith Sam Horrigan - Spike Hammersmith Joe Bays - Coach Harold Butz Austin Kottke as Young Butz Frank Carl Fisher Jr . - Patterson Mary Ellen Trainor - Karen O'Shea Courtney Peldon - Debbie O'Shea Alexa Vega - Priscilla O'Shea Danny Pritchett - Tad Simpson Todd Bosley - Jake Berman Mark Holton - Mr. Zolteck Matthew McCurley - Nubie Joey Simmirin - Sean Murphy Jon Paul Steuer - Johnny `` Viper '' Vennaro Troy Simmons - Rashid `` Hot Hands '' Hanon Marcus Toji - Marcus `` The Toe '' Pat Crawford Brown - Louise Production ( edit ) The film was inspired by a 1992 McDonald 's Super Bowl commercial developed by Jim Ferguson and Bob Shallcross . According to the Baltimore Sun , after seeing the commercial , Steven Spielberg contacted them and said , `` I want that commercial made into a movie . I want my ' Home Alone . ' '' Reception ( edit ) The film received mixed reviews . Stephen Holden remarked , in The New York Times , that `` anyone who was ever rejected or picked last for a team can relate to the concept behind `` Little Giants , '' a slickly contrived family movie about an inept junior football team that succeeds in spite of spectacular liabilities ( ... ) In typical Hollywood fashion , `` Little Giants '' raises issues about competition , machismo and sexism in American sports , then blithely skirts them in confrontations that let everyone have his cake and eat it too ( ... ) `` Little Giants , '' which was directed by Duwayne Dunham , devotes much of its energy to such comic antics as balls getting stuck into face masks , and wispy little kids practicing looking intimidating . '' The Washington Post stated that `` if `` Little Giants '' were in a beauty pageant it might win votes for Miss Congeniality , but it definitely would n't take the crown . '' Conversely , the Los Angeles Times suggested that the film was `` smarter than many of its ilk . Clearly a great deal of care and thought has gone into making special a picture that could so easily have been routine family fare . '' Little Giants currently holds a 40 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes . Box Office ( edit ) The film had a budget of $20 million and failed to recoup it , with a total of $19.3 million in box office returns . Cultural references ( edit ) In a 2010 NCAA football game , Michigan State defeated Notre Dame on a fake field goal touchdown pass in overtime to end the game . Head coach Mark Dantonio said the play was called `` Little Giants '' . The uniforms worn by the Cowboys in the film were the same ones worn by the Dallas Cowboys during the 1994 season as part of the NFL 's 75th anniversary . From 2004 to 2007 , the New York Giants ' alternate jerseys were red with white numerals , similar to the jerseys worn by the Little Giants in the movie . The Annexation of Puerto Rico play was actually used during the December 18 , 2011 , game between the Carolina Panthers and the Houston Texans . Home media ( edit ) On February 7 , 1995 , Warner Home Video released Little Giants on VHS and LaserDisc . The VHS tape includes a Merrie Melodies cartoon , One Froggy Evening , celebrating the 40th anniversary of Michigan J. Frog . On July 8 , 2003 , the film was released on DVD . However , it 's currently out of print . On March 29 , 2011 , the film was re-released in a four pack : 4 Film Favorites : Kids Sports ( Little Big League , Surf Ninjas and Hometown Legend ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Judy Brennan ( August 21 , 1994 ) . `` PEEWEES ' PLAYHOUSE : New Quarterback Takes ' Little Giants ' Toward Goal - Los Angeles Times '' . Articles.latimes.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Little Giants ' a big hit not to be written off '' . Baltimore Sun . 1994 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` 8 Things Even Football Fans Do n't Know About The Super Bowl '' . Huffington Post . 2015 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( 1994 - 10 - 14 ) . `` Little Giants ( 1994 ) FILM REVIEW ; Extra Points For Trying '' . Movies.nytimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` ' Little Giants ' ( PG ) '' . Washingtonpost.com. 1994 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Kevin ( 1994 - 10 - 14 ) . `` MOVIE REVIEW : ' Giants ' : A Comedy Worthy of Cheers - Los Angeles Times '' . Articles.latimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ ROBERT W. WELKOS ( 1994 - 10 - 18 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Fiction ' Outdraws ' The Specialist ' - Los Angeles Times '' . Articles.latimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ ROBERT W. WELKOS ( 1994 - 10 - 25 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Pulp Fiction ' Stays in No. 1 - Los Angeles Times '' . Articles.latimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ ELAINE DUTKA ( 1988 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Stargate ' Has MGM Starry - Eyed - Los Angeles Times '' . Articles.latimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ ROBERT W. WELKOS ( 1994 - 11 - 08 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Stargate ' a Back - to - Back Champ - Los Angeles Times '' . Articles.latimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Peter Tirrell ( October 29 , 2010 ) . `` 2010 Notre Dame at MSU `` Little Giants '' fake field goal called by George Blaha `` . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Panthers used play from ' Little Giants ' for TD '' . ESPN.go.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Little Giants Little Giants on IMDb Little Giants at Rotten Tomatoes Little Giants at Box Office Mojo Films directed by Duwayne Dunham Homeward Bound : The Incredible Journey ( 1993 ) Little Giants ( 1994 ) Halloweentown ( 1998 ) The Thirteenth Year ( 1999 ) Ready to Run ( 2000 ) Double Teamed ( 2002 ) Right on Track ( 2003 ) Tiger Cruise ( 2004 ) Now You See It ... ( 2005 ) New York Giants Founded in 1925 Based and headquartered in East Rutherford , New Jersey Franchise Franchise Seasons Coaches Players First - round draft picks Quarterbacks History 1925 -- 1978 1979 -- 1993 1994 -- present Financial history Stadiums Polo Grounds Yankee Stadium Yale Bowl Shea Stadium Giants Stadium MetLife Stadium Culture Cleveland Bulldogs The Duke Crunch Bunch Gatorade shower Big Blue Wrecking Crew I 'm going to Disney World ! Little Giants `` New York Groove '' `` We Fly High '' `` The Masseuse '' ( Seinfeld episode ) Big Fan Bob Sheppard Jim Hall Yankee Stadium Legacy License Plate Guy `` Everybody Hates Big Bird '' ( Everybody Hates Chris episode ) Lore Sneakers Game The Greatest Game Ever Played The Fumble Wide Right 2007 game vs. New England Patriots Helmet Catch The Comeback Rivalries Dallas Cowboys Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins San Francisco 49ers New York Jets Key personnel Owners : John Mara , Steve Tisch General Manager : Dave Gettleman Head Coach : Pat Shurmur Division championships ( 16 ) 1933 1934 1935 1938 1939 1941 1941 1944 1946 1986 1989 1990 1997 2000 2005 2008 2011 Conference championships ( 11 ) 1956 1958 1959 1961 1962 1963 1986 1990 2000 2007 2011 League championships ( 8 ) 1927 1934 1938 1956 1986 ( XXI ) 1990 ( XXV ) 2007 ( XLII ) 2011 ( XLVI ) Retired numbers 7 11 14 14 16 32 40 42 50 56 Ring of Honor Jessie Armstead Carl Banks Tiki Barber Mark Bavaro Al Blozis Rosey Brown Harry Carson Charlie Conerly Frank Gifford Pete Gogolak Mel Hein Jim Lee Howell Sam Huff Dave Jennings Tuffy Leemans Dick Lynch Jack Mara Tim Mara Wellington Mara George Martin Joe Morrison Charlie Conerly Steve Owen Bill Parcells Andy Robustelli Phil Simms Michael Strahan Ken Strong Lawrence Taylor Bob Tisch Y.A. Tittle Amani Toomer Emlen Tunnell Brad Van Pelt Alex Webster George Young Tom Coughlin Michael Strahan Justin Tuck Ernie Accorsi Media Broadcasters Radio network Bob Papa Carl Banks Howard Cross Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 93 ) 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1990 1991 1997 1998 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_Giants&oldid=864529047 '' Categories : 1994 films English - language films Amblin Entertainment films American football films American children 's comedy films American sports comedy films American films Warner Bros. films Films directed by Duwayne Dunham Films shot in Ohio Films set in Ohio Films scored by John Debney Hidden categories : Use American English from April 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from April 2017 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from February 2013 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Galego Italiano עברית Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2018 , at 20 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20Giants	712
who plays the dad in what happened to monday			The open house	the open house	The Open House is a 2018 American horror film written and directed by Matt Angel and Suzanne Coote . The film stars Dylan Minnette , Piercey Dalton , Sharif Atkins , Patricia Bethune , and Aaron Abrams . The film was released on Netflix on January 19 , 2018 .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Release 3.1 Critical response 4 External links Plot ( edit ) When a suburban father is killed by being smashed by a car whose driver appeared to have had a heart attack , his family struggles to come to terms with their loss . Unemployed and financially unable to support herself and her teenage son Logan , the mom , Naomi , agrees to move into her sister 's secluded mountain mansion until it sells . Upon moving in , Naomi and Logan encounter their elderly neighbour , Martha , who behaves strangely , and Chris , a pleasant store clerk . During the open house days , Naomi and Logan are required to leave the property at breakfast and return after 5pm . A series of strange occurrences begin . Objects are moved or disappear , the house phone rings but nobody speaks , the pilot to the hot water tank repeatedly gets shut off , and there are unexplained noises . One night , Logan sees a car idling in the driveway . Outside , he finds Martha , who behaves erratically . Martha later alludes to her deceased husband being alive . A repairman is called to inspect the faulty hot water tank . He reveals that Martha 's husband really did pass away and Martha suffers from Alzheimer 's . This leads to her sometimes forgetting what has happened but she is harmless . The repairman finds Logan 's missing phone near the water heater , leading Naomi to believe that Logan had been messing with her . The two have a heated argument . That night , it is revealed that there is someone else lurking in the home . One day , Naomi and Logan find that their home has been broken into , but the police found nothing . Unable to afford a hotel , the mother and son are forced to remain in the house . Logan contacts Chris , who agrees to stay the night . In the middle of the night , Logan finds Chris with his throat slashed . An unidentified man knocks Logan unconscious , pours water over him and leaves him to the harsh winter elements while he goes after Naomi . Naomi is horrified to discover photos of her , and Logan , sleeping in their beds . She is then attacked , bound and tortured . Logan awakes and finds that all phones have been tampered with when he attempts to call for help . He rushes to help his mother but accidentally mistakes her for the intruder and stabs her . Naomi tells him to run before collapsing . The intruder easily overpowers Logan and removes his contact lenses , leaving Logan unable to see clearly . Logan escapes into the woods and hides . He manages to survive the freezing elements until morning . Succumbing to hypothermia , he drags himself to a stream . The intruder reveals himself and grabs Logan as he struggles and screams . The next scene shows Logan 's lifeless frozen body by the stream . The movie ends showing the unidentified man driving towards the next open house event . Cast ( edit ) Dylan Minnette as Logan Wallace , Naomi 's son Piercey Dalton as Naomi Wallace , Logan 's mother Sharif Atkins as Chris Patricia Bethune as Martha Aaron Abrams as Brian Wallace , Logan 's father Edward Olson as the intruder Release ( edit ) The film was released on Netflix on January 19 , 2018 . Critical response ( edit ) The film has earned generally unfavorable reviews , receiving an approval rating of 14 % on Rotten Tomatoes based on 7 reviews , as well as an average rating of 3 / 10 . The top site 's critic John Doyle reads , `` as escapism , The Open House 's is a good diversion , but not lacking in seriousness . '' External links ( edit ) The Open House on IMDb Film Locations ( hide ) Netflix films and documentaries Current Documentaries The Zen of Bennett ( 2012 ) The Short Game ( 2013 ) The Square ( 2014 ) Mitt ( 2014 ) The Battered Bastards of Baseball ( 2014 ) Print the Legend ( 2014 ) E-Team ( 2014 ) Virunga ( 2014 ) Hot Girls Wanted ( 2015 ) What Happened , Miss Simone ? ( 2015 ) Tig ( 2015 ) Winter on Fire : Ukraine 's Fight for Freedom ( 2015 ) My Beautiful Broken Brain ( 2016 ) Extremis ( 2016 ) The White Helmets ( 2016 ) Audrie & Daisy ( 2016 ) Amanda Knox ( 2016 ) 13th ( 2016 ) Into the Inferno ( 2016 ) I 'll Sleep When I 'm Dead ( 2016 ) The Ivory Game ( 2016 ) Casting JonBenet ( 2017 ) Get Me Roger Stone ( 2017 ) Joshua : Teenager vs. Superpower ( 2017 ) Icarus ( 2017 ) Heroin ( e ) ( 2017 ) Strong Island ( 2017 ) Gaga : Five Foot Two ( 2017 ) One of Us ( 2017 ) Jim & Andy : The Great Beyond ( 2017 ) Films Beasts of No Nation ( 2015 ) A Very Murray Christmas ( 2015 ) The Ridiculous 6 ( 2015 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon : Sword of Destiny ( 2016 ) Pee - wee 's Big Holiday ( 2016 ) Hush ( 2016 ) Special Correspondents ( 2016 ) The Do - Over ( 2016 ) The Fundamentals of Caring ( 2016 ) Brahman Naman ( 2016 ) Rebirth ( 2016 ) Tallulah ( 2016 ) XOXO ( 2016 ) ARQ ( 2016 ) The Siege of Jadotville ( 2016 ) Mascots ( 2016 ) I Am the Pretty Thing That Lives in the House ( 2016 ) 7 Años ( 2016 ) True Memoirs of an International Assassin ( 2016 ) Mercy ( 2016 ) Spectral ( 2016 ) Barry ( 2016 ) Coin Heist ( 2017 ) Clinical ( 2017 ) Take the 10 ( 2017 ) iBoy ( 2017 ) Imperial Dreams ( 2017 ) Girlfriend 's Day ( 2017 ) I Do n't Feel at Home in This World Anymore ( 2017 ) Burning Sands ( 2017 ) Deidra & Laney Rob a Train ( 2017 ) The Most Hated Woman in America ( 2017 ) The Discovery ( 2017 ) Win It All ( 2017 ) Sandy Wexler ( 2017 ) Sand Castle ( 2017 ) Tramps ( 2017 ) Small Crimes ( 2017 ) Handsome : A Netflix Mystery Movie ( 2017 ) Blame ! ( 2017 ) War Machine ( 2017 ) Shimmer Lake ( 2017 ) You Get Me ( 2017 ) Okja ( 2017 ) To the Bone ( 2017 ) The Incredible Jessica James ( 2017 ) Naked ( 2017 ) What Happened to Monday ( 2017 ) Death Note ( 2017 ) Little Evil ( 2017 ) First They Killed My Father ( 2017 ) Gerald 's Game ( 2017 ) Our Souls at Night ( 2017 ) The Meyerowitz Stories ( 2017 ) The Babysitter ( 2017 ) 1922 ( 2017 ) Wheelman ( 2017 ) The Killer ( 2017 ) A Christmas Prince ( 2017 ) Mudbound ( 2017 ) El Camino Christmas ( 2017 ) Christmas Inheritance ( 2017 ) Bright ( 2017 ) The Polka King ( 2018 ) Godzilla : Planet of the Monsters ( 2018 ) The Open House ( 2018 ) Step Sisters ( 2018 ) A Futile and Stupid Gesture ( 2018 ) The Cloverfield Paradox ( 2018 ) When We First Met ( 2018 ) Love Per Square Foot ( 2018 ) Irreplaceable You ( 2018 ) Upcoming films Mute ( 2018 ) Benji ( 2018 ) Game Over , Man ! ( 2018 ) First Match ( 2018 ) Come Sunday ( 2018 ) The Week Of ( 2018 ) Hold the Dark ( 2018 ) Cargo ( 2018 ) The Angel ( 2018 ) How It Ends ( 2018 ) Private Life ( 2018 ) Apostle ( 2018 ) The Highwaymen ( 2018 ) Norway ( 2018 ) Outlaw King ( 2018 ) Untitled Noah Baumbach Project ( 2018 ) Bird Box ( 2018 ) 6 Balloons ( 2018 ) Extinction ( 2018 ) Roxanne Roxanne ( 2018 ) Sierra Burgess Is a Loser ( 2018 ) Kodachrome ( 2018 ) The Land of Steady Habits ( 2018 ) The Legacy of a Whitetail Deer Hunter ( 2018 ) The Other Side of the Wind ( 2018 ) The Outsider ( 2018 ) The Irishman ( 2019 ) Anastasia ( TBA ) Brain on Fire ( TBA ) Dude ( TBA ) Happy Anniversary ( TBA ) Juanita ( TBA ) Nappily Ever After ( TBA ) Set It Up ( TBA ) The Last Laugh ( TBA ) Unreleased Gore Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Open_House&oldid=826757440 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2010s horror thriller films 2010s teen horror films 2018 horror films American films American horror thriller films American teen horror films Films shot in California Netflix original films Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 21 : 12 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Open%20House	713
when did the dad from everybody loves raymond die			Peter Boyle	peter boyle	Peter Lawrence Boyle ( October 18 , 1935 -- December 12 , 2006 ) was an American actor . Known as a character actor , he played Frank Barone on the sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond and the comical monster in Mel Brooks ' film spoof Young Frankenstein ( 1974 ) . Boyle , who won an Emmy Award in 1996 for a guest - starring role on the science - fiction drama The X-Files , won praise in both comedic and dramatic parts following his breakthrough performance in the 1970 film Joe .	Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Death 4 Awards and nominations 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Peter Lawrence Boyle was born on October 18 , 1935 in Norristown , Pennsylvania , the son of Alice ( née Lewis ) and Francis Xavier Boyle . He moved with his family to nearby Philadelphia . Francis was a Philadelphia TV personality from 1951 to 1963 . Among many other roles , he played the Western show host Chuck Wagon Pete , as well as hosting the after - school children 's program Uncle Pete Presents the Little Rascals , which showed vintage Little Rascals and Three Stooges comedy shorts alongside Popeye cartoons . He also appeared at times on Ernie Kovacs ' morning program on W - PTZ . Boyle 's paternal grandparents were Irish immigrants , and his mother was of mostly French and British Isles descent . He was raised Catholic and attended St. Francis de Sales School and West Philadelphia Catholic High School For Boys . After graduating high school in 1953 , Boyle spent three years as a seminarian with the De La Salle Brothers , a Catholic teaching order . He lived in a house of studies with other novices and earned a BA from La Salle University in Philadelphia in 1957 , but left the order because he did not feel called to religious life . While in Philadelphia , he worked as a cameraman on the cooking show Television Kitchen , hosted by Florence Hanford . After graduating from Officer Candidate School in 1959 , he was commissioned as an ensign in the United States Navy , but his military career was shortened by a nervous breakdown . In New York City , Boyle studied with acting coach Uta Hagen while working as a postal clerk and a maitre d ' . Boyle played `` Murray the cop '' in a touring company of Neil Simon 's The Odd Couple , leaving the tour in Chicago and joining The Second City ensemble there . He had a brief scene as the manager of an indoor shooting range in the critically acclaimed 1969 film Medium Cool , filmed in Chicago . Career ( edit ) Boyle gained acclaim for his first starring role , playing the title character , a bigoted New York City factory worker , in the 1970 movie Joe . The film 's release was surrounded by controversy over its violence and language . It was during this time that Boyle became close friends with actress Jane Fonda , and with her he participated in many protests against the Vietnam War . After seeing people cheer at his role in Joe , Boyle refused the lead role in The French Connection ( 1971 ) , as well as other movie and TV roles that he believed glamorized violence . However , in 1974 , he starred in a film based on the life of murdered New York gangster `` Crazy '' Joey Gallo , called Crazy Joe . His next major role was as the campaign manager for a U.S. Senate candidate ( Robert Redford ) in The Candidate ( 1972 ) . In 1973 he appeared in Steelyard Blues with Jane Fonda and Donald Sutherland , a film about a bunch of misfits trying to get a Catalina flying boat in a scrapyard flying again so that they could fly away to somewhere there were n't so many rules . He also played an Irish mobster opposite Robert Mitchum in The Friends of Eddie Coyle ( 1973 ) . Boyle had another hit role as Frankenstein 's monster in the 1974 Mel Brooks comedy Young Frankenstein , in which , in an homage to King Kong , the monster is placed onstage in top hat and tails , grunt - singing and dancing to the song `` Puttin ' on the Ritz '' . Boyle said at the time , `` The Frankenstein monster I play is a baby . He 's big and ugly and scary , but he 's just been born , remember , and it 's been traumatic , and to him the whole world is a brand new alien environment . That 's how I 'm playing it '' . Boyle met his wife , Loraine Alterman , on the set of Young Frankenstein while she was there as a reporter for Rolling Stone . He was still in his Frankenstein makeup when he asked her for a date . Through Alterman and her friend Yoko Ono , Boyle became friends with John Lennon , who was the best man at Boyle and Alterman 's 1977 wedding . Boyle and his wife had two daughters , Lucy and Amy . Boyle received his first Emmy nomination for his acclaimed dramatic performance in the 1977 television film Tail Gunner Joe , in which he played Senator Joseph McCarthy . Yet he was more often cast as a character actor than as a leading man . His roles include the philosophical cab driver `` Wizard '' in Martin Scorsese 's Taxi Driver ( 1976 ) , starring Robert De Niro ; a bar owner and fence in The Brink 's Job ( 1978 ) ; the private detective hired in Hardcore ( 1979 ) ; the attorney of gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson ( played by Bill Murray ) in Where the Buffalo Roam ( 1980 ) ; a corrupt space mining - facility boss in the science - fiction film Outland ( 1981 ) , opposite Sean Connery ; Boatswain Moon in the ( 1983 ) pirate comedy Yellowbeard , also starring Cheech and Chong , Madeline Kahn , and members of the comedy troupe Monty Python ; a local crime boss named Jocko Dundee on his way to retirement , starring Michael Keaton in the comedy film Johnny Dangerously ( 1984 ) ; a psychiatric patient who belts out a Ray Charles song in the comedy The Dream Team ( 1989 ) , also starring Michael Keaton ; a boss of unscrupulous corporation in the sci - fi Solar Crisis ( 1990 ) along Charlton Heston and Jack Palance ; the title character 's cab driver in The Shadow ( 1994 ) , starring Alec Baldwin ; the father of Sandra Bullock 's fiancée in While You Were Sleeping ( 1995 ) ; the corporate raider out to buy Eddie Murphy 's medical partnership in Dr. Dolittle ( 1998 ) ; the hateful father of Billy Bob Thornton 's prison - guard character in Monster 's Ball ( 2001 ) ; Muta in The Cat Returns ( 2002 ) ; and Old Man Wickles in the comedy Scooby Doo 2 : Monsters Unleashed ( 2004 ) . In cameo roles , he can be seen as a police captain in Malcolm X ( 1992 ) , and as a drawbridge operator in Porky 's Revenge ( 1985 ) . In 1992 , he starred in Alex Cox 's Death and the Compass , an adaptation of Jorge Luis Borges ' La Muerte y la Brujula . However , the film was not released until 1996 . His New York theater work included playing a comedian who is the object of The Roast , a 1980 Broadway play directed by Carl Reiner . Also in 1980 he co-starred with Tommy Lee Jones in an Off Broadway production of playwright Sam Shepard 's acclaimed True West . Two years later , Boyle played the head of a dysfunctional family in Joe Pintauro 's less well - received Snow Orchid , at the Circle Repertory . In 1986 , Boyle played the title role of the acclaimed but short - lived TV series Joe Bash , created by Danny Arnold . The comedy - drama followed the life of a lonely , world - weary , and sometimes compromised New York City beat cop whose closest friend was a prostitute , played by actress DeLane Matthews . In October 1990 , Boyle suffered a near - fatal stroke that rendered him completely speechless and immobile for nearly six months . After recovering , he went on to win an Emmy Award in 1996 as Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series for his appearance on The X-Files . In the episode , `` Clyde Bruckman 's Final Repose '' , he played an insurance salesman who can see selected things in the near future , particularly others ' deaths . Boyle also guest starred in two episodes as Bill Church Sr. in Lois and Clark : The New Adventures of Superman . He appears in Sony Music 's unaired Roger Waters ' music video `` Three Wishes '' ( 1992 ) as a scruffy genie in a dirty coat and red scarf , who tries to tempt Waters at a desert diner . Boyle was perhaps most widely known for his role as the deadpan , cranky Frank Barone in the CBS television sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond , which aired from 1996 to 2005 . The show was shot in Los Angeles , to which Boyle commuted from his New York City home . He was nominated for an Emmy seven times for this role , but never won ( beaten out multiple times in the Supporting Actor category by his co-star Brad Garrett ) , though fellow co-stars Garrett , Ray Romano , Patricia Heaton , and Boyle 's TV wife Doris Roberts won at least one Emmy each for their performances . In 1999 , he had a heart attack on the set of Everybody Loves Raymond . He soon regained his health and returned to the series . After the incident , Boyle was drawn back to his Catholic faith and resumed attending Mass . In 2001 , he appeared in the film Monster 's Ball as the bigoted father of Billy Bob Thornton 's character . Introduced by comedian Carlos Mencia as `` the most honest man in show business '' , Boyle made guest appearances on three episodes of the Comedy Central program Mind of Mencia , one of which was shown as a tribute in a segment made before Boyle 's death , in which he read hate mail , explained the `` hidden meanings '' behind bumper stickers , and occasionally told Mencia how he felt about him . Starting in late 2005 , Boyle and former TV wife Doris Roberts appeared in TV commercials for the 75th anniversary of Alka - Seltzer , reprising the famous line , `` I ca n't believe I ate that whole thing ! '' Although this quote has entered into popular culture , it is often misquoted as , `` ... the whole thing . '' Boyle had a role in all three of The Santa Clause films . In the original , he plays Scott Calvin 's boss . In the sequels , he plays Father Time . Death ( edit ) On December 12 , 2006 , Boyle died at the age of 71 at New York Presbyterian Hospital in New York City after suffering from multiple myeloma and heart disease . At the time of his death , he had completed his role in the film All Roads Lead Home and was scheduled to appear in The Golden Boys . The end credits of All Roads Lead Home include a dedication to his memory . Boyle 's death had a tremendous effect on his former co-stars from Everybody Loves Raymond , which had ceased production less than two years prior to his death . When asked to comment on Boyle 's death , his cast members heaped praise on Boyle . Ray Romano was personally affected by the loss , saying , `` He gave me great advice , he always made me laugh , and the way he connected with everyone around him amazed me . '' Patricia Heaton stated , `` Peter was an incredible man who made all of us who had the privilege of working with him aspire to be better actors . '' On October 18 , 2007 ( which would have been Boyle 's 72nd birthday ) , his friend Bruce Springsteen dedicated `` Meeting Across the River '' to Boyle during a Madison Square Garden concert with the E Street Band in New York . Springsteen segued into `` Jungleland '' in memory of Boyle , stating : `` An old friend died a while back -- we met him when we first came to New York City ... Today would have been his birthday . '' After Boyle died , his widow Loraine Alterman Boyle established the Peter Boyle Memorial Fund in support of the International Myeloma Foundation . Boyle 's closest friends , family and co-stars have since gathered yearly for a comedy celebration fundraiser in Los Angeles . Acting as a tribute to Boyle , the annual event is hosted by Ray Romano and has included performances by many comedic veterans including Dana Carvey , Fred Willard , Martin Mull , Richard Lewis , Kevin James , Jeff Garlin and Martin Short . Performances typically revolve around Boyle 's life , recalling favorite moments with the actor . The comedy celebration has been noted as the most successful fundraiser in IMF history , as the first event held in 2007 raised over $550,000 , while the following year over $600,000 was raised for the Peter Boyle Memorial Fund in support of the IMF 's research programs . He was interred at Green River Cemetery in Springs , New York . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Emmy Award Nomination ( 1977 ) -- Lead Actor in a Drama or Comedy Special : Tail Gunner Joe Nomination ( 1989 ) -- Guest Actor in a Drama Series : J.J. Killian in Midnight Caller episode `` Fathers and Sins '' Win ( 1996 ) -- Guest Actor in a Drama Series : Clyde Bruckman in The X-Files episode `` Clyde Bruckman 's Final Repose '' ( 7 ) Nominations ( 1999 -- 2005 ) -- Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series : Everybody Loves Raymond Screen Actors Guild ( SAG ) Award The cast of Everybody Loves Raymond was nominated for Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series each year from 1999 -- 2000 and 2002 -- 2006 . Boyle was additionally nominated for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series in 2002 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1966 The Group Unknown Uncredited 1969 Medium Cool Gun Clinic Manager 1969 The Virgin President General Heath 1969 The Monitors Production Manager 1970 Joe Joe Curran Nominated -- National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor 1970 Diary of a Mad Housewife Man Uncredited 1971 T.R. Baskin Jack Mitchell 1972 The Candidate Marvin Lucas 1972 F.T.A. Unknown 1973 Steelyard Blues Eagle Thornberry 1973 Slither Barry Fenaka 1973 Kid Blue Preacher Bob 1973 The Friends of Eddie Coyle Dillon 1973 The Man Who Could Talk to Kids Charlie Datweiler Television movie 1973 Ghost in the Noonday Sun Ras Mohammed Crazy Joe Joe Young Frankenstein The Monster 1976 Taxi Driver Wizard 1976 Swashbuckler Lord Durant 1977 Tail Gunner Joe Senator Joseph McCarthy Television movie Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie 1978 F.I.S.T. Max Graham 1978 The Brink 's Job Joe McGinnis 1979 Hardcore Andy Mast 1979 Beyond the Poseidon Adventure Frank Mazzetti 1980 Where the Buffalo Roam Lazlo 1980 In God We Tru $ t Dr. Sebastian Melmoth 1981 Outland Mark Sheppard 1982 Hammett Jimmy Ryan Yellowbeard Moon 1984 Johnny Dangerously Jocko Dundee 1985 Turk 182 Det . Ryan Surrender Jay Walker Cornelius Vanderbilt 1988 The In Crowd Uncle Pete Boyle 1988 Red Heat Cmdr. Lou Donnelly 1989 The Dream Team Jack McDermott 1989 Speed Zone Spiro T. Edsel 1989 Funny Unknown 1989 Guts and Glory : The Rise and Fall of Oliver North John Poindexter Television movie 1990 Challenger Roger Boisjoly Television movie 1990 Solar Crisis Arnold Teague 1990 Men of Respect Matt Duffy 1990 The Tragedy of Flight 103 : The Inside Story Fred Ford Television movie 1991 Kickboxer 2 : The Road Back Justin Maciah 1992 Nervous Ticks Ron Rudman 1992 Death and the Compass Detective Erik Lönnrot 1992 Honeymoon in Vegas Chief Orman 1992 Malcolm X Captain Green 1994 Killer George 1994 The Shadow Moe Shrevnitz 1994 The Santa Clause Mr. Whittle Scott Calvin 's Boss 1995 The Surgeon Lt. McEllwaine 1995 Born to Be Wild Gus Charnley 1995 While You Were Sleeping Ox Final Vendetta Jay Glass Milk & Money Belted Galloway 1997 That Darn Cat Pa 1998 Species II Dr. Herman Cromwell 1998 Dr. Dolittle Calloway Monster 's Ball Buck Grotowski 2002 The Cat Returns Muta voice only in English version 2002 The Adventures of Pluto Nash Rowland 2002 The Santa Clause 2 Father Time Uncredited 2002 Bat 's Fools is Bad Dog 's Dr. Scream Devil Scooby - Doo 2 : Monsters Unleashed Old Man Jeremiah Wickles 2006 The Santa Clause 3 : The Escape Clause Father Time 2008 All Roads Lead Home Poovey Released posthumously Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1986 Joe Bash Joe Bash 6 episodes 1988 Cagney & Lacey Phillip Greenlow Episode : `` A Class Act '' 1989 -- 1991 Midnight Caller J.J. Killian 3 episodes Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series 1990 Poochinski Stanley Poochinski TV pilot 1992 -- 1993 Flying Blind Alicia 's Dad 2 episodes TriBeCa Harry Episode : `` The Hopeless Romantic '' 1994 -- 1995 NYPD Blue Dan Breen 5 episodes 1994 -- 1996 Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman Bill Church , Sr . 2 episodes 1995 The X-Files Clyde Bruckman Episode : `` Clyde Bruckman 's Final Repose '' Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series The Single Guy Walter Eliot 2 episodes 1996 -- 2005 Everybody Loves Raymond Frank Barone 207 episodes Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated -- American Comedy Award for Funniest Supporting Male in a Television Series Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series ( 1999 - 2005 ) Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series ( 2002 , 2004 ) Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 1999 - 2000 , 2002 , 2004 -- 06 ) Nominated -- Viewers for Quality Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Quality Comedy Series 1997 Cosby Frank Barone Episode : `` Lucas Raymondicus '' 1998 The King of Queens Frank Barone Episode : `` Road Rayage '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Klemesrud , Judy ( August 2 , 1970 ) . `` Joe ( 1970 ) Movies : His Happiness Is A Thing Called ' Joe ' '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Sketchclub.org '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Dennis McLellan ( December 14 , 2006 ) . `` Peter Boyle , 71 ; father on ' Raymond ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia : Pete Boyle '' . Broadcast Pioneers . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 01 . ( includes 1953 photo ) Jump up ^ Berkvist , Robert ( December 14 , 2006 ) . `` Peter Boyle , 71 , Is Dead ; Roles Evoked Laughter and Anger '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Biography for Peter Boyle '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stephen Miller ( December 14 , 2006 ) . `` Peter Boyle , 71 , Character Actor Played Psychotics and Monsters '' . The New York Sun . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Gerry Wilkinson . `` Florence Hanford , a Broadcast Pioneer '' . Broadcast Pioneers . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Robert Berkvist ( December 14 , 2006 ) . `` Peter Boyle , 71 , Is Dead ; Roles Evoked Laughter and Anger '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Adam Bernstein ( December 14 , 2006 ) . `` Peter Boyle ; ' Raymond ' Dad Put Some Ritz in ' Young Frankenstein ' '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` In Step With : Peter Boyle '' . Parade Magazine . August 15 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Deepti Hajela ( 13 December 2006 ) . `` BAD LINK '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ David Hiltbrand ( 21 March 2004 ) . `` You may love Raymond , but you do n't know Peter '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Bash '' . JumpTheShark.com . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Videos , both aired and unaired , are routinely distributed to the music press ; this clip appears on fan - made bootleg video compilations : `` Roger Waters on Video '' . Going Underground Magazine . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 01 . Reprinted at Pink Floyd RoIO Database : Roger Waters Video Anthology Jump up ^ `` Three Wishes '' . YouTube . 27 November 2005 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Catholic News Service ( 14 December 2006 ) . `` Catholic actor Peter Boyle , a former Christian Brother , dies at age 71 '' . Catholic Online . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` TV Land 's The 100 Greatest TV Quotes ... '' Yahoo ! Finance . 22 November 2006 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Boyle '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Raymond ' star Peter Boyle dies at 71 '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . 17 December 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` ' Raymond ' Cast Mourns Peter Boyle '' . CBS News . 2006 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce Springsteen & E Street Band - Meeting Across The River '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Boyle Fund Annual Comedy Gala '' . La.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` About The Peter Boyle Memorial Fund '' . Myeloma.org . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Screen Actors Guild Awards Past Nominees & Recipients '' . SAG Awards . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Peter Boyle at the Internet Broadway Database Peter Boyle at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Peter Boyle on IMDb Peter Boyle at The Interviews : An Oral History of Television Peter Boyle at the TCM Movie Database Peter Boyle at AllMovie MSNBC.com ( December 13 , 2006 ) : The Daily Nightly : `` Remembering Uncle Pete '' , by Clare Duffy , NBC Nightly News Producer Awards for Peter Boyle Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series Patrick McGoohan ( 1975 ) Gordon Jackson ( 1976 ) Louis Gossett Jr. ( 1977 ) Barnard Hughes ( 1978 ) John Lithgow ( 1986 ) Joe Spano ( 1989 ) Patrick McGoohan ( 1990 ) David Opatoshu ( 1991 ) Laurence Fishburne ( 1993 ) Richard Kiley ( 1994 ) Paul Winfield ( 1995 ) Peter Boyle ( 1996 ) Pruitt Taylor Vince ( 1997 ) John Larroquette ( 1998 ) Edward Herrmann ( 1999 ) James Whitmore ( 2000 ) Michael Emerson ( 2001 ) Charles S. Dutton ( 2002 ) Charles S. Dutton ( 2003 ) William Shatner ( 2004 ) Ray Liotta ( 2005 ) Christian Clemenson ( 2006 ) John Goodman ( 2007 ) Glynn Turman ( 2008 ) Michael J. Fox ( 2009 ) John Lithgow ( 2010 ) Paul McCrane ( 2011 ) Jeremy Davies ( 2012 ) Dan Bucatinsky ( 2013 ) Joe Morton ( 2014 ) Reg E. Cathey ( 2015 ) Hank Azaria ( 2016 ) Gerald McRaney ( 2017 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2000 -- 2009 ) Will & Grace , season 2 / season 3 ( 2000 ) : Hayes ; McCormack ; Messing ; Mullally Sex and the City , season 4 ( 2001 ) : Cattrall ; Davis ; Nixon ; Parker Everybody Loves Raymond season 6 / season 7 ( 2002 ) : Boyle ; Garrett ; Heaton ; Roberts ; Romano ; Sweeten Sex and the City , season 6 ( 2003 ) : Cattrall ; Davis ; Nixon ; Parker Desperate Housewives , season 1 ( 2004 ) : Bowen ; Chavira ; Cross ; Culp ; Denton ; Hatcher ; Huffman ; Kasch ; Longoria ; Metcalfe ; Moses ; Sheridan ; Strong Desperate Housewives , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) : Bart ; Bowen ; Brooks ; Chavira ; Cross ; Culp ; Denton ; Hatcher ; Huffman ; B. Kinsman ; S. Kinsman ; Longoria ; Moses ; Savant ; Sheridan ; Strong ; Woodard The Office , season 2 / season 3 ( 2006 ) : Baker ; Baumgartner ; Carell ; Denman ; Fischer ; Flannery ; Hardin ; Kaling ; Kinsey ; Krasinski ; Lieberstein ; Novak ; Nunez ; Smith ; Wilson The Office , season 3 / season 4 ( 2007 ) : Baker ; Baumgartner ; Carell ; Denman ; Fischer ; Flannery ; Hardin ; Kaling ; Kinsey ; Krasinski ; Lieberstein ; Novak ; Nunez ; Smith ; Wilson 30 Rock , season 2 / season 3 ( 2008 ) : Adsit ; Baldwin ; Bowden ; Fey ; Friedlander ; Krakowski ; McBrayer ; Morgan ; Powell Glee , season 1 ( 2009 ) : Agron ; Colfer ; Gallagher ; Gilsig ; Lynch ; Mays ; McHale ; Michele ; Monteith ; Morris ; Morrison ; Riley ; Rivera ; Salling ; Shum ; Sussman ; Talton ; Theba ; Ushkowitz Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2019 ) BIBSYS : 90564164 BNE : XX1095868 BNF : cb139300582 ( data ) GND : 143813102 ISNI : 0000 0001 1645 4216 LCCN : n92067408 MusicBrainz : 33e754d0 - 8fab - 46cf - 93fb - 99d74e4c29ed SNAC : w6db8t0z SUDOC : 128210672 VIAF : 54335328 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Boyle&oldid=853497035 '' Categories : 1935 births 2006 deaths People from Norristown , Pennsylvania Male actors from Pennsylvania Catholics from Pennsylvania American male film actors American male stage actors American male television actors Deaths from cancer in New York ( state ) Deaths from multiple myeloma Emmy Award winners La Salle University alumni United States Navy officers 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American male voice actors American male comedy actors Burials at Green River Cemetery Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Articles with IBDb links Articles using Template : The Interviews name Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Acèh Asturianu تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Corsu Dansk Deutsch Español Estremeñu فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Winaray Zazaki 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 05 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Boyle	714
who owns the reserve bank in south africa	The Reserve Bank is privately owned , with 2 million issued shares . The only limitation on shareholding is that no single shareholder may own more than 10,000 shares individually . Currently there are 696 shareholders , as of the shareholders index report of 31 August 2018 , owning shares in the South African Reserve Bank .		South African Reserve Bank	south african reserve bank		South African Reserve Bank 10 other official names : ( show ) Suid - Afrikaanse Reserwebank ( Afrikaans ) lBulungelo - mali eliKhulu leSewula Afrika ( Southern Ndebele ) iBhanki enguVimba yoMzantsi Afrika ( Xhosa ) iBhange - ngodla laseNingizimu Afrika ( Zulu ) liBhangi lesiLulu leNingizimu Afrika ( Swazi ) Panka ya Resefe ya Afrika Borwa ( Northern Sotho ) Banka ya Sesiu ya Afrika Borwa ( Sotho ) Banka - kgolo ya Aforika Borwa ( Tswana ) Banginkulu ya Afrika - Dzonga ( Tsonga ) Bannga ya Vhukati ya Afurika Tshipembe ( Venda ) Headquarters Pretoria Coordinates ( − 25.745420 , 28.19602 ) Established 30 June 1921 ( 1921 - 06 - 30 ) Ownership Privately owned Governor Lesetja Kganyago Central bank of South Africa Currency ZAR ( ISO 4217 ) Bank rate 6.5 % Preceded by Bank of England Succeeded by Ricardo Olivier and Company Website resbank.co.za Public finance Policies ( show ) Agricultural Economic Energy Industrial Investment Social Trade Fiscal Monetary Policy mix Fiscal policy ( show ) Budget policy Debt external internal Deficit / surplus Finance ministry Fiscal union Revenue Spending deficit Tax Monetary policy ( show ) Bank reserves requirements Discount window Gold reserves Interest rate Monetary authority central bank currency board Monetary base Monetary ( currency ) union Money supply Trade policy ( show ) Balance of trade Free trade Gains from trade Non-tariff barrier Protectionism Tariff Trade bloc Trade creation Trade diversion Trade / commerce ministry Revenue Spending ( show ) Non-tax revenue Tax revenue Discretionary spending Mandatory spending Optimum ( show ) Balanced budget Economic growth Price stability Reform ( show ) Fiscal adjustment Monetary reform The South African Reserve Bank ( SARB ) ( Afrikaans : Suid - Afrikaanse Reserwebank ) is the central bank of South Africa . It was established in 1921 after Parliament passed an act , the `` Currency and Bank Act of 10 August 1920 '' , as a direct result of the abnormal monetary and financial conditions which World War I had brought . The SARB was only the fourth central bank established outside the United Kingdom and Europe , the others being the United States , Japan and Java . The earliest suggestions for the establishment of the Central Bank in South Africa date back to 1879 . A select committee , consisting of ten members of Parliament was established on 31 March 1920 to examine the benefits to the national interest of the establishing of the central bank . Following on the recommendations of the committee , the South African Reserve Bank opened for business on 30 June 1921 , making it the oldest central bank in Africa . The first banknotes were issued to the public by the Bank on 19 April 1922 . Unlike the Bank of England , which provided the model for establishing the SARB , the SARB is privately owned . Contents 1 Functions of the South African Reserve Bank 2 Organisational structure 2.1 Board of directors 2.2 Ownership 3 List of Governors of the South African Reserve Bank 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Functions of the South African Reserve Bank ( edit ) Formulating and implementing monetary policy ; Issuing banknotes and coin ; Supervising the banking system ; Ensuring the effective functioning of the national payment system ( NPS ) ; Managing official gold and foreign - exchange reserves ; Acting as banker to the government ; But not owned by South African Government . Administering the country 's remaining exchange controls ; and Acting as lender of last resort in exceptional circumstances . Organisational structure ( edit ) Board of directors ( edit ) SARB has a board of directors consisting of a Governor Lesetja Kganyago three Deputy Governors , and eleven Directors . The Governor , and Deputy governors are appointed for five - year terms by the President of South Africa in consultation with the Minister of Finance . Four of the directors are also appointed by the President for terms of three years . The remaining seven directors are appointed by the Shareholders of the Bank , also for a three - year term . Ownership ( edit ) The Reserve Bank is privately owned , with 2 million issued shares . The only limitation on shareholding is that no single shareholder may own more than 10,000 shares individually . Currently there are 696 shareholders , as of the shareholders index report of 31 August 2018 , owning shares in the South African Reserve Bank . Shareholders are entitled a dividend of not more than 10 South African cents per share per annum ( the total maximum dividend is therefore 200,000 South African Rand or a maximum of 1,000 South African Rand for any individual shareholder ) , with the remaining profits being paid to the South African government . List of Governors of the South African Reserve Bank ( edit ) William Henry Clegg -- December 1920 -- December 1931 Johannes Postmus -- January 1932 -- June 1945 Michiel Hendrik de Kock -- July 1945 -- June 1962 Gerhard Rissik -- July 1962 -- June 1967 Theunis Willem de Jongh -- July 1967 -- December 1980 Gerhard de Kock -- January 1981 -- August 1989 Chris Stals -- August 1989 -- August 1999 Tito Mboweni -- August 1999 -- November 2009 Gill Marcus -- November 2009 -- November 2014 Lesetja Kganyago -- November 2014 -- present See also ( edit ) Economics portal South Africa portal South African pound South African rand BankservAfrica Bitcoin References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` South Africa Reserve Bank -- Reserve Bank Shares '' . Jump up ^ `` South African Reserve Bank -- Ownership '' . Jump up ^ `` South Africa Reserve Bank -- Board of Directors '' . External links ( edit ) Official website Central banks Global Bank for International Settlements Basel Committee on Banking Supervision Financial Stability Board Policies Capital requirement Contractionary monetary policy Expansionary monetary policy Basel II Basel III Basel 4 Implementation Capital control Discount rate Interest rates Money creation Open market operation Sovereign wealth fund Bretton Woods system International Monetary Fund World Bank Group International Bank for Reconstruction and Development International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes International Development Association International Finance Corporation Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency Lists List of central banks Central banks and currencies of Africa Central banks and currencies of Asia - Pacific Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean Central banks and currencies of Europe Central banks and currencies of Central America and South America Banks of South Africa Central bank South African Reserve Bank The `` big four '' commercial banks Absa First National Bank ( FNB ) Nedbank Standard Bank Other African Bank Bidvest Bank Capitec Bank FirstRand Bank Grindrod Bank Imperial Bank South Africa Investec VBS Mutual Bank Sasfin Bank Teba Bank Limited Postbank Development Bank of Southern Africa Land and Agricultural Development Bank of South Africa Defunct 20Twenty African Banking Corporation Allied Bank Colesberg Bank NBS Permanent Bank Saambou Trustbank United Bank Volkskas National Key Points in South Africa Water supply sites Zwartkopjies Zuikerbosch Vereeniging Mapleton Barrage Palmiet Eikenhof Vaal Dam Mokolo Dam Pump Station Electricity generation and transmission sites Grassridge Transmission Station Perseus Transmission Station Lethabo Power Station Hydra Transmission Station Apollo Transmission Station Minerva Transmission Station Grootvlei Power Station Impala Transmission Station Klaarwater Distribution Station Pegasus Transmission Station Drakensberg Power Station Durban South Distribution Station Durban North Distribution Station Athene Transmission Station Lotus Park Distribution station Camden Power Station Hendrina Power Station Kriel Power Station Arnot Power Station Sol Transmission Station Matla Power Station Duvha Power Station Tutuka Power Station Kendal Power Station Komati Power Station Majuba Power Station Matimba Power Station Muldersvlei Transmission Station Acasia Transmission Station Droeriver Transmission Station Koeberg Nuclear Power Station Gourikwa Power Station Ankerlig Power Station Centlec Crude oil , fuel depot and processing sites OilTanking Grindrod Calulo Natref Refinery Bethlehem Pump Station Coalbrook Pump Station Sasol Pump Station Kroonstad Pump Station Magdala TPL Depot Wilge TPL Depot Shell Depot Alrode Chevron Alrode Sasol Depot Alrode Total Depot Alrode Alrode Chevron Texaco Airport e-Natis Facility Tarlton Distribution Depot Klerksdorp Depot Langlaagte Depot Meyerton Depot Rustenburg Depot Sasol Secunda Jericho Pump Station Rieftontein Pump Station Grootfontein Pump Station Vygeboom Pump Station Bosloop Water Pump Station Nooitgedact Pump Station Transnet Pipeline Witbank Depot Khutala Pump Station Zaaihoek Pump Station Chevron Refinery PetroSA Voorbaai PetroSA GTL Refinery FA Production Platform ORCA Presidential residential sites Nelson Mandela Qunu Village residence Mahlamba Ndlopfu Presidential Residence Sefako Makgatho Presidential Residence President of South Africa Residence Nkandla JL Dube House Presidential Residence ( Genadendal ) Government sites Eastern Cape Provincial Legislature Free State Legislature Northern Cape Provincial Legislature Pretoria Union Buildings North West Provincial Legislature KwaZulu - Natal Legislature Government Building Nelspruit Limpopo Legislature Houses of Parliament , Cape Town 120 Plein Street , Cape Town Western Cape Provincial Parliament SARB Port Elizabeth SARB East London SARB Bloemfontein SARB Port Elizabeth SARB Pretoria SARB Johannesburg South African Bank Note Company Space , science and technology sites Square Kilometre Array Onderstepoort Biological Products SSA Communication Centre CSIR Wind Tunnel Denel Land Systems Denel Dynamics Main Telephone Exchange ( PPR ) ArcelorMittal African Explosives Denel Aviation BAE Systems Land Systems South Africa Hartebeeshoek Earth Station NECSA South African National Space Agency Rheinmetall Denel Munition South Africa Airports O.R. Tambo International Airport King Shaka International Airport Cape Town International Airport Coordinates : 25 ° 44 ′ 43 '' S 28 ° 11 ′ 46 '' E / 25.74528 ° S 28.19611 ° E / - 25.74528 ; 28.19611 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_African_Reserve_Bank&oldid=864770930 '' Categories : Banks of South Africa Central banks 1921 establishments in South Africa Banks established in 1921 Financial regulatory authorities of South Africa Hidden categories : EngvarB from May 2018 Use dmy dates from May 2018 Articles containing Afrikaans - language text Articles containing Southern Ndebele - language text Articles containing Xhosa - language text Articles containing Zulu - language text Articles containing Swazi - language text Articles containing Northern Sotho - language text Articles containing Sotho - language text Articles containing Tswana - language text Articles containing Tsonga - language text Articles containing Venda - language text Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Deutsch Español Français Magyar 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2018 , at 10 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20African%20Reserve%20Bank	715
love me like to do english song download			Love Me Like You Do	love me like you do	`` Love Me like You Do '' is a song recorded by English singer Ellie Goulding for the soundtrack to the film Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) . The song was written by Savan Kotecha , Ilya Salmanzadeh , Tove Lo , Max Martin and Ali Payami ; the latter two also produced it . Goulding was selected to sing the track . It was released on 7 January 2015 as the second single from the soundtrack . The song was also included on Goulding 's third studio album , Delirium ( 2015 ) .	`` Love Me like You Do '' is a mid-tempo electropop power ballad , with instrumentation consisting of massive synths and crushing drums . Lyrically , similar to the film 's theme , the song talks about the uncontrollable feeling of falling in love and being seduced by someone whose touch leaves her begging for more , even when it hurts . It received acclaim from music critics , who praised Goulding 's soft vocals and the song for being sultry and grandiose . The song earned Goulding her first Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Solo Performance , while the songwriters were nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media , the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song , and the Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Song . `` Love Me like You Do '' was a global success , becoming Goulding 's most successful single as well as becoming her first number - one in various countries , topping the charts of over 25 territories , including Australia , Austria , Bulgaria , the Czech Republic , Denmark , Finland , Germany , Greece , Hungary , Ireland , Italy , Luxembourg , Norway , Poland , Portugal , Slovakia , Slovenia , Spain , Sweden and Switzerland . In the United Kingdom , it spent four weeks at number one on the UK Singles Chart , while holding the record for the most - streamed track in a single week in the United Kingdom at the time . In the United States , it peaked at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 and was her first number - one on the Adult Top 40 and second on the Mainstream Top 40 . Its accompanying music video , which features scenes of the film and Goulding dancing with her partner in a ballroom , became the 21st video to receive one billion views on YouTube and received a nomination at the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards for Best Female Video . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition and lyrics 3 Critical reception 3.1 Accolades 4 Chart performance 5 Music video 6 Live performances and cover versions 7 Track listings 8 Credits and personnel 9 Charts 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 10 Certifications 11 Release history 12 References 13 External links Background ( edit ) While seeking material for the Fifty Shades of Grey soundtrack , Republic Records contacted various artists , managers and music publishers to create a compilation that would appropriately represent the film 's tone . `` Love Me like You Do '' was the result of Republic executive Tom Mackay contacting Max Martin 's manager about writing a song for the film . Ilya started writing the chorus , while Ali Payami and Martin came next , with Martin `` tweaking '' the song and Savan Kotecha and Tove Lo also contributing with lyrics . According to Kotecha , `` Love Me Like You Do '' was already being developed by both him and Martin prior to Fifty Shades of Grey , and he had considered giving the song to American singer Demi Lovato . However , after being shown a scene from the film during a meeting for the film 's soundtrack , Martin thought ' Love Me Like You Do ' could work , and began reworking the song for inclusion . After that , the film director Sam Taylor - Johnson asked Ellie Goulding to sing the song . Goulding , who previously contributed songs to the soundtracks to The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 , The Hunger Games : Catching Fire , and Divergent , initially thought about declining the invitation to record another song for a soundtrack to focus on her then upcoming third studio album , however after meeting the film crew and hearing the ballad she accepted . She commented : `` I was n't going to get involved in that soundtrack because I 've done a lot of soundtracks and we kind of thought we 've done a bit too much film stuff . So we should probably just chill and write that third album , which is what I should be focusing on . And then I met the director ( Sam Taylor - Johnson ) and everyone involved and I was like , ' This is a pretty cool thing to be involved in . ' Then I heard the song and I was like , ' Woah , this is a pretty awesome song . ' I did n't know that it was going to be this big , genuinely . I thought ( maybe ) it would do well . '' Composition and lyrics ( edit ) `` Love Me like You Do '' was written by Max Martin , Savan Kotecha , Ilya Salmanzadeh , Ali Payami and Tove Lo , with production being done by Martin and Payami ; they were also responsible for programming , drums , percussion , keys and bass . Strings were arranged by Mattias Bylund , violin was played by Mattias Johansson and cello by David Bukovinsky . Peter Carlsson was responsible for vocal editing , as well as background vocals , along with Martin , Payami , Ilya , Kotecha , Oscar Holter , Robin Fredriksson and Ludvig Soderberg . It was recorded in Los Angeles and Stockholm . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Kobalt Music Group , the song is written in the key of A ♭ major , with a moderate tempo of 96 beats per minute . Goulding 's vocal range spans from the low note of Ab3 to the high note of Eb5 . `` Love Me like You Do '' is a tender electropop power ballad , with a `` synth - filled , ' 80s - sounding '' production . Its instrumentation consists of massive synths and crushing drums , while Goulding delivers a `` soft , understated vocals '' . In the opening seconds she sings , `` You 're the cure / you 're the pain / you 're the only thing I want to touch / Never knew that it / could mean so much / You 're the fear / I do n't care / ' Cause I 've never been so high . '' Lyrically , `` Love Me like You Do '' contrasts `` innocent romantic longing '' and `` brooding , addictive , pain - laced sensuality '' , which according to Plugged In 's Adam R. Holz , `` mirrors the story arc of Anastasia Steele and Christian Grey '' in both the book and the film . He went on to explain its lyrical content : `` ( It ) tells the tale of a woman entranced and seduced by someone whose touch leaves her begging for more , even when -- or perhaps especially when -- it hurts . '' Critical reception ( edit ) `` Love Me like You Do '' was acclaimed by music critics . Samantha Grossman of Time called the song `` sultry '' and dubbed it a `` solid addition to the Fifty Shades soundtrack . '' Christina Garibaldi of MTV News also called it `` sultry '' and `` soft '' , adding that `` we can totally picture it being played during any steamy scene . '' Ryan Reed of Rolling Stone opined that its `` results are grandiose , considering the film 's sensual subject matter . '' Jim Farber of the NY Daily News praised her `` little - girl - lost voice '' , noting that `` Goulding sounds sweet even when she 's courting danger . The music , likewise , goes for a high gloss take on romance , recalling the heavily echoed beats and dense synthesizers of a Phil Collins ballad from the ' 80s . '' Robbie Daw of Idolator described `` Love Me like You Do '' as `` a sweeping power ballad that finds Goulding delivering soft , understated vocals over producer Max Martin 's swelling bed of synths . '' Lucas Villa of AXS commended Goulding for `` masterfully tread ( ing ) between delicacy and power in her performance '' , calling the song `` intimately magnificent '' . Glenn Gamboa of Newsday called it `` sweet , catchy , near - perfect rom - com fare '' . Carolyn Menyes of Music Times complimented the song for being `` sweet and dreamy , like the majority of Goulding 's discography '' , also observing that `` ( t ) he crawling pace works well as Goulding rolls her way through the melody , all at once being enchanting and loving . Her breathy vocals , as always , complete the atmospheric sensibility of the track . '' While reviewing the Fifty Shades of Grey soundtrack , Dave Holmes wrote for Esquire that the song was `` ( t ) he closest thing to a single we 've heard so far '' , adding that the song has `` a touch of longing , a little bit of a beat '' and `` Goulding 's voice is the sound of heavy petting . '' Mikael Wood , writing for Los Angeles Times , said that Goulding `` put across a tender sensuality ( ... ) even as super-producer Max Martin jacks the stadium - rave beat . '' Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic , in his soundtrack analysis , wrote that `` it moves into the area of background romantic music , a vibe that 's sometimes pierced by those overly familiar oldies that surely play a bigger role onscreen than they do on album . '' In a less favourable review , Jason Lipshutz of Billboard gave the song two and a half stars out of five , complimenting Goulding 's voice as `` one of pop 's more distinct voices '' and the tune 's `` colossal chorus '' , but panning its `` cliched lyrics '' . Accolades ( edit ) `` Love Me like You Do '' was first nominated for a 2015 Teen Choice Award in the category `` Song from a Movie or TV Show '' , but eventually lost to Furious 7 's `` See You Again '' , performed by Wiz Khalifa and Charlie Puth . It was also nominated for a 2015 MTV Europe Music Award for `` Best Song '' , but lost to Taylor Swift 's `` Bad Blood '' . At the 2015 BBC Music Awards , the song was nominated for `` Song of the Year '' . It won the award of ' Best International Song '' at the 2015 Los Premios 40 Principales . The song is also nominated for `` Favorite Song of the Year '' at the 42nd People 's Choice Awards and received two nominations at the 58th Annual Grammy Awards : Best Pop Solo Performance and Best Song Written for Visual Media , becoming the first time Goulding was nominated . The song received a Golden Globe nomination in its upcoming 73rd edition on the Best Original Song category . ( show ) Full list of accolades for `` Love Me like You Do '' Year Award Result 2015 MTV Italian Music Awards Best Tormentone Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Song from a Movie or TV Show Nominated MTV Video Music Awards Best Female Video MTV Europe Music Awards Best Song BBC Music Awards Song of the Year Los Premios 40 Principales Best International Song Won 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Song of the Year Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Original Song Critics ' Choice Awards Best Song Grammy Awards Best Pop Solo Performance Nominated Best Song Written for Visual Media Nominated Brit Awards British Single of the Year Nominated Radio Disney Music Awards Best Crush Song Nominated Chart performance ( edit ) `` Love Me like You Do '' debuted atop the UK Singles Chart with first - week sales of 172,368 units , becoming Goulding 's second number - one hit in the United Kingdom after `` Burn '' ( 2013 ) . The single remained at number one for a second week with chart sales of 118,225 copies and 2.25 million streams , and then a third consecutive week selling a further 118,000 copies . In its third week at number one , `` Love Me like You Do '' broke the streaming record in the United Kingdom at the time , with 2.58 million streams over seven days , surpassing Mark Ronson 's `` Uptown Funk '' previous record . At the same time , the song was streamed almost 15.5 million times globally . It spent a total of four weeks at the top , becoming her longest number - one single in the UK . Elsewhere in Europe , `` Love Me like You Do '' topped the charts in Austria , Bulgaria , the Czech Republic , Denmark , Finland , Germany , Greece , Hungary , Ireland , Italy , Luxembourg , Norway , Poland , Portugal , Slovakia , Slovenia , Spain , Sweden and Switzerland . In the United States , `` Love Me like You Do '' debuted at number 45 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart dated 24 January 2015 , with first - week sales of 79,000 copies . The following week , the song climbed to number 36 , and then to number 20 in its third week . On the issue dated 14 February 2015 , it rose to number 14 . `` Love Me like You Do '' reached number nine the following week , becoming Goulding 's second top - 10 hit on the chart . In its seventh week , the song peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming her highest charting - single since `` Lights '' ( 2011 ) . On the Pop Songs chart , it was her second single to top the charts , and on the Adult Top 40 it was her first number - one . `` Love Me like You Do '' debuted at number 38 on the Canadian Hot 100 for the week ending 24 January 2015 , later peaking at number three . The track entered at number eight on the Australian Singles Chart and at number three on the New Zealand Singles Chart . In its fourth week , `` Love Me like You Do '' reached number one on both charts , becoming Goulding 's first number - one hit in both countries . In France , the song was not only her highest - charting single , reaching number five , but also her second top - 10 single . In Netherlands , the song was her first solo single to reach the top 10 , peaking at number two . Music video ( edit ) The music video for `` Love Me like You Do '' was directed by Georgia Hudson and premiered on 22 January 2015 . It stars Goulding and her on - screen partner ballroom dancing in a mansion , as well as scenes from Fifty Shades of Grey . Regarding the dance in the video , she commented : `` I am in it . That 's me ! I 'm dancing in it ! . ( ... ) I basically have become fascinated with ballroom dancing so I was like , ' Can I please do some dancing in it ? ' . So they let me do that . There 's a guy in it , Charlie , and there 's some really sensual moments in it , and it 's in a really beautiful house . I think it 's one of my favorite videos . '' The video received a nomination for Best Female Video at the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards . With over 1.6 billion views , the video is the 31st most viewed YouTube video of all time ; it surpassed one billion views on 29 February 2016 , becoming the 21st video in the site 's history to do so . Live performances and cover versions ( edit ) Goulding performed `` Love Me like You Do '' in March 2015 at a Nike app launch . On 17 October 2015 , Goulding was invited by Taylor Swift on her 1989 Tour as a surprise guest to sing a duet with her . On 25 October 2015 , Goulding delivered a performance at the 2015 MTV Europe Music Awards , which Billboard called `` sexy '' and `` straightforward '' . On 7 November 2015 , she sang it at the NRJ Music Awards . In the same month , she was also part of the American Express Unstaged , directed by Scarlett Johansson . On 20 November 2015 , Goulding 's performance at Idol Sweden included the song . On 24 November 2015 , she and James Corden sang it in several genres during The Late Late Show with James Corden , including rock , hip hop , country , rave , reggae , folk , and gospel . Goulding performed it during Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show , which aired on 8 December 2015 . On 6 December 2015 , she appeared at Capital FM 's Jingle Bell Ball . On 10 December 2015 , she gave another rendition of the song at the 2015 BBC Music Awards with the BBC Concert Orchestra . In March 2015 , Circa Waves performed a rock cover at BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge . That same month , James Arthur covered the song for MTV . In May 2015 , Ella Henderson delivered an acoustic cover at Spin 1038 Live Room . In September 2015 , Rhodes covered the song at BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge . Track listings ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` Love Me like You Do '' 4 : 12 ( show ) CD single No . Title Length 1 . `` Love Me like You Do '' ( radio edit ) 3 : 52 2 . `` Love Me like You Do '' ( instrumental ) 4 : 12 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from the liner notes of Fifty Shades of Grey : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack . Ellie Goulding -- lead vocals David Bukovinszky -- cello Mattias Bylund -- string arrangement , string editing , string recording , strings Peter Carlsson -- backing vocals , vocal editing Tom Coyne -- mastering Robin Fredriksson -- backing vocals Serban Ghenea -- mixing Oscar Görres -- backing vocals John Hanes -- engineering for mix Sam Holland -- engineering Oscar Holter -- backing vocals Ilya -- backing vocals , songwriting Mattias Johansson -- violin Savan Kotecha -- backing vocals , songwriting Mattias Larsson -- backing vocals Max Martin -- backing vocals , drums , keys , percussion , production , programming , songwriting Tove Nilsson -- songwriting Ali Payami -- backing vocals , drums , keys , percussion , production , programming , songwriting Ludvig Söderberg -- backing vocals Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 Airplay ) 26 Bulgaria ( BAMP ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada AC ( Billboard ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Colombia ( National - Report Top Anglo ) 5 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 5 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 16 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Iceland ( RÚV ) 7 Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 36 Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Mexico Ingles Airplay ( Billboard ) Mexico Top 20 Inglés ( Monitor Latino ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Portugal Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) South Africa ( EMA ) South Korea International Chart ( Gaon ) 12 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 30 US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 27 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 7 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 13 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 7 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 13 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( MAHASZ ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) 10 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 18 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 16 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 12 Poland ( ZPAV ) 17 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 7 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 8 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 13 US Adult contemporary ( Billboard ) 7 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 10 US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) 6 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 8 Chart ( 2016 ) Position Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 24 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 30,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 30,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 3 × Platinum 245,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 3 × Platinum 180,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 150,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 3 × Gold 600,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 4 × Platinum 200,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 2 × Platinum 30,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) 6 × Platinum 60,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) 2 × Diamond 200,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 2 × Platinum 80,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 7 × Platinum 280,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 30,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,360,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . Canada 7 January 2015 Digital download Universal United States Cherrytree Interscope Republic United Kingdom 12 January 2015 Contemporary hit radio Polydor United States 13 January 2015 Interscope France 19 January 2015 Digital download Universal Australia 23 January 2015 Ireland 30 January 2015 Polydor United Kingdom 1 February 2015 Germany 6 February 2015 Universal Japan 9 February 2015 Germany 12 February 2015 CD single References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ugwu , Reggie ( 26 February 2015 ) . `` Why The `` Fifty Shades Of Grey '' Soundtrack Is Better Than It Has Any Right To Be `` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Cragg , Michael ( 5 October 2015 ) . `` Savan Kotecha interview : `` The people with the longest careers are the people who learn how to do it on purpose '' `` . Popjustice . Retrieved 11 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Inocencio , Marc ( 29 April 2015 ) . `` Ellie Goulding Talks No. 1 Hit ' Love Me Like You Do ' , Teases Third Studio Album '' . American Top 40 . Retrieved 22 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fifty Shades of Grey : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( CD liner notes ) . Various artists . Republic Records . 2015 . B0022595 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Ellie Goulding `` Love Me like You Do '' Sheet Music `` . MusicNotes.com . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Lipshutz , Jason ( 17 March 2015 ) . `` What Will Be The Song of the Spring ? Placing Odds on 10 Potential Smashes '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Reed , Ryan ( 7 January 2015 ) . `` Hear Ellie Goulding 's Sensual ' 50 Shades of Grey ' Anthem '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Daw , Robbie ( 7 January 2015 ) . `` Ellie Goulding 's `` Love Me Like You Do '' : Listen To Her Max Martin - Produced ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Song `` . Idolator . Retrieved 11 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : R. Holz , Adam . `` '' Love Me like You Do '' Track Review `` . Plugged In . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Strecker , Erin ( 1 January 2015 ) . `` Listen To Ellie Goulding 's Sexy New Song From ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Soundtrack '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Grossman , Samantha ( 7 January 2015 ) . `` Listen to Ellie Goulding 's Sultry New Fifty Shades of Grey Song '' . Time . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Garibaldi , Christina ( 7 January 2015 ) . `` Ellie Goulding 's ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Song Is Sexy And Sultry : Listen Now '' . MTV News . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Farber , Jim ( 7 January 2015 ) . `` Ellie Goulding 's ' Love Me Like You Do ' from ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' soundtrack : single review '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Villa , Lucas ( 13 January 2015 ) . `` Review : Ellie Goulding nails love down on ' 50 Shades ' cut ' Love Me Like You Do ' '' . AXS . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Gamboa , Glenn ( 9 February 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' soundtrack review : Unimpressive '' . Newsday . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Menyes , Carolyn ( 7 January 2015 ) . `` Ellie Goulding Releases Romantic ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Soundtrack Song `` Love Me Like You Do '' `` . Music Times . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Dave ( 11 February 2015 ) . `` Breaking Down the ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Soundtrack , One Track at a Time '' . Esquire . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Wood , Mikael ( 13 February 2015 ) . `` Review ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' : Soundtrack has one thing on its mind '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Fifty Shades of Grey ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) -- Original Soundtrack '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best & Worst Singles of the Week -- From Kelly Clarkson to Ellie Goulding '' . Billboard. 16 January 2015 . Retrieved 3 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Norwin , Alyssa ( 16 August 2015 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2015 Winners List : Ross Lynch & More '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Sartore - Bodo , Dina ( 25 October 2015 ) . `` MTV Europe Music Awards 2015 Winners List : Justin Bieber , Nicki Minaj & More '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ellie Goulding , Pablo Alborán y Alejandro Sanz triunfan en los Premios 40 Principales Ballantine 's 2015 '' . Los 40 Principales. 10 December 2015 . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Naoreen , Nuzhat ( 3 November 2015 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards 2016 : Full List of Nominees '' . PeoplesChoice.com . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Awards 2016 nominees '' . CBS News . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Britton , Luke Morgan ( 10 December 2015 ) . `` Sam Smith , Ellie Goulding and Lady Gaga receive nominations at 2016 Golden Globes '' . NME . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( 9 February 2015 ) . `` Official Charts Analysis : Ellie Goulding knocks Uptown Funk ! from singles top spot with sales of 172,368 '' . Music Week . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Moss , Liv ( 8 February 2015 ) . `` Ellie Goulding scores fastest - selling single of the year with Love Me Like You Do '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( 16 February 2015 ) . `` Official Charts Analysis : Ellie Goulding 's Love Me Like You Do holds onto No. 1 with sales of 118,225 '' . Music Week . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 15 February 2015 ) . `` Ellie Goulding 's Love Me Like You Do wins second week at singles top spot '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 16 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Moss , Liv ( 22 February 2015 ) . `` Ellie Goulding scores third week at Number 1 , breaks streaming record '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 19 February 2015 ) . `` Ellie Goulding 's Love Me Like You Do breaks worldwide streaming record '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( 1 March 2015 ) . `` Ellie Goulding spends fourth week at Number 1 on Official Singles Chart '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop.be -- Ellie Goulding -- Love Me Like You Do '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 13 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Airplay Top5 : 09.02. 2015 -- 15.02. 2015 '' . Bulgarian Association of Music Producers . Archived from the original on 21 February 2015 . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201508 into search . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chart Track : Week 6 , 2015 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 9 , 2015 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 21 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201508 into search . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' . SloTop50 . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 16 January 2015 ) . `` Hot 100 Chart Moves : Video Controversy Sends Sia 's ' Elastic Heart ' to No. 17 Debut '' . Billboard . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 23 January 2015 ) . `` Hot 100 Chart Moves : Kelly Clarkson 's ' Heartbeat Song ' Debuts in Top 40 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 : Week of February 7 , 2015 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 31 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 : Week of February 14 , 2015 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 11 February 2015 ) . `` Rihanna , Kanye West , Paul McCartney & Ellie Goulding Hit Hot 100 's Top 10 ; Mark Ronson , Bruno Mars Still No. 1 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 18 February 2015 ) . `` Bruno Mars Scores Longest Hot 100 Reign , Taylor Swift Hits Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 20 April 2015 ) . `` Chart Highlights : Ellie Goulding Tops Pop Songs With ' Love Me Like You Do ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 5 May 2015 ) . `` Chart Highlights : Ellie Goulding 's ' Love Me Like You Do ' Tops Another Tally '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Canadian Hot 100 : Week of January 24 , 2015 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 31 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Canadian Hot 100 : Week of March 14 , 2015 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ellie Goulding Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian-charts.com -- Ellie Goulding -- Love Me Like You Do '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- Ellie Goulding -- Love Me Like You Do '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lescharts.com -- Ellie Goulding -- Love Me Like You Do '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Ellie Goulding -- Love Me Like You Do '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Gottlieb , Steven ( 22 January 2015 ) . `` Ellie Goulding ' Love Me Like You Do ' ( from 50 Shades ) ( Georgia Hudson , dir . ) '' . VideoStatic . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ellie Goulding 's Sexing Things Up ... With Her Ed Sheeran - Style Ballroom Dancing Video ! '' . Capital FM . 20 January 2015 . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Stutz , Colin ( 21 July 2015 ) . `` 2015 MTV Video Music Awards Nominees Revealed : Taylor Swift , Kendrick Lamar , Ed Sheeran & More '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most Viewed Videos of All Time ( Over 375 million views ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Peters , Mitchell ( 18 October 2015 ) . `` Taylor Swift and Ellie Goulding Sing ' Love Me Like You Do ' in Texas : Watch '' . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Strecker , Erin ( 25 October 2015 ) . `` Ellie Goulding Performs ' Love Me Like You Do ' at the 2015 MTV EMA '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Geffray , Emilie ( 8 November 2015 ) . `` Les `` ratés '' des NRJ Music Awards 2015 `` . Le Figaro ( in French ) . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Platon , Adelle ( 29 October 2015 ) . `` Scarlett Johansson to Direct Ellie Goulding 's AMEX Unstaged Show In NYC : Exclusive '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Superstar Ellie Goulding to Swedish Idol Nov 20 '' . TV4. 13 November 2015 . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Feeney , Nolan ( 25 November 2015 ) . `` Ellie Goulding and James Corden Sing ' Love Me Like You Do ' in 8 Different Genres '' . Time . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ellie Goulding -- ' Love Me Like You Do ' ( Live At Capital 's Jingle Bell Ball 2015 ) '' . Capital FM . 6 December 2015 . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Replay : BBC Music Awards 2015 -- absent Adele dominates after One Direction and Little Mix kick off show at Birmingham 's Genting Arena '' . Birmingham Mail . 10 December 2015 . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Circa Waves '' . BBC Radio 1 . 31 March 2015 . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur Covers Sia & Ellie Goulding MTV Live Session '' . MTV UK . 30 March 2015 . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Gavin , Georgie ( 15 May 2015 ) . `` Ella Henderson covers Ellie Goulding in The Live Room '' . SPIN 1038 . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rhodes & Birdy '' . BBC Radio 1 . 15 September 2015 . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Love Me Like You Do ( From `` Fifty Shades Of Grey '' ) : Ellie Goulding : MP3 Downloads `` . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Love Me Like You Do ( 2 - Track ) '' ( in German ) . Amazon.de . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Ellie Goulding -- Love Me Like You Do '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ellie Goulding -- Love Me Like You Do '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 '' . Billboard Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . BPP. 11 April 2015 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2015 . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ellie Goulding Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ellie Goulding Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ellie Goulding Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ANGLO '' ( in Spanish ) . National - Report . 27 April 2015 . Archived from the original on 7 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201508 into search . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Ellie Goulding -- Love Me Like You Do '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ellie Goulding -- Chart history '' Billboard Euro Digital Songs for Ellie Goulding . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ellie Goulding : Love Me Like You Do '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 3 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Goulding , Ellie Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Digital Songs : April 18 , 2015 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ellie Goulding Chart History '' . RÚV . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ellie Goulding -- Love Me Like You Do Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Ellie Goulding -- Love Me Like You Do '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ellie Goulding Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 23 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ellie Goulding -- Chart history '' Billboard Luxembourg Digital Songs for Ellie Goulding . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Ingles Airplay '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 México Inglés . Semana del 11 al 17 de Mayo , 2015 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . Archived from the original on 25 May 2015 . Retrieved 21 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Ellie Goulding -- Love Me Like You Do '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ellie Goulding -- Chart history '' Billboard Portugal Digital Songs for Ellie Goulding . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201511 into search . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Top 10 Airplay : Week Ending 2015 - 03 - 10 '' . Entertainment Monitoring Africa . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gaon Chart '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon . Retrieved 24 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Ellie Goulding -- Love Me Like You Do '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 25 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Ellie Goulding -- Love Me Like You Do '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 29 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Ellie Goulding -- Love Me Like You Do '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ellie Goulding : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ellie Goulding Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 25 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ellie Goulding Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ellie Goulding Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 7 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ellie Goulding Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ellie Goulding Chart History ( Dance Mix / Show Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 10 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ellie Goulding Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ellie Goulding Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 7 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 2015 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade Singles 2015 '' ( in German ) . austriancharts.at . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 4 January 2016 . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2015 -- Singles '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2015 -- Singles '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 : Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 100 2015 '' ( in Danish ) . Hitlisten.NU . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts -- 2015 '' ( in German ) . Offizielle Deutsche Charts . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Összesített singles - és válogatáslemez - lista -- eladási darabszám alapján - 2015 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2015 -- Singles '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved 24 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Charts -- 2015 : Top Tracks International '' . Media Forest . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche `` Top of the Music '' 2015 FIMI - GfK : La musica italiana in vetta negli album e nei singoli digitali '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . Click on `` Scarica allegato '' to download the zipped file containing the year - end chart PDF documents . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 2015 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 2015 '' ( in Dutch ) . dutchcharts.nl . Hung Medien . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2015 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay -- podsumowanie 2015 roku '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official year end singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Canciones Anual 2015 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2015 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - End Charts 2015 '' . swisscharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 4 January 2016 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2015 revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs : Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Songs : Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Pop Songs : Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dance / Mix Show Songs : Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Songs : Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official year end singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2015 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Ellie Goulding -- Love Me Like You Do '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria. 30 March 2015 . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Enter Ellie Goulding in the field Interpret . Enter Love Me Like You Do in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2015 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien. 18 September 2015 . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Ellie Goulding -- Love Me Like You Do '' . Music Canada . 24 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Nielsen Mid-Year Music Canada Report '' ( PDF ) . Nielsen . 16 July 2015 . p. 4 . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ellie Goulding `` Love Me Like You Do '' '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . 11 March 2015 . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Ellie Goulding -- Love Me Like You Do '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. 31 December 2015 . Retrieved 1 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Ellie Goulding ; ' Love Me Like You Do ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Ellie Goulding -- Love Me Like You Do '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Ellie Goulding -- Love Me Like You Do '' . Recorded Music NZ. 1 June 2015 . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Trofésøknad '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . 1 March 2016 . Retrieved 2 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Polish single certifications -- Ellie Goulding -- Love Me Like You Do '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . 23 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Songs : 14 Aug 2015 -- 20 Aug 2015 '' . El Portal de Música . Archived from the original on 30 August 2015 . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Veckolista Singlar -- Vecka 48 , 27 november 2015 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved 6 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Ellie Goulding ; ' Love Me Like You Do ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Ellie Goulding -- Love Me Like You Do '' . British Phonographic Industry . 13 March 2015 . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Enter Love Me Like You Do in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Ellie Goulding -- Love Me Like You Do '' . Recording Industry Association of America . 15 May 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` YTD Marketshare at the Seven - Month Mark '' . Hits Daily Double. 31 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 1 August 2015 . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Love Me Like You Do ( From `` Fifty Shades Of Grey '' ) Ellie Goulding `` . 7digital ( CA ) . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Love Me Like You Do ( From `` Fifty Shades Of Grey '' ) : Ellie Goulding : MP3 Downloads `` . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on 15 February 2015 . Retrieved 11 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Radio 1 -- Playlist '' . BBC Radio 1 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2015 . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / Mainstream > Future Releases '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on 10 January 2015 . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Love Me Like You Do ( From `` Fifty Shades Of Grey '' ) : Ellie Goulding : Téléchargements MP3 '' ( in French ) . Amazon.fr . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Love Me Like You Do ( From `` Fifty Shades of Grey '' ) -- Single by Ellie Goulding `` . iTunes Store ( AU ) . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Love Me Like You Do ( From `` Fifty Shades Of Grey '' ) Ellie Goulding `` . 7digital ( IE ) . Archived from the original on 15 February 2015 . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Love Me Like You Do ( From `` Fifty Shades Of Grey '' ) : Ellie Goulding : MP3 - Downloads '' ( in German ) . Amazon.de . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Love Me Like You Do ( From `` Fifty Shades Of Grey '' ) : Ellie Goulding : MP3 Downloads `` . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . External links ( edit ) `` Love Me Like You Do '' music video on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Fifty Shades franchise by E.L. James Novels Original trilogy Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Retold Grey : Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian Darker : Fifty Shades Darker as Told by Christian Film series Films Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Music Fifty Shades of Grey `` Earned It '' `` Love Me like You Do '' `` Crazy in Love ( Remix ) '' `` I Put a Spell on You '' `` Haunted ( Michael Diamond Remix ) '' `` Beast of Burden '' `` I 'm on Fire '' `` Witchcraft '' `` I Know You '' Fifty Shades Darker `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' `` Not Afraid Anymore '' `` The Scientist '' Fifty Shades Freed `` For You '' `` Capital Letters '' `` Heaven '' Parodies Fifty Shades of Oy Vey : A Parody Spank ! The Fifty Shades Parody Fifty Shades of Black Ellie Goulding singles Awards and nominations Discography Songs Lights ( Bright Lights ) `` Under the Sheets '' `` Starry Eyed '' `` Guns and Horses '' `` The Writer '' `` Your Song '' `` Lights '' Halcyon ( Halcyon Days ) `` Anything Could Happen '' `` Figure 8 '' `` Explosions '' `` Burn '' `` How Long Will I Love You '' `` Goodness Gracious '' Delirium `` On My Mind '' `` Army '' `` Something in the Way You Move '' Featured singles `` Wonderman '' `` I Need Your Love '' `` Flashlight '' `` Outside '' `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' `` Powerful '' Other singles `` Beating Heart '' `` Love Me like You Do '' `` Still Falling for You '' `` First Time '' Promotional singles `` Hanging On '' `` Lost and Found '' Other songs `` Heavy Crown '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_Me_like_You_Do&oldid=824964143 '' Categories : 2010s ballads 2015 singles 2015 songs Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Cherrytree Records singles Electropop ballads Ellie Goulding songs Fifty Shades film music Interscope Records singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria Number - one singles in Denmark Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Poland Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland Polydor Records singles Republic Records singles Song recordings produced by Max Martin Songs about sexuality Songs written for films Songs written by Ali Payami Songs written by Ilya Salmanzadeh Songs written by Max Martin Songs written by Savan Kotecha Songs written by Tove Lo South African Airplay Chart number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Use dmy dates from February 2015 Use British English from February 2015 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Billboardeurodigital Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Luxembourgdigitalsongs Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Portugaldigitalsongs Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for South Africa Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 February 2018 , at 17 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%20Me%20like%20You%20Do	716
where do the testes develop in the embryo	The development of the gonads is part of the prenatal development of the reproductive system and ultimately forms the testes in males and the ovaries in females . The gonads initially develop from the mesothelial layer of the peritoneum .	from the mesothelial layer of the peritoneum	Development of the gonads	development of the gonads	The development of the gonads is part of the prenatal development of the reproductive system and ultimately forms the testes in males and the ovaries in females . The gonads initially develop from the mesothelial layer of the peritoneum .	The ovary is differentiated into a central part , the medulla , covered by a surface layer , the germinal epithelium . The immature ova originate from cells from the dorsal endoderm of the yolk sac . Once they have reached the gonadal ridge they are called oogonia . Development proceeds and the oogonia become fully surrounded by a layer of connective tissue cells ( pre-granulosa cells ) In this way , the rudiments of the ovarian follicles are formed . In the testis , a network of tubules fuse to create the seminiferous tubules . Via the rete testis , the seminiferous tubules become connected with outgrowths from the mesonephros , which form the efferent ducts of the testis . The descent of the testes consists of the opening of a connection from the testis to its final location at the anterior abdominal wall , followed by the development of the gubernaculum , which subsequently pulls and translocates the testis down into the developing scrotum . Ultimately , the passageway closes behind the testis . A failure in this process causes an indirect inguinal hernia . Germ cells migrate from near the allantois and colonize the primordial gonads . In the female , the germ cells colonise the cortex and become oogonia . In the male , the germ cells colonise the seminiferous cords of the medulla , becoming spermatogonia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Before differentiation 2 Ovary 2.1 Origin of ova 2.2 Origin of granulosa cells 2.3 Descent of the ovaries 2.3. 1 Pathology 3 Testis 3.1 Descent of the testes 3.1. 1 Opening of connection 3.1. 2 Development of gubernaculum 3.1. 3 Translocation 3.1. 4 Closing of connection 3.1. 4.1 Pathology 4 See also 5 References Before differentiation ( edit ) The first appearance of the gonad is essentially the same in the two sexes , and consists in a thickening of the mesothelial layer of the peritoneum . The thick plate of epithelium extends deeply , pushing before it the mesoderm and forming a distinct projection . This is termed the gonadal ridge . The gonadal ridge , in turn , develops into a gonad . This is a testis in the male and an ovary in the female . At first , the mesonephros and gonadal ridge are continuous , but as the embryo grows the gonadal ridge gradually becomes pinched off from the mesonephros . However , some cells of mesonephric origin join the gonadal ridge . Furthermore , the gonadal ridge still remains connected to the remnant of that body by a fold of peritoneum , namely the mesorchium or mesovarium . About the seventh week the distinction of sex in the gonadal ridge begins to be perceptible . Ovary ( edit ) The ovary is thus formed mainly from the genital ridge and partly from the mesonephros . Later the mass is differentiated into a central part , the medulla of ovary , covered by a surface layer , the germinal epithelium . Between the cells of the germinal epithelium a number of larger cells , the immature ova , are found . The immature ova , in turn , are carried into the stroma beneath by bud - like ingrowths ( genital cords of the germinal epithelium ) . The surface germinal epithelium ultimately forms the permanent epithelial covering of this organ . Furthermore , it soon loses its connection with the central mass . Instead , the tunica albuginea of the ovaries develops between them . Origin of ova ( edit ) During early embryonic development , cells from the dorsal endoderm of the yolk sac migrate along the hindgut to the gonadal ridge . These primordial germ cells ( PGCs ) multiply by mitosis and once they have reached the gonadal ridge they are called oogonia ( diploid stem cells of the ovary ) . Once oogonia enter this area they attempt to associate with the other somatic cells , derived from both the peritoneum and mesonephros . Development proceeds and the oogonia become fully surrounded by a layer of connective tissue cells ( pre-granulosa cells ) in an irregular manner . In this way , the rudiments of the ovarian follicles are formed . Origin of granulosa cells ( edit ) The embryological origin of granulosa cells remains controversial . In the 1970s , evidence emerged that the first cells to make contact with the oogonia were of mesonephric origin . It was suggested that mesonephric cells already closely associated with the oogonia proliferated throughout development to form the granulosa cell layer . Recently this hypothesis has been challenged with some thorough histology . Sawyer et al. hypothesized that in sheep most of the granulosa cells develop from cells of the mesothelium ( i.e. , epithelial cells from the presumptive surface epithelium of the ovary ) . Descent of the ovaries ( edit ) Just as in the male , there is a gubernaculum in the female , which effects a considerable change in the position of the ovary , though not so extensive a change as in that of the testis . The gubernaculum in the female lies in contact with the fundus of the uterus and adheres to this organ , and thus the ovary can only descend as far as to this level . The part of the gubernaculum between the ovary and the uterus ultimately becomes the proper ovarian ligament , while the part between the uterus and the labium majus forms the round ligament of the uterus . A pouch of peritoneum analogous to the processus vaginalis in the male accompanies it along the inguinal canal : it is called the canal of Nuck . Pathology ( edit ) In rare cases , the gubernaculum may fail to contract adhesions to the uterus , and then the ovary descends through the inguinal canal into the labium majus ; under these circumstances , its position resembles that of the testis . Testis ( edit ) The testis is developed in much the same way as the ovary , originating from mesothelium as well as mesonephros . Like the ovary , in its earliest stages it consists of a central mass covered by a surface epithelium . In the central mass a series of cords appear , and the periphery of the mass is converted into the tunica albuginea , thus excluding the surface epithelium from any part in the formation of the tissue of the testis . The cords of the central mass run together toward the future hilum and form a network which ultimately becomes the rete testis . On the other hand , the seminiferous tubules are developed from the cords distal to the hilum , and between them connective - tissue septa extend . Via the rete testis , the seminiferous tubules become connected with outgrowths from the mesonephros , which form the efferent ducts of the testis . Descent of the testes ( edit ) The descent of the testes consists of the opening of a connection from the testis to its final location at the anterior abdominal wall , followed by the development of the gubernaculum , which subsequently pulls and translocates the testis down into the developing scrotum . Ultimately , the passageway closes behind the testis . Opening of connection ( edit ) At an early period of fetal life the testes are placed at the back part of abdominal cavity , behind the peritoneum , and each is attached by a peritoneal fold , the mesorchium , to the mesonephros . From the front of the mesonephros a fold of peritoneum termed the inguinal fold grows forward to meet and fuse with a peritoneal fold , the inguinal crest , which grows backward from the antero - lateral abdominal wall . The testis thus acquires an indirect connection with the anterior abdominal wall . At the same time , a portion of the peritoneal cavity lateral to these fused folds is marked off as the future saccus vaginalis . Development of gubernaculum ( edit ) Also , in the inguinal crest a structure , the gubernaculum testis , makes its appearance . This is at first a slender band , extending from that part of the skin of the groin which afterward forms the scrotum through the inguinal canal to the body and epididymis of the testis . As development advances , the peritoneum enclosing the gubernaculum forms two folds , one above the testis and the other below it . The one above the testis is the plica vascularis , and contains the upper part of the gubernaculum , and ultimately also the internal spermatic vessels ; the one below , the plica gubernatrix , contains the lower part of the gubernaculum . The gubernaculum grows into a thick cord . It ends below at the abdominal inguinal ring in a tube of peritoneum , the saccus vaginalis , which protrudes itself down the inguinal canal . By the fifth month the lower part of the gubernaculum still is a thick cord , while the upper part has disappeared . The lower part now consists of a central core of smooth muscle fibers , surrounded by a firm layer of striated muscle elements , connected , behind the peritoneum , with the abdominal wall . Translocation ( edit ) As the testes develops , the main portion of the lower end of the gubernaculum is carried , following the skin to which it is attached , to the bottom of this pouch . Other bands are carried to the medial side of the thigh and to the perineum . The tube of peritoneum constituting the saccus vaginalis projects itself downward into the inguinal canal , and emerges at the external inguinal ring , pushing before it a part of the obliquus internus and the aponeurosis of the obliquus externus , which form respectively the cremaster muscle and the external spermatic fascia . The saccus vaginalis forms a gradually elongating pouch , which eventually reaches the bottom of the scrotum , and behind this pouch the testis is drawn by the growth of the body of the fetus , for the gubernaculum does not grow proportionately with the growth of other parts , and therefore the testis , being attached by the gubernaculum to the bottom of the scrotum , is prevented from rising as the body grows , and is instead drawn first into the inguinal canal and eventually into the scrotum . It seems certain also that the gubernacular cord becomes shortened as development proceeds , and this assists in causing the testis to reach the bottom of the scrotum . Closing of connection ( edit ) Diagram of an indirect , scrotal inguinal hernia ( median view from the left ) . By the end of the eighth month the testis has reached the scrotum , preceded by the saccus vaginalis , which communicates by its upper extremity with the peritoneal cavity . Just before birth the upper part of the saccus vaginalis , at the internal inguinal ring , usually becomes closed , and this obliteration extends gradually downward to within a short distance of the testis . The process of peritoneum surrounding the testis is now entirely cut off from the general peritoneal cavity and constitutes the tunica vaginalis . Pathology ( edit ) If the internal inguinal ring does not close properly , then there is a risk that other contents of the abdominal cavity protrudes through the passageway and cause indirect inguinal hernia . See also ( edit ) Sexual differentiation in humans References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Satoh M ( 1991 ) . `` Histogenesis and organogenesis of the gonad in human embryos '' . J Anat. 177 : 85 -- 107 . PMC 1260417 . PMID 1769902 . Jump up ^ Upadhyay S , Zamboni L ( 1982 ) . `` Preliminary observations on the role of the mesonephros in the development of the adrenal cortex '' . Anat Rec. 202 ( 1 ) : 105 -- 111 . doi : 10.1002 / ar. 1092020112 . PMID 7059014 . Jump up ^ Zamboni , L. , Bezard , J. , and Mauleon , P. ( 1979 ) . The role of the mesonephros in the development of the sheep fetal ovary . Annales de Biologie Animal Biochimie et Biophysique 19 , 1153 - 78 . Jump up ^ Sawyer H , Smith P , Heath D , Juengel J , Wakefield S , McNatty K ( 2002 ) . `` Formation of ovarian follicles during fetal development in sheep '' . Biol Reprod. 66 ( 4 ) : 1134 -- 50 . doi : 10.1095 / biolreprod66. 4.1134 . PMID 11906935 . ( hide ) Sex determination and differentiation Overview Sexual differentiation humans Development of the reproductive system gonads Mesonephric duct Paramesonephric duct Genetic basis Sex - determination system XY X0 ZW Temperature - dependent Haplodiploidy Sex chromosome X chromosome Y chromosome Testis - determining factor See also Hermaphrodite Intersex Disorders of sex development Development of the reproductive system Precursors Mesoderm intermediate lateral plate Endoderm Cloaca Urogenital sinus Ectoderm Cloacal membrane Internal Development of the gonads Gonadal ridge Pronephric duct Mesonephric duct Paramesonephric duct Vaginal plate Definitive urogenital sinus External Genital tubercle Labioscrotal swelling Primordial phallus Gubernaculum Peritoneum Vaginal process Canal of Nuck See also List of related male and female reproductive organs Prenatal development Embryogenesis Development of the reproductive system Precursors Mesoderm intermediate lateral plate Endoderm Cloaca Urogenital sinus Ectoderm Cloacal membrane Internal Development of the gonads Gonadal ridge Pronephric duct Mesonephric duct Paramesonephric duct Vaginal plate Definitive urogenital sinus External Genital tubercle Labioscrotal swelling Primordial phallus Gubernaculum Peritoneum Vaginal process Canal of Nuck See also List of related male and female reproductive organs Prenatal development Embryogenesis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Development_of_the_gonads&oldid=841038897 '' Categories : Embryology of urogenital system Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 May 2018 , at 17 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development%20of%20the%20gonads	717
is the annihilation movie just the first book	In March 2013 , it was announced that Paramount Pictures and Scott Rudin Productions had acquired the film rights to Annihilation , the first novel in Jeff VanderMeer 's Southern Reach Trilogy , and that the film would be produced by Scott Rudin and Eli Bush . Alex Garland was hired to adapt and direct the film the next year . Garland revealed to Creative Screenwriting that his adaptation was necessarily based on only the first novel in the trilogy :		Annihilation ( film )	annihilation ( film )	Annihilation is a 2018 science fiction horror film written and directed by Alex Garland , based on the novel of the same name by Jeff VanderMeer . It stars Natalie Portman , Jennifer Jason Leigh , Gina Rodriguez , Tessa Thompson , Tuva Novotny and Oscar Isaac . The story follows a group of military scientists who enter `` The Shimmer '' , a mysterious quarantined zone of mutating landscapes and transforming creatures .	The film was released theatrically in Canada and the United States by Paramount Pictures on February 23 , 2018 and in China on April 13 , 2018 . Across all three countries , it grossed $43 million against a production budget between $40 -- 55 million . It was released digitally ( by Netflix ) in a number of other countries on March 12 , 2018 . The film received praise for its visuals , acting , direction and thought - provoking story . According to Jonathan Pile of Empire magazine , the film addresses `` depression , grief and the human propensity for self - destruction '' . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) At `` Area X '' , a government facility on the southern coast of the US , Lena , a cellular - biology professor and former soldier , is in quarantine . She undergoes a debriefing about a four month expedition into an anomalous iridescent electromagnetic field called `` the Shimmer '' from which she and her husband Kane are the only survivors . In flashback , Lena 's husband , an Army Special Forces soldier , appears in their home after having gone missing on a mission nearly a year ago . He remembers nothing of that time and suddenly becomes very ill . A government security force intercepts Kane 's ambulance and transports him and Lena to Area X , near where the Shimmer had begun to spread three years earlier . A psychologist , Dr. Ventress , explains that military teams , including Kane 's , have ventured into the Shimmer to attempt to reach the lighthouse where the phenomenon first appeared . Kane is the only person to have ever returned from an expedition . Lena volunteers to join Ventress on a research expedition consisting of two scientists , Josie and Cassie , and a paramedic , Anya . Guidance technology fails , the expedition members realize they are unable to remember extended stretches of time , and a mutated alligator attacks Josie . The team rescues her and learns that the alligator shows signs of being hybridized with a shark . At an abandoned military base , the team discovers evidence of Kane 's expedition along with a memory card left for them . A video on it shows Kane cutting open the stomach of a fellow expedition member while he was still alive , revealing that his intestines have begun to wriggle in a worm - like manner . That night , the base 's perimeter fence is torn open , prompting everyone to investigate . Suddenly , a mutated bear drags Cassie away ; the following morning , the team finds one of her boots . Lena searches further , alone , and she discovers Cassie 's mutilated corpse . Lena returns to the team and reports that Cassie has died . As the team continues toward the lighthouse at the center of the Shimmer , they find a decayed settlement with human - shaped plants outside it . Josie says she thinks the Shimmer is acting on organisms in the manner of a prism , distorting and refracting DNA in the same way that a prism refracts light . The expedition members realize they are slowly changing as well . That night , Anya descends into a psychotic state , attacking and restraining the other team members . As she is threatening them , Anya hears what sounds like Cassie crying for help outside and investigates . The bear that killed Cassie enters the house , its roar imitating Cassie 's dying screams . It kills Anya and attacks Lena before Josie can shoot it dead . Ventress leaves Lena and Josie to complete the journey while she still can . Josie muses that she does n't want to go on and begins to grow flowers from her body . She walks away from Lena and disappears among the human - shaped plants . Lena reaches the lighthouse and goes inside , finding an incinerated corpse , a video - camera and a hole in the floor . Footage on the camera shows Kane ranting about the Shimmer 's effects on him . He urges the cameraman to find Lena , then commits suicide with a white - phosphorus grenade , after which a doppelgänger of his walks into view . Lena descends into the hole in the floor and finds Ventress , who has also begun to mutate . Ventress tells Lena the forces at work will eventually encompass `` everything '' , before disintegrating into a fiery nebulous structure that absorbs a drop of blood from Lena 's face and creates a humanoid being . Lena attacks it , and attempts to escape the lighthouse but the being stops her , mirroring her movements and knocking her out . The struggle resumes when Lena awakens , the being gradually transforming into an identical copy of her . Lena exploits its behavior to place a phosphorus grenade in its hands and activates it before fleeing . The being is set ablaze , flames engulf the lighthouse , the various constructs in the area collapse , and the Shimmer dissipates to nothing . Lena 's debriefing concludes , and she reunites with Kane , who has recovered rapidly with the Shimmer having ceased to exist . She asks him if he is the `` real '' Kane , to which he replies , `` I do n't think so . '' He asks her if she is Lena , but she does not answer him . The two embrace , and their irises shimmer and change color . Cast ( edit ) Natalie Portman as Lena Kristen McGarrity as Lena 's double Jennifer Jason Leigh as Dr. Ventress Gina Rodriguez as Anya Thorensen Tessa Thompson as Josie Radek Tuva Novotny as Cassie `` Cass '' Sheppard Oscar Isaac as Kane Benedict Wong as Lomax Sonoya Mizuno as Katie Mizuno also portrays a humanoid David Gyasi as Daniel Sammy Hayman as Mayer Josh Danford as Shelley John Schwab as Paramedic Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In March 2013 , it was announced that Paramount Pictures and Scott Rudin Productions had acquired the film rights to Annihilation , the first novel in Jeff VanderMeer 's Southern Reach Trilogy , and that the film would be produced by Scott Rudin and Eli Bush . Alex Garland was hired to adapt and direct the film the next year . Garland revealed to Creative Screenwriting that his adaptation was necessarily based on only the first novel in the trilogy : At the point I started working on Annihilation , there was only one of the three books . I knew that it was planned as a trilogy by the author , but there was only the manuscript for the first book . I really did n't think too much about the trilogy side of it . Garland 's film is `` an adaptation which was a memory of the book '' , rather than book - referenced screenwriting , with the intention of capturing the `` dreamlike nature '' and tone of his experience reading VanderMeer 's novel . Rather than trying to directly adapt the book Garland deliberately took the story in his own direction , with VanderMeer 's permission . Garland did not read the other two books when they arrived , as he was concerned he would need to revise his script . Others informed him of the elements of the books , and he expressed surprise at some of the correlations . Prior to its release , the film drew criticism for the casting of Natalie Portman and Jennifer Jason Leigh as characters who are , in the later books , described as Asian and of half Native American descent , respectively . Garland stated that none of the five female characters ' ethnicity is mentioned in the first book , which was the only one of the trilogy he had read , and that the script was complete before the second book was published . He cast the characters based on his reaction only to the actors he had met in the casting process , or actors he had worked with before . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography was underway by April 2016 , when actor David Gyasi was added to the cast . Location filming by Lighthouse Pictures Ltd occurred starting in late April in South Forest , Windsor Great Park . Some test shooting had already been done in St. Marks , Florida , but the vegetation in the area turned out to be too dense to give any depth perception on screen . On May 9 , 2016 , cinematographer Rob Hardy began sharing pictures from the set of the film . On July 13 and 14 , filming took place at Holkham Pines in North Norfolk . Shooting was completed that month . The visual effect team was made up of many of Garland 's collaborators from his previous film , Ex Machina , including VFX Supervisor Andrew Whitehurst , lead VFX house Double Negative and Milk VFX , plus special makeup effects by Tristan Versluis . Release ( edit ) The film was released theatrically in the United States on February 23 , 2018 , by Paramount Pictures , and digitally in other markets on March 12 , 2018 , by Netflix . Due to a poorly received test screening , David Ellison , a financier and producer at Paramount , became concerned that the film was `` too intellectual '' and `` too complicated '' , and demanded changes to make it appeal to a wider audience , including making Portman 's character more sympathetic , and changing the ending . Producer Scott Rudin sided with the director , who did not want to alter the film . Rudin , who had final cut privilege , defended the film and refused to take notes from Ellison . On December 7 , 2017 , it was announced that due to the clashes between Rudin and Ellison , and the shift in Paramount 's leadership , a deal was struck allowing Netflix to distribute the film internationally . According to this deal , Paramount will handle the American , Canadian and Chinese release , while Netflix will begin streaming the film in other territories 17 days later . Garland expressed his disappointment with the decision to allow digital distribution , by saying : We made the film for cinema . I 've got no problem with the small screen at all . The best genre piece I 've seen in a long time was The Handmaid 's Tale , so I think there 's incredible potential within that context , but if you 're doing that -- you make it for that ( exhibition format ) and you think of it in those terms . Look ... it is what it is . The film is getting a theatrical release in the States , which I 'm really pleased about . One of the big pluses of Netflix is that it goes out to a lot of people and you do n't have that strange opening weekend thing where you 're wondering if anyone is going to turn up and then if they do n't , it vanishes from cinema screens in two weeks . So it 's got pluses and minuses , but from my point of view and the collective of the people who made it -- ( it was made ) to be seen on a big screen . Home Media ( edit ) Annihilation was released on Digital HD on May 22 , 2018 , and on Ultra HD Blu - ray , Blu - ray and DVD on May 29 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of May 12 , 2018 , Annihilation has grossed $32.7 million in the United States and Canada and $10.3 million in China , for a worldwide total of $43 million , against a net production budget of $40 million . In North America , Annihilation was released in alongside Game Night and Every Day , and was projected to gross $10 -- 12 million from 2,012 theaters in its opening weekend . The film made $3.9 million on its first day ( including $900,000 from Thursday night previews at 1,850 theaters ) . It ended up making $11 million over the weekend , finishing fourth , behind Black Panther , Game Night , and Peter Rabbit . In its second weekend the film dropped 49 % to $5.9 million , falling to 6th place . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 87 % , based on 237 reviews , and an average rating of 7.7 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Annihilation backs up its sci - fi visual wonders and visceral genre thrills with an impressively ambitious -- and surprisingly strange -- exploration of challenging themes that should leave audiences pondering long after the end credits roll . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 79 out of 100 , based on reviews from 49 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` C '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it a 71 % overall positive score . Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 4 out of 4 stars , praising it for taking risks , and saying : `` Kudos to Garland and the cast , but bravo to Scott Rudin as well . Apparently you knew a masterpiece when you saw it , and you made sure we were able to see it as well . '' Writing for Rolling Stone , Peter Travers complimented the cast and Garland 's writing and direction , giving the film 3.5 stars out of 4 and saying , `` Garland need make no apologies for Annihilation . It 's a bracing brainteaser with the courage of its own ambiguity . You work out the answers in your own head , in your own time , in your own dreams , where the best sci - fi puzzles leave things . '' Conversely , The Economist described the film as `` tightrope - walking the fine line between open - ended , mind - expanding mystery and lethargic , pretentious twaddle '' , but praised its final half hour . Nerdist Industries ' Kyle Anderson called Annihilation `` a movie that deserves several viewings , and your brain 's whole attention '' . Anderson commented that the film has little to do with the novel that it was based on , and is similar to H.P. Lovecraft 's 1927 short story `` The Colour Out of Space '' , about a meteor that lands in a swamp and unleashes a plague . Chris McCoy of the Memphis Flyer also found the film reminiscent of `` The Colour Out of Space '' as well as the novel Roadside Picnic ( 1971 ) and its film adaptation , Stalker ( 1979 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ANNIHILATION ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . February 12 , 2018 . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Annihilation ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Breaks More Records : $108 M Second Weekend Is Second - Best Ever As Marvel Movie Heads For $400 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Annihilation ' : Behind - the - Scenes of a Producer Clash and That Netflix Deal ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 ... the production budget , which is in the $55 million range ... ^ Jump up to : `` Annihilation ( 2018 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved August 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fuller , Becky ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` Why Annihilation Is Going Straight To Netflix Internationally '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pile , Jonathan ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` Annihilation Review '' . Empire . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike Jr . ( March 26 , 2013 ) . `` Paramount , Scott Rudin Land ' Annihilation ' , First Installment Of Southern Reach Trilogy '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( October 31 , 2014 ) . `` ' Annihilation ' Movie Gains Momentum at Paramount with Alex Garland ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McKittrick , Christopher ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Alex Garland on Screenwriting '' . Creative Screenwriting . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Annihilation ' director Alex Garland chats with CNET about the upcoming film '' . CNET . February 8 , 2018 . Event occurs at 32m15s - 33m30s . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` ANNIHILATION ( 2018 ) - Alex Garland Behind the Scenes Interview '' . The Media Hub . YouTube . February 10 , 2018 . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Garland ' Annihilation ' - Talks at Google '' . Talks at Google . February 22 , 2018 . Event occurs at 03m30 . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 -- via YouTube . In this ( adaptation ) instance it was like an adaptation of the atmosphere . ^ Jump up to : Sharf , Zack ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Alex Garland on ' Annihilation ' Whitewashing : ' There Was Nothing Cynical or Conspiratorial ' in Casting the Film '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Han , Karen ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Annihilation ' and Hollywood 's Erasure of Asians '' . The Daily Beast . The Daily Beast Company . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Watklns , Gwynne ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Natalie Portman Takes On ' Annihilation ' Whitewashing Accusations '' . Huffington Post . Oath . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lutes , Alicia ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` How Alex Garland Dreamed Up an Even Crazier ANNIHILATION '' . Nerdist . Nerdist Industries . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' Containment ' Star Joins Natalie Portman in ' Annihilation ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Williams , Phillip ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Construction of location set in Pond , ' Annihilation ' '' . Geograph Britain and Ireland . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Williams , Phillip ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Track sign during filming '' . Geograph Britain and Ireland . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bancroft , Colette ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` For Florida author Jeff VanderMeer , giant flying bears are all in a day 's work '' . Tampa Bay Times . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nordine , Michael ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Alex Garland 's ' Annihilation ' : Cast and Crew Share Striking Behind - the - Scenes Images from the Sci - Fi Thriller '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pochin , Courtney ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Annihilation ' : New Natalie Portman film to be shot at Holkham '' . Eastern Daily Press . Archant Community Media . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Martin , Kevin H. ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` An Altered Realm of Being ( and Beings ) Haunt ANNIHILATION '' . VFX Voice . Visual Effects Society . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` Alex Garland 's ' Annihilation ' Gets 2018 Release Date '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cook , Tommy ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Alex Garland on Annihilation , That Netflix Deal , and More '' . Collider . Complex Media . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wakeman , Gregory ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` How ' Annihilation ' director Alex Garland feels about the film being released on Netflix '' . Metro . Metro Media . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Annihilation ( 2018 ) '' . DVDs Release Dates . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` Experience ' Annihilation ' on Digital , DVD and Blu - ray This May '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Posts Record $21 M Pre-Summer Tuesday ; Second Weekend To Reap $104 M - $109 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Busts Past Half Billion ; ' Red Sparrow ' Flies Low With $17 M -- Sunday AM B.O. Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Annihilation ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Annihilation Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Annihilation ' : Innovations abound as Natalie Portman ventures into the unknown '' . Chicago Sun Times . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Annihilation ' Review : Director Alex Garland Transcends Sci - Fi Pulp '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ N.B. ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` Is Netflix the new straight - to - video ? `` Annihilation '' is the third in a series of mediocre science - fiction releases `` . The Economist . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Kyle ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Annihilation is a Scary , Cosmic Trip ( Review ) '' . Nerdist . Nerdist Industries . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McCoy , Chris ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` Annihilation '' . Memphis Flyer . Contemporary Media . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Annihilation on IMDb Annihilation at AllMovie Works by Alex Garland Novels The Beach ( 1996 ) The Tesseract ( 1998 ) The Coma ( 2004 ) Films Ex Machina ( 2015 ) Annihilation ( 2018 ) Screenplays 28 Days Later ( 2002 ) Sunshine ( 2007 ) Never Let Me Go ( 2010 ) Dredd ( 2012 ) Video games Enslaved : Odyssey to the West ( 2010 ) Films produced by Scott Rudin Revenge of the Stepford Wives I 'm Dancing as Fast as I Can Reckless Mrs. Soffel Pacific Heights Regarding Henry Little Man Tate The Addams Family White Sands Life with Mikey The Firm Searching for Bobby Fischer Addams Family Values Sister Act 2 : Back in the Habit Nobody 's Fool Clueless Sabrina Mother The First Wives Club Ransom Marvin 's Room In & Out Twilight The Truman Show A Civil Action Bringing Out the Dead Sleepy Hollow Angela 's Ashes Wonder Boys Rules of Engagement Shaft Zoolander The Royal Tenenbaums Iris Orange County Changing Lanes The Hours Marci X School of Rock The Stepford Wives The Manchurian Candidate The Village I Heart Huckabees Team America : World Police The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou Freedomland Failure to Launch Notes on a Scandal No Country for Old Men The Darjeeling Limited Margot at the Wedding Stop - Loss Doubt Revolutionary Road Fantastic Mr. Fox It 's Complicated Greenberg The Social Network True Grit Margaret The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close Moonrise Kingdom The Dictator Frances Ha Captain Phillips Inside Llewyn Davis The Grand Budapest Hotel Rosewater Top Five While We 're Young Aloha Steve Jobs Zoolander 2 Fences The Meyerowitz Stories Lady Bird Eighth Grade Annihilation Isle of Dogs The Legacy of a Whitetail Deer Hunter Game Over , Man ! 22 July Mid90s The Girl in the Spider 's Web Late Night Untitled Pippa Bianco project The Woman in the Window Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annihilation_(film)&oldid=857058902 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2018 horror films 2010s science fiction films 2010s horror thriller films Alien invasions in films American films American science fiction horror films American horror thriller films British films British science fiction films British horror films British horror thriller films Horror adventure films Science fiction adventure films Body horror films Films shot in London Screenplays by Alex Garland Paramount Pictures films Films based on American horror novels Films based on science fiction novels Impact event films Motion capture in film Nonlinear narrative films Adultery in films Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 08 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annihilation%20%28film%29	718
when did brian die in fast and furious			Paul Walker	paul walker	Paul William Walker IV ( September 12 , 1973 -- November 30 , 2013 ) was an American actor best known for his role as Brian O'Conner in The Fast and Furious franchise . Walker first gained prominence in 1999 with roles in the teen films She 's All That and Varsity Blues . In 2001 , he gained international fame for his performance in the street racing action film The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) , a role he reprised in five of the next six installments , but died in 2013 in the middle of filming Furious 7 ( 2015 ) .	Walker began his career guest - starring on TV shows such as The Young and the Restless and Touched by an Angel . He later starred in films such as Joy Ride ( 2001 ) , Timeline ( 2003 ) , Into the Blue ( 2005 ) , Eight Below ( 2006 ) , and Running Scared ( 2006 ) . He also appeared in the National Geographic series Expedition Great White ( 2010 ) and in ads for Davidoff Cool Water cologne . He founded the disaster - relief charity Reach Out Worldwide ( ROWW ) in response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake . Walker died on November 30 , 2013 , at the age of 40 as a passenger in a single - car crash alongside friend and driver Roger Rodas . Walker was working on three films at the time of his death which were released posthumously : Hours ( 2013 ) , Brick Mansions ( 2014 ) , and Furious 7 ( 2015 ) . The Wiz Khalifa song `` See You Again '' , featuring Charlie Puth , was commissioned for the Furious 7 soundtrack as a tribute to Walker . It was nominated for the Golden Globe for Best Original Song in 2015 and was the number - one song in the United States for 12 weeks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Death and legal repercussions 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Music videos 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Early life Walker was born in Glendale , California , and was the son of Cheryl ( née Crabtree ) , a fashion model , and Paul William Walker III , a sewer contractor and boxer who was a two - time Golden Gloves champion . Paul 's paternal grandfather had a boxing career as `` ' Irish ' Billy Walker '' . Paul 's ancestry was mostly English , with some German , Swiss , and Irish . One of his grandfathers raced factory cars for Ford in the 1960s . The oldest of five siblings , Walker was raised primarily in the Sunland community of Los Angeles and attended high school in the San Fernando Valley , graduating from Sun Valley 's Village Christian School in 1991 . He was raised as a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints . After high school , Walker attended several community colleges in Southern California , majoring in marine biology . Career Walker began his small screen career as a toddler , when he starred in a television commercial for Pampers . He began modeling at the age of two and began working on television shows in 1985 , with roles in shows such as Highway to Heaven , Who 's the Boss ? , The Young and the Restless , and Touched by an Angel . That year he starred in a commercial for Showbiz Pizza . Walker 's film career began in 1986 , with the horror / comedy film Monster in the Closet . In 1987 he appeared in The Retaliator ( aka Programmed to Kill ) , a low budget cyborg action film , with Robert Ginty . He and his sister Ashlie were contestants on a 1988 episode of the game show I 'm Telling ! ; they finished in second place . In 1993 he played Brandon Collins on the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless . He and his co-star Heather Tom , who played Victoria Newman , were nominated for Outstanding Lead Actor and Actress in a soap opera at the Youth in Film Awards . In 1998 , Walker made his feature film debut in the comedy Meet the Deedles , which finally gained him fame . This subsequently led to supporting roles in the movies Pleasantville ( 1998 ) , Varsity Blues ( 1999 ) , She 's All That ( 1999 ) , and The Skulls ( 2000 ) . Walker drove a Nissan Skyline GT - R in 2 Fast 2 Furious . In 2001 , Walker 's breakthrough role arrived when he starred opposite actor Vin Diesel in the successful action film The Fast and the Furious , the first film in the franchise . The film established Walker as a notable film star and leading man and led to his reprise of the role in the 2003 sequel 2 Fast 2 Furious . He continued his career with leading roles in films such as Joy Ride ( 2001 ) , Timeline ( 2003 ) , and Into the Blue ( 2005 ) . He had a supporting role in Clint Eastwood 's adaptation of Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) . Walker at a convention in February 2006 Walker then starred in the crime thriller Running Scared and Walt Disney Pictures ' Eight Below , both released in 2006 . Eight Below garnered critical - acclaim and opened in first place at the box office , grossing over US $20 million during its first weekend . During the filming of Running Scared , director Wayne Kramer stated that `` ( Walker ) is that guy on some level '' when comparing Walker with his character in the movie , Joey Gazelle . Kramer continued on to say that he `` loved working with ( Walker ) because as a director he 's completely supportive of my vision of what the film is . And even better , he 's completely game for it . '' Walker starred in the independent film The Lazarus Project , which was released on DVD on October 21 , 2008 . He subsequently returned to The Fast and the Furious franchise , reprising his role in Fast & Furious , which was released on April 3 , 2009 . Walker then appeared in the crime drama Takers , which began filming in September 2008 and was released in August 2010 . The Coty Prestige fragrance brand Davidoff Cool Water for Men announced in January 2011 that Walker was going to be the new face of the brand as of July 2011 . He reprised his role in the fifth installment of The Fast and the Furious series , Fast Five ( 2011 ) , and again in Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) . For this film , he won the 2014 MTV Movie Award as best on - screen duo , with Vin Diesel . He was part of an ensemble cast in Wayne Kramer 's Pawn Shop Chronicles ( 2013 ) , which was Walker 's last film released before his death . Shortly after his death , the Hurricane Katrina based film Hours , which he had completed earlier in 2013 , was released on December 13 , 2013 . He had also completed the action film Brick Mansions , a remake of the French film District 13 , which was released in April 2014 . At the time of his death , Walker had been filming Furious 7 , which was slated for release in July 2014 . The film was completed by using his brothers Caleb and Cody as his body doubles / stand - ins , and CGI , and was released in April 2015 . Walker was also set to play Agent 47 in the video game adaptation Hitman : Agent 47 , but died before production began . Personal life From left : Dwayne Johnson , Ludacris , Jordana Brewster , Vin Diesel , and Walker with Natalie Morales for NBC 's Today Show . Walker shared close friendships with his Fast & Furious cast mates . Walker lived in Santa Barbara with his dogs . He and Rebecca McBrain , a one - time girlfriend , had a daughter named Meadow Rain Walker , who lived with her mother in Hawaii for 13 years and then moved to California to live with Walker in 2011 . Her godfather is Vin Diesel . At the time of his death , Walker was dating Jasmine Pilchard - Gosnell . He held a brown belt in Brazilian jiu - jitsu under Ricardo `` Franjinha '' Miller at Paragon Jiu - Jitsu and was awarded his black belt by Miller posthumously . Walker held an interest in marine biology ; he joined the board of directors of The Billfish Foundation in 2006 . He fulfilled a lifelong dream by starring in a National Geographic Channel series Expedition Great White ( later retitled Shark Men ) , which premiered in June 2010 . He spent 11 days as part of the crew , catching and tagging seven great white sharks off the coast of Mexico . The expedition , led by Chris Fischer , founder and CEO of Fischer Productions , along with Captain Brett McBride and Dr. Michael Domeier of the Marine Conservation Science Institute , took measurements , gathered DNA samples , and fastened real - time satellite tags to the great white sharks . This allowed Dr. Domeier to study migratory patterns , especially those associated with mating and birthing , over a five - year period . In March 2010 , Walker went to Constitución , Chile , to offer his help and support to the people injured in the 8.8 magnitude earthquake that struck on February 27 . He flew with his humanitarian aid team , Reach Out Worldwide , to Haiti to lend a helping hand to the 2010 Haiti earthquake victims . A car enthusiast , he competed in the Redline Time Attack racing series in which he raced an M3 E92 and was on the AE Performance Team . His car was sponsored by Etnies , Brembo Brakes , Ohlins , Volk , OS Giken , Hankook , Gintani , and Reach Out Worldwide . Walker had been preparing for an auto show prior to his death . Roger Rodas became Walker 's financial adviser in 2007 and helped to establish Reach Out Worldwide . Rodas , a pro-am racer was the CEO of Always Evolving , a Valencia high - end vehicle performance shop owned by Walker . Walker was a close friend of his 2 Fast 2 Furious co-star Tyrese Gibson . Vin Diesel considered Walker to be like a brother , both on and off screen , and affectionately called him `` Pablo '' . Walker 's mother referred to her son as Diesel 's `` other half '' . Walker , who was raised in a Mormon household , later became a non-denominational Christian . Death and legal repercussions Site of Walker 's death on Hercules Street in Santa Clarita ( photo taken 2015 ) On November 30 , 2013 , at about 3 : 30 p.m. PST , Walker and Roger Rodas , 38 , left an event for Walker 's charity Reach Out Worldwide for victims of Typhoon Haiyan ( Yolanda ) , with Rodas driving his Porsche Carrera GT . In a 45 miles per hour ( 72 km / h ) speed zone on Hercules Street near Kelly Johnson Parkway in Valencia , Santa Clarita , California , the car crashed into a concrete lamp post and two trees and caught fire . Rodas died of multiple trauma while Walker died from the combined effects of trauma and burns . Both of their bodies were burned beyond recognition . The curve where Walker and Rodas were killed is a popular spot for drifting cars . No alcohol or other drugs were found in either man 's system , and neither mechanical failure nor road conditions appeared to play a role . Police found no evidence of drag racing . The investigation concluded that the car 's speed -- between 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) and 93 mph ( 150 km / h ) -- and age of the tires were the primary reasons for the crash . Grave of Paul Walker at Forest Lawn Hollywood Hills With Furious 7 in the middle of filming at the time of Walker 's death , Universal announced an indeterminate hiatus on the production , citing a desire to speak with his family before determining what to do with the film . Numerous friends and movie stars posted tributes to Walker on social media . His body was cremated and his ashes were buried in a non-denominational ceremony at Forest Lawn Memorial Park . In December 2014 , Walker 's father , Paul III , filed a wrongful death claim against Rodas 's estate seeking the return of , or `` a proportionate share '' of revenue generated by a group of automobiles that were jointly owned by both Walker and Rodas . In September 2015 , Walker 's daughter Meadow filed a wrongful death lawsuit against Porsche for the death of her father , claiming that the Porsche Carrera GT had numerous design defects including a history of instability , and that its seat belt placement can cause harm upon impact . Porsche 's response denied any wrongdoing and blamed Walker himself , stating : `` The perils , risk , and danger were open and obvious and known to him , and he chose to conduct himself in a manner so as to expose himself to such perils , dangers , and risks , thus assuming all the risks involved in using the vehicle . '' In April 2016 , U.S. District Court Judge Philip S. Gutierrez ruled in favor of Porsche in a separate lawsuit filed by Roger Rodas ' widow , Kristine . The ruling had no bearing on two other cases against Porsche which have been filed by Walker 's father , who is also the executor of the actor 's estate , and his daughter . Walker 's father and daughter both reached an agreement with Porsche . Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 1986 Monster in the Closet `` Professor '' Bennett Programmed to Kill Jason Credited as Paul W. Walker Tammy and the T - Rex Michael 1998 Meet the Deedles Phil Deedle First lead role Pleasantville Skip Martin 1999 Varsity Blues Lance Harbor She 's All That Dean Sampson Brokedown Palace Jason 2000 The Skulls Caleb Mandrake The Fast and the Furious Brian O'Conner Joy Ride Lewis Thomas 2002 Life Makes Sense If You 're Famous Mikey 2003 The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious Brian O'Conner Short film 2 Fast 2 Furious Timeline Chris Johnston Noel Mike Riley 2005 Into the Blue Jared Cole 2006 Eight Below Jerry Shepard Running Scared Joey Gazelle Flags of Our Fathers Hank Hansen 2007 The Death and Life of Bobby Z Tim Kearney Stories USA Mikey 2008 The Lazarus Project Ben Garvey 2009 Fast & Furious Brian O'Conner Takers John Rahway 2011 Fast Five Brian O'Conner 2013 Vehicle 19 Michael Woods Fast & Furious 6 Brian O'Conner Pawn Shop Chronicles Raw Dog Hours Nolan Hayes Released two weeks after Walker 's death 2014 Brick Mansions Damien Collier Released five months after Walker 's death 2015 Furious 7 Brian O'Conner Walker 's last performance in a film Television Year Title Role Notes 1984 -- 1994 CBS Schoolbreak Special Dill Episodes : `` Dead Wrong : The John Evans Story '' and `` Love in the Dark Ages '' 1985 -- 1986 Highway to Heaven Todd Bryant / Eric Travers Episodes : `` Birds of a Feather '' and `` A Special Love '' ( Parts 1 & 2 ) Throb Jeremy Beatty 23 episodes Charles in Charge Russell Davis Episode : `` Dead Puck Society '' 1991 Who 's the Boss ? Michael Haynes Episode : `` You Can Go Home Again '' 1991 What a Dummy Rick Episode : `` Bringing Up Baby '' The Young and the Restless Brandon Collins Touched by an Angel Jonathan Shark Men Himself 3 episodes , aka Expedition Great White 2013 Shark Week Himself 1 episode Music videos Year Artists Song Notes The Mighty Mighty Bosstones `` Wrong Thing Right Then '' 2003 Ludacris `` Act a Fool '' 2013 2 Chainz & Wiz Khalifa `` We Own It '' Archival footage 2015 Wiz Khalifa & Charlie Puth `` See You Again '' Archival footage Awards and nominations Year Award Nominated work Result 2002 MTV Movie Award Best On - Screen Team ( shared with Vin Diesel ) The Fast and the Furious Won 2011 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actor -- Action Fast Five Nominated 2013 Choice Movie : Chemistry ( shared with Vin Diesel and Dwayne Johnson ) Fast & Furious 6 Nominated 2014 MTV Movie Award Best On - Screen Duo ( shared with Vin Diesel ) Won 2015 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actor : Action Furious 7 Won Choice Movie : Chemistry ( shared with Vin Diesel , Michelle Rodriguez , Tyrese Gibson , Dwayne Johnson , Ludacris ) Nominated References ^ Jump up to : `` Paul Walker Leaves Entire $25 Million Estate to Daughter '' . People . February 4 , 2014 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Weisman , Aly . `` Paul Walker Left His Entire $25 Million Estate To His 15 - Year - Old Daughter -- But Things Could Get Messy '' , Business Insider , published April 2 , 2014 . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ WGN News at Nine . Chicago , IL . November 30 , 2013 . Event occurs at 21 : 32 CST ( 32 minutes ) . WGN - TV / WGN America . Jump up ^ `` Paul Walker -- Biography '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eggenberger , Nicole ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` Paul Walker Said Daughter Meadow Encouraged Him to Keep Acting '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gicas , Peter ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` Paul Walker 's Cologne Ad Airs During UK Soccer Game , Sparks Outrage '' . E ! Online . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Suebsaeng , Asawin ( 2 April 2015 ) . `` Paul Walker 's True Passion : Whatever Happened to Walker 's Disaster - Relief Rescue Squad ? '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Merry , Stephanie ; Yahr , Emily ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` Golden Globes nominations 2016 : Complete list '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hobson , Louis B. ( June 17 , 2001 ) . `` Paul Walker kicks it into high gear '' . Canoe.ca . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Keck , William ( September 27 , 2005 ) . `` Fame lets Paul Walker dive in '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Atkin , Hillary ( June 6 , 2003 ) . `` Walker 's in the ' Fast ' lane to film stardom '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Paul William Walker II '' . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . `` Paul William Walker II 1930 United States Census '' . FamilySearch . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . `` Meet Paul Walker '' . Spartanburg Herald - Journal . March 29 , 2006 . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stars React To Paul Walker 's Death , Other Crash Victim Identified '' . CBS Los Angeles . December 1 , 2013 . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gazzar , Brenda ( December 1 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fast & Furious ' star Paul Walker remembered as kind , carefree '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Walker Bio : Fast & Furious Actor '' . Tribute . Tribute Entertainment Media Group . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Youtube . `` Showbiz Pizza Commercial '' . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eight Below ( 2006 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 28 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Murray , Rebecca . `` Interview with ' Running Scared ' writer / director Wayne Kramer '' . About.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Apple -- Movie Trailers -- Fast and Furious '' . Apple . Retrieved September 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( September 9 , 2008 ) . `` Screen Gems digs up ' Bone ' cast '' . Variety . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Coty Prestige Announces Agreement with Paul Walker '' . PR Newswire . January 14 , 2011 . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Paul Walkers death forces delay of Fast and Furious 7 shoot '' . HitFix . December 1 , 2013 . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . ' Fast & Furious 7 ' will shoot scenes with doubles and replace Paul Walker with CGI to keep him in the film -- NY Daily News The Deadline Team . `` Paul Walker 's Brothers Jumping in to Help Finish ' Fast & Furious 7 ′ Action Scenes -- Deadline '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave . `` Paul Walker Leads HITMAN Reboot in AGENT 47 '' . Collider . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Koltnow , Barry ( February 18 , 2006 ) . `` Just chillin ' '' . The Orange County Register . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gilbey , Ryan ( December 1 , 2013 ) . `` Paul Walker obituary '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Grady ( December 1 , 2013 ) . `` The sides of Paul Walker you may have missed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2013 . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tate , Amethyst ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` Who Is Jasmine Pilchard - Gosnell ? Paul Walker 's 23 - Year - Old Girlfriend Mourns Actor With Family After Fatal Car Crash '' . International Business Times . Jump up ^ Duane , Daniel ( September 6 , 2005 ) . `` Paul Walker 's Adventure Sports Workout Routine '' . Men 's Health . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Walker receives BJJ Black Belt at Memorial '' . Bjpenn.com . December 9 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Catherine ( September 25 , 2006 ) . `` Paul Walker and Marine Biology : Foundation Presents Marine Awards '' . Nature World News . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Walker Leads Shark Expedition '' . Starpulse.com . November 12 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2010 . Retrieved November 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Paul Walker Joins National Geographic Shark Expedition '' . DiverWire . November 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2009 . Retrieved November 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Expedition Great White '' . National Geographic . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2012 . Retrieved November 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` REACH OUT Worldwide '' . REACH OUT Worldwide . Jump up ^ `` AE Performance '' . Redline Time Attack . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Walker , estrella de `` Rápidos y furiosos '' falleció en accidente de tránsito `` . El Comercio . Jump up ^ `` Walker and Rodas , you will be missed '' . Motor Sport . December 1 , 2013 . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Call to Action '' . Merrill Lynch . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rodas : Racer , manager , friend to Walker '' . December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Perry ( November 30 , 2013 ) . `` Paul Walker , Santa Clarita CEO Reportedly Killed in Fatal Single - Car Crash '' . KHTS Radio . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tonks , Owen ( January 4 , 2014 ) . `` Paul Walker best friend Tyrese Gibson still struggling after actor 's death '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Cook , Carlton ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Has Paul Walker 's Co-Star Tyrese Gibson Converted from Christianity to Islam , After His Visit to Dubai ? '' . The Christian Post . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . `` Tyrese Gibson Heartbroken Over Paul Walker 's Death '' . ABC News . December 4 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vin Diesel Reacts to Paul Walker 's Death : ' I Will Always Love You ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Walker death : Vin Diesel 's touching Facebook post about how he lost his ' other half ' '' . The Mirror . Jump up ^ `` Meadow Walker , Paul 's daughter inspired him to continue acting ; Fast and Furious star on being Christian '' . Christian Today . December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Duke , Alan ; Sutton , Joe ( November 30 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fast & Furious ' star Paul Walker killed in car crash '' . CNN . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Autopsy blames impact and fire for actor Paul Walker 's death '' . CNN . December 4 , 2013 . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Officials : Paul Walker crash not part of street race '' . The Press Democrat . Santa Rosa CA . December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . `` Publicist : Fast & Furious Actor Paul Walker Dies in Car Crash '' . Time . New York . November 30 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Schabner , Dean ( November 30 , 2013 ) . ' Fast and Furious ' Star Paul Walker Killed in Crash `` . ABC News . Landau , Joel ( November 30 , 2013 ) . `` Paul Walker dead at 40 : ' Fast and Furious ' star killed in fiery car crash '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . `` Fast & Furious actor Paul Walker dies in California car crash '' . BBC News . December 1 , 2013 . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wood , Daniel B. ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` Paul Walker crash could ' romanticize ' growing street racing culture '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Speed may have been factor in Fast and Furious star Paul Walker 's crash '' . Sunday Morning Herald . January 4 , 2014 . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' Fast & Furious `` - Star : Walker - Auto war fast 100 Stundenkilometer zu schnell '' . Die Welt ( in German ) . January 4 , 2014 . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Walker death investigation : Police rule out second vehicle , focus on speed '' . CNN . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Duke , Alan ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` Investigators : Speed -- not drugs , racing or mechanical failure -- killed Paul Walker '' . CNN . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Maricela . `` ' Fast & Furious 7 ' production halted after Paul Walker 's death '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Speechless ' Vin Diesel pays tribute to Paul Walker '' . The New Zealand Herald . Auckland . December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Walker has been Buried at The Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in the Hollywood Hills Today '' . Allvoices.com . December 4 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2014 . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther . `` Paul Walker 's dad files claim against estate of driver in fatal car crash '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bever , Lindsey ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Paul Walker 's teen daughter sues Porsche over his death in fiery crash '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Porsche Blames Paul Walker For His Own Death '' . www.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ ANTHONY McCARTNEY , Judge : Porsche not at fault in crash that killed Paul Walker April 5 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Child , Ben ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` Judge rules Porsche not to blame for Paul Walker 's death '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-et-entertainment-news-updates-paul-walker-porsche-settles-1508940377-htmlstory.html External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paul Walker . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Paul Walker Paul Walker on IMDb Paul Walker at AllMovie ( hide ) MTV Movie Award for Best On - Screen Duo Best On - Screen Duo Dana Carvey & Mike Myers ( 1992 ) Mel Gibson & Danny Glover ( 1993 ) Harrison Ford & Tommy Lee Jones ( 1994 ) Sandra Bullock & Keanu Reeves ( 1995 ) Chris Farley & David Spade ( 1996 ) Nicolas Cage & Sean Connery ( 1997 ) John Travolta & Nicolas Cage ( 1998 ) Jackie Chan & Chris Tucker ( 1999 ) Mike Myers & Verne Troyer ( 2000 ) Mark Wahlberg & Seth MacFarlane ( 2013 ) Vin Diesel & Paul Walker ( 2014 ) Zac Efron & Dave Franco ( 2015 ) Hugh Jackman & Dafne Keen ( 2017 ) Best On - Screen Team Drew Barrymore , Cameron Diaz & Lucy Liu ( 2001 ) Vin Diesel & Paul Walker ( 2002 ) Sean Astin , Andy Serkis & Elijah Wood ( 2003 ) Adam Sandler & Drew Barrymore ( 2004 ) Lindsay Lohan , Rachel McAdams , Lacey Chabert & Amanda Seyfried ( 2005 ) Vince Vaughn & Owen Wilson ( 2006 ) Best Cast Daniel Radcliffe , Rupert Grint , Emma Watson & Tom Felton ( 2012 ) VIAF : 71594362 LCCN : no99046363 ISNI : 0000 0001 1447 6235 GND : 140592849 SUDOC : 154705160 BNF : cb14043780p ( data ) NKC : xx0042773 ICCU : IT \ ICCU \ ANAV \ 060152 BNE : XX1499984 SNAC : w6rj5f47 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Walker&oldid=827489340 '' Categories : 1973 births 2013 deaths 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American humanitarians American Jeet Kune Do practitioners American male child actors American male film actors Male models from California American male television actors American people of English descent American people of German descent American people of Irish descent American practitioners of Brazilian jiu - jitsu People awarded a black belt in Brazilian jiu - jitsu Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park ( Hollywood Hills ) Deaths from fire in the United States Former Latter Day Saints Male actors from Glendale , California Male actors of German descent Road incident deaths in California American people of Swiss descent 21st - century American racing drivers Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from May 2017 Use American English from December 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Infobox person using certain parameters when dead Biography with signature Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray Zazaki 中文 डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 00 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Walker	719
who does the voices in sorry to bother you	Lakeith Stanfield as Cassius `` Cash '' Green David Cross as Cash 's `` white voice '' Mahari Crown as Fake Cash Tessa Thompson as Detroit , Cash 's girlfriend Lily James as Detroit 's white voice Jermaine Fowler as Salvador Omari Hardwick as Mr. _______ Patton Oswalt as Mr. _______ 's white voice Terry Crews as Sergio Green , Cash 's uncle Danny Glover as Langston Steven Yeun as Squeeze Armie Hammer as Steve Lift Kate Berlant as Diana DeBauchery Michael X . Sommers as Johnny Robert Longstreet as Anderson Forest Whitaker as First Equisapien / Demarius Rosario Dawson as Voice in Elevator Tom Woodruff Jr. as Equisapien		Sorry to Bother You ( film )	sorry to bother you ( film )	Sorry to Bother You is a 2018 American absurdist dark comedy film written and directed by Boots Riley , in his directorial debut . It stars Lakeith Stanfield , Tessa Thompson , Jermaine Fowler , Omari Hardwick , Terry Crews , Patton Oswalt , David Cross , Danny Glover , Steven Yeun , and Armie Hammer . Set in Oakland , California , the film follows a young African - American telemarketer who adopts a white accent in order to thrive at his job . Once he does , he rapidly gets swept up into a conspiracy , and must choose between making money at the expense of humanity and joining with his activist friends to organize labor .	Principal photography began in June 2017 in Oakland . Sorry to Bother You premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 20 , 2018 , and was theatrically released in the United States on July 6 , 2018 , by Annapurna Pictures . The film received largely positive reviews from critics , who praised the cast and concept , as well as Riley 's script and direction . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 3.2 Music 4 Themes 4.1 Communism 4.2 False consciousness 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In an alternative present - day version of Oakland , ads for a company called WorryFree offer a life free from paying bills and with free food and lodging , but at the cost of a lifetime work contract , a practice deemed legal and not equivalent to slavery . A radical group called `` The Left Eye '' oppose WorryFree by holding protests and vandalizing their advertisements . Cassius `` Cash '' Green lives in his uncle Sergio 's garage with his girlfriend , Detroit , and the only job he can find is working as a telemarketer on the lower levels of the RegalView company . Cash has trouble selling to customers until an older coworker , Langston , teaches him to use his `` white voice '' -- one that conveys a tone of confident , carefree affluence -- to sell . Cash discovers he has a special talent for selling with his white voice , and his manager suggests Cash will soon be promoted to the elusive and mysterious position of `` Power Caller . '' Although little is known about their work , Langston tells Cash that Power Callers sell different products than entry - level workers like himself , Detroit , and their friend Sal . Cash 's coworker , Squeeze , organizes a union to lobby for raises among the telemarketing staff . However , despite disrupting work as part of the union , Cash is still promoted to Power Caller . In the luxurious Power Caller suite , where Cash is instructed to only use his white voice , he learns that RegalView sells weaponry and human labor from WorryFree to other companies and governments . Although Cash is initially uncomfortable with the work , he quickly overcomes his uncertainty when he learns what he will be paid . He is able to afford a new car and apartment , and to pay off Sergio 's house . He also stops participating in the union , claiming he still supports them from the sidelines , and his relationship with Detroit starts to deteriorate as a result . He continues to work while his friends picket RegalView outside . After more sales , Cash is invited to a party with Steve Lift , the CEO of WorryFree . After the party , Lift has a one - on - one meeting with Cash and offers him a powdered substance to snort . Cash snorts it . Looking for the bathroom , Cash goes into the wrong door and finds a half - horse , half - human hybrid begging for help . Cash drops his phone and runs into Lift , who tries to calm him down by explaining how WorryFree are planning to make their workers stronger and more obedient by transforming them into half - horse , half - human hybrids , referred to as `` equisapiens . '' The transformation takes place when a human snorts a gene - modifying powder similar to cocaine . Lift explains he wants Cash to become an equisapien and act as a false revolutionary figure among them to keep them in line with WorryFree 's goals , offering Cash $100 million for five years . When the five years are up , Lift says Cash will be able to take a `` defusing powder '' and return to his normal self . After leaving in a panic , Cash becomes worried he was tricked into snorting the gene powder and visits Detroit , who tells him she received a video message from his missing phone , which turns out to be a cry for help from the equisapiens and Lift threatening to turn them into glue . To make the video viral , Cash goes on a reality show called `` I Got the S # * @ Kicked Out of Me ! '' , enduring a variety of physical punishments in order to get the video played at the end . The plan backfires ; Lift 's plot is hailed as a ground - breaking scientific advancement , and WorryFree 's stock reaches an all - time high . Cash apologizes to Squeeze , Sal , and Detroit . The union decides to make one last stand in the picket line , now joined by Cash . The next day , Cash copies the code he saw in the equisapiens video to break into Lift 's home before heading to the picket line where the callers and police get into a riot . Cash is knocked out by an officer just after he blows a whistle into a phone . Later that night , Cash wakes up in a police wagon and witnesses the equisapiens that he called with the whistle fighting back against the police , easily overpowering the police with their superior strength . They then free him , Squeeze , Sal , and Detroit , and run off to keep fighting . With everything seemingly returning back to normal , Cash suddenly grows massive nostrils on his face signaling his transformation into an Equisapien . Later a fully transformed Cash leads a mob of Equisapiens to Lift 's house . Cash calls over the intercom and says `` Sorry to bother you , '' before leading the mob to break down the door and attack Lift . Cast ( edit ) Lakeith Stanfield as Cassius `` Cash '' Green David Cross as Cash 's `` white voice '' Mahari Crown as Fake Cash Tessa Thompson as Detroit , Cash 's girlfriend Lily James as Detroit 's white voice Jermaine Fowler as Salvador Omari Hardwick as Mr. _______ Patton Oswalt as Mr. _______ 's white voice Terry Crews as Sergio Green , Cash 's uncle Danny Glover as Langston Steven Yeun as Squeeze Armie Hammer as Steve Lift Kate Berlant as Diana DeBauchery Michael X . Sommers as Johnny Robert Longstreet as Anderson Forest Whitaker as First Equisapien / Demarius Rosario Dawson as Voice in Elevator Tom Woodruff Jr. as Equisapien Production ( edit ) Riley speaks at a Martin Luther King Jr . Day rally in Emeryville , California , January 2016 . Boots Riley describes the film as `` an absurdist dark comedy with aspects of magical realism and science fiction inspired by the world of telemarketing '' . The screenplay for Sorry to Bother You was inspired by his own time working as a telemarketer and telefundraiser in California , and his need to put on a different voice to find success . Riley finished the screenplay in 2012 , and with no means to produce it , recorded an album of the same title with his band The Coup , inspired by the story . The screenplay was originally published in full as part of McSweeney 's issue 48 in 2014 . In June 2017 , it was announced that production would go forward on Sorry to Bother You , directed by Riley , and that Lakeith Stanfield , Tessa Thompson and Steven Yeun had been cast in the film . Nina Yang Bongiovi , Forest Whitaker , Jonathan Duffy , Kelly Williams , Charles D. King and George Rush served as producers on the film , under their Significant Productions , MACRO , and Cinereach banners , respectively . The same month , Armie Hammer , Jermaine Fowler , Omari Hardwick and Terry Crews also joined the cast . In July 2017 , Danny Glover , David Cross and Patton Oswalt joined the cast of the film , with Kate Berlant , Robert Longstreet and Michael Sommers being added later the same month . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began on June 22 , 2017 , in Oakland , California and concluded on July 30 , 2017 . While it has been rumored that Danny Glover 's `` white voice '' was performed by Steve Buscemi , Riley reported that it was actually done by the film 's sound engineer . Following its premiere at Sundance , producer Megan Ellison gave Riley $200,000 for reshoots and an additional scene . Music ( edit ) The film score was composed and performed by Tune - Yards . Riley and The Coup recorded an original soundtrack for the film as well , slated to be released later in 2018 . The first single , `` OYAHYTT '' , featuring Lakeith Stanfield , was released July 13 , 2018 . Themes ( edit ) Communism ( edit ) Boots has maintained that the film offers a radical class analysis of capitalism , rather than a specific analysis of America under President Trump , clarifying that he wrote the initial screenplay during the Obama administration , and that the target was never any specific elected official or movement , but rather a broader look at `` the puppetmasters behind the puppets . '' While the majority of the final script remained the same , minimal changes were made prior to shooting in order to avoid the film appearing to be a critique of Trump specifically , including removing a line where a character says `` Worry Free is making America great again , '' written before Trump would use the line in his 2016 presidential campaign . False consciousness ( edit ) The title of the film has a double meaning , referencing both the phrase 's use by telemarketers and its general usage when telling a person something you know they might not like to hear , such as the Communist themes present in the film . According to Boots , `` ... the other side of it is , is that often when you 're telling someone something that is different from how they view things , different from how they view the world , it feels like an annoyance or a bother . And that 's where that comes from . '' The theme of the strike was used to reflect the need to `` organize people in the workplace '' and for workers to recognize their power . When asked on his choice to cast Armie Hammer as Steve Lift , Boots stated that Armie was a `` lovable dude , '' whose casting reflects the current state of `` new capitalism , '' where the reality of working conditions are hidden , referencing lines such as `` I 'm not your boss , I 'm your friend . '' Release ( edit ) The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 20 , 2018 . Shortly after , Annapurna Pictures acquired distribution rights . It also screened at South by Southwest on March 12 , 2018 . The film was initially scheduled to be released on June 29 , 2018 , but was pushed back a week to July 6 , 2018 , where it began with a limited release before expanding wider on July 13 . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Sorry to Bother You grossed $727,266 from 16 theaters in its limited opening weekend , for an average of $45,452 , the fourth - best average of 2018 . It finished 16th at the weekend box office . It had its wide release , in 805 theaters , on July 13 , alongside the openings of Skyscraper and Hotel Transylvania 3 : Summer Vacation , and was forecast to gross around $3.5 million over the weekend . The film made more on its first day of wide release ( $1.5 million ) than it had in its full week of limited ( $1.1 million ) . It went on to gross $4.3 million over the weekend , an increase of 485 % , finishing 7th at the box office . The film was added to another 245 theaters in its third week of release and made $2.8 million , finishing 10th . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 94 % based on 162 reviews , with a weighted average of 7.8 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Fearlessly ambitious , scathingly funny , and thoroughly original , Sorry to Bother You loudly heralds the arrival of a fresh filmmaking talent in writer - director Boots Riley . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 81 out of 100 , based on 47 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Audiences polled by PostTrak gave the film an 84 % overall positive score and a 72 % `` definite recommend '' . Josiah Hughes from Exclaim ! gave the film a rating of 9 / 10 , saying `` Sorry to Bother You belongs to a rich tradition of satires , falling in line with everything from Putney Swope to Pootie Tang to Idiocracy to UHF . Bright , loud , audacious and endlessly fun , Sorry to Bother You is one giant , beautiful middle finger of a debut . '' Conversely , some critics chided the film for not passing the Bechdel test ( a metric determining whether a film features at least two women who talk to each other about something other than a man ) , and compared Thompson 's character Detroit to a Manic Pixie Dream Girl . Riley responded to the criticism by conceding that while the film did not pass the Bechdel test , Detroit had her own agency . `` I will put Detroit up against most of the movies that do pass the Bechdel test and will confidently say that most of them will not have a character close to as radical or feminist as she is . '' See also ( edit ) List of black films of the 2010s References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sorry to Bother You '' . Sundance Film Festival . The Sundance Institute . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( July 10 , 2018 ) . `` Boots Riley goes from ' musician with a script ' to potential hitmaker with ' Sorry to Bother You ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved July 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sorry to Bother You ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved August 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gross , Terry ( July 2 , 2018 ) . `` Boots Riley Mines His Experiences as a Telemarketer in ' Sorry to Bother You ' '' . Fresh Air . National Public Radio . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Riley , Boots ( 2014 ) . `` Sorry to Bother You '' . McSweeney 's Issue 48 . McSweeney 's Quarterly Concern . San Francisco : McSweeney 's . ISBN 9781940450087 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Tessa Thompson , Lakeith Stanfield , Steven Yeun To Star In ' Sorry To Bother You ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Armie Hammer Joins Feature Drama ' Sorry To Bother You ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Superior Donuts ' Star Jermaine Fowler Cast In ' Sorry To Bother You ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Power ' Star Omari Hardwick & Terry Crews Join Boots Riley 's ' Sorry To Bother You ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` Danny Glover , David Cross And Patton Oswalt Join ' Sorry To Bother You ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riley , Boots ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` Boom All this amazing talent coming together to make Sorry To Bother You fly . You 've never seen a movie like this . The cast is : Lakeith Stanfield , Tessa Thompson , Armie Hammer , Steven Yeun , Omari Hardwick , Danny Glover , Patton Oswalt , David Cross , Jermaine Fowler , Terry Crews , Kate Berlant , Robert Longstreet , and Michael Sommers '' . Instagram . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Democracy Now ! ( 2018 - 07 - 17 ) , Boots Riley on How His Hit Movie `` Sorry to Bother You '' Slams Capitalism & Offers Solutions , retrieved 2018 - 07 - 26 Jump up ^ Democracy Now ! ( 2018 - 07 - 17 ) , Boots Riley on How His Hit Movie `` Sorry to Bother You '' Slams Capitalism & Offers Solutions , retrieved 2018 - 07 - 26 Jump up ^ `` Boots Riley on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ IMDb ( 2018 - 07 - 05 ) , IMDb Show Interview with ' Sorry to Bother You ' Director Boots Riley and Star Lakeith Stanfield , retrieved 2018 - 07 - 26 Jump up ^ Boots Riley On Why You HAVE To Watch ' Sorry To Bother You ' , & Using Your ' White Voice ' , retrieved 2018 - 07 - 26 Jump up ^ Morrison , Patt . `` Boots Riley on power , organizing and who really runs the country . ( Hint : It 's not Trump ) '' . latimes.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Boots Riley on How His Hit Movie `` Sorry to Bother You '' Slams Capitalism & Offers Solutions `` . Democracy Now ! . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Boots Riley of The Coup ... on Communism , Corporatism , hip - hop , and the need to beat down scabs '' . Mark Maynard . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Democracy Now ! ( 2018 - 07 - 17 ) , Boots Riley on How His Hit Movie `` Sorry to Bother You '' Slams Capitalism & Offers Solutions , retrieved 2018 - 07 - 26 Jump up ^ `` 2018 Sundance Film Festival : Feature Films Announced '' . Sundance Film Festival . The Sundance Institute . November 29 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sundance Program Schedule '' ( PDF ) . Sundance Film Festival . The Sundance Institute . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` Sundance : Annapurna Buys ' Sorry to Bother You ' '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sorry to Bother You '' . SXSW Schedule . South by Southwest . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Annapurna Dates Films By Adam McKay , Babak Anvari & Sundance Acquisition ' Sorry To Bother You ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Riley , Boots ( @ BootsRiley ) ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` New release dates for Sorry To Bother You are as follows : July 6th in select cities . July 27th in every damn city in the United States . Stay tuned for international release schedule '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ant - Man And The Wasp ' Shrinks A Tick To $76 M+ Opening , But Still 34 % Bigger Than Original -- Early Sunday Read '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Hotel Transylvania 3 ' & Dwayne Johnson 's ' Skyscraper ' Vie For Prime Box Office Real Estate '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 15 , 2018 ) . `` Why Dwayne Johnson Pic ' Skyscraper ' Went Up In Flames At The B.O. With $25 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 22 , 2018 ) . `` Shocker : ' Mamma Mia 2 ' Meets B.O. Waterloo As ' Equalizer 2 ' Is The No. 1 Winner That Takes It All With $35 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sorry to Bother You ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sorry to Bother You Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Josiah ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Sorry to Bother You '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved July 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boots Riley Defends Tessa Thompson 's Sorry to Bother You Character : ' Detroit Is Not a Prize ' '' . Vulture. 2018 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 11 . Further reading ( edit ) Weiner , Jonah ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` How Boots Riley Infiltrated Hollywood '' . The New York Times Magazine . The New York Times Company . External links ( edit ) Sorry to Bother You on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sorry_to_Bother_You_(film)&oldid=856829193 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films American films American comedy films American fantasy films American science fiction films American satirical films American black comedy films American fantasy - comedy films American comedy science fiction films Directorial debut films Films about horses Films about the labor movement Films about shapeshifting Films set in Oakland , California Films shot in California Annapurna Pictures films African - American films Media portrayals of the working class Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 19 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorry%20to%20Bother%20You%20%28film%29	720
what was the fog in england in 1952			Great smog of London	great smog of london	The Great Smog of London , or Great Smog of 1952 , was a severe air - pollution event that affected the British capital of London in early December 1952 . A period of cold weather , combined with an anticyclone and windless conditions , collected airborne pollutants -- mostly arising from the use of coal -- to form a thick layer of smog over the city . It lasted from Friday , 5 December to Tuesday , 9 December 1952 and then dispersed quickly when the weather changed .	It caused major disruption by reducing visibility and even penetrating indoor areas , far more severe than previous smog events experienced in the past , called `` pea - soupers '' . Government medical reports in the following weeks , however , estimated that up until 8 December , 4,000 people had died as a direct result of the smog and 100,000 more were made ill by the smog 's effects on the human respiratory tract . More recent research suggests that the total number of fatalities was considerably greater ; about 6,000 more died in the following months as a result of the event . London had suffered since the 13th century from poor air quality , which worsened in the 1600s , but the Great Smog is known to be the worst air - pollution event in the history of the United Kingdom , and the most significant in terms of its effect on environmental research , government regulation , and public awareness of the relationship between air quality and health . It led to several changes in practices and regulations , including the Clean Air Act 1956 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Sources of pollution 1.2 Weather 2 Effects 2.1 Effect on London 2.2 Health effects 2.3 Environmental impact 3 Cause 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background ( edit ) Sources of pollution ( edit ) Battersea Power Station , pictured in 2012 The cold weather preceding and during the Great Smog led Londoners to burn more coal than usual to keep themselves warm . Post-war domestic coal tended to be of a relatively low - grade , sulphurous variety ( economic necessity meant that better - quality `` hard '' coals tended to be exported ) , which increased the amount of sulphur dioxide in the smoke . There were also numerous coal - fired power stations in the Greater London area , including Fulham , Battersea , Bankside , Greenwich and Kingston upon Thames , all of which added to the pollution . According to the UK 's Met Office , the following pollutants were emitted each day during the smoggy period : 1,000 tonnes of smoke particles , 140 tonnes of hydrochloric acid , 14 tonnes of fluorine compounds , and 370 tonnes of sulphur dioxide which may have been converted to 800 tonnes of sulphuric acid . Research suggests that additional pollution - prevention systems fitted at Battersea may have worsened the air quality , reducing the output of soot at the cost of increased sulphur dioxide , though this is not certain . Additionally , there was pollution and smoke from vehicle exhaust -- particularly from steam locomotives and diesel - fuelled buses , which had replaced the recently abandoned electric tram system -- and from other industrial and commercial sources . Weather ( edit ) On 4 December 1952 , an anticyclone settled over a windless London , causing a temperature inversion with cold , stagnant air trapped under a layer ( or `` lid '' ) of warm air . The resultant fog , mixed with smoke from home and industrial chimneys , particulates such as those from motor vehicle exhausts , and other pollutants such as sulphur dioxide , formed a persistent smog , which blanketed the capital the following day . The presence of tarry particles of soot gave the smog its yellow - black colour , hence the nickname `` pea - souper '' . The absence of significant wind prevented its dispersal and allowed an unprecedented accumulation of pollutants . Effects ( edit ) Effect on London ( edit ) Although London was accustomed to heavy fogs , this one was denser and longer - lasting than any previous fog . Visibility was reduced to a few metres ( `` It 's like you were blind '' ) making driving difficult or impossible . Public transport ceased , apart from the London Underground , and the ambulance service stopped , forcing users to transport themselves to hospital . The smog was so dense that it even seeped indoors , resulting in cancellation or abandonment of concerts and film screenings as visibility decreased in large enclosed spaces , and stages and screens became harder to see from the seats . Outdoor sports events were also cancelled . In the inner London suburbs and away from town centres , there was no disturbance by moving traffic to thin out the dense fog in the back streets . The result was that visibility could be down to a metre or so in the daytime . Walking out of doors became a matter of shuffling one 's feet to feel for potential obstacles such as road kerbs . This was made even worse at night since each back street lamp at the time was fitted with an incandescent light - bulb , which gave no penetrating light onto the pavement for pedestrians to see their feet , or even the lamp post . Fog - penetrating fluorescent lamps did not become widely available until later in the 1950s . `` Smog masks '' were worn by those who were able to purchase them from chemists . Near railway lines , on which `` fog working '' was implemented , loud explosions similar to a shotgun shot were common . The explosions were made by `` detonators '' -- a form of large percussion cap placed on the track and activated by the wheels of trains . These devices were placed by certain signals to provide an audible warning to match the visual indication provided by the signal for the driver . Health effects ( edit ) There was no panic , as London was renowned for its fog . In the weeks that ensued , however , statistics compiled by medical services found that the fog had killed 4,000 people . Most of the victims were very young or elderly , or had pre-existing respiratory problems . In February 1953 , Marcus Lipton suggested in the House of Commons that the fog had caused 6,000 deaths and that 25,000 more people had claimed sickness benefits in London during that period . Mortality remained elevated for months after the fog . A preliminary report , never finalised , blamed those deaths on an influenza epidemic . Emerging evidence revealed that only a fraction of the deaths could be from influenza . Most of the deaths were caused by respiratory tract infections , from hypoxia and as a result of mechanical obstruction of the air passages by pus arising from lung infections caused by the smog . The lung infections were mainly bronchopneumonia or acute purulent bronchitis superimposed upon chronic bronchitis . More recent research suggests that the number of fatalities was considerably greater than contemporary estimates , at about 12,000 . Environmental impact ( edit ) The death toll formed an important impetus to modern environmentalism , and it caused a rethinking of air pollution , as the smog had demonstrated its lethal potential . New regulations were implemented , restricting the use of dirty fuels in industry and banning black smoke . Environmental legislation since 1952 , such as the City of London ( Various Powers ) Act 1954 and the Clean Air Acts of 1956 and 1968 , led to a reduction in air pollution . Financial incentives were offered to householders to replace open coal fires with alternatives ( such as installing gas fires ) , or for those who preferred , to burn coke instead which produces minimal smoke . Central heating ( using gas , electricity , oil or permitted solid fuel ) was rare in most dwellings at that time , not finding favour until the late 1960s onwards . Despite improvements , insufficient progress had been made to prevent one further smog event approximately ten years later , in early December 1962 . Cause ( edit ) Atmospheric scientists at Texas A&M University investigating the haze of polluted air in Beijing realized their research led to a possible cause for the London event in 1952 . `` By examining conditions in China and experimenting in a lab , the scientists suggest that a combination of weather patterns and chemistry could have caused London fog to turn into a haze of concentrated sulfuric acid . '' Even though research findings point in this direction , the two events are not identical . In China , the combination of nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide , both produced by burning coal , with a humid atmosphere , created sulfates while building up acidic conditions that , left unchanged , would have stalled the reaction . However , ammonia from agricultural activity neutralized the acid allowing sulfate production to continue . It is theorised that in 1952 in London , the nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide combined with fog rather than humidity ; larger droplets of water diluted the acid products , allowing more sulfate production as sulfuric acid . Sunrise burned off the fog , leaving concentrated acid droplets that killed citizens . In popular culture ( edit ) The Great Smog served as the basis of an episode titled `` Forog '' of The Goon Show ( series 5 , episode 13 ) , which aired on 21 December 1954 . The event was a central plot line in the episode `` An Act of God '' ( season 1 , episode 4 ) of the Netflix series The Crown ( released in November 2016 ) . It also features prominently in Dominion , an alternate history novel by C.J. Sansom . See also ( edit ) 1930 Meuse Valley fog 1939 St. Louis smog 1948 Donora smog 1966 New York City smog 2013 Harbin smog 2013 Shanghai smog London low emission zone References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bell , M.L. ; Davis , D.L. & Fletcher , T. ( 2004 ) . `` A Retrospective Assessment of Mortality from the London Smog Episode of 1952 : The Role of Influenza and Pollution '' . Environ Health Perspect. 112 ( 1 ; January ) : 6 -- 8 . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 6539 . PMC 1241789 . PMID 14698923 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Brimblecombe , Peter ( 1976 ) . `` Attitudes and Responses Towards Air Pollution in Medieval England '' . Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association . 26 ( 10 ) : 941 -- 45 . doi : 10.1080 / 00022470.1976. 10470341 . ^ Jump up to : Evelyn , John ; Pegge , Samuel , 1704 -- 1796 , ( ed . ) ( 1661 ) , Fumifugium , Printed by W. Godbid , retrieved 5 May 2016 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Graunt , John , 1620 -- 1674 ; Petty , William , Sir , 1623 -- 1687 ( 1662 ) , Natural and political observations mentioned in a following index , and made upon the bills of mortality ( microform ) / by John Graunt ... ; with reference to the government , religion , trade , growth , ayre , diseases , and the several changes of the said city , Printed by Tho . Roycroft for John Martin , James Allestry , and Tho . Dicas Jump up ^ McKie , Robin & Townsend , Mark . Great Smog is history , but foul air still kills ( The Observer , 24 November 2002 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Great Smog of 1952 '' . metoffice.gov.uk . Archived from the original on 3 September 2014 . Retrieved 12 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mason , Nigel ; Hughes , Peter ; Mc Mllan , Randall . Introduction to environmental physics ( CRC , 2001 ) , pp. 112 -- 13 . Jump up ^ `` Atmosphere , Climate & Environment Information Programme '' . Ace.mmu.ac.uk. 4 December 1952 . Archived from the original on 25 February 2009 . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Met Office Education : Teens -- Case Studies -- The Great Smog '' . Metoffice.gov.uk . Archived from the original on 5 June 2011 . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Greater London Authority . 50 Years On : The struggle for air quality in London since the great smog of December 1952 . Jump up ^ Nielson , John . `` The Killer Fog of ' 52 '' . NPR . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` London fog clears after days of chaos '' . BBC News . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Smog of 1952 '' . metoffice.gov.uk . Retrieved 17 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Coal : Nutty slack '' . Commons Sitting of 16 February 1953 . hansard.millbanksystems.com . Jump up ^ Davis DL. 2002 . When Smoke Ran Like Water . New York : Basic Books . Jump up ^ Peters , Annette ; Döring , Angela ; Wichmann , H - Erich ; Koenig , Wolfgang ( 1997 ) ' Increased plasma viscosity during an air pollution episode : a link to mortality ? ' The Lancet , 1997 , Vol. 349 ( 9065 ) , pp. 1582 -- 87 Jump up ^ Hunt , Andrew ; Abraham , Jerrold L ; Judson , Bret ; Berry , Colin L ( 2003 ) . `` ' Toxicologic and epidemiologic clues from the characterization of the 1952 London smog fine particulate matter in archival autopsy lung tissues ' '' . Environmental Health Perspectives. 111 ( 9 ) : 1209 -- 14 . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 6114 . Jump up ^ Bell ML , Davis D. 2001 . Reassessment of the lethal London fog of 1952 : novel indicators of acute and chronic consequences of acute exposure to air pollution . Environ Health Perspect 109 ( suppl 3 ) : 389 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Camps , Francis E ( Ed . ) ( 1976 ) . Gradwohl 's Legal Medicine ( Bristol : John Wright & Sons Ltd , 3rd ed . ) ISBN 0 - 7236 - 0310 - 3 . p. 236 . Jump up ^ Andrew ; Abraham , Jerrold L. ; Judson , Bret ; Berry , Colin L. ( 2003 ) . `` Toxicologic and Epidemiologic Clues from the Characterization of the 1952 London Smog Fine Particulate Matter in Archival Autopsy Lung Tissues Hunt '' . Environmental Health Perspectives. 111 ( 9 ) : 1209 -- 14 . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 6114 . Jump up ^ Stone , R ( 2002 ) . `` Counting the Cost of London 's Killer Smog '' . Science . 298 ( 5601 ) : 2106 -- 07 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 298.5601. 2106b . Jump up ^ `` Choking fog spreads across Britain '' . BBC News . Retrieved 16 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Domonoske , Camila ( 2016 - 11 - 23 ) . `` Research On Chinese Haze Helps Crack Mystery of London 's Deadly 1952 Fog '' . NPR . Retrieved 23 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Forog Goon Show script '' . The Goon Show Site . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Dibden , Emma ( 9 November 2016 ) . `` The 10 Key Moments From ' The Crown ' Season One '' . Harper 's Bazaar . Jump up ^ Samuelson , Kate ( 4 November 2016 ) . `` Everything to Know About the Great Smog of 1952 , as Seen on The Crown '' . Time . Further reading ( edit ) Bates , David V. `` Recollections of the London Fog . '' Environmental health perspectives 110.12 ( 2002 ) : A735 . online Bell , Michelle L. ; Davis , Devra Lee ( June 2001 ) . `` Reassessment of the Lethal London Fog of 1952 : Novel Indicators of Acute and Chronic Consequences of Acute Exposure to Air Pollution '' . Environmental Health Perspectives. 109 ( Suppl 3 ) : 389 -- 394 . doi : 10.2307 / 3434786 . JSTOR 3434786 . Berridge , Virginia ( Ed . ) . The Big Smoke : Fifty Years After the 1952 London Smog ( University of London , Institute of Historical Research , 2005 ) Brimblecombe , Peter . The Big Smoke : A History of Air Pollution in London Since Medieval Times ( Routledge Kegan & Paul , 1987 ) Davis , Devra L. `` A look back at the London smog of 1952 and the half century since . '' Environmental health perspectives 110.12 ( 2002 ) : A734 . online Davis , Devra L. `` The Great Smog '' History Today ( Dec 2002 ) Vol. 52 , Issue 12 Dawson , Kate Winkler . Death in the Air : The True Story of a Serial Killer , the Great London Smog , and the Strangling of a City ( Hachette Book Group , 2017 ) Greater London Authority . 50 Years On : The struggle for air quality in London since the great smog of December 1952 ( December 2002 ) Thorsheim , Peter . Inventing Pollution : Coal , Smoke , and Culture in Britain Since 1800 ( Ohio University Press , 2006 ) External links ( edit ) Edinburgh University : The London Smog Disaster of 1952 BBC News : Days of toxic darkness 1952 : London fog clears after days of chaos ( BBC News , 9 December 1952 ) Persistent sulfate formation from London Fog to Chinese haze PNAS Scientists finally know what caused a mysterious fog to kill 12,000 people in London in 1952 History of London Evolution Londinium Lundenwic City of London City of Westminster Middlesex County of London Greater London Timeline Periods Roman London Anglo - Saxon London Norman and Medieval London Tudor London Stuart London 18th - century London 19th - century London 1900 -- 39 The Blitz 1945 -- 2000 21st century Events Peasants ' Revolt Black Death Great Plague Great Fire 1854 cholera outbreak Great Stink Great Exhibition 1908 Franco - British Exhibition The Battle of Cable Street Festival of Britain Great Smog Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II Swinging London London Plan 1966 FIFA World Cup Final Hyde Park and Regent 's Park bombings Funeral of Princess Diana Anti-war protests 7 / 7 bombings Olympic Games ( 1908 1948 2012 ) 2012 Summer Paralympics Grenfell Tower fire Government Metropolitan Board of Works London County Council Greater London Council Greater London Authority London Assembly Mayor of London London independence Services Bow Street Runners Metropolitan Police Service London Ambulance Service London Fire Brigade Port of London Authority London sewerage system London Underground London Metropolitan Archives City of London City of London Corporation Lord Mayor of the City of London Wards of the City of London Guildhall Livery Companies Lord Mayor 's Show City of London Police Bank of England Structures St Paul 's Cathedral Tower of London Palace of Whitehall Westminster Hall London Bridge Tower Bridge Westminster Abbey Big Ben The Monument Fortifications London portal Environment portal 1950s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Smog_of_London&oldid=838786187 '' Categories : 1952 disasters in the United Kingdom 1952 health disasters 1952 in England 1952 in London 1952 in the environment Air pollution in the United Kingdom December 1952 events Disasters in London Environment of London Environmental disasters in the United Kingdom Health disasters in the United Kingdom Health in London Smog events Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use British English from October 2013 Use dmy dates from January 2016 Coordinates not on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 April 2018 , at 08 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Smog%20of%20London	721
when was the first piece of jewelry made	Jewellery ( British English ) or jewelry ( American English ) consists of small decorative items worn for personal adornment , such as brooches , rings , necklaces , earrings , pendants and bracelets . Jewellery may be attached to the body or the clothes , and the term is restricted to durable ornaments , excluding flowers for example . For many centuries metal , often combined with gemstones , has been the normal material for jewellery , but other materials such as shells and other plant materials may be used . It is one of the oldest type of archaeological artefact -- with 100,000 - year - old beads made from Nassarius shells thought to be the oldest known jewellery . The basic forms of jewellery vary between cultures but are often extremely long - lived ; in European cultures the most common forms of jewellery listed above have persisted since ancient times , while other forms such as adornments for the nose or ankle , important in other cultures , are much less common .	100,000 - year - old beads made from Nassarius shells	Jewellery	jewellery	Jewellery ( British English ) or jewelry ( American English ) consists of small decorative items worn for personal adornment , such as brooches , rings , necklaces , earrings , pendants and bracelets . Jewellery may be attached to the body or the clothes , and the term is restricted to durable ornaments , excluding flowers for example . For many centuries metal , often combined with gemstones , has been the normal material for jewellery , but other materials such as shells and other plant materials may be used . It is one of the oldest type of archaeological artefact -- with 100,000 - year - old beads made from Nassarius shells thought to be the oldest known jewellery . The basic forms of jewellery vary between cultures but are often extremely long - lived ; in European cultures the most common forms of jewellery listed above have persisted since ancient times , while other forms such as adornments for the nose or ankle , important in other cultures , are much less common .	The Daria - i - Noor ( meaning : Sea of Light ) Diamond from the collection of the national jewels of Iran at Central Bank of Islamic Republic of Iran Jewellery may be made from a wide range of materials . Gemstones and similar materials such as amber and coral , precious metals , beads , and shells have been widely used , and enamel has often been important . In most cultures jewellery can be understood as a status symbol , for its material properties , its patterns , or for meaningful symbols . Jewellery has been made to adorn nearly every body part , from hairpins to toe rings , and even genital jewellery . The patterns of wearing jewellery between the sexes , and by children and older people can vary greatly between cultures , but adult women have been the most consistent wearers of jewellery ; in modern European culture the amount worn by adult males is relatively low compared with other cultures and other periods in European culture . The word jewellery itself is derived from the word jewel , which was anglicised from the Old French `` jouel '' , and beyond that , to the Latin word `` jocale '' , meaning plaything . In British English , Indian English , New Zealand English , Hiberno - English , Australian English , and South African English it is spelled jewellery , while the spelling is jewelry in American English . Both are used in Canadian English , though jewelry prevails by a two to one margin . In French and a few other European languages the equivalent term , joaillerie there , may also cover decorated metalwork in precious metal such as objets d'art and church items , not just objects worn on the person . Contents ( hide ) 1 Form and function 2 Materials and methods 2.1 Diamonds 2.2 Other gemstones 2.3 Metal finishes 3 Impact on society 4 History 4.1 Prehistory 4.1. 1 Egypt 4.2 Europe and the Middle East 4.2. 1 Mesopotamia 4.2. 2 Greece 4.2. 3 Rome 4.2. 4 Middle Ages 4.2. 5 Renaissance 4.2. 6 Romanticism 4.2. 7 18th Century / Romanticism / Renaissance 4.2. 8 Art Nouveau 4.2. 9 Art Deco 4.3 Asia 4.3. 1 China 4.3. 2 Indian subcontinent 4.4 North and South America 4.5 Native American 4.6 Pacific 5 Modern 6 Masonic 7 Body modification 8 Jewellery market 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Form and function ( edit ) Kenyan man wearing tribal beads Humans have used jewellery for a number of different reasons : functional , generally to fix clothing or hair in place , or to tell the time ( in the case of watches ) as a marker of social status and personal status , as with a wedding ring as a signifier of some form of affiliation , whether ethnic , religious or social to provide talismanic protection ( in the form of amulets ) as an artistic display as a carrier or symbol of personal meaning -- such as love , mourning , or even luck Most cultures at some point have had a practice of keeping large amounts of wealth stored in the form of jewellery . Numerous cultures store wedding dowries in the form of jewellery or make jewellery as a means to store or display coins . Alternatively , jewellery has been used as a currency or trade good ; an example being the use of slave beads . Many items of jewellery , such as brooches and buckles , originated as purely functional items , but evolved into decorative items as their functional requirement diminished . Jewellery can also symbolise group membership ( as in the case , of the Christian crucifix or the Jewish Star of David ) or status ( as in the case of chains of office , or the Western practice of married people wearing wedding rings ) . Wearing of amulets and devotional medals to provide protection or ward off evil is common in some cultures . These may take the form of symbols ( such as the ankh ) , stones , plants , animals , body parts ( such as the Khamsa ) , or glyphs ( such as stylised versions of the Throne Verse in Islamic art ) . Materials and methods ( edit ) In creating jewellery , gemstones , coins , or other precious items are often used , and they are typically set into precious metals . Alloys of nearly every metal known have been encountered in jewellery . Bronze , for example , was common in Roman times . Modern fine jewellery usually includes gold , white gold , platinum , palladium , titanium , or silver . Most contemporary gold jewellery is made of an alloy of gold , the purity of which is stated in karats , indicated by a number followed by the letter K. American gold jewellery must be of at least 10K purity ( 41.7 % pure gold ) , ( though in the UK the number is 9K ( 37.5 % pure gold ) and is typically found up to 18K ( 75 % pure gold ) . Higher purity levels are less common with alloys at 22 K ( 91.6 % pure gold ) , and 24 K ( 99.9 % pure gold ) being considered too soft for jewellery use in America and Europe . These high purity alloys , however , are widely used across Asia , the Middle East and Africa . Platinum alloys range from 900 ( 90 % pure ) to 950 ( 95.0 % pure ) . The silver used in jewellery is usually sterling silver , or 92.5 % fine silver . In costume jewellery , stainless steel findings are sometimes used . Bead embroidery design . Other commonly used materials include glass , such as fused - glass or enamel ; wood , often carved or turned ; shells and other natural animal substances such as bone and ivory ; natural clay ; polymer clay ; Hemp and other twines have been used as well to create jewellery that has more of a natural feel . However , any inclusion of lead or lead solder will give an English Assay office ( the building which gives English jewellery its stamp of approval , the Hallmark ) the right to destroy the piece , however it is very rare for the assay office to do so . Beads are frequently used in jewellery . These may be made of glass , gemstones , metal , wood , shells , clay and polymer clay . Beaded jewellery commonly encompasses necklaces , bracelets , earrings , belts and rings . Beads may be large or small ; the smallest type of beads used are known as seed beads , these are the beads used for the `` woven '' style of beaded jewellery . Another use of seed beads is an embroidery technique where seed beads are sewn onto fabric backings to create broad collar neck pieces and beaded bracelets . Bead embroidery , a popular type of handwork during the Victorian era , is enjoying a renaissance in modern jewellery making . Beading , or beadwork , is also very popular in many African and indigenous North American cultures . Silversmiths , goldsmiths , and lapidaries methods include forging , casting , soldering or welding , cutting , carving and `` cold - joining '' ( using adhesives , staples and rivets to assemble parts ) . Diamonds ( edit ) Diamonds Main article : Diamond Diamonds were first mined in India . Pliny may have mentioned them , although there is some debate as to the exact nature of the stone he referred to as Adamas ; In 2005 , Australia , Botswana , Russia and Canada ranked among the primary sources of gemstone diamond production . There are negative consequences of the diamond trade in certain areas . Diamonds mined during the recent civil wars in Angola , Ivory Coast , Sierra Leone , and other nations have been labelled as blood diamonds when they are mined in a war zone and sold to finance an insurgency . The British crown jewels contain the Cullinan Diamond , part of the largest gem - quality rough diamond ever found ( 1905 ) , at 3,106.75 carats ( 621.35 g ) . Now popular in engagement rings , this usage dates back to the marriage of Maximilian I to Mary of Burgundy in 1477 . Other gemstones ( edit ) Main article : Gemstone Many precious and semiprecious stones are used for jewellery . Among them are : Amber Amber , an ancient organic gemstone , is composed of tree resin that has hardened over time . The stone must be at least one million years old to be classified as amber , and some amber can be up to 120 million years old . Amethyst Amethyst has historically been the most prized gemstone in the quartz family . It is treasured for its purple hue , which can range in tone from light to dark . Spanish emerald and gold pendant at Victoria and Albert Museum . Emerald Emeralds are one of the three main precious gemstones ( along with rubies and sapphires ) and are known for their fine green to bluish green colour . They have been treasured throughout history , and some historians report that the Egyptians mined emerald as early as 3500 BC . Jade Jade is most commonly associated with the colour green but can come in a number of other colours as well . Jade is closely linked to Asian culture , history , and tradition , and is sometimes referred to as the stone of heaven . Jasper Jasper is a gemstone of the chalcedony family that comes in a variety of colours . Often , jasper will feature unique and interesting patterns within the coloured stone . Picture jasper is a type of jasper known for the colours ( often beiges and browns ) and swirls in the stone 's pattern . Quartz Quartz refers to a family of crystalline gemstones of various colours and sizes . Among the well - known types of quartz are rose quartz ( which has a delicate pink colour ) , and smoky quartz ( which comes in a variety of shades of translucent brown ) . A number of other gemstones , such as Amethyst and Citrine , are also part of the quartz family . Rutilated quartz is a popular type of quartz containing needle - like inclusions . Ruby Rubies are known for their intense red colour and are among the most highly valued precious gemstones . Rubies have been treasured for millennia . In Sanskrit , the word for ruby is ratnaraj , meaning king of precious stones . Sapphire The most popular form of sapphire is blue sapphire , which is known for its medium to deep blue colour and strong saturation . Fancy sapphires of various colours are also available . In the United States , blue sapphire tends to be the most popular and most affordable of the three major precious gemstones ( emerald , ruby , and sapphire ) . Turquoise Turquoise is found in only a few places on earth , and the world 's largest turquoise producing region is the southwest United States . Turquoise is prized for its attractive colour , most often an intense medium blue or a greenish blue , and its ancient heritage . Turquoise is used in a great variety of jewellery styles . It is perhaps most closely associated with southwest and Native American jewellery , but it is also used in many sleek , modern styles . Some turquoise contains a matrix of dark brown markings , which provides an interesting contrast to the gemstone 's bright blue colour . Some gemstones ( like pearls , coral , and amber ) are classified as organic , meaning that they are produced by living organisms . Others are inorganic , meaning that they are generally composed of and arise from minerals . Some gems , for example , amethyst , have become less valued as methods of extracting and importing them have progressed . Some man - made gems can serve in place of natural gems , such as cubic zirconia , which can be used in place of diamond . Metal finishes ( edit ) An example of gold plated jewellery For platinum , gold , and silver jewellery , there are many techniques to create finishes . The most common are high - polish , satin / matte , brushed , and hammered . High - polished jewellery is the most common and gives the metal a highly reflective , shiny look . Satin , or matte finish reduces the shine and reflection of the jewellery , and this is commonly used to accentuate gemstones such as diamonds . Brushed finishes give the jewellery a textured look and are created by brushing a material ( similar to sandpaper ) against the metal , leaving `` brush strokes '' . Hammered finishes are typically created by using a rounded steel hammer and hammering the jewellery to give it a wavy texture . Some jewellery is plated to give it a shiny , reflective look or to achieve a desired colour . Sterling silver jewellery may be plated with a thin layer of 0.999 fine silver ( a process known as flashing ) or may be plated with rhodium or gold . Base metal costume jewellery may also be plated with silver , gold , or rhodium for a more attractive finish . Impact on society ( edit ) Jewellery has been used to denote status . In ancient Rome , only certain ranks could wear rings ; later , sumptuary laws dictated who could wear what type of jewellery . This was also based on rank of the citizens of that time . Cultural dictates have also played a significant role . For example , the wearing of earrings by Western men was considered effeminate in the 19th century and early 20th century . More recently , the display of body jewellery , such as piercings , has become a mark of acceptance or seen as a badge of courage within some groups but is completely rejected in others . Likewise , hip hop culture has popularised the slang term bling - bling , which refers to ostentatious display of jewellery by men or women . Conversely , the jewellery industry in the early 20th century launched a campaign to popularise wedding rings for men , which caught on , as well as engagement rings for men , which did not , going so far as to create a false history and claim that the practice had medieval roots . By the mid-1940s , 85 % of weddings in the U.S. featured a double - ring ceremony , up from 15 % in the 1920s . Religion has also played a role in societies influence . Islam , for instance , considers the wearing of gold by men as a social taboo , and many religions have edicts against excessive display . In Christianity , the New Testament gives injunctions against the wearing of gold , in the writings of the apostles Paul and Peter . In Revelation 17 , `` the great whore '' or false religious system , is depicted as being `` decked with gold and precious stones and pearls , having a golden cup in her hand . '' ( Rev. 17 : 4 ) For Muslims it is considered haraam for a man to wear gold . History ( edit ) The history of jewellery is long and goes back many years , with many different uses among different cultures . It has endured for thousands of years and has provided various insights into how ancient cultures worked . Prehistory ( edit ) The first signs of jewellery came from the people in Africa . Perforated beads suggesting shell jewellery made from sea snail shells have been found dating to 75,000 years ago at Blombos Cave . In Kenya , at Enkapune Ya Muto , beads made from perforated ostrich egg shells have been dated to more than 40,000 years ago . In Russia , a stone bracelet and marble ring are attributed to a similar age . Later , the European early modern humans had crude necklaces and bracelets of bone , teeth , berries , and stone hung on pieces of string or animal sinew , or pieces of carved bone used to secure clothing together . In some cases , jewellery had shell or mother - of - pearl pieces . A decorated engraved pendant dating to around 11,000 BC , and thought to be the oldest Mesolithic art in Britain , was found at the site of Star Carr in North Yorkshire in 2015 . In southern Russia , carved bracelets made of mammoth tusk have been found . The Venus of Hohle Fels features a perforation at the top , showing that it was intended to be worn as a pendant . Around seven - thousand years ago , the first sign of copper jewellery was seen . In October 2012 the Museum of Ancient History in Lower Austria revealed that they had found a grave of a female jewellery worker -- forcing archaeologists to take a fresh look at prehistoric gender roles after it appeared to be that of a female fine metal worker -- a profession that was previously thought to have been carried out exclusively by men . Egypt ( edit ) Amulet pendant ( 1254 BC ) made from gold , lapis lazuli , turquoise and carnelian , 14 cm wide . An Egyptian 18th dynasty pharaonic era princess ' crown . The first signs of established jewellery making in Ancient Egypt was around 3,000 -- 5,000 years ago . The Egyptians preferred the luxury , rarity , and workability of gold over other metals . In Predynastic Egypt jewellery soon began to symbolise political and religious power in the community . Although it was worn by wealthy Egyptians in life , it was also worn by them in death , with jewellery commonly placed among grave goods . In conjunction with gold jewellery , Egyptians used coloured glass , along with semi-precious gems . The colour of the jewellery had significance . Green , for example , symbolised fertility . Lapis lazuli and silver had to be imported from beyond the country 's borders . Egyptian designs were most common in Phoenician jewellery . Also , ancient Turkish designs found in Persian jewellery suggest that trade between the Middle East and Europe was not uncommon . Women wore elaborate gold and silver pieces that were used in ceremonies . Europe and the Middle East ( edit ) Mesopotamia ( edit ) Pair of Gold Hair Ornaments , Mesopotamian , circa 2000 BC ( Isin - larsa period ) . Decorated with granulation and cloisonné . Walters Art Museum collections . By approximately 5,000 years ago , jewellery - making had become a significant craft in the cities of Mesopotamia . The most significant archaeological evidence comes from the Royal Cemetery of Ur , where hundreds of burials dating 2900 -- 2300 BC were unearthed ; tombs such as that of Puabi contained a multitude of artefacts in gold , silver , and semi-precious stones , such as lapis lazuli crowns embellished with gold figurines , close - fitting collar necklaces , and jewel - headed pins . In Assyria , men and women both wore extensive amounts of jewellery , including amulets , ankle bracelets , heavy multi-strand necklaces , and cylinder seals . Jewellery in Mesopotamia tended to be manufactured from thin metal leaf and was set with large numbers of brightly coloured stones ( chiefly agate , lapis , carnelian , and jasper ) . Favoured shapes included leaves , spirals , cones , and bunches of grapes . Jewellers created works both for human use and for adorning statues and idols . They employed a wide variety of sophisticated metalworking techniques , such as cloisonné , engraving , fine granulation , and filigree . Extensive and meticulously maintained records pertaining to the trade and manufacture of jewellery have also been unearthed throughout Mesopotamian archaeological sites . One record in the Mari royal archives , for example , gives the composition of various items of jewellery : 1 necklace of flat speckled chalcedony beads including : 34 flat speckled chalcedony bead , ( and ) 35 gold fluted beads , in groups of five . 1 necklace of flat speckled chalcedony beads including : 39 flat speckled chalcedony beads , ( with ) 41 fluted beads in a group that make up the hanging device . 1 necklace with rounded lapis lazuli beads including : 28 rounded lapis lazuli beads , ( and ) 29 fluted beads for its clasp . Greece ( edit ) Gold earring from Mycenae , 16th century BC . Gold Wreath The Greeks started using gold and gems in jewellery in 1600 BC , although beads shaped as shells and animals were produced widely in earlier times . Around 1500 BC , the main techniques of working gold in Greece included casting , twisting bars , and making wire . Many of these sophisticated techniques were popular in the Mycenaean period , but unfortunately this skill was lost at the end of the Bronze Age . The forms and shapes of jewellery in ancient Greece such as the armring ( 13th century BC ) , brooch ( 10th century BC ) and pins ( 7th century BC ) , have varied widely since the Bronze Age as well . Other forms of jewellery include wreaths , earrings , necklace and bracelets . A good example of the high quality that gold working techniques could achieve in Greece is the ' Gold Olive Wreath ' ( 4th century BC ) , which is modeled on the type of wreath given as a prize for winners in athletic competitions like the Olympic Games . Jewellery dating from 600 to 475 BC is not well represented in the archaeological record , but after the Persian wars the quantity of jewellery again became more plentiful . One particularly popular type of design at this time was a bracelet decorated with snake and animal - heads Because these bracelets used considerably more metal , many examples were made from bronze . By 300 BC , the Greeks had mastered making coloured jewellery and using amethysts , pearl , and emeralds . Also , the first signs of cameos appeared , with the Greeks creating them from Indian Sardonyx , a striped brown pink and cream agate stone . Greek jewellery was often simpler than in other cultures , with simple designs and workmanship . However , as time progressed , the designs grew in complexity and different materials were soon used . Pendant with naked woman , made from electrum , Rhodes , around 630 -- 620 BC . Jewellery in Greece was hardly worn and was mostly used for public appearances or on special occasions . It was frequently given as a gift and was predominantly worn by women to show their wealth , social status , and beauty . The jewellery was often supposed to give the wearer protection from the `` Evil Eye '' or endowed the owner with supernatural powers , while others had a religious symbolism . Older pieces of jewellery that have been found were dedicated to the Gods . Ancient Greek jewellery from 300 BC . They worked two styles of pieces : cast pieces and pieces hammered out of sheet metal . Fewer pieces of cast jewellery have been recovered . It was made by casting the metal onto two stone or clay moulds . The two halves were then joined together , and wax , followed by molten metal , was placed in the centre . This technique had been practised since the late Bronze Age . The more common form of jewellery was the hammered sheet type . Sheets of metal would be hammered to thickness and then soldered together . The inside of the two sheets would be filled with wax or another liquid to preserve the metal work . Different techniques , such as using a stamp or engraving , were then used to create motifs on the jewellery . Jewels may then be added to hollows or glass poured into special cavities on the surface . The Greeks took much of their designs from outer origins , such as Asia , when Alexander the Great conquered part of it . In earlier designs , other European influences can also be detected . When Roman rule came to Greece , no change in jewellery designs was detected . However , by 27 BC , Greek designs were heavily influenced by the Roman culture . That is not to say that indigenous design did not thrive . Numerous polychrome butterfly pendants on silver foxtail chains , dating from the 1st century , have been found near Olbia , with only one example ever found anywhere else . These Hellenistic bracelets from the 1st century BC show the influence of Eastern cultures . Walters Art Museum , Baltimore . Hexagonal gold pendant with double solidus of Constantine the Great , one of a set of four that date from 321 AD ( British Museum ) Rome ( edit ) Roman Amethyst intaglio engraved gem , c. 212 AD ; later regarded as of St. Peter . Although jewellery work was abundantly diverse in earlier times , especially among the barbarian tribes such as the Celts , when the Romans conquered most of Europe , jewellery was changed as smaller factions developed the Roman designs . The most common artefact of early Rome was the brooch , which was used to secure clothing together . The Romans used a diverse range of materials for their jewellery from their extensive resources across the continent . Although they used gold , they sometimes used bronze or bone , and in earlier times , glass beads & pearl . As early as 2,000 years ago , they imported Sri Lankan sapphires and Indian diamonds and used emeralds and amber in their jewellery . In Roman - ruled England , fossilised wood called jet from Northern England was often carved into pieces of jewellery . The early Italians worked in crude gold and created clasps , necklaces , earrings , and bracelets . They also produced larger pendants that could be filled with perfume . Like the Greeks , often the purpose of Roman jewellery was to ward off the `` Evil Eye '' given by other people . Although women wore a vast array of jewellery , men often only wore a finger ring . Although they were expected to wear at least one ring , some Roman men wore a ring on every finger , while others wore none . Roman men and women wore rings with an engraved gem on it that was used with wax to seal documents , a practice that continued into medieval times when kings and noblemen used the same method . After the fall of the Roman Empire , the jewellery designs were absorbed by neighbouring countries and tribes . Middle Ages ( edit ) Merovingian fibulae , Bibliothèque nationale de France . 6th century bronze eagle - shaped Visigothic cloisonné fibula from Guadalajara , Spain , using glass - paste fillings in imitation of garnets . Post-Roman Europe continued to develop jewellery making skills . The Celts and Merovingians in particular are noted for their jewellery , which in terms of quality matched or exceeded that of Byzantium . Clothing fasteners , amulets , and , to a lesser extent , signet rings , are the most common artefacts known to us . A particularly striking Celtic example is the Tara Brooch . The Torc was common throughout Europe as a symbol of status and power . By the 8th century , jewelled weaponry was common for men , while other jewellery ( with the exception of signet rings ) seemed to become the domain of women . Grave goods found in a 6th -- 7th century burial near Chalon - sur - Saône are illustrative . A young girl was buried with : 2 silver fibulae , a necklace ( with coins ) , bracelet , gold earrings , a pair of hair - pins , comb , and buckle . The Celts specialised in continuous patterns and designs , while Merovingian designs are best known for stylised animal figures . They were not the only groups known for high quality work . Note the Visigoth work shown here , and the numerous decorative objects found at the Anglo - Saxon Ship burial at Sutton Hoo Suffolk , England are a particularly well - known example . On the continent , cloisonné and garnet were perhaps the quintessential method and gemstone of the period . Byzantine wedding ring . The Eastern successor of the Roman Empire , the Byzantine Empire , continued many of the methods of the Romans , though religious themes came to predominate . Unlike the Romans , the Franks , and the Celts , however , Byzantium used light - weight gold leaf rather than solid gold , and more emphasis was placed on stones and gems . As in the West , Byzantine jewellery was worn by wealthier females , with male jewellery apparently restricted to signet rings . Woman 's jewellery had some peculiarities like kolts that decorated headband . Like other contemporary cultures , jewellery was commonly buried with its owner . Renaissance ( edit ) Sardonyx cameo . The Renaissance and exploration both had significant impacts on the development of jewellery in Europe . By the 17th century , increasing exploration and trade led to increased availability of a wide variety of gemstones as well as exposure to the art of other cultures . Whereas prior to this the working of gold and precious metal had been at the forefront of jewellery , this period saw increasing dominance of gemstones and their settings . An example of this is the Cheapside Hoard , the stock of a jeweller hidden in London during the Commonwealth period and not found again until 1912 . It contained Colombian emerald , topaz , amazonite from Brazil , spinel , iolite , and chrysoberyl from Sri Lanka , ruby from India , Afghan lapis lazuli , Persian turquoise , Red Sea peridot , as well as Bohemian and Hungarian opal , garnet , and amethyst . Large stones were frequently set in box - bezels on enamelled rings . Notable among merchants of the period was Jean - Baptiste Tavernier , who brought the precursor stone of the Hope Diamond to France in the 1660s . When Napoleon Bonaparte was crowned as Emperor of the French in 1804 , he revived the style and grandeur of jewellery and fashion in France . Under Napoleon 's rule , jewellers introduced parures , suites of matching jewellery , such as a diamond tiara , diamond earrings , diamond rings , a diamond brooch , and a diamond necklace . Both of Napoleon 's wives had beautiful sets such as these and wore them regularly . Another fashion trend resurrected by Napoleon was the cameo . Soon after his cameo decorated crown was seen , cameos were highly sought . The period also saw the early stages of costume jewellery , with fish scale covered glass beads in place of pearls or conch shell cameos instead of stone cameos . New terms were coined to differentiate the arts : jewellers who worked in cheaper materials were called bijoutiers , while jewellers who worked with expensive materials were called joailliers , a practice which continues to this day . Romanticism ( edit ) Mourning jewellery in the form of a jet brooch , 19th century . Starting in the late 18th century , Romanticism had a profound impact on the development of western jewellery . Perhaps the most significant influences were the public 's fascination with the treasures being discovered through the birth of modern archaeology and a fascination with Medieval and Renaissance art . Changing social conditions and the onset of the Industrial Revolution also led to growth of a middle class that wanted and could afford jewellery . As a result , the use of industrial processes , cheaper alloys , and stone substitutes led to the development of paste or costume jewellery . Distinguished goldsmiths continued to flourish , however , as wealthier patrons sought to ensure that what they wore still stood apart from the jewellery of the masses , not only through use of precious metals and stones but also though superior artistic and technical work . One such artist was the French goldsmith François - Désiré Froment - Meurice . A category unique to this period and quite appropriate to the philosophy of romanticism was mourning jewellery . It originated in England , where Queen Victoria was often seen wearing jet jewellery after the death of Prince Albert , and it allowed the wearer to continue wearing jewellery while expressing a state of mourning at the death of a loved one . In the United States , this period saw the founding in 1837 of Tiffany & Co. by Charles Lewis Tiffany . Tiffany 's put the United States on the world map in terms of jewellery and gained fame creating dazzling commissions for people such as the wife of Abraham Lincoln . Later , it would gain popular notoriety as the setting of the film Breakfast at Tiffany 's . In France , Pierre Cartier founded Cartier SA in 1847 , while 1884 saw the founding of Bulgari in Italy . The modern production studio had been born and was a step away from the former dominance of individual craftsmen and patronage . This period also saw the first major collaboration between East and West . Collaboration in Pforzheim between German and Japanese artists led to Shakudō plaques set into Filigree frames being created by the Stoeffler firm in 1885 ) . Perhaps the grand finalé -- and an appropriate transition to the following period -- were the masterful creations of the Russian artist Peter Carl Fabergé , working for the Imperial Russian court , whose Fabergé eggs and jewellery pieces are still considered as the epitome of the goldsmith 's art . 18th century / romanticism / Renaissance ( edit ) Many whimsical fashions were introduced in the extravagant eighteenth century . Cameos that were used in connection with jewellery were the attractive trinkets along with many of the small objects such as brooches , ear - rings and scarf - pins . Some of the necklets were made of several pieces joined with the gold chains were in and bracelets were also made sometimes to match the necklet and the brooch . At the end of the Century the jewellery with cut steel intermixed with large crystals was introduced by an Englishman , Matthew Boulton of Birmingham . Art Nouveau ( edit ) In the 1890s , jewellers began to explore the potential of the growing Art Nouveau style and the closely related German Jugendstil , British ( and to some extent American ) Arts and Crafts Movement , Catalan Modernisme , Austro - Hungarian Sezession , Italian `` Liberty '' , etc . Art Nouveau jewellery encompassed many distinct features including a focus on the female form and an emphasis on colour , most commonly rendered through the use of enamelling techniques including basse - taille , champleve , cloisonné , and plique - à - jour . Motifs included orchids , irises , pansies , vines , swans , peacocks , snakes , dragonflies , mythological creatures , and the female silhouette . René Lalique , working for the Paris shop of Samuel Bing , was recognised by contemporaries as a leading figure in this trend . The Darmstadt Artists ' Colony and Wiener Werkstätte provided perhaps the most significant input to the trend , while in Denmark Georg Jensen , though best known for his Silverware , also contributed significant pieces . In England , Liberty & Co. and the British arts & crafts movement of Charles Robert Ashbee contributed slightly more linear but still characteristic designs . The new style moved the focus of the jeweller 's art from the setting of stones to the artistic design of the piece itself . Lalique 's dragonfly design is one of the best examples of this . Enamels played a large role in technique , while sinuous organic lines are the most recognisable design feature . The end of World War I once again changed public attitudes , and a more sober style developed . Art Deco ( edit ) Growing political tensions , the after - effects of the war , and a reaction against the perceived decadence of the turn of the 20th century led to simpler forms , combined with more effective manufacturing for mass production of high - quality jewellery . Covering the period of the 1920s and 1930s , the style has become popularly known as Art Deco . Walter Gropius and the German Bauhaus movement , with their philosophy of `` no barriers between artists and craftsmen '' led to some interesting and stylistically simplified forms . Modern materials were also introduced : plastics and aluminium were first used in jewellery , and of note are the chromed pendants of Russian - born Bauhaus master Naum Slutzky . Technical mastery became as valued as the material itself . In the West , this period saw the reinvention of granulation by the German Elizabeth Treskow , although development of the re-invention has continued into the 1990s . It is based on the basic shapes . Asia ( edit ) Royal earrings , India , 1st Century BC . Indian king Bhupinder Singh of Patiala wearing Patiala Necklace which contained 2,930 diamonds , including as its centrepiece , the world 's seventh largest diamond , the `` De Beers '' , that had a 428 carat pre-cut weigh , and weighed 234.65 carats in its final setting . The piece also contained seven other diamonds ranging from 18 to 73 carats , and a number of Burmese rubies In Asia , the Indian subcontinent has the longest continuous legacy of jewellery making anywhere , with a history of over 5,000 years . One of the first to start jewellery making were the peoples of the Indus Valley Civilization , in what is now predominately modern - day Pakistan and part of northern and western India . Early jewellery making in China started around the same period , but it became widespread with the spread of Buddhism around 2,000 years ago . China ( edit ) The Chinese used silver in their jewellery more than gold . Blue kingfisher feathers were tied onto early Chinese jewellery and later , blue gems and glass were incorporated into designs . However , jade was preferred over any other stone . The Chinese revered jade because of the human - like qualities they assigned to it , such as its hardness , durability , and beauty . The first jade pieces were very simple , but as time progressed , more complex designs evolved . Jade rings from between the 4th and 7th centuries BC show evidence of having been worked with a compound milling machine , hundreds of years before the first mention of such equipment in the west . Jade coiled serpent , Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) ` Xin ' Shape Jewellery from Ming Dynasty Tombs , ( 1368 -- 1644 ) In China , the most uncommon piece of jewellery is the earring , which was worn neither by men nor women . Amulets were common , often with a Chinese symbol or dragon . Dragons , Chinese symbols , and phoenixes were frequently depicted on jewellery designs . The Chinese often placed their jewellery in their graves . Most Chinese graves found by archaeologists contain decorative jewellery . Indian subcontinent ( edit ) Two - Tiered Enamel Earrings , late 18th - early 19th century . Qajar Dynasty . Brooklyn Museum . The Indian subcontinent ( encompassing India , Pakistan and other countries of South Asia ) has a long jewellery history , which went through various changes through cultural influence and politics for more than 5,000 -- 8,000 years . Because India had an abundant supply of precious metals and gems , it prospered financially through export and exchange with other countries . While European traditions were heavily influenced by waxing and waning empires , India enjoyed a continuous development of art forms for some 5,000 years . One of the first to start jewellery making were the peoples of the Indus Valley Civilization ( encompassing present - day Pakistan and north and northwest India ) . By 1500 BC , the peoples of the Indus Valley were creating gold earrings and necklaces , bead necklaces , and metallic bangles . Before 2100 BC , prior to the period when metals were widely used , the largest jewellery trade in the Indus Valley region was the bead trade . Beads in the Indus Valley were made using simple techniques . First , a bead maker would need a rough stone , which would be bought from an eastern stone trader . The stone would then be placed into a hot oven where it would be heated until it turned deep red , a colour highly prized by people of the Indus Valley . The red stone would then be chipped to the right size and a hole bored through it with primitive drills . The beads were then polished . Some beads were also painted with designs . This art form was often passed down through the family . Children of bead makers often learned how to work beads from a young age . Persian style also played a big role in India 's jewellery . Each stone had its own characteristics related to Hinduism . Jewellery in the Indus Valley was worn predominantly by females , who wore numerous clay or shell bracelets on their wrists . They were often shaped like doughnuts and painted black . Over time , clay bangles were discarded for more durable ones . In present - day India , bangles are made out of metal or glass . Other pieces that women frequently wore were thin bands of gold that would be worn on the forehead , earrings , primitive brooches , chokers , and gold rings . Although women wore jewellery the most , some men in the Indus Valley wore beads . Small beads were often crafted to be placed in men and women 's hair . The beads were about one millimetre long . A female skeleton ( presently on display at the National Museum , New Delhi , India ) wears a carlinean bangle ( bracelet ) on her left hand . Kada is a special kind of bracelet and is widely popular in Indian culture . They symbolizes animals like peacock , elephant , etc . According to Hindu belief , gold and silver are considered as sacred metals . Gold is symbolic of the warm sun , while silver suggests the cool moon . Both are the quintessential metals of Indian jewellery . Pure gold does not oxidise or corrode with time , which is why Hindu tradition associates gold with immortality . Gold imagery occurs frequently in ancient Indian literature . In the Vedic Hindu belief of cosmological creation , the source of physical and spiritual human life originated in and evolved from a golden womb ( hiranyagarbha ) or egg ( hiranyanda ) , a metaphor of the sun , whose light rises from the primordial waters . Antique Pearl & Gold Nose Ring , India , 19th century Jewellery had great status with India 's royalty ; it was so powerful that they established laws , limiting wearing of jewellery to royalty . Only royalty and a few others to whom they granted permission could wear gold ornaments on their feet . This would normally be considered breaking the appreciation of the sacred metals . Even though the majority of the Indian population wore jewellery , Maharajas and people related to royalty had a deeper connection with jewellery . The Maharaja 's role was so important that the Hindu philosophers identified him as central to the smooth working of the world . He was considered as a divine being , a deity in human form , whose duty was to uphold and protect dharma , the moral order of the universe . A Navaratna ring . Navaratna ( nine gems ) is a powerful jewel frequently worn by a Maharaja ( Emperor ) . It is an amulet , which comprises diamond , pearl , ruby , sapphire , emerald , topaz , cat 's eye , coral , and hyacinth ( red zircon ) . Each of these stones is associated with a celestial deity , represented the totality of the Hindu universe when all nine gems are together . The diamond is the most powerful gem among the nine stones . There were various cuts for the gemstone . Indian Kings bought gemstones privately from the sellers . Maharaja and other royal family members value gem as Hindu God . They exchanged gems with people to whom they were very close , especially the royal family members and other intimate allies . `` Only the emperor himself , his intimate relations , and select members of his entourage were permitted to wear royal turban ornament . As the empire matured , differing styles of ornament acquired the generic name of sarpech , from sar or sir , meaning head , and pech , meaning fastener . '' India was the first country to mine diamonds , with some mines dating back to 296 BC . India traded the diamonds , realising their valuable qualities . Historically , diamonds have been given to retain or regain a lover 's or ruler 's lost favour , as symbols of tribute , or as an expression of fidelity in exchange for concessions and protection . Mughal emperors and Kings used the diamonds as a means of assuring their immortality by having their names and wordly titles inscribed upon them . Moreover , it has played and continues to play a pivotal role in Indian social , political , economic , and religious event , as it often has done elsewhere . In Indian history , diamonds have been used to acquire military equipment , finance wars , foment revolutions , and tempt defections . They have contributed to the abdication or the decapitation of potentates . They have been used to murder a representative of the dominating power by lacing his food with crushed diamond . Indian diamonds have been used as security to finance large loans needed to buttress politically or economically tottering regimes . Victorious military heroes have been honoured by rewards of diamonds and also have been used as ransom payment for release from imprisonment or abduction . Today , many of the jewellery designs and traditions are used , and jewellery is commonplace in Indian ceremonies and weddings . North and South America ( edit ) Jewellery played a major role in the fate of the Americas when the Spanish established an empire to seize South American gold . Jewellery making developed in the Americas 5,000 years ago in Central and South America . Large amounts of gold was easily accessible , and the Aztecs , Mixtecs , Mayans , and numerous Andean cultures , such as the Mochica of Peru , created beautiful pieces of jewellery . With the Mochica culture , goldwork flourished . The pieces are no longer simple metalwork , but are now masterful examples of jewellery making . Pieces are sophisticated in their design , and feature inlays of turquoise , mother of pearl , spondylus shell , and amethyst . The nose and ear ornaments , chest plates , small containers and whistles are considered masterpieces of ancient Peruvian culture . Moche ear ornaments. 1 -- 800 AD . Larco Museum Collection , Lima - Peru Among the Aztecs , only nobility wore gold jewellery , as it showed their rank , power , and wealth . Gold jewellery was most common in the Aztec Empire and was often decorated with feathers from Quetzal birds and others . In general , the more jewellery an Aztec noble wore , the higher his status or prestige . The Emperor and his High Priests , for example , would be nearly completely covered in jewellery when making public appearances . Although gold was the most common and a popular material used in Aztec jewellery , jade , turquoise , and certain feathers were considered more valuable . In addition to adornment and status , the Aztecs also used jewellery in sacrifices to appease the gods . Priests also used gem - encrusted daggers to perform animal and human sacrifices . Another ancient American civilization with expertise in jewellery making were the Maya . At the peak of their civilization , the Maya were making jewellery from jade , gold , silver , bronze , and copper . Maya designs were similar to those of the Aztecs , with lavish headdresses and jewellery . The Maya also traded in precious gems . However , in earlier times , the Maya had little access to metal , so they made the majority of their jewellery out of bone or stone . Merchants and nobility were the only few that wore expensive jewellery in the Maya region , much the same as with the Aztecs . In North America , Native Americans used shells , wood , turquoise , and soapstone , almost unavailable in South and Central America . The turquoise was used in necklaces and to be placed in earrings . Native Americans with access to oyster shells , often located in only one location in America , traded the shells with other tribes , showing the great importance of the body adornment trade in Northern America . Native American ( edit ) Main article : Native American Jewelry Bai - De-Schluch - A-Ichin or Be-Ich - Schluck - Ich - In - Et - Tzuzzigi ( Slender Silversmith ) `` Metal Beater , '' Navajo silversmith , photo by George Ben Wittick , 1883 Native American jewellery is the personal adornment , often in the forms of necklaces , earrings , bracelets , rings , pins , brooches , labrets , and more , made by the Indigenous peoples of the United States . Native American jewellery reflects the cultural diversity and history of its makers . Native American tribes continue to develop distinct aesthetics rooted in their personal artistic visions and cultural traditions . Artists create jewellery for adornment , ceremonies , and trade . Lois Sherr Dubin writes , `` ( i ) n the absence of written languages , adornment became an important element of Indian ( Native American ) communication , conveying many levels of information . '' Later , jewellery and personal adornment `` ... signaled resistance to assimilation . It remains a major statement of tribal and individual identity . '' Metalsmiths , beaders , carvers , and lapidaries combine a variety of metals , hardwoods , precious and semi-precious gemstones , beadwork , quillwork , teeth , bones , hide , vegetal fibres , and other materials to create jewellery . Contemporary Native American jewellery ranges from hand - quarried and processed stones and shells to computer - fabricated steel and titanium jewellery . Pacific ( edit ) Main article : Jewellery in the Pacific Jewellery making in the Pacific started later than in other areas because of recent human settlement . Early Pacific jewellery was made of bone , wood , and other natural materials , and thus has not survived . Most Pacific jewellery is worn above the waist , with headdresses , necklaces , hair pins , and arm and waist belts being the most common pieces . Jewellery in the Pacific , with the exception of Australia , is worn to be a symbol of either fertility or power . Elaborate headdresses are worn by many Pacific cultures and some , such as the inhabitants of Papua New Guinea , wear certain headdresses once they have killed an enemy . Tribesman may wear boar bones through their noses . Island jewellery is still very much primal because of the lack of communication with outside cultures . Some areas of Borneo and Papua New Guinea are yet to be explored by Western nations . However , the island nations that were flooded with Western missionaries have had drastic changes made to their jewellery designs . Missionaries saw any type of tribal jewellery as a sign of the wearer 's devotion to paganism . Thus many tribal designs were lost forever in the mass conversion to Christianity . A modern opal bracelet Australia is now the number one supplier of opals in the world . Opals had already been mined in Europe and South America for many years prior , but in the late 19th century , the Australian opal market became predominant . Australian opals are only mined in a few select places around the country , making it one of the most profitable stones in the Pacific . The New Zealand Māori traditionally had a strong culture of personal adornment , most famously the hei - tiki . Hei - tikis are traditionally carved by hand from bone , nephrite , or bowenite . Nowadays a wide range of such traditionally inspired items such as bone carved pendants based on traditional fishhooks hei matau and other greenstone jewellery are popular with young New Zealanders of all backgrounds -- for whom they relate to a generalized sense of New Zealand identity . These trends have contributed towards a worldwide interest in traditional Māori culture and arts . Other than jewellery created through Māori influence , modern jewellery in New Zealand is multicultural and varied . Modern ( edit ) Contemporary jewellery design Most modern commercial jewellery continues traditional forms and styles , but designers such as Georg Jensen have widened the concept of wearable art . The advent of new materials , such as plastics , Precious Metal Clay ( PMC ) , and colouring techniques , has led to increased variety in styles . Other advances , such as the development of improved pearl harvesting by people such as Mikimoto Kōkichi and the development of improved quality artificial gemstones such as moissanite ( a diamond simulant ) , has placed jewellery within the economic grasp of a much larger segment of the population . The `` jewellery as art '' movement was spearheaded by artisans such as Robert Lee Morris and continued by designers such as Gill Forsbrook in the UK . Influence from other cultural forms is also evident . One example of this is bling - bling style jewellery , popularised by hip - hop and rap artists in the early 21st century , e.g. grills , a type of jewellery worn over the teeth . The late 20th century saw the blending of European design with oriental techniques such as Mokume - gane . The following are innovations in the decades straddling the year 2000 : `` Mokume - gane , hydraulic die forming , anti-clastic raising , fold - forming , reactive metal anodising , shell forms , PMC , photoetching , and ( use of ) CAD / CAM . '' Also , 3D printing as a production technique gains more and more importance . With a great variety of services offering this production method , jewellery design becomes accessible to a growing number of creatives . An important advantage of using 3d printing are the relatively low costs for prototypes , small batch series or unique and personalized designs . Shapes that are hard or impossible to create by hand can often be realized by 3D printing . Popular materials to print include Polyamide , steel and wax ( latter for further processing ) . Every printable material has its very own constraints that have to be considered while designing the piece of jewellery using 3D Modelling Software . Artisan jewellery continues to grow as both a hobby and a profession . With more than 17 United States periodicals about beading alone , resources , accessibility , and a low initial cost of entry continues to expand production of hand - made adornments . Some fine examples of artisan jewellery can be seen at The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City . The increase in numbers of students choosing to study jewellery design and production in Australia has grown in the past 20 years , and Australia now has a thriving contemporary jewellery community . Many of these jewellers have embraced modern materials and techniques , as well as incorporating traditional workmanship . More expansive use of metal to adorn the wearer , where the piece is larger and more elaborate than what would normally be considered jewellery , has come to be referred to by designers and fashion writers as Metal Couture . Masonic ( edit ) Freemasons attach jewels to their detachable collars when in Lodge to signify a Brothers Office held with the Lodge . For example , the square represents the Master of the Lodge and the dove represents the Deacon . Masonic collar jewels Body modification ( edit ) A Padaung girl in Northern Thailand . Jewellery used in body modification can be simple and plain or dramatic and extreme . The use of simple silver studs , rings , and earrings predominates . Common jewellery pieces such as , earrings are a form of body modification , as they are accommodated by creating a small hole in the ear . Padaung women in Myanmar place large golden rings around their necks . From as early as five years old , girls are introduced to their first neck ring . Over the years , more rings are added . In addition to the twenty - plus pounds of rings on her neck , a woman will also wear just as many rings on her calves . At their extent , some necks modified like this can reach 10 -- 15 in ( 25 -- 38 cm ) long . The practice has health impacts and has in recent years declined from cultural norm to tourist curiosity . Tribes related to the Paduang , as well as other cultures throughout the world , use jewellery to stretch their earlobes or enlarge ear piercings . In the Americas , labrets have been worn since before first contact by Innu and First Nations peoples of the northwest coast . Lip plates are worn by the African Mursi and Sara people , as well as some South American peoples . In the late twentieth century , the influence of modern primitivism led to many of these practices being incorporated into western subcultures . Many of these practices rely on a combination of body modification and decorative objects , thus keeping the distinction between these two types of decoration blurred . In many cultures , jewellery is used as a temporary body modifier ; in some cases , with hooks or other objects being placed into the recipient 's skin . Although this procedure is often carried out by tribal or semi-tribal groups , often acting under a trance during religious ceremonies , this practice has seeped into western culture . Many extreme - jewellery shops now cater to people wanting large hooks or spikes set into their skin . Most often , these hooks are used in conjunction with pulleys to hoist the recipient into the air . This practice is said to give an erotic feeling to the person and some couples have even performed their marriage ceremony whilst being suspended by hooks . Jewellery market ( edit ) According to a 2007 KPMG study , the largest jewellery market is the United States with a market share of 30.8 % , Japan , India , China , and the Middle East each with 8 -- 9 % , and Italy with 5 % . The authors of the study predict a dramatic change in market shares by 2015 , where the market share of the United States will have dropped to around 25 % , and China and India will increase theirs to over 13 % . The Middle East will remain more or less constant at 9 % , whereas Europe 's and Japan 's marketshare will be halved and become less than 4 % for Japan , and less than 3 % for the biggest individual European countries , Italy and the UK . See also ( edit ) Gemology and Jewelry portal Art jewelry Estate jewelry Heirloom List of jewellery types Live insect jewelry Gemology Jewellery cleaning Wire sculpture Jewelry Television Jewellery Quarter Bronze and brass ornamental work List of topics characterized as pseudoscience ( healing jewelry ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : see American and British spelling differences Jump up ^ Study reveals ' oldest jewellery ' , BBC News , June 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ jewel . ( n.d. ) . Dictionary.com Unabridged ( v 1.1 ) . Retrieved on August 7 , 2007 , from the Dictionary.com website . Jump up ^ Kunz , PhD , DSc , George Frederick ( 1917 ) . Magic of Jewels and Charms . John Lippincott Co . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) URL : Magic Of jewels : Chapter VII Amulets George Frederick Kunz was gemmologist for Tiffany 's built the collections of banker J.P. Morgan and the American Natural History Museum in NY City . This chapter deals entirely with using jewels and gemstones in jewellery for talismanic purposes in Western Cultures . The next chapter deals with other , indigenous cultures . ^ Jump up to : Holland , J. 1999 . The Kingfisher History Encyclopedia . Kingfisher books . Jump up ^ Morris , Desmond . Body Guards : Protective Amulets and Charms . Element , 1999 , ISBN 1 - 86204 - 572 - 0 . Jump up ^ McCreight , Tim . Jewelry : Fundamentals of Metalsmithing . Design Books International , 1997 ISBN 1 - 880140 - 29 - 2 Jump up ^ `` Home -- GIA.edu '' ( PDF ) . gia.edu . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Pliny . Natural History XXXVI , 15 Jump up ^ `` Natural Diamond : World Production , By Country And Type '' . indexmundi.com . Jump up ^ `` Diamonds Are a Girl 's Worst Friend : The trouble with engagement rings . '' by Meghan O'Rourke at Slate.com on June 11 , 2007 Jump up ^ Nassau , K. ( 1980 ). Gems made by man . ISBN 0 - 8019 - 6773 - 2 Jump up ^ Pliny the Elder . The Natural History . ed . John Bostock , Henry Thomas Riley , Book XXXIII The Natural History of Metals Online at the Perseus Project Chapter 4 . Accessed July 2006 Jump up ^ Howard , Vicky . `` A real Man 's Ring : Gender and the Invention of Tradition . '' Journal of Social History , Summer 2003 , pp 837 -- 856 . Jump up ^ Yusuf al - Qaradawi . The Lawful and Prohibited in Islam ( online ) Jump up ^ Greenbaum , Toni . `` SILVER SPEAKS : TRADITIONAL JEWELRY FROM THE MIDDLE EAST '' . Metalsmith , Winter2004 , Vol. 24 , Issue 1 , p. 56 . Greenbaum provides the explanation for the lack of historical examples ; the majority of Islamic jewellery was in the form of bridal dowries , and traditionally was not handed down from generation to generation ; instead , on a woman 's death it was sold at the souk and recycled or sold to passers - by . Islamic jewellery from before the 19th century is thus exceedingly rare . Jump up ^ Hughes , Patrick ( 1995 ) . Dictionary of Islam . Jump up ^ `` Stone Bracelet May Have Been Made by Denisovans '' . 2015 . A stone bracelet unearthed in Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains of Siberia in 2008 is being called the oldest - known jewelry of its kind . Anatoly Derevyanko , director of the Russian Academy of Sciences ' Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography , and the research team believe that the cave 's Denisovan layers were uncontaminated by human activity from a later period . The soil around the two fragments of the jewelry piece was dated with oxygen isotopic analysis to 40,000 years ago . `` In the same layer , where we found a Denisovan bone , were found interesting things ; until then it was believed these were the hallmark of the emergence of Homo sapiens . First of all , there were symbolic items , such as jewelry , including the stone bracelet as well as a ring , carved out of marble , '' Derevyanko told The Siberian Times Jump up ^ Milner , N. et al. ( 2016 ) . A Unique Engraved Shale Pendant from the Site of Star Carr : the oldest Mesolithic art in Britain , Internet Archaeology 40 . Retrieved 1 March 2016 Jump up ^ The Austrian Independent News and Pictures . `` Cavewoman jeweller rewrites gender history '' . austrianindependent.com . ^ Jump up to : Reader 's Digest Association . 1986 . The last 2 million years . Reader 's Digest . ISBN 0 - 86438 - 007 - 0 Jump up ^ Nemet - Nejat , Daily Life , 155 -- 157 . Jump up ^ Nemet - Nejat , Daily Life , 295 -- 297 . Jump up ^ Nemet - Nejat , Daily Life , 297 . Jump up ^ Jewellery Through 7000 Years . British Museum Publications . 1976 . pp. 65 -- 86 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7141 - 0054 - 8 . Jump up ^ Deppert - Lippitz , Barbara ; Bromberg , Anne R. ; Dennis , John ( 1996 ) . `` Ch. 4 Europe and Western '' . Ancient Gold Jewelry at the Dallas Museum of Art . Dallas Museum of Art . pp. 88 -- 89 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 936227 - 19 - 1 . Jump up ^ Treister , Mikhail ( 2004 ) . `` Polychrome Necklaces from the Late Hellenistic Period '' . Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia . 10 ( 3 ) : 199 -- 257 . doi : 10.1163 / 1570057042596388 . Jump up ^ `` British Museum -- coin pendant / coin '' . British Museum . Jump up ^ Duby Georges and Philippe Ariès , eds . A History of Private Life Vol 1 -- From Pagan Rome to Byzantium . Harvard , 1987 . p 506 Jump up ^ Duby , throughout . Jump up ^ Sherrard , P. ( 1972 ) . Great Ages of Man : Byzantium . Time - Life International . Jump up ^ Scarisbrick , Diana . Rings : Symbols of Wealth , Power , and Affection . New York : Abrams , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 3775 - 1 p 77 . ^ Jump up to : Farndon , J. ( 2001 ) . 1,000 Facts on Modern History . Miles Kelly Publishing . Jump up ^ Ilse - Neuman , Ursula . Book review `` Schmuck / Jewellery 1840 -- 1940 : Highlights from the Schmuckmuseum Pforzheim . ' ' ' ' Metalsmith ' ' . Fall2006 , Vol. 26 Issue 3 , p12 -- 13 , 2p Jump up ^ unknown . A history of feminine fashion . Nabu Pres . p. 71 . ISBN 9781289626945 . Jump up ^ Constantino , Maria . Art Nouveau . Knickerbocker Press ; 1999 ISBN 1 - 57715 - 074 - 0 as well as Ilse - Neuman 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Untracht , Oppi . Traditional Jewellery of India . New York : Abrams , 1997 ISBN 0 - 8109 - 3886 - 3 . p15 . Jump up ^ Lu , Peter J. , `` Early Precision Compound Machine from Ancient China . '' Science , 6 / 11 / 2004 , Vol. 304 , Issue 5677 ^ Jump up to : Reader 's Digest Association . 1983 . Vanished Civilisations . Reader 's Digest . Jump up ^ `` Bangles '' . Tamilnadu.com. 4 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` When showstopper Juhi walked down the ramp '' . Times of India . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Untracht , Oppi ( 1997 ) . Traditional Jewelry of India . p. 278 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 3886 - 3 . Jump up ^ Prior , Katherine ; Adamson , John ( 2000 ) . Maharajas ' Jewels . New York : Vendome Press . p. 12 . ISBN 9780865652187 . Jump up ^ Prior , Katherine ( 2000 ) . Traditional Jewelry of India . New York : Vendome . p. 312 . Jump up ^ Larco Hoyle , Rafael ( 2008 ) . Museo Larco . Experience Ancient Peru . Lima : Museo Larco . ISBN 978 - 9972 - 9341 - 2 - 4 . Jump up ^ Miller , Mary Ellen ; Taube , Karl A. ( 1993 ) . The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya : An Illustrated Dictionary of Mesoamerican Religion . Thames and Hudson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 05068 - 2 . Jump up ^ Josephy Jr , A.M. ( 1994 ) . 500 Nations : The Illustrated History of North American Indians . Alfred A. Knopf. Inc . Jump up ^ Dubin , 17 ^ Jump up to : Neich , R. , Pereira , F. 2004 . Pacific Jewellery and Adornment . David Bateman & Auckland Museum . ISBN 1 - 86953 - 535 - 9 . Jump up ^ Dorling Kindersley Ltd. 1989 . Facts and Fallacies : Stories of the Strange and Unusual . Reader 's Digest . 11 -- 13 . Jump up ^ `` Maori made and wore items of jewllery ... '' , Te Papa Jump up ^ McCrieght , Tim . `` What 's New ? '' Metalsmith Spring 2006 , Vol. 26 Issue 1 , p42 -- 45 , 4p Jump up ^ `` Nineteenth - Century American Jewelry '' . metmuseum.org . Jump up ^ Mohemad , Dena . `` Manuel Albarran Metal Couture '' . Pushit Journal -- News Jump up ^ Ilbarra , Sabina ( May 5 , 2014 ) `` Q & A with Manuel Albarran '' . Living Out Loud ^ Jump up to : Packard , M. ( 2002 ) . Ripley 's Believe It or Not Special Edition . Scholastic Inc. p. 22 . Jump up ^ Treister , Mikhail ( 2004 ) . `` George Catlin among the Nayas : Understanding the Practice of Labret Wearing on the Northwest Coast '' . Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia . 10 ( 3 ) : 199 . JSTOR 483428 . doi : 10.1163 / 1570057042596388 . Jump up ^ KPMG India ( 2007 ) . `` Global Jewelry Consumption '' . Gems and Gemology . GIA . XLIII ( Summer 2007 ) : 180 . Further reading ( edit ) Borel , F. 1994 . The Splendor of Ethnic Jewelry : from the Colette and Jean - Pierre Ghysels Collection . New York : H.N. Abrams ( ISBN 0 - 8109 - 2993 - 7 ) . Evans , J. 1989 . A History of Jewellery 1100 -- 1870 ( ISBN 0 - 486 - 26122 - 0 ) . LaGamma , Alisa ( 1991 ) . Metropolitan jewelry . New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art . ISBN 0870996169 . Nemet - Nejat , Karen Rhea 1998 . Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press ( ISBN 0 - 313 - 29497 - 6 ) . Tait , H. 1986 . Seven Thousand Years of Jewellery . London : British Museum Publications ( ISBN 0 - 7141 - 2034 - 0 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original works on the topic : Jewellery The dictionary definition of jewellery at Wiktionary Media related to Jewellery at Wikimedia Commons Media related to Jewellery shops at Wikimedia Commons Prehistoric technology Prehistory timeline outline Stone Age subdivisions New Stone Age synoptic table Technology history Tools Farming Neolithic Revolution founder crops New World crops Ard / plough Celt Digging stick Domestication Goad Irrigation Secondary products Sickle Terracing Food processing Fire Basket Cooking Earth oven Granaries Grinding slab Ground stone Hearth Aşıklı Höyük Qesem Cave Manos Metate Mortar and pestle Pottery Quern - stone Storage pit Hunting Arrow Boomerang throwing stick Bow and arrow history Nets Spear Spear - thrower baton harpoon woomera Schöningen Spears Projectile points Arrowhead Bare Island Cascade Clovis Cresswell Cumberland Eden Folsom Lamoka Manis Site Plano Transverse arrowhead Systems Game drive system Buffalo jump Toolmaking Earliest toolmaking Oldowan Acheulean Mousterian Clovis culture Cupstone Fire hardening Gravettian culture Hafting Hand axe Grooves Langdale axe industry Levallois technique Lithic core Lithic reduction analysis debitage flake Lithic technology Magdalenian culture Metallurgy Microblade technology Mining Prepared - core technique Solutrean industry Striking platform Tool stone Uniface Yubetsu technique Other tools Adze Awl bone Axe Bannerstone Blade prismatic Bone tool Bow drill Burin Canoe Oar Pesse canoe Chopper tool Cleaver Denticulate tool Fire plough Fire - saw Hammerstone Knife Microlith Quern - stone Racloir Rope Scraper side Stone tool Tally stick Weapons Wheel illustration Architecture Ceremonial Göbekli Tepe Kiva Standing stones megalith row Stonehenge Pyramid Dwellings Neolithic architecture British megalith architecture Nordic megalith architecture Burdei Cave Cliff dwelling Dugout Hut Quiggly hole Jacal Longhouse Mud brick Mehrgarh Neolithic long house Pit - house Pueblitos Pueblo Rock shelter Blombos Cave Abri de la Madeleine Sibudu Cave Stone roof Roundhouse Stilt house Alp pile dwellings Wattle and daub Water management Check dam Cistern Flush toilet Reservoir Water well Other architecture Archaeological features Broch Burnt mound fulacht fiadh Causewayed enclosure Tor enclosure Circular enclosure Goseck Cursus Henge Thornborough Oldest buildings Megalithic architectural elements Midden Timber circle Timber trackway Sweet Track Arts and culture Material goods Baskets Beadwork Beds Chalcolithic Clothing / textiles timeline Cosmetics Glue Hides shoes Ötzi Jewelry amber use Mirrors Pottery Cardium Grooved ware Linear Jōmon Unstan ware Sewing needle Weaving Wine Winery wine press Prehist Art Art of the Upper Paleolithic Art of the Middle Paleolithic Blombos Cave List of Stone Age art Bird stone Bradshaw rock paintings Cairn Carved Stone Balls Cave paintings painting pigment Cup and ring mark Geoglyph Golden hats Guardian stones Megalithic art Petroform Petroglyph Petrosomatoglyph Pictogram Rock art Stone carving Sculpture Statue menhir Stone circle list British Isles and Brittany Venus figurines Burial Burial mounds Bowl barrow Round barrow Mound Builders culture U.S. sites Chamber tomb Severn - Cotswold Cist Dartmoor kistvaens Clava cairn Court tomb Cremation Dolmen Great dolmen Funeral pyre Gallery grave transepted wedge - shaped Grave goods Jar burial Long barrow unchambered Grønsalen Megalithic tomb Mummy Passage grave Rectangular dolmen Ring cairn Simple dolmen Stone box grave Tor cairn Tumulus Unchambered long cairn Other cultural Astronomy sites lunar calendar Behavioral modernity Origin of language Prehistoric medicine trepanning Evolutionary musicology music archaeology Prehistoric music Alligator drum flutes Divje Babe flute gudi Prehistoric numerals Origin of religion Paleolithic religion Prehistoric religion Spiritual drug use Prehistoric warfare Symbols symbolism Jewellery Forms Anklet Barrette Belt buckle Belly chain Bindi Bracelet Brooch Chatelaine Collar pin Crown Cufflink Earring Ferronnière Lapel pin Necklace Pectoral Pendant Ring Tiara Tie clip Tie pin Toe ring Watch pocket strap Making People Bench jeweler Clockmaker Goldsmith Silversmith Jewelry designer Lapidary Watchmaker Processes Carving Casting centrifugal lost - wax vacuum Enameling Engraving Filigree Kazaziye Metal clay Plating Polishing Repoussé and chasing Soldering Stonesetting Wire sculpture Wire wrapped jewelry Tools Draw plate File Hammer Mandrel Pliers Materials Precious metals Gold Palladium Platinum Rhodium Silver Precious metal alloys Britannia silver Colored gold Crown gold Electrum Shakudō Shibuichi Sterling silver Tumbaga Base metals Brass Bronze Copper Mokume - gane Pewter Stainless steel Titanium Tungsten Mineral gemstones Aventurine Agate Amethyst Beryl Carnelian Chrysoberyl Diamond Diopside Emerald Garnet Jade Jasper Lapis lazuli Larimar Malachite Marcasite Moonstone Obsidian Onyx Opal Pearl Peridot Prasiolite Quartz Ruby Sapphire Sodalite Spinel Sunstone Tanzanite Tiger 's eye Topaz Tourmaline Turquoise Zircon Organic gemstones Abalone Amber Ammolite Copal Coral Ivory Jet Nacre Other natural objects Bog - wood Hair Shell jewelry Toadstone Terms Carat ( mass ) Carat ( purity ) Finding Millesimal fineness Art jewelry Related topics Body piercing Fashion Gemology Phaleristics Metalworking Wearable art GND : 4052945 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jewellery&oldid=801724033 '' Categories : Jewellery Fashion accessories Human appearance Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use British English from December 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tools Acèh አማርኛ Armãneashti Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Runa Simi Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 12 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery	722
who did the patriots beat in their super bowls			New England Patriots	new england patriots	American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 )	Eastern Division ( 1960 -- 1969 ) National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) American Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) AFC East ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Navy Blue , Red , Silver , White Mascot Pat Patriot Personnel Owner ( s ) Robert Kraft Chairman Robert Kraft CEO Robert Kraft President Jonathan Kraft General manager Bill Belichick ( de facto ) Head coach Bill Belichick Team history Boston Patriots ( 1960 -- 1970 ) Bay State Patriots ( 1971 ) New England Patriots ( 1971 -- present ) Team nicknames The Pats Championships League championships ( 5 ) Super Bowl championships ( 5 ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) , 2003 ( XXXVIII ) , 2004 ( XXXIX ) , 2014 ( XLIX ) , 2016 ( LI ) Conference championships ( 9 ) AFC : 1985 , 1996 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 Division championships ( 19 ) AFL East : 1963 AFC East : 1978 , 1986 , 1996 , 1997 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 Playoff appearances ( 24 ) AFL : 1963 NFL : 1976 , 1978 , 1982 , 1985 , 1986 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 Home fields Nickerson Field ( 1960 -- 1962 ) Fenway Park ( 1963 -- 1968 ) Alumni Stadium ( 1969 ) Harvard Stadium ( 1970 ) Foxboro Stadium ( 1971 -- 2001 ) Gillette Stadium ( 2002 -- present ) The New England Patriots are a professional American football team based in the Greater Boston region . The Patriots compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) East division . The team plays its home games at Gillette Stadium in the town of Foxborough , Massachusetts , which is located 21 miles ( 34 km ) southwest of downtown Boston and 20 miles ( 32 km ) northeast of downtown Providence , Rhode Island . The Patriots are also headquartered at Gillette Stadium . An original member of the American Football League ( AFL ) , the Patriots joined the NFL in the 1970 merger of the two leagues . The team changed its name from the original Boston Patriots after relocating to Foxborough in 1971 . The Patriots played their home games at Foxboro Stadium from 1971 to 2001 , then moved to Gillette Stadium at the start of the 2002 season . The Patriots ' rivalry with the New York Jets is considered one of the most bitter rivalries in the NFL . The Patriots have appeared in the Super Bowl nine times in franchise history , the most of any team , seven of them since the arrival of head coach Bill Belichick and quarterback Tom Brady in 2000 . The Patriots have since become one of the most successful teams in NFL history , winning 14 AFC East titles in 16 seasons since 2001 , without a losing season in that period . The franchise has since set numerous notable records , including most wins in a ten - year period ( 126 , in 2003 -- 2012 ) , an undefeated 16 - game regular season in 2007 , the longest winning streak consisting of regular season and playoff games in NFL history ( a 21 - game streak from October 2003 to October 2004 ) , and the most consecutive division titles won by a team in NFL history ( won eight straight division titles from 2009 to 2016 ) . The team owns the record for most Super Bowls reached ( seven ) and won ( five ) by a head coach -- quarterback tandem . The Patriots hold the record for most Super Bowl appearances with nine , and are tied with the 49ers and Cowboys for the second most Super Bowl wins with five before the Steelers who have six . Patriot fans rally in front of Boston City Hall following the Super Bowl XXXVIII championship . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 Season - by - season records 1.2 Records 2 Rivalries 2.1 New York Jets 2.2 Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts 2.3 Buffalo Bills 2.4 Miami Dolphins 2.5 Baltimore Ravens 3 Controversies 3.1 `` Spygate '' 3.2 `` Deflategate '' 4 Strategy 5 Stadium 6 Logos and uniforms 6.1 Logos 6.2 Uniforms 6.2. 1 1960 -- 1992 6.2. 2 1993 -- present 6.2. 3 Alternate uniforms 7 Players 7.1 Current roster 7.2 Retired numbers 7.3 New England Patriots Hall of Fame members 7.4 All - decade teams 7.4. 1 1960s ( AFL ) 7.4. 2 1970s , 1980s , 1990s 7.4. 3 2000s 7.5 Anniversary teams 7.5. 1 35th anniversary ( 1994 ) 7.5. 2 50th anniversary ( 2009 ) 7.6 All - time first - round draft picks 8 Coaches 8.1 Head coaches 8.2 Current staff 9 Culture 9.1 Cheerleaders and mascot 9.2 Radio and television 10 See also 11 Notes and references 12 Further reading 13 External links Franchise history For more details on this topic , see History of the New England Patriots . `` Pat Patriot '' logo , used through 1992 . On November 16 , 1959 , Boston business executive Billy Sullivan was awarded the eighth and final franchise of the developing American Football League ( AFL ) . The following winter , locals were allowed to submit ideas for the Boston football team 's official name . The most popular choice -- and the one that Sullivan selected -- was the `` Boston Patriots , '' with `` Patriots '' referring to those colonists of the Thirteen Colonies who rebelled against British control during the American Revolution and in July 1776 declared the United States of America an independent nation . Immediately thereafter , artist Phil Bissell of The Boston Globe developed the `` Pat Patriot '' logo . The Patriots struggled for most of their years in the AFL , and they never had a regular home stadium . Nickerson Field , Harvard Stadium , Fenway Park , and Alumni Stadium all served as home fields during their time in the American Football League . They played in only one AFL championship game , following the 1963 season , in which they lost to the San Diego Chargers 51 -- 10 . They did not appear again in an AFL or NFL post-season game for another 13 years . When the NFL and AFL merged in 1970 , the Patriots were placed in the American Football Conference ( AFC ) East division , where they still play today . The following year , the Patriots moved to a new stadium in Foxborough , Massachusetts , which would serve as their home for the next 30 years . As a result of the move , they announced they would change their name from the Boston Patriots to the Bay State Patriots . The name was rejected by the NFL and on March 22 , 1971 , the team officially announced they would change its geographic name to New England . During the 1970s , the Patriots had some success , earning a berth to the playoffs in 1976 -- as a wild card team -- and in 1978 -- as AFC East champions . They lost in the first round both times . In 1985 , they returned to the playoffs , and made it all the way to Super Bowl XX , which they lost to the Chicago Bears 46 -- 10 . Following their Super Bowl loss , they returned to the playoffs in 1986 , but lost in the first round . The team would not make the playoffs again for eight more years . During the 1990 season , the Patriots went 1 -- 15 . They changed ownership three times in the ensuing 14 years , being purchased from the Sullivan family first by Victor Kiam in 1988 , who sold the team to James Orthwein in 1992 . Orthwein intended to move the team to his native St. Louis , Missouri ( where it would have been renamed as the St. Louis Stallions ) , but instead sold the team in 1994 to its current owner Robert Kraft . Though Orthwein 's period as owner was short and controversial , he did oversee major changes to the team , first with the hiring of former New York Giants coach Bill Parcells in 1993 . Orthwein and his marketing team also commissioned the NFL to develop a new visual identity and logo , and changed their primary colors from the traditional red , white and blue to blue and silver for the team uniforms . Parcells would bring the Patriots to two playoff appearances , including Super Bowl XXXI , which they lost to the Green Bay Packers by a score of 35 -- 21 . Pete Carroll , Parcells 's successor , would also take the team to the playoffs twice in 1997 & 1998 before being dismissed as head coach after the 1999 season . The Patriots ' current coach , Bill Belichick , was hired in 2000 , and a new home field , Gillette Stadium , was opened in 2002 . Under Belichick , the team won three Super Bowls in four years ( 2001 , 2003 , and 2004 ) . The Patriots finished the 2007 regular season with a perfect 16 -- 0 record , becoming only the fourth team in league history to go undefeated in the regular season , and the only one since the league expanded its regular season schedule to 16 games . After advancing to Super Bowl XLII , the team 's fourth Super Bowl in seven years , the Patriots were defeated by the Giants to end their bid for a 19 -- 0 season . With the loss , the Patriots ended the year at 18 -- 1 , becoming only one of three teams to go 18 -- 1 along with the 1984 San Francisco 49ers and the 1985 Chicago Bears . The Patriots ' returned to the Super Bowl in 2012 but lost again to the Giants , 21 -- 17 . In 2015 , they won Super Bowl XLIX , defeating the Seattle Seahawks by a score of 28 -- 24 . The Patriots became the first team to reach nine Super Bowls in the 2016 -- 17 playoffs and faced the Atlanta Falcons in Super Bowl LI , which ended up paving the way for their fifth Super Bowl victory , tying them with the Dallas Cowboys and the San Francisco 49ers for the second-most in NFL history , 1 behind the Pittsburgh Steelers with 6 ; the game was also the first Super Bowl to go into overtime . Season - by - season records For more details on this topic , see List of New England Patriots seasons . Sam `` Bam '' Cunningham is the franchise 's all - time leading rusher Records All - time Patriots leaders Leader Player Record number Years played for Patriots Passing Tom Brady 64,123 passing yards 2000 -- present Rushing Sam Cunningham 5,453 rushing yards 1973 -- 1982 Receiving Stanley Morgan 10,352 receiving yards 1977 -- 1989 Scoring Stephen Gostkowski 1,537 points 2006 -- present Coaching wins Bill Belichick 280 wins 2000 -- present Rivalries Super Bowl banners at Gillette Stadium prior to the Patriots winning Super Bowl XLIX In terms of number of games played , the Patriots have competed most against teams either currently or formerly from the AFC East division . This includes the current teams , the New York Jets , the Miami Dolphins , and the Buffalo Bills , as well as former divisional opponents the Indianapolis Colts . Among those , however , a few run deeper than others . New York Jets Main article : Jets -- Patriots rivalry Patriots ' head coach Bill Belichick was `` traded '' from the Jets to the Patriots in 2000 The closest geographically has been the rivalry with the New York Jets . The Patriots and Jets have been in the same division ( what is now the AFC East ) since both teams ' foundings in 1960 , and have played each other at least twice a year since then . The rivalry between the Jets and Patriots has escalated since 1996 , when Patriots head coach Bill Parcells left the Patriots under controversy to become the head coach of the Jets ; he was replaced by former Jets coach Pete Carroll . Four years later Carroll was fired , and Parcells 's assistant , Bill Belichick , resigned the day he was named the Jets ' head coach to become the head coach of the Patriots . Six years after that , Eric Mangini , an assistant under Belichick , became the head coach of the Jets . Bill Belichick achieved his 200th career head coaching win ( regular season and playoffs ) on November 22 , 2012 , defeating the Jets 49 -- 19 ; it was his 163rd such win as Patriots coach . The Patriots defeated the Jets in Week seven of the 2015 season by a score of 30 -- 23 , to give them a 6 -- 0 record to date . Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts Main article : Colts -- Patriots rivalry The Patriots rivalry with the Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts ran through the two clubs ' tenure together in the AFC East ( 1970 -- 2001 ) . The two clubs clashed in several close games , such as on December 19 , 1971 , as a late Patriots touchdown decided a 21 -- 17 New England win ; on September 18 , 1978 , the Colts rallied to defeat the Patriots 34 -- 27 on Monday Night Football on a virtual one - man scoring rampage by running back Joe Washington ; on September 4 , 1983 , the Colts defeated the Patriots in overtime 29 -- 23 in their final season in Baltimore . The Patriots defeated the Colts in back - to - back overtime games , 23 -- 17 on December 8 , 1991 , and 37 -- 34 on November 15 , 1992 . The Pats facing the Colts in 2011 Even though the two clubs were placed in separate divisions in the NFL 's 2002 divisional realignment , their rivalry did not diminish . At that time , both teams were among the best in the AFC , and both were led by likely Hall of Fame quarterbacks , Peyton Manning ( for the Colts ) and Tom Brady ( for the Patriots ) The teams met three times in four years ( 2003 , 2004 , 2006 ) in the playoffs , with the winner going on to win that season 's Super Bowl each time . The Manning portion of the rivalry began in Manning 's rookie season , 1998 ; in 1999 Manning suffered a bitter 31 -- 28 loss in September as the Patriots behind Drew Bledsoe erased a 28 -- 7 Colts lead , then defeated the Patriots 20 -- 15 in Indianapolis on December 12 . The Brady -- Manning portion of the rivalry began on September 30 , 2001 , as Brady made his first NFL start in a 44 -- 13 Patriots win at Foxboro ; on October 21 the Patriots defeated the Colts at the RCA Dome 38 -- 17 . After the Colts left the AFC East in 2002 , they first met on November 30 , 2003 , in a 38 -- 34 Patriots win decided on a last - second goal line stand by the Patriots . The Colts broke a six - game Patriot winning streak in the rivalry in November 2005 , then won twice in 2006 ; in the AFC Championship Game the Colts erased a 21 -- 6 halftime lead ; the game lead tied or changed seven times in the second half before a late touchdown led to a 38 -- 34 Colts win . The November 4 , 2007 , meeting involved both teams being unbeaten to that point ; the 8 -- 0 Patriots and the 7 -- 0 Colts . The Patriots rallied to win 24 -- 20 . The Colts won again in 2008 and then erased a large Patriots lead in 2009 's 4th and 2 game . Manning 's final meeting with the Patriots as a Colt came in November 2010 ; a late interception sealed a 31 -- 28 Patriots win . In 2012 , the Patriots faced the Colts , quarterbacked now by Andrew Luck , on November 18 ; the Patriots defeated the Colts 59 -- 24 . The Patriots also beat the Colts on January 12 , 2014 , 43 -- 22 . The Patriots played the Colts in the playoffs again on January 18 , 2015 , in the AFC title game , winning 45 -- 7 . Buffalo Bills Main article : Bills -- Patriots rivalry The Patriots and the Bills were both charter members of the AFL , and even competed with each other in an AFL playoff game . They have remained divisional rivals since the NFL - AFL merger . Prior to the rise of Tom Brady , the two teams shared a mellow , yet occasionally competitive rivalry , featuring highlights from players such as O.J. Simpson , Steve Grogan , Joe Ferguson , Jim Kelly , and Drew Bledsoe . However , Brady has dominated the Bills ever since taking over as the Patriots ' franchise quarterback , holding a 26 - 3 regular season record over them . Though Patriots fans usually feel apathetic towards the Bills , Bills fans have come to despise the Patriots more than any other rival . The rivalry has remained somewhat intense in recent years with multiple players having played for both teams , the Bills usually giving their all when playing the Patriots , and the presence of Rex Ryan , who coached both the Bills and Jets and was known for his trash - talk . Miami Dolphins Main article : Dolphins -- Patriots rivalry The Patriots first played the Miami Dolphins in 1966 in the AFL , when Miami was one of two expansion teams to debut that year in that league . The Dolphins dominated the Patriots in the 1970s and 1990s , but the two teams remained competitive with each other for years before the rise of Tom Brady . Brady , however , struggled occasionally against the Dolphins in the 2000s before reasserting dominance in the 2010s . The Patriots and Dolphins are the only two teams in the Super Bowl era to post undefeated regular season records , with Miami going 14 - 0 in 1972 and the Patriots going 16 - 0 in 2007 . Notable moments between the clubs include the Snowplow Game , three playoff matchups , and the Dolphins revealing their Wildcat offense against the Patriots . Baltimore Ravens The Ravens first met the New England Patriots in 1996 , but the rivalry truly started in 2007 when the Ravens suffered a bitter 27 -- 24 loss in the Patriots ' quest for perfection . The rivalry began to escalate in 2009 when the Ravens lost to the Patriots 27 -- 21 in a game that involved a confrontation between Patriots quarterback Tom Brady and Ravens linebacker Terrell Suggs . Both players would go on to take verbal shots at each other through the media after the game . The Ravens defeated the Patriots in the 2009 AFC Wild Card playoff game , 33 -- 14 . This was the first time the Ravens had ever defeated the Patriots . The Ravens faced the Patriots in week six of the 2010 season . The Patriots ended up winning 23 -- 20 in overtime ; the game caused controversy from a hit to the helmet of tight end Todd Heap by Patriots safety Brandon Meriweather . Tom Brady has a career record of 8 -- 3 against the Ravens The Ravens played the Patriots for the third consecutive season in the 2012 AFC championship game , which the Ravens lost 23 -- 20 . The rivalry reached a new level of friction with this , the second career playoff game between the two clubs . The Ravens clawed to a 20 -- 16 lead in the fourth quarter , but Patriots quarterback Tom Brady dove into the end zone to make the score 23 -- 20 with around 11 minutes remaining ; this proved to be the winning touchdown . On the Ravens ' last possession of the game , quarterback Joe Flacco threw a pass to wide receiver Lee Evans in the corner of the end zone which looked to be the game - winning touchdown , before a last - second strip by Sterling Moore forced the ball from the hands of Evans , forcing the game to be decided on a last - minute field goal by Ravens placekicker Billy Cundiff . With 11 seconds remaining on the clock , the kicker missed the 32 - yard field goal attempt , allowing the Patriots to kill the clock on their way to Super Bowl XLVI for a rematch with the New York Giants . The Ravens ' first regular - season win over the Patriots came on September 23 , 2012 . The game was emotional as receiver Torrey Smith was competing following the death of his brother in a motorcycle accident just the night before . Smith caught two touchdowns in a back and forth game ; the Ravens erased a 13 -- 0 lead in the first half and led 14 -- 13 , but the Patriots scored at the end of the second quarter for a 20 -- 14 lead . The lead changed twice in the third quarter and the Patriots led 30 -- 21 in the fourth , but the Ravens scored on Smith 's second touchdown catch . The Ravens were stopped on fourth down but the Patriots had to punt ; in the final two minutes a pass interference penalty on Devin McCourty put the ball at the Patriots 7 - yard line ; new Ravens kicker Justin Tucker booted a 27 - yard field goal on the final play ; the ball sailed directly over the upright and was ruled good ; the quality of officiating by replacement referees caused controversy as Bill Belichick angrily reached for one of the referees as they were leaving the field , leading to a $50,000 fine later that week . Massachusetts native Robert Kraft has owned the team since 1994 The two teams met again on January 20 , 2013 , in the AFC Championship , where the Ravens won 28 -- 13 . The Patriots led at halftime , 13 -- 7 , but the Ravens defense gave up no points in the 2nd half . It was the first time ever that Tom Brady lost a game at home after leading at halftime , and the first time a road team beat the Patriots in the AFC Championship . The two teams met once again at Gillette Stadium in the playoffs on January 10 , 2015 . The Patriots trailed by as much as 14 twice , before beating the Ravens 35 -- 31 to advance to the AFC Championship . Controversies This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2017 ) `` Spygate '' Main article : 2007 New England Patriots videotaping controversy `` Deflategate '' Main article : Deflategate During the 2015 AFC Championship Game against the Indianapolis Colts , allegations arose that the Patriots were utilizing under - inflated footballs . It was even suggested that the Patriots ' staff themselves deliberately deflated the footballs to give their team an unfair advantage during the playoffs . A lengthy investigation and heated debate commenced shortly afterwards , with a full report being published in May 2015 . The Wells Report found that balls provided by the Patriots , who were the home team , indeed had less pressure on average than the balls provided by the Colts . Also notable was the findings of some suggestions of communication between Tom Brady and two Patriots locker room attendants , indicating Brady was likely `` generally aware '' of the situation and that the Patriots staff intentionally deflated the footballs . A later study by the American Enterprise Institute called the evidence and methodology of the Wells report `` deeply flawed '' and `` unreliable '' . In the aftermath of the incident , the NFL suspended Brady without pay for the first four games of the 2015 season , fined the Patriots $1 million , and forced them to forfeit their 2016 first round draft pick and 2017 fourth round draft pick . Brady appealed his suspension , which was eventually vacated by the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York , only for the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit to reinstate it a year later for the 2016 NFL season . Brady eventually agreed to serve the suspension in 2016 , but led the Patriots to win Super Bowl LI in spite of it . Strategy Further information : New England Patriots strategy Under head coach Bill Belichick , the Patriots have employed specific on - field and off - field strategies . On the field , the Patriots have typically utilized an `` Erhardt -- Perkins '' offense and a `` Fairbanks -- Bullough '' 3 -- 4 defense , referred to commonly as a two - gap 3 -- 4 defensive system . Their philosophy in making personnel decisions and in game planning has focused on the `` team '' concept , stressing preparation , strong work ethic , versatility , and lack of individual ego . This approach , which has led to five Super Bowl victories under Belichick , was analyzed in the 2004 book Patriot Reign . When owner Robert Kraft purchased the team in 1994 , he did so for $175 million . Since then , the Patriots have sold out every home game in both Foxboro Stadium and Gillette Stadium . By 2009 , the value of the franchise had increased by over $1 billion , to a Forbes magazine estimated value of $1.361 billion , third highest in the NFL only behind the Dallas Cowboys and Washington Redskins . As of July 2015 , the Patriots are the seventh most valuable sports franchise in the world according to Forbes magazine . Stadium Main article : Gillette Stadium Gillette Stadium , home of the Patriots Since 2002 , the Patriots ' home stadium has been Gillette Stadium , a $350 million facility privately financed by Kraft . It houses all administrative offices for the team and its owning entity , The Kraft Group , as well as the Kraft - owned Major League Soccer team , the New England Revolution . The field , which was originally natural grass , was replaced with a FieldTurf surface during the 2006 season . The area around the stadium was developed , beginning in 2007 , into a $375 million `` lifestyle and entertainment center '' called Patriot Place ; among its largest structures is a multi-floor restaurant and bar called CBS Scene . Prior to 2002 , the Patriots played in Foxboro Stadium dating back to 1971 , the team 's second year in the NFL after the AFL -- NFL merger . During the team 's days in the American Football League , the Boston Patriots were hosted by a number of fields in or around Boston -- they played at Braves Field , Harvard Stadium , Fenway Park , and Alumni Stadium . Logos and uniforms Logos The current New England Patriots wordmark logo , first unveiled on July 3 , 2013 . The Patriots original helmet logo was a simple tricorne hat , used only for the 1960 season . From 1961 to 1992 , the Patriots used a logo of a Revolutionary War minuteman hiking a football . The Patriots script logo during this time consisted of a western - style font . The minuteman logo became known as the `` Pat Patriot '' logo , which later became the name of the team 's mascot . In 1993 , a new logo was unveiled involving the gray face of a minuteman wearing a red , white and blue hat that begins as a tricorne and transitions into a flowing banner - like design . It became popularly known as the `` Flying Elvis '' . This remains the team 's logo today , with the blue being darkened in 2000 . On July 3 , 2013 , the Patriots unveiled a new wordmark logo . Uniforms 1960 -- 1992 The Patriots originally wore red jerseys with white block numbering at home , and white jerseys with red block numbering on the road . Both uniforms used white pants and white helmets , first with the hat logo over the player 's number , then with the `` Pat Patriot '' logo starting in 1961 . A blue stripe was added to the two red helmet stripes in 1964 . The numbers on both the home and away jerseys gained a blue outline in 1973 . In 1979 , the Patriots began the first of many sporadic runs of wearing red pants with the white jerseys . The red pants were dropped in 1981 , but returned in 1984 . After being dropped again in 1988 , they were used again from 1990 to 1992 . 1993 -- present The Patriots underwent a complete identity overhaul before the 1993 season , starting with the introduction of the aforementioned `` Flying Elvis '' logo . The new uniforms consisted of a royal blue home jersey and a white away jersey . The helmet was silver with the Flying Elvis logo and no additional striping . Both uniforms used silver pants , originally with stripes designed to look like those flowing from the Flying Elvis , but these were changed to simple red and blue stripes after one season . When they debuted , both the home and away jerseys used red block numbers with a blue and white outline , but after one season the home uniforms switched to the now - familiar white with a red outline . In 1995 , the Patriots switched the block numbers to a more modern rounded number font with a dropshadow . The Patriots were one of the first adopters of custom numbers , a trend that would grow drastically over the next 20 years . However , in 2000 , the Patriots also became one of the only teams to drop the rounded numbers and switched back to block numbers . Also that year , the shade of blue was darkened from royal to nautical blue . The Patriots , unsatisfied with the white - on - silver road look , also took the opportunity to introduce blue pants to be worn with the white jersey , offering a better contrast . To better match the blue pants , the number on the white jersey was switched from red to blue . Alternate uniforms In 1994 , the Patriots wore the `` Pat Patriot '' helmets and plain white striped pants from two seasons prior as alternates as part of the NFL 's 75th anniversary celebration . In 2002 , NFL teams were allowed to add a permanent third jersey to be worn in a maximum of two games . The Patriots reintroduced a red jersey as their alternate , complimented with the old - style `` Pat Patriot '' helmet . In 2003 , the Patriots changed their alternate to a silver jersey with blue pants . For this uniform , the `` Flying Elvis '' helmet was utilized . The uniform was identical to the white jersey with any areas of white replaced by silver . These uniforms were dropped after 2007 . No alternate uniform was used in 2008 . In 2009 , the red alternate was reintroduced , again accompanied by the `` Pat Patriot '' helmet . An alternate white road jersey was also worn with the older helmet for one game , using red numbers , in tribute to the 50th anniversary of the AFL . The red alternate gained a blue outline around the numbers in 2010 and this was worn through 2012 . The Patriots retired their alternate red uniforms in 2013 , thanks to a new NFL rule outlawing throwback alternate helmets . In 2016 , the Patriots took part in the NFL Color Rush program , wearing monochrome navy uniforms on September 22 against the Houston Texans . Players Further information : List of New England Patriots players , List of New England Patriots starting quarterbacks , and List of New England Patriots first - round draft picks Current roster New England Patriots roster view talk Quarterbacks 12 Tom Brady 2 Brian Hoyer Running backs 38 Brandon Bolden 34 Rex Burkhead 46 James Develin FB 35 Mike Gillislee 33 Dion Lewis KR 28 James White Wide receivers 80 Danny Amendola PR 14 Brandin Cooks 13 Phillip Dorsett 15 Chris Hogan 18 Matthew Slater Tight ends 83 Dwayne Allen 87 Rob Gronkowski 47 Jacob Hollister Offensive linemen 60 David Andrews C 61 Marcus Cannon T 74 Cole Croston G 71 Cameron Fleming T 75 Ted Karras G 69 Shaq Mason G 77 Nate Solder T 62 Joe Thuney G 68 LaAdrian Waddle T Defensive linemen 97 Alan Branch DT 90 Malcom Brown DT 70 Adam Butler DT 98 Trey Flowers DE 92 Geneo Grissom DE 93 Lawrence Guy DE 55 Cassius Marsh DE 91 Deatrich Wise Jr . DT Linebackers 59 Marquis Flowers OLB 45 David Harris MLB 54 Dont'a Hightower MLB 51 Trevor Reilly OLB 52 Elandon Roberts OLB 53 Kyle Van Noy OLB Defensive backs 29 Johnson Bademosi CB 21 Malcolm Butler CB 23 Patrick Chung SS 43 Nate Ebner SS 24 Stephon Gilmore CB 30 Duron Harmon FS 31 Jonathan Jones CB 36 Brandon King FS 32 Devin McCourty FS 37 Jordan Richards SS 25 Eric Rowe CB Special teams 6 Ryan Allen P 49 Joe Cardona LS 3 Stephen Gostkowski K Reserve lists 51 Keionta Davis DE ( NF - Inj . ) 11 Julian Edelman WR ( IR ) 63 Antonio Garcia T ( NF - Ill . ) 76 Andrew Jelks T ( NF - Inj . ) 41 Cyrus Jones CB ( IR ) 48 Harvey Langi OLB ( NF - Inj . ) 58 Shea McClellin OLB ( IR ) 19 Malcolm Mitchell WR ( IR ) 95 Derek Rivers DE ( IR ) 99 Vincent Valentine DT ( IR ) Practice squad 64 James Ferentz C 81 Cody Hollister WR 26 David Jones FS 85 Jake Kumerow WR 27 Ryan Lewis CB 84 Riley McCarron WR 39 Damarius Travis SS 44 Will Tye TE 22 Jomal Wiltz CB Rookies in italics Roster updated November 2 , 2017 Depth chart Transactions 53 Active , 10 Inactive , 9 Practice squad → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA John Hannah played on the Pats ' offensive line from 1973 to 1985 Retired numbers New England Patriots retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure 20 Gino Cappelletti WR , K 1960 -- 1970 40 Mike Haynes CB 1976 -- 1982 57 Steve Nelson LB 1974 -- 1987 73 John Hannah 1973 -- 1985 78 Bruce Armstrong 1987 -- 2000 79 Jim Lee Hunt DL 1960 -- 1971 89 Bob Dee DL 1960 -- 1967 New England Patriots Hall of Fame members The New England Patriots feature 22 former players and two contributors in their team hall of fame , established in 1991 . A committee of media and staff selected 11 players for enshrinement between 1991 and 2001 , before a six - year span of no selections . In 2007 , in advance of the 2008 opening of The Hall at Patriot Place , the Patriots introduced a new nomination committee to select three candidates , with the winner of an Internet fan vote being enshrined in the hall of fame . In order to be eligible , players and coaches must be retired for at least four years . Beginning in 2011 , and meeting every five years , a senior selection committee has the option of voting a player who has been retired for at least 25 seasons into the hall of fame . Former owner Billy Sullivan was inducted by owner Robert Kraft in March 2009 , the Patriots ' 50th season , as a contributor . Additionally , four of these Patriots players have also been enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame . The Patriots have officially retired seven uniform numbers . New England Patriots Hall of Fame Players No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted 73 John Hannah 1973 -- 1985 1991 ( Pro : 1991 ) 87 Ben Coates TE 1991 -- 1999 2008 85 Nick Buoniconti LB 1962 -- 1968 1992 ( Pro : 2001 ) 35 Jim Nance FB 1965 -- 1971 2009 20 Gino Cappelletti WR / K 1960 -- 1970 1992 39 Sam Cunningham RB 1973 -- 1982 89 Bob Dee DL 1960 -- 1967 1993 11 Drew Bledsoe QB 1993 -- 2001 2011 79 Jim Lee Hunt DT 1960 -- 1971 1993 56 Jon Morris 1964 -- 1974 2011 57 Steve Nelson LB 1974 -- 1987 1993 80 Troy Brown WR / PR / CB 1993 -- 2007 2012 15 Vito `` Babe '' Parilli QB 1961 -- 1967 1993 54 Tedy Bruschi LB 1996 -- 2008 2013 40 Mike Haynes CB 1976 -- 1982 1994 ( Pro : 1997 ) 24 Ty Law CB 1995 -- 2004 2014 14 Steve Grogan QB 1975 -- 1990 1995 55 Willie McGinest LB / DE 1994 -- 2005 2015 56 Andre Tippett LB 1982 -- 1993 1999 ( Pro : 2008 ) 65 Houston Antwine DL 1961 -- 1971 2015 78 Bruce Armstrong 1987 -- 2000 2001 33 Kevin Faulk RB 1999 -- 2011 2016 86 Stanley Morgan WR 1977 -- 1989 2007 26 Raymond Clayborn CB 1977 - 1989 2017 Contributors No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted -- Billy Sullivan Owner & founder 1960 -- 1988 2009 -- Gil Santos Broadcaster 1972 -- 1979 , 1991 -- 2012 2013 Three other players enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame spent part of their careers with the Patriots : 28 Curtis Martin , RB ( 1995 -- 1997 ) , elected in 2012 . Bill Parcells , head coach ( 1993 -- 1996 ) , elected in 2013 . 55 Junior Seau , LB ( 2006 -- 2009 ) , elected in 2015 . All - decade teams 1960s ( AFL ) In November 1971 , fans voted on a 10 - year Patriots anniversary team , which coincided with the team 's 10 years in the then - defunct American Football League : Additional selections for returner , special teamer , and coach were added in 2009 : ( show ) Boston Patriots All - 1960s Team Offense Parilli ( QB ) Nance ( RB ) Garron ( RB ) Colclough ( WR ) Graham ( WR ) Whalen ( TE ) Long ( T ) Neville ( T ) Neighbors ( G ) St. Jean ( G ) Morris ( C ) Defense Dee ( DE ) Eisenhauer ( DE ) Antwine ( DT ) Hunt ( DT ) Addison ( OLB ) Philpott ( OLB ) Buoniconti ( MLB ) Shonta ( CB ) Johnson ( CB ) Webb ( S ) Hall ( S ) Special Teams Garron ( Ret . ) Cappelletti ( PK ) Yewcic ( P ) Webb ( ST ) Coach Holovak 1970s , 1980s , 1990s In March 2009 , as part of the Patriots ' 50th anniversary , a group of local media and other team figures selected all - decade teams for the 1970s , 1980s , and 1990s : ( show ) New England Patriots All - 1970s Team Offense Grogan ( QB ) Cunningham ( RB ) Johnson ( RB ) Morgan ( WR ) Vataha ( WR ) Francis ( TE ) Gray ( T ) Neville ( T ) Hannah ( G ) S. Adams ( G ) Lenkaitis ( C ) Defense J. Adams ( DE ) McGee ( DE ) Hamilton ( NT ) Zabel ( OLB ) King ( OLB ) Nelson ( ILB ) Hunt ( ILB ) Clayborn ( CB ) Haynes ( CB ) Fox ( S ) McCray ( S ) Special Teams Herron ( Ret . ) Smith ( PK ) Patrick ( P ) Tatupu ( ST ) Coach Fairbanks New England Patriots All - 1980s Team Offense Grogan ( QB ) Collins ( RB ) C. James ( RB ) Fryar ( WR ) Morgan ( WR ) Dawson ( TE ) Armstrong ( T ) Holloway ( T ) Hannah ( G ) Wooten ( G ) Brock ( C ) Defense Adams ( DE ) Veris ( DE ) Bishop ( NT ) Tippett ( OLB ) Blackmon ( OLB ) Nelson ( ILB ) Rembert ( ILB ) Clayborn ( CB ) Lippett ( CB ) R. James ( S ) Marion ( S ) Special Teams Fryar ( Ret . ) Franklin ( PK ) Camarillo ( P ) Tatupu ( ST ) Coach Berry New England Patriots All - 1990s Team Offense Bledsoe ( QB ) Martin ( RB ) Russell ( RB ) Glenn ( WR ) Jefferson ( WR ) Coates ( TE ) Armstrong ( T ) Harlow ( T ) Rucci ( G ) Lane ( G ) Wohlabaugh ( C ) Defense McGinest ( DE ) Williams ( DE ) Goad ( NT ) Tippett ( OLB ) Slade ( OLB ) Brown ( ILB ) Johnson ( ILB ) Hurst ( CB ) Law ( CB ) Clay ( S ) Milloy ( S ) Special Teams Meggett ( Ret . ) Vinatieri ( PK ) Tupa ( P ) Whigham ( ST ) Coach Parcells 2000s On March 16 , 2010 , the Patriots Hall of Fame selection committee selected an all - decade team for the 2000s : ( show ) New England Patriots All - 2000s Team Offense Brady ( QB ) Dillon ( RB ) Moss ( WR ) Welker ( WR ) Brown ( WR ) Graham ( TE ) Light ( T ) Kaczur ( T ) Andruzzi ( G ) Mankins ( G ) Koppen ( C ) Defense Seymour ( DE ) Warren ( DE ) Wilfork ( NT ) McGinest ( OLB ) Vrabel ( OLB ) Bruschi ( ILB ) Phifer ( ILB ) Law ( CB ) Samuel ( CB ) Harrison ( S ) Milloy ( S ) Special Teams Faulk ( Ret . ) Vinatieri ( PK ) Miller ( P ) Izzo ( ST ) Coach Belichick Anniversary teams 35th anniversary ( 1994 ) In 1994 , a group of local media selected a 35th anniversary team : ( show ) New England Patriots 35th Anniversary Team ( 1994 ) Offense Grogan ( QB ) Nance ( RB ) Cunningham ( RB ) Morgan ( WR ) Cappelletti ( WR ) Francis ( TE ) Armstrong ( T ) Neville ( T ) Hannah ( G ) S. Adams ( G ) Morris ( C ) Defense J. Adams ( DE ) Eisenhauer ( DE ) Antwine ( DT ) J. Hunt ( DT ) Tippett ( LB ) Buoniconti ( LB ) Nelson ( LB ) S. Hunt ( LB ) Haynes ( CB ) Clayborn ( CB ) Marion ( S ) Hall ( S ) Special Teams Cappelletti ( PK ) Camarillo ( P ) Tatupu ( ST ) 50th anniversary ( 2009 ) In 2009 , the Patriots Hall of Fame selection committee selected a 50th anniversary team : ( show ) New England Patriots 50th Anniversary Team ( 2009 ) Offense Brady ( QB ) Nance ( RB ) Cunningham ( RB ) Morgan ( WR ) Brown ( WR ) Fryar ( WR ) Coates ( TE ) Armstrong ( T ) Light ( T ) Hannah ( G ) Mankins ( G ) Morris ( C ) Defense Adams ( DE ) Seymour ( DE ) Antwine ( DT ) Wilfork ( DT ) Tippett ( OLB ) Vrabel ( OLB ) Nelson ( ILB ) Buoniconti ( ILB ) Haynes ( CB ) Law ( CB ) Marion ( S ) Harrison ( S ) Special Teams Faulk ( Ret . ) Vinatieri ( PK ) Camarillo ( P ) Tatupu ( ST ) Captains Cappelletti ( Offense ) Bruschi ( Defense ) Coach Belichick All - time first - round draft picks Main article : List of New England Patriots first - round draft picks This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2017 ) Coaches Head coaches Main article : List of New England Patriots head coaches Patriots head coach Bill Belichick delivers remarks during the team 's visit to the White House This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2017 ) Current staff New England Patriots staff Front office Chairman / CEO -- Robert Kraft President -- Jonathan Kraft Director of Player Personnel -- Nick Caserio Director of College Scouting -- Monti Ossenfort Director of Pro Personnel -- Dave Ziegler Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Brian Smith Director of Scouting Administration -- Nancy Meier Football Research Director -- Ernie Adams Director of Football / Head Coach Administration -- Berj Najarian Head coaches Head Coach / General Manager -- Bill Belichick Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator / Quarterbacks -- Josh McDaniels Assistant Quarterbacks -- Jerry Schuplinski Running Backs -- Ivan Fears Wide Receivers -- Chad O'Shea Tight Ends -- Nick Caley Offensive Line -- Dante Scarnecchia Offensive Assistant -- Cole Popovich Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Matt Patricia Defensive Line -- Brendan Daly Linebackers -- Brian Flores Cornerbacks -- Josh Boyer Safeties -- Steve Belichick Defensive Assistant -- Mike Pellegrino Coaching Assistant -- Brian Belichick Special Teams Coaches Special Teams -- Joe Judge Assistant Special Teams -- Raymond Ventrone Strength and Conditioning Strength and Conditioning -- Moses Cabrera Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- James Hardy → Coaching staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Culture Cheerleaders and mascot Main article : New England Patriots Cheerleaders The Patriots Cheerleaders performing a routine in 2007 The Patriots NFL Cheerleaders are simply known as the Patriots Cheerleaders . In 2005 , cheerleader Kristin Gauvin won Miss Massachusetts , in part from her local commitment with the Patriots . The Patriots ' mascot is Pat Patriot , a revolutionary minuteman wearing a Patriots home jersey . The Patriots also employ a corps known as the End Zone Militia . During each game , about ten men dressed as minutemen line the back of each end zone . When the Patriots score a touchdown , field goal , point - after - touchdown or safety , the militia behind the opposite end zone fire a volley of blanks from flintlock muskets . Per an interview with the Loren & Wally Show on WROR 105.7 FM in and around the time of Super Bowl XLIX , said shots use double the load of black powder than a regular historical reenactor does , specifically 200 grains , in order to be heard throughout the stadium . ESPN writer Josh Pahigian named this one of the top ten celebrations in the league in 2007 . Radio and television Main article : List of New England Patriots broadcasters The Patriots ' flagship radio station is WBZ - FM 98.5 FM , owned by CBS Radio . The larger radio network is called the New England Patriots Radio Network , whose 37 affiliate stations span seven states . Gil Santos and Gino Cappelletti were the longtime announcing team until their retirement following the conclusion of the 2012 NFL season . Santos was replaced by Bob Socci . Former Patriots QB Scott Zolak joined the radio team in the 2011 season as a sideline analyst , and in 2013 , he replaced Cappelletti as color commentator . Any preseason games not on national television are shown on CBS 's O&O WBZ - TV , who also airs the bulk of Patriots regular season games by virtue of CBS having the rights to most AFC games ; CBS also has a presence at the nearby Patriot Place with the `` CBS Scene '' bar / restaurant . During the regular season whenever the Patriots host an NFC team , the games are aired on Fox affiliate WFXT - TV . Preseason games were broadcast on ABC affiliate WCVB - TV from 1995 until the change to WBZ in 2009 . Don Criqui was play - by - play announcer for the 1995 -- 2012 seasons , with Randy Cross as a color commentator and Mike Lynch as a sideline reporter . Lynch was replaced by WBZ reporter Steve Burton in 2009 . See also American football portal The Kraft Group Notes and references Jump up ^ `` The History of the New England Patriots '' . New England Patriots . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Evolution of the Patriots Logo and Uniform '' . New England Patriots. April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2016 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . July 15 , 2016 . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots Team Facts '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Palma , Briana ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` How much do you know about the Patriots ? '' . New England Patriots . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Dates -- Patriots History '' . New England Patriots . August 28 , 2015 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Plaschke , Bill ( January 20 , 2008 ) . `` For this dandy doodle , designer was more like a 30 - minute man '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Super Bowl '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Super Bowl '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFC Championship instant analysis : Patriots pound Steelers to reach another Super Bowll '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Benjamin ( 2017 - 02 - 05 ) . `` Here 's How the Patriots Won Their Fifth Super Bowl '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Acee , Kevin ( February 5 , 2017 ) . `` Patriots win wild , historic Super Bowl '' . sandiegouniontribune.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots Career Passing Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots Career Rushing Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots Career Receiving Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots Career Scoring Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots All - Time Coaching Wins '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How Exactly Will History Judge Parcells ? ( Pt 3 ) '' . patsfans.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bisman , Neil ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` History Fuels Rivalry Between Jets and Patriots '' . NBC New York . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kevin W. Ryan ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` The 10 Best Moments of the Jets - Pats Rivalry '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jets - Patriots rivalry through the years ( Belichick resigns as head coach ) '' . Newsday . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jets hire Mangini as head coach '' . ESPN . January 18 , 2006 . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Humiliated in a New York Minute '' . The New York Times . November 23 , 2012 . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Very rare ' performance by Tom Brady reflects his greatness '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boxscore finder : Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts vs New England Patriots '' . Pro Football - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2015 . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots vs. Indianapolis Colts - Recap - November 4 , 2007 '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2011 . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Indianapolis Colts vs. New England Patriots - Recap - November 21 , 2010 '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Indianapolis Colts vs. New England Patriots - Recap - January 12 , 2014 '' . ESPN . January 12 , 2014 . Retrieved January 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Domonoske , Camila ( January 18 , 2015 ) . `` New England Beats Indianapolis 45 - 7 In AFC Championship : The Two - Way '' . NPR . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Bills vs. New England Patriots Results - The Football Database '' . FootballDB.com . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Buffalo Bills Rivalry Survey '' . www.allcounted.com . Jump up ^ `` New Bills coach Rex Ryan says Patriots still his top target - The Boston Globe '' . BostonGlobe.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots vs. Miami Dolphins Results The Football Database '' . FootballDB.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Dolphins stun Patriots 38 - 13 '' . The Seattle Times . 2008 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` A closer look at the Patriots - Ravens rivalry '' . Boston.com . December 22 , 2013 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots vs. Baltimore Ravens 12 / 03 / 2007 '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Ravens vs. New England Patriots 10 / 04 / 2009 '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Wild Card Round : Baltimore Ravens vs. New England Patriots '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Ravens vs. New England Patriots 10 / 17 / 2010 '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2012 AFC Championship Game Rapid Reaction '' . ESPN . January 22 , 2012 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Torey Smith 's brother dies in a motorcycle crash '' . USA Today . September 23 , 2012 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Belichick to receive fine Wednesday for grabbing referee '' . National Football League . September 26 , 2012 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Golen , Jimmy ( January 20 , 2013 ) . `` Ravens Win AFC Championship Game , Hold Off Patriots in Rematch to Reach Super Bowl '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Ravens vs. New England Patriots -- Box Score -- January 10 , 2015 '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL was ready to check New England Patriots ' footballs against Colts , report says - Newsday '' . Newsday . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Colts Raised Concerns About Under - Inflated Balls After Game vs. Patriots in Indianapolis '' . Boston.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Eliott ( January 23 , 2015 ) . `` What the heck is Deflategate anyway ? '' . CNN . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wells Jr. , Theodore V. ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` INVESTIGATIVE REPORT CONCERNING FOOTBALLS USED DURING THE AFC CHAMPIONSHIP GAME ON JANUARY 18 , 2015 '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On the Wells Report '' . American Enterprise Institute . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady 's four - game suspension upheld '' . ESPN . April 25 , 2016 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Borges , Ron ( September 1 , 2000 ) . `` Coming to terms with the system '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2000 . Retrieved October 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Guregian , Karen ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` Scott Pioli starts life as lone boss in Kansas City '' . Boston Herald . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2012 . Retrieved October 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Long , Mark ( February 6 , 2005 ) . `` Versatile Vrabel vaults into Super Bowl lore '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2008 . Retrieved October 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bell , Jarrett ( January 24 , 2005 ) . `` Patriots all about the rings '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` # 3 New England Patriots '' . Forbes . September 2 , 2011 . Retrieved October 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Team Valuations '' . Forbes . September 2 , 2011 . Retrieved October 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( September 7 , 2011 ) . `` The NFL 's Most Valuable Teams '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` The World 's 50 Most Valuable Sports Teams 2015 '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sports '' . Gillette Stadium . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots Select FieldTurf for Gillette Stadium '' . FieldTurf . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Patriot Place '' . Patriot Place . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sessler , Marc ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` New England Patriots debut new , bolder logo '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Patriots ' Uniform Evolves From Flying Elvis Over The Years '' . NESN . July 20 , 2013 . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of NFL Uniforms : New England Patriots '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Evolution of the Patriots ' Uniform '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New NFL Safety Rule Forbids Alternate Helmets '' . Bleacher Report . September 18 , 2013 . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fiske , Angelique ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Check out the 2016 Patriots Color Rush Jerseys '' . New England Patriots . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Hall at Patriot Place '' . New England Patriots . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Coates elected to Patriots Hall of Fame '' . New England Patriots . July 7 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2008 . Retrieved July 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Hall at Patriot Place Presented by Raytheon Hall of Fame ! '' . New England Patriots . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2005 . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots Hall of Fame Senior Selection Committee formed '' . New England Patriots . March 25 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2012 . Retrieved March 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Finn , Chad ( March 24 , 2009 ) . `` Sullivan inducted into team 's Hall '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Patriots Anniversary Teams '' . New England Patriots . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Retrieved March 30 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Patriots All - Decade teams announced '' . New England Patriots . March 31 , 2009 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots All - Decade Team '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Patriots Cheerleaders and Appearances '' . New England Patriots . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2011 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` It 's a Celebration : Best NFL Touchdown Rituals '' . ESPN . Josh Pahigian . December 13 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : `` Media Center -- Radio Stations '' . New England Patriots . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2011 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Further reading Fox , Larry ( 1979 ) . The New England Patriots : Triumph & Tragedy . Macmillan Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 689 - 10992 - X Hyldburg , Bob ( 2009 ) . Total Patriots : The Definitive Encyclopedia of the World - Class Franchise . Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 60078 - 099 - 7 Holley , Michael ( 2004 ) . Patriot Reign : Bill Belichick , the Coaches , and the Players Who Built a Champion . William Morrow and Company . ISBN 0 - 06 - 075794 - 9 Price , Christopher ( 2007 ) . The Blueprint : How the New England Patriots Beat the System to Create the Last Great NFL Superpower . Thomas Dunne Books . ISBN 0 - 312 - 36838 - 0 Lavin , James ( 2005 ) . Management Secrets of the New England Patriots : From Patsies to Triple Super Bowl Champs ; Vol. 1 . Pointer Press . ISBN 0 - 9762039 - 5 - 2 Lavin , James ( 2005 ) . Management Secrets of the New England Patriots : From Patsies to Triple Super Bowl Champs ; Vol. 2 . Pointer Press . ISBN 0 - 9762039 - 8 - 7 Glennon , Sean ( 2008 ) . The Good , the Bad & the Ugly New England Patriots : Heart - pounding , Jaw - dropping , and Gut - wrenching Moments from New England Patriots History . Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 60078 - 118 - 7 Felger , Michael ( 2004 ) . Tales from the Patriots Sideline . Sports Publishing LLC . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 525 - X Donaldson , Jim ( 2009 ) . Then Belichick Said to Brady : The Best New England Patriots Stories Ever Told . Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 60078 - 239 - 6 Donaldson , Jim ( 2005 ) . Stadium Stories : New England Patriots . Globe Pequot . ISBN 0 - 7627 - 3788 - 3 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to New England Patriots . Official website Works by or about New England Patriots in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) `` New England Patriots collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . New England Patriots Founded in 1960 Formerly the Boston Patriots ( 1960 -- 70 ) Based and headquartered in Foxborough , Massachusetts Franchise Franchise History Hall of Fame The Hall at Patriot Place Seasons Players Coaches First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Strategy Broadcasters Stadiums Nickerson Field Fenway Park Alumni Stadium Harvard Stadium Foxboro Stadium Gillette Stadium Culture Billy Sullivan Robert Kraft Jonathan Kraft Pat Patriot Cheerleaders `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' `` Crazy Train '' Patriot Reign Family Guy `` Patriot Games '' `` 3 Acts of God '' `` Gronkowsbees '' `` Stunning and Brave '' ( South Park episode ) Lore Snowplow Game St. Louis Stallions Tuck Rule Game Spygate 2007 game vs. New York Giants Helmet Catch Butt fumble Deflategate 28 -- 3 Rivalries Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New York Jets Denver Broncos Indianapolis Colts Brady -- Manning rivalry Division championships ( 19 ) 1963 1978 1986 1997 2001 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Conference championships ( 9 ) 1985 2001 2003 2007 2011 2014 2016 League championships ( 5 ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2016 ( LI ) Retired numbers 20 40 56 57 73 78 79 89 Media Broadcasters WBZ - FM Radio network Gil Santos Gino Cappelletti Bob Socci Scott Zolak Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Links to related articles National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Awards All - Pro Numbers ( retired ) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger International Foreign players London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Media TV NFL Network Radio Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement NFLPA Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Tied games Canceled games Lockouts Controversies Cheerleading Mascots Color Rush American Football League Eastern Division Boston Patriots Buffalo Bills Houston Oilers New York Titans / Jets Miami Dolphins Western Division Denver Broncos Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders Cincinnati Bengals General Seasons Playoffs All - League Teams All - Star game AFL Draft All - Time Team AFL -- NFL merger NFL Thanksgiving Day games Players Officials Broadcasters ABC AFL All - Star Game AFL Championship Game Boston Patriots Buffalo Bills Cincinnati Bengals Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs Denver Broncos Houston Oilers NBC Los Angeles / San Diego Chargers Miami Dolphins New York Titans / Jets Oakland Raiders Super Bowl Commissioners Joe Foss Al Davis Milt Woodard ( President ) Sports teams based in Massachusetts Australian rules football USAFL Boston Demons Baseball MLB Boston Red Sox NYPL Lowell Spinners CCBL Bourne Braves Brewster Whitecaps Chatham Anglers Cotuit Kettleers Falmouth Commodores Harwich Mariners Hyannis Harbor Hawks Orleans Firebirds Wareham Gatemen Yarmouth -- Dennis Red Sox FCBL Brockton Rox Martha 's Vineyard Sharks North Shore Navigators Pittsfield Suns Wachusett Dirt Dawgs Worcester Bravehearts NECBL New Bedford Bay Sox North Adams SteepleCats Plymouth Pilgrims Valley Blue Sox Basketball NBA Boston Celtics Football NFL New England Patriots WFA Boston Renegades Hockey NHL Boston Bruins AHL Springfield Thunderbirds ECHL Worcester Railers NWHL Boston Pride CWHL Boston Blades Lacrosse MLL Boston Cannons UWLX Boston Storm Roller derby WFTDA Bay State Brawlers Roller Derby Boston Roller Derby MRDA Pioneer Valley Roller Derby Rugby league USARL Boston Thirteens Oneida FC Rugby union RSL Boston RFC NERFU Boston Irish Wolfhounds Mystic River South Shore Anchors Soccer MLS New England Revolution NWSL Boston Breakers PDL FC Boston Western Mass Pioneers NPSL Boston City FC Greater Lowell NPSL FC Champions Soccer League USA Greater Lowell United FC UWS New England Mutiny WPSL Boston Breakers Academy Boston Breakers Reserves Boston Breakers U23 FC Stars FC Stars U23 Ultimate Club Boston Ironsides College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) AIC Yellow Jackets ( ice hockey ) Bentley Falcons ( ice hockey ) Boston College Eagles Boston University Terriers Harvard Crimson Holy Cross Crusaders UMass Minutemen and Minutewomen UMass Lowell River Hawks Merrimack Warriors ( ice hockey ) Northeastern Huskies VIAF : 152400362 LCCN : n82010743 ISNI : 0000 0004 0471 940X Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_England_Patriots&oldid=809008006 '' Categories : New England Patriots 1960 establishments in Massachusetts American Football League teams American football teams in Boston Boston Patriots Foxborough , Massachusetts National Football League teams Sports clubs established in 1960 Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2017 Good articles All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles to be expanded from January 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with inconsistent citation formats Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 16 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20England%20Patriots	723
why might a common word like whisper be considered an example of onomatopoeia			Onomatopoeia	onomatopoeia	An onomatopoeia ( / ˌɒnəˌmætəˈpiːə , - ˌmɑː - / ( listen ) ; from the Greek ὀνοματοποιία ; ὄνομα for `` name '' and ποιέω for `` I make '' , adjectival form : `` onomatopoeic '' or `` onomatopoetic '' ) is a word that phonetically imitates , resembles or suggests the sound that it describes . As an uncountable noun , onomatopoeia refers to the property of such words . Common occurrences of onomatopoeia include animal noises such as `` oink '' , `` miaow '' ( or `` meow '' ) , `` roar '' and `` chirp '' . Onomatopoeia can differ between languages : it conforms to some extent to the broader linguistic system ; hence the sound of a clock may be expressed as tick tock in English , tictac in Spanish , dī dā in Mandarin , katchin katchin in Japanese , or `` tik - tik '' in Hindi .	Although in the English language the term onomatopoeia means `` the imitation of a sound '' , the compound word onomatopoeia ( ὀνοματοποιία ) in the Greek language means `` making or creating names '' . For words that imitate sounds , the term ὴχομιμητικό ( echomimetico ) or echomimetic ) is used . ὴχομιμητικό ( echomimetico ) derives from ὴχώ , meaning echo or sound , and μιμητικό , meaning mimetic or imitation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Uses 1.1 Cross-cultural differences 1.2 Onomatopoeic effect without onomatopoeia words 2 Comics and advertising 2.1 Manner imitation 3 Examples in media 4 Cross-linguistic examples 5 In linguistics 6 The evolution of language 7 Role in early language acquisition 8 In other languages 8.1 Japanese 8.2 Malay 8.3 Arabic 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 General references 11 External links Uses A bang flag gun , a humouristic novelty item Further information : List of animal sounds In the case of a frog croaking , the spelling may vary because different frog species around the world make different sounds : Ancient Greek brekekekex koax koax ( only in Aristophanes ' comic play The Frogs ) probably for marsh frogs ; English ribbit for species of frog found in North America ; English verb croak for the common frog . Some other very common English - language examples are hiccup , zoom , bang , beep , moo , and splash . Machines and their sounds are also often described with onomatopoeia : honk or beep - beep for the horn of an automobile , and vroom or brum for the engine . In speaking of a mishap involving an audible arcing of electricity , the word `` zap '' is often used ( and its use has been extended to describe non-auditory effects generally connoting the same sort of localized but thorough interference or destruction similar to that produced in short - circuit sparking ) . Human sounds sometimes provide instances of onomatopoeia , as when mwah is used to represent a kiss . For animal sounds , words like quack ( duck ) , moo ( cow ) , bark or woof ( dog ) , roar ( lion ) , meow / miaow or purr ( cat ) , cluck ( chicken ) and baa ( sheep ) are typically used in English ( both as nouns and as verbs ) . Some languages flexibly integrate onomatopoeic words into their structure . This may evolve into a new word , up to the point that it is no longer recognized as onomatopoeia . One example is English `` bleat '' for the sheep noise : in medieval times it was pronounced approximately as `` blairt '' ( but without an R - component ) , or `` blet '' with the vowel drawled , which more closely resembles a sheep noise than the modern pronunciation . An example of the opposite case is `` cuckoo '' , which , due to continuous familiarity with the bird noise down the centuries , has kept approximately the same pronunciation as in Anglo - Saxon times and its vowels have not changed as they have in the word furrow . Verba dicendi ( `` words of saying '' ) are a method of integrating onomatopoeia and ideophones into grammar . Sometimes things are named from the sounds they make . In English , for example , there is the universal fastener which is named for the sound it makes : the zip ( in the UK ) or zipper ( in the U.S. ) Many birds are named after their calls , such as the bobwhite quail , the weero , the morepork , the killdeer , chickadees and jays , the cuckoo , the chiffchaff , the whooping crane , the whip - poor - will , and the kookaburra . In Tamil and Malayalam , the word for crow is kaakaa . This practice is especially common in certain languages such as Māori , and so in names of animals borrowed from these languages . Cross-cultural differences Although a particular sound is heard similarly by people of different cultures , it is often expressed through the use of different consonant strings in different languages . For example , the snip of a pair of scissors is cri - cri in Italian , riqui - riqui in Spanish , terre - terre or treque - treque in Portuguese , krits - krits in modern Greek and katr - katr in Hindi . Similarly , the `` honk '' of a car 's horn is ba - ba ( Han : 叭叭 ) in Mandarin , tut - tut in French , pu - pu in Japanese , bbang - bbang in Korean , bært - bært in Norwegian , fom - fom in Portuguese and bim - bim in Vietnamese . Onomatopoeic effect without onomatopoeia words Onomatopoeic effect can also be produced in a phrase or word string with the help of alliteration and consonance alone , without using any onomatopoeic words . The most famous example is the phrase `` furrow followed free '' in Samuel Taylor Coleridge 's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner . The words `` followed '' and `` free '' are not onomatopoeic in themselves , but in conjunction with `` furrow '' they reproduce the sound of ripples following in the wake of a speeding ship . Similarly , alliteration has been used in the line `` as the surf surged up the sun swept shore ... '' , to recreate the sound of breaking waves , in the poem `` I , She and the Sea '' . Comics and advertising A sound effect of breaking a door Comic strips and comic books make extensive use of onomatopoeia . Popular culture historian Tim DeForest noted the impact of writer - artist Roy Crane ( 1901 -- 1977 ) , the creator of Captain Easy and Buz Sawyer : It was Crane who pioneered the use of onomatopoeic sound effects in comics , adding `` bam , '' `` pow '' and `` wham '' to what had previously been an almost entirely visual vocabulary . Crane had fun with this , tossing in an occasional `` ker - splash '' or `` lickety - wop '' along with what would become the more standard effects . Words as well as images became vehicles for carrying along his increasingly fast - paced storylines . In 2002 , DC Comics introduced a villain named Onomatopoeia , an athlete , martial artist and weapons expert who often speaks sounds . Advertising uses onomatopoeia as a mnemonic , so that consumers will remember their products , as in Alka - Seltzer 's `` Plop , plop , fizz , fizz . Oh , what a relief it is ! '' jingle , recorded in two different versions ( big band and rock ) by Sammy Davis , Jr . Rice Krispies ( US and UK ) and Rice Bubbles ( AU ) make a `` snap , crackle , pop '' when one pours on milk . During the 1930s , the illustrator Vernon Grant developed Snap , Crackle and Pop as gnome - like mascots for the Kellogg Company . Sounds appear in road safety advertisements : `` clunk click , every trip '' ( click the seatbelt on after clunking the car door closed ; UK campaign ) or `` click , clack , front and back '' ( click , clack of connecting the seatbelts ; AU campaign ) or `` click it or ticket '' ( click of the connecting seatbelt , with the implied penalty of a traffic ticket for not using a seatbelt ; US DOT ( Department of Transportation ) campaign ) . The sound of the container opening and closing gives Tic Tac its name . Manner imitation Main article : Ideophone In many of the world 's languages , onomatopoeia - like words are used to describe phenomena beyond the purely auditive . Japanese often uses such words to describe feelings or figurative expressions about objects or concepts . For instance , Japanese barabara is used to reflect an object 's state of disarray or separation , and shiiin is the onomatopoetic form of absolute silence ( used at the time an English speaker might expect to hear the sound of crickets chirping or a pin dropping in a silent room , or someone coughing ) . It is used in English as well with terms like bling , which describes the glinting of light on things like gold , chrome or precious stones . In Japanese , kirakira is used for glittery things . Examples in media James Joyce in Ulysses ( 1922 ) coined the onomatopoeic tattarrattat for a knock on the door . It is listed as the longest palindromic word in The Oxford English Dictionary . Whaam ! ( 1963 ) by Roy Lichtenstein is an early example of pop art , featuring a reproduction of comic book art that depicts a fighter aircraft striking another with rockets with dazzling red and yellow explosions . In the 1960s TV series Batman , comic book style onomatopoeias such as wham ! , pow ! , biff ! , crunch ! and zounds ! appear onscreen during fight scenes . Ubisoft 's XIII employed the use of comic book onomatopoeias such as bam ! , boom ! and noooo ! during gameplay for gunshots , explosions and kills , respectively . The comic - book style is apparent throughout the game and is a core theme , and the game is an adaptation of a comic book of the same name . The chorus of American popular songwriter John Prine 's song `` Onomatopoeia '' cleverly incorporates onomatopoeic words ( though as discussed , ' ouch ! ' is not the sound of pain ) : `` Bang ! went the pistol . Crash ! went the window . Ouch ! went the son of a gun . Onomatopoeia I do n't wan na see ya Speaking in a foreign tongue . '' The marble game KerPlunk is an onomatopoeia for the sound of the marbles dropping when one too many sticks has been removed . The Nickelodeon cartoon KaBlam ! is implied to be onomotapoeic to a crash . Each episode of the TV series Harper 's Island is given an onomatopoeic name which imitates the sound made in that episode when a character dies . For example , in the episode titled `` Bang '' a character is shot and fatally wounded , with the `` Bang '' mimicking the sound of the gunshot . Mad Magazine cartoonist Don Martin , already popular for his exaggerated artwork , often employed comic - book style onomatopoeic `` sound effects '' in his drawings ( for example , `` thwizzit '' is the sound of a sheet of paper being yanked from a typewriter ) . Fans have compiled The Don Martin Dictionary , cataloguing each `` sound '' and its `` meaning '' . Cross-linguistic examples Main article : Cross-linguistic onomatopoeias In linguistics A key component of language is its arbitrariness and what a word can represent , as a word is a sound created by humans with attached meaning to said sound . No one can determine the meaning of a word purely by how it sounds . However , in onomatopoeic words these sounds are much less arbitrary ; they are connected in their imitation of other objects or sounds in nature . Vocal sounds in the imitation of natural sounds does n't necessarily gain meaning , but can gain symbolic meaning . An example of this sound symbolism in the English language is the use of words starting with sn - . Some of these words symbolize concepts related to the nose ( sneeze , snot , snore ) . This does not mean that all words with that sound relate to the nose , but at some level we recognize a sort of symbolism associated with the sound itself . Onomatopoeia , while a facet of language , is also in a sense outside of the confines of language . In linguistics , onomatopoeia is described as the connection , or symbolism , of a sound that is interpreted and reproduced within the context of a language , usually out of mimicry of a sound . It is a figure of speech , in a sense . Considered a vague term on its own , there are a few varying defining factors in classifying onomatopoeia . In one manner , it is defined simply as the imitation of some kind of non-vocal sound using the vocal sounds of a language , like the hum of a bee being imitated with a `` buzz '' sound . In another sense , it is described as the phenomena of making a new word entirely . Onomatopoeia work in the sense of symbolizing an idea in a phonological context , not necessarily constituting a direct meaningful word in the process . The symbolic properties of a sound in a word , or a phoneme , is related to a sound in an environment , and are restricted in part by a language 's own phonetic inventory , hence why many languages can have distinct onomatopoeia for the same natural sound . Depending on a language 's connection to a sound 's meaning , that language 's onomatopoeia inventory can differ proportionally . For example , a language like English generally holds little symbolic representation when it comes to sounds , hence why English tends to have a smaller representation of sound mimicry then a language like Japanese , which overall has a much higher amount of symbolism related to the sounds of the language . The evolution of language In ancient Greek philosophy , onomatopoeia was used as evidence for how natural a language was : it was theorized that language itself was derived from natural sounds in the world around us ; symbolism in sounds was seen as deriving from this . Some linguists hold that onomatopoeia may have been the first form of human language . In the development of a language , sounds that are associated with natural objects then go on to form words with related meanings . For example , gl - at the beginning of an English word can denote something that is shining or iridescent ( e.g. glitter , glisten , gleam ) . Role in early language acquisition When first exposed to sound and communication , humans are biologically inclined to mimic the sounds they hear , whether they are actual pieces of language or other natural sounds . This early on in development , an infant will vary his / her utterances between sounds that are well established within the phonetic range of the language ( s ) most heavily spoken in their environment , which may be called `` tame '' onomatopoeia , and the full range of sounds that the vocal tract can produce , or `` wild '' onomatopoeia . As one begins to acquire one 's first language , the proportion of `` wild '' onomatopoeia reduces in favor of sounds which are congruent with those of the language they are acquiring . During the native language acquisition period , it has been documented that infants may react strongly to the more wild speech features to which they are exposed , compared to more tame and familiar speech features . But the results of such tests are inconclusive , and can vary with factors of language and between individual infants . In the context of language acquisition , sound symbolism has been shown to play an important role . The association of foreign words to subjects and how they relate to general objects , such as the association of the words takete and baluma with either a round or angular shape , has been tested to see how languages symbolize sounds . In other languages Japanese Onomatopoeia , or giongo in Japanese , is common in the Japanese language , from day to day conversation to serious news . In general , onomatopoeia in Japanese can be categorized into three types : Giseigo : Onomatopoeia that mimics humans and animals . ( e.g. WanWan for a dog 's bark ) Giongo : Onomatopoeia that mimics general noises in nature or inanimate objects . ( e.g. zaazaa for rain on a roof ) Gitaigo : Onomatopoeia that describes states of being , not sounds . ( e.g. mushimushi , uncomfortably warm ) Japanese also uses a system of sound symbolic words called mimetics . Though not entirely different from onomatopoeia , words that are mimetic are generally distinguished from onomatopoeia . Mimetic , or gitaigo in Japanese , words are a phonological representation of some kind of state of being , or something that does n't exactly make sound . Sometimes Japanese onomatopoeia produces reduplicated words . Malay There is a documented correlation within the Malay language of onomatopoeia that begin with the sound bu - and the implication of something that is rounded . As well as with the sound of - lok within a word conveying curvature in such words like lok , kelok and telok ( locomotive , cove and curve respectively ) . Arabic Within the Qur'an , written in Arabic , instances of onomatopoeia are documented . Out of about 77,701 words , there are 9 words that are onomatopoeic , 3 which are animal sounds ( e.g. mooing ) , 2 which are sounds of nature ( e.g. thunder ) and 4 that are human sounds ( e.g. whisper or groan ) . See also Anguish Languish Japanese sound symbolism List of animal sounds List of onomatopoeias Sound mimesis in various cultures Sound symbolism Vocal learning References Notes Jump up ^ Wells , John C. ( 2008 ) , Longman Pronunciation Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) , Longman , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4058 - 8118 - 0 Jump up ^ Roach , Peter ( 2011 ) , Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary ( 18th ed . ) , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 15253 - 2 Jump up ^ ὀνοματοποιία , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Jump up ^ ὄνομα , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Jump up ^ ποιέω , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Jump up ^ Onomatopoeia as a Figure and a Linguistic Principle , Hugh Bredin , The Johns Hopkins University , Retrieved November 14 , 2013 Jump up ^ Definition of Onomatopoeia , Retrieved November 14 , 2013 Jump up ^ Basic Reading of Sound Words - Onomatopoeia , Yale University , retrieved October 11 , 2013 Jump up ^ English Oxford Living Dictionaries Jump up ^ Earl Anderson , A Grammar of Iconism , Fairleigh Dickinson , 1999 Jump up ^ DeForest , Tim ( 2004 ) . Storytelling in the Pulps , Comics , and Radio : How Technology Changed Popular Fiction in America . McFarland . Jump up ^ James Joyce ( 1982 ) . Ulysses . Editions Artisan Devereaux . pp. 434 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 936694 - 38 - 9 ... I was just beginning to yawn with nerves thinking he was trying to make a fool of me when I knew his tattarrattat at the door he must ... Jump up ^ O.A. Booty ( 1 January 2002 ) . Funny Side of English . Pustak Mahal . pp. 203 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 223 - 0799 - 3 . The longest palindromic word in English has 12 letters : tattarrattat . This word , appearing in the Oxford English Dictionary , was invented by James Joyce and used in his book Ulysses ( 1922 ) , and is an imitation of the sound of someone ... Jump up ^ Assaneo , María Florencia ; Nichols , Juan Ignacio ; Trevisan , Marcos Alberto ( 2011 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The anatomy of onomatopoeia '' . PLoS One . 6 ( 12 ) : e28317 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0028317 . ISSN 1932 - 6203 . PMC 3237459 . PMID 22194825 . ^ Jump up to : RHODES , R ( 1994 ) . `` Aural Images '' . In J. Ohala , L. Hinton & J. Nichols ( eds . ) Sound Symbolism . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ^ Jump up to : `` The Study of Onomatopoeia in the Muslims ' Holy Write : Qur'an : OneSearch for Articles , Books , and More '' . eds.a.ebscohost.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Bredin , Hugh ( 1996 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Onomatopoeia as a Figure and a Linguistic Principle '' . New Literary History . 27 ( 3 ) : 555 -- 569 . doi : 10.1353 / nlh. 1996.0031 . ISSN 1080 - 661X . ^ Jump up to : Laing , C.E. ( 2014 - 09 - 15 ) . `` A phonological analysis of onomatopoeia in early word production '' . First Language . doi : 10.1177 / 0142723714550110 . ^ Jump up to : Osaka , Naoyuki ( 1990 ) . `` Multidimensional Analysis of Onomatopoeia - A note to make sensory scale from word '' ( PDF ) . Studia phonologica : 25 -- 33 -- via Kyoto University Research Information Repository . Jump up ^ Assaneo , María Florencia ; Nichols , Juan Ignacio ; Trevisan , Marcos Alberto ( 2011 - 12 - 14 ) . `` The Anatomy of Onomatopoeia '' . PLoS ONE . 6 ( 12 ) : e28317 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0028317 . ISSN 1932 - 6203 . PMC 3237459 . PMID 22194825 . Jump up ^ INOSE , HIROKO . `` Translating Japanese Onomatopoeia and Mimetic Words . '' N.p. , n.d. Web . Jump up ^ WILKINSON , R.J. ( 1936 - 01 - 01 ) . `` ONOMATOPOEIA IN MALAY '' . Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society . 14 ( 3 ( 126 ) ) : 72 -- 88 . JSTOR 41559855 . General references Crystal , David ( 1997 ) . The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 55967 - 7 . Smyth , Herbert Weir ( 1920 ) . Greek Grammar . Cambridge MA : Harvard University Press . p. 680 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 36250 - 0 . External links Look up onomatopoeia in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Onomatopoeia . Derek Abbott 's Animal Noise Page Over 300 Examples of Onomatopoeia BBC Radio 4 show discussing animal noises Tutorial on Drawing Onomatopoeia for Comics and Cartoons ( using fonts ) WrittenSound , onomatopoeic word list Examples of Onomatopeia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Onomatopoeia&oldid=843875169 '' Categories : Types of words Onomatopoeia Poetic devices Style ( fiction ) Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2017 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from May 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 52 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 June 2018 , at 02 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onomatopoeia	575
who works behind the bar in coronation street			Coronation Street	coronation street	Coronation Street ( informally known as Corrie ) is a British soap opera created by Granada Television and shown on ITV since 9 December 1960 . The programme centres on Coronation Street in Weatherfield , a fictional town based on inner - city Salford , its terraced houses , café , corner shop , newsagents , building yard , taxicab office , salon , restaurant , textile factory and the Rovers Return pub . In the show 's fictional history , the street was built in 1902 and named in honour of the coronation of King Edward VII .	The show typically airs six times a week : Monday , Wednesday and Friday 7 : 30 -- 8 pm and 8 : 30 -- 9 pm , however this occasionally varies due to sport or around Christmas and New Year . The programme was conceived in 1960 by scriptwriter Tony Warren at Granada Television in Manchester . Warren 's initial kitchen sink drama proposal was rejected by the station 's founder Sidney Bernstein , but he was persuaded by producer Harry Elton to produce the programme for 13 pilot episodes . Within six months of the show 's first broadcast , it had become the most - watched programme on British television , and is now a significant part of British culture . The show has been one of the most lucrative programmes on British commercial television , underpinning the success of Granada Television and ITV . Coronation Street is made by Granada Television at MediaCity Manchester and shown in all ITV regions , as well as internationally . On 17 September 2010 , it became the world 's longest - running TV soap opera in production . On 23 September 2015 , Coronation Street was broadcast live to mark ITV 's 60th anniversary . Coronation Street is noted for its depiction of a down - to - earth , working - class community , combined with light - hearted humour and strong characters . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1960s 1.2 1970s 1.3 1980s 1.4 1990s 1.5 2000s 1.6 2010s 2 Characters 3 Storylines 4 Production 4.1 Broadcast format 4.2 Production staff 4.3 Theme music 4.4 Viewing figures 4.5 Sets 5 Broadcast 5.1 United Kingdom 5.2 International 6 Merchandise 6.1 Discography 7 Spin - offs and specials 7.1 Corrie Extra ! 7.2 Stage 7.3 Films 7.4 50th anniversary ( 2010 ) 7.5 Crossovers 7.6 Corrie in popular culture 8 Sponsorship 8.1 Show sponsors 9 Awards and nominations 10 Producers 11 See also 12 Footnotes 13 Print references 14 Video and DVD references 15 External links History ( edit ) 1960s ( edit ) The first episode was aired on 9 December 1960 at 7 pm , and was not initially a critical success ; Daily Mirror columnist Ken Irwin claimed the series would only last three weeks . Granada Television had commissioned only 13 episodes , and some inside the company doubted the show would last beyond its planned production run . Despite the criticism , viewers were immediately drawn into the serial , won over by Coronation Street 's ' ordinary ' characters . The programme also made use of Northern English language and dialect ; affectionate local terms like `` eh , chuck ? '' , `` nowt '' ( / ˈnaʊt / , from nought , meaning nothing ) , and `` by ' eck ! '' became widely heard on British television for the first time . Ken Barlow in the first episode of Coronation Street , 1960 Early episodes told the story of student Kenneth Barlow ( William Roache ) , who had won a place at university , and thus found his working - class background something of an embarrassment . The character was one of the few to have experienced life ' outside ' of Coronation Street . In some ways this predicts the growth of globalisation , and the decline of similar communities . In an episode from 1961 , Barlow declares : `` You ca n't go on just thinking about your own street these days . We 're living with people on the other side of the world . There 's more to worry about than Elsie Tanner and her boyfriends . '' Roache is the only remaining member of the original cast , which makes him the longest - serving actor in Coronation Street , and in British and global soap history . At the centre of many early stories , there was Ena Sharples ( Violet Carson ) , caretaker of the Glad Tidings Mission Hall , and her friends : timid Minnie Caldwell ( Margot Bryant ) , and bespectacled Martha Longhurst ( Lynne Carol ) . The trio were likened to the Greek chorus , and the three witches in William Shakespeare 's Macbeth , as they would sit in the snug bar of the Rovers Return , passing judgement over family , neighbours and frequently each other . Headstrong Ena often clashed with Elsie Tanner , whom she believed espoused a dauntlessly loose set of morals . Elsie resented Ena 's interference and gossip , which most of the time had little basis in reality . In April 1961 , Jed Stone made his first appearance and returned the following year in 1962 . He left in 1963 , but returned three years later in 1966 . He left again and then returned 42 years later in 2008 . In March 1961 , Coronation Street reached No. 1 in the television ratings and remained there for the rest of the year . Earlier in 1961 , a Television Audience Measurement ( TAM ) showed that 75 % of available viewers ( 15 million ) tuned into Corrie , and by 1964 the programme had over 20 million regular viewers , with ratings peaking on 2 December 1964 , at 21.36 million viewers . Storylines throughout the decade included : a mystery poison - pen letter received by Elsie Tanner , the 1962 marriage of Ken Barlow and Valerie Tatlock , the death of Martha Longhurst in 1964 , the birth of the Barlow twins in 1965 , Elsie Tanner 's wedding to Steve Tanner and a train crashing from the viaduct ( both in 1967 ) , the murder of Steve Tanner in 1968 , and a coach crash in 1969 . In spite of rising popularity with viewers , Coronation Street was criticised by some for its outdated portrayal of the urban working class , and its representation of a community that was a nostalgic fantasy . After the first episode in 1960 , the Daily Mirror printed : `` The programme is doomed from the outset ... For there is little reality in this new serial , which apparently , we have to suffer twice a week . '' By 1967 , critics were suggesting that the programme no longer reflected life in 1960s Britain , but reflected how life was in the 1950s . Granada hurried to update the programme , with the hope of introducing more issue - driven stories , including Lucille Hewitt becoming addicted to drugs , Jerry Booth being in a storyline about homosexuality , Emily Nugent having an out of wedlock child , and introducing a black family , but all of these ideas were dropped for fear of upsetting viewers . 1970s ( edit ) The show 's production team was tested when many core cast members left the programme in the early 1970s . When Arthur Leslie died suddenly in 1970 , his character , Rovers ' landlord Jack Walker , died with him . Anne Reid quit as Valerie Barlow , and was killed off in 1971 , electrocuting herself with a faulty hairdryer . Ratings reached a low of eight million in February 1973 , Pat Phoenix quit as Elsie Tanner , Violet Carson ( Ena Sharples ) was written out for most of the year due to illness , and Doris Speed ( Annie Walker ) took two months ' leave due to bereavement . The audience of ITV 's other flagship soap opera Crossroads increased markedly at this time , as its established cast , such as Meg Richardson ( Noele Gordon ) , grew in popularity . These sudden departures forced the writing team to quickly develop characters who had previously stood in the background . The roles of Bet Lynch ( Julie Goodyear ) , Ivy Tilsley ( Lynne Perrie ) , Deirdre Hunt ( Anne Kirkbride ) , Rita Littlewood ( Barbara Knox ) , and Mavis Riley ( Thelma Barlow ) were built up between 1972 and 1973 with characters such as Gail Potter ( Helen Worth ) , Blanche Hunt ( Patricia Cutts , Maggie Jones ) , and Vera Duckworth ( Elizabeth Dawn ) first appearing in 1974 . These characters would remain at the centre of the programme for many years . Comic storylines had been popular in the series in the 1960s , but had become sparse during the early 1970s . These were re-introduced by new producer Bill Podmore who joined the series in 1976 . He had worked on Granada comedy productions prior to his appointment . Stan and Hilda Ogden were often at the centre of overtly funny storylines , with other comic characters including Eddie Yeats ( Geoffrey Hughes ) , Fred Gee ( Fred Feast ) , and Jack Duckworth ( William Tarmey ) all making their first appearances during the decade . In 1976 , Pat Phoenix returned to her role as Elsie Tanner and , after a spate of ill health , Violet Carson returned on a more regular basis as Ena . Coronation Street 's stalwart cast slotted back into the programme alongside the newcomers , examining new relationships between characters of different ages and backgrounds : Eddie Yeats became the Ogdens ' lodger , Gail Potter and Suzie Birchall moved in with Elsie , Mike Baldwin ( Johnny Briggs ) arrived in 1976 as the tough factory boss , and Annie Walker reigned at the Rovers with her trio of staff Bet Lynch , Betty Turpin , and Fred Gee . Storylines throughout the decade included : a warehouse fire in 1975 , the birth of Tracy Langton in 1977 , the murder of Ernest Bishop in 1978 , a lorry crashing into the Rovers Return in 1979 , and the marriage of Brian Tilsley and Gail Potter ( also in 1979 ) . For eleven weeks , between August and October 1979 , industrial action forced Coronation Street and the entire ITV network ( apart from the Channel Islands ) off the air . When ITV did return , its first evening schedule included a special `` catch - up '' edition of Coronation Street . This included storylines which would have taken place during the strike , and they were explained in the form of a narrative chat between Len Fairclough and Bet Lynch . For several weeks the channel had very few fresh episodes to show , and episodes of the game show 3 - 2 - 1 were screened in its place . Coronation Street returned to ITV screens with a regular scheduled time closer to the end of 1979 . Coronation Street had little competition within its prime time slot , and certain critics suggested that the programme had grown complacent , moving away from socially viable storylines and again presenting a dated view of working class life . 1980s ( edit ) Between 1980 and 1989 , Coronation Street underwent some of the biggest changes since its launch . By May 1984 , Ken Barlow stood as the only original cast member , after the departures of Ena Sharples ( in 1980 ) , Annie Walker ( in 1983 ) , Elsie Tanner ( in 1984 ) and Albert Tatlock ( also 1984 ) . In 1983 , antihero Len Fairclough ( Peter Adamson ) , one of the show 's central male characters since 1961 , was killed off , and in 1984 , Stan Ogden ( Bernard Youens ) died . While the press predicted the end of Corrie , H.V. Kershaw declared that `` There are no stars in Coronation Street . '' Writers drew on the show 's many archetypes , with established characters stepping into the roles left by the original cast . Phyllis Pearce ( Jill Summers ) was hailed as the new Ena Sharples in 1982 , the Duckworths moved into No. 9 in 1983 and slipped into the role once held by the Ogdens , while Percy Sugden ( Bill Waddington ) appeared in 1983 and took over the grumpy war veteran role from Albert Tatlock . The question of who would take over the Rovers Return after Annie Walker 's 1983 exit was answered in 1985 when Bet Lynch ( who also mirrored the vulnerability and strength of Elsie Tanner ) was installed as landlady . In 1983 , Shirley Armitage became the first major black character in her role as machinist at Baldwin 's Casuals . Ken Barlow married Deirdre Langton on 27 July 1981 . The episode was watched by over 24 million viewers -- more ITV viewers than the wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana two days later . In the 1980s relationships were cemented between established characters : Alf Roberts ( Bryan Mosley ) married Audrey Potter ( Sue Nicholls ) in 1985 , and Kevin Webster ( Michael Le Vell ) married Sally Seddon ( Sally Dynevor ) in 1986 . Bet Lynch married Alec Gilroy in 1987 , and the marriages of Ivy Tilsley and Don Brennan , and of Derek Wilton and Mavis Riley took place in 1988 . In 1982 , the arrival of Channel 4 , and its edgy new soap opera Brookside , was one of the biggest changes for Coronation Street . Unlike Coronation Street , which had a very nostalgic view of working - class life , Brookside brought together working and middle - class families in a more contemporary environment . The dialogue often included expletives and the stories were more hard - hitting , and of the current Zeitgeist . Whereas stories at this time in Coronation Street were largely about family affairs , Brookside concentrated on social affairs such as industrial action , unemployment , and the black market . The BBC also introduced a new prime time soap opera , EastEnders in 1985 . Like Brookside , EastEnders had a more gritty premise than Coronation Street , although unlike Brookside it tended to steer clear of blue language and politicised stories . While ratings for Coronation Street remained consistent throughout the decade , EastEnders regularly obtained higher viewing figures due to its omnibus episodes shown at weekends . With prime time competition , Corrie was again seen as being old fashioned , with the introduction of the ' normal ' Clayton family in 1985 being a failure with viewers . Between 1988 and 1989 , many aspects of the show were modernised by new producer David Liddiment . A new exterior set had been built in 1982 , and in 1989 it was redeveloped to include new houses and shops . Production techniques were also changed with a new studio being built , and the inclusion of more location filming , which had moved the show from being shot on film to videotape in 1988 . Due to new pressures , an introduction of the third weekly episode aired on 20 October 1989 , to broadcast each Friday at 7 : 30 pm . The 1980s featured some of the most prominent storylines in the programme 's history , such as Deirdre Barlow 's affair with Mike Baldwin in 1983 , the first soap storyline to receive widespread media attention . The feud between Ken Barlow and Mike Baldwin would continue for many years , with Mike even marrying Ken 's daughter , Susan . In 1986 , there was a fire at the Rovers Return , which attracted an audience of just under 27 million , and between 1986 and 1989 , the story of Rita Fairclough 's psychological abuse at the hands of Alan Bradley ( Mark Eden ) , and then his subsequent death under the wheels of a Blackpool tram , was played out . The episode of Alan 's death under the tram gave Coronation Street its highest ratings ever at 26.9 million , and it is the ninth-most watched UK broadcast of all time . Other stories included : the birth of Nicky Tilsley in 1980 , Elsie Tanner 's departure and Stan Ogden 's funeral in 1984 , the birth of Sarah - Louise Tilsley in 1987 , and Brian Tilsley 's murder in 1989 . New characters were introduced , such as Terry Duckworth ( Nigel Pivaro ) , Curly Watts ( Kevin Kennedy ) , Martin Platt ( Sean Wilson ) , Reg Holdsworth ( Ken Morley ) , and the McDonald family ; one of whom , Simon Gregson , started on the show as Steve McDonald a week after his 15th birthday , and has been on the show ever since . 1990s ( edit ) In spite of updated sets and production changes , Coronation Street still received criticism . In 1992 , chairman of the Broadcasting Standards Council , Lord Rees - Mogg , criticised the low - representation of ethnic minorities , and the programme 's portrayal of the cosy familiarity of a bygone era . Some newspapers ran headlines such as `` Coronation Street shuts out blacks '' ( The Times ) , and `` ' Put colour in t'Street '' ( Daily Mirror ) . Patrick Stoddart of The Times wrote : `` The millions who watch Coronation Street -- and who will continue to do so despite Lord Rees - Mogg -- know real life when they see it ... in the most confident and accomplished soap opera television has ever seen '' . Black and Asian characters had appeared , but it was n't until 1999 that the show featured its first regular non-white family , the Desai family . New characters Des and Steph Barnes moved into one of the new houses in 1990 , being dubbed by the media as Yuppies . Raquel Wolstenhulme ( Sarah Lancashire ) first appeared in 1991 and went on to become one of the most popular characters . The McDonald family were developed and the fiery relationships between Liz , Jim , Steve and Andy interested viewers . Other newcomers were Maud Grimes ( Elizabeth Bradley ) , Roy Cropper ( David Neilson ) , Judy and Gary Mallett , as well as Fred Elliot ( John Savident ) and Ashley Peacock ( Steven Arnold ) . The amount of slapstick and physical humour in storylines increased during the 1990s , with comical characters such as Reg Holdsworth and his water bed . In the early 1990s storylines included : the death of newborn Katie McDonald in 1992 , Mike Baldwin 's wedding to Alma Sedgewick ( Amanda Barrie ) in 1992 , Tommy Duckworth being sold by his father Terry in 1993 , Deirdre Barlow 's marriage to Moroccan Samir Rachid , and the rise of Tanya Pooley ( Eva Pope ) between 1993 and 1994 . In 1995 , Julie Goodyear ( Bet Lynch ) left the show . She made brief return appearances in 1999 , 2002 and 2003 . In 1997 , Brian Park took over as producer , with the idea of promoting young characters as opposed to the older cast . On his first day , he cut the characters of Derek Wilton , Don Brennan , Percy Sugden , Bill Webster , Billy Williams , and Maureen Holdsworth . Thelma Barlow , who played Derek 's wife Mavis , was angered by the firing of her co-star and resigned . The production team lost some of its key writers when Barry Hill , Adele Rose and Julian Roach all resigned as well . In line with Park 's suggestion , younger characters were introduced : Nick Tilsley was recast , played by Adam Rickitt , single mother Zoe Tattersall ( Joanne Froggatt ) first appeared , and the Battersbys moved into No. 5 . Storylines focussed on tackling ' issues ' , such as drug dealers , eco-warriors , religious cults , and a transsexual woman . Park quit in 1998 , after deciding that he had done what he intended to do ; he maintained that his biggest achievement was the introduction of Hayley Patterson ( Julie Hesmondhalgh ) , the first transsexual character in a British soap . Some viewers were alienated by the new Coronation Street , and sections of the media voiced their disapproval . Having received criticism of being too out of touch , Corrie now struggled to emulate the more modern Brookside and EastEnders . In the Daily Mirror , Victor Lewis - Smith wrote : `` Apparently it does n't matter that this is a first - class soap opera , superbly scripted and flawlessly performed by a seasoned repertory company . '' One of Coronation Street 's best known storylines took place in March / April 1998 , with Deirdre Rachid being wrongfully imprisoned after a relationship with con - man Jon Lindsay . This episode , when Deirdre was sent to prison , was watched by 19 million viewers , and ' Free the Weatherfield One ' campaigns sprung up in a media frenzy . The then Prime Minister Tony Blair even passed comment on Deirdre 's sentencing in Parliament . Deirdre was freed after three weeks , with Granada stating that they had always intended for her to be released , in spite of the media interest . 2000s ( edit ) On 8 December 2000 , the show celebrated its fortieth year by broadcasting a live , hour - long episode . The Prince of Wales appeared as himself in an ITV News bulletin report . Earlier in the year , 13 - year - old Sarah - Louise Platt ( Tina O'Brien ) had become pregnant and given birth to a baby girl , Bethany , on 4 June . The episode where Gail was told of her daughter 's pregnancy was watched by 15 million viewers . In September 2000 , Mike Baldwin married Linda Sykes but shortly afterwards , his drunken son Mark confessed he and Linda had been having an affair behind his dad 's back . The episode attracted an audience of 16.8 million and in the 2000 British Soap Awards won Best Storyline . From 1999 to 2001 , issue - led storylines were introduced such as Toyah Battersby 's rape , Roy and Hayley Cropper abducting their foster child , Sarah Platt 's Internet chat room abduction and Alma Halliwell 's death from cervical cancer . Such storylines were unpopular with viewers and ratings dropped and in October 2001 , Macnaught was abruptly moved to another Granada department and Carolyn Reynolds took over . Corrie continued to struggle in the ratings , with EastEnders introducing some of its strongest stories . In 2002 , Kieran Roberts was appointed as producer and aimed to re-introduce `` gentle storylines and humour '' , after deciding that the Street should not try to compete with other soaps . In 2002 , Gail Platt married Richard Hillman ( Brian Capron ) , a financial advisor , who would go on to leave Duggie Ferguson to die , murder his ex-wife Patricia , attempt to murder his mother - in - law , Audrey Roberts , murder Maxine Peacock and attempt to murder Emily Bishop . After confessing to the murder of Maxine and his ex-wife , Hillman attempted to kill Gail , her children Sarah and David , and her granddaughter Bethany , by driving them into a canal . The storyline received wide press attention , and viewing figures peaked at 19.4 million , with Hillman dubbed a `` serial killer '' by the media . Todd Grimshaw became Corrie 's first regular homosexual character . In 2003 another gay male character was introduced , Sean Tully played by Antony Cotton . The character of Karen McDonald ( Suranne Jones ) was developed , with her fiery marriage to Steve and warring with Tracy Barlow . In 2004 , Coronation Street retconned the Baldwin family when Mike 's nephew Danny Baldwin and his wife Frankie moved to the area from Essex , with their two sons Jamie and Warren . Until this time , Mike Baldwin had been portrayed as an only child , with his father appearing in the programme between 1980 and 1982 confirming the fact . The bigamy of Peter Barlow and his addiction to alcohol , later in the decade , Maya Sharma 's revenge on former lover Devendra Alahan , Charlie Stubbs 's psychological abuse of Shelley Unwin , and the deaths of Mike Baldwin , Vera Duckworth and Fred Elliott . In 2007 , Tracy Barlow murdered Charlie Stubbs and claiming it was self - defence ; the audience during this storyline peaked at 13.3 million . At the 2007 British Soap Awards , it won Best Storyline , and Kate Ford was voted Best Actress for her portrayal . Other storylines included Leanne Battersby becoming a prostitute and the show 's first bi-sexual love triangle ( between Michelle Connor , Sonny Dhillon , and Sean Tully ) . The Connor family were central to many storylines during 2007 -- the accidental death of a Polish worker at Underworld due to overworking , Michelle 's discovery that her brothers Paul and Liam were the cause of her husband 's death , Paul 's use of an escort service , his kidnapping of Leanne and his subsequent death . In July 2007 , after 34 years in the role of Vera Duckworth , Elizabeth Dawn left the show due to ill health . After conversation between Dawn and producers Kieran Roberts and Steve Frost , the decision was made to kill Vera off . In January 2008 , shortly before plans to retire to Blackpool , Vera 's husband Jack found that she had died in her armchair . Tina O'Brien revealed in the British press on 4 April 2007 that she would be leaving Coronation Street . Sarah - Louise , who was involved in some of the decade 's most controversial stories , left in December 2007 with her daughter , Bethany Platt ( who 'd been in an ecstasy storyline earlier that year , in which she discovered her uncle David 's stash of the drug he was looking after for a friend in one of her dolls , and ended up in hospital after she ate them ) . In 2008 , Michelle learning that Ryan was not her biological son , having been accidentally swapped at birth with Alex Neeson . Carla Connor turned to Liam for comfort and developed feelings for him . In spite of knowing about her feelings , Liam married Maria Sutherland . Maria and Liam 's baby son was stillborn in April , and during an estrangement from Maria upon the death of their baby , Liam had a one - night stand with Carla , a story which helped pave the way for his departure . Gail 's son David Platt ( Jack P. Shepherd ) pushed her down the stairs . Enraged that Gail refused to press charges , David vandalised the Street and was sent to a young offenders ' facility for several months . In May 2008 , Gail finally met Ted Page , the father she 'd never known and in 2009 , Gail 's boyfriend , Joe McIntyre became addicted to pain killers , which came to a head when he broke into the medical centre . In August 2008 , Jed Stone returned after 42 years . Liam Connor and his ex-sister - in - law Carla Connor gave into their feelings for each other and began an affair . Carla 's fiancée Tony discovered the affair and had Liam killed in a hit - and - run in October . Carla struggled to come to terms with Liam 's death , but decided she still loved Tony and married him on 3 December , in an episode attracting 10.3 million viewers . In April 2009 it was revealed that Eileen Grimshaw 's father , Colin had slept with Eileen 's old classmate , Paula Carp while she was still at school , and that Paula 's daughter , Julie was in fact also Colin 's daughter . In May , Norris Cole received a blast from the past with the reappearance of his estranged brother Ramsay Clegg ( Andrew Sachs ) who wanted a reconciliation . Peter Barlow 's battle against alcoholism , Ken Barlow 's affair with actress Martha Fraser after his dog Eccles fell in the canal , Maria giving birth to Liam 's son and her subsequent relationship with Liam 's killer Tony , Steve McDonald 's marriage to Becky Granger and Kevin Webster 's affair with Molly Dobbs . On Christmas Day 2009 , Sally Webster told husband Kevin that she had breast cancer , just as he was about to leave her for lover Molly . 2010s ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gail Platt married for the fourth time , this time to Joe McIntyre . Molly Dobbs became pregnant , with the father being either Tyrone Dobbs or Kevin Webster ; Molly reconciled with Tyrone and nearly lost her life after a crash in a car which had not been properly repaired by Kevin . Tracy Barlow returned on 7 May 2010 , plotting to reduce her sentence by convincing cellmate Gail to confess to Joe 's murder . The show 's first lesbian storyline developed as Sophie Webster realised her true feelings for her best friend Sian Powers , which proved incredibly popular with the British public . In 2010 , Blanche Hunt was written out after the death of actress Maggie Jones on 2 December 2009 . ITV honoured Blanche and Maggie with a half - hour special , Goodbye Blanche , which was aired after the funeral episode . On 31 May 2010 , the Coronation Street opening sequence was given a revamp . From that date all episodes of the series would be transmitted in High Definition . The change coincided with a week of dramatic storylines known as `` Siege Week '' being shown on five consecutive nights following Britain 's Got Talent . In the story Tony Gordon escaped from prison to seek vengeance on his enemies and enlisting the help of a former cellmate Robbie to kidnap Carla Connor and Hayley Cropper in the Underworld Factory with the intent to murder them . Carla and Hayley are bound and gagged in the factory while Tony shoots Robbie . Carla pleads with Tony to release Hayley , which he eventually agrees to do on the condition that he and Carla will die together . The storyline culminated in the dramatic explosion of Underworld , which killed Tony while Carla untied herself and escaped unharmed . Meanwhile , Gail Platt 's murder trial took place , with two different verdicts being shown online . However , following the Cumbria shootings , that occurred on 2 June 2010 , the soap was temporarily taken off - air , as it was felt that this plot was too similar to real life events . The remaining siege episodes were transmitted the following week instead , in a heavily truncated schedule . On 17 September 2010 , Coronation Street entered Guinness World Records as the world 's longest - running television soap opera after the American soap opera As the World Turns concluded . William Roache was listed as the world 's longest - running soap actor . The aftermath of the tram crash Coronation Street 's 50th anniversary week was celebrated with seven episodes , plus a special one - hour live episode , broadcast from 6 -- 10 December . The episodes averaged 14 million viewers , a 52.1 % share of the audience . The anniversary was also publicised with ITV specials and news broadcasts . In the storyline , Nick Tilsley and Leanne Battersby 's bar -- The Joinery -- exploded during Peter Barlow 's stag party . As a result , the viaduct was destroyed , sending a Metrolink tram careering onto the street , destroying D&S Alahan 's Corner Shop and The Kabin . Two characters , Ashley Peacock and Molly Dobbs , along with an unknown taxi driver , were killed as a result of the disaster . Rita Sullivan survived , despite being trapped under the rubble of her destroyed shop . Fiz Stape prematurely gave birth to a baby girl , Hope , after her husband , John , struck his stalker Charlotte Hoyle with a hammer to silence her . He later attempted to turn off Charlotte 's life support machine , having gained access to her bedside by allowing her parents to believe he was her fiancé ; they later made the decision themselves . Peter Barlow , believing himself on his deathbed , married Leanne Battersby in an impromptu ceremony , shortly before going into cardiac arrest , although he later rallied and made a slow recovery . The episode of EastEnders broadcast on the same day as Coronation Street 's 50th anniversary episode included a tribute , with the character Dot Branning saying that she never missed Coronation Street . In May 2011 , Dennis Tanner returned after 43 years off screen . Beverley Callard and Vicky Entwistle who play Liz McDonald and Janice Battersby , respectively , quit the street . On 15 October 2011 , Betty Driver , who had played Betty Williams since 1969 , died of pneumonia , aged 91 . In 2011 , the major storyline of John Stape and his murder spree came to an end in May after he jumped off a hospital roof but left before he could be arrested . He returned in October before Fiz Stape was imprisoned for the murders . Following a car crash , John revealed the details about the murders and how Fiz was not involved . He later died from his injuries on 28 October . In December 2011 , the popular Sophie & Sian lesbian relationship storyline came to an end when Sian left Weatherfield after jilting Sophie at their wedding , and later discovering that Sophie had shared a kiss with Dev Alahan 's daughter Amber whilst she was away on holiday . Frank Foster storyline centred on Maria flirting with Frank . Frank forces himself on a frightened Maria who then confides in Carla Connor . Carla is furious and tries to get Maria to go to the police ; however , Maria wants to forget all about it and tells Carla to continue doing business with Frank to save the factory . This leads to a relationship between Frank and Carla . They become engaged but Carla calls it off due to her developing feelings for Peter Barlow . Frank is furious and he attacks and rapes Carla . Carla calls Maria to tell her what has happened , and Maria calls the police . Frank was arrested under suspicion of rape but was found not guilty when the case went to court . Frank finds out about Carla and Peter 's affair after hiring a private investigator , which helps him win the court case . Frank took over Underworld with the assistance of Sally Webster . One evening Frank gloated about getting away with rape to a terrified Carla whilst the factory was closed , unaware that somebody heard every word . Frank was found dead later that night by the Underworld machinists , he was hit over the head with a bottle of whiskey . A distraught Sally comforted Frank 's mother , Anne Foster whilst she was grieving her son 's death , but discovered it was Anne herself who murdered her own son . Anne attacked Sally and then attempted to flee the country only to be caught out by Carla and Kevin Webster . Tyrone Dobbs was also the centre of a domestic abuse storyline when he was introduced to police officer Kirsty Soames whilst on a night out . Tyrone and Kirsty immediately hit it off . Kirsty 's temper began to show when she used to become jealous of Tyrone 's friends , specifically his friendship with Fiz Stape . Kirsty fell pregnant and her temper soon turned violent as she lashed out at Tyrone on numerous occasions , attacking him with her fists and kitchen appliances . Tyrone hid his injuries from his concerned friends and refused to leave the house . Kirsty gave birth in the Rovers Return after a heated confrontation with Tina , yet Tyrone was absent due to him fixing Fiz 's boiler . This made Kirsty secretly leave out Tyrone 's name as their newborn daughter Ruby 's father on the birth certificate . Kirsty 's violent outbursts become more frequent and a terrified Tyrone finally confides in a horrified Fiz about Kirsty 's domestic abuse , this leads to Tyrone and Fiz embarking on a secret affair after she confesses her love for him . Fiz and Tyrone conspire a plan together for Tyrone to wed Kirsty then report Kirsty to the police for her domestic abuse , resulting in Kirsty being sent to prison and Tyrone getting full custody of his daughter Ruby . Tyrone proposes to a delighted Kirsty , but Kirsty eventually discovers his affair with Fiz , and their plan . Kirsty eventually reveals Fiz and Tyrone 's affair in front of everybody at her and Tyrone 's wedding . After the wedding , Kirsty and Tyrone have a blazing row back at their house , resulting in Kirsty falling down the stairs after trying to attack Tyrone . The row is overheard by several neighbours and they think Tyrone has been assaulting Kirsty and call the police . Kirsty lies to the police and makes a false accusation that Tyrone has been beating her for months . This leads to Tyrone 's arrest and he is bailed until his appending trial . Whilst on bail , Tyrone flees Weatherfield with Fiz , her daughter Hope and his daughter Ruby causing the police to issue a warrant for his arrest . Tyrone is caught and arrested . Kirsty lies again whilst giving evidence at Tyrone 's trial by playing the victim to the jury . But whilst struggling being a single mum at home , Kirsty snaps at a screaming Ruby and starts screaming at her child to stop crying . Realising that she does n't trust herself around her daughter , Kirsty interrupts Tyrone 's trial and confesses to the judge that it was her who had been assaulting Tyrone and he was innocent . Tyrone gets released and Kirsty gets charged and is sentenced to three years in prison . Tyrone gets full custody of Ruby and starts his new life with his girlfriend Fiz . Leanne split up with Peter and started a new relationship with Nick . They book their wedding for Christmas Day but Leanne visits Peter after Peter confesses he wants her back . Leanne 's sister , Eva Price ( Catherine Tyldesley ) revealed all at the wedding , causing Nick to leave Leanne . Nick confides in his sister - in - law , Kylie Platt ( Paula Lane ) , and she reveals to him that Eva has been quietly causing trouble between him and Leanne . After a heart to heart , they give into temptation and sleep together . They agree that it was a mistake . Nick and Leanne reconcile and finally marry -- just after Kylie announces she is pregnant . Nick encourages Kylie to have an abortion and she nearly goes through with it . David , who is desperate to start a family , discovers Kylie 's pregnancy and stops her . David overhears Kylie talking about her one - night stand with Nick , and begins a vendetta on Nick and Leanne , which includes a poison pen letter to Leanne , stolen money , bad reviews on the internet and watering down the spirits at the Bistro . Nick and David went in the Bistro van and started arguing about the one - night stand with Kylie . David was desperate not to let Nick reveal all to Kylie and Leanne , as David feared losing Kylie if she found out what David had done to take revenge on Nick . David tried to get Nick to stop the van . In the struggle , David removes Nick 's seatbelt and stops the van in the middle of the road , which results in the van being hit by a lorry , knocking them both unconscious . David wakes up shortly after with minor injuries , but Nick does not . Nick is left comatose and has a blood clot removed from his brain . While Nick is in his coma , Kylie gives birth to a baby girl , Lily . When Nick awakes from his coma , he suffers a panic attack when he sees David in front of him . Later , when Nick can talk more fluently , he blackmails David to get Lily a paternity test to see who the father is or he will tell the police and the Platt family how the accident was really caused . David does so , and with his friend Tina , he opens the results , revealing that David is the father of baby Lily . Nick later finds life frustrating when he ca n't remember simple things . He is discharged from hospital with a walking stick , and goes to live with Leanne . On the day of Lily 's christening everything is revealed . Leanne finds out about Nick and Kylie 's one - night stand and the entire Platt clan discover that David caused the car accident . They disown David , but Nick is distraught when Leanne flees Weatherfield . She later comes back , but she splits up with Nick after he shouts at Simon and smacks her across the face at Christmas 2013 . On the same day , Kylie goes on a drunken rampage and gets arrested . In January 2014 , David and Kylie make up . In March 2013 , Karl Munro starts a fire in the cellar of the Rovers Return killing Sunita Alahan and a female firefighter . This episode attracted over 10 million viewers . Although he gets away with it at first , the truth eventually comes out and Karl is arrested and sentenced to prison later on in the year . In 2014 Kal Nazir 's family , the street 's first Muslim family , was introduced . Burglar Michael Rodwell played by comedian Les Dennis , was introduced through a restorative justice storyline with Gail McIntyre . Three of the show 's best - loved characters made their final appearances in 2014 : Hayley Cropper , Tina McIntyre and Deirdre Barlow . Hayley was diagnosed with a terminal cancer of the pancreas after a check - up in 2013 . Hayley decided to end her life before she succumbs to her illness much to the despair of her husband Roy Cropper . Roy reluctantly agreed to his wife 's demands and Hayley drank a concoction of mashed up pills and died in bed of an overdose with her husband lying beside her . Tina McIntyre embarked on an affair with Peter Barlow after they shared a passionate kiss during Peter and Carla Connor 's wedding reception . Peter lies to Tina , telling her that he 'd leave Carla and move away with her to Portsmouth when he was actually committing to Carla after they discovered she was pregnant . The affair causes Peter to relapse and start drinking again . Carla 's brother Rob Donovan discovers the affair and threatens them both that he 'll tell Carla if they do n't . Tina books a taxi for her and Peter but ca n't find Peter so she heads to the Rovers Return to find him and Carla celebrating Carla 's pregnancy . Feeling crushed , Tina heads back to her flat and is pursued by Peter . They argue and Tina threatens Peter that she 's going to reveal all about their affair to Carla , causing Peter to leave her flat and tell a heartbroken Carla about the affair before she does . Peter accidentally leaves Tina 's flat door open whilst leaving and Rob notices and enters Tina 's flat to confront her about her affair . Rob and Tina argue about her telling Carla about the affair , forcing them both onto her balcony outside . But when Tina threatens Rob about reporting his dodgy dealing at his pawn shop to the police , Rob pushes Tina from the balcony and she plummets to the ground . Rob frantically destroys Tina 's flat in an attempt to make it look like a burglary and wipes his fingerprints off of everything he has touched . He heads outside to see a motionless Tina lying on the cobbles , he starts to call for an ambulance when Tina manages to get back to her feet . Rob tries backtracking his actions and tells Tina that she slipped but Tina goads Rob by saying she 'll report him for attempted murder as well as him selling illegal goods . Rob takes desperate measures to shut Tina up so he grabs a lead pipe from a van outside the builder 's yard and bludgeons Tina to death . After Peter 's confession , a furious Carla heads on the war path and goes in search of Tina . She notices Tina 's door to her flat is open and heads inside to have it out with her . She enters the ransacked flat but does n't find Tina anywhere , she heads out onto the balcony and looks over to discover Tina 's body on the floor below . Tina dies a week later from her injuries . Carla is in the frame for Tina 's murder but after evidence and his outburst at Tina 's funeral , Peter is arrested and charged with the murder . While in Highfield Prison , Peter meets Jim McDonald , who supplies him with booze while making Peter get son Steve McDonald and Liz to visit . After Peter fails to Jim 's command , Jim stops Peter 's provision so Peter finds the booze supply and drinks it all , resulting in him being taken to hospital with internal bleeding . Peter later tells Carla he knew she killed Tina even though he did n't do it he 'll take her secret to the grave . Carla considers going to the police but Rob is adamant she does n't . Peter tells Tracy about Jim after he is beaten by Jim 's lackeys , so she tells Steve to stop visiting and Jim turns nasty . A terrified Deirdre Barlow asks Jim 's ex-wife Liz McDonald to talk to Jim , so she does and Jim leaves Peter alone . In October 2014 , Steve thinks he may have melanoma and gets it checked out but is told he may have depression which he disregards . On the 13th Peter 's trial begins and a guilty Steve who knew about the affair fears he has ruined Peter 's chances of being released but Carla tells the jury on the 15th she believes Peter 's innocent making his chances better . While Peter and newfound cell - mate / confidant Eugene Cleland celebrate , murderer Rob yells at Carla making her feel suspicious . At last all is revealed when new evidence emerges and Tracy lures Rob to a derelict factory claiming that they will flee the country together . It is revealed that Tracy lied and had led the police to their location . His name cleared , Peter decides to depart seeing as how there is nothing keeping him in Weatherfield other than son Simon . Peter leaves in November . Because of the stress of the trial , Peter 's stepmother Deirdre decided to go away to stay with her friend to get away . Deirdre 's portrayer Anne Kirkbride died in January 2015 , so the character was written out of the show , with her character dying off screen in July 2015 . It was also revealed this year that Max Turner , son of Kylie and stepson of David Platt , has attention deficit hyperactive disorder ( ADHD ) and he needs medication to control his illness . Kylie ends up getting hooked on to these drugs as the stress that Max is placing on her pushes her to the edge . She then rediscovers Max 's biological father , Callum Logan , and he begins harassing the Platts , intent on gambling for custody of the boy . Eventually , Kylie begins reverting to her old ways , and Callum even begins supplying her with illegal highs to ensure he would get custody . By Christmas 2014 , many of the characters ' lives are in tatters . David Platt has kicked Kylie out after he learned that she had taken her son 's medication . While attempting to enjoy a Christmas dinner as one happy family , Owen ends up losing his cool and breaks Faye 's earphones . In January 2015 , while driving the men and women of Underworld to an up class hotel , Steve loses control of their minibus when he is distracted by reckless drivers , and ends up crashing . The vehicle is hanging over the edge of a cliff , and leaving the passengers ' lives hanging in the balance . Steve regains consciousness first and abandons the wreckage . While everyone emerges alive from the crash , young Sinead Tinker is left paralysed , potentially for life , and Steve 's depression takes a turn for the worse . The episode where the bus crashes was broadcast on the same night actress Anne Kirkbride 's death occurred and was announced . In May 2015 , Tracy seeks revenge on Carla and inadvertently starts a massive fire in the Victoria Court flats . A barely conscious Carla is rescued by Leanne . Leanne went back inside to rescue Amy , followed by Kal . The residents are horrified when they find a gas canister on fire . Amy and Leanne make it out safely but Kal is killed after the balcony of the flat explodes . A stray piece from the flaming debris then causes a second explosion at the nearby builders ' yard , ignited by a batch of flammable chemicals . This blast hits Maddie as she walks past the yard , and she later dies from her injuries . Carla becomes addicted to a gambling habit and is a mess . She takes Tracy to a cliff and tries to commit suicide but Tracy confesses . As the factory is in tatters , Johnny Connor and son Aidan Connor and sister Kate Connor come to bail her out . In July 2015 , Ken is dealt a blow when Bev arrives to tell him that Deirdre died just before she was due to return home . She explains to the Barlows how she died and says that she was sitting on her patio chair in the garden quietly and peacefully . Bev states that the cause of death could 've been a brain aneurysm . A party was held for her in the Rovers to celebrate her 60th birthday but turns out to be a wake after everyone is delivered the terrible news by Liz . Ken is also shocked to discover that Deirdre stayed away for so long because of Tracy 's recent affair with Tony , Deirdre 's funeral was held on 13 July 2015 . Tracy met up with her ex-husband Robert Preston at Deirdre 's funeral , and he soon moves in . Callum , who was battling for custody over Max , attacked David and the Platt family for months until one day when , after the Platt 's return from a week - long holiday , Sarah Platt was babysitting Max . Whilst they were watching a scary movie , Gemma Winter , Callum 's friend , came knocking at the door of Callum 's flat . She had been beaten up by a thug . When Max was playing in his room , he found Callum 's gun . Callum threatened Sarah that if she told anyone about the gun then he would release a video of Bethany dealing and taking drugs to the police . Sarah flees with Max , refused to speak to anyone about it and told Bethany to stay away from him . However , he continued threatening the Platts . Sarah confided in Jason Grimshaw to finish him off . He attacked Callum in the Rovers and told him to stay away . He was then arrested for possession of the gun but was released without charge due to lack of evidence . When Callum arrived at the Platts ' house to collect Max , David and Jason prevented him . Furious , Callum and two of his thugs lead Jason into the ginnel and beat him up . Sarah found Jason and called an ambulance . Jason 's parents Eileen and Tony were told that he might not walk or talk again . Max , who had witnessed the attack on Jason , told David and Kylie what he saw after he appeared terrified when Callum came to collect him . Max gave a statement to the police . Before Callum was arrested , he spiked Sarah 's drink and knocked her unconscious . He threatened Bethany that he would kill Sarah if she did n't lie for him . The day after , on Lily Platt 's 2nd birthday , Bethany revealed to the Platts that she made a statement against Max . The family was disgusted as they knew she was lying . Sarah informed Tony about Callum and the following day , he took matters into his own hands by beating up Callum in the ginnel , only to be stopped by Liz . Callum continued to attack the Platts because he needed money to pay off a dangerous drug dealer . Sarah lures him to the house and records what he is saying . Callum finds her ' phone and starts attacking Sarah , and Kylie comes in and beats him over the head with a wrench , killing him . They bury his body in a manhole in the garage and Sarah is traumatized . Rob Donovan reads an article in the newspaper about Johnny at the factory . He then requests a visit from Tracy and tells his prison cellmate that he plans for revenge on Tracy and Carla of how they disowned him and how they called the police and had him jailed . Tracy turned up to visit Rob and wondered why he had chosen to contact her after such time , however Rob confessed to being angry at first but could never stop loving her and he did n't blame her for him being arrested . After Tracy 's visit , Rob requested a visit from Johnny , and reveals that he is the father of Carla . He demands £ 10,000 from Johnny to keep it secret . Johnny told him that Tracy was with Robert Preston . Johnny does everything in his power to ensure that nobody finds out , but steals some of Carla 's DNA to perform a paternity test behind her back . Rob then sent a visiting order to Robert . He told him about Tracy wanting to start a new relationship with him . Robert was disgusted and stormed out . He then split up with Tracy . Rob reveals to Tracy that everything was a lie and that he still hated her . Johnny reveals all to a disgusted Carla . Carla is furious , however Johnny continues to plead with Carla not to tell Aidan and Kate . Carla Sleeps with Robert . She instantly regrets it , and confides in Michelle , who attempts to persuade Carla not to tell Nick . Carla continues to threaten to tell Johnny 's children the truth unless he moves away , which he does n't . Carla reveals that she is their half - sister to Kate and Aidan , who are distraught . Carla is shocked to find that Robert plans to buy a share in the Bistro . Carla begs him to reconsider , but Robert threatens to reveal their affair to Nick if she does not let him buy into the Bistro . Carla finds it increasingly difficult to keep her deceit under wraps . She also begins bonding with Kate . Carla tells Nick that she can not marry him , but changes her mind . Upon hearing that Robert is intending on going into business with Nick , Carla goes to the bistro to confront him . Carla and Robert engage in a bitter argument , with their one - night stand being mentioned . Tracy , who has recently reconciled with Robert , has overheard their conversation . Robert then leaves , and Carla drowns her sorrows . However , Jamie Bowman ( James Atherton ) , and his friend , Lee , burst into the restaurant and violently attack Carla . Tracy , hearing the commotion , leaves Carla to the mercy of the thugs , feeling envious over Carla 's liaison with Robert . After realising that there is no money in the restaurant , Jamie grabs Carla 's handbag , causing her to fall over . She rises to her feet abruptly and gives chase . She jumps into the car , leaving the door wide open , wrestling with the thugs for her handbag . As the car drives out of the street , Jamie pushes Carla out of the vehicle , knocking her unconscious . She survived and Tracy pressures her to persuade Nick to sell the Bistro . He eventually sells to Robert , and Carla and Nick make plans to move to Devon . On the morning of 1 March 2016 , Coronation Street creator , Tony Warren , died , aged 79 , after a `` short illness '' as confirmed by Coronation Street 's Twitter account . Tributes were paid by cast members , past and present . In October 2016 , David Platt attempted to get revenge on his wife Kylie 's killer Clayton Hibbs by crashing his car into the prison van that killer Clayton was in . In a bid to protect him from himself , Gail and Nick lock him in the cellar of the Bistro . However he fakes his own death and manages to escape his makeshift prison cell . He runs to the garage , ( where his car is being repaired ) and drives off in it much to his family 's horror . However , while driving the car , he sees his daughter Lily in the road and swerves the car and flips over in it . Gary Windass attempted to save Lily but they both ended up trapped under it . When the two are pulled out , the car suddenly catches fire and left Anna Windass with severely injured legs after catching fire due to it spreading . Characters ( edit ) Main articles : List of Coronation Street characters , List of past Coronation Street characters , and List of Coronation Street actors Cast of Coronation Street , 1960 Since 1960 , Coronation Street has featured many characters whose popularity with viewers and critics has differed greatly . The original cast was created by Tony Warren , with the characters of Ena Sharples ( Violet Carson ) , Elsie Tanner ( Pat Phoenix ) and Annie Walker ( Doris Speed ) as central figures . These three women remained with the show for 20 years or more , and became archetypes of British soap opera , often being emulated by other serials . Ena was the street 's busybody , battleaxe and self - proclaimed moral voice . Elsie was the tart with a heart , who was constantly hurt by men in the search for true love . Annie Walker , landlady of the Rovers Return Inn , had delusions of grandeur and saw herself as better than other residents of Coronation Street . Coronation Street became known for the portrayal of strong female characters , including original cast characters like Ena , Annie and Elsie , and Hilda Ogden ( Jean Alexander ) , who first appeared in 1964 ; who became household names during the 1960s . Warren 's programme was largely matriarchal , which some commentators put down to the female - dominant environment in which he grew up . Consequently , the show has a long tradition of psychologically abused husbands , most famously Stan Ogden ( Bernard Youens ) and Jack Duckworth ( Bill Tarmey ) , husbands of Hilda and Vera Duckworth ( Liz Dawn ) , respectively . Cast at the 50th Anniversary of Coronation Street , 2010 Ken Barlow ( William Roache ) entered the storyline as a young radical , reflecting the youth of 1960s Britain , where figures like the Beatles , the Rolling Stones and the model Twiggy were to reshape the concept of youthful rebellion . Though the rest of the original Barlow family were killed off before the end of the 1970s , Ken , who for 27 years was the only character from the first episode remaining , has remained the constant link throughout the entire series . In 2011 , Dennis Tanner ( Philip Lowrie ) , another character from the first episode , returned to Coronation Street after a 43 - year absence . Since 1984 , Ken Barlow had been the show 's only remaining original character , although Emily Bishop ( Eileen Derbyshire ) has remained in the series since first appearing in late January 1961 , when the show was just weeks old , and is the show 's longest - serving female character . Stan and Hilda were introduced in 1964 , with Hilda becoming one of the most famous British soap opera characters of all time . In a 1982 poll , she was voted fourth most recognisable woman in Britain , after Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother , Queen Elizabeth II and Diana , Princess of Wales . Hilda 's best - known attributes were her pinny , hair curlers , and the `` muriel '' in her living room with three `` flying '' duck ornaments . Hilda Ogden 's final episode on Christmas Day 1987 , remains the highest - rated episode of Coronation Street ever , with nearly 27 million viewers . Stan Ogden had been killed off in 1984 following the death of actor Bernard Youens after a long illness which had restricted his appearances towards the end . Bet Lynch ( Julie Goodyear ) first appeared in 1966 , before becoming a regular in 1970 , and went on to become one of the most famous Corrie characters . Bet stood as the central character of the show from 1985 until departing in 1995 , often being dubbed as `` Queen of the Street '' by the media , and indeed herself . The character briefly returned in June 2002 . Coronation Street and its characters often rely heavily on archetypes , with the characterisation of some of its current and recent cast based loosely on past characters . Phyllis Pearce ( Jill Summers ) , Blanche Hunt ( Maggie Jones ) and Sylvia Goodwin ( Stephanie Cole ) embodied the role of the acid - tongued busybody originally held by Ena , Sally Webster ( Sally Dynevor ) has grown snobbish , like Annie , and a number of the programme 's female characters , such as Carla Connor ( Alison King ) , mirror the vulnerability of Elsie and Bet . Other recurring archetypes include the war veteran such as Albert Tatlock ( Jack Howarth ) , Percy Sugden ( Bill Waddington ) and Gary Windass ( Mikey North ) , the bumbling retail manager like Leonard Swindley ( Arthur Lowe ) , Reg Holdsworth ( Ken Morley ) , Norris Cole ( Malcolm Hebden ) , quick - tempered , tough tradesmen like Len Fairclough ( Peter Adamson ) , Jim McDonald ( Charles Lawson ) , Tommy Harris ( Thomas Craig ) and Owen Armstrong ( Ian Puleston - Davies ) , and the perennial losers such as Stan and Hilda , Jack and Vera , Les Battersby ( Bruce Jones ) , Beth Tinker ( Lisa George ) and Kirk Sutherland ( Andrew Whyment ) . Villains like Tracy Barlow ( Kate Ford ) , Jamie Bowman ( James Atherton ) , Alan Bradley ( Mark Eden ) , Rob Donovan ( Marc Baylis ) , Anne Foster ( Gwen Taylor ) , Frank Foster ( Andrew Lancel ) , Tony Gordon ( Gray O'Brien ) , Richard Hillman ( Brian Capron ) , Greg Kelly ( Stephen Billington ) , Will Chatterton ( Leon Ockenden ) , Nathan Curtis ( Chris Harper ) , Callum Logan ( Sean Ward ) , Karl Munro ( John Michie ) , Pat Phelan ( Connor McIntyre ) , David Platt ( Jack P. Shepherd ) , Maya Sharma ( Sasha Behar ) , Kirsty Soames ( Natalie Gumede ) and John Stape ( Graeme Hawley ) are also common character types . The show 's former archivist and scriptwriter Daran Little disagreed with the characterisation of the show as a collection of stereotypes . `` Rather , remember that Elsie , Ena and others . were the first of their kind ever seen on British television . If later characters are stereotypes , it 's because they are from the same original mould . It is the hundreds of programmes that have followed which have copied Coronation Street . '' Storylines ( edit ) Main article : Storylines of Coronation Street Over the show 's history , Coronation Street has highlighted a wide range of different social issues , including rape , cancer , incest , hoarding , stillbirth , murder , arson , hit - and - run , miscarriage , adultery , euthanasia , homosexuality , depression , epilepsy , osteoporosis , childhood cancer , domestic violence , post traumatic stress disorder , teenage pregnancy , gambling addiction , widowers moving onto other relationships , brain aneurysm , drink driving , bipolar disorder , multiple sclerosis , families terrorised by thugs , financial problems , parental abuse , identity theft , bereavement , terminal illness , post-natal depression , abortion , perjury , adoption , premature birth , fostering , surrogacy , prostitution , sexual exploitation , child grooming and revenge porn . Production ( edit ) Broadcast format ( edit ) Between 9 December 1960 and 3 March 1961 , Coronation Street was broadcast twice weekly , on Wednesday and Friday . During this period , the Friday episode was broadcast live , with the Wednesday episode being pre-recorded 15 minutes later . When the programme went fully networked on 6 March 1961 , broadcast days changed to Monday and Wednesday . The last regular episode to be shown live was broadcast on 3 February 1961 . The series was transmitted in black and white for the majority of the 1960s . Preparations were made to film episode 923 , to be transmitted Wednesday 29 October 1969 , in colour . This instalment featured the street 's residents on a coach trip to the Lake District . In the end , suitable colour film stock for the cameras could not be found and the footage was shot in black and white . The following episode , transmitted Monday 3 November , was videotaped in colour but featured black and white film inserts and title sequence . Like BBC1 , the ITV network was officially broadcast in black and white at this point ( though programmes were actually broadcast in colour as early as July that year for colour transmission testing and adjustment ) so the episode was seen by most in black and white . Daran Little , for many years the official programme archivist , claims that the first episode to be transmitted in colour was episode 930 shown on 24 November 1969 . The ITV network , like BBC1 , began full colour transmissions on 15 November 1969 and it is therefore possible that the first transmitted colour episode is number 928 shown on 17 November . In October 1970 a technicians ' dispute turned into a work - to - rule when sound staff were denied a pay rise given to camera staff the year before for working with colour recording equipment . The terms of the work - to - rule were that staff refused to work with the new equipment ( though the old black and white equipment had been disposed of by then ) and therefore programmes were recorded and transmitted in black and white , including Coronation Street The dispute was resolved in early 1971 and the last black and white episode was broadcast on 8 February 1971 . Episode 5191 , originally broadcast on 7 January 2002 , was the first to be broadcast in 16 : 9 widescreen format . Coronation Street was the last British soap to make the switch to 16 : 9 ( Take the High Road remained in 4 : 3 until it finished in 2003 ) . From 22 March 2010 , Coronation Street was produced in 1080 / 50i for transmission on HDTV platforms on ITV HD . The first transmission in this format was episode 7351 on 31 May 2010 with a new set of titles and re-recorded theme tune . On 26 May 2010 ITV previewed the new HD titles on the Coronation Street website . Due to copyright reasons only viewers residing in the UK could see them on the ITV site . Production staff ( edit ) Coronation Street 's creator , Tony Warren , wrote the first 13 episodes of the programme in 1960 , and continued to write for the programme intermittently until 1976 . He had retained links with Coronation Street up to his death in 2016 , often advising on storylines . Harry Kershaw was the script editor for Coronation Street when the programme began in 1960 , working alongside Tony Warren . Kershaw was also a script writer for the programme and the show 's producer between 1962 and 1971 . He remains the only person , along with John Finch , to have held the three posts of script editor , writer and producer . Kershaw continued to write for the programme until his retirement in January 1988 . Adele Rose was the longest - serving Coronation Street writer , completing 455 scripts between 1961 and 1998 . She also created Byker Grove . Bill Podmore was the show 's longest serving producer . By the time he stepped down in 1988 he had completed 13 years at the production helm . Nicknamed the `` godfather '' by the tabloid press , he was renowned for his tough , uncompromising style and was feared by both crew and cast alike . He is probably most famous for sacking Peter Adamson , the show 's Len Fairclough , in 1983 . Kieran Roberts currently , as of 2016 , executively produces the show , with former Emmerdale producer Stuart Blackburn as the series producer . Blackburn was cut from his job in September 2015 , with the then - series producer of Emmerdale , Kate Oates , replacing him . Michael Apted , best known for the Up ! series of documentaries was a director on the programme in the early 1960s . This period of his career marked the first of his many collaborations with writer Jack Rosenthal . Rosenthal , noted for such television plays as Bar Mitzvah Boy , began his career on the show , writing over 150 episodes between 1961 and 1969 . Paul Abbott was a story editor on the programme in the 1980s and began writing episodes in 1989 , but left in 1993 to produce Cracker , for which he later wrote , before creating his own dramas such as Touching Evil and Shameless . Russell T Davies was briefly a storyliner on the programme in the mid-1990s , also writing the script for the direct - to - video special `` Viva Las Vegas ! '' He , too , has become a noted writer of his own high - profile television drama programmes , including Queer as Folk and the 2005 revival of Doctor Who . Jimmy McGovern also wrote some episodes . Theme music ( edit ) The show 's theme music , a cornet piece , accompanied by a brass band plus clarinet and double bass , reminiscent of northern band music , was written by Eric Spear . The identity of the trumpeter was not public knowledge until 1994 , when jazz musician and journalist Ron Simmonds revealed that it was the Surrey musician Ronnie Hunt . He added , `` an attempt was made in later years to re-record that solo , using Stan Roderick , but it sounded too good , and they reverted to the old one . '' In 2004 , the Manchester Evening News published a contradictory story that a young musician from Wilmslow called David Browning played the trumpet on both the original recording of the theme in 1960 and a re-recording in 1964 , for a one - off payment of £ 36 . In June 2009 , the Mail on Sunday resolved the matter . Browning conceded that Hunt recorded the original in 1960 , but believed that his own re-recording in 1964 or 1972 had been used since that date . ITV then confirmed to the Mail that a second version had been recorded in the 1970s , but was only used for a very short while before reverting to Hunt 's 1960 recording . In the 1980s the same version was converted to stereo . Ronnie Hunt said he was paid £ 6 , and found the experience frustrating as Eric Spear insisted on many takes before obtaining the sound that he wanted . After taking a break in a local pub , Hunt achieved the desired mournful sound by playing very close to the microphone . A new , completely re-recorded version of the theme tune replaced the original when the series started broadcasting in HD on 31 May 2010 . It accompanied a new montage - style credits sequence featuring images of Manchester and Weatherfield . A reggae version of the theme tune was recorded by The I - Royals and released by Media Marvels and WEA in 1983 . On 31 March 2017 , it was revealed on the YouTube channel of Corrie that some of the soap 's cast would sing a specially - written lyric , of which will be added to the new theme song that will be played , as of the first episode of the evening of Monday , April 3 , 2017 , but it turned out it was just a joke . Viewing figures ( edit ) Most episodes in the 1960s , 70s , and 80s rated with over 20 million viewers and during the 1990s and early 2000s 14 -- 16 million per episode would be typical . Like most terrestrial television in the UK , a decline in viewership has taken place and the show posts an average audience of just under 9 million per episode as of 2013 , remaining one of the highest rated programmes in the UK . The programme rates as one of the most watched programmes on UK television for every day it is aired . Viewership peaked on Christmas Day 1987 when an average of 28.5 million viewers tuned in to see Hilda Ogden leave the street to start a new life as a housekeeper for long term friend Dr Lowther ( although there is some confusion as to whether or not this was actually the highest rating episode due to a special omnibus repeat of that week 's episodes being combined with the original airing ) . Since EastEnders began airing in 1985 on the BBC , the two programmes have constantly battled it out for first place in the ratings . Sets ( edit ) Main article : Coronation Street sets Rosamund Street viaduct as seen in 2002 opening credits of Coronation Street Shot of the former Coronation Street exterior set at Granada Studios . The set is close to Manchester city centre , hence the high rise buildings , which are not part of the programme . The regular exterior buildings shown in Coronation Street include a row of terrace houses , several townhouses , and communal areas including a newsagents ( The Kabin ) , a café ( Roy 's Rolls ) , a general grocery shop ( D&S Alahan 's ) , a factory ( Underworld ) and Rovers Return Inn public house . The Rovers Return Inn is the main meeting place for the show 's characters . Between 1960 and 1968 street scenes were filmed before a set constructed in a studio , with the house fronts reduced in scale to 3 / 4 and constructed from wood . In 1968 Granada built an outside set not all that different from the interior version previously used , with the wooden façades from the studio simply being erected on the new site . These were replaced with brick façades , and back yards were added in the 1970s . In 1982 a permanent full - street set was built in the Granada backlot , an area between Quay Street and Liverpool Road in Manchester . The set was constructed from reclaimed Salford brick . The set was updated in 1989 with the construction of a new factory , two shop units and three modern town houses on the south side of the street . Between 1989 and 1999 the Granada Studios Tour allowed members of the public to visit the set . The exterior set was extended and updated in 1999 . This update added to the Rosamund Street and Victoria Street façades , and added a viaduct on Rosamund Street . Most interior scenes are shot in the adjoining purpose - built studio . In 2008 , Victoria Court , an apartment building full of luxury flats , was started on Victoria Street . In 2014 , production moved to a new site at Trafford Wharf , a former dock area about two miles to the east , part of the MediaCityUK complex . The Trafford Wharf backlot is built upon a former truck stop site next to the Imperial War Museum North . It took two years from start to finish to recreate the iconic Street . The houses were built to almost full scale after previously being three - quarter size . On 5 April 2014 , the staff began to allow booked public visits to the old Quay Street set . An advert , with a voiceover from Victoria Wood , appeared on TV to advertise the tour . The tour was discontinued in December 2015 . Broadcast ( edit ) United kingdom ( edit ) For 56 years , Coronation Street has remained at the centre of ITV 's prime time schedule . The programme is shown in the UK in five episodes , over three evenings a week on ITV . From Friday 9 December 1960 until Friday 3 March 1961 , the programme was shown in two episodes broadcast Wednesday and Friday at 7 pm . Schedules were changed and from Monday 6 March 1961 until Wednesday 11 October 1989 , the programme was shown in two episodes broadcast Monday and Wednesday at 7 : 30 pm . The third weekly episode was introduced on Friday 20 October 1989 , broadcast at 7 : 30 pm . From 1996 , an extra episode was broadcast at 7 : 30 pm on Sunday nights . Aside from Granada , the programme originally appeared on the following stations of the ITV network : Anglia Television , Associated - Rediffusion , Television Wales and the West , Scottish Television , Southern Television and Ulster Television . From episode 14 on Wednesday 25 January 1961 , Tyne Tees Television broadcast the programme . That left ATV in the Midlands as the only ITV station not carrying the show . When they decided to broadcast the programme , national transmission was changed from Wednesday and Friday at 7 pm to Monday and Wednesday at 7 : 30 pm and the programme became fully networked under this new arrangement from episode 25 on Monday 6 March 1961 . As the ITV network grew over the next few years , the programme was transmitted by these new stations on these dates onward : Westward Television from episode 40 on 29 April 1961 , Border Television from episode 76 on 1 September 1961 , Grampian Television from episode 84 on 30 September 1961 , Channel Television from episode 180 on 1 September 1962 and Teledu Cymru ( north and west Wales ) from episode 184 on 14 September 1962 . At this point , the ITV network became complete and the programme was broadcast almost continuously across the country at 7 : 30 pm on Monday and Wednesday for the next twenty - seven years . From episode 2981 on Friday 20 October 1989 at 7 : 30 pm , a third weekly episode was introduced and this increased to four episodes a week from episode 4096 on Sunday 24 November 1996 , again at 7 : 30 pm . The second Monday episode was introduced in 2002 and was broadcast at 7 : 30 pm to usher in the return of Bet Lynch . The Monday 8 : 30 pm episode was used intermittently during the popular Richard Hillman story line but has become fully scheduled since episode 5568 on Monday 25 August 2003 . Additional episodes have been broadcast during the weekly schedule of ITV at certain times , notably in 2004 when , between 22 and 26 November , eight episodes were shown . Older episodes had been broadcast by satellite and cable channel Granada Plus from launch in 1996 . The first episodes shown were from episode 1588 ( originally transmitted on Monday 5 April 1976 ) onwards . Originally listed and promoted as Classic Coronation Street , the `` classic '' was dropped in early 2002 , at which stage the episodes were from late 1989 . By the time of the channel 's closure in 2004 , the repeats had reached January 1994 . In addition to this , `` specials '' were broadcast on Saturday afternoons in the early years of the channel with several episodes based on a particular theme or character ( s ) were shown . The latest episode shown in these specials was from 1991 . In addition , on 27 and 28 December 2003 , several Christmas Day editions of the show were broadcast . From 23 July 2009 Coronation Street started to be broadcast in five instalments a week , at 7 : 30 and 8 : 30 pm on Mondays and Fridays , and at 8 : 30 pm on Thursday . The Thursday episode replaces the former Wednesday show . Occasional late night episodes of Coronation Street begin at 10 pm , due to the watershed . Repeat episodes , omnibus broadcasts and specials have been shown on ITV and ITV2 . In January 2008 the omnibus returned to the main ITV channel where it was aired on Saturday mornings / afternoons depending on the schedule and times . In May 2008 it moved to Sunday mornings until August 2008 when it returned to Saturdays . In January 2009 it moved back to Sunday mornings usually broadcasting at around 9.25 am until December 2010 . In January 2011 the omnibus moved to Saturday mornings on ITV at 9.25 am . During the Rugby World Cup , which took place in New Zealand , matches had to be broadcast on a Saturday morning , so the omnibus moved to Saturday lunchtimes / afternoons during September and October 2011 . However , as of 22 October 2011 the omnibus moved back to Saturday mornings at 9.25 am on ITV . From January 2012 the omnibus was no longer broadcast on ITV after four years , however it remains on ITV2 . On 30 June 2011 it was confirmed that Coronation Street would return to its traditional 7 : 30 pm timeslot on a Wednesday evening in September 2012 . A sixth weekly episode will air on Wednesdays at 8 : 30pm from 20 September 2017 . ITV also confirmed on this date that ITV3 would air afternoon timeslot reruns of Classic Coronation Street . With two classic episodes being retransmitted between Mondays to Fridays at 2 : 45 pm until 3 : 45 pm from 2 October 2017 . The first episodes shown were from episode 2587 ( originally transmitted on Wednesday 15 January 1986 ) onwards . International ( edit ) Coronation Street is shown in various countries worldwide . The programme was first aired in Australia in 1963 on TCN - 9 Sydney , GTV - 9 Melbourne and NWS - 9 Adelaide , and by 1966 Coronation Street was more popular in Australia than in the UK . The show eventually left free - to - air television in Australia in the 1970s . It briefly returned to the Nine Network in a daytime slot during 1994 -- 1995 . In 2005 STW - 9 Perth began to show episodes before the 6 pm news to improve the lead in to Nine News Perth , but this did not work and the show was cancelled a few months later . In 1996 Pay - TV began and Arena began screening the series in one - hour instalments on Saturdays and Sundays at 6 : 30 pm EST . The series was later moved to Pay - TV channel UKTV where it is still shown . In 2015 Coronation Street is shown on weeknights at 6 : 50 pm EST . Episodes on UKTV are around four weeks behind the UK . Seven broadcast old episodes daily on 7Two until September 2014 . In Canada , Coronation Street is broadcast on CBC Television . Until 2011 , episodes were shown in Canada approximately 10 months after they aired in Britain ; however , beginning in the fall of 2011 , the CBC began showing two episodes every weekday , in order to catch up with the ITV showings , at 6 : 30 pm and 7 pm local time Monday - Friday , with an omnibus on Sundays at 7.30 am . By May 2014 , the CBC was only two weeks behind Britain , so the show was reduced to a single showing weeknights at 6 : 30 pm local time . The show debuted on Toronto 's CBLT in July 1966 . The 2002 edition of the Guinness Book of Records recognises the 1,144 episodes sold to the now - defunct CBC - owned Saskatoon , Saskatchewan , TV station CBKST by Granada TV on 31 May 1971 to be the largest number of TV shows ever purchased in one transaction . The show traditionally aired on weekday afternoons in Canada , with a Sunday morning omnibus . In 2004 , CBC moved the weekday airings from their daytime slot to prime time . In light of austerity measures imposed on the CBC in 2012 , which includes further cutbacks on non-Canadian programming , one of the foreign shows to remain on the CBC schedule is Coronation Street , according to the CBC 's director of content planning Christine Wilson , who commented : `` Unofficially I can tell you Coronation Street is coming back . If it did n't come back , something would happen on Parliament Hill . '' Kirstine Stewart , the head of the CBC 's English - language division , once remarked : `` Coronation Street fans are the most loyal , except maybe for curling viewers , of all CBC viewers , '' In late September 2014 , CBC aired extra episodes to become only one week behind the UK in airing of new episodes . In the Republic of Ireland , Coronation Street is simulcast on UTV Ireland . The show is UTV Ireland 's most watched programme with an average of 365,000 people watching each night . The broadcaster relies on a live feed of the soap from the ITV network in London . If there was a breaking newsflash ( e.g. about a Royal baby being born ) on the UK channel , Coronation Street could not be broadcast . An omnibus is also shown on weekends . The show was first aired in 1978 , beginning with episodes from 1976 . Ireland eventually caught up with the current UK episodes in 1983 . Until 1992 it was broadcast on RTÉ2 and from 1992 to 2001 it was broadcast on RTÉ One . In 2001 Granada TV bought 45 percent of TV3 , which resulted in TV3 broadcasting series from 2001 to 2014 . In 2006 ITV sold its share of the channel but TV3 . TV3 continue to buy the soap until the end of 2014 when it moved to UTV Ireland . Coronation Street has broadcast on each of the main Irish networks , except for the Irish Language Network TG4 . From December 2016 , Coronation Street will return to TV3 following Virgin Media acquiring UTV Ireland . In South Africa , Coronation Street episodes are broadcast three days after UK air date on ITV Choice . In New Zealand , Coronation Street has been shown locally since 1964 , first on NZBC television until 1975 , and then on TV One , which broadcasts it in a 4 - episode / 2 - hour block on Fridays from 7 : 30 pm . Since September 2014 , TV One has added a 2 - episode / 1 - hour block on Saturday from 8 : 30 pm . Because TV One has never upgraded to showing the equivalent of five episodes per week , New Zealand continues to fall further and further behind with episodes , and is 23 months behind Britain ( as of 28 March 2014 ) . During the weekday nights of the week ending 11 April 2014 and previous weeks , Coronation Street was the least watched programme on TV One in the 7 : 30 pm slot by a considerable margin in comparison to other weeknights , The serial aired on Tuesdays and Thursdays at 7 : 30 pm until October 2011 , when the show moved to a 5 : 30 pm half - hour slot every weekday . The move proved unpopular with fans , and the series was quickly moved into its present prime - time slot within weeks . Episodes 7883 , 7884 , 7885 and 7886 were screened on 16 May 2014 . These were originally aired in the UK between 4 and 11 June 2012 . In the United States , Coronation Street is available by broadcast or cable only in northern markets where CBC coverage from Canada overlaps the border or is available on local cable systems . It was broadcast on CBC 's US cable channel , Trio until the CBC sold its stake in the channel to Universal , before it was shut down in 2006 . Beginning in 2009 , episodes were available in the United States through Amazon.com 's on - demand service , one month behind their original UK airdates . The final series of shows available from Amazon appears to be from November 2012 , as no new episodes have been uploaded . On 15 January 2013 , online distributor Hulu began airing episodes of the show , posting a new episode daily , two weeks after their original airdates . For a time , Hulu 's website stated : `` New episodes of Coronation Street will be unavailable as of April 7th , 2016 '' , with the same being said for British soap Hollyoaks , but Hulu is once again showing new episodes of Coronation Street as of April 2017 , three weeks behind the UK airdate . Coronation Street was also shown on USA Network for an unknown period starting in 1982 . HM Forces and their families stationed overseas can watch Coronation Street on ITV , carried by the British Forces Broadcasting Service , which is also available to civilians in the Falkland Islands . It used to be shown on BFBS1 . Satellite channel ITV Choice shows the programme in Asia , Middle East , Cyprus , and Malta . In the United Arab Emirates , episodes of Coronation Street are broadcast one month after their UK showing . Merchandise ( edit ) Several classic episodes were released on VHS video in the 1980s and 1990s in different sets , while a number of specially recorded feature - length episodes were released exclusively to video ( see Coronation Street VHS and DVD releases ) . The Street , a magazine dedicated to the show , was launched in 1989 . Edited by Bill Hill , the magazine contained a summary of recent storylines , interviews , articles about classic episodes , and stories that occurred from before 1960 . The format was initially A5 size , expanding to A4 from the seventh issue . The magazine folded after issue 23 in 1993 when the publisher 's contract with Granada Studios Tour expired and Granada wanted to produce their own magazine . During the time when the studio tour was operating , a huge amount of branded merchandise was available from an on - site shop -- everything from soap , to tea - towels , to model houses . These items gradually became scarce as the tours complex was wound down . Although there were large numbers produced , these items are becoming collectable by fans . On 25 June 2010 a video game of the show was released on Nintendo DS . Players take the role of a detective as they work through a brand new storyline and befriend the various characters from the street , including Ken , Norris , Maria and Blanche . Discography ( edit ) In 1995 , to commemorate the programme 's 35th anniversary , a CD called The Coronation Street Album was released , featuring cover versions of modern songs and standards by contemporary cast members . An album featuring songs sung by some of the cast was released for the show 's 50th anniversary . The singers include William Roache , Betty Driver , Kevin Kennedy and Katherine Kelly . The album is titled Rogues , Angels , Heroes & Fools . Spin - offs and specials ( edit ) Granada launched one spin - off in 1965 , Pardon the Expression , following the story of clothing store manager Leonard Swindley ( Arthur Lowe ) after he left Weatherfield . Swindley 's management experience was tested when he was appointed assistant manager at a fictional department store , Dobson and Hawks . Granada produced two series of the spin - off , which ended in 1966 . In 1967 , Arthur Lowe returned as Leonard Swindley in Turn Out the Lights , a short - lived sequel to Pardon the Expression . It ran for just one series of six episodes before it was cancelled . The German TV series Lindenstraße took Coronation Street as the model . Lindenstraße started in 1985 . In 1985 , a sister series , Albion Market was launched . It ran for one year , with 100 episodes produced . On 8 December 2000 and 9 December 2010 , live episodes were aired to mark the 40th and 50th anniversaries of the show . The plot of the first dealt with Vera Duckworth in hospital and the campaign to save the cobbles . The second concerned events following the tram crash . Coronation Street : Family Album was several documentaries about various families living on the street . `` Farewell ... '' was several documentaries featuring the best moments of a single character who had recently left the series -- most notably , Farewell Blanche ( Hunt ) , Farewell Jack ( Duckworth ) , Farewell Mike ( Baldwin ) , Farewell Vera ( Duckworth ) , Farewell Janice ( Battersby ) , Farewell Liz ( McDonald ) , Farewell Becky ( McDonald ) , and Farewell Tina ( McIntyre ) . Most of these were broadcast on the same day as the character 's final scenes in the series . On 21 December 2008 , a web - based miniseries ran on ITV.com ; called Corrie Confidential ; the first episode featured the characters Rosie and Sophie Webster in Underworld . Stars on the Street was aired around Christmas 2009 . It featured actors from the soap talking about the famous guest stars who had appeared in the series including people who were in it before they were famous . In 2010 , several actors from the show appeared on The Jeremy Kyle Show as their soap characters : David Platt ( Jack P. Shepherd ) , Nick Tilsley ( Ben Price ) and Tina McIntyre ( Michelle Keegan ) . In the fictional , semi-improvised scenario , David accused Nick ( his brother ) and Tina ( his ex-girlfriend ) of sleeping together . On 21 December 2012 , Coronation Street produced a Text Santa special entitled A Christmas Corrie which featured Norris Cole in the style of Scrooge , being visited by the ghosts of dead characters . The ghosts were Mike Baldwin , Maxine Peacock , Derek Wilton and Vera Duckworth . Other special guests include Torvill and Dean , Lorraine Kelly and Sheila Reid . The episode concluded with Norris learning the error of his ways and dancing on the cobbles . The original plan for this feature was to have included Jack Duckworth , along with Vera , but actor Bill Tarmey died before filming commenced . In the end a recording of his voice was played . On 3 February 2014 , another web - based miniseries ran on ITV.com ; called Streetcar Stories . It showed what Steve and Lloyd get up to during the late nights in their Streetcar cab office . The first episode shows Steve and Lloyd making a cup of tea with `` The Stripper '' playing in the background , referencing Morecambe and Wise 's Breakfast Sketch . The second episode involves the pair having a biscuit dunking competition . Corrie extra ! ( edit ) ITV.com launched a small spin - off drama series called ' Gary 's Army Diaries ' which revolves around Gary Windass 's experiences in Afghanistan and the loss of his best friend , Quinny . Due to their popularity , the three five - minute episodes were recut into a single 30 - minute episode , which was broadcast on ITV2 . William Roache and Anne Kirkbride starred as Ken and Deirdre in a series of ten three - minute internet ' webisodes ' . The first episode of the series titled , Ken and Deirdre 's Bedtime Stories was activated on Valentine 's Day 2011 . In 2011 , an internet based spin - off starring Helen Flanagan as Rosie Webster followed her on her quest to be a supermodel . Stage ( edit ) Main article : Corrie ! In August 2010 , many Coronation Street characters were brought to the stage in Jonathan Harvey 's comedy play Corrie ! . The play was commissioned to celebrate the 50th Anniversary of the TV series and was presented at The Lowry in Salford , England by ITV Studios and Phil McIntyre Entertainments . Featuring a cast of six actors who alternate roles of favourite characters including Ena Sharples , Hilda Ogden , Hayley and Roy , Richard Hillman , Jack Duckworth , Bet Lynch , Steve , Karen and Becky , the play weaves together some of the most memorable moments from the TV show . It toured UK theatres between February 2011 and July 2011 with guest star narrators including Roy Barraclough , Ken Morley and Gaynor Faye . Films ( edit ) Over the years Coronation Street has released several straight - to - video films . Unlike other soaps which often used straight - to - video films to cover more contentious plot lines that may not be allowed by the broadcaster , Coronation Street has largely used these films to reset their characters in other locations . In 1995 , Coronation Street : The Cruise also known as Coronation Street : The Feature Length Special was released on VHS to celebrate the 35th anniversary of the show . ITV heavily promoted the programme as a direct - to - video exclusive but broadcast a brief version of it on 24 March 1996 . The Independent Television Commission investigated the broadcast , as viewers complained that ITV misled them . In 1997 , following the controversial cruise spin - off , Coronation Street : Viva Las Vegas ! was released on VHS , featuring Jack Duckworth , Vera Duckworth , Fiona Middleton and Maxine Peacock on a trip to Las Vegas . In 1999 , six special episodes of Coronation Street were produced , following the story of Steve McDonald , Vicky McDonald , Vikram Desai , Bet Gilroy and Reg Holdsworth in Brighton . This video was titled Coronation Street : Open All Hours and released on VHS . In 2008 , ITV announced filming was to get underway for a new special DVD episode , Coronation Street : Out of Africa , following the Battersby - Brown family , which included the temporary return of Cilla Battersby - Brown . In 2009 , another DVD special , Coronation Street : Romanian Holiday , was released . The feature - length comedy drama followed Roy , Hayley and Becky as they travelled to Romania for the wedding of a face from their past . On 1 November 2010 , Coronation Street : A Knight 's Tale was released . Reg Holdsworth and Curly Watts returned in the film . Mary tries to take Norris to an apparently haunted castle where she hoped to seduce him . Rosie gets a job there and she takes Jason with her . Brian Capron also guest starred as an assumed relative of Richard Hillman . He rises out of a lake with a comedic `` wink to the audience '' after Hillman drowned in 2003 . 50th anniversary ( 2010 ) ( edit ) The BBC commissioned a one - off drama called The Road to Coronation Street , about how the series first came into being . Jessie Wallace plays Pat Phoenix ( Elsie Tanner ) with Lynda Baron as Violet Carson ( Ena Sharples ) , Celia Imrie as Doris Speed ( Annie Walker ) and James Roache as his own father William Roache ( Ken Barlow ) . It was broadcast on 16 September 2010 on BBC Four . In December 2010 , ITV made a few special programmes to mark the 50th anniversary . Coronation Street Uncovered : Live , hosted by Stephen Mulhern was shown after the episode with the tram crash was aired on ITV 2 . On 7 and 9 December a countdown on the greatest Corrie moments , Coronation Street : 50 Years , 50 Moments , the viewers voted `` The Barlows at Alcoholics Anonymous '' as the greatest moment . On 10 December Paul O'Grady hosted a quiz show , Coronation Street : The Big 50 with three teams from the soap and a celebrity team answering questions about Coronation Street and other soaps . Also , Come Dine with Me and Celebrity Juice aired Coronation Street specials in the anniversary week . Crossovers ( edit ) Coronation Street and rival soap opera EastEnders had a crossover for Children in Need in November 2010 called `` East Street '' . EastEnders stars that visited Weatherfield include Laurie Brett as Jane Beale , Charlie G. Hawkins as Darren Miller , Kylie Babbington as Jodie Gold , Nina Wadia as Zainab Masood and John Partridge as Christian Clarke . Coronation Street : Viva Las Vegas ! also included some characters from Emmerdale . Corrie in popular culture ( edit ) The British rock band Queen produced a single `` I Want to Break Free '' in 1984 which reached number 3 position in UK charts and which is largely known for its music video for which all the band members dressed in women 's clothes , which parodied the characters and is considered as a homage to the show . The video depicts Mercury as a housewife , loosely based on Bet Lynch , who wants to `` break free '' from his life . Although Lynch was a blonde in the soap opera , Mercury thought he would look too silly as a blonde and chose a dark wig . May plays another , more relaxed housewife based on Hilda Ogden . Sponsorship ( edit ) Cadbury was the first sponsor of Coronation Street beginning in July 1996 . The original sponsorship had a chocolate - like version of the street ( which can be seen in place at the Cadbury World museum in Bournville , Birmingham ) with chocolate characters resembling some of the actual Coronation Street characters . In the summer of 2006 , Cadbury Trebor Bassetts had to recall over one million chocolate bars , due to suspected salmonella contamination , and Coronation Street stopped the sponsorship for several months . In late 2006 , Cadbury did not renew their contract , but agreed to sponsor the show until Coronation Street found a new sponsor . In July 2007 , an ITV press release announced that Harveys was the new sponsor of Coronation Street on the ITV Network . Harveys ' sponsorship began on 30 September 2007 . In the Coronation Street : Romanian Holiday film , Roy and Hayley Cropper are filmed in front of a Harveys store . In Coronation Street : A Knights Tale , a Harveys truck can be seen driving past Mary Taylor 's motor - home to further promote the brand . On 11 April 2012 , it was announced that Harveys had decided not to renew their contract and ceased sponsorship in December 2012 . Compare The Market were named as the new sponsor . In November 2011 a Nationwide Building Society ATM in Dev and Sunita Alahan 's shop became the first use of paid - for product placement in a UK primetime show . Hyundai are the current sponsor since January 2015 in the Republic of Ireland , aired on TV3 HD . Show sponsors ( edit ) 1996 -- 2007 : Cadbury 2007 -- 2012 : Harveys Furniture 2012 -- present : Comparethemarket.com Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Coronation Street Coronation Street is the second most award - winning British soap opera in the UK , behind rival soap EastEnders . Producers ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See List of Coronation Street producers The first producer was Stuart Latham , from December 1960 to July 1961 . In the 1960s and 1970s , most producers did stints of about one year . Longer - running producers included Eric Prytherch ( May 1972 -- April 1974 ) ; Bill Podmore ( September 1977 -- July 1982 ) ; Carolyn Reynolds ( 1991 -- 1993 ) ; and Sue Pritchard ( 1993 -- 1996 ) . From 2008 until Summer 2010 the soap was produced by Kim Crowther , who was replaced by Phil Collinson ( producer of Doctor Who from 2005 to 2009 ) . Collinson left the job in 2013 , with Stuart Blackburn replacing him . Kate Oates was announced as Blackburn 's successor in September 2015 . See also ( edit ) Coronation Street timeline List of births , marriages , and deaths in Coronation Street List of longest - serving soap opera actors List of Coronation Street characters List of past Coronation Street characters Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jones , Judith . `` Coronation Street '' . Museum TV . Jump up ^ `` ' Coronation Street ' writer defends Salford references -- Coronation Street News -- Soaps '' . Digital Spy. 11 February 2012 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.itv.com/news/2016-06-29/coronation-street-to-air-six-times-a-week-from-next-year/ Jump up ^ `` TV review : The Road to Coronation Street '' . The Guardian . 17 September 2010 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kudos extends Coronation Street The Tour contract '' . Event Magazine . Mail on Sunday . Retrieved 20 January 2015 ^ Jump up to : Hemley , Matthew ( 24 September 2010 ) . `` Coronation Street breaks two world records '' . The Stage . Retrieved 4 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Live Coronation Street episode wows viewers -- ITV News Jump up ^ Little , Daran ( 1998 ) . The Women of Coronation Street , Boxtree . ISBN 0 - 7522 - 2443 - 3 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Little . ( 1995 ) p. 10 . Jump up ^ Little . ( 1995 ) p. 26 . Jump up ^ Miller , Jeffrey ( 1986 ) . Graham Nown , ed . Street Talk : The Language of Coronation Street . London : Ward Lock . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7063 - 6514 - 6 . Jump up ^ TV Times . ( 1960 ) p. 8 . Jump up ^ Granada Television ( 8 November 1961 ) . Coronation Street 1961 ( Television serial drama ) . Quay Street , Manchester : Granada . Jump up ^ Tinker . p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : Little . ( 2000 ) p. 10 . Jump up ^ Little . ( 1995 ) p. 35 . Jump up ^ `` BFI Most Watched 1960s '' . The Museum of Broadcast Communications . Archived from the original on 23 February 2007 . Retrieved 29 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Allen , Robert C. `` Soap Opera '' . The Museum of Broadcast Communications . Retrieved 7 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Tinker . pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Little . ( 2000 ) p. 45 . Jump up ^ Little . ( 2000 ) p. 67 . ^ Jump up to : Little . ( 2000 ) p. 73 . ^ Jump up to : Little . ( 2000 ) p. 86 . Jump up ^ Little . ( 2000 ) p. 93 . Jump up ^ Little . ( 2000 ) p. 79 . Jump up ^ Little . ( 2000 ) p. 107 . Jump up ^ Little . ( 1995 ) p. 131 . Jump up ^ Liddement. ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Little . ( 2000 ) p. 134 . and pp. 153 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Little . ( 2000 ) pp. 153 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Tinker . p. 62 . ^ Jump up to : Little . ( 1995 ) p. 172 . Jump up ^ Little . ( 1995 ) p. 162 . Jump up ^ Little . ( 1995 ) p. 171 . Jump up ^ `` Soaps through the decades '' . Icons -- a portrait of England . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 27 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Little . ( 1995 ) p. 174 , pp. 182 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Little . ( 1995 ) pp. 184 , 189 . ^ Jump up to : Little . ( 2000 ) p. 165 . Jump up ^ Little . ( 2000 ) p. 170 . ^ Jump up to : Little . ( 2000 ) p. 188 . Jump up ^ Little . ( 1995 ) p. 165 . Jump up ^ Little . ( 1995 ) p. 217 . Jump up ^ Little . ( 2000 ) p. 205 . Jump up ^ Little . ( 2000 ) p. 194 . Jump up ^ Little . ( 2000 ) p. 199 . Jump up ^ Little . ( 1995 ) p. 211 . Jump up ^ Little . ( 1995 ) p. 220 . ^ Jump up to : Little . ( 2000 ) p. 235 . ^ Jump up to : Little . ( 2000 ) p. 241 . Jump up ^ `` PM supports Weatherfield One '' . BBC News . 31 March 1998 . Retrieved 7 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Prince stars in live soap '' . BBC News . 8 December 2000 . Retrieved 2 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Little . ( 2000 ) p. 256 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coronation Street Producer '' . Corrie.net . Retrieved 27 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Street drama hits ratings high '' . BBC News . 25 February 2003 . Retrieved 12 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Street gay kiss complaints rejected '' . BBC News . 3 November 2003 . Retrieved 12 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Street 's Vera Duckworth quitting '' . BBC News . 22 July 2007 . Retrieved 3 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Gray , Iain ( 29 October 2007 ) . `` Coronation Street 's Vera Duckworth to be killed off '' . The Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 3 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tina : I 'm quitting Corrie '' . The Sun . London . 4 April 2007 . Archived from the original on 6 April 2007 . Retrieved 4 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Soaps -- News -- ' Liam ' quits Corrie over `` typecast '' fears `` . Digital Spy. 3 February 2008 . Retrieved 20 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sally Webster 's breast cancer plot '' . Metro.co.uk. 17 September 2009 . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm the one most petrified of Tracy Barlow going back to Corrie , says Kate Ford '' . London : Mail Online . 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Corrie 's Sophie and Sian ponder lesbian plot '' . Digital Spy. 9 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 5 February 2010 . Retrieved 22 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vincent : ' No tongues in Corrie kiss ' '' . Digital Spy. 30 September 2009 . Archived from the original on 25 January 2010 . Retrieved 22 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Shinychris ( 10 May 2010 ) . `` Coronation Street 's Blanche Hunt honoured in documentary '' . Corrie Blog . Archived from the original on 14 December 2010 . Retrieved 7 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Coronation Street 's new title sequence '' . Digital Spy. 26 May 2010 . Retrieved 3 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Wylie , Ian ( 31 May 2010 ) . `` Coronation Street goes HD with Siege Week '' . guardian.co.uk . London : Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 3 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Coronation Street to show two Gail verdicts online '' . BBC News . 2 June 2010 . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Green , Kris ( 4 June 2010 ) . `` ITV confirms rescheduled Corrie eps '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 4 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Coronation Street taken off air following Cumbria shooting '' . STV . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` EastEnders to celebrate Coronation Street 50th with on screen mention '' . Beehive City . Honeycomb Publishing & Media . 1 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 4 December 2010 . Retrieved 1 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Beverley Callard to leave Coronation Street '' . BBC News . 20 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Janice Battersby actress Vicky Entwistle quits Street '' . BBC News . 2 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Little . ( 1995 ) p. 7 . Jump up ^ Tinker . p. 38 . Jump up ^ Tinker . p. 57 . Jump up ^ Tinker . p. 40 . Jump up ^ Geraghty , Christine . Women and Soap Opera , Polity Press , London , 1991 . ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 7456 - 0568 - 5 ) Jump up ^ Little . ( 2000 ) p. 5 . Jump up ^ Hadcroft , Will . `` Daran Little interview '' . Corrie.net . Retrieved 22 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Little . ( 1995 ) p. 188 . Jump up ^ Barker , Dennis ( 7 November 2005 ) . `` Obituary : Leslie Duxbury '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Little . ( 2000 ) p. 66 . Jump up ^ `` Queen of the Street The Amazing Life of Julie Goodyear '' . Alken MRS . Retrieved 9 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Little . ( 1998 ) p. 7 . Jump up ^ Kershaw . p. 30 . Jump up ^ Little . ( 2000 ) p. 58 . Jump up ^ Richard Marson . `` Inside Updown -- the story of `` Upstairs Downstairs '' . Kaleidoscope publishing 2001 . p. 50 . Jump up ^ `` ' Coronation Street ' to join ITV1 HD '' . Digital Spy. 12 May 2010 . Retrieved 7 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Coronation Street 's top ten writers '' . Corrie.net . Retrieved 31 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` HV Kershaw '' . IMDb . Retrieved 31 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Adele Rose '' . IMDb . Retrieved 31 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Podmore , p. 33 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Rosenthal '' . IMDb . Retrieved 31 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Abbott '' . IMDb . Retrieved 31 December 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Russell T Davies '' . IMDb . Retrieved 31 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Russell T Davies '' . The Gallifrey Archives . Archived from the original on 24 August 2007 . Retrieved 2 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Jones , Judith . `` Coronation street '' . The Museum of Broadcast Communications . Retrieved 2 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Kershaw , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Ron Simmonds , `` Stan Roderick -- A tribute '' Archived 5 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , Jazz Professional , 1994 Jump up ^ Palmer , Carl ( 19 August 2004 ) . `` Just 36 notes for Corrie trumpet '' . Manchester Evening News . M.E.N. Media . Archived from the original on 21 April 2013 . Jump up ^ McKeever , Katrina ( 19 August 2004 ) . `` Trumpeter Dave blows the lid on famous career '' . Wilmslow Express . M.E.N. Media . Archived from the original on 5 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Corrie tune row as musicians blow own trumpets Archived 3 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. , Mail on Sunday , 14 June 2009 ^ Jump up to : Brass warfare on Coronation Street as rival trumpeters say : I played that solo Archived 3 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. , Mail on Sunday , 21 June 2009 Jump up ^ `` New Opening Titles '' . Coronation Street -- ITV Soaps . ITV.com . Archived from the original on 3 June 2010 . Retrieved 7 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Discogs : I - Royals , The -- Coronation St . Jump up ^ `` British Television Bares It All '' . The Robesonian. 29 November 1970 . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Soap Opera Becomes Institution in Great Britain '' . Oxnard Press - Courier. 7 December 1980 . Retrieved 16 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Both sides claim victory in festive TV ratings war '' . The Glasgow Herald . 8 January 1988 . Retrieved 16 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Moyes , Jojo ( 18 October 2000 ) . `` Success of BBC news at ten is bad news for ITV '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 16 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Lister , David ( 2 January 1999 ) . `` Writer ridicules soap actors '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 16 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 3.2 m see Blumenthal take on ' Little Chef ' '' . Digital Spy. 20 January 1999 . Retrieved 16 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John ( 10 December 2010 ) . `` Coronation Street live show draws show 's biggest audience for seven years '' . guardian.co.uk . London : Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 16 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Tinker . p. 95 . Jump up ^ `` Google Maps '' . Google Maps . Retrieved 20 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Little . ( 1995 ) pp. 194 -- 95 . Jump up ^ `` Coronation Street '' . ITV.com. 16 September 2009 . Archived from the original on 27 December 2008 . Retrieved 20 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Revealed : Coronation Street set at its new MediaCityUK home '' Archived 14 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , Manchester Evening News , 29 November 2013 Jump up ^ `` Ticketmaster.co.uk -- Coronation St. The Tour . Official Ticketmaster site . '' . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Little . ( 2000 ) p. 229 . Jump up ^ Diamond , Chris ( 10 June 2002 ) . `` Coronation Street Review '' . Off The Telly . Archived from the original on 14 October 2006 . Retrieved 9 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Wilkes , Neil ( 5 November 2004 ) . `` Corrie to be aired eight times in one week '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 9 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Holmwood , Leigh ( 8 July 2009 ) . `` Coronation Street to move from Wednesdays -- after nearly 50 years '' . guardian.co.uk . London . Retrieved 8 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' Coronation Street ' moves back to Wednesday nights -- Coronation Street News -- Soaps '' . Digital Spy. 30 June 2011 . Retrieved 13 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Joe ( 20 September 2017 ) . `` Coronation Street Classic episodes are coming to ITV3 Next Month '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 21 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Little . ( 1995 ) p. 67 . Jump up ^ `` City by City Programming Differences -- Forums -- Page 4 '' . Media Spy . Archived from the original on 4 September 2012 . Retrieved 22 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Coronation Street '' . UKTV Australia . Archived from the original on 31 December 2006 . Retrieved 9 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` TV Lounge '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 22 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Groen , Danielle ( January 2011 ) . `` http://walrusmagazine.com/articles/2011.01-television-craving-corrie/1/ '' . The Walrus . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 05 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Guinness World Records 2002 . Guinness . 2001 . p. 160 . ISBN 0 - 85112 - 124 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Coronation Street '' . CBC Television , Canada . Retrieved 8 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Your online newspaper for Kitchener , Waterloo , Cambridge and area '' . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.rte.ie/entertainment/2016/1122/833564-tv3-confirms-return-of-coronation-street-and-emmerdale/ Jump up ^ `` 1970s : TV Trivia '' . TVNZ Ondemand . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Throng TV Ratings '' . 12 April 2014 . Retrieved 7 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coronation Street Blog : New Zealand Corrie fans outraged at time change '' . Coronationstreetupdates.blogspot.com. 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 13 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Coronation Street ' goes ' on - demand ' in US '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Errol Lewis ( 14 January 2013 ) . `` ' Coronation Street ' Heading to Hulu and Hulu Plus -- Soap Opera Network '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Coronation Street Online -- at Hulu '' . Hulu . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Watch Coronation Street Online -- at Hulu Jump up ^ ' Coronation Street ' Comes To Cable -- Nytimes.Com Jump up ^ `` Highlights -- BFBS TV '' . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ The Street , Issue 7 , The Street Ltd . Jump up ^ The Street , Issue 23 , The Street Ltd . Jump up ^ `` The Coronation Street Album '' . Amazon . Jump up ^ `` Coronation Streets 50th birthday album '' . The Sun . London . 29 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn , Mark . `` Pardon The Expression ! '' . BBC Comedy Guide . Archived from the original on 11 October 2006 . Retrieved 3 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn , Mark . `` Turn Out The Lights '' . BBC Comedy Guide . Archived from the original on 16 December 2006 . Retrieved 3 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Kyle takes on Coronation Street '' . London : The Telegraph . 17 March 2010 . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Corrie faves to return '' . The Mirror . Jump up ^ `` Corrie Extra Gary 's Army Diaries '' . ITV Coronation Street . ITV.com . Archived from the original on 4 February 2011 . Retrieved 7 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Love , Ryan ( 19 January 2011 ) . `` Corrie army diaries to be shown on ITV2 '' . Digital Spy . Hachette Filipacchi UK . Retrieved 31 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Corrie confirms Ken , Deirdre webisodes '' . Digital Spy. 12 January 2011 . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tears , tantrums and catfights : Things do n't quite go to plan for Rosie Webster as she pursues modelling career in London '' . Mail Online . 24 September 2011 . Retrieved 26 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Corrie ! August 2010 '' Archived 17 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , The Lowry , Salford , August 2010 ; Retrieved 31 January 2011 Jump up ^ `` Gaynor Faye & Ken Morley Narrate Corrie ! Tour '' WhatsOnStage.com , 11 January 2011 ; Retrieved 11 February 2011 Jump up ^ MacDonald , Marianne ( 10 April 1996 ) . `` ' Street ' cruises for fall over video 's brief honeymoon '' . London : The Independent . Retrieved 1 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Little . ( 2000 ) p. 248 . Jump up ^ `` Roy , Hayley , Becky for Romanian Corrie DVD '' . Digital Spy. 15 June 2009 . Retrieved 20 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Coronation Street - A Knight 's Tale '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 7 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Wollaston , Sam ( 17 September 2010 ) . `` TV review : The Road to Coronation Street '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 17 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Coronation Street and EastEnders to merge for charity '' . BBC News . 17 November 2010 . Retrieved 17 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Sutcliffe , Phil ; Hince , Peter ; Mack , Reinhold ( 15 November 2009 ) . Queen : The Ultimate Illustrated History of the Crown Kings of Rock . MBI Publishing Company . p. 180 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 3719 - 6 . Jump up ^ Freestone , Peter ; Evans , David ( 2001 ) . Freddie Mercury : An Intimate Memoir by the Man who Knew Him Best . Omnibus Press . p. 119 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7119 - 8674 - 9 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Marianne ( 27 March 1996 ) . `` Cadbury sponsors ' Coronation Street ' Sweet TV deal for chocolate - maker Britain 's top soap Street ' '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Green , Kris ( 14 November 2006 ) . `` Cadbury ends 10 - year Corrie sponsorship '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 14 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Green , Kris ( 2 July 2007 ) . `` Harveys announced as new Corrie sponsor '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 14 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Kilkelly , Daniel ( 11 April 2012 ) . `` ' Coronation Street ' to get new sponsor '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 17 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Sweney , Mark ( 30 October 2011 ) . `` Coronation Street cashpoint to mark first product placement in UK primetime show '' . guardian.co.uk . London : Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Print references ( edit ) Egan , Sean ( 2010 ) . 50 Years of Coronation Street : The ( Very ) Unofficial Story . London : JR Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 906779 - 80 - 1 . Collier , Katherine ( 2008 ) ( 2003 ) . Coronation Street : The Epic Novel . Updated by Glenda Young . London : Carlton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 233 - 05097 - 3 . Hanson , David ; Kingston , Jo ( 1999 ) . Coronation St. : Access All Areas . London : Andre Deutsch . ISBN 978 - 0 - 233 - 99722 - 3 . Kershaw , H.V. ( 1981 ) . The Street Where I Live . London : Granada . ISBN 978 - 0 - 246 - 11734 - 2 . Little , Daran ( 1995 ) . The Coronation Street Story . London : Boxtree . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85283 - 464 - 7 . Little , Daran ( 1998 ) . The Women of Coronation Street . London : Boxtree . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7522 - 2443 - 5 . Little , Daran ( 2000 ) . 40 Years of Coronation Street . London : Andre Deutsch . ISBN 978 - 0 - 233 - 99806 - 0 . Little , Daran ( 2002 ) . Who 's Who on Coronation Street . London : Andre Deutsch . ISBN 978 - 0 - 233 - 99994 - 4 . Podmore , Bill ; Reece , Peter ( 1990 ) . Coronation Street : The Inside Story . London : Macdonald . ISBN 978 - 0 - 356 - 17971 - 1 . Tinker , Jack ( 1987 ) . Coronation Street : A fully illustrated record of television 's most popular serial . London : Treasure Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86273 - 240 - 0 . Video and DVD references ( edit ) This Is Coronation Street , Dir : John Black ( DVD ) Acorn Media Publishing , 2003 Coronation Street : Secrets , Dir : John Black ( DVD ) Morningstar Entertainment , 2004 Coronation Street : Early Days , ( Video ) Granada Media Group , 2001 Coronation Street : The Jubilee Years , ( Video ) Granada Media Group , 1985 Coronation Street : The Magic of , ( Video ) Granada Media Group , 1985 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Coronation Street Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Coronation Street '' dated 2007 - 03 - 11 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Coronation Street at ITV.com Coronation Street at stv.tv Coronation Street on CBC Television Coronation Street on IMDb Coronation Street at TV.com Coronation Street Awards and nominations Producers Humour Characters Present characters Past characters Storylines Timeline Births , marriages and deaths `` Who Attacked Ken ? '' Episodes Episode One Coronation Street Live ( 2000 ) `` Siege Week '' Coronation Street Live ( 2010 ) Sets and locations Weatherfield Rovers Return Inn Spin - offs Pardon the Expression Turn Out the Lights VHS and DVD releases Coronation Street : Out of Africa Coronation Street : Romanian Holiday The Road to Coronation Street `` East Street '' Ken and Deirdre 's Bedtime Stories Related articles `` I Want to Break Free '' Coronation Street characters Present and future characters Ken Barlow Emily Bishop Rita Sullivan Peter Barlow Gail McIntyre Tracy Barlow Audrey Roberts Kevin Webster Jenny Bradley Sally Webster Gina Seddon Sarah Platt Liz McDonald Steve McDonald Rosie Webster David Platt Norris Cole Sophie Webster Daniel Osbourne Roy Cropper Robert Preston Leanne Battersby Toyah Battersby Tyrone Dobbs Dev Alahan Eileen Grimshaw Maria Connor Kirk Sutherland Bethany Platt Adam Barlow Todd Grimshaw Fiz Brown Simon Barlow Sean Tully Chesney Brown Amy Barlow Aadi Alahan Asha Alahan Michelle Connor Carla Connor Anna Windass Gary Windass Mary Taylor Liam Connor Jr . Izzy Armstrong Max Turner Jack Webster Hope Stape Faye Windass Eva Price Beth Tinker Craig Tinker Ruby Dobbs Tim Metcalfe Sinead Tinker Jake Windass Lily Platt Pat Phelan Luke Britton Alya Nazir Yasmeen Nazir Dr. Susan Gaddas Zeedan Nazir Gemma Winter Andy Carver Billy Mayhew Cathy Matthews Aidan Connor Alex Warner Johnny Connor Kate Connor Rana Habeeb Harry Platt Seb Franklin Shona Ramsey Jude Appleton Oliver Battersby Nicola Rubinstein Summer Spellman Moira Pollock Angie Appleton Past characters Sunita Alahan Christine Appleby Lewis Archer Shirley Armitage Katy Armstrong Owen Armstrong Danny Baldwin Frankie Baldwin Jamie Baldwin Mike Baldwin Deirdre Barlow Frank Barlow Ida Barlow Susan Barlow Des Barnes Natalie Barnes Janice Battersby Les Battersby Cilla Battersby - Brown Sheila Birtles Natasha Blakeman Alan Bradley Renee Bradshaw Teresa Bryant Julie Carp Casey Carswell Matt Carter Paul Clayton Liam Connor Paul Connor Ryan Connor Kelly Crabtree Hayley Cropper Trevor Dean Marcus Dent Jackie Dobbs Molly Dobbs Rob Donovan Jack Duckworth Terry Duckworth Tommy Duckworth Vera Duckworth Fred Elliott Anne Foster Frank Foster Alec Gilroy Tony Gordon Cheryl Gray Jason Grimshaw Alma Halliwell Richard Hillman Charlotte Hoyle Blanche Hunt Mel Hutchwright Amber Kalirai Ray Langton Bet Lynch Tara Mandal Ciaran McCarthy Becky McDonald Jim McDonald Karen McDonald Joe McIntyre Tina McIntyre Darryl Morton Jerry Morton Kayleigh Morton Mel Morton Lloyd Mullaney Karl Munro Hilda Ogden Stan Ogden Denise Osbourne Ashley Peacock Claire Peacock Kylie Platt Martin Platt Sian Powers Stella Price Graeme Proctor Mark Redman Alf Roberts Maya Sharma Ena Sharples Kirsty Soames John Stape Jed Stone Candice Stowe Luke Strong Charlie Stubbs Percy Sugden Leonard Swindley Dennis Tanner Elsie Tanner Albert Tatlock Ivy Tilsley Nick Tilsley Vernon Tomlin Shelley Unwin Annie Walker Curly Watts Raquel Watts Bill Webster Betty Williams Violet Wilson Derek Wilton Mavis Wilton Eddie Windass Eddie Yeats Lists of characters 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 Original characters Soap operas in the United Kingdom TV soaps National Coronation Street EastEnders Emmerdale Hollyoaks Scotland River City Wales Pobol y Cwm Rownd a Rownd Medical and emergency services Casualty Holby City Doctors Australian imported ( co-produced in the UK ) Neighbours Home and Away Radio soaps The Archers Home Front Defunct TV 199 Park Lane Albion Market Angels The Appleyards The Bill Brookside Castles The Cedar Tree Compact Crossroads Echo Beach Eldorado Emergency -- Ward 10 Families Family Affairs Family Pride Garnock Way Gems General Hospital The Grove Family High Living London Bridge Machair Market in Honey Lane Miracles Take Longer The Newcomers Night and Day Park Avenue The Practice Quayside Revelations The Royal Today Sixpenny Corner Springhill Starr and Company Taff Acre Take the High Road Together Triangle United ! Weavers Green Radio Ambridge Extra Citizens Front Line Family Mrs Dale 's Diary Silver Street Waggoners ' Walk Westway Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coronation_Street&oldid=804675968 '' Categories : Coronation Street 1960 British television programme debuts 1960s British drama television series 1970s British drama television series 1980s British drama television series 1990s British drama television series 2000s British drama television series 2010s British drama television series British television soap operas Black - and - white British television programmes English - language television programs Fictional streets and roads Lesbian - related television programmes Television shows set in Greater Manchester History of Manchester BAFTA winners ( television series ) CBC Television shows ITV soap operas Television series by ITV Studios Television programmes produced by Granada Television Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : external links Use British English from January 2014 Use dmy dates from October 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from February 2016 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Articles needing additional references from February 2010 All articles needing additional references Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 13 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation%20Street	724
what is toner used for on the face	In cosmetics , skin toner or simply toner refers to a lotion or wash designed to cleanse the skin and shrink the appearance of pores , usually used on the face . Toners can be applied to the skin in different ways :	to cleanse the skin and shrink the appearance of pores	Toner ( skin care )	toner ( skin care )	In cosmetics , skin toner or simply toner refers to a lotion or wash designed to cleanse the skin and shrink the appearance of pores , usually used on the face . Toners can be applied to the skin in different ways :	On damp cotton wool . ( This is the most frequently used method . ) Spraying onto the face . By applying a tonic gauze facial mask -- a piece of gauze is covered with toner and left on the face for a few minutes . Users often apply moisturiser after toner has dried . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types of toners 1.1 Skin bracers or fresheners 1.2 Skin tonics 1.3 Astringents Types of toners ( edit ) Skin bracers or fresheners ( edit ) These are the mildest form of toners ; they contain water and a humectant such as glycerine , and little if any alcohol ( 0 -- 10 % ) . Humectants help to keep the moisture in the upper layers of the epidermis by preventing it from evaporating . A popular example of this is rosewater . These toners are the gentlest to the skin , and are most suitable for use on dry , dehydrated , sensitive and normal skins . It may give a burning sensation to sensitive skin . Skin tonics ( edit ) These are slightly stronger and contain a small quantity of alcohol ( up to 20 % ) , water and a humectant ingredient . Orange flower water is an example of a skin tonic . Skin tonics are suitable for use on normal , combination , and oily skin . Astringents ( edit ) These are the strongest form of toner and contain a high proportion of alcohol ( 20 -- 60 % ) , antiseptic ingredients , water , and a humectant ingredient . These can be irritating and damaging to the skin as they can remove excess protective lipids as well as denature proteins in the skin when a high percentage of alcohol is used . Cosmetics Face Anti-aging cream BB cream Botulinum toxin ( Botox ) Concealer Cotton pad Cleanser Facial Facial toning Foundation Moisturizer Permanent makeup Primer Powder Rouge Skin whitening Toner Veil Venetian ceruse Lips Lipstick Balm Gloss Liner Plumper Stain Eyes Blepharoplasty Circle contact lens Eyelash extensions Eyelid glue Eye liner Eye shadow Kohl Mascara Hair Conditioner Hair coloring and bleaching Removal chemical electric laser IPL plucking shaving threading waxing Shampoo Styling products gel mousse pomade spray wax Nails Artificial nails Buffing Manicure Nail polish Pedicure Body Body powder Cold cream Lotion Cosmetic surgery Peeling Skin whitening Related topics Cosmetic electrotherapy Cosmetic ingredients Cosmetics advertising Cosmetology History of cosmetics Cosmetic industry Major cosmetic brands Ahava Almay AmorePacific Anna Sui Artistry Aveda Avon Bath & Body Works Benefit Biotherm Bobbi Brown Bonne Bell Brihans Natural Products Bumble and bumble Burt 's Bees Cargo Carol 's Daughter Clarins Clinique Coty CoverGirl Creme 21 Cutex Daigaku Honyaku Center Elizabeth Arden , Inc . Estée Lauder Eyes Lips Face Etude House Faberge Farmec Garnier Guerlain Hard Candy Helena Rubinstein Kao Corporation Kevyn Aucoin Kiehl 's Lancôme Laneige Laura Mercier Laura Mercier Cosmetics Lise Watier L'Oréal L'occitane Love Cosmetics Lush MAC Cosmetics Mary Kay Max Factor Maybelline Missha Molton Brown NARS Natura Natural Wonder Nature Republic Neal 's Yard Remedies Neutrogena Nexxus Nivea O Boticário OPI Oriflame Origins Paula Begoun Pond 's Red Earth Revlon Richard Hudnut Rimmel Sephora Shiseido Shu Uemura SimplySiti SK - II SkinCeuticals Skin Food Stila The Body Shop The Face Shop ULTA Beauty Ultima II Urban Decay Vaseline Vichy Victoria 's Secret Wella Yves Rocher Categories Companies People History Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toner_(skin_care)&oldid=821507720 '' Categories : Skin care Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from June 2008 All articles lacking sources Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Suomi Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 22 : 30 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toner%20%28skin%20care%29	725
what were some characteristics of flappers (the modern woman of the 20s)	Flappers were a generation of young Western women in the 1920s who wore short skirts , bobbed their hair , listened to jazz , and flaunted their disdain for what was then considered acceptable behavior . Flappers were seen as brash for wearing excessive makeup , drinking , treating sex in a casual manner , smoking , driving automobiles , and otherwise flouting social and sexual norms . Flappers had their origins in the liberal period of the Roaring Twenties , the social , political turbulence and increased transatlantic cultural exchange that followed the end of World War I , as well as the export of American jazz culture to Europe .		Flapper	flapper	Flappers were a generation of young Western women in the 1920s who wore short skirts , bobbed their hair , listened to jazz , and flaunted their disdain for what was then considered acceptable behavior . Flappers were seen as brash for wearing excessive makeup , drinking , treating sex in a casual manner , smoking , driving automobiles , and otherwise flouting social and sexual norms . Flappers had their origins in the liberal period of the Roaring Twenties , the social , political turbulence and increased transatlantic cultural exchange that followed the end of World War I , as well as the export of American jazz culture to Europe .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Influences 3 Evolution of the image 3.1 The Gibson Girl 3.2 Magazines 4 Behavior 4.1 US banks and `` flapper '' employees 5 Image of youth 5.1 Overturning of Victorian roles 5.2 Petting parties 5.3 Slang 6 Appearance 6.1 Apparel 6.1. 1 Lingerie 6.2 Hair and accessories 6.3 Cosmetics 7 Semiotics of the flapper 8 End of the flapper era 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Etymology ( edit ) The slang word `` flapper '' , describing a young woman , is sometimes supposed to refer to a young bird flapping its wings while learning to fly . However , it may derive from an earlier use in northern England to mean `` teenage girl '' , referring to one whose hair is not yet put up and whose plaited pigtail `` flapped '' on her back ; or from an older word meaning `` prostitute '' . The slang word `` flap '' was used for a young prostitute as early as 1631 . By the 1890s , the word `` flapper '' was emerging in England as popular slang both for a very young prostitute , and in a more general -- and less derogatory sense -- of any lively mid-teenage girl . Violet Romer in a flapper dress c. 1915 The word appeared in print as early as 1903 in the United Kingdom and 1904 in the United States , when novelist Desmond Coke used it in his college story of Oxford life , Sandford of Merton : `` There 's a stunning flapper '' . In 1907 English actor George Graves explained it to Americans as theatrical slang for acrobatic young female stage performers . The flapper was also known as a dancer , who danced liked a bird - flapping her arms while doing the Charleston dance move . This move became quite a competitive dance during this era . By 1908 , newspapers as serious as The Times used it , although with careful explanation : `` A ' flapper ' , we may explain , is a young lady who has not yet been promoted to long frocks and the wearing of her hair ' up ' '' . In April 1908 , the fashion section of London 's The Globe and Traveler contained a sketch entitled `` The Dress of the Young Girl '' with the following explanation : Americans , and those fortunate English folk whose money and status permit them to go in freely for slang terms ... call the subject of these lines the ' flapper . ' The appropriateness of this term does not move me to such whole - hearted admiration of the amazing powers of enriching our language which the Americans modestly acknowledge they possess ... , ( and ) in fact , would scarcely merit the honour of a moment of my attention , but for the fact that I seek in vain for any other expression that is understood to signify that important young person , the maiden of some sixteen years . The sketch is of a girl in a frock with a long skirt , `` which has the waistline quite high and semi-Empire , ... quite untrimmed , its plainness being relieved by a sash knotted carelessly around the skirt . '' By November 1910 , the word was popular enough for A.E. James to begin a series of stories in the London Magazine featuring the misadventures of a pretty fifteen - year - old girl and titled `` Her Majesty the Flapper '' . By 1911 , a newspaper review indicates the mischievous and flirtatious `` flapper '' was an established stage - type . Clara Bow in 1921 , before she became a star By 1912 , the London theatrical impresario John Tiller , defining the word in an interview he gave to the New York Times , described a `` flapper '' as belonging to a slightly older age group , a girl who has `` just come out '' . Tiller 's use of the phrase `` come out '' means `` to make a formal entry into ' society ' on reaching womanhood '' . In polite society at the time , a teenage girl who had not `` come out '' would still be classed as a child . She would be expected to keep a low profile on social occasions and ought not to be the object of male attention . Although the word was still largely understood as referring to high - spirited teenagers gradually in Britain it was being extended to describe any impetuous immature woman . By late 1914 , the British magazine Vanity Fair was reporting that the Flapper was beginning to disappear in England , being replaced by the so - called `` Little Creatures . '' Nevertheless , the use of the word increased during World War I , perhaps due to the visible emergence of young women into the workforce to supply the place of absent men ; a Times article on the problem of finding jobs for women made unemployed by the return of the male workforce is headed `` The Flapper 's Future '' . Under this influence , the meaning of the term changed somewhat , to apply to `` independent , pleasure - seeking , khaki - crazy young women '' . In his lecture in February 1920 on Britain 's surplus of young women caused by the loss of young men in war , Dr. R. Murray - Leslie criticized `` the social butterfly type ... the frivolous , scantily - clad , jazzing flapper , irresponsible and undisciplined , to whom a dance , a new hat , or a man with a car , were of more importance than the fate of nations '' . In May of that year , Selznick Pictures released The Flapper a silent comedy film starring Olive Thomas . It was the first film in the United States to portray the `` flapper '' lifestyle . By that time , the term had taken on the full meaning of the flapper generation style and attitudes . The use of the term coincided with a fashion among teenage girls in the United States in the early 1920s for wearing unbuckled galoshes , and a widespread false etymology held that they were called `` flappers '' because they flapped when they walked , as they wore their overshoes or galoshes unfastened , showing that they defied convention in a manner similar to the 21st century fad for untied shoelaces . Another suggestion to the origin of the term , in relation to fashion , comes from a 1920s fashion trend in which young women left their overcoat unbuttoned to allow it to flap back and forth as they walked , appearing more independent and freed from the tight , Victorian Era style clothing . By the mid-1930s in Britain , although still occasionally used , the word `` flapper '' had become associated with the past . In 1936 a Times journalist grouped it with terms such as `` blotto '' as out - dated slang : `` ( blotto ) evokes a distant echo of glad rags and flappers ... It recalls a past which is not yet ' period ' . '' `` In all countries , the First World War weakened old orthodoxies and authorities , and , when it was over , neither government nor church nor school nor family had the power to regulate the lives of human beings as it had once done . One result of this was a profound change in manners and morals that made a freer and less restrained society . Women benefited from this as much as anyone else . Time - worn prescriptions concerning what was or was not proper behavior for them no longer possessed much credibility , and taboos about unaccompanied appearances in public places , or the use of liquor or tobacco , or even pre-marital sexual relationships had lost their force ... ( W ) omen were no longer as vulnerable to the tyranny of society as the had been ( before ) . '' -- Historian Gordon A. Craig Influences ( edit ) One cause of the change in young women 's behavior was World War I which ended in November 1918 . The death of large numbers of young men in the war , and the Spanish flu epidemic which struck in 1918 killing between 20 -- 40 million people , inspired in young people a feeling that life is short and could end at any moment . Therefore , young women wanted to spend their youth enjoying their life and freedom rather than just staying at home and waiting for a man to marry them . Political changes were another cause of the flapper culture . World War I reduced the grip of the class system on both sides of the Atlantic , encouraging different classes to mingle and share their sense of freedom . Women finally won the right to vote in the United States on August 26 , 1920 . Women wanted to be men 's social equals and were faced with the difficult realization of the larger goals of feminism : individuality , full political participation , economic independence , and ' sex rights ' . They wanted to be treated like men and go smoking and drinking . In addition , many women had more opportunities in the workplace and had even taken traditionally male jobs such as doctors , lawyers , engineers and pilots . The rise of consumerism also promoted the ideals of `` fulfilment and freedom '' , which encouraged women to think independently about their garments , careers , social activities . Actress Alice Joyce , 1926 Society changed quickly after World War I . For example , customs , technology , and manufacturing all moved quickly into the 20th century after the interruption of the war . The rise of the automobile was an important factor in flapper culture , as cars meant a woman could come and go as she pleased , travel to speakeasies and other entertainment venues , and use the large vehicles of the day for their popular activity , petting parties . Also , the economic boom allowed more people the time and money to play golf and tennis and to take vacations , which required clothing adapted to these activities ; the flapper 's slender silhouette was very suitable for movement . Evolution of the image ( edit ) The first appearance of the word and image in the United States came from the popular 1920 Frances Marion film , The Flapper , starring Olive Thomas . Thomas starred in a similar role in 1917 , though it was not until The Flapper that the term was used . In her final movies , she was seen as the flapper image . Other actresses , such as Clara Bow , Louise Brooks , Colleen Moore and Joan Crawford would soon build their careers on the same image , achieving great popularity . In the United States , popular contempt for Prohibition was a factor in the rise of the flapper . With legal saloons and cabarets closed , back alley speakeasies became prolific and popular . This discrepancy between the law - abiding , religion - based temperance movement and the actual ubiquitous consumption of alcohol led to widespread disdain for authority . Flapper independence was also a response to the Gibson girls of the 1890s . Although that pre-war look does not resemble the flapper style , their independence may have led to the flapper wise - cracking tenacity 30 years later . Studebaker 1920 - model automobile Writers in the United States such as F. Scott Fitzgerald and Anita Loos and illustrators such as Russell Patterson , John Held , Jr. , Ethel Hays and Faith Burrows popularized the flapper look and lifestyle through their works , and flappers came to be seen as attractive , reckless , and independent . Among those who criticized the flapper craze was writer - critic Dorothy Parker , who penned `` Flappers : A Hate Song '' to poke fun at the fad . The secretary of labor denounced the `` flippancy of the cigarette smoking , cocktail - drinking flapper '' . A Harvard psychologist reported that flappers had `` the lowest degree of intelligence '' and constituted `` a hopeless problem for educators '' . Another writer , Lynne Frame , said in her book that a large number of scientists and health professionals have analyzed and reviewed the degree of femininity of flappers ' appearance and behavior , given the `` boyishness '' of the flapper look and behavior . Some gynecologists gave the opinion that women were less `` marriageable '' if they were less `` feminine '' , as the husband would be unhappy in his marriage . In Frame 's book , she also wrote that the appearance of flappers , like the short hair and short dress , distracted attention from feminine curves to the legs and body . These attributes were not only a fashion trend but also the expression of a blurring of gender roles . The Gibson girl ( edit ) The Gibson Girl was one of the origins of the flapper . The invention of Charles Dana Gibson , the Gibson Girl changed the fashion , patterns , and lifestyles of the 1920s ; these were much more progressive than the traditions of women 's styles in the past . Before the Gibson Girl movement , women 's voices as a group were infrequently heard . While some may see the Gibson Girl as just a fashion statement , it was much more broadly influential than that . `` She depicted the modern woman , known popularly as the ' new woman ' , at a time when more women gained independence , began to work outside the home , and sought the right to vote and other rights . '' Gibson 's illustrations showed feminist women of all kinds who worried more about themselves than about pleasing the men in their lives . It was the first time a woman could actually concentrate on her own dreams and goals . The Gibson Girl also exemplified the importance of intelligence and learning rather than catering to men 's needs . According to Kate Chopin , `` The Gibson Girl influenced society in the early 1900s much like Barbie influenced society of the late 1900s . The Gibson Girl crossed many societal lines opening the way for women to participate in things they had never done before . She , like Barbie , portrayed women as strong individuals who could play sports while maintaining perfectly coiffed hair and dress . She was criticized by many , much like Barbie , for creating an unrealistic ideal of what women should look like : perfect proportions and long flowing hair . Despite the criticism she was a trend setter , a model for women in both dress and action , just like Barbie . '' The Flapper Magazine inner page The fashion of the Gibson Girl allowed them a much more active lifestyle then previously , in both work and recreation . `` Skirts were long and flared , and dresses were tailored with high necks and close - fitting sleeves . The style was considered masculine , and this was sometimes emphasized by wearing a necktie . Though women still wore the restrictive undergarments known as corsets , a new health corset came into style that was said to be better for the spine than earlier corsets . An S - shaped figure became trendy , with a large bust and large hips , separated by a tiny , corseted waist . These styles , worn with confidence and poise by modern women ... She might be pictured at a desk in a tailored shirtwaist or at a tennis party in an informal sports dress . She wore her long hair upswept in an elaborate mass of curls , perhaps topped by a simple straw hat . Though she was capable and independent , the Gibson girl was always beautiful and elegant . '' According to the Library of Congress , `` Gibson 's meticulous depiction of their hats accentuates the Gibson Girls ' stylish attire and visually reinforces the impression of height , leading the eye to the mountains ... Gibson shows off the classic Gibson Girl as a figure who embraced outdoor physical activities . '' The Gibson Girl was uniquely American compared to European standards of style . She was an ideal : youthful , feminist , strong and a truly modern woman . Gibson emphasized that any women can be represented as a Gibson Girl , both those in the middle and the upper class . Minnie Clark , known as `` the original Gibson Girl '' , was a model for Gibson and could portray any type of women needed for his illustration . Gibson drew with characteristic grace women all of races and classes so that any woman could feel that they , too , could be a graceful Gibson Girl . Magazines ( edit ) In 1922 , a small - circulation magazine -- The Flapper , located in Chicago -- celebrated the flapper 's appeal . On the opening page of its first issue , it proudly declared flappers ' break with traditional values . Also , flappers defended them by contrasting themselves with earlier generations of women whom they called `` clinging vines '' . They mocked the confining fashions and demure passivity of older women and reveled in their own freedom . They did not even acknowledge that the previous generation of female activists had made the flappers ' freedom possible . In the 1920s , new magazines appealed to young German women with a sensuous image and advertisements for the appropriate clothes and accessories they would want to purchase . The glossy pages of Die Dame and Das Blatt der Hausfrau displayed the `` Girl '' -- the flapper . She was young and fashionable , financially independent , and was an eager consumer of the latest fashions . The magazines kept her up to date on fashion , arts , sports , and modern technology such as automobiles and telephones . Behavior ( edit ) Even though many young women in the 1920s saw flappers as the symbol of a brighter future , some also questioned the flappers ' more extreme behavior . Therefore , in 1923 , the magazine began asking for true stories from its readers for a new column called `` Confessions of a Flapper '' . Some of these were lighthearted stories of girls getting the better of those who underestimated them , but others described girls betraying their own standards of behavior in order to live up to the image of flappers . There were several examples , a newlywed confessed to having cheated on her husband , a college student described being told by a boyfriend that she was not `` the marrying kind '' because of the sexual liberties she had permitted him , and a minister 's daughter recounted the humiliation of being caught in the lie of pretending she was older and more sophisticated than she was . Many readers thought that flappers had gone too far in their quest for adventure . One 23 - year - old `` ex-vamp '' declared : `` In my opinion , the average flappers from 15 to 19 were brainless , inconsiderate of others , and easy to get into serious trouble . '' Betty Boop , an animated cartoon character invented in 1930 by Max Fleischer as a caricature of a flapper , became an icon of the 1920s So , among the readers of The Flapper , parts of them were celebrated for flappers ' spirit and appropriation of male privilege , while parts of them acknowledged the dangers of emulating flappers too faithfully , with some even confessing to violating their own codes of ethics so as to live up to all the hype . Us banks and `` flapper '' employees ( edit ) According to a report in 1922 , some banks across the United States started to regulate the dress and deportment of young female employees who were considered to be `` flappers '' . It began with a complaint of a mother in New Jersey who felt dissatisfied because her son did business only with a young female employee , whom she considered illegally attractive . The incident was duly reported to the officials of the bank , and rules adopted regarding requirements in dress for female employees . Those rules included that the dress should not have a pattern , it should be bought from a specific store , it must be worn in either black , blue or brown , its sleeves must not be shortened above the elbow , and its hem must not be worn higher than twelve inches from the ground . After that , the anti-flapper code soon spread to the Federal Reserve , where female employees were firmly told that there was no time for them to beautify themselves during office hours . Image of youth ( edit ) The flapper stands as one of the most enduring images of youth and new women in the twentieth century , and is viewed by Americans as something of a cultural heroine nowadays . However , back in the 1920s , many Americans regarded flappers as threatening to conventional society , representing a new moral order . Although most of them were the daughters of the middle class , they flouted middle - class values . They shrugged off their chaperones , danced suggestively , and openly flirted with boys . `` Flappers prized style over substance , novelty over tradition , and pleasure over virtue . '' Ruth Gillettes , a 1920s singer , had a song called `` Oh Say ! Can I See You Tonight ? '' which expresses the new behavior of girls in the 1920s . Before the 1920s , for a woman to call a man to suggest a date would be impossible . But in the 1920s , many girls seemed to play a leading role in relationships , actively asking boys out or even coming to their homes . Flappers ' behavior was considered outlandish at the time and redefined women 's roles . In the English media they were stereotyped as pleasure - loving , reckless and prone to defy convention by initiating sexual relationships . Some have suggested that the flapper concept as a stage of life particular to young women was imported to England from Germany , where it originated `` as a sexual reaction against the over-fed , under - exercised monumental woman , and as a compromise between pederasty and normal sex '' . In Germany teenage girls were called `` Backfisch '' , which meant a young fish not yet big enough to be sold in the market . Although the concept of `` Backfisch '' was known in England by the late 1880s , the term was understood to mean a very demure social type unlike the flapper , who was typically rebellious and defiant of convention . The evolving image of flappers was of independent young women who went by night to jazz clubs such as those in Harlem , which were viewed as erotic and dangerous , where they danced provocatively , smoked cigarettes and dated freely , perhaps indiscriminately . They were active , sporting , rode bicycles , drove cars , and openly drank alcohol , a defiant act in the American period of Prohibition . With time came the development of dance styles such as the Charleston , the Shimmy , the Bunny Hug , and the Black Bottom , which were considered shocking , but were a symbolic badge of the flapper 's rejection of traditional standards . Billie Dove on `` Not for Old Fogies '' , The Flapper ( cover ) , November 1922 Ellen Bernard Thompson Pyle `` The Flapper '' Saturday Evening Post ( February 4 , 1922 ) Overturning of Victorian roles ( edit ) Flappers also began working outside the home and challenging women 's traditional societal roles and the monolithic historical idea of women being powerless throughout social history . They were considered a significant challenge to traditional Victorian gender roles , devotion to plain - living , hard work and religion . Increasingly , women discarded old , rigid ideas about roles and embraced consumerism and personal choice , and were often described in terms of representing a `` culture war '' of old versus new . Flappers also advocated voting and women 's rights . In this manner , flappers were a result of larger social changes -- women were able to vote in the United States in 1920 , and religious society had been rocked by the Scopes trial . For all the concern about women stepping out of their traditional roles , however , many flappers were not engaged in politics . In fact , older suffragettes , who fought for the right for women to vote , viewed flappers as vapid and in some ways unworthy of the enfranchisement they had worked so hard to win . Dorothy Dunbar Bromley , a noted liberal writer at the time , summed up this dichotomy by describing flappers as `` truly modern '' , `` New Style '' feminists who `` admit that a full life calls for marriage and children '' and also `` are moved by an inescapable inner compulsion to be individuals in their own right '' . Petting parties ( edit ) Petting became more common than in the Victorian era . `` Petting parties '' , where petting ( `` making out '' or foreplay ) was the main attraction , became popular . In youthful imagination , it gave the lie to the old clichés of `` the only man '' and `` the only girl '' . This was typical on college campuses , where young people `` spent a great deal of unsupervised time in mixed company '' . Carolyn Van Wyck wrote a column for Photoplay , an upmarket magazine that featured articles on pop culture , advice on fashion , and even articles on helping readers channel their inner celebrity . In March 1926 an anonymous young woman wrote in describing petting as a problem , explaining `` The boys all seem to do it and do n't seem to come back if you do n't do it also . We girls are at our wits ' end to know what to do ... I 'm sure that I do n't want to marry anyone who is too slow to want to pet . But I want to discover what is right . Please help me . '' Van Wyck sympathized with the problem the writer faced and added , `` It seems to me much better to be known as a flat tire and keep romance in one 's mind than to be called a hot date and have fear in one 's heart . '' In the 1950s , Life magazine depicted petting parties as `` that famed and shocking institution of the ' 20s '' , and commenting on the ' Kinsey Report ' , said that they have been `` very much with us ever since '' . In the Kinsey Report of 1950 , there was an indicated increase in premarital intercourse for the generation of the 1920s . Kinsey found that of women born before 1900 , 14 percent acknowledged premarital sex before the age of 25 , while those born after 1900 were two and a half times more likely ( 36 percent ) to have premarital intercourse and experience an orgasm . Slang ( edit ) Flappers were associated with the use of a number of slang words , including `` junk '' , `` necker '' , `` heavy petting '' , and `` necking parties '' , although these words existed before the 1920s . Flappers also used the word `` jazz '' in the sense of anything exciting or fun . Their language sometimes reflected their feelings about dating , marriage and drinking habits : `` I have to see a man about a dog '' at this period often meant going to buy whiskey ; and a `` handcuff '' or `` manacle '' was an engagement or wedding ring . Also reflective of their preoccupations were phrases to express approval , such as `` That 's so Jake '' , ( okay ) ; `` That 's the bee 's knees '' , ( a superb person ) ; `` Cake - eater , '' ( a ladies ' man ) ; and the popular : `` the cat 's meow , '' ( anything wonderful ) . Actress Norma Talmadge There were two more slangs that reflected flapper 's behaviors or lifestyles , which were `` treating '' and `` charity girls '' . `` Treating '' was a culture or habit mainly for the working - class flappers . Although they earned money from work , they still wanted to earn some more for them to live . Women were willingly invited to dance , for drinks , for entrances up to jewelry and clothing . For the `` return service '' , women granted any kind of erotic or sexual interaction from flirting to sexual intercourse . However , this practice was easily mistaken for prostitution . So , some people would call them `` charity girls '' to differentiate them from prostitutes as the girls claimed that they did not accept money in their sexual encounters with men . Appearance ( edit ) In addition to their irreverent behavior , flappers were known for their style , which largely emerged as a result of French fashions , especially those pioneered by Coco Chanel , the effect on dress of the rapid spread of American jazz , and the popularization of dancing that accompanied it . Called garçonne in French ( `` boy '' with a feminine suffix ) , flapper style made girls look young and boyish : short hair , flattened breasts , and straight waists accentuated it . By at least 1913 , the association between slim adolescence and a certain characteristic look became fixed in the public 's mind . Lillian Nordica , commenting on New York fashions that year , referred to a thin little flapper of a girl donning a skirt in which she can hardly take a step , extinguishing all but her little white teeth with a dumpy bucket of a hat , and tripping down Fifth Avenue . At this early date , it seems that the style associated with a flapper already included the boyish physique and close - fitting hat , but a hobble skirt rather than one with a high hemline . Although the appearance typically associated now with flappers ( straight waists , short hair and a hemline above the knee ) did not fully emerge until about 1926 , there was an early association in the public mind between unconventional appearance , outrageous behavior , and the word `` flapper '' . A report in The Times of a 1915 Christmas entertainment for troops stationed in France described a soldier in drag burlesquing feminine flirtatiousness while wearing `` short skirts , a hat of Parisian type and flapper - like hair '' . Despite the scandal flappers generated , their look became fashionable in a toned - down form among respectable older women . Significantly , the flappers removed the corset from female fashion , raised skirt and gown hemlines , and popularized short hair for women . Among actresses closely identified with the style were Tallulah Bankhead , Olive Borden , Clara Bow , Louise Brooks , Joan Crawford , Bebe Daniels , Billie Dove , Leatrice Joy , Helen Kane , Laura La Plante , Dorothy Mackaill , Colleen Moore , Norma Shearer , Norma Talmadge , Olive Thomas , and Alice White . Beginning in the early 1920s , flappers began appearing in newspaper comic strips ; Blondie Boopadoop and Fritzi Ritz -- later depicted more domestically , as the wife of Dagwood Bumstead and aunt of Nancy , respectively -- were introduced as flappers . `` Where there 's smoke there 's fire '' by Russell Patterson , showing a fashionably dressed flapper in the 1920s . Apparel ( edit ) Main article : 1920s in fashion Flapper dresses were straight and loose , leaving the arms bare ( sometimes no straps at all ) and dropping the waistline to the hips . Silk or rayon stockings were held up by garters . Skirts rose to just below the knee by 1927 , allowing flashes of leg to be seen when a girl danced or walked through a breeze , although the way they danced made any long loose skirt flap up to show their legs . To enhance the view , some flappers applied rouge to their knees . Popular dress styles included the Robe de style . High heels also came into vogue at the time , reaching 2 -- 3 inches ( 5 -- 8 cm ) high . Favored shoe styles were Mary Janes and T - straps in classic black , gold , silver , or nude shades . Lingerie ( edit ) Flappers did away with corsets and pantaloons in favor of `` step - in '' panties . Without the old restrictive corsets , flappers wore simple bust bodices to restrain their chest when dancing . They also wore new , softer and suppler corsets that reached to their hips , smoothing the whole frame , giving women a straight up and down appearance , as opposed to the old corsets which slenderized the waist and accented the hips and bust . The lack of curves of a corset promoted a boyish look . Adding an even more boyish look , the Symington Side Lacer was invented and became a popular essential as an everyday bra . This type of bra was made to pull in the back to flatten the chest . Other women envied flappers for their flat chests and bought the Symington Side Lacer to enhance the same look ; large breasts were commonly regarded as a trait of unsophistication . Hence , flat chests became appealing to women , although flappers were the most common to wear such bras . Hair and accessories ( edit ) French actress Polaire in 1899 Boyish cuts were in vogue and released the weight of the tradition of women being required to grow their hair long , through popular cuts such as the bob cut , Eton crop , and shingle bob . Finger waving was used as a means of styling . Hats were still required wear and popular styles included the newsboy cap and cloche hat . Jewelry usually consisted of art deco pieces , especially many layers of beaded necklaces . Pins , rings , and brooches came into style . Horn - rimmed glasses were also popular . Cosmetics ( edit ) Main article : Cosmetics in the 1920s As far back as the 1890s , French actress Polaire pioneered a look which included short , disheveled hair , emphatic mouth and huge eyes heavily outlined in kohl . The evolving flapper look required `` heavy makeup '' in comparison to what had previously been acceptable outside of professional usage in the theater . With the invention of the metal lipstick container as well as compact mirrors , bee stung lips came into vogue . Dark eyes , especially kohl - rimmed , were the style . Blush came into vogue now that it was no longer a messy application process . Women shaped their eyebrows needle - thin and penciled them in dark , emulating such actresses as Clara Bow . Originally , pale skin was considered most attractive . However , tanned skin became increasingly popular after Coco Chanel showed off a tan after a holiday -- it suggested a life of leisure , without the onerous need to work . Women wanted to look fit , sporty , and , above all , healthy . Semiotics of the flapper ( edit ) Life Magazine cover `` The Flapper '' by Frank Xavier Leyendecker , 2 February 1922 Being liberated from restrictive dress , from laces that interfered with breathing , and from hoops that needed managing suggested liberation of another sort . The new - found freedom to breathe and walk encouraged movement out of the house , and the flapper took full advantage . The flapper was an extreme manifestation of changes in the lifestyles of American women made visible through dress . Changes in fashion were interpreted as signs of deeper changes in the American feminine ideal . The short skirt and bobbed hair were likely to be used as a symbol of emancipation . Signs of the moral revolution consisted of premarital sex , birth control , drinking , and contempt for older values . Before the War , a lady did not set foot in a saloon ; after the War a woman , though no more `` a lady '' , entered a speakeasy as casually as she would go into a railroad station . Women had started swearing and smoking publicly , using contraceptives , raising their skirts above the knee and rolling their hose below it . Women were now competing with men in the business world and obtaining financial independence and , therefore , other kinds of independence from men . The New Woman was pushing the boundaries of gender roles , representing sexual and economic freedom . She cut her hair short and took to loose - fitting clothing and low cut dresses . No longer restrained by a tight waist and long trailing skirts , the modern woman of the 1920s was an independent thinker , who no longer followed the conventions of those before her . The flapper was an example of the prevailing conceptions of women and her role during the Roaring 1920s . The flappers ' ideal was motion with characteristics of intensity , energy , and volatility . She refused the traditional moral code . Modesty , chastity , morality , and traditional concepts of masculinity and femininity were seemingly ignored . The flapper was making an appeal to authority and was being attached to the impending `` demoralization '' of the country . The Victorian American conception of sexuality and other roles of men and women in society and to one another were being challenged . Modern clothing was lighter and more flexible , better suiting the modern woman such as the flapper who wanted to engage in active sport . Women were now becoming more assertive and less willing to keep the home fires burning . The flappers ' costume was seen as sexual and raised deeper questions of the behavior and values it symbolized . End of the flapper era ( edit ) The flapper lifestyle and look disappeared in America after the Wall Street Crash and the following Great Depression . The high - spirited attitude and hedonism were less acceptable during the economic hardships of the 1930s . While hemlines rose , numerous states took action , making laws that restricted women to wear skirts with hemlines no shorter than three inches above the ankle . The ever - popular bobbed haircut was the cause for some women being fired from their jobs . It was n't until the Wall Street stock market crash of 1929 that the roaring 20 's era of glitz and glamour came to an end , and with it , the flapper dress . Unable to afford the latest trends and lifestyle , the once vibrant flapper women returned to their dropped hemlines . A sudden serious tone washed over the public with the appearance of The Great Depression . Transitioning into the thirties was no easy task . Campaigns such as the `` Make do and Mend '' slogan were becoming prevalent to ensure there was no overconsumption throughout society . Fabric choices were among the many items to be cut back on during this poverty - stricken time . Artificial fabrics were used instead of elegant fabrics , like silk , which were so popular in the early 1900s . No longer were party dresses adorned with decorative embellishments or made brightly colored . Instead , women headed to work to take over men 's roles while they were at war . The physically demanding jobs called for the creation and social acceptance of women 's pants in society . Although the era of the flapper had vanished almost overnight , its symbol for women 's liberation would live on . No longer would a woman have to be a homemaker . The freedom to choose her role in society was created . Even though many opposed the radical era , one can see how the flapper dress helped bridge a gap between genders in society , ultimately leading in the direction of women 's rights . See also ( edit ) Betty Boop Hawksian woman Jazz Age Modern girl United Kingdom general election , 1929 , `` the flapper election '' Zelda Fitzgerald References ( edit ) Informational notes Jump up ^ In a 1913 letter a man addressed his 21 - year - old girlfriend as his `` flapper '' . Jump up ^ The word itself was introduced earlier . Jump up ^ First occurring as American criminal slang before 1914 . Citations Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Jennifer . `` Flappers in the Roaring Twenties '' . About.com . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Evans , Ivan H. Brewer 's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable ( rev . ed . ) New York : Harper & Row , 1981 ISBN 0 - 06 - 014903 - 5 Jump up ^ `` flapper '' , Online Etymology Dictionary , Reference , April 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mabbe , James . Celestina IX. 110 `` Fall to your flap , my Masters , kisse and clip '' ; 112 `` Come hither , you foule flappes . '' Jump up ^ Barrere ; Leland ( 1889 ) , Dictionary of Slang , Flippers , flappers , very young girls trained to vice . ^ Jump up to : Savage , Jon . Teenage : The Creation of Youth Culture . New York : Viking , 2007 . p. 202 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 03837 - 4 Jump up ^ Lowsley , Barzillai . A glossary of Berkshire words and phrases 1888 ( E.D.S. ) : `` Vlapper , ... applied in joke to a girl of the bread - and - butter age . '' Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary , 1989 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Comedy Old Man and His Troubles '' . The New York Times ( interview with English comedy actor George Graves ) . February 3 , 1907 . What are ' flappers ' ? Why , they are the young girls with their hair still hanging down their backs . They are the sort that can climb up ropes hand over hand and pose at the top . Jump up ^ The Jazz Age . The 20s . Alexandria , Virginia. : Editors of the Time - Life Books . 1997 . p. 38 . Jump up ^ The Times ( 38574 ) , p 15 , col F , February 20 , 1908 Missing or empty title = ( help ) . Jump up ^ `` The Dress of the Young Girl '' . The Globe and Traveler. April 11 , 1908 . Jump up ^ James , A.E. `` Her Majesty the Flapper '' . London Magazine ( November , 1910 ) Jump up ^ `` Review of the 1911 comedy Lady Patricia '' . The Times ( 39540 ) . March 23 , 1911 . p 10 , col C. Now the ' flapper ' is Miss Clare Lesley , the Dean 's tomboy daughter ... In the play a mature married couple , Patricia and Michael , vainly pursue slang - talking teenagers Billy and Clare , and so `` Clare , out of the charity of youth for enamoured maturity , indulges Michael with a little mild flirtation '' before at the end finding real love with Billy , who is her own age . The actress playing the flapper is characterized as `` full of youth and ' go ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Some facts about the ballet '' , The New York Times , March 31 , 1912 , Mr. Tiller explained the difference between a `` pony '' and a `` flapper '' . A pony , he said , is a small dancer who may be of any age . A flapper is a girl who has just `` come out '' . She is at an awkward age , neither a child nor a woman , and she is just as likely to develop into a show girl as a pony . Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary Jump up ^ The Times ( 40576 ) , p 1 , col B , July 15 , 1914 , The father of a young lady , aged 15 -- a typical `` FLAPPER '' -- with all the self assurance of a woman of 30 would be grateful for the recommendation of a seminary ( not a convent ) where she might be placed for a year or two with the object of taming her . It is not EDUCATION she requires , she has too much of that already ... Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` £ 600 Damages For Breach of Promise '' , The Times ( 40344 ) , p 15 , col D , October 16 , 1913 , I can not bear to think of my flapper without an engagement ring . Jump up ^ Anonymous ( December 1914 ) `` The Melancholy Passing of the Flapper '' Vanity Fair Jump up ^ `` Daily News '' . November 11 , 1918 : 4 . One day , at noon , I was in a departmental office of the Ministry of Munitions ... very young girls and flappers , and young women , and women who were elderly , came out to their lunches ... Jump up ^ The Times ( 42232 ) , p 7 , col B , October 16 , 1919 Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ The Times ( 42326 ) , p 9 , col A , February 5 , 1920 Missing or empty title = ( help ) . Jump up ^ `` Flappers flaunt fads in footwear '' The New York Times ( January 29 , 1922 ) . The article alleges the origin of the fashion was a Douglas Fairbanks costume in the film The Three Musketeers , in which he wore his boot - tops turned down . Jump up ^ Basinger , Jeanne ( 2000 ) , Silent Stars , Wesleyan . Jump up ^ Strong , Marion in Brady , Kathleen ( 2001 ) , Lucille : The life of Lucille Ball , Billboard , The more noise the buckles made , the better they flapped , that 's why we were called flappers . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Jim . The 1920s Decade in photos : The Roaring Twenties . Berkeley Heights , New Jersey : Enslow Publishers , Inc , 2009 , 19 Jump up ^ The Times ( London , England ) : `` Delivering Drunkards '' , December 2 , 1936 , p. 15 Jump up ^ Craig , Gordon A. ( 1991 ) The Germans New York : Merdian . p. 161 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 01085 - 7 Jump up ^ Sagert , Kelly Boyer ( 2010 ) . Flappers : A Guide to an American Subculture . Santa Barbara CA : Greenwood Press . p. 1 . ISBN 9780313376900 . Jump up ^ Cellania , M. ( 2013 , March 25 ) . The Rise of the Flapper - Sociological Images . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 , from https://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2013/03/25/guest-post-the-rise-of-the-flapper/ ^ Jump up to : McGlinchey , S. ( 2014 ) `` History of Women 's Fashion : 1920 to 1929 '' Glamour Daze Retrieved April 12 , 2016 Jump up ^ Langley , S. ( 2005 ) `` Jazz '' in Roaring ' 20s Fashions . Atglen , Pennsylvania : Schiffer Publishing . p. 16 ISBN 0764323199 Jump up ^ Latham , Angela J. ( 2000 ) . Posing a Threat : Flappers , Chorus Girls , and other Brazen Performers of the American 1920s . Hanover NH : University Press of New England . p. 9 . ISBN 9780819564016 . Jump up ^ Langley , S. ( 2005 ) `` Jazz '' in Roaring ' 20s Fashions . Atglen , Pennsylvania : Schiffer Publishing . p. 18 ISBN 0764323199 ^ Jump up to : Langley , S. ( 2005 ) `` Jazz '' in Roaring ' 20s Fashions . Atglen , Pennsylvania : Schiffer Publishing . p. 17 ISBN 0764323199 Jump up ^ Boland , J. ( April 15 , 2012 ) `` 1920s Fashion & Music '' . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 Jump up ^ Cellania , M. ( March 25 , 2013 ) 6 , `` The Rise of the Flapper - Sociological Images '' . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 Jump up ^ Bramlett , L.A. ( 2010 ) `` Vintage Sportswear '' Fuzzylizzie Vintage Retrieved April 12 , 2016 Jump up ^ Stevenson , N.J. ( 2012 ) Fashion : A visual history from regency & romance to retro & revolution : A complete illustrated chronology of fashion from the 1800s to the present day ( 1st ed . ) . New York : The Ivy Press Limited . p. 92 - 93 Jump up ^ Staff ( February 24 , 1910 ) , New Brunswick Times , And over in England , as I learned , they call a girl of about fifteen a `` flapper . '' ... Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Memories of Olive '' , Olive Thomas , Assumption . Jump up ^ Long , Bruce ( ed . ) , Taylorology : A Continuing Exploration of the Life and Death of William Desmond Taylor , Arizona State University . Jump up ^ De Castelbajac 1995 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Conor , Liz . The Spectacular Modern Woman : Feminine Visibility in The 1920s 2004 . p. 301 ^ Jump up to : Zeitz 2007 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Reinsch , O. ( 2013 ) . `` Gender and Consumerism '' Gender Forum Retrieved April 26 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Staff ( ndg ) `` The Gibson Girl '' Encyclopedia of Fashion website . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 Jump up ^ Chopin , Kate ( ndg ) `` The Gibson Girl '' Retrieved October 25 , 2016 , from Jump up ^ Staff ( ndg ) `` The Gibson Girl as the ' New Woman ' '' The Gibson Girl 's America : Drawings by Charles Dana Gibson Library of COngress website ^ Jump up to : Ferentinos , S. ( n.d. ) . Not for Old Fogies : The Flapper . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 , from http://www.ultimatehistoryproject.com/flapper.html Jump up ^ Nina Sylvester , `` Before Cosmopolitan : The Girl in German women 's magazines in the 1920s '' . Journalism Studies 8 # 4 ( 2007 ) : 550 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Langley , S. ( 2006 ) . Roaring ' 20s fashions : Deco . Atglen , PA : Schiffer Publishing , p. 16 Jump up ^ Praga , Mrs. Alfred ( July 29 , 1917 ) . `` '' Sporting '' girls and the risks they run . An open letter to `` The Flappers '' of England `` . The Weekly Dispatch : 7 . My dear `` Flappers '' -- I wonder if any of you in your gay youthfulness ever realise what a lot of harm you are doing to your future happiness by the way you sometimes cheapen yourselves in the eyes of your men `` pals '' , as you love to call them ... The article goes on to describe flappers haunting public venues in order to `` get off '' with men . ^ Jump up to : Graves , Robert ; Hodge , Alan ( 1994 ) , The Long Week End : a Social History of Great Britain , 1918 -- 1939 , pp. 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Backfisch . In : Sigi Kube : Wie kommt die Katze in den Sack und was weiß der Kuckuck davon ? : Tierische Redewendungen und ihre Bedeutung . Heyne , 2011 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 641 - 05361 - 1 ( German ) Jump up ^ Staff ( February 24 , 1910 ) , New Brunswick Times , ... a typical German girl of the well to do class between the ages of fifteen and seventeen . Before she gets to be fifteen she is simply a ' kid ' as we say in this country . But for those two years she is a backfisch pure and simple . Missing or empty title = ( help ) The article implies the girl is so designated to prevent someone no longer a child attempting to assume the airs of an adult woman : `` These German frauleins dare not do so , because they know they are mere backfisches . '' The article concludes `` And over in England , as I learned , they call a girl of about fifteen a ' flapper ' . If I were still but fifteen I am sure I would prefer being a backfisch . '' Jump up ^ Pall Mall Gaz , 3 ( 2 ) , August 29 , 1891 , Let us introduce the word ' Backfisch ' , for we have the Backfisch always with us . She ranges from fifteen to eighteen years of age , keeps a diary , climbs trees secretly , blushes on the smallest provocation , and has no conversation . Missing or empty title = ( help ) , in the Oxford English Dictionary ( 2nd ed . ) , 1989 . Jump up ^ du Puy , President of the League of American Pen Women , Mrs William Atherton ( October 15 , 1921 ) , `` Let Girls Smoke , Mrs Dupuy 's Plea '' , The New York Times , Yes , girls do smoke , and there is no harm if they do n't go to excess . It is not like the rush of girls to the cafés to drink which happened twenty years ago . It was that which brought about prohibition ... Jump up ^ Dumenil ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Latham , Angela J. ( 2000 ) . Posing a Threat : Flappers , Chorus Girls , and other Brazen Performers of the American 1920s . Hanover , NH : University Press of New England . pp. 7 -- 8 . ISBN 9780819564016 . Jump up ^ Zeitz , 2007 . `` Here was where the modern culture could prove threatening to the Victorians . The ethos of the consumer market glorified not only self - indulgence and satisfaction , but also personal liberty and choice . It invited relativism in all matters ranging from color schemes and bath soap to religion , politics , sex and morality . '' Jump up ^ Zeitz , 2007 . `` Others argued , though , that flappers ' laissez - faire attitude was simply a natural progression of feminine liberation , the right having already been won . '' ; p. 107 : `` ( T ( he Jazz Age flapper ... ( was ) ( d ) isengaged from politics ... '' Jump up ^ Zeitz 2007 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Staff ( February 17 , 1922 ) , `` Mothers Complain that Modern Girls ' Vamp ' Their Sons at Petting Parties '' , The New York Times . An earlier article in the same newspaper rebutted an attack on the behaviour of American girls made recently in the Cosmopolitan by Elinor Glyn . It admitted the existence of petting parties but considered the activities were no worse than those which had gone on in earlier times under the guise of `` kissing games '' , adding that tales of what occurred at such events were likely to be exaggerated by an older generation influenced by traditional misogyny Dupuy , Mrs William Atherton ( October 15 , 1921 ) . `` Let Girls Smoke , Mrs. Dupuy 's Plea ; Penwomen 's President Rises in Defense of Young Thing Who ' Parks Corsets ' Before Dance . MRS. GLYN WRONG , SHE SAYS Declares Short - Skirt Girl of Today Who Goes to `` Petting Parties '' Is All She Should Be `` . The New York Times ... Jump up ^ McArthur , Judith N ; Smith , Harold L ( 2010 ) , Texas Through Women 's Eyes : The Twentieth - Century Experience , pp. 104 -- 05 , The spirit of the petting party is light and frivolous . Its object is not marriage -- only a momentary thrill . It completely gives the lie to those sweet , old phrases , `` the only man '' and `` the only girl '' . For where there used to be only one girl there may be a score of them now . Jump up ^ Drowne , Kathleen Morgan ; Huber , Patrick , The 1920s , p. 45 Jump up ^ Nelson , Lawrence J ( 2003 ) , Rumors of Indiscretion , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Bragdon , Claude ( 2007 ) , Delphic Woman , pp. 45 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Dubois , Ellen Carol ; Dumenil , Lynn ( 2012 ) . Through Women 's Eyes ( Third ed . ) . Boston , MA : Bedford / St. Martin 's . p. 561 . Jump up ^ Havemann , Ernest . `` The Kinsey Report on Women '' Life magazine ( August 24 , 1953 ) Jump up ^ Duenil , Lynn ( 1995 ) . The Modern Temper : American Culture and Society in the 1920s . New York , NY : Hill and Wang . p. 136 . Jump up ^ `` Shifters No Longer Appeal to Slackers '' , The New York Times , March 26 , 1922 , The epithets she has evolved from her own lexicon are `` junk '' , `` necker '' and `` heavy necker '' . `` Junk '' is anything she considers unimportant or unworthy of consideration . A `` necker '' is a `` petter '' who puts her arms around a boy 's neck . A `` heavy necker '' is a `` petter '' who hangs heavily on said neck . `` Necking parties '' have superseded `` petting parties '' ... Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary , online ed. , March 2012 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Louis E ; Hellyer , CR ( 1914 ) , A dictionary of criminal slang in Oxford English Dictionary ( online ed . ) , March 2012 . Jump up ^ Editors of Time - Life ( 1997 ) . The Jazz Age : The 20s . Alexandria , Virginia. : Time - Life Books . pp. 32 -- 33 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Reinsch , O. ( 2013 ) . Gender and Consumerism . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 , from `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kemper , Rachel ( December 1977 ) . History of Costume . New York : WW Norton & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88225 - 137 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The Short Skirt Misconception of the Twenties '' , Flapper fashion 1920s , Fashion era , Shortness is a popular misconception reinforced by the availability of moving film of the Charleston dance which shows very visible knees and legs on the dancing flappers . Jump up ^ `` Mme Nordica Buys No Paris Gowns '' , The New York Times , January 1 , 1913 . Jump up ^ `` Mme Nordica Buys No Paris Gowns '' , The New York Times , January 1 , 1913 , ... when a lady of uncertain age and very certain development attempts the same little costume because it looks well on the thin little girl , well -- `` And Mme . Nordica left the result to the interviewer 's imagination . Jump up ^ `` Evolution of the flapper fashion '' , Flapper fashion 1920s , Fashion era . Jump up ^ The Times , p. 11 , December 23 , 1915 , ... the jaunty little toque Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Pantomime At The Front , Soldier `` Heroines '' `` , The Times ( 41050 ) , p 7 , col E , December 30 , 1915 , There was , for instance , a Maid Marian in the cast , who was described as a `` dainty dam'sell '' because she was a sergeant . There was something ridiculously fascinating about that sergeant , for he was in blue short skirts , a hat of Parisian type and flapper - like hair ; and when she was instructing Ferdinand , a Bad Lad ... in the use of the `` glad eye '' , the great audience shouted with laughter . Jump up ^ Smith , Merril D. ( 2014 ) . Cultural Encyclopedia of the Breast . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 114 . ISBN 9780759123328 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Kathryn . `` Flappers : Six Women of a Dangerous Generation by Judith Mackrell -- review '' The Guardian ( June 1 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` Fritzi Ritz Before Bushmiller : She 's Come a Long Way , Baby ! '' . Hogan 's Alley . Jump up ^ Lowry , Helen Bullitt . `` On the Knees of Our College Girls '' The New York Times ( February 2 , 1922 ) Jump up ^ Bergstein , Rachelle . Women From the Ankle Down : The Story of Shoes and How They Define Us New York : HarperCollins , 2012 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 209707 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Gatsby Party - Your Definitive Fashion Guide '' . picVpic - Fashion101 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Jean Lorrain ( 1936 ) . La Ville Empoisonnée . Paris : Jean Cres . p. 279 ... the great voracious mouth , the immense black eyes , ringed , bruised , discolored , the incandescence of her pupils , the bewildered nocturnal hair ... Jump up ^ `` Polaire '' , Commons ( category ) , Wikimedia . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of 1920s Makeuop '' Glamour Daze Jump up ^ Valenti , Lauren ( April 10 , 2014 ) `` The History of Women and Their Eyebrows '' Marie Claire ^ Jump up to : Kriebl , Karen J ( 1998 ) . `` From bloomers to flappers : the American women 's dress reform movement , 1840 -- 1920 '' . Ohio State University : 113 -- 28 . ^ Jump up to : Yellis , Kenneth A ( 1969 ) . `` Prosperity 's Child : Some thoughts on the Flapper '' . The American Quarterly . pp. 44 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Helen ( January 30 , 1921 ) . `` As the debutante tells it : more about Mrs Grundy and Miss 1921 '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Freedman , Estelle B. ( 1974 ) . `` The New Woman : Changing views of Women in the 1920s '' . The Journal of American History : 372 -- 93 . Jump up ^ `` Flappers -- Fashion , Costume , and Culture : Clothing , Headwear , Body Decorations , and Footwear through the Ages '' . www.fashionencyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Stock Market Crash of 1929 `` . www.thebubblebubble.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's Fashion in War Work '' . www.forgeofinnovation.org . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Bibliography Abra , Allison . ( September 2016 ) `` Going to the palais : a social and cultural history of dancing and dance halls in Britain , 1918 -- 1960 . '' Contemporary British History 30 # 3 pp. 432 -- 433 . Chadwick , Whitney ( 2003 ) , The Modern Woman Revisited : Paris Between the Wars , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 3292 - 9 . De Castelbajac , Kate ( 1995 ) , The Face of the Century : 100 Years of Makeup and Style , Rizzoli , ISBN 0 - 8478 - 1895 - 0 . Dumenil , Lynn ( 1995 ) The Modern Temper : American Culture and Society in the 1920 's . New York : Hill and Wang . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 1566 - 5 Fass , Paula S. ( 2007 ) The Damned and the Beautiful : American Youth in the 1920s . 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 502492 - 0 Gourley , Kathleen ( 2007 ) Flappers and the New American Woman : Perceptions of Women from 1918 Through the 1920s ( Images and or of Women in the Twentieth Century ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8225 - 6060 - 9 Hudovernik , Robert ( 2006 ) Jazz Age Beauties : The Lost Collection of Ziegfeld Photographer Alfred Cheney Johnston . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7893 - 1381 - 2 Latham , Angela J. ( 2000 ) Posing a Threat : Flappers , Chorus Girls , and other Brazen Performers of the American 1920s . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8195 - 6401 - 6 Lauber , Ellie ( 2000 ) Fashions of the Roaring ' 20s . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7643 - 0017 - 2 Sagert , Kelly Boyer . Flappers : A Guide to an American Subculture . Santa Barbara , CA : Greenwood Press , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 37690 - 0 Zeitz , Joshua ( 2007 ) , Flapper : a madcap story of sex , style , celebrity , and the women who made America modern , Random House , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 8054 - 0 . Further reading Mackrell , Judith ( 2013 ) Flappers : Six Women of a Dangerous Generation . ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 52952 - 5 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flappers . `` 1920s Flapper : Young Women in a Modern World '' , 1920s fashion & music . Slang of the 1920s , AACA , archived from the original on June 18 , 2010 . `` Flappers and fashion '' , Rambova Thousands of photos of flappers can be viewed at Louise Brooks Fan Club on Facebook . 1920s media culture Collective imaginary Flapper Betty Boop Modern girl Torches of Freedom Cosmetics in the 1920s Theoreticians Walter Lippmann Edward Bernays Other topics Tad Dorgan Federal Radio Commission 1930s topics Mohawk Valley formula Remington Rand strike of 1936 -- 1937 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flapper&oldid=803368626 '' Categories : 1920s fads and trends 1920s fashion Fashion aesthetics Gender equality 1920s slang Slang terms for women Stereotypes of women Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Pages using ISBN magic links Use mdy dates from January 2014 Use American English from May 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 02 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flapper	726
who was the original actor in walking tall	Walking Tall is a 1973 American action semi-biopic film of Sheriff Buford Pusser , a professional wrestler - turned - lawman in McNairy County , Tennessee . It starred Joe Don Baker as Pusser . The film was directed by Phil Karlson . Based on Pusser 's life , it was a combination of very loosely based fact and Hollywood revisionism . It has since become a well known cult classic with two direct sequels of its own , a TV movie , a brief TV series and a remake that had its own two sequels .	Joe Don Baker	Walking Tall ( 1973 film )	walking tall ( 1973 film )	Walking Tall is a 1973 American action semi-biopic film of Sheriff Buford Pusser , a professional wrestler - turned - lawman in McNairy County , Tennessee . It starred Joe Don Baker as Pusser . The film was directed by Phil Karlson . Based on Pusser 's life , it was a combination of very loosely based fact and Hollywood revisionism . It has since become a well known cult classic with two direct sequels of its own , a TV movie , a brief TV series and a remake that had its own two sequels .	Two actresses associated with this film went on to commit suicide : Brenda Benet , who was married to Bill Bixby from 1971 - 1979 , took her life in April 1982 ; Elizabeth Hartman jumped from the 5th floor of a Pittsburgh apartment building in June 1987 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Sequels 4 Remake 5 Reception 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Buford Pusser ( Joe Don Baker ) , at his wife Pauline 's ( Elizabeth Hartman ) behest , retires from the professional wrestling ring and moves back to Tennessee to start a logging business with his father , Carl Pusser ( Noah Beery , Jr . ) . With a friend , he visits a gambling and prostitution establishment , the Lucky Spot , and is beaten up after catching the house cheating at craps . Pusser is seriously injured with a knife and receives over 200 stitches . He complains to the sheriff but is ignored , and soon becomes aware of the rampant corruption in McNairy County . Later , working at his father 's lumber mill , Pusser makes a club out of a tree branch . Late one night , Pusser waits until after the Lucky Spot is closed and beats up the same thugs that left him for dead . The next day , Pusser is arrested and represents himself at trial . At one point , he rips off his shirt and shows the jury his scars . He informs them that `` If you let them do this to me and get away with it , then you 're giving them the eternal right to do the same damn thing to any one of you ! '' The jury finds Pusser not guilty , and he decides to clean up the county and runs for sheriff . Pusser wins , and becomes famous for being incorruptible , intolerant of crime , and for his array of four - foot hickory clubs which he uses to great effect in dispatching criminals and destroying their clandestine gambling dens and illegal distilleries . Some residents praise Pusser as an honest cop in a crooked town ; others denounce him as a bully willing to break some laws to uphold others . Pusser is attacked several times , and finally he and Pauline are ambushed in their car . Pauline is killed and Pusser is seriously injured . He is admitted to the hospital after being shot and while still in a neck and face cast , attends his wife 's funeral . Afterward he rams a sheriff cruiser through the front doors of the Lucky Spot , killing two of his would - be assassins . As he leaves with two deputies , the townspeople arrive and begin throwing the gambling tables out into the parking lot . They light a bonfire as an overwhelmed Pusser wipes tears from his eyes . Cast ( edit ) Joe Don Baker as Buford Pusser Elizabeth Hartman as Pauline Pusser Lurene Tuttle as Helen Pusser Noah Beery , Jr. as Carl Pusser Dawn Lyn as Dwana Pusser Leif Garrett as Mike Pusser Felton Perry as Obra Eaker Logan Ramsey as John Witter Rosemary Murphy as Callie Hacker Gene Evans as Sheriff Al Thurman Bruce Glover as Grady Coker Kenneth Tobey as Augie Mccullah Don Keefer as Dr. Lamar Stivers Douglas Fowley as Judge Clarke Pepper Martin as Zolan Dicks Ted Jordan as Virgil Button Red West as Sheriff Tanner Brenda Benet ( Brenda Benét ) as Luan Paxton Arch Johnson as Buel Jaggers Russell Thorson as Ferrin Meaks Gil Perkins as 1st Bouncer Carey Loftin as Dice Player Warner Venetz as Stickman Gene LeBell as 2nd Bouncer Del Monroe as Otie Doss Sequels ( edit ) The original Walking Tall was a hit , but the sequels , Walking Tall Part 2 ( September 28 , 1975 ) , and Walking Tall : Final Chapter ( August 10 , 1977 ) , both starring Bo Svenson , were far less profitable . On December 9 , 1978 , CBS aired A Real American Hero , with Brian Dennehy as Buford Pusser . Remake ( edit ) Main article : A Real American Hero ( TV film ) In 1978 , CBS aired a television movie titled A Real American Hero : Buford Pusser , starring Brian Dennehy as the title character . The film is set in 1967 and focused on the real - life sheriff Buford Pusser who goes after a criminal who has killed young people with his illegal moonshine . Main article : Walking Tall ( 2004 film ) In 2004 , a remake starring professional wrestler Dwayne `` The Rock '' Johnson was made . Although it utilized many elements from Pusser 's life and the original Walking Tall , many things were changed . Johnson 's character 's name was now Chris Vaughn , the sheriff is trying to stop the selling of illegal drugs instead of illegal moonshine , and the film 's setting became semi-rural Kitsap County , Washington , although it was filmed in Squamish , B.C. , Canada . Two sequels to the remake were produced , and released in 2007 : Walking Tall : The Payback and Walking Tall : Lone Justice , both made in Dallas , Texas and released directly to DVD . These sequels starred Kevin Sorbo as Nick Prescott , the son of the town 's sheriff who takes the law into his own hands when his father is killed in a suspicious car accident . Reception ( edit ) The film holds a 75 % `` Fresh '' rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes . Walking Tall was a box office smash . Produced on a budget of $500,000 , the film grossed $23 million domestically , earning an estimated $8.5 million in North American theatrical rentals in 1973 . The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2003 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains : Buford Pusser -- Nominated Hero See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1973 Vigilante film References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Walking Tall , Worldwide Box Office '' . Worldwide Box Office . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vincent Canby ( 1974 - 02 - 09 ) . `` ' Walking Tall ' : Film Depicts Violence in a Small Town '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/24319/Walking-Tall/trivia.html Jump up ^ `` ' Walking Tall ' '' . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Big Rental Films of 1973 '' , Variety , 9 January 1974 , pg 19 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Walking Tall on IMDb Walking Tall at AllMovie Walking Tall at the TCM Movie Database Walking Tall at the American Film Institute Catalog Walking Tall at Rotten Tomatoes Walking Tall Originals Walking Tall ( 1973 ) Walking Tall Part 2 ( 1975 ) Walking Tall : Final Chapter ( 1977 ) Remakes Walking Tall ( 2004 ) Walking Tall : The Payback ( 2007 ) Walking Tall : Lone Justice ( 2007 ) Television productions A Real American Hero ( 1978 ) Walking Tall ( 1981 ) Related topics Buford Pusser Films directed by Phil Karlson A Wave , a WAC and a Marine ( 1944 ) G.I. Honeymoon ( 1945 ) There Goes Kelly ( 1945 ) The Shanghai Cobra ( 1945 ) Live Wires ( 1946 ) Swing Parade of 1946 ( 1946 ) Dark Alibi ( 1946 ) Behind the Mask ( 1946 ) Bowery Bombshell ( 1946 ) Wife Wanted ( 1946 ) Black Gold ( 1947 ) Louisiana ( 1947 ) Ladies of the Chorus ( 1948 ) Rocky ( 1948 ) Above All Laws ( 1948 ) Fury ( 1948 ) The Big Cat ( 1949 ) Down Memory Lane ( 1949 ) The Iroquois Trail ( 1950 ) Lorna Doone ( 1951 ) The Texas Rangers ( 1951 ) Mask of the Avenger ( 1951 ) Scandal Sheet ( 1952 ) The Brigand ( 1952 ) Kansas City Confidential ( 1952 ) 99 River Street ( 1953 ) They Rode West ( 1954 ) Tight Spot ( 1955 ) Hell 's Island ( 1955 ) 5 Against the House ( 1955 ) The Phenix City Story ( 1955 ) The Brothers Rico ( 1957 ) Gunman 's Walk ( 1958 ) Hell to Eternity ( 1960 ) Key Witness ( 1960 ) The Secret Ways ( 1961 ) The Young Doctors ( 1961 ) Kid Galahad ( 1962 ) The Scarface Mob ( 1962 ) Rampage ( 1963 ) The Silencers ( 1966 ) A Time for Killing ( 1967 ) The Wrecking Crew ( 1968 ) Hornets ' Nest ( 1970 ) Ben ( 1972 ) Walking Tall ( 1973 ) Framed ( 1975 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walking_Tall_(1973_film)&oldid=809443581 '' Categories : 1973 films English - language films 1970s action thriller films 1970s biographical films American action thriller films American biographical films American films Films set in Tennessee Films shot in Tennessee McNairy County , Tennessee Television programs based on films Walking Tall ( films ) Films directed by Phil Karlson Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 03 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking%20Tall%20%281973%20film%29	727
when does new premier take office in ontario			Ontario general election , 2018	ontario general election, 2018		Ontario general election , 2018 ← 2014 June 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 07 ) 43rd → ← outgoing members elected members → 124 seats of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario 63 seats needed for a majority Opinion polls Turnout 58.4 % ( 7.1 pp ) First party Second party Leader Doug Ford Andrea Horwath Party Progressive Conservative New Democratic Leader since March 10 , 2018 March 7 , 2009 Leader 's seat Etobicoke North Hamilton Centre Last election 28 seats , 31.25 % 21 seats , 23.75 % Seats before 27 18 Seats won 76 40 Seat change 49 22 Popular vote 2,326,632 1,929,649 Percentage 40.50 % 33.59 % Swing 9.25 pp 9.84 pp Third party Fourth party Leader Kathleen Wynne Mike Schreiner Party Liberal Green Leader since January 26 , 2013 May 16 , 2009 Leader 's seat Don Valley West Guelph Last election 58 seats , 38.65 % 0 seats , 4.84 % Seats before 55 0 Seats won 7 Seat change 48 Popular vote 1,124,218 264,487 Percentage 19.57 % 4.60 % Swing 19.08 pp 0.24 pp Popular vote by riding . As this is an FPTP election , seat totals are not determined by popular vote , but instead by the result in each riding . Riding names are listed at the bottom . Premier before election Kathleen Wynne Liberal Premier - designate Doug Ford Progressive Conservative The Ontario general election of 2018 was held on June 7 , 2018 , to elect the 124 members of the 42nd Parliament of Ontario . The Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario , led by Doug Ford , won a majority government with 76 of the 124 seats in the legislature . The Ontario New Democratic Party , led by Andrea Horwath , formed the Official Opposition . The Ontario Liberal Party , led by incumbent Premier Kathleen Wynne , lost official party status in recording both the worst result in the party 's 161 - year history and the worst result for any incumbent governing party in Ontario . The Green Party of Ontario won a seat for the first time in their history , while the Trillium Party of Ontario lost its single seat gained by a floor - crossing during the 41st Parliament . Twenty - four other parties and numerous independent candidates also received votes . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Redistribution of seats 1.2 Change of fixed election date 1.3 Prelude to campaign 1.4 Mood of the voters 2 Results 2.1 Detailed analysis 2.2 Regional analysis 3 Events leading up to the election ( 2014 -- 2018 ) 4 Campaign period 4.1 Issues 4.2 Party slogans 4.3 Endorsements 5 Candidates 5.1 Candidate nominations 5.2 Incumbents not running for reelection 6 Opinion polls 6.1 Campaign period 6.1. 1 Best Premier and Party Leader Approval Ratings 6.1. 2 Major Regional Polls - Toronto 6.2 Pre-campaign period 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) Redistribution of seats ( edit ) The Electoral Boundaries Act , 2015 increased the number of electoral districts from 107 to 122 , following the boundaries set out by the federal 2013 Representation Order for Ontario , while preserving the special boundaries of the 11 seats in Northern Ontario set out in the 1996 redistribution . The Far North Electoral Boundaries Commission , appointed in 2016 , recommended the creation of the additional districts of Kiiwetinoong and Mushkegowuk -- James Bay , carved out from the existing Kenora -- Rainy River and Timmins -- James Bay ridings , which accordingly raised the total number of seats to 124 . This was implemented through the Representation Statute Law Amendment Act , 2017 . The new districts have been criticized as undemocratic , as they have a population of around 30,000 people compared with over 120,000 people in some southern Ontario constituencies . National Post columnist Josh Dehaas suggested that the small population sizes of the ridings might violate the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . In September 2017 , a research firm analyzed the impact of redistribution if the boundaries had been in effect for the previous election . Change of fixed election date ( edit ) Under legislation passed in 2005 , Ontario elections were to be held on `` the first Thursday in October in the fourth calendar year following polling day in the most recent general election '' , subject to the Lieutenant - Governor of Ontario 's power to call an election earlier . As the current government had a majority , the passage of a non-confidence motion was not a likely option for calling an early election , though Premier Kathleen Wynne stated in June 2015 that she would likely advise to dissolve the Legislature in spring 2018 rather than in October of that year in order to avoid any conflict with municipal elections and take advantage of better weather and longer days . To put this on a statutory footing , in October 2016 Attorney General of Ontario Yasir Naqvi introduced a bill in the Legislative Assembly which , in part , included moving the election date to `` the first Thursday in June in the fourth calendar year following polling day in the most recent general election '' , and it came into effect in December 2016 . Prelude to campaign ( edit ) The Ontario Liberal Party attempted to win their fifth consecutive general election , dating back to 2003 . The Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario won their first election since 1999 , and the Ontario New Democratic Party attempted to win their second election ( having previously won in 1990 ) . Numerous other extra-parliamentary political parties also vied for votes . The Liberals under Kathleen Wynne headed into the 2018 campaign trailing far behind the Progressive Conservatives , led by former Toronto City Councillor Doug Ford . The Liberals ' standing with voters had been badly hurt when they partially privatized Hydro One in 2015 , after campaigning against it in the 2014 election , as well as rising criticism over `` ballooning provincial debt , high electricity prices and costly , politically expedient decisions '' . In early April , the CBC published their analysis of aggregate polls showing that Ford and the Progressive Conservatives were ahead of the other parties averaging 42.1 % support , compared to 27.2 % for the governing Liberals , 23.4 % for the NDP and 5.7 % for the Greens and with 11 Liberal MPPs announcing they would not be running for re-election or having already resigned their seats in the months leading up to the election . According to Wynne , voters were offered a `` stark choice '' , between `` cutting and removing supports from people '' with `` billions in cuts '' , which she alleged the Progressive Conservatives would do if they won the election , and expanding investments in social programs such as prescription drugs and childcare , which the Liberal platform promised . In March 2018 , the Liberals tabled a pre-election budget in the provincial legislature which promised billions of dollars in new spending for free childcare and expanded coverage for dental care but replaced the government 's previous balanced budget with a $6.7 billion deficit projected to last until 2024 -- 2025 . PC leader Doug Ford called the budget a `` spending spree '' . Mood of the voters ( edit ) According to Toronto Star columnist Susan Delacourt , voters were motivated by a desire for change -- such desire being more driven by emotion than by ideology -- and one researcher estimated that more than half of the electorate was undecided in who they were likely to vote for . The Huffington Post reported that half of voters were basing their vote intentions on how best to block the party they oppose . In February 2018 , Campaign Research conducted a gap analysis on voter intentions in Ontario , and determined the following : Voter gap analysis by party ( February 2018 ) Liberal PC NDP Highlights 64 % 6 % 6 % 10 % 13 % 51 % 7 % 6 % 10 % 26 % 61 % 9 % 13 % 6 % 11 % PCs had the lowest proportion of respondents ( 51 % ) not willing to vote for them at all , while the Liberals had the highest such proportion ( 64 % ) At 13 % , the Liberals ' `` hard support '' was only half that for the PCs For PCs , the strength of `` hard support '' increases with age , and older demographics tend to be more reliable voters Conversely , such support for the Liberals and NDP significantly declines with age , with almost 3⁄4 of those aged 55 + not willing to vote for them at all = Not voting for party ; not considered = Not voting for party ; shared consideration = Not voting for party ; exclusive consideration = Will vote for party ; others considered = Will vote for party ; no others considered Results ( edit ) See also : Candidates of the Ontario general election , 2018 Elections Ontario used electronic vote tabulator machines from Dominion Voting Systems for counting the ballots . Tabulators were deployed at 50 per cent of polling stations at a cost of CA $32,000,000 . This election was the first time Ontario used vote counting machines for a provincial election , although tabulators have been used in Ontario civic elections for more than 20 years , and also in a 2016 by - election in Whitby - Oshawa . The original paper ballots marked by voters will be kept for a year along with the digital scans of each ballot by the tabulator . The percentage of votes cast for the Progressive Conservatives by riding . The percentage of votes cast for the NDP by riding . The percentage of votes cast for the Liberals by riding . Change in Progressive Conservative vote share by riding compared to the 2014 Ontario election . Each dot represents five - thousand votes for the party of the associated colour . Data is based on individual riding results . Dots are placed at random positions within the ridings that they belong to . Party Votes Seats Progressive Conservative 2,326,632 40.50 % 9.25 % 76 / 124 ( 61 % ) New Democratic 1,929,649 33.59 % 9.84 % 40 / 124 ( 32 % ) Liberal 1,124,218 19.57 % 19.08 % 7 / 124 ( 6 % ) Green 264,487 4.60 % 0.24 % 1 / 124 ( 0.8 % ) Detailed analysis ( edit ) e d Unofficial Results - Elections to the 42nd Parliament of Ontario ( 2018 ) Political party Party leader MPPs Votes Candidates 2014 Dissol . 2018 ± # % ± ( pp ) Progressive Conservative Doug Ford 124 28 27 76 49 2,326,632 40.50 % 9.25 New Democratic Andrea Horwath 124 21 18 40 22 1,929,649 33.59 % 9.84 Liberal Kathleen Wynne 124 58 55 7 48 1,124,218 19.57 % 19.08 Green Mike Schreiner 124 -- -- 264,487 4.60 % 0.24 Libertarian Allen Small 117 -- -- -- -- 42,820 0.75 % 0.06 None of the Above Greg Vezina 42 -- -- -- -- 16,149 0.28 % 0.19 Independents and no affiliation 32 -- -- 8,226 0.15 % 0.07 Trillium Bob Yaciuk 26 -- -- 8,089 0.14 % 0.13 Northern Ontario Trevor Holliday 10 -- -- -- -- 5,912 0.10 % 0.08 Consensus Ontario Brad Harness 10 -- -- -- -- 2,682 0.05 % New Freedom Paul McKeever 14 -- -- -- -- 2,566 0.04 % 0.22 Ontario Party Jason Tysick 5 -- -- -- -- 2,316 0.04 % New Ontario Moderate Party Yuri Duboisky 16 -- -- -- -- 2,193 0.04 % 0.03 Communist Dave McKee 12 -- -- -- -- 1,471 0.03 % 0.02 Canadians ' Choice Party Bahman Yazdanfar 5 -- -- -- -- 1,239 0.02 % 0.01 Stop the New Sex - Ed Agenda Queenie Yu -- -- -- -- 1,078 0.02 % New Ontario Alliance Joshua E. Eriksen -- -- -- -- 802 0.01 % 0.01 New People 's Choice Party Daryl Christoff -- -- -- -- 634 0.01 % New Special Needs Hilton Milan 5 -- -- -- -- 631 0.01 % -- People 's Political Party Kevin Clarke 6 -- -- -- -- 628 0.01 % 0.01 Confederation of Regions vacant -- -- -- -- 386 0.01 % -- Stop Climate Change Ken Ranney -- -- -- -- 340 0.01 % New Go Vegan Paul Figueiras -- -- -- -- 256 -- 0.02 Social Reform Party Abu Alam -- -- -- -- 237 -- New Cultural Action Party Arthur Smitherman -- -- -- -- 215 -- New Multicultural Party of Ontario Wasyl Luczkiw -- -- -- -- 191 -- New Party of Objective Truth Derrick Matthews -- -- -- -- 176 -- New Canadian Economic Party Patrick Knight -- -- -- -- 151 -- New Pauper John Turmel -- -- -- -- 112 -- -- Vacant Total 825 107 107 124 100.00 % Turnout 58.00 % 6.70 Regional analysis ( edit ) Elections to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario -- seats won by region ( 2018 ) Party Toronto 905 Belt Ham / Niagara Central East Midwest Southwest North Total Progressive Conservative 11 21 6 10 11 9 76 New Democratic 11 7 6 8 40 Liberal 7 Green Total 25 25 13 10 16 12 10 13 124 Events leading up to the election ( 2014 -- 2018 ) ( edit ) Date June 12 , 2014 The Liberal Party under Kathleen Wynne wins a majority government in the 41st Ontario general election . Progressive Conservative leader Tim Hudak announces his intention to step down following the selection of his successor . July 2 , 2014 Tim Hudak resigns as leader of the Progressive Conservatives . Simcoe -- Grey MPP Jim Wilson is named interim leader . July 24 , 2014 The Liberals pass their May 1 budget in its final reading . May 9 , 2015 Patrick Brown , the Conservative federal MP for Barrie , is elected leader of the Progressive Conservative Party . September 24 , 2015 Ontario Provincial Police lay charges in relation to the Sudbury by - election scandal . November 1 , 2016 Ontario Provincial Police announce charges under the provincial act against Gerry Lougheed and Patricia Sorbara ( CEO and director of the 2018 Liberal campaign ) for alleged bribery during a 2015 byelection . Sorbara announced that she will step down from the campaign . January 24 , 2018 CTV News reports that Progressive Conservative Party leader Patrick Brown is accused by two women of committing sexual misconduct . Brown denies the allegations . January 25 , 2018 Patrick Brown resigns as leader of the Progressive Conservative Party . January 26 , 2018 Progressive Conservative Party caucus chooses Nipissing MPP Vic Fedeli as interim leader . March 10 , 2018 Doug Ford is elected leader of the Progressive Conservatives on the third ballot of the party 's leadership election . Fedeli continues as Leader of the Opposition for legislative purposes until the election due to Ford not having a seat in the Legislature . April 11 , 2018 First Leaders Debate hosted by the Jamaican Canadian Association . Andrea Horwath , Mike Schreiner , and Premier Kathleen Wynne were in attendance . Doug Ford chose not to attend . April 16 , 2018 The Ontario NDP release their full election platform . May 7 , 2018 First televised debate hosted by CityNews : Toronto - focused debate with Ford , Horwath and Wynne May 9 , 2018 Electoral Writ issued . May 11 , 2018 Leaders ' debate in Parry Sound . May 17 , 2018 Candidate nominations close at 2 PM local time . May 26 , 2018 Advance voting starts at voting locations and returning offices . May 27 , 2018 Second televised debate , moderated by Steve Paikin and Farah Nasser , held at the Canadian Broadcasting Centre in Toronto and aired on CBC , CTV , Global , TVO , CPAC , CHCH and other outlets . Attended by Wynne , Ford , and Horwath . May 30 , 2018 Advance voting ends at advance voting locations . June 1 , 2018 Advance voting ends at returning offices . June 2 , 2018 Premier Wynne concedes that the Liberals will not win the election . June 6 , 2018 Special ballot voting at returning office or through home visit ends at 6 : 00 PM EST . June 7 , 2018 Election day . Fixed - date of the 2018 provincial election . Campaign period ( edit ) Issues ( edit ) 2018 Ontario election -- issues and respective party platforms Issue Liberal PC NDP Spending Standing by its last budget 's assertion of six consecutive deficits , with a return to balance in 2024 -- 25 The Province will have a deficit in the government 's first year . Based on Ford 's campaign promises , economists estimate there will be five consecutive deficits between $8 billion and $6 billion . An audit will be conducted into the previous government 's spending There will be five consecutive deficits of between $5 - billion and $2 - billion Taxation Proceed with last budget 's simplification of rate structure for personal income tax Maintain corporate income tax at present rate of 11.5 % Corporate income tax to be reduced from 11.5 % to 10.5 % Phase out income tax entirely for minimum - wage earners but cancel the $1 increase to minimum wage slated for 2019 Repeal the present cap and trade program Oppose federally mandated carbon pricing Reduce income tax rates Reduce the small business income tax rate Raise corporate tax rate from 11.5 % to 13 % Ontarians earning more than $300,000 would see their tax rates rise by two percentage points , or one percentage point for those earning more than $220,000 Education Modernize the curriculum and assessment of schools , from kindergarten to grade 12 $3 - billion in capital grants over 10 years to post-secondary institutions Replace the present curricula for sex education and return to traditional mathematics education Limit funding to postsecondary institutions that do not respect free speech $16 - billion in spending over 10 years on infrastructure and repairs at Ontario 's schools Cap kindergarten class sizes at 26 students Abolish standardized EQAO testing Give OSAP - qualified students non-repayable grants instead of loans Remove interest off existing student loans and apply interest that has already been paid to the loan principal Child care Free child care for all Ontarians aged two - and - a-half to junior kindergarten age , regardless of income A sliding scale of tax rebates , providing up to $6,750 per child under 15 and giving low - income families as much as 75 per cent of their child - care costs Income - based scale for child care : Free child care for families earning under $40,000 annually Average of $12 per day cost for those making over $40,000 Transit and infrastructure $79 - billion for various public - transit projects over 14 years , including : a Toronto - to - Windsor high - speed rail line light - rail expansion in Ottawa cost reductions for GO Transit users $5 - billion in extra funding for new subways in Toronto Prioritize the Relief Line Assure that the Scarborough Subway Extension to the Scarborough Town Centre will have three stops Cover 50 % of the operating costs of municipal transit services Build the Relief Line in Toronto Restore operations of the Northlander in Northern Ontario Bring in two - way all - day service on GO Transit 's Kitchener line Construct the LRT line in Hamilton Electrify the existing GO lines and the Union Pearson Express Remove tolls on the Highway 412 and prevent tolls for the Highway 418 Hydro Standing by its 2017 plan to defer rate increases through current borrowing Will proceed to sell the Province 's remaining 60 % interest in Hydro One Cut rates by 12 % , over and above the Liberals ' current 25 % reduction Return Hydro One to 100 % public ownership Reduce rates by 30 % End time - of - use pricing Environment Proceed with April 2018 announcement to spend $1.7 - billion over three years towards retrofitting homes for energy efficiency End cap - and - trade Divert at least 25 % of cap - and - trade revenue to help northern , rural and low - income Ontarians adapt to a lower - carbon lifestyle Spend $50 - million on a home - efficiency retrofit program . Party slogans ( edit ) Party English French Translation of French ( unofficial ) █ Liberal `` Care over cuts '' █ PC `` For the People '' `` Help is on the way . '' █ New Democratic `` Change for the better '' `` Changeons pour le mieux '' Let 's change for the better █ Green `` People Powered Change '' █ Libertarian `` The Party of Choice '' Endorsements ( edit ) Endorsements received by each party Type Liberal PC NDP Green No endorsement Media Postmedia Network The London Free Press Toronto Sun National Post Ottawa Citizen Ajax News Advertiser The Post Millennial Toronto Star Metroland Media Group The Hamilton Spectator Niagara Falls Review Le Droit Toronto Star ( Riding of Guelph only ) The Globe and Mail Waterloo Region Record Laurentian Media Group Politicians and public figures Justin Trudeau Andrew Scheer Hazel McCallion Kevin O'Leary Mel Lastman Stephen Harper Jagmeet Singh Michael Coren Jerry Dias Bernie Farber Kay Gardner David Miller Judy Rebick Kristyn Wong - Tam Charles Pascal Sandy Hudson Olivia Chow Elizabeth May David Suzuki Unions and business associations Ontario Convenience Stores Association Ottawa Police Association United Steelworkers Local 2251 Elementary Teachers ' Federation of Ontario Canadian Union of Public Employees Ontario Steelworkers Amalgamated Transit Union Candidates ( edit ) See also : Candidates of the Ontario general election , 2018 Candidate nominations ( edit ) In February 2018 , the PC leadership overturned the nomination of candidates Karma Macgregor in Ottawa West -- Nepean and Thenusha Parani in Scarborough Centre because of irregularities and allegations of ballot stuffing at their nomination meetings . Both candidates denied these claims . The nomination meetings were reorganized , and both candidates lost the nomination at those meetings . However , the PC leadership decided not to overturn the nomination meeting 's result in Hamilton West -- Ancaster -- Dundas , where a similar situation took place , because of an ongoing police investigation on this situation . In March 2018 , the NDP nominated Lyra Evans as their candidate in Ottawa - Vanier . Evans is the first openly transgender candidate nominated by a major party to run in an Ontario general election . Incumbents not running for reelection ( edit ) Electoral District Incumbent at dissolution and subsequent nominee New MPP Brant ( now Brantford - Brant ) Dave Levac Ruby Toor Will Bouma Glengarry -- Prescott -- Russell Grant Crack Pierre Leroux Amanda Simard Guelph Liz Sandals Sly Castaldi Mike Schreiner Kenora -- Rainy River Sarah Campbell Glen Archer Greg Rickford Kitchener - Conestoga Michael Harris -- Mike Harris Jr . London North Centre Deb Matthews Kate Graham Terence Kernaghan Markham - Unionville Michael Chan Amanda Yeung Collucci Billy Pang Mississauga -- Erindale Harinder Takhar Riding dissolved Pickering - Scarborough East Tracy MacCharles Riding dissolved Scarborough Centre Brad Duguid Mazhar Shafiq Christina Mitas Simcoe North Patrick Brown -- Jill Dunlop Welland ( now Niagara Centre ) Cindy Forster Jeff Burch Jeff Burch York Centre Monte Kwinter Ramon Estaris Roman Baber York -- Simcoe Julia Munro Caroline Mulroney Caroline Mulroney York West ( now Humber River -- Black Creek ) Mario Sergio Deanna Sgro Tom Rakocevic Opinion polls ( edit ) Campaign period ( edit ) Evolution of voting intentions during the 2018 Ontario provincial election campaign . Plot generated in R from data in the table below . Trendlines are local regressions , with polls weighted by proximity in time and sample size . 95 % confidence ribbons represent uncertainty about the regressions , not the likelihood that actual election results would fall within the intervals . show Polling firm Last date of polling Link Lib PC NDP Gre Oth Margin of error Sample size Polling method Lead Forum Research June 6 , 2018 PDF 21 39 34 5 ± 3 pp 2,178 IVR 5 Research Co . June 6 , 2018 HTML 20 39 37 ± 3.8 pp 661 Online EKOS June 6 , 2018 PDF 18.9 39.1 35.1 4.5 2.4 ± 2.8 pp 1,230 IVR 4.0 Pollara June 5 , 2018 PDF 17 38 38 6 ± 3.3 pp 906 ( 1 / 3 ) Online / telephone ( rolling ) 0 Ipsos June 5 , 2018 HTML 19 39 36 6 * ± 3.1 pp 1,501 Online / telephone Mainstreet Research June 4 , 2018 HTML 20.2 39.0 34.3 4.9 1.7 ± 1.7 pp 3,320 IVR 4.7 Leger June 4 , 2018 HTML 18 39 38 5 * N / A 1,008 Online Pollara June 4 , 2018 PDF 17 39 37 6 ± 3.0 pp 1,083 ( 1 / 4 ) Online / telephone ( rolling ) Pollara June 3 , 2018 PDF 20 38 37 5 ± 2.7 pp 1,275 ( 1 / 4 ) Online / telephone ( rolling ) Forum Research June 2 , 2018 PDF 18 38 37 5 ± 3 pp 2,349 IVR Abacus Data June 2 , 2018 HTML 23 33 37 5 ± 1.9 pp 2,646 Online Pollara June 2 , 2018 PDF 20 37 37 5 ± 2.6 pp 1,447 Online / telephone 0 EKOS May 31 , 2018 PDF 19.3 38.6 34.9 5.9 1.2 ± 3.1 pp 990 ( 2 / 3 ) IVR ( rolling ) 3.7 Research Co . May 31 , 2018 HTML 18 38 39 ± 3.7 pp 701 Online Forum Research May 29 , 2018 PDF 19 39 35 5 ± 2 pp 2,602 IVR H + K Strategies May 29 , 2018 HTML 19 37 39 6 ± 2.5 pp 1,500 Online EKOS May 29 , 2018 PDF 19.1 37.9 38.4 3.3 1.3 ± 3.2 pp 945 IVR 0.5 Angus Reid May 29 , 2018 PDF 17 37 39 5 ± 3.5 pp 773 Online Innovative Research May 29 , 2018 PDF 22 34 36 6 N / A 958 Online Innovative Research May 29 , 2018 PDF 21 34 37 6 ± 4.0 pp 611 Telephone Pollara May 28 , 2018 PDF 17 32 43 5 ± 3.5 pp 800 Online 11 Media consortium leaders ' debate in Toronto ( May 27 , 2018 ) Mainstreet Research May 27 , 2018 HTML 16.0 37.9 39.3 4.5 2.4 ± 2.39 pp 1,682 IVR 1.4 Ipsos May 27 , 2018 HTML 22 37 34 7 * ± 3.2 pp 1,241 Online / telephone Abacus Data May 26 , 2018 HTML 23 33 37 ± 3.5 pp 800 Online EKOS May 24 , 2018 PDF 20.4 34.9 35.6 7.0 2.1 ± 3.1 pp 1,021 IVR 0.7 Forum Research May 23 , 2018 PDF 14 33 47 ± 3 pp 906 IVR 14 Innovative Research May 23 , 2018 PDF 26 36 31 6 N / A 1,074 Online 5 Pollara May 22 , 2018 HTML 18 37 38 5 ± 3.3 pp 870 Online Leger May 22 , 2018 PDF 21 37 37 5 * ± 3.09 pp 1,008 Online 0 Ipsos May 21 , 2018 HTML 23 36 37 4 * ± 3.5 pp 1,000 Online Abacus Data May 18 , 2018 HTML 24 35 34 5 ± 1.9 pp 2,824 Online Mainstreet Research May 18 , 2018 HTML 22.3 41.9 29.3 5.0 1.4 ± 2.02 pp 2,350 IVR 12.6 EKOS May 17 , 2018 PDF 23.3 39.1 29.8 5.4 2.3 ± 2.9 pp 1,124 IVR 9.3 H + K Strategies May 15 , 2018 HTML 23 38 32 7 * ± 2.5 pp 1,500 Online 6 Ipsos May 14 , 2018 HTML 22 40 35 3 * ± 3.5 pp 1,000 Online 5 Innovative Research May 12 , 2018 PDF 27 35 31 6 N / A 1,529 Online Leaders ' debate in Parry Sound ( May 11 , 2018 ) Mainstreet Research May 11 , 2018 HTML 22.1 42.3 28.4 5.4 1.8 ± 1.95 pp 2,534 IVR 13.9 Forum Research May 9 , 2018 PDF 22 40 33 ± 4 pp 777 IVR 7 Innovative Research May 9 , 2018 PDF 28 38 28 6 N / A 915 Online 10 CityTV Toronto leaders ' debate ( May 7 , 2018 ) Includes support for the Green Party Best Premier and Party Leader Approval Ratings ( edit ) Date Firm Best Premier ratings Approval ratings Ford Horwath Wynne Ford Horwath Wynne Approve Disapprove Approve Disapprove Approve Disapprove June 6 , 2018 Research Co . 36 % 55 % 54 % 34 % 29 % 64 % June 2 , 2018 Forum Research 27 % 31 % 17 % 27 % 55 % 41 % 34 % 23 % 65 % June 2 , 2018 Abacus Data 25 % 48 % 42 % 20 % 21 % 56 % May 31 , 2018 Research Co . 23 % 28 % 15 % 33 % 56 % 52 % 34 % 27 % 64 % May 29 , 2018 Forum Research 29 % 30 % 16 % 30 % 53 % 40 % 32 % 23 % 65 % May 29 , 2018 Angus Reid 25 % 34 % 15 % May 29 , 2018 Innovative Research 23 % 30 % 14 % 30 % 54 % 48 % 23 % 25 % 59 % May 26 , 2018 Abacus Data 27 % 45 % 44 % 15 % 19 % 60 % May 23 , 2018 Forum Research 30 % 33 % 15 % 32 % 51 % 43 % 26 % 19 % 69 % May 23 , 2018 Innovative Research 24 % 26 % 19 % 27 % 57 % 46 % 20 % 24 % 61 % May 22 , 2018 Leger 23 % 28 % 12 % May 18 , 2018 Abacus Data 26 % 46 % 42 % 13 % 17 % 60 % May 12 , 2018 Innovative Research 24 % 26 % 16 % 31 % 52 % 44 % 17 % 21 % 62 % May 9 , 2018 Forum Research 34 % 49 % 42 % 25 % 20 % 71 % Major Regional Polls - Toronto ( edit ) hide Polling firm Last date of polling Link Lib PC NDP Gre Oth Margin of error Sample size Polling method Lead Campaign Research May 16 , 2018 HTML 27 35 32 5 ± 2.3 pp 1,871 Online Leaders ' debate in Parry Sound ( May 11 , 2018 ) Mainstreet Research May 7 , 2018 PDF 31.1 36.6 23.1 5.9 3.4 ± 2.19 pp 2,000 IVR 5.5 CityTV Toronto leaders ' debate ( May 7 , 2018 ) Pre-campaign period ( edit ) Ten - poll average of Ontario opinion polls from June 12 , 2014 , to the last possible date of the next election on June 6 , 2018 . Each line corresponds to a political party . show Polling organisation Last date of polling Source Lib PC NDP Gr Oth Polling type Sample size Margin of error Ipsos May 7 , 2018 HTML 26 40 29 - 5 Online / telephone 1,197 ± 3.2 % EKOS Research May 6 , 2018 Twitter 24.4 41.1 25.6 6.5 IVR 2,018 ± 2.2 % Abacus Data May 6 , 2018 HTML 29 35 29 5 Online 1,755 ± 2.4 % Nanos Research May 6 , 2018 PDF 28.5 41.1 24.3 5.9 Telephone 500 ± 4.4 % Pollara May 4 , 2018 HTML 23 40 30 6 Online 1,010 ± 3.1 % Leger April 23 , 2018 HTML 26 43 26 - Online 1,000 + Nanos Research April 22 , 2018 PDF 30.6 42.2 21.4 5.3 Telephone 2,098 ± 2.1 % Forum Research April 18 , 2018 PDF 21 46 27 IVR 1,126 ± 3 % Mainstreet Research April 18 , 2018 HTML 28.2 44.9 21.3 4.0 1.6 IVR 1,763 ± 2.33 % Ipsos April 9 , 2018 HTML 27 40 28 - 5 Online 800 ± 4.0 % Innovative Research April 9 , 2018 HTML 29.9 42.5 20.7 6.9 1.1 Online 600 ± 4.0 % Abacus Data April 8 , 2018 HTML 28 40 24 6 Online 4,177 ± 1.5 % EKOS Research April 5 , 2018 PDF 29.3 43.0 20.7 5.2 1.8 IVR 1,067 ± 3.0 % Mainstreet Research April 4 , 2018 HTML 23.9 50.3 18.3 5.2 2.4 IVR 1,969 ± 2.21 % Forum Research March 29 , 2018 PDF 29 36 26 7 IVR 728 ± 4 % Innovative Research March 20 , 2018 PDF 26 44 22 7 Telephone 603 ± 4.0 % Mainstreet Research March 18 , 2018 HTML 26.2 47.0 18.6 6.4 1.8 IVR 2,003 ± 2.23 % Campaign Research March 14 , 2018 HTML 27 43 23 5 Online 1,637 ± 2.4 % Leger March 14 , 2018 PDF 26 42 24 - 8 Online 1,008 ± 3.087 % Ipsos March 14 , 2018 HTML 32 39 25 - Online 803 ± 4.0 % Forum Research March 11 , 2018 PDF 23 44 27 5 IVR 923 ± 3 % 10 March 2018 Doug Ford is elected leader of the Progressive Conservative Party Angus Reid March 7 , 2018 PDF 24 50 22 - Online 807 ± 3.4 % DART February 27 , 2018 PDF 19 44 24 - 13 Online 962 ± 3.6 % Nanos Research February 26 , 2018 PDF 30.5 43.5 23.2 2.8 Telephone 502 ± 4.4 % Forum Research February 23 , 2018 PDF 21 46 24 7 IVR 1,005 ± 3 % Ipsos February 19 , 2018 HTML 29 38 26 - 7 Online 802 ± 4.0 % Forum Research February 17 , 2018 PDF 24 49 19 7 IVR 949 ± 3 % Campaign Research February 11 , 2018 HTML 28 43 20 8 Online 1,426 ± 2.5 % Leger January 2018 HTML 33 36 26 Online 996 ± 3.1 % Innovative Research January 29 , 2018 PDF 32 36 21 9 Online 1,027 26 January 2018 Vic Fedeli is appointed as interim leader of the Ontario PC Party Forum Research January 25 , 2018 PDF 27 42 23 6 IVR 751 ± 4 % 25 January 2018 Patrick Brown resigns as Ontario PC leader Innovative Research January 17 , 2018 PDF 35 38 18 8 Online 1,040 Forum Research January 13 , 2018 PDF 24 43 24 7 IVR 1,022 ± 3 % Campaign Research January 11 , 2018 HTML 34 35 23 6 Online 1,544 ± 2.5 % Mainstreet Research January 6 , 2018 PDF 32 43 18 7 IVR 2,375 ± 2.01 % Nanos Research December 18 , 2017 PDF 33.5 41.4 20.5 4.0 Telephone 500 ± 4.4 % Ipsos December 14 , 2017 HTML 28 36 28 - 9 Online 829 ± 4.0 % Campaign Research December 6 , 2017 HTML 35 34 22 7 Online 1,495 ± 2.5 % Forum Research November 30 , 2017 PDF 24 40 26 8 IVR 861 ± 3 % Innovative Research November 17 , 2017 PDF 31 41 19 8 Telephone 607 ± 4.0 % Campaign Research November 9 , 2017 HTML 32 35 23 9 Online 1,263 ± 2.8 % Nanos Research October 29 , 2017 PDF 29.2 38.3 26.0 6.4 Telephone 500 ± 4.4 % Forum Research October 25 , 2017 PDF 24 45 22 7 IVR 946 ± 3 % Campaign Research October 11 , 2017 HTML 32 36 25 7 Online 1,347 ± 2.7 % Forum Research September 27 , 2017 PDF 22 44 27 5 IVR 801 ± 3 % Innovative Research September 18 , 2017 PDF 35 40 18 5 Telephone 608 ± 4.0 % Campaign Research September 11 , 2017 HTML 33 38 23 6 0 Online 1,133 ± 2.9 % Ipsos September 11 , 2017 HTML 32 39 22 - 7 Online 800 ± 4.0 % Forum Research August 24 , 2017 PDF 25 40 27 6 IVR 981 ± 3 % Nanos Research August 17 , 2017 PDF 31.2 42.2 19.5 6.7 Telephone 500 ± 4.4 % Innovative Research July 19 , 2017 HTML 36 40 17 6 Telephone 605 ± 4.0 % Campaign Research July 10 , 2017 HTML 31 38 23 6 Online 943 ± 3 % Innovative Research June 27 , 2017 HTML 35 39 20 5 Telephone 600 ± 4.0 % Forum Research June 14 , 2017 PDF 23 44 24 7 IVR 1,003 ± 3 % Campaign Research June 12 , 2017 HTML 30 38 24 7 Online 1,118 ± 3 % Mainstreet Research May 25 , 2017 HTML 29 43 24 5 - IVR 2,000 ± 2.19 % Campaign Research May 13 , 2017 HTML 37 34 22 6 Online 864 ± 4 % Forum Research May 10 , 2017 PDF 28 41 23 6 IVR 1,103 ± 3 % Campaign Research April 11 , 2017 HTML 31 36 25 Online 979 ± 3 % Innovative Research April 5 , 2017 PDF 29 40 23 6 Online 779 Forum Research March 30 , 2017 PDF 19 43 28 8 IVR 884 ± 3.3 % Mainstreet Research March 12 , 2017 HTML 30 40 24 6 - IVR 2,531 ± 1.95 % Forum Research February 16 , 2017 PDF 24 44 25 6 IVR 1,120 ± 3 % Mainstreet Research February 12 , 2017 HTML 29 39 27 - IVR 2,524 ± 1.95 % Campaign Research January 29 , 2017 HTML 28 50 15 5 IVR 676 ± 4 % Forum Research November 21 , 2016 PDF 24 43 24 8 IVR 1,184 ± 3 % Nanos Research November 19 , 2016 PDF 31.9 39.9 22.2 5.2 0.8 Telephone 500 ± 4.4 % Mainstreet Research November 2 , 2016 HTML 25 43 27 6 - IVR 2,524 ± 1.95 % Forum Research October 18 , 2016 PDF 24 43 23 8 IVR 1,124 ± 3 % Innovative Research September 24 , 2016 PDF 33 38 20 8 - Telephone 600 ± 4.0 % Ipsos September 22 , 2016 HTML 40 35 20 5 - Online 800 ± 4 % Mainstreet Research September 18 , 2016 HTML 28 43 23 6 - IVR 2,562 ± 1.94 % Forum Research September 13 , 2016 PDF 25 45 23 6 IVR 1,154 ± 3 % Ipsos September 9 , 2016 HTML 35 37 23 5 - Online 800 ± 4 % 8 September 2016 Premier Kathleen Wynne prorogues the legislature Forum Research August 15 , 2016 PDF 28 41 23 6 IVR 1,097 ± 3 % Forum Research July 12 , 2016 PDF 35 42 17 5 IVR 1,183 ± 3 % Forum Research June 21 , 2016 PDF 30 40 21 8 IVR 1,173 ± 3 % Forum Research May 31 , 2016 PDF 30 40 21 7 IVR 1,172 ± 3 % Mainstreet Research May 18 , 2016 HTML 36 38 20 5 - IVR 2,537 ± 1.95 % Forum Research April 25 , 2016 PDF 34 39 21 5 IVR 1,157 ± 3 % Forum Research March 23 , 2016 PDF 30 40 24 5 IVR 1,225 ± 3 % Forum Research February 29 , 2016 PDF 27 44 22 6 IVR 1,148 ± 3 % Mainstreet Research February 16 , 2016 HTML 33 36 26 5 - IVR 2,623 ± 1.91 % Forum Research December 20 , 2015 PDF 31 34 26 7 IVR 1,003 ± 3 % Ipsos November 9 , 2015 HTML 44 31 20 - Online 1,002 ± 3.5 % Forum Research November 4 , 2015 PDF 30 36 26 6 IVR 1,158 ± 3 % Mainstreet Research November 1 , 2015 HTML 28 40 25 7 - IVR 2,506 ± 1.96 % Mainstreet Research September 21 , 2015 HTML 30 40 24 7 - IVR 4,610 ± 1.5 % Forum Research August 13 , 2015 PDF 26 35 33 IVR 1,001 ± 3 % Forum Research July 5 , 2015 PDF 26 32 35 5 IVR 678 ± 4 % Ipsos May 20 , 2015 HTML 34.13 32.37 25.19 8.31 - Online 1,002 ± 3.5 % Innovative Research May 19 , 2015 PDF 34 35 24 6 - Telephone 606 ± 4.0 % Forum Research May 11 , 2015 PDF 24 33 36 5 IVR 1,001 ± 3 % 9 May 2015 Patrick Brown is elected leader of the Ontario PC Party Forum Research April 30 , 2015 PDF 29 36 24 9 IVR 912 ± 3 % Innovative Research April 26 , 2015 PDF 40 33 18 8 Online 1,017 Forum Research March 26 , 2015 PDF 29 34 27 8 IVR 881 ± 3 % Environics March 25 , 2015 HTML 32 33 27 7 - Telephone 989 ± 3.1 % Forum Research February 27 , 2015 PDF 32 39 21 6 IVR 996 ± 3 % Forum Research January 30 , 2015 PDF 37 36 19 6 IVR 1,028 ± 3 % Forum Research December 20 , 2014 PDF 35 36 20 7 IVR 1,058 ± 3 % Forum Research November 29 , 2014 PDF 37 37 17 7 IVR 1,054 ± 3 % Forum Research November 1 , 2014 PDF 40 35 19 IVR 1,104 ± 3 % Forum Research October 1 , 2014 PDF 36 34 23 6 IVR 1,079 ± 3 % Forum Research August 21 , 2014 PDF 39 32 19 8 IVR 1,229 ± 3 % 2 July 2014 Jim Wilson becomes interim leader of the Ontario PC Party 2 July 2014 Tim Hudak resigns as leader of the Ontario PC Party 2014 election June 12 , 2014 HTML 38.65 31.25 23.75 4.84 1.51 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ferguson , Rob ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Ontario moves election date to June 7 , 2018 '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Electoral Boundaries Act , 2015 , S.O. 2015 , c. 31 Jump up ^ as a result of the Election Statute Law Amendment Act , 2016 , S.O. 2016 , c. 33 , s . 36 Jump up ^ `` Report : Far North Electoral Boundaries Commission '' . August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benzie , Robert ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Ontario to get 17 new ridings , including a constituency that is largely Indigenous '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Representation Statute Law Amendment Act , 2017 , S.O. 2017 , c. 18 Jump up ^ `` Ontario Liberals ' plan for two new ridings could violate the Charter and cost PCs the election '' . National Post . August 3 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Public Opinion Research : Ontario This Month '' ( PDF ) . innovativeresearch.ca . Innovative Research Group . September 2017 . pp. 17 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Election Statute Law Amendment Act , 2005 , S.O. 2005 , c. 35 , s . 1 ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Benzie , Robert ( June 4 , 2015 ) . `` Ontario to add 15 MPPs , move 2018 election date ahead '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Election Statute Law Amendment Act , 2016 , S.O. 2016 , c. 33 , s . 7 Jump up ^ `` How a historic Liberal collapse and PC upheaval turned Ontario election into a wild horse race '' . National Post . 2018 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Opinion The day Kathleen Wynne lost the 2018 election '' . thestar.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Grenier , Eric ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` With nine weeks to go , the Ontario election is Doug Ford 's to lose '' . CBC News . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Crawley , Mike ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` 11 Liberals wo n't run in Ontario election , and that 's a problem for Kathleen Wynne '' . CBC News . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ontario voters facing ' stark choice ' in June , says Kathleen Wynne '' . Toronto Star . March 12 , 2018 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ontario budget 2018 : Liberals run deficit , introduce new spending in pre-election budget '' . Global News . Canadian Press . March 28 , 2018 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Veering left is right for Kathleen Wynne '' . Toronto Star . April 1 , 2018 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Delacourt , Susan ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` What is it that is driving Ontario voters ? '' . The Toronto Star . Jump up ^ Omer , Mohammed ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` Ontario Election 2018 : Poll Finds Half of Decided Voters Making Choice Based on Party They Dislike '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Yufest , Eli ( February 2018 ) . `` Analysis of Voter Support Ceilings for Major Ontario Parties '' . Campaign Research . Jump up ^ Yun , Tom ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` Ontario 's experiment with vote - counting machines could change elections to come '' . Macleans . ^ Jump up to : Reevely , David ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` Elections Ontario has ' utmost confidence ' in new vote - counting machines but also has backup plan '' . Ottawa Citizen . Jump up ^ `` Province - Wide Election Night Results '' . elections.on.ca . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ontario election 2014 : Tim Hudak to step down '' . CBC News . June 12 , 2014 . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hudak to quit July 2 amid Tory revolt '' . Toronto Star . June 18 , 2014 . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Richard ( July 2 , 2014 ) . `` Progressive Conservatives pick Jim Wilson as interim leader '' . The Toronto Star . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barrie MP Patrick Brown resigns seat as he shifts to lead provincial PCs '' . Ottawa Citizen . May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gerry Lougheed Jr. , Ontario Liberal fundraiser , charged in Sudbury byelection scandal '' . CBC News . September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Liberals face Elections Act charges in Sudbury case Toronto Star '' . thestar.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Wynne adviser to step down after OPP charges related to Sudbury byelection Toronto Star '' . thestar.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Aiello , Rachel ; McGregor , Glen ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` Patrick Brown denies sexual misconduct allegations from two women , resigns as Ontario PC leader '' . CTV News . Jump up ^ Crawley , Mike ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` Patrick Brown resigns as Ontario PC leader after sexual misconduct allegations '' . CBC News . Jump up ^ `` Statement from Ontario PC Leader Patrick Brown '' . ontariopca.ca . January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Vic Fedeli chosen as interim leader of Ontario PCs with election looming '' . CBC News . 2018 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Doug Ford named new Ontario PC leader '' . CTV News . The Canadian Press . March 10 , 2018 . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ford ' the boss ' : Fedeli '' . Sudbury Star . Postmedia Network . March 11 , 2018 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Fedeli , who has served as interim party leader since the resignation of Patrick Brown amid allegations of sexual misconduct several weeks ago , will remain opposition leader for parliamentary purposes because Ford does not have a seat in the Ontario legislature Jump up ^ `` Doug Ford bails on first Ontario election leaders debate -- iPolitics '' . iPolitics. 2018 - 04 - 05 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Andrea Horwath 's Change for the Better '' . Ontario NDP . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Ford , Horwath , Wynne to face off in Toronto - focused CityNews debate May 7 '' . CityNews. 2018 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Election 101 : Here 's what you need to know about the Ontario election '' . cbc.ca . May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bissonette , Sarah ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` Wynne , Ford and Horwath debate in Parry Sound Friday '' . parrysound.com . Jump up ^ Blackwell , Tom ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` Ontario PC candidate resigns after private 407 freeway confirms ' internal theft ' of data on 60,000 customers '' . National Post . ^ Jump up to : `` Advance voting begins for provincial election '' . ctvnews.ca . May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Advance Voting for Provincial General Election Starts Today '' ( PDF ) . elections.on.ca . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Date set for televised leaders debate in Ontario election CBC News '' . CBC . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Benzie , Robert ( June 2 , 2018 ) . `` Wynne concedes she will lose Thursday 's election , urges voters to elect Liberal MPPs as check on Ford or Horwath '' . Toronto Star . Jump up ^ Giovannetti , Justin ( June 3 , 2018 ) . `` Ontario 's NDP , PCs jockey for majority in wake of Wynne 's early concession '' . The Globe and Mail . Jump up ^ `` Ontario election guide : What you need to know before you vote '' . The Globe and Mail . May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Doug Ford 's Plan is Furthest Away From a Balanced Budget '' . CTV News . May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Streck , Aaron ( 2018 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Durham highway tolls will be removed if elected , say NDP candidates '' . Globalnews.ca . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Akin , David ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` For the Wynne Liberals , the Ontario election has always been ' Save the Furniture ' '' . Global News . Jump up ^ `` Doug Ford , Ontario PCs unveil campaign bus and ' For The People ' slogan '' . CityNews . Toronto . April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jarvis , Anne ( June 1 , 2018 ) . `` Ford tells supporters in Windsor ' help is on the way ' '' . Windsor Star . Jump up ^ Powers , Lucas ( April 16 , 2018 ) . `` Ontario NDP platform proposes big spending on health care , social services '' . CBC News . Jump up ^ `` La plateforme néo - démocrate est enfin disponible en français '' . Ici Radio - Canada Première ( in French ) . April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Janus , Andrea ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` Basic income , road tolls for transit part of Ontario Green Party 's election platform '' . CBC News . Jump up ^ Small , Allen ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` Ontario Libertarian Party leader Allen Small shares his views on election issues '' . Global News ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Tasha Kheiriddin . Toronto . Jump up ^ `` Of choices we have , Ford 's PCs are best '' . The London Free Press . June 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Our choice for Ontario is Ford '' . Toronto Sun . June 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ontario 's choice is clear , if less than ideal : A Progressive Conservative government '' . National Post . June 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Progressive Conservatives should form the next Ontario government '' . Ottawa Citizen . June 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.durhamregion.com/opinion-story/8629987-change-is-needed-in-ontario/ Jump up ^ https://www.thepostmillennial.com/editorial-pcs-are-the-only-real-choice// Jump up ^ `` Ontario voters should back NDP to stop Doug Ford '' . Toronto Star . June 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Opinion The Spectator 's view : Ford PCs say take them on faith -- that 's not enough '' . TheSpec.com. 2018 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Jury , Pierre ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` Pour le NPD '' ( For the NDP ) . Le Droit ( in French ) . Jump up ^ Board , Toronto Star Editorial ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) . `` Opinion OPINION : Guelph voters should consider making history and sending the Greens ' Mike Schreiner to Queen 's Park '' . GuelphMercury.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Globe editorial : For Ontario voters , leadership and vision are not on offer '' . The Globe and Mail . June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Opinion The Record 's view : In an era of disruption Ontario voters should seek stability '' . TheRecord.com. 2018 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Editorial : We 're endorsing change this provincial election '' . Laurentian Media Group . 2018 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Marieke Walsh ( May 4 , 2018 ) . `` Trudeau dropping in on Wynne days before election campaign '' . iPolitics . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ali Raza ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` Andrew Scheer says Doug Ford ' best choice ' in election , slams Ontario NDP 's past '' . Metroland Media . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hazel McCallion endorses PC Leader Doug Ford and Liberal Finance Minister Charles Sousa '' . Global News . May 30 , 2018 . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin O'Leary Taps ' Sharks ' To Help Pay Back Tory Leadership Debt '' . Huffington Post . June 4 , 2018 . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Antonella Artuso ( June 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' HE 'S A STRAIGHT SHOOTER ' : Mel Lastman endorses Doug Ford '' . Toronto Sun . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Harper on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Andrea Horwath , Jagmeet Singh team up at Brampton event to keep pushing NDP in polls '' . CBC News Network . May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Coren , Michael ; Dias , Jerry ; Farber , Bernie M. ; Gardner , Kay ; Hudson , Sandy ; Miller , David ; Pascale , Charles ; Rebick , Judy ; Wong - Tam , Kristyn . `` It 's Time For Progressive Voters To Rally Around Andrea Horwath '' . HuffPost . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Olivia Chow on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Carmen Ponciano ( April 22 , 2018 ) . CBC http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/kitchener-waterloo/guelph-mike-schreiner-david-suzuki-elizabeth-may-1.4630234 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Twitter . June 2 , 2018 https://twitter.com/OntarioCStores/status/1002902718929727490 . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Ottawa police union endorses PCs '' . CBC News . May 31 , 2018 . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Erik White ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` Sault Ste . Marie Steelworkers take flack for backing PC candidate : ' this is democracy ' '' . CBC News . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caroline Alphonso ( May 10 , 2018 ) . The Globe and Mail https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-ontarios-largest-education-union-opts-to-endorse-ndp-over-liberals/ . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ CUPE https://cupe.ca/canadas-ndp-working-together . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Newswire https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/ontario-steelworkers-endorse-andrea-horwath-and-the-ndp-684338631.html . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ ATU ( PDF ) http://atucanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/NDP-Endorsement.pdf . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Party overturns Ottawa West - Nepean PC nomination CBC News '' . CBC . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` PCs to hold new nomination contests in Ottawa West - Nepean , Scarborough Centre '' . Ottawa Citizen. 2018 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ Benzie , Robert ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Tories overturn two controversial nominations , as they clean house in post-Patrick - Brown era '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NDP candidate hopes to give LGBT community greater voice at Queen 's Park CBC News '' . CBC . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` NDP in Ottawa - Vanier nominate Ontario 's first transgender candidate for MPP '' . Ottawa Citizen. 2018 - 03 - 26 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Steve Paikin ( @ spaikin ) ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` Confirmed : speaker @ DaveLevac announces he wo n't seek re-election in June 2018 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Benzie , Robert ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` Liberal cabinet ministers Michael Chan and Tracy MacCharles , MPP Grant Crack say they are retiring '' . Toronto Star . ^ Jump up to : `` Two more Wynne cabinet ministers say they wo n't run again in next June 's Ontario election '' ( Press release ) . Toronto Star . October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kenora - Rainy River candidates starting to come out of woodwork '' . cbc.ca . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Michael Harris ( 2018 - 04 - 07 ) . `` '' Please see my statement below : `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Steve Paikin ( @ spaikin ) ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` Veteran @ OntLiberal MPP harinder takhar announces he wo n't run again '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Brad Duguid wo n't run in 2018 provincial election '' ( Press release ) . Toronto Star . September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Former PC leader Patrick Brown not running in Ontario election '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Forsyth , Paul ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` Cindy Forster pledges to keep fighting for causes she believes in '' . niagarathisweek.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ nurun.com . `` UPDATED : Cindy Forster calling it quits '' . St. Catharines Standard . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Monte Kwinter MPP for York Centre not seeking re-election in 2018 '' ( Press release ) . Ontario Liberal Party . July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Julia Munro announces Intention to Retire '' ( PDF ) . juliamunrompp.com . March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Geoff Zochodne ( @ GeoffZochodne ) ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Longtime Liberal @ MarioSergioMPP is hanging them up '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` The third and final televised debate of the provincial election campaign in Toronto '' . CBC Television . May 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ontario Provincial Election 2018 : CityNews Leaders ' Debate '' . CityTV . May 7 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Elections Ontario Elections in Canada Most recent Federal 2015 Alberta 2015 British Columbia 2017 Manitoba 2016 New Brunswick 2014 Newfoundland and Labrador 2015 Northwest Territories 2015 Nova Scotia 2017 Nunavut 2017 Ontario 2018 Prince Edward Island 2015 Quebec 2014 Saskatchewan 2016 Yukon 2016 Provincial summary Future elections Next Federal By - elections Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Northwest Territories Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Yukon Lists Amalgamated timeline Federal By - elections AB By - elections Senate BC By - elections MB By - elections NB By - elections NL By - elections NT NS By - elections NU ON By - elections PE By - elections QC By - elections SK By - elections YU By - elections Electoral districts Federal AB BC MB NB NL NS NT NU ON PE QC SK YU Canadian politics portal Elections and referendums in Ontario General elections 1867 1871 1875 1879 1883 1886 1890 1894 1898 1902 1905 1908 1911 1914 1919 1923 1926 1929 1934 1937 1943 1945 1948 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1977 1981 1985 1990 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2014 2018 next By - elections List of Ontario by - elections Referendums 1894 1902 1919 1921 1924 2007 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ontario_general_election,_2018&oldid=856862016 '' Categories : Ontario election results templates 2018 elections in Canada 2018 in Ontario General elections in Ontario June 2018 events in North America Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use Canadian English from January 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English Use mdy dates from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 00 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario%20general%20election%2C%202018	728
who has the most followers on twitter in india	Rank Account name Owner Followers ( millions ) Profession Country 1 . @ katyperry Katy Perry 106 Musician United States 2 . @ justinbieber Justin Bieber 103 Canada 3 . @ BarackObama Barack Obama 96 Former U.S. President United States 4 . @ taylorswift13 Taylor Swift 86 Musician 5 . @ rihanna Rihanna 81 Barbados 6 . @ TheEllenShow Ellen DeGeneres 75 Comedian United States 7 . @ ladygaga Lady Gaga 73 Musician 8 . @ YouTube YouTube 70 Social media platform 9 . @ jtimberlake Justin Timberlake 63 Musician and actor 10 . @ Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 63 Footballer Portugal 11 . @ twitter Twitter 62 Social media platform United States 12 . @ KimKardashian Kim Kardashian West 57 Reality TV personality 13 . @ britneyspears Britney Spears 56 Musician 14 . @ ArianaGrande Ariana Grande 55 15 . @ selenagomez Selena Gomez 54 Musician and actress 16 . @ cnnbrk CNN Breaking News 53 News 17 . @ ddlovato Demi Lovato 51 Musician and actress 18 . @ jimmyfallon Jimmy Fallon 49 Comedian 19 . @ shakira Shakira 49 Musician Colombia 20 . @ JLo Jennifer Lopez 44 Musician and actress United States 21 . @ realDonaldTrump Donald Trump 42 U.S. President and Reality TV personality 22 . @ BillGates Bill Gates 40 Businessman 23 . @ nytimes The New York Times 40 Newspaper 24 . @ Oprah Oprah Winfrey 39 Businesswoman 25 . @ instagram Instagram 39 Social media platform 26 . @ KingJames LeBron James 39 Basketball player 27 . @ CNN CNN 38 Television channel 28 . @ MileyCyrus Miley Cyrus 37 Musician and actress 29 . @ BrunoMars Bruno Mars 36 Musician 30 . @ Drake Drake 36 Rapper Canada 31 . @ narendramodi Narendra Modi 36 Prime Minister of India India 32 . @ NiallOfficial Niall Horan 36 Musician Ireland 33 . @ BBCBreaking BBC Breaking News 35 News United Kingdom 34 . @ SportsCenter SportsCenter 35 Television channel United States 35 . @ KevinHart4real Kevin Hart 35 Comedian 36 . @ neymarjr Neymar 34 Footballer Brazil 37 . @ espn ESPN 34 Television channel United States 38 . @ wizkhalifa Wiz Khalifa 32 Rapper 39 . @ LilTunechi Lil Wayne 32 Rapper 40 . @ onedirection One Direction 32 Band United Kingdom / Ireland 41 . @ Harry_Styles Harry Styles 31 Musician United Kingdom 42 . @ Pink P ! nk 31 United States 43 . @ SrBachchan Amitabh Bachchan 31 Actor India 44 . @ iamsrk Shah Rukh Khan 30 45 . @ Louis_Tomlinson Louis Tomlinson 30 Musician United Kingdom 46 . @ LiamPayne Liam Payne 29 47 . @ aliciakeys Alicia Keys 29 United States 48 . @ Adele Adele 29 United Kingdom 49 . @ KAKA Kaká 29 Footballer Brazil 50 . @ ActuallyNPH Neil Patrick Harris 28 Actor United States As of November 1 , 2017		List of most - followed Twitter accounts	list of most - followed twitter accounts	This list contains the top 50 accounts with the most followers on the social media platform Twitter . As of November 6 , 2017 , the most followed account is Katy Perry , with over 105 million followers . Her account was also the first to exceed 100 million followers .	Top accounts ( edit ) The following table lists the top 50 most followed accounts on Twitter , with each total rounded to the nearest million followers , as well as the profession of each user and country of origin . Rank Account name Owner Followers ( millions ) Profession Country 1 . @ katyperry Katy Perry 106 Musician United States 2 . @ justinbieber Justin Bieber 103 Canada 3 . @ BarackObama Barack Obama 96 Former U.S. President United States 4 . @ taylorswift13 Taylor Swift 86 Musician 5 . @ rihanna Rihanna 81 Barbados 6 . @ TheEllenShow Ellen DeGeneres 75 Comedian United States 7 . @ ladygaga Lady Gaga 73 Musician 8 . @ YouTube YouTube 70 Social media platform 9 . @ jtimberlake Justin Timberlake 63 Musician and actor 10 . @ Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 63 Footballer Portugal 11 . @ twitter Twitter 62 Social media platform United States 12 . @ KimKardashian Kim Kardashian West 57 Reality TV personality 13 . @ britneyspears Britney Spears 56 Musician 14 . @ ArianaGrande Ariana Grande 55 15 . @ selenagomez Selena Gomez 54 Musician and actress 16 . @ cnnbrk CNN Breaking News 53 News 17 . @ ddlovato Demi Lovato 51 Musician and actress 18 . @ jimmyfallon Jimmy Fallon 49 Comedian 19 . @ shakira Shakira 49 Musician Colombia 20 . @ JLo Jennifer Lopez 44 Musician and actress United States 21 . @ realDonaldTrump Donald Trump 42 U.S. President and Reality TV personality 22 . @ BillGates Bill Gates 40 Businessman 23 . @ nytimes The New York Times 40 Newspaper 24 . @ Oprah Oprah Winfrey 39 Businesswoman 25 . @ instagram Instagram 39 Social media platform 26 . @ KingJames LeBron James 39 Basketball player 27 . @ CNN CNN 38 Television channel 28 . @ MileyCyrus Miley Cyrus 37 Musician and actress 29 . @ BrunoMars Bruno Mars 36 Musician 30 . @ Drake Drake 36 Rapper Canada 31 . @ narendramodi Narendra Modi 36 Prime Minister of India India 32 . @ NiallOfficial Niall Horan 36 Musician Ireland 33 . @ BBCBreaking BBC Breaking News 35 News United Kingdom 34 . @ SportsCenter SportsCenter 35 Television channel United States 35 . @ KevinHart4real Kevin Hart 35 Comedian 36 . @ neymarjr Neymar 34 Footballer Brazil 37 . @ espn ESPN 34 Television channel United States 38 . @ wizkhalifa Wiz Khalifa 32 Rapper 39 . @ LilTunechi Lil Wayne 32 Rapper 40 . @ onedirection One Direction 32 Band United Kingdom / Ireland 41 . @ Harry_Styles Harry Styles 31 Musician United Kingdom 42 . @ Pink P ! nk 31 United States 43 . @ SrBachchan Amitabh Bachchan 31 Actor India 44 . @ iamsrk Shah Rukh Khan 30 45 . @ Louis_Tomlinson Louis Tomlinson 30 Musician United Kingdom 46 . @ LiamPayne Liam Payne 29 47 . @ aliciakeys Alicia Keys 29 United States 48 . @ Adele Adele 29 United Kingdom 49 . @ KAKA Kaká 29 Footballer Brazil 50 . @ ActuallyNPH Neil Patrick Harris 28 Actor United States As of November 1 , 2017 See also ( edit ) List of most - retweeted tweets List of most - liked tweets List of most - followed Instagram accounts List of most - subscribed YouTube channels List of most - viewed YouTube videos List of most - streamed songs on Spotify References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Twitter : Most Followers '' . Friend or Follow . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cirisano , Tatiana ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Katy Perry Becomes First to Hit 100 Million Twitter Followers '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ katyperry '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ justinbieber '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ BarackObama '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ taylorswift13 '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ rihanna '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ TheEllenShow '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ ladygaga '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ YouTube '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ jtimberlake '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ Cristiano '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ KimKardashian '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ britneyspears '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ ArianaGrande '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ selenagomez '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ cnnbrk '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ ddlovato '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ jimmyfallon '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ shakira '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ JLo '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ realDonaldTrump '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ BillGates '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ nytimes '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ Oprah '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ instagram '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ KingJames '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ CNN '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ MileyCyrus '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ BrunoMars '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ Drake '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ narendramodi '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ NiallOfficial '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ BBCBreaking '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ SportsCenter '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ KevinHart4real '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ neymarjr '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ ESPN '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ wizkhalifa '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ LilTunechi '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ onedirection '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ Harry_Styles '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ Pink '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ SrBachchan '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ iamsrk '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ Louis_Tomlinson '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ Louis_Tomlinson '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ aliciakeys '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ Adele '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ KAKA '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ ActuallyNPH '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Twitter Clients Services and applications Favstar Gnip Hootsuite Pwytter Seesmic SimplyTweet Tween Tweetbot TweetDeck Tweetie Twimight Twitdom TwitPic Twitterrific Executives Jack Dorsey ( CEO ) Anthony Noto ( COO + CFO ) Board Omid Kordestani ( Executive Chairman ) Jack Dorsey ( CEO ) Peter Chernin Peter Currie Peter Fenton Evan Williams Marjorie Scardino Software FlockDB MySQL Periscope Starling Vine Mergers and acquisitions BackType Bluefin Labs Dasient Gnip Mitro Namo Media Posterous Summify Trendrr TweetDeck Tweetie Vine Whisper Systems Lists Most - followed accounts Most - retweeted tweets Most - liked tweets Other Black Twitter Censorship List of people suspended from Twitter Shorty Awards Twitter bomb Twitter usage by public figures Topsy Labs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most-followed_Twitter_accounts&oldid=809029921 '' Categories : 21st century - related lists Lists of Internet - related superlatives Twitter people Twitter - related lists Talk About Wikipedia Հայերեն हिन्दी اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 18 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20most-followed%20Twitter%20accounts	729
behold i stand at the doir and knock			The Light of the World ( painting )	the light of the world ( painting )	The Light of the World ( 1851 -- 53 ) is an allegorical painting by the English Pre-Raphaelite artist William Holman Hunt ( 1827 -- 1910 ) representing the figure of Jesus preparing to knock on an overgrown and long - unopened door , illustrating Revelation 3 : 20 : `` Behold , I stand at the door and knock ; if any man hear My voice , and open the door , I will come in to him , and will sup with him , and he with Me '' . According to Hunt : `` I painted the picture with what I thought , unworthy though I was , to be by Divine command , and not simply as a good Subject . '' The door in the painting has no handle , and can therefore be opened only from the inside , representing `` the obstinately shut mind '' . Hunt , 50 years after painting it , felt he had to explain the symbolism .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Versions 2 Reception 3 References 3.1 Works cited 4 Further reading 5 External links Versions ( edit ) The original is variously said to have been painted at night in a makeshift hut at Worcester Park Farm in Surrey and in the garden of the Oxford University Press while it is suggested that Hunt found the dawn light he needed outside Bethlehem on one of his visits to the Holy Land . In oil on canvas , it was begun around 1849 / 50 , completed in 1853 , exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1854 and is now in a side room off the large chapel at Keble College , Oxford . The painting was donated to the college by the widow of Thomas Combe , Printer to the University of Oxford , Tractarian and a patron of the Pre-Raphaelites , in the year following his death in 1872 on the understanding that it would hang in the chapel ( constructed 1873 -- 76 ) but the building 's architect William Butterfield was opposed to this and made no provision in his design . When the college 's library opened in 1878 it was placed there , and was moved to its present position only after the construction in 1892 -- 5 by another architect , J.T. Micklethwaite , of the side chapel to accommodate it . That the college at that time charged to view it persuaded Hunt toward the end of his life to paint a larger , life - size , version , begun about 1900 and completed in 1904 , which was purchased by shipowner and social reformer Charles Booth and hung in St Paul 's Cathedral , London , where it was dedicated in 1908 after a 1915 -- 17 world tour where the picture drew large crowds . It was claimed that four - fifths of Australia 's population viewed it . Due to Hunt 's increasing infirmity and glaucoma , he was assisted in the completion of this version by English painter Edward Robert Hughes ( who also assisted with Hunt 's version of The Lady of Shalott ) . Hunt was buried in St Paul 's . A third , smaller version of the painting , painted by Hunt in pastels between 1851 and 1856 , is on display at Manchester City Art Gallery , England , which purchased it in 1964 . Reception ( edit ) The painting gave rise to much popular devotion in the late Victorian period and inspired several musical works , including Arthur Sullivan 's 1873 oratorio The Light of the World . Engraved reproductions were widely hung in nurseries , schools and church buildings . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Forbes , Christopher ( December 2001 ) . `` Images of Christ In Nineteenth - Century British Paintings In The Forbes Magazine Collection '' . Magazine Antiques. 160 ( 6 ) : 794 . Jump up ^ Hunt 1905 , p. 350 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Light of the World '' . Victorian Web . December 2001 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Hibbert , Christopher , ed. ( 1988 ) . The Encyclopædia of Oxford . London : Macmillan . pp. 20 , 197 , 208 -- 9 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 39917 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` Chapel History and Treasures '' . Keble College . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Hunt 1905 , pp. 299 -- 300 . Jump up ^ Dalton , Nick ( 2012 - 08 - 21 ) . Frommer 's France and the Best of Wales . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 349 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 33137 - 8 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Inside the Chapel '' . Keble College . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Light of the World '' . St Paul 's Cathedral . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Fulford , Robert ( 2007 - 12 - 24 ) . `` The Light fantastic : Loved but neglected painting of Jesus became a touchstone of mass culture '' . National Post . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` William Holman Hunt '' . Find A Grave . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Light of the World '' . Art UK . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 03 . Works cited ( edit ) Hunt , W.H. ( 1905 ) . Pre-Raphaelitism and the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. 1 . London : Macmillan . Further reading ( edit ) Maas , Jeremy ( 1984 ) . Holman Hunt and the Light of the World . Ashgate . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85967 - 683 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Revelation 3 : 20 Victorian Web information ( hide ) William Holman Hunt Paintings Rienzi vowing to obtain justice for the death of his young brother , slain in a skirmish between the Colonna and the Orsini factions A Converted British Family Sheltering a Christian Missionary from the Persecution of the Druids The Hireling Shepherd Valentine Rescuing Sylvia from Proteus Our English Coasts , 1852 ( ' Strayed Sheep ' ) The Awakening Conscience The Light of the World The Scapegoat The Finding of the Saviour in the Temple Isabella and the Pot of Basil The Shadow of Death The Miracle of the Holy Fire Related Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood The Germ Hogarth Club Diana Holman - Hunt ( granddaughter ) The Love School ( 1975 miniseries ) Desperate Romantics ( 2009 miniseries ) The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood ( paintings ) William Holman Hunt John Everett Millais Dante Gabriel Rossetti James Collinson William Michael Rossetti Frederic George Stephens Thomas Woolner Associated artists and figures George Price Boyce John Brett Ford Madox Brown Richard Burchett Edward Burne - Jones Georgiana Burne - Jones John Collier Charles Allston Collins Frank Cadogan Cowper Evelyn De Morgan Walter Deverell Henry Treffry Dunn William Dyce Henry Holiday Arthur Hughes Edward Robert Hughes Frederic Leighton Robert Braithwaite Martineau Louisa Beresford , Marchioness of Waterford William Morris Alexander Munro Joseph Noel Paton Valentine Cameron Prinsep Christina Rossetti John Ruskin Frederick Sandys Thomas Seddon Elizabeth Siddal James Smetham Rebecca Solomon Simeon Solomon John Roddam Spencer Stanhope Marie Spartali Stillman Algernon Charles Swinburne Henry Wallis John William Waterhouse William Lindsay Windus Some well - known works ( period and post-period ) Ophelia Proserpine Christ in the House of His Parents A Converted British Family Sheltering a Christian Missionary from the Persecution of the Druids Ecce Ancilla Domini Mariana The Light of the World Our English Coasts ( ' Strayed Sheep ' ) The Scapegoat Paolo and Francesca da Rimini The Last of England Work The Awakening Conscience The Hireling Shepherd April Love Found Bocca Baciata Oxford Union murals Lady Lilith Mary Magdalene The Finding of the Saviour in the Temple Beata Beatrix The Shadow of Death A Vision of Fiammetta Pygmalion and the Image series The Beloved Flaming June Cymon and Iphigenia King Cophetua and the Beggar Maid The Day Dream Dante and Beatrice Love 's Messenger The Magic Circle The Legend of Briar Rose Lilith The Lady of Shalott Hylas and the Nymphs Lady Godiva Models Elizabeth Siddal Fanny Cornforth Effie Gray Sophy Gray Annie Miller Jane Morris Marie Spartali Stillman Alexa Wilding Maria Zambaco Dorothy Dene Fanny Eaton Ruth Herbert Related The Germ Hogarth Club Morris & Co . Rossetti and His Circle ( 1922 book ) Dante 's Inferno ( 1967 film ) The Love School ( 1975 series ) Desperate Romantics ( 2009 series ) Effie Gray ( 2014 film ) LCCN : n98096715 VIAF : 176322245 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Light_of_the_World_(painting)&oldid=839166472 '' Categories : Paintings by William Holman Hunt 1854 paintings Culture in Oxford Arts in London Paintings depicting Jesus Keble College , Oxford Allegorical paintings Collection of Manchester Art Gallery Paintings in Oxford Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Polski Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 1 May 2018 , at 18 : 14 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Light%20of%20the%20World%20%28painting%29	730
what channel is the investigation discovery channel on spectrum			Investigation Discovery	investigation discovery	Investigation Discovery ( often abbreviated ID ) is an American television network owned by Discovery , Inc. that features documentary - style programming dealing with true crime subjects , mostly those of a violent nature ( primarily homicides and attempted homicides , but also kidnappings , stalkings , sexual assaults , domestic violence , disappearances , and arsons ) . As of February 2015 , approximately 86,062,000 American households ( 73.9 % of households with television ) receive Investigation Discovery .	Contents 1 History 2 Programming 3 International versions 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) The channel launched in 1996 under the name Discovery Civilization Network : The World History and Geography Channel . It was one of four digital networks rolled out by Discovery Communications simultaneously in October 1996 . Plans for the channel had surfaced in November 1994 , when its working name was `` Time Traveler '' . In April 2002 , New York Times Television and Discovery Communications announced a joint venture to run the Discovery Civilization Channel . By then , it was available in 14 million households . The partnership aimed to complement the historical shows , with programming about current events and contemporary history . On March 25 , 2003 , the channel was rebranded as Discovery Times , focusing more on American culture and programming pertaining to the well - being and culture of the people of the United States , as well as other miscellaneous programming . The previous name was described as `` is a little off - message '' by executives . In April 2006 , The New York Times sold its stake in Discovery Times back to Discovery Communications , ending its ownership in the channel . Also in 2006 , the network 's on - air identity was re-branded by creative studio Trollbäck + Company . On January 27 , 2008 , Discovery Times was renamed `` Investigation Discovery '' . In addition to the television network , an Investigation Discovery website was also launched . Contributors to the website include crime writers David Lohr , Corey Mitchell , and Gary C. King . In 2016 Investigation Discovery Channel covered the murder of Rosalind Ross on the Unraveled series co-starring actor and recording artist Tavion Tate Guice aka Tavion Millioune as Willie . In 2016 , owing to a resurgence in popularity within the true crime genre , Investigation Discovery was the second - highest - rated cable network among women 25 - 54 . Programming ( edit ) Main article : List of programs broadcast by Investigation Discovery Most of ID 's programs are original productions , but it also airs re-titled off - network reruns , including ABC 's 20 / 20 , CBS ' 48 Hours , and NBC 's Dateline . On June 7 , 2015 , ID aired its first ever scripted mini-series ; Serial Thriller : Angel of Decay chronicled the investigation of convicted ( and later executed ) serial killer Ted Bundy . A second installment , Serial Thriller : The Chameleon , premiered as a two - part miniseries in December 2015 , chronicling the crimes that resulted in the execution of American serial killer Stephen Morin . A third installment , Serial Thriller : The Headhunter , about serial killer Edmund Kemper ( which possibly includes the story of serial killer Herbert Mullin ) , premiered on February 20 , 2016 . International versions ( edit ) Main articles : Investigation Discovery ( Canada ) , Investigation Discovery ( European TV channel ) , and Investigation Discovery ( Latin America ) Investigation Discovery ( Canada ) Investigation Discovery ( European TV channel ) Investigation Discovery ( India ) ( Asia Pacific ) ( Closed on 1 February 2018 ) Investigation Discovery USA ( USA ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 22 , 2015 ) . `` List of how many homes each cable network is in as of February 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Digital Play in the U.S. of A . '' Realscreen. April 1 , 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Discovery plans launch of four newly created nets . ( Discovery Communications Inc . ) '' . Multichannel News . November 1994 . Jump up ^ `` The New York Times Company and Discovery Communications , Inc . Announce Joint Venture in Discovery Civilization Channel '' ( Press release ) . The New York Times Company . April 5 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` ' Civilization ' Seeks Current - Affairs Niche '' . Multichannel News . November 4 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Discovery Times to Sell Stake '' . New York Observer. April 13 , 2006 . Retrieved January 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Discovery Investigates '' . Newsday . January 26 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2008 . Retrieved January 27 , 2008 . Tomorrow , the Discovery Times digital channel morphs into Investigation Discovery . ( ID , get it ? ) Premiere night features `` Deadly Women '' ( tomorrow at 8 p.m. ) , about female killers , and a related episode of `` 48 Hours : Hard Evidence '' ( tomorrow at 9 p.m. , all on ID ) . Read the new channel 's case file at http://blogs.discovery.com/criminal_report Jump up ^ `` The Oxygen Channel Is Becoming A True - Crime , All The Time Network '' . HuffPost. 2017 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 20 . External links ( edit ) Official website Discovery , Inc . Ownership Discovery , Inc. ; affiliated with Advance Publications ; and John S. Hendricks , the Company 's Founder and Chairman American and Canadian - licensed channels American Heroes Animal Planet Destination America Discovery Discovery en Español Discovery Familia ( U.S. Spanish ) HGTV DIY Network Food Network ( 70 % ) Cooking Channel Travel Channel Great American Country Discovery Family Discovery Life Investigation Discovery Canada ( licensed ) Oprah Winfrey Network Canada ( licensed ) Science TLC CTV Specialty TV ( Canada ) Animal Planet Discovery Discovery Science Discovery Velocity Food Network ( 19.84 % ) Asia Pacific Animal Planet Australia and New Zealand India Southeast Asia Asian Food Channel Discovery Australia and New Zealand India Southeast Asia Discovery Jeet ( India ) Discovery Kids India Australia Discovery Science Asia India Discovery Turbo Australia India New Zealand DMAX DSport ( India ) Eurosport Eve Food Network Asia Australia Food TV ( New Zealand ) Living Channel ( New Zealand ) Setanta Sports TLC Asia Australia and New Zealand India Benelux Animal Planet Discovery Discovery Showcase HD Discovery Science Discovery World Eurosport 1 Eurosport 2 Fine Living Food Network Investigation Discovery TLC Travel Channel Central and Eastern Europe , Middle East and Africa ( CEEMEA ) Animal Planet Europe , Middle East & Africa Germany Poland Turkey Canal+ Discovery ( Poland ) Discovery Africa Germany , Austria , Switzerland and Liechtenstein Hungary Middle East Poland Romania Russia Turkey Discovery Family ( EMEA ) Discovery Life ( Poland ) Discovery Showcase HD Discovery Historia ( Poland ) Discovery Science DKids DLife DMAX Germany , Austria , Switzerland and Liechtenstein MENA Turkey DTX Eurosport 1 Eurosport 2 Eurosport 2 Xtra ( Germany ) Eurosport 360 Fatafeat IDX Investigation Discovery Metro ( Poland ) Quest Arabiya TLC Germany Poland Turkey Travel Channel TVN Latin America / U.S. Hispanic Animal Planet Discovery Discovery Civilization Discovery Home & Health Discovery Kids Discovery Science Discovery Theater Discovery Turbo Discovery World ETC ( Chile ) Food Network Brazil Latin America Investigação Discovery ( Brazil ) Investigation Discovery Mega ( Chile ) TLC Nordic 6'eren ( Denmark ) Animal Planet Canal 9 ( Denmark ) Discovery Denmark Finland Norway Sweden Discovery Science Discovery World Eurosport 1 Eurosport 2 Eurosport N ( Norway ) Eurosport Pluss ( Norway ) FEM ( Norway ) Frii ( Finland ) Investigation Discovery Kanal 4 ( Denmark ) Kanal 5 Denmark Sweden Kanal 9 ( Sweden ) Kanal 11 ( Sweden ) Kutonen ( Finland ) Max ( Norway ) TLC Norway Sweden TV5 ( Finland ) TVNorge ( Norway ) VOX ( Norway ) Southern Europe Animal Planet ( Italy ) Discovery France Italy Portugal Discovery Family ( France ) Discovery Science France Italy Discovery Travel & Living ( Italy ) DKiss ( Spain ) DMAX Italy Spain Eurosport 1 Eurosport 2 Eurosport 360 ( France ) Fine Living Food Network ( Italy ) Frisbee ( Italy ) Giallo ( Italy ) Investigation Discovery France Italy K2 ( Italy ) Motor Trend ( Italy ) NOVE ( Italy ) Real Time ( Italy ) Vivolta ( France ) UK and Ireland Animal Planet Discovery Discovery History Discovery Home & Health Discovery Science Discovery Turbo Discovery World DMAX Eurosport 1 Eurosport 2 Investigation Discovery Quest Quest Red TLC UKTV ( 50 % ) Eurosport A subsidiary of Discovery , Inc . Channels Eurosport 1 Eurosport 2 Eurosport News DSport Internet ventures eurosport.com fightclub.com Clubs Eurosport Fight Club Other All3Media ( 50 % ) `` I Love the World '' Motor Trend Group Former 3net Canal 8 Sport Discovery Channel Radio Discovery Digital Networks Discovery Geschichte Discovery Health Channel Discovery Home & Health Southeast Asia Discovery Kids Canada Discovery Kids United Kingdom Discovery Kids on NBC Discovery Networks Northern Europe Discovery People Discovery Real Time Extra Discovery Real Time France Discovery Real Time UK and Ireland Discovery Travel & Living Discovery Turbo Asia Discovery Wings Eurosport 2 Xtra Portugal Eurosport DK FitTV Focus Fyi Canada GXT HowStuffWorks Investigation Discovery India PixL Ready Set Learn ! Scripps Networks Interactive SBS Radio Nordic Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Investigation_Discovery&oldid=854519521 '' Categories : English - language television stations in the United States Television channels and stations established in 1996 Discovery Inc . 1996 establishments in the United States American television networks Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 23 : 37 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigation%20Discovery	731
1 1+ h where h 0 is any real number			Scientific notation	scientific notation	Scientific notation ( also referred to as scientific form or standard index form , or standard form in the UK ) is a way of expressing numbers that are too big or too small to be conveniently written in decimal form . It is commonly used by scientists , mathematicians and engineers , in part because it can simplify certain arithmetic operations . On scientific calculators it is usually known as `` SCI '' display mode .	Decimal notation Scientific notation 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 × 10 300 7002300000000000000 ♠ 3 × 10 4,321.768 7003432176800000000 ♠ 4.321 768 × 10 − 53,000 2995470000000000000 ♠ − 5.3 × 10 6,720,000,000 7009672000000000000 ♠ 6.72 × 10 0.2 6999200000000000000 ♠ 2 × 10 0.000 000 007 51 6991751000000000000 ♠ 7.51 × 10 In scientific notation all numbers are written in the form m × 10 ( m times ten raised to the power of n ) , where the exponent n is an integer , and the coefficient m is any real number , called the significand or mantissa . However , the term `` mantissa '' may cause confusion because it is the name of the fractional part of the common logarithm . If the number is negative then a minus sign precedes m ( as in ordinary decimal notation ) . In normalized notation , the exponent is chosen so that the absolute value of the coefficient is at least one but less than ten . Decimal floating point is a computer arithmetic system closely related to scientific notation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Normalized notation 2 Engineering notation 3 Significant figures 3.1 Estimated final digit ( s ) 4 E-notation 4.1 Examples and other notations 5 Order of magnitude 6 Use of spaces 7 Further examples of scientific notation 8 Converting numbers 8.1 Decimal to scientific 8.2 Scientific to decimal 8.3 Exponential 9 Basic operations 10 Other bases 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Normalized notation ( edit ) Main article : Normalized number Any given integer can be written in the form m × 10 ^ in many ways : for example , 350 can be written as 7002350000000000000 ♠ 3.5 × 10 or 7002350000000000000 ♠ 35 × 10 or 7002350000000000000 ♠ 350 × 10 . In normalized scientific notation ( called `` standard form '' in the UK ) , the exponent n is chosen so that the absolute value of m remains at least one but less than ten ( 1 ≤ m < 10 ) . Thus 350 is written as 7002350000000000000 ♠ 3.5 × 10 . This form allows easy comparison of numbers , as the exponent n gives the number 's order of magnitude . In normalized notation , the exponent n is negative for a number with absolute value between 0 and 1 ( e.g. 0.5 is written as 6999500000000000000 ♠ 5 × 10 ) . The 10 and exponent are often omitted when the exponent is 0 . Normalized scientific form is the typical form of expression of large numbers in many fields , unless an unnormalized form , such as engineering notation , is desired . Normalized scientific notation is often called exponential notation -- although the latter term is more general and also applies when m is not restricted to the range 1 to 10 ( as in engineering notation for instance ) and to bases other than 10 ( as in 3.15 × 2 ^ ) . Engineering notation ( edit ) Main article : Engineering notation Engineering notation ( often named `` ENG '' display mode on scientific calculators ) differs from normalized scientific notation in that the exponent n is restricted to multiples of 3 . Consequently , the absolute value of m is in the range 1 ≤ m < 1000 , rather than 1 ≤ m < 10 . Though similar in concept , engineering notation is rarely called scientific notation . Engineering notation allows the numbers to explicitly match their corresponding SI prefixes , which facilitates reading and oral communication . For example , 6992125000000000000 ♠ 12.5 × 10 m can be read as `` twelve - point - five nanometers '' and written as 6992125000000000000 ♠ 12.5 nm , while its scientific notation equivalent 6992125000000000000 ♠ 1.25 × 10 m would likely be read out as `` one - point - two - five times ten - to - the - negative - eight meters '' . Significant figures ( edit ) Main article : Significant figures A significant figure is a digit in a number that adds to its precision . This includes all nonzero numbers , zeroes between significant digits , and zeroes indicated to be significant . Leading and trailing zeroes are not significant because they exist only to show the scale of the number . Therefore , 1,230,400 usually has five significant figures : 1 , 2 , 3 , 0 , and 4 ; the final two zeroes serve only as placeholders and add no precision to the original number . When a number is converted into normalized scientific notation , it is scaled down to a number between 1 and 10 . All of the significant digits remain , but the place holding zeroes are no longer required . Thus 1,230,400 would become 1.2304 × 10 . However , there is also the possibility that the number may be known to six or more significant figures , in which case the number would be shown as ( for instance ) 1.23040 × 10 . Thus , an additional advantage of scientific notation is that the number of significant figures is clearer . Estimated final digit ( s ) ( edit ) It is customary in scientific measurements to record all the definitely known digits from the measurements , and to estimate at least one additional digit if there is any information at all available to enable the observer to make an estimate . The resulting number contains more information than it would without that extra digit ( s ) , and it ( or they ) may be considered a significant digit because it conveys some information leading to greater precision in measurements and in aggregations of measurements ( adding them or multiplying them together ) . Additional information about precision can be conveyed through additional notations . It is often useful to know how exact the final digit ( s ) are . For instance , the accepted value of the unit of elementary charge can properly be expressed as 6981160217662079999 ♠ 1.602 176 6208 ( 98 ) × 10 C , which is shorthand for 6981160217662079999 ♠ ( 1.602 176 6208 ± 0.000 000 0098 ) × 10 C . E-notation ( edit ) A calculator display showing the Avogadro constant in E-notation Most calculators and many computer programs present very large and very small results in scientific notation , typically invoked by a key labelled EXP ( for exponent ) , EEX ( for enter exponent ) , EE , EX , E , or × 10 depending on vendor and model . Because superscripted exponents like 10 can not always be conveniently displayed , the letter E ( or e ) is often used to represent `` times ten raised to the power of '' ( which would be written as `` × 10 '' ) and is followed by the value of the exponent ; in other words , for any two real numbers m and n , the usage of `` mEn '' would indicate a value of m × 10 . In this usage the character e is not related to the mathematical constant e or the exponential function e ( a confusion that is unlikely if scientific notation is represented by a capital E ) . Although the E stands for exponent , the notation is usually referred to as ( scientific ) E-notation rather than ( scientific ) exponential notation . The use of E-notation facilitates data entry and readability in textual communication since it minimizes keystrokes , avoids reduced font sizes and provides a simpler and more concise display , but it is not encouraged in publications . Examples and other notations ( edit ) In most popular programming languages , 6.022 E23 ( or 6.022 e23 ) is equivalent to 7023602200000000000 ♠ 6.022 × 10 , and 6965160000000000000 ♠ 1.6 × 10 would be written 1.6 E-35 ( e.g. Ada , Analytica , C / C++ , FORTRAN ( since FORTRAN II as of 1958 ) , MATLAB , Scilab , Perl , Java , Python , Lua , JavaScript , and others ) . After the introduction of the first pocket calculators supporting scientific notation in 1972 ( HP - 35 , SR - 10 ) the term decapower was sometimes used in the emerging user communities for the power - of - ten multiplier in order to better distinguish it from `` normal '' exponents . Likewise , the letter `` D '' was used in typewritten numbers . This notation was proposed by Jim Davidson and published in the January 1976 issue of Richard J. Nelson 's Hewlett - Packard newsletter 65 Notes for HP - 65 users , and it was adopted and carried over into the Texas Instruments community by Richard C. Vanderburgh , the editor of the 52 - Notes newsletter for SR - 52 users in November 1976 . FORTRAN ( at least since FORTRAN IV as of 1961 ) also uses `` D '' to signify double precision numbers . Similar , a `` D '' was used by Sharp pocket computers PC - 1280 , PC - 1470U , PC - 1475 , PC - 1480U , PC - 1490U , PC - 1490UII , PC - E500 , PC - E500S , PC - E550 , PC - E650 and PC - U6000 to indicate 20 - digit double - precision numbers in BASIC between 1987 and 1995 . The ALGOL 60 ( 1960 ) programming language uses a subscript ten `` '' character instead of the letter E , for example : 6.022 23 . The use of the `` '' in the various Algol standards provided a challenge on some computer systems that did not provide such a `` '' character . As a consequence Stanford University Algol - W required the use of a single quote , e.g. 6.02486'+ 23 , and some Soviet Algol variants allowed the use of the Cyrillic character `` ю '' character , e.g. 6.022 ю + 23 . Subsequently the ALGOL 68 programming language provided the choice of 4 characters : E , e , \ , or . By examples : 6.022 E23 , 6.022 e23 , 6.022 \ 23 or 6.022 23 . This article contains Unicode `` Miscellaneous Technical '' characters . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of `` 10 '' ( Decimal Exponent Symbol U + 23E8 TTF ) . Decimal Exponent Symbol is part of the Unicode Standard , e.g. 6.022 ⏨ 23 . It is included as U + 23E8 ⏨ DECIMAL EXPONENT SYMBOL to accommodate usage in the programming languages Algol 60 and Algol 68 . The TI - 83 series and TI - 84 Plus series of calculators use a stylized E character to display decimal exponent and the 10 character to denote an equivalent × 10 ^ operator . The Simula programming language requires the use of & ( or && for long ) , for example : 6.022&23 ( or 6.022&&23 ) . The Wolfram Language ( utilized in Mathematica ) allows a shorthand notation of 6.022 * ^ 23 . Order of magnitude ( edit ) Main article : Order of magnitude Scientific notation also enables simpler order - of - magnitude comparisons . A proton 's mass is 6973167260000000000 ♠ 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 6726 kg . If written as 6973167260000000000 ♠ 1.6726 × 10 kg , it is easier to compare this mass with that of an electron , given below . The order of magnitude of the ratio of the masses can be obtained by comparing the exponents instead of the more error - prone task of counting the leading zeros . In this case , − 27 is larger than − 31 and therefore the proton is roughly four orders of magnitude ( 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10,000 times ) more massive than the electron . Scientific notation also avoids misunderstandings due to regional differences in certain quantifiers , such as billion , which might indicate either 10 or 10 . In physics and astrophysics , the number of orders of magnitude between two numbers is sometimes referred to as `` dex '' , a contraction of `` decimal exponent '' . For instance , if two numbers are within 1 dex of each other , then the ratio of the larger to the smaller number is less than 10 . Fractional values can be used , so if within 0.5 dex , the ratio is less than 10 , and so on . Use of spaces ( edit ) In normalized scientific notation , in E-notation , and in engineering notation , the space ( which in typesetting may be represented by a normal width space or a thin space ) that is allowed only before and after `` × '' or in front of `` E '' is sometimes omitted , though it is less common to do so before the alphabetical character . Further examples of scientific notation ( edit ) An electron 's mass is about 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 910 938 356 kg . In scientific notation , this is written 6969910938355999999 ♠ 9.109 383 56 × 10 kg ( in SI units ) . The Earth 's mass is about 5972400000000000000000000 kg . In scientific notation , this is written 7024597240000000000 ♠ 5.9724 × 10 kg . The Earth 's circumference is approximately 40 000 000 m . In scientific notation , this is 7007400000000000000 ♠ 4 × 10 m . In engineering notation , this is written 7007400000000000000 ♠ 40 × 10 m . In SI writing style , this may be written `` 7007400000000000000 ♠ 40 Mm '' ( 40 megameters ) . An inch is defined as exactly 25.4 mm . Quoting a value of 25.400 mm shows that the value is correct to the nearest micrometer . An approximated value with only two significant digits would be 6998250000000000000 ♠ 2.5 × 10 mm instead . As there is no limit to the number of significant digits , the length of an inch could , if required , be written as ( say ) 6998254000000000000 ♠ 2.540 000 000 00 × 10 mm instead . Converting numbers ( edit ) Converting a number in these cases means to either convert the number into scientific notation form , convert it back into decimal form or to change the exponent part of the equation . None of these alter the actual number , only how it 's expressed . Decimal to scientific ( edit ) First , move the decimal separator point sufficient places , n , to put the number 's value within a desired range , between 1 and 10 for normalized notation . If the decimal was moved to the left , append `` × 10 '' ; to the right , `` × 10 '' . To represent the number 7006123040000000000 ♠ 1,230,400 in normalized scientific notation , the decimal separator would be moved 6 digits to the left and `` × 10 '' appended , resulting in 7006123040000000000 ♠ 1.2304 × 10 . The number 3002596790000000000 ♠ − 0.004 0321 would have its decimal separator shifted 3 digits to the right instead of the left and yield 3002596790000000000 ♠ − 4.0321 × 10 as a result . Scientific to decimal ( edit ) Converting a number from scientific notation to decimal notation , first remove the × 10 on the end , then shift the decimal separator n digits to the right ( positive n ) or left ( negative n ) . The number 7006123040000000000 ♠ 1.2304 × 10 would have its decimal separator shifted 6 digits to the right and become 7006123040000000000 ♠ 1,230,400 , while 3002596790000000000 ♠ − 4.0321 × 10 would have its decimal separator moved 3 digits to the left and be 3002596790000000000 ♠ − 0.004 0321 . Exponential ( edit ) Conversion between different scientific notation representations of the same number with different exponential values is achieved by performing opposite operations of multiplication or division by a power of ten on the significand and an subtraction or addition of one on the exponent part . The decimal separator in the significand is shifted x places to the left ( or right ) and x is added to ( or subtracted from ) the exponent , as shown below . 7003123400000000000 ♠ 1.234 × 10 = 7003123400000000000 ♠ 12.34 × 10 = 7003123400000000000 ♠ 123.4 × 10 = 1234 BASIC operations ( edit ) Given two numbers in scientific notation , x 0 = m 0 × 10 n 0 ( \ displaystyle x_ ( 0 ) = m_ ( 0 ) \ times 10 ^ ( n_ ( 0 ) ) ) and x 1 = m 1 × 10 n 1 ( \ displaystyle x_ ( 1 ) = m_ ( 1 ) \ times 10 ^ ( n_ ( 1 ) ) ) Multiplication and division are performed using the rules for operation with exponentiation : x 0 x 1 = m 0 m 1 × 10 n 0 + n 1 ( \ displaystyle x_ ( 0 ) x_ ( 1 ) = m_ ( 0 ) m_ ( 1 ) \ times 10 ^ ( n_ ( 0 ) + n_ ( 1 ) ) ) and x 0 x 1 = m 0 m 1 × 10 n 0 − n 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( x_ ( 0 ) ) ( x_ ( 1 ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( m_ ( 0 ) ) ( m_ ( 1 ) ) ) \ times 10 ^ ( n_ ( 0 ) - n_ ( 1 ) ) ) Some examples are : 5.67 × 10 − 5 × 2.34 × 10 2 ≈ 13.3 × 10 − 5 + 2 = 13.3 × 10 − 3 = 1.33 × 10 − 2 ( \ displaystyle 5.67 \ times 10 ^ ( - 5 ) \ times 2.34 \ times 10 ^ ( 2 ) \ approx 13.3 \ times 10 ^ ( - 5 + 2 ) = 13.3 \ times 10 ^ ( - 3 ) = 1.33 \ times 10 ^ ( - 2 ) ) and 2.34 × 10 2 5.67 × 10 − 5 ≈ 0.413 × 10 2 − ( − 5 ) = 0.413 × 10 7 = 4.13 × 10 6 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 2.34 \ times 10 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 5.67 \ times 10 ^ ( - 5 ) ) ) \ approx 0.413 \ times 10 ^ ( 2 - ( - 5 ) ) = 0.413 \ times 10 ^ ( 7 ) = 4.13 \ times 10 ^ ( 6 ) ) Addition and subtraction require the numbers to be represented using the same exponential part , so that the significand can be simply added or subtracted : x 0 = m 0 × 10 n 0 ( \ displaystyle x_ ( 0 ) = m_ ( 0 ) \ times 10 ^ ( n_ ( 0 ) ) ) and x 1 = m 1 × 10 n 1 ( \ displaystyle x_ ( 1 ) = m_ ( 1 ) \ times 10 ^ ( n_ ( 1 ) ) ) with n 0 = n 1 ( \ displaystyle n_ ( 0 ) = n_ ( 1 ) ) Next , add or subtract the significands : x 0 ± x 1 = ( m 0 ± m 1 ) × 10 n 0 ( \ displaystyle x_ ( 0 ) \ pm x_ ( 1 ) = ( m_ ( 0 ) \ pm m_ ( 1 ) ) \ times 10 ^ ( n_ ( 0 ) ) ) An example : 2.34 × 10 − 5 + 5.67 × 10 − 6 = 2.34 × 10 − 5 + 0.567 × 10 − 5 = 2.907 × 10 − 5 ( \ displaystyle 2.34 \ times 10 ^ ( - 5 ) + 5.67 \ times 10 ^ ( - 6 ) = 2.34 \ times 10 ^ ( - 5 ) + 0.567 \ times 10 ^ ( - 5 ) = 2.907 \ times 10 ^ ( - 5 ) ) Other bases ( edit ) While base ten is normally used for scientific notation , powers of other bases can be used too , base 2 being the next most commonly used one . For example , in base - 2 scientific notation , the number 1001 in binary ( = 9 ) is written as 1.001 × 2 or 1.001 × 10 using binary numbers ( or shorter 1.001 × 10 if binary context is obvious ) . In E-notation , this is written as 1.001 E11 ( or shorter : 1.001 E11 ) with the letter E now standing for `` times two ( 10 ) to the power '' here . In order to better distinguish this base - 2 exponent from a base - 10 exponent , a base - 2 exponent is sometimes also indicated by using the letter B instead of E , a shorthand notation originally proposed by Bruce Alan Martin of Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1968 , as in 1.001 B11 ( or shorter : 1.001 B11 ) . For comparison , the same number in decimal representation : 1.125 × 2 ( using decimal representation ) , or 1.125 B3 ( still using decimal representation ) . Some calculators use a mixed representation for binary floating point numbers , where the exponent is displayed as decimal number even in binary mode , so the above becomes 1.001 × 10 or shorter 1.001 B3 . This is closely related to the base - 2 floating - point representation commonly used in computer arithmetic , and the usage of IEC binary prefixes ( e.g. 1B10 for 1 × 2 ( kibi ) , 1B20 for 1 × 2 ( mebi ) , 1B30 for 1 × 2 ( gibi ) , 1B40 for 1 × 2 ( tebi ) ) . Similar to B ( or b ) , the letters H ( or h ) and O ( or o , or C ) are sometimes also used to indicate times 16 or 8 to the power as in 1.25 = 1.40 × 10 = 1.40 H0 = 1.40 h0 , or 98000 = 2.7732 × 10 = 2.7732 o5 = 2.7732 C5 . Another similar convention to denote base - 2 exponents is using a letter P ( or p , for `` power '' ) . In this notation the significand is always meant to be hexadecimal , whereas the exponent is always meant to be decimal . This notation can be produced by implementations of the printf family of functions following the C99 specification and ( Single Unix Specification ) IEEE Std 1003.1 POSIX standard , when using the % a or % A conversion specifiers . Starting with C + + 11 , C++ I / O functions could parse and print the P - notation as well . Meanwhile , the notation has been fully adopted by the language standard since C + + 17 . Apple 's Swift supports it as well . It is also required by the IEEE 754 - 2008 binary floating - point standard . Example : 1.3 DEp42 represents 1.3 DE × 2 . Engineering notation can be viewed as a base - 1000 scientific notation . See also ( edit ) Binary prefix Variable scientific notation Engineering notation Floating point ISO 31 - 0 ISO 31 - 11 Significant figure Suzhou numerals are written with order of magnitude and unit of measurement below the significand Letter and digit code for resistance and capacitance values References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Yadin , Aharon ( 2016 ) , Computer Systems Architecture , Chapman & Hall / CRC Textbooks in Computing , CRC Press , p. 68 − 69 , ISBN 1482231069 . Jump up ^ `` CODATA Value : Elementary charge e '' . CODATA 2014 : The NIST Reference on Constants , Units , and Uncertainty : Fundamental Physical Constants . NIST. 2014 - 06 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ Edwards , John ( 2009 ) , Submission Guidelines for Authors : HPS 2010 Midyear Proceedings ( PDF ) , McLean , Virginia : Health Physics Society , p. 5 , retrieved 2013 - 03 - 30 Jump up ^ `` Primitive Data Types ( The Java Tutorials > Learning the Java Language > Language Basics ) '' . Oracle Corporation . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Jim ( January 1976 ) . Nelson , Richard J. , ed. `` unknown '' . 65 Notes . 3 ( 1 ) : 4 . V3N1P4 . Jump up ^ Vanderburgh , Richard C. , ed . ( November 1976 ) . `` Decapower '' ( PDF ) . 52 - Notes - Newsletter of the SR - 52 Users Club . Dayton , Ohio , USA . 1 ( 6 ) : 1 . V1N6P1 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 28 . Decapower - In the January 1976 issue of 65 - Notes ( V3N1p4 ) Jim Davidson ( HP - 65 Users Club member # 547 ) suggested the term `` decapower '' as a descriptor for the power - of - ten multiplier used in scientific notation displays . I 'm going to begin using it in place of `` exponent '' which is technically incorrect , and the letter D to separate the `` mantissa '' from the decapower for typewritten numbers , as Jim also suggests . For example , 123 ( sic ) which is displayed in scientific notation as 1.23 - 43 will now be written 1.23 D - 43 . Perhaps , as this notation gets more and more usage , the calculator manufacturers will change their keyboard abbreviations . HP 's EEX and TI 's EE could be changed to ED ( for enter decapower ) . ( 1 ) ( NB . The term decapower was frequently used in subsequent issues of this newsletter up to at least 1978 . ) Jump up ^ `` UH Mānoa Mathematics '' Fortran lesson 3 : Format , Write , etc. `` . Math.hawaii.edu. 2012 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ SHARP Taschencomputer Modell PC - 1280 Bedienungsanleitung ( SHARP Pocket Computer Model PC - 1280 Operation Manual ) ( PDF ) ( in German ) . Sharp Corporation . 1987 . pp. 56 -- 60 . 7M 0.8 - I ( TINSG1123ECZZ ) ( 3 ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ SHARP Taschencomputer Modell PC - 1475 Bedienungsanleitung ( SHARP Pocket Computer Model PC - 1475 Operation Manual ) ( PDF ) ( in German ) . Sharp Corporation . 1987 . pp. 105 -- 108 , 131 -- 134 , 370 , 375 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2017 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ SHARP Pocket Computer Model PC - E500 Operation Manual . Sharp Corporation . 1989 . 9G1KS ( TINSE1189ECZZ ) . Jump up ^ SHARP Taschencomputer Modell PC - E500S Bedienungsanleitung ( SHARP Pocket Computer Model PC - E500S Operation Manual ) ( PDF ) ( in German ) . Sharp Corporation . 1995 . 6J3KS ( TINSG1223ECZZ ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 02 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ 電言板 5 PC - 1490UII PROGRAM LIBRARY ( in Japanese ) . 5 . University Co-op. 1991 . ( NB . University Co-operative ) Jump up ^ 電言板 6 PC - U6000 PROGRAM LIBRARY ( in Japanese ) . 6 . University Co-op. 1993 . ( NB . University Co-operative ) Jump up ^ Naur , Peter , ed. ( 1960 ) . Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 60 . Copenhagen . Jump up ^ http://i.stanford.edu/pub/cstr/reports/cs/tr/68/86/CS-TR-68-86.pdf Jump up ^ `` Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language Algol 68 '' . September 1973 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ The Unicode Standard Jump up ^ http://education.ti.com/downloads/guidebooks/sdk/83p/sdk83pguide.pdf Jump up ^ `` SIMULA standard as defined by the SIMULA Standards Group - 3.1 Numbers '' . August 1986 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Samples of usage of terminology and variants : ( 2 ) , ( 3 ) , ( 4 ) , ( 5 ) , ( 6 ) , ( 7 ) Jump up ^ Mohr , Peter J. ; Newell , David B. ; Taylor , Barry N. ( July -- September 2016 ) . `` CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants : 2014 '' . Reviews of Modern Physics. 88 ( 3 ) : 035009 . arXiv : 1507.07956 . doi : 10.1103 / RevModPhys. 88.035009 . Jump up ^ Luzum , Brian ; Capitaine , Nicole ; Fienga , Agnès ; Folkner , William ; Fukushima , Toshio ; Hilton , James ; Hohenkerk , Catherine ; Krasinsky , George ; Petit , Gérard ; Pitjeva , Elena ; Soffel , Michael ; Wallace , Patrick ( August 2011 ) . `` The IAU 2009 system of astronomical constants : The report of the IAU working group on numerical standards for Fundamental Astronomy '' . Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy . 110 ( 4 ) : 293 -- 304 . Bibcode : 2011CeMDA. 110 ... 293L . doi : 10.1007 / s10569 - 011 - 9352 - 4 . Jump up ^ Various ( 2000 ) . Lide , David R. , ed . Handbook of Chemistry and Physics ( 81st ed . ) . CRC . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 0481 - 4 . Jump up ^ electronic hexadecimal calculator / converter SR - 22 ( PDF ) ( Revision A ed . ) . Texas Instruments Incorporated. 1974 . p. 7 . 1304 - 389 Rev A. Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 20 . ( NB . This calculator supports floating point numbers in scientific notation in bases 8 , 10 and 16 . ) ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Jake ; Grevelle , Rick ( 2003 - 10 - 20 ) ( 1993 ) . HP16C Emulator Library for the HP48S / SX. 1.20 ( 1 ed . ) . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 21 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 . ( NB . This library also works on the HP 48G / GX / G+ . Beyond the feature set of the HP - 16C , this package also supports calculations for binary , octal , and hexadecimal floating - point numbers in scientific notation in addition to the usual decimal floating - point numbers . ) Jump up ^ Martin , Bruce Alan ( October 1968 ) . `` Letters to the editor : On binary notation '' . Communications of the ACM . Associated Universities Inc. 11 ( 10 ) : 658 . doi : 10.1145 / 364096.364107 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Jake ; Grevelle , Rick ( 2003 - 10 - 21 ) . HP16C Emulator Library for the HP48 - Addendum to the Operator 's Manual . 1.20 ( 1 ed . ) . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 21 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rationale for International Standard - Programming Languages - C '' ( PDF ) . 5.10. April 2003 . pp. 52 , 153 -- 154 , 159 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2016 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ The IEEE and The Open Group ( 2013 ) ( 2001 ) . `` dprintf , fprintf , printf , snprintf , sprintf - print formatted output '' . The Open Group Base Specifications ( Issue 7 , IEEE Std 1003.1 , 2013 ed . ) . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Beebe , Nelson H.F. ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) . The Mathematical - Function Computation Handbook - Programming Using the MathCW Portable Software Library ( 1 ed . ) . Salt Lake City , UT , USA : Springer International Publishing AG . ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 64109 - 6 . LCCN 2017947446 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 64110 - 2 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` floating point literal '' . cppreference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 11 . The hexadecimal floating - point literals were not part of C++ until C + + 17 , although they can be parsed and printed by the I / O functions since C + + 11 : both C++ I / O streams when std : : hexfloat is enabled and the CI / O streams : std : : printf , std : : scanf , etc . See std : : strtof for the format description . Jump up ^ `` The Swift Programming Language ( Swift 3.0. 1 ) '' . Guides and Sample Code : Developer : Language Reference . Apple Corporation . Lexical Structure . Archived from the original on 2017 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Look up scientific notation in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Decimal to Scientific Notation Converter Scientific Notation to Decimal Converter Scientific Notation in Everyday Life An exercise in converting to and from scientific notation Scientific Notation Converter Scientific Notation chapter from Lessons In Electric Circuits Vol 1 DC free ebook and Lessons In Electric Circuits series . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scientific_notation&oldid=807305414 '' Categories : Numeral systems Measurement Notation Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Afrikaans Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Kreyòl ayisyen Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina Soomaaliga Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 04 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific%20notation	732
who wrote the song a kiss to build a dream on	`` A Kiss to Build a Dream On '' is a song composed by Bert Kalmar , Harry Ruby and Oscar Hammerstein II in 1935 . It was recorded by Louis Armstrong in 1951 . It was also performed by Armstrong as well as by Mickey Rooney with William Demarest , by Sally Forrest , and by Kay Brown ( virtually the entire cast performed part or all of the song ) in the 1951 film `` The Strip , '' and was a sort of recurring theme in the film . The song was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1951 but lost out to `` In the Cool , Cool , Cool of the Evening '' . Another popular recording was made by one of the movie 's guest - stars , Monica Lewis , and in early 1952 , the version by Hugo Winterhalter and his Orchestra , with vocalist Johnny Parker , made it to the Pop 20 chart in the United States .		A Kiss to Build a Dream on	a kiss to build a dream on	`` A Kiss to Build a Dream On '' is a song composed by Bert Kalmar , Harry Ruby and Oscar Hammerstein II in 1935 . It was recorded by Louis Armstrong in 1951 . It was also performed by Armstrong as well as by Mickey Rooney with William Demarest , by Sally Forrest , and by Kay Brown ( virtually the entire cast performed part or all of the song ) in the 1951 film `` The Strip , '' and was a sort of recurring theme in the film . The song was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1951 but lost out to `` In the Cool , Cool , Cool of the Evening '' . Another popular recording was made by one of the movie 's guest - stars , Monica Lewis , and in early 1952 , the version by Hugo Winterhalter and his Orchestra , with vocalist Johnny Parker , made it to the Pop 20 chart in the United States .	Sung by Richard Chamberlain , the song gained considerable exposure due to its being on the ' B ' side of his 1962 hit : `` Theme from Dr. Kildare ( Three Stars Will Shine Tonight ) '' . Rod Stewart covered the song in his 2004 album , Stardust : the Great American Songbook 3 . Deana Martin recorded A Kiss to Build a Dream On in 2009 . The song was released on her album , Volare , in 2009 by Big Fish Records . Bing Crosby recorded it for his album `` Songs I Wish I Had Sung ( The First Time Around ) '' In fiction ( edit ) An instrumental version is heard in the background in the 1950 film Mister 880 at the 21 : 39 mark . The version of Hugo Winterhalter and his Orchestra is played twice in the flashbacks scenes of Mexican 1965 short film Tajimara , the first story included in the feature film Los Bienamados . The song was featured in the soundtrack of the 1993 film Sleepless In Seattle and the 1951 film The Strip . It was played as a background track during Yuri and Ava 's party in the 2005 film Lord of War . It was featured in the introductory sequence of the 1998 video game Fallout 2 . It was featured in episode 2 of the 2014 TV series Grantchester . The Bollywood picture Parineeta has a song based on the original tune called Kaisi Paheli Zindagani . It was featured as Jenny 's favorite song in The Cry of the Owl . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Guitarguy . `` A Kiss to Build a Dream On '' . theguitarguy.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtracks for The Cry of the Owl ( 2009 ) '' . IMDB.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . This 1930s song article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Kiss_to_Build_a_Dream_On&oldid=848098390 '' Categories : Jazz songs Louis Armstrong songs Songs with lyrics by Bert Kalmar Songs with music by Harry Ruby 1935 songs Songs with lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II Songs about dreams 1930s song stubs Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 29 June 2018 , at 19 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Kiss%20to%20Build%20a%20Dream%20On	733
why is it law to wear seat belts			Seat belt laws in the United States	seat belt laws in the united states	Most seat belt laws in the United States are left to the states . However , the first seat belt law was a federal law , Title 49 of the United States Code , Chapter 301 , Motor Vehicle Safety Standard , which took effect on January 1 , 1968 , that required all vehicles ( except buses ) to be fitted with seat belts in all designated seating positions . This law has since been modified to require three - point seat belts in outboard - seating positions , and finally three - point seat belts in all seating positions . Initially , seat belt use was voluntary . New York was the first state to pass a law which required vehicle occupants to wear seat belts , a law that came into effect on December 1 , 1984 . Officer Nicholas Cimmino of the Westchester County Department of Public Safety wrote the nation 's first ticket for such violation . New Hampshire is the only state that has no enforceable laws for the wearing of seat belts in a vehicle .	Contents 1 Primary and secondary enforcement 2 Laws by state 3 Damages reduction 4 Effectiveness 5 See also 6 References Primary and secondary enforcement ( edit ) U.S. seatbelt laws may be subject to primary enforcement or secondary enforcement . Primary enforcement allows a police officer to stop and ticket a driver if he or she observes a violation . Secondary enforcement means that a police officer may only stop or cite a driver for a seatbelt violation if the driver committed another primary violation ( such as speeding , running a stop sign , etc . ) at the same time . New Hampshire is the only U.S. state that does not by law require adult drivers to wear safety belts while operating a motor vehicle . In 15 of the 50 states , the seat belt law is considered a secondary offense , which means that a police officer can not stop and ticket a driver for the sole offense of not wearing a seatbelt . ( One exception to this is Colorado , where children not properly restrained is a primary offense and brings a much larger fine . ) If a driver commits a primary violation ( e.g. , for speeding ) he may additionally be charged for not wearing a seatbelt . In most states the seat belt law was originally a secondary offense ; in many it was later changed to a primary offense : California was the first state to do this , in 1993 . Of the 30 with primary seat belt laws , all but 8 , Connecticut , Hawaii , Iowa , New Mexico , New York , North Carolina , Oregon , and Texas , originally had only secondary enforcement laws . Laws by state ( edit ) This table contains a brief summary of all seatbelt laws in the United States . This list includes only seatbelt laws , which often do not themselves apply to children ; however , all 50 states and the District of Columbia have separate child restraint laws . Keep in mind these fines are the base fines only . In many cases considerable extra fees such as the head injury fund and court security fees can mark up the fine to almost five times as much in some cases . These are also `` first offense '' fines ; a subsequent offense may be much higher . State Type of law Date of first law Who is covered Base fine before fees Seat Belt Usage Alabama Primary Enforcement July 18 , 1991 Age 15 + in front seats $25 91.4 % Alaska Primary Enforcement September 12 , 1990 Age 16 + in all seats $15 ( $25 actual ) 86.8 % Arizona Secondary Enforcement January 1 , 1991 Age 8 + in front seats ; Age 8 -- 15 in all seats $10 ( $37.20 actual ) 81.8 % Arkansas Primary Enforcement July 15 , 1991 Age 15 + in front seats $25 78.3 % California Primary Enforcement January 1 , 1986 Age 16 + in all seats $20 ( $162 actual ) $50 second offense ( $190 actual ) 96.2 % Colorado Secondary Enforcement exception Mountain View where it is a primary violation July 1 , 1987 Age 16 + in front seats $71 82.9 % Connecticut Primary Enforcement January 1 , 1986 Age 7 + in front seats $92 88.2 % Delaware Primary Enforcement January 1 , 1992 Age 16 + in all seats $25 90.7 % District of Columbia Primary Enforcement December 12 , 1985 Age 16 + in all seats $50 92.3 % Florida Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1986 6 + years in front seat ; 6 through 17 years in all seats $30 ( $116 actual ) 87.4 % Georgia Primary Enforcement September 1 , 1988 Age 8 -- 17 in all seats ; Age 18 + in front seats $15 89.6 % Hawaii Primary Enforcement December 16 , 1985 Age 8 + in all seats $45 ( $112 actual ) 97.6 % Idaho Secondary Enforcement July 1 , 1986 Age 7 + in all seats $10 ( $51.50 actual ) 77.9 % Illinois Primary Enforcement January 1 , 1988 Age 16 + in all seats $25 ( $60 actual or $95 if choosing traffic school ) 92.6 % Indiana Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1987 Age 16 + in all seats $25 92.4 % Iowa Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1986 All ages in front seats ; under 18 in rear seats $25 ( $127.50 actual ) 93.1 % Kansas Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1986 Age 14 + in all seats $60 for age 14 - 17 ; $10 for 18 + 81.8 % Kentucky Primary Enforcement July 15 , 1994 Age 7 and younger and more than 57 inches in all seats ; 8 + in all seats $25 80.3 % Louisiana Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1986 Age 13 + in front seats $25 75.9 % Maine Primary Enforcement December 26 , 1995 Age 18 + in all seats $50 82.0 % Maryland Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1986 Age 16 + in all seats $83 94.7 % Massachusetts Secondary Enforcement February 1 , 1994 Age 13 + in all seats $25 73.7 % Michigan Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1985 Age 16 + in front seats $25 ( $65 actual ) 95.2 % Minnesota Primary Enforcement August 1 , 1986 7 and younger and more than 57 inches in all seats ; 8 + in all seats $25 + $75 fee 92.3 % Mississippi Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1994 Age 7 + in all seats $25 81.0 % Missouri Secondary Enforcement September 28 , 1985 Age 16 + in front seats ; age 8 - 15 in all seats $10 for age 16 + ; $50 for age 8 - 15 76.0 % Montana Secondary Enforcement October 1 , 1987 Age 6 + in all seats $20 78.9 % Nebraska Secondary Enforcement January 1 , 1993 Age 18 + in front seats $25 84.1 % Nevada Secondary Enforcement July 1 , 1987 Age 6 + in all seats $25 93.2 % New Hampshire None , Primary for children only No law Age 17 and under in all seats $50 72.2 % New Jersey Primary Enforcement March 1 , 1985 Age 8 + in all seats $46 per person 93.7 % New Mexico Primary Enforcement January 1 , 1986 Age 18 + in all seats $25 89.8 % New York Primary Enforcement December 1 , 1984 Age 16 + in front seats ; under 16 in all seats $50 ( $135 Actual after surcharges ) 89.8 % North Carolina Primary Enforcement , Secondary for Backseat October 1 , 1985 All ages in all seats $161 for front seat ; $10 for rear seat 89.7 % North Dakota Secondary Enforcement July 14 , 1994 Age 18 + in front seats ; under 18 in all seats $20 for age 18 + ; $25 + 1 point on license for under 18 74.8 % Ohio Secondary Enforcement May 6 , 1986 Age 15 + in front seat ; 8 -- 14 in all seats $30 for driver ; $20 for passenger 83.8 % Oklahoma Primary Enforcement February 1 , 1987 Age 13 + in front seats $20 85.9 % Oregon Primary Enforcement December 7 , 1990 All ages in all seats $130 97.0 % Pennsylvania Secondary Enforcement November 23 , 1987 Age 18 + in front seats ; age 8 - 17 in all seats $10 86.0 % Rhode Island Primary Enforcement June 18 , 1991 Age 8 + in all seats $75 78.0 % South Carolina Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1989 Age 6 + in all seats $25 85.4 % South Dakota Secondary Enforcement January 1 , 1995 Age 18 + in front seats $25 74.5 % Tennessee Primary Enforcement April 21 , 1986 Age 16 + in front seats $25 87.1 % Texas Primary Enforcement September 1 , 1985 Age 7 years and younger and 57 inches or taller in all seats ; age 8 + years in all seats $200 if under 17 ( driver ) ; $50 if over 15 ( driver or passenger ) 93.8 % Utah Primary Enforcement April 28 , 1986 All ages in all seats $45 89.0 % Vermont Secondary Enforcement January 1 , 1994 All ages in all seats $25 85.2 % Virginia Secondary Enforcement January 1 , 1988 All drivers ; age 18 + in front seats ; under 18 in all seats $25 80.5 % Washington Primary Enforcement June 11 , 1986 Age 8 + in all seats $124 97.6 % West Virginia Primary Enforcement September 1 , 1993 All ages in front seats ; 8 -- 17 in rear seats $25 82.1 % Wisconsin Primary Enforcement December 1 , 1987 Age 8 + in all seats $10 79.2 % Wyoming Secondary Enforcement June 8 , 1989 Age 9 + in all seats $25 for driver ; $10 for passenger 78.9 % 1 Colorado and Missouri 's law is Secondary for adults but Primary for under the age of 16 . Idaho , North Dakota , Pennsylvania , Vermont and Virginia 's law is Secondary for adults but Primary for under 18 . Kansas , Maryland , and New Jersey , law is Secondary Enforcement for rear seat occupants ( 18 + in Kansas ) . These states assess points on one 's driving record for the seat belt violation . In California - An additional penalty of $24 shall be levied upon every $10 or fraction thereof , of every fine , penalty , or forfeiture imposed by and collected by the court for criminal offenses , including all traffic offenses , except parking offenses as defined in subdivision ( i ) of Penal Code § 1463 . The additional penalty is calculated as follows : State penalty required by PC 1464 $10 , County penalty required by GC 76000 ( e ) , $ 7 Court facilities construction penalty required by GC 70372 ( a ) , $ 3 DNA Identification Fund penalty required by GC 76104.6 and 76104.7 , $ 2 Emergency medical services penalty required by GC 76000.5 , $ 2 Penal Code § 1465.8 requires imposition of an additional fee of twenty dollars ( $20 ) for court security on every conviction for a criminal offense , including a traffic offense , except parking offenses as defined in Penal Code § 1463 , $20 Damages reduction ( edit ) A person involved in a car accident who was not using a seatbelt may be liable for damages far greater than if they had been using a seatbelt . However , when in court , most states protect motorists from having their damages reduced in a lawsuit due to the nonuse of a seatbelt , even if they were acting in violation of the law by not wearing the seatbelt . Currently , damages may be reduced for the nonuse of a seatbelt in 16 states : Alaska , Arizona , California , Colorado , Florida ( See F.S.A. 316.614 ( 10 ) ) , Iowa , Michigan , Missouri , Nebraska , New Jersey , New York , North Dakota , Ohio , Oregon , West Virginia , and Wisconsin . Effectiveness ( edit ) Seat belt laws are effective in reducing car crash deaths . One study found that mandatory - seatbelt laws reduced traffic fatalities by 8 % and serious traffic - related injuries by 9 % , respectively . Primary - seatbelt laws seem to be more effective at reducing crash deaths than secondary laws . See also ( edit ) Seat belt legislation Seat belt use rates in the United States Transportation safety in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ US Department of Transportation National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( January 1 , 1968 ) . `` Title 49 of the United States Code , Chapter 301 , Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 208 - Occupant Crash Protection Passenger Cars '' . Jump up ^ US Department of Transportation National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( January 1 , 1968 ) . `` Title 49 of the United States Code , Chapter 301 , Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 208 - Occupant Crash Protection Passenger Cars '' . Jump up ^ `` Safety belt use laws '' . Insurance Institute for Highway Safety . October 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Governors highway safety association '' . Ghsa.org . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Seat Belt Use in 2010 -- Use Rates in the States and Territories '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ 9News Jeremy Jojola on Denver Metro Speed Traps . 9News. 8 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Iowa Seat Belt Law Guide '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ MGL PartI TitleXIV Chapter90 Section13a See also : the child passenger restraint law Jump up ^ `` vehicle and traffic state mandated surcharges $85 for seatbelt '' . Horseheads.org . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Home GHSA '' . ghsa.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Child restraint / belt use laws '' . Iihs.org . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Alma ; Einav , Liran ( November 2003 ) . `` The Effects of Mandatory Seat Belt Laws on Driving Behavior and Traffic Fatalities '' . Review of Economics and Statistics . 85 ( 4 ) : 828 -- 843 . doi : 10.1162 / 003465303772815754 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Christopher S. ; Stehr , Mark ( May 2008 ) . `` The effects of mandatory seatbelt laws on seatbelt use , motor vehicle fatalities , and crash - related injuries among youths '' . Journal of Health Economics . 27 ( 3 ) : 642 -- 662 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jhealeco. 2007.09. 010 . PMID 18242744 . Jump up ^ Lee , Lois K. ; Monuteaux , Michael C. ; Burghardt , Lindsey C. ; Fleegler , Eric W. ; Nigrovic , Lise E. ; Meehan , William P. ; Schutzman , Sara A. ; Mannix , Rebekah ( 4 August 2015 ) . `` Motor Vehicle Crash Fatalities in States With Primary Versus Secondary Seat Belt Laws '' . Annals of Internal Medicine . 163 ( 3 ) : 184 . doi : 10.7326 / M14 - 2368 . PMID 26098590 . Jump up ^ Rivara , FrederickP. ; Thompson , DianeC. ; Cummings , Peter ( January 1999 ) . `` Effectiveness of primary and secondary enforced seat belt laws '' . American Journal of Preventive Medicine . 16 ( 1 ) : 30 -- 39 . doi : 10.1016 / S0749 - 3797 ( 98 ) 00113 - 5 . United States state - related lists List of states and territories of the United States Demographics Educational attainment Irreligion Largest cities by population Most popular given names Most populous counties Populated places Population Density Growth rate Birth and death rates Historical African American Amish Asian Pacific Islander Hispanic and Latino Spanish - speaking Religiosity Economy Billionaires Budgets Companies Federal tax revenue Federal taxation and spending Gross domestic product Growth rate Per capita Income Inequality Minimum wages Poverty rates Sales taxes Sovereign wealth funds State income taxes Unemployment rates Union affiliation Vehicles per capita Environment Carbon dioxide emissions Botanical gardens Parks Nature centers Renewable energy Superfund sites Wilderness areas Geography Area Bays Beaches Coastline Elevation Extreme points Forest Geographic centers Mountains Regions Volcanoes Government Attorneys general Capitals Capitol buildings Comparison Counties Alphabetical List Current State Legislators Governors Lieutenant governors Legislatures Libraries and archives Official languages Poets laureate Political divisions State auditors State secretaries of state State superintendents of education State supreme courts State treasurers Health American Human Development Index Fertility rates Hospitals Life expectancy Obesity rates History Date of statehood Name etymologies Historical societies Museums National Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places State partitions Historic regions Law Abortion Age of consent Alcohol Dry communities Alford plea Cell phone use while driving Constitutions Firearms Homicide Law enforcement agencies Legality of cannabis Peace Index Prisons Incarceration rate Same - sex unions Former constitutional bans Marriage law Seat belt laws Self - representation Smoking bans Speed limits ( by jurisdiction ) Statutory codes Miscellaneous Abbreviations Casinos Demonyms Fictional states Flags Hotels Insignia License plates Malls Numbered highways Quarters 50 states DC & Territories ATB Symbols Tallest buildings Time zones Commons Portals Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seat_belt_laws_in_the_United_States&oldid=857607489 '' Categories : Car safety United States law - related lists Vehicle law Seat belts Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 1 September 2018 , at 20 : 33 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seat%20belt%20laws%20in%20the%20United%20States	734
which of these energy resources was not created by by the sun's energy			Solar energy	solar energy	Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of ever - evolving technologies such as solar heating , photovoltaics , solar thermal energy , solar architecture , molten salt power plants and artificial photosynthesis .	It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on how they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power . Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems , concentrated solar power and solar water heating to harness the energy . Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun , selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light - dispersing properties , and designing spaces that naturally circulate air . The large magnitude of solar energy available makes it a highly appealing source of electricity . The United Nations Development Programme in its 2000 World Energy Assessment found that the annual potential of solar energy was 1,575 -- 49,837 exajoules ( EJ ) . This is several times larger than the total world energy consumption , which was 559.8 EJ in 2012 . In 2011 , the International Energy Agency said that `` the development of affordable , inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer - term benefits . It will increase countries ' energy security through reliance on an indigenous , inexhaustible and mostly import - independent resource , enhance sustainability , reduce pollution , lower the costs of mitigating global warming , and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise . These advantages are global . Hence the additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should be considered learning investments ; they must be wisely spent and need to be widely shared '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Potential 2 Thermal energy 2.1 Early commercial adaptation 2.2 Water heating 2.3 Heating , cooling and ventilation 2.4 Cooking 2.5 Process heat 2.6 Water treatment 2.7 Molten salt technology 3 Electricity production 3.1 Photovoltaics 3.2 Concentrated solar power 4 Architecture and urban planning 5 Agriculture and horticulture 6 Transport 7 Fuel production 8 Energy storage methods 9 Development , deployment and economics 10 ISO standards 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Potential Further information : Solar radiation About half the incoming solar energy reaches the Earth 's surface . Average insolation . The theoretical area of the small black dots is sufficient to supply the world 's total energy needs of 18 TW with solar power . The Earth receives 174 petawatts ( PW ) of incoming solar radiation ( insolation ) at the upper atmosphere . Approximately 30 % is reflected back to space while the rest is absorbed by clouds , oceans and land masses . The spectrum of solar light at the Earth 's surface is mostly spread across the visible and near - infrared ranges with a small part in the near - ultraviolet . Most of the world 's population live in areas with insolation levels of 150 -- 300 watts / m2 , or 3.5 -- 7.0 kWh / m2 per day . Solar radiation is absorbed by the Earth 's land surface , oceans -- which cover about 71 % of the globe -- and atmosphere . Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises , causing atmospheric circulation or convection . When the air reaches a high altitude , where the temperature is low , water vapor condenses into clouds , which rain onto the Earth 's surface , completing the water cycle . The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection , producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind , cyclones and anti-cyclones . Sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 ° C. By photosynthesis , green plants convert solar energy into chemically stored energy , which produces food , wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived . The total solar energy absorbed by Earth 's atmosphere , oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoules ( EJ ) per year . In 2002 , this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year . Photosynthesis captures approximately 3,000 EJ per year in biomass . The amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the Earth 's non-renewable resources of coal , oil , natural gas , and mined uranium combined , Yearly solar fluxes & human consumption Solar 3,850,000 Wind 2,250 Biomass potential ~ 200 Primary energy use 539 Electricity ~ 67 Energy given in Exajoule ( EJ ) = 10 J = 278 TWh Consumption as of year 2010 The potential solar energy that could be used by humans differs from the amount of solar energy present near the surface of the planet because factors such as geography , time variation , cloud cover , and the land available to humans limit the amount of solar energy that we can acquire . Geography affects solar energy potential because areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation . However , the use of photovoltaics that can follow the position of the sun can significantly increase the solar energy potential in areas that are farther from the equator . Time variation effects the potential of solar energy because during the nighttime there is little solar radiation on the surface of the Earth for solar panels to absorb . This limits the amount of energy that solar panels can absorb in one day . Cloud cover can affect the potential of solar panels because clouds block incoming light from the sun and reduce the light available for solar cells . In addition , land availability has a large effect on the available solar energy because solar panels can only be set up on land that is otherwise unused and suitable for solar panels . Roofs have been found to be a suitable place for solar cells , as many people have discovered that they can collect energy directly from their homes this way . Other areas that are suitable for solar cells are lands that are not being used for businesses where solar plants can be established . Solar technologies are characterized as either passive or active depending on the way they capture , convert and distribute sunlight and enable solar energy to be harnessed at different levels around the world , mostly depending on distance from the equator . Although solar energy refers primarily to the use of solar radiation for practical ends , all renewable energies , other than Geothermal power and Tidal power , derive their energy either directly or indirectly from the Sun . Active solar techniques use photovoltaics , concentrated solar power , solar thermal collectors , pumps , and fans to convert sunlight into useful outputs . Passive solar techniques include selecting materials with favorable thermal properties , designing spaces that naturally circulate air , and referencing the position of a building to the Sun . Active solar technologies increase the supply of energy and are considered supply side technologies , while passive solar technologies reduce the need for alternate resources and are generally considered demand side technologies . In 2000 , the United Nations Development Programme , UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs , and World Energy Council published an estimate of the potential solar energy that could be used by humans each year that took into account factors such as insolation , cloud cover , and the land that is usable by humans . The estimate found that solar energy has a global potential of 1,575 -- 49,837 EJ per year ( see table below ) . Annual solar energy potential by region ( Exajoules ) Region North America Latin America and Caribbean Western Europe Central and Eastern Europe Former Soviet Union Middle East and North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Pacific Asia South Asia Centrally planned Asia Pacific OECD Minimum 181.1 112.6 25.1 4.5 199.3 412.4 371.9 41.0 38.8 115.5 72.6 Maximum 7,410 3,385 914 154 8,655 11,060 9,528 994 1,339 4,135 2,263 Note : Total global annual solar energy potential amounts to 1,575 EJ ( minimum ) to 49,837 EJ ( maximum ) Data reflects assumptions of annual clear sky irradiance , annual average sky clearance , and available land area . All figures given in Exajoules . Quantitative relation of global solar potential vs. the world 's primary energy consumption : Ratio of potential vs. current consumption ( 402 EJ ) as of year : 3.9 ( minimum ) to 124 ( maximum ) Ratio of potential vs. projected consumption by 2050 ( 590 -- 1,050 EJ ) : 1.5 -- 2.7 ( minimum ) to 47 -- 84 ( maximum ) Ratio of potential vs. projected consumption by 2100 ( 880 -- 1,900 EJ ) : 0.8 -- 1.8 ( minimum ) to 26 -- 57 ( maximum ) Source : United Nations Development Programme -- World Energy Assessment ( 2000 ) Thermal energy Main article : Solar thermal energy Solar thermal technologies can be used for water heating , space heating , space cooling and process heat generation . Early commercial adaptation 1917 Patent drawing of Shuman 's solar collector In 1897 , Frank Shuman , a U.S. inventor , engineer and solar energy pioneer , built a small demonstration solar engine that worked by reflecting solar energy onto square boxes filled with ether , which has a lower boiling point than water , and were fitted internally with black pipes which in turn powered a steam engine . In 1908 Shuman formed the Sun Power Company with the intent of building larger solar power plants . He , along with his technical advisor A.S.E. Ackermann and British physicist Sir Charles Vernon Boys , developed an improved system using mirrors to reflect solar energy upon collector boxes , increasing heating capacity to the extent that water could now be used instead of ether . Shuman then constructed a full - scale steam engine powered by low - pressure water , enabling him to patent the entire solar engine system by 1912 . Shuman built the world 's first solar thermal power station in Maadi , Egypt , between 1912 and 1913 . His plant used parabolic troughs to power a 45 -- 52 kilowatts ( 60 -- 70 hp ) engine that pumped more than 22,000 litres ( 4,800 imp gal ; 5,800 US gal ) of water per minute from the Nile River to adjacent cotton fields . Although the outbreak of World War I and the discovery of cheap oil in the 1930s discouraged the advancement of solar energy , Shuman 's vision and basic design were resurrected in the 1970s with a new wave of interest in solar thermal energy . In 1916 Shuman was quoted in the media advocating solar energy 's utilization , saying : We have proved the commercial profit of sun power in the tropics and have more particularly proved that after our stores of oil and coal are exhausted the human race can receive unlimited power from the rays of the sun . -- Frank Shuman , New York Times , 2 July 1916 Water heating Main articles : Solar hot water and Solar combisystem Solar water heaters facing the Sun to maximize gain Solar hot water systems use sunlight to heat water . In low geographical latitudes ( below 40 degrees ) from 60 to 70 % of the domestic hot water use with temperatures up to 60 ° C can be provided by solar heating systems . The most common types of solar water heaters are evacuated tube collectors ( 44 % ) and glazed flat plate collectors ( 34 % ) generally used for domestic hot water ; and unglazed plastic collectors ( 21 % ) used mainly to heat swimming pools . As of 2007 , the total installed capacity of solar hot water systems was approximately 154 thermal gigawatt ( GW ) . China is the world leader in their deployment with 70 GW installed as of 2006 and a long - term goal of 210 GW by 2020 . Israel and Cyprus are the per capita leaders in the use of solar hot water systems with over 90 % of homes using them . In the United States , Canada , and Australia , heating swimming pools is the dominant application of solar hot water with an installed capacity of 18 GW as of 2005 . Heating , cooling and ventilation Main articles : Solar heating , Thermal mass , Solar chimney , and Solar air conditioning In the United States , heating , ventilation and air conditioning ( HVAC ) systems account for 30 % ( 4.65 EJ / yr ) of the energy used in commercial buildings and nearly 50 % ( 10.1 EJ / yr ) of the energy used in residential buildings . Solar heating , cooling and ventilation technologies can be used to offset a portion of this energy . MIT 's Solar House # 1 , built in 1939 in the U.S. , used seasonal thermal energy storage for year - round heating . Thermal mass is any material that can be used to store heat -- heat from the Sun in the case of solar energy . Common thermal mass materials include stone , cement and water . Historically they have been used in arid climates or warm temperate regions to keep buildings cool by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night . However , they can be used in cold temperate areas to maintain warmth as well . The size and placement of thermal mass depend on several factors such as climate , daylighting and shading conditions . When properly incorporated , thermal mass maintains space temperatures in a comfortable range and reduces the need for auxiliary heating and cooling equipment . A solar chimney ( or thermal chimney , in this context ) is a passive solar ventilation system composed of a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building . As the chimney warms , the air inside is heated causing an updraft that pulls air through the building . Performance can be improved by using glazing and thermal mass materials in a way that mimics greenhouses . Deciduous trees and plants have been promoted as a means of controlling solar heating and cooling . When planted on the southern side of a building in the northern hemisphere or the northern side in the southern hemisphere , their leaves provide shade during the summer , while the bare limbs allow light to pass during the winter . Since bare , leafless trees shade 1 / 3 to 1 / 2 of incident solar radiation , there is a balance between the benefits of summer shading and the corresponding loss of winter heating . In climates with significant heating loads , deciduous trees should not be planted on the Equator - facing side of a building because they will interfere with winter solar availability . They can , however , be used on the east and west sides to provide a degree of summer shading without appreciably affecting winter solar gain . Cooking Main article : Solar cooker Parabolic dish produces steam for cooking , in Auroville , India Solar cookers use sunlight for cooking , drying and pasteurization . They can be grouped into three broad categories : box cookers , panel cookers and reflector cookers . The simplest solar cooker is the box cooker first built by Horace de Saussure in 1767 . A basic box cooker consists of an insulated container with a transparent lid . It can be used effectively with partially overcast skies and will typically reach temperatures of 90 -- 150 ° C ( 194 -- 302 ° F ) . Panel cookers use a reflective panel to direct sunlight onto an insulated container and reach temperatures comparable to box cookers . Reflector cookers use various concentrating geometries ( dish , trough , Fresnel mirrors ) to focus light on a cooking container . These cookers reach temperatures of 315 ° C ( 599 ° F ) and above but require direct light to function properly and must be repositioned to track the Sun . Process heat Main articles : Solar pond , Salt evaporation pond , and Solar furnace Solar concentrating technologies such as parabolic dish , trough and Scheffler reflectors can provide process heat for commercial and industrial applications . The first commercial system was the Solar Total Energy Project ( STEP ) in Shenandoah , Georgia , USA where a field of 114 parabolic dishes provided 50 % of the process heating , air conditioning and electrical requirements for a clothing factory . This grid - connected cogeneration system provided 400 kW of electricity plus thermal energy in the form of 401 kW steam and 468 kW chilled water , and had a one - hour peak load thermal storage . Evaporation ponds are shallow pools that concentrate dissolved solids through evaporation . The use of evaporation ponds to obtain salt from seawater is one of the oldest applications of solar energy . Modern uses include concentrating brine solutions used in leach mining and removing dissolved solids from waste streams . Clothes lines , clotheshorses , and clothes racks dry clothes through evaporation by wind and sunlight without consuming electricity or gas . In some states of the United States legislation protects the `` right to dry '' clothes . Unglazed transpired collectors ( UTC ) are perforated sun - facing walls used for preheating ventilation air . UTCs can raise the incoming air temperature up to 22 ° C ( 40 ° F ) and deliver outlet temperatures of 45 -- 60 ° C ( 113 -- 140 ° F ) . The short payback period of transpired collectors ( 3 to 12 years ) makes them a more cost - effective alternative than glazed collection systems . As of 2003 , over 80 systems with a combined collector area of 35,000 square metres ( 380,000 sq ft ) had been installed worldwide , including an 860 m ( 9,300 sq ft ) collector in Costa Rica used for drying coffee beans and a 1,300 m ( 14,000 sq ft ) collector in Coimbatore , India , used for drying marigolds . Water Treatment Main articles : Solar still , Solar water disinfection , Solar desalination , and Solar Powered Desalination Unit Solar water disinfection in Indonesia Solar distillation can be used to make saline or brackish water potable . The first recorded instance of this was by 16th - century Arab alchemists . A large - scale solar distillation project was first constructed in 1872 in the Chilean mining town of Las Salinas . The plant , which had solar collection area of 4,700 m ( 51,000 sq ft ) , could produce up to 22,700 L ( 5,000 imp gal ; 6,000 US gal ) per day and operate for 40 years . Individual still designs include single - slope , double - slope ( or greenhouse type ) , vertical , conical , inverted absorber , multi-wick , and multiple effect . These stills can operate in passive , active , or hybrid modes . Double - slope stills are the most economical for decentralized domestic purposes , while active multiple effect units are more suitable for large - scale applications . Solar water disinfection ( SODIS ) involves exposing water - filled plastic polyethylene terephthalate ( PET ) bottles to sunlight for several hours . Exposure times vary depending on weather and climate from a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions . It is recommended by the World Health Organization as a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage . Over two million people in developing countries use this method for their daily drinking water . Solar energy may be used in a water stabilization pond to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity . A further environmental advantage is that algae grow in such ponds and consume carbon dioxide in photosynthesis , although algae may produce toxic chemicals that make the water unusable . Molten salt technology Molten salt can be employed as a thermal energy storage method to retain thermal energy collected by a solar tower or solar trough of a concentrated solar power plant , so that it can be used to generate electricity in bad weather or at night . It was demonstrated in the Solar Two project from 1995 -- 1999 . The system is predicted to have an annual efficiency of 99 % , a reference to the energy retained by storing heat before turning it into electricity , versus converting heat directly into electricity . The molten salt mixtures vary . The most extended mixture contains sodium nitrate , potassium nitrate and calcium nitrate . It is non-flammable and nontoxic , and has already been used in the chemical and metals industries as a heat - transport fluid , so experience with such systems exists in non-solar applications . The salt melts at 131 ° C ( 268 ° F ) . It is kept liquid at 288 ° C ( 550 ° F ) in an insulated `` cold '' storage tank . The liquid salt is pumped through panels in a solar collector where the focused sun heats it to 566 ° C ( 1,051 ° F ) . It is then sent to a hot storage tank . This is so well insulated that the thermal energy can be usefully stored for up to a week . When electricity is needed , the hot salt is pumped to a conventional steam - generator to produce superheated steam for a turbine / generator as used in any conventional coal , oil , or nuclear power plant . A 100 - megawatt turbine would need a tank about 9.1 metres ( 30 ft ) tall and 24 metres ( 79 ft ) in diameter to drive it for four hours by this design . Several parabolic trough power plants in Spain and solar power tower developer SolarReserve use this thermal energy storage concept . The Solana Generating Station in the U.S. has six hours of storage by molten salt . The María Elena plant is a 400 MW thermo - solar complex in the northern Chilean region of Antofagasta employing molten salt technology . Electricity production Main article : Solar power Some of the world 's largest solar power stations : Ivanpah ( CSP ) and Topaz ( PV ) Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity , either directly using photovoltaics ( PV ) , or indirectly using concentrated solar power ( CSP ) . CSP systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam . PV converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect . Solar power is anticipated to become the world 's largest source of electricity by 2050 , with solar photovoltaics and concentrated solar power contributing 16 and 11 percent to the global overall consumption , respectively . In 2016 , after another year of rapid growth , solar generated 1.3 % of global power . Commercial concentrated solar power plants were first developed in the 1980s . The 392 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility , in the Mojave Desert of California , is the largest solar power plant in the world . Other large concentrated solar power plants include the 150 MW Solnova Solar Power Station and the 100 MW Andasol solar power station , both in Spain . The 250 MW Agua Caliente Solar Project , in the United States , and the 221 MW Charanka Solar Park in India , are the world 's largest photovoltaic plants . Solar projects exceeding 1 GW are being developed , but most of the deployed photovoltaics are in small rooftop arrays of less than 5 kW , which are connected to the grid using net metering and / or a feed - in tariff . Photovoltaics Main article : Photovoltaics 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 2006 2014 Europe Asia - Pacific Americas China Middle East and Africa Worldwide growth of PV capacity grouped by region in MW ( 2006 -- 2014 ) In the last two decades , photovoltaics ( PV ) , also known as solar PV , has evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source . A solar cell is a device that converts light directly into electricity using the photoelectric effect . The first solar cell was constructed by Charles Fritts in the 1880s . In 1931 a German engineer , Dr Bruno Lange , developed a photo cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide . Although the prototype selenium cells converted less than 1 % of incident light into electricity , both Ernst Werner von Siemens and James Clerk Maxwell recognized the importance of this discovery . Following the work of Russell Ohl in the 1940s , researchers Gerald Pearson , Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin created the crystalline silicon solar cell in 1954 . These early solar cells cost 286 USD / watt and reached efficiencies of 4.5 -- 6 % . By 2012 available efficiencies exceeded 20 % , and the maximum efficiency of research photovoltaics was in excess of 40 % . Concentrated solar power See also : Concentrated solar power Concentrating Solar Power ( CSP ) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam . The concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant . A wide range of concentrating technologies exists ; the most developed are the parabolic trough , the concentrating linear fresnel reflector , the Stirling dish and the solar power tower . Various techniques are used to track the Sun and focus light . In all of these systems a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight , and is then used for power generation or energy storage . Architecture and urban planning Main articles : Passive solar building design and Urban heat island Darmstadt University of Technology , Germany , won the 2007 Solar Decathlon in Washington , D.C. with this passive house designed for humid and hot subtropical climate . Sunlight has influenced building design since the beginning of architectural history . Advanced solar architecture and urban planning methods were first employed by the Greeks and Chinese , who oriented their buildings toward the south to provide light and warmth . The common features of passive solar architecture are orientation relative to the Sun , compact proportion ( a low surface area to volume ratio ) , selective shading ( overhangs ) and thermal mass . When these features are tailored to the local climate and environment they can produce well - lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range . Socrates ' Megaron House is a classic example of passive solar design . The most recent approaches to solar design use computer modeling tying together solar lighting , heating and ventilation systems in an integrated solar design package . Active solar equipment such as pumps , fans and switchable windows can complement passive design and improve system performance . Urban heat islands ( UHI ) are metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than that of the surrounding environment . The higher temperatures result from increased absorption of solar energy by urban materials such as asphalt and concrete , which have lower albedos and higher heat capacities than those in the natural environment . A straightforward method of counteracting the UHI effect is to paint buildings and roads white , and to plant trees in the area . Using these methods , a hypothetical `` cool communities '' program in Los Angeles has projected that urban temperatures could be reduced by approximately 3 ° C at an estimated cost of US $1 billion , giving estimated total annual benefits of US $530 million from reduced air - conditioning costs and healthcare savings . Agriculture and horticulture Greenhouses like these in the Westland municipality of the Netherlands grow vegetables , fruits and flowers . Agriculture and horticulture seek to optimize the capture of solar energy in order to optimize the productivity of plants . Techniques such as timed planting cycles , tailored row orientation , staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties can improve crop yields . While sunlight is generally considered a plentiful resource , the exceptions highlight the importance of solar energy to agriculture . During the short growing seasons of the Little Ice Age , French and English farmers employed fruit walls to maximize the collection of solar energy . These walls acted as thermal masses and accelerated ripening by keeping plants warm . Early fruit walls were built perpendicular to the ground and facing south , but over time , sloping walls were developed to make better use of sunlight . In 1699 , Nicolas Fatio de Duillier even suggested using a tracking mechanism which could pivot to follow the Sun . Applications of solar energy in agriculture aside from growing crops include pumping water , drying crops , brooding chicks and drying chicken manure . More recently the technology has been embraced by vintners , who use the energy generated by solar panels to power grape presses . Greenhouses convert solar light to heat , enabling year - round production and the growth ( in enclosed environments ) of specialty crops and other plants not naturally suited to the local climate . Primitive greenhouses were first used during Roman times to produce cucumbers year - round for the Roman emperor Tiberius . The first modern greenhouses were built in Europe in the 16th century to keep exotic plants brought back from explorations abroad . Greenhouses remain an important part of horticulture today , and plastic transparent materials have also been used to similar effect in polytunnels and row covers . Transport Main articles : Solar vehicle , Solar - charged vehicle , Electric boat , and Solar balloon Winner of the 2013 World Solar Challenge in Australia Solar electric aircraft circumnavigating the globe in 2015 Development of a solar - powered car has been an engineering goal since the 1980s . The World Solar Challenge is a biannual solar - powered car race , where teams from universities and enterprises compete over 3,021 kilometres ( 1,877 mi ) across central Australia from Darwin to Adelaide . In 1987 , when it was founded , the winner 's average speed was 67 kilometres per hour ( 42 mph ) and by 2007 the winner 's average speed had improved to 90.87 kilometres per hour ( 56.46 mph ) . The North American Solar Challenge and the planned South African Solar Challenge are comparable competitions that reflect an international interest in the engineering and development of solar powered vehicles . Some vehicles use solar panels for auxiliary power , such as for air conditioning , to keep the interior cool , thus reducing fuel consumption . In 1975 , the first practical solar boat was constructed in England . By 1995 , passenger boats incorporating PV panels began appearing and are now used extensively . In 1996 , Kenichi Horie made the first solar - powered crossing of the Pacific Ocean , and the Sun21 catamaran made the first solar - powered crossing of the Atlantic Ocean in the winter of 2006 -- 2007 . There were plans to circumnavigate the globe in 2010 . In 1974 , the unmanned AstroFlight Sunrise airplane made the first solar flight . On 29 April 1979 , the Solar Riser made the first flight in a solar - powered , fully controlled , man - carrying flying machine , reaching an altitude of 40 ft ( 12 m ) . In 1980 , the Gossamer Penguin made the first piloted flights powered solely by photovoltaics . This was quickly followed by the Solar Challenger which crossed the English Channel in July 1981 . In 1990 Eric Scott Raymond in 21 hops flew from California to North Carolina using solar power . Developments then turned back to unmanned aerial vehicles ( UAV ) with the Pathfinder ( 1997 ) and subsequent designs , culminating in the Helios which set the altitude record for a non-rocket - propelled aircraft at 29,524 metres ( 96,864 ft ) in 2001 . The Zephyr , developed by BAE Systems , is the latest in a line of record - breaking solar aircraft , making a 54 - hour flight in 2007 , and month - long flights were envisioned by 2010 . As of 2016 , Solar Impulse , an electric aircraft , is currently circumnavigating the globe . It is a single - seat plane powered by solar cells and capable of taking off under its own power . The design allows the aircraft to remain airborne for several days . A solar balloon is a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air . As sunlight shines on the balloon , the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force , much like an artificially heated hot air balloon . Some solar balloons are large enough for human flight , but usage is generally limited to the toy market as the surface - area to payload - weight ratio is relatively high . Fuel production Concentrated solar panels are getting a power boost . Pacific Northwest National Laboratory ( PNNL ) will be testing a new concentrated solar power system -- one that can help natural gas power plants reduce their fuel usage by up to 20 percent . Main articles : Solar chemical , Solar fuel , and Artificial photosynthesis Solar chemical processes use solar energy to drive chemical reactions . These processes offset energy that would otherwise come from a fossil fuel source and can also convert solar energy into storable and transportable fuels . Solar induced chemical reactions can be divided into thermochemical or photochemical . A variety of fuels can be produced by artificial photosynthesis . The multielectron catalytic chemistry involved in making carbon - based fuels ( such as methanol ) from reduction of carbon dioxide is challenging ; a feasible alternative is hydrogen production from protons , though use of water as the source of electrons ( as plants do ) requires mastering the multielectron oxidation of two water molecules to molecular oxygen . Some have envisaged working solar fuel plants in coastal metropolitan areas by 2050 -- the splitting of sea water providing hydrogen to be run through adjacent fuel - cell electric power plants and the pure water by - product going directly into the municipal water system . Another vision involves all human structures covering the earth 's surface ( i.e. , roads , vehicles and buildings ) doing photosynthesis more efficiently than plants . Hydrogen production technologies have been a significant area of solar chemical research since the 1970s . Aside from electrolysis driven by photovoltaic or photochemical cells , several thermochemical processes have also been explored . One such route uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperatures ( 2,300 -- 2,600 ° C or 4,200 -- 4,700 ° F ) . Another approach uses the heat from solar concentrators to drive the steam reformation of natural gas thereby increasing the overall hydrogen yield compared to conventional reforming methods . Thermochemical cycles characterized by the decomposition and regeneration of reactants present another avenue for hydrogen production . The Solzinc process under development at the Weizmann Institute of Science uses a 1 MW solar furnace to decompose zinc oxide ( ZnO ) at temperatures above 1,200 ° C ( 2,200 ° F ) . This initial reaction produces pure zinc , which can subsequently be reacted with water to produce hydrogen . Energy storage methods Main articles : Energy storage , Seasonal thermal energy storage , Phase change material , Grid energy storage , and V2G Thermal energy storage . The Andasol CSP plant uses tanks of molten salt to store solar energy . Thermal mass systems can store solar energy in the form of heat at domestically useful temperatures for daily or interseasonal durations . Thermal storage systems generally use readily available materials with high specific heat capacities such as water , earth and stone . Well - designed systems can lower peak demand , shift time - of - use to off - peak hours and reduce overall heating and cooling requirements . Phase change materials such as paraffin wax and Glauber 's salt are another thermal storage medium . These materials are inexpensive , readily available , and can deliver domestically useful temperatures ( approximately 64 ° C or 147 ° F ) . The `` Dover House '' ( in Dover , Massachusetts ) was the first to use a Glauber 's salt heating system , in 1948 . Solar energy can also be stored at high temperatures using molten salts . Salts are an effective storage medium because they are low - cost , have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems . The Solar Two project used this method of energy storage , allowing it to store 1.44 terajoules ( 400,000 kWh ) in its 68 m3 storage tank with an annual storage efficiency of about 99 % . Off - grid PV systems have traditionally used rechargeable batteries to store excess electricity . With grid - tied systems , excess electricity can be sent to the transmission grid , while standard grid electricity can be used to meet shortfalls . Net metering programs give household systems a credit for any electricity they deliver to the grid . This is handled by ' rolling back ' the meter whenever the home produces more electricity than it consumes . If the net electricity use is below zero , the utility then rolls over the kilowatt hour credit to the next month . Other approaches involve the use of two meters , to measure electricity consumed vs. electricity produced . This is less common due to the increased installation cost of the second meter . Most standard meters accurately measure in both directions , making a second meter unnecessary . Pumped - storage hydroelectricity stores energy in the form of water pumped when energy is available from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one . The energy is recovered when demand is high by releasing the water , with the pump becoming a hydroelectric power generator . Development , deployment and economics Participants in a workshop on sustainable development inspect solar panels at Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education , Mexico City on top of a building on campus . Main article : Deployment of solar power to energy grids See also : Cost of electricity by source and Renewable energy by country Beginning with the surge in coal use which accompanied the Industrial Revolution , energy consumption has steadily transitioned from wood and biomass to fossil fuels . The early development of solar technologies starting in the 1860s was driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce . However , development of solar technologies stagnated in the early 20th century in the face of the increasing availability , economy , and utility of coal and petroleum . The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis caused a reorganization of energy policies around the world and brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies . Deployment strategies focused on incentive programs such as the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the U.S. and the Sunshine Program in Japan . Other efforts included the formation of research facilities in the U.S. ( SERI , now NREL ) , Japan ( NEDO ) , and Germany ( Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE ) . Commercial solar water heaters began appearing in the United States in the 1890s . These systems saw increasing use until the 1920s but were gradually replaced by cheaper and more reliable heating fuels . As with photovoltaics , solar water heating attracted renewed attention as a result of the oil crises in the 1970s but interest subsided in the 1980s due to falling petroleum prices . Development in the solar water heating sector progressed steadily throughout the 1990s and annual growth rates have averaged 20 % since 1999 . Although generally underestimated , solar water heating and cooling is by far the most widely deployed solar technology with an estimated capacity of 154 GW as of 2007 . The International Energy Agency has said that solar energy can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces : The development of affordable , inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer - term benefits . It will increase countries ' energy security through reliance on an indigenous , inexhaustible and mostly import - independent resource , enhance sustainability , reduce pollution , lower the costs of mitigating climate change , and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise . These advantages are global . Hence the additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should be considered learning investments ; they must be wisely spent and need to be widely shared . In 2011 , a report by the International Energy Agency found that solar energy technologies such as photovoltaics , solar hot water and concentrated solar power could provide a third of the world 's energy by 2060 if politicians commit to limiting climate change . The energy from the sun could play a key role in de-carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters . `` The strength of solar is the incredible variety and flexibility of applications , from small scale to big scale '' . We have proved ... that after our stores of oil and coal are exhausted the human race can receive unlimited power from the rays of the sun . -- Frank Shuman , New York Times , 2 July 1916 ISO standards The International Organization for Standardization has established several standards relating to solar energy equipment . For example , ISO 9050 relates to glass in building while ISO 10217 relates to the materials used in solar water heaters . See also Renewable energy portal Sustainable development portal Energy portal Technology portal Airmass Artificial photosynthesis Community solar farm Copper in renewable energy Desertec Global dimming Greasestock Green electricity Heliostat List of conservation topics List of renewable energy organizations List of solar energy topics Photovoltaic system Renewable heat Renewable energy by country Soil solarization Solar Decathlon Solar easement Solar energy use in rural Africa Solar updraft tower Solar power satellite Solar tracker SolarEdge Timeline of solar cells Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Solar Energy Perspectives : Executive Summary '' ( PDF ) . International Energy Agency . 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Energy '' . rsc.org . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Key World Energy Statistics '' ( PDF ) . iea.org . IEA. 2014 . pp. 6 , 24 , 28 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Energy and the challenge of sustainability '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme and World Energy Council . September 2000 . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Smil ( 1991 ) , p. 240 Jump up ^ `` Natural Forcing of the Climate System '' . Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Radiation Budget '' . NASA Langley Research Center . 17 October 2006 . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Somerville , Richard . `` Historical Overview of Climate Change Science '' ( PDF ) . Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Vermass , Wim . `` An Introduction to Photosynthesis and Its Applications '' . Arizona State University . Archived from the original on 3 December 1998 . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Smil ( 2006 ) , p. 12 Jump up ^ http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7107/full/443019a.html Jump up ^ `` Powering the Planet : Chemical challenges in solar energy utilization '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 7 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Energy conversion by photosynthetic organisms '' . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . Retrieved 25 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Exergy Flow Charts -- GCEP '' . stanford.edu . Jump up ^ Archer , Cristina ; Jacobson , Mark . `` Evaluation of Global Wind Power '' . Stanford . Retrieved 3 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Renewable Energy Sources '' ( PDF ) . Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory . p. 12 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 November 2012 . Retrieved 6 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Total Primary Energy Consumption '' . Energy Information Administration . Retrieved 30 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Total Electricity Net Consumption '' . Energy Information Administration . Retrieved 30 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Philibert , Cédric ( 2005 ) . `` The Present and Future use of Solar Thermal Energy as a Primary Source of Energy '' ( PDF ) . IEA . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 12 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Solar Energy Technologies and Applications '' . Canadian Renewable Energy Network . Archived from the original on 25 June 2002 . Retrieved 22 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Smith , Zachary Alden ; Taylor , Katrina D. ( 2008 ) . Renewable And Alternative Energy Resources : A Reference Handbook . ABC - CLIO . p. 174 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 089 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Inventor Uses Egypt 's Sun for Power -- Appliance Concentrates the Heat Rays and Produces Steam , Which Can Be Used to Drive Irrigation Pumps in Hot Climates -- View Article -- NYTimes.com '' . nytimes.com. 2 July 1916 . Jump up ^ `` Renewables for Heating and Cooling '' ( PDF ) . International Energy Agency . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Werner ; Bergmann , Irene ; Faninger , Gerhard . `` Solar Heat Worldwide ( Markets and Contributions to the Energy Supply 2005 ) '' ( PDF ) . International Energy Agency . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 September 2008 . Retrieved 30 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Weiss , Werner ; Bergmann , Irene ; Faninger , Gerhard . `` Solar Heat Worldwide -- Markets and Contribution to the Energy Supply 2006 '' ( PDF ) . International Energy Agency . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 September 2008 . Retrieved 9 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Renewables 2007 Global Status Report '' ( PDF ) . Worldwatch Institute . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 May 2008 . Retrieved 30 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Del Chiaro , Bernadette ; Telleen - Lawton , Timothy . `` Solar Water Heating ( How California Can Reduce Its Dependence on Natural Gas ) '' ( PDF ) . Environment California Research and Policy Center . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Apte , J. ; et al. `` Future Advanced Windows for Zero - Energy Homes '' ( PDF ) . American Society of Heating , Refrigerating and Air - Conditioning Engineers . Retrieved 9 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Energy Consumption Characteristics of Commercial Building HVAC Systems Volume III : Energy Savings Potential '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Energy . pp. 2 -- 2 . Retrieved 24 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Mazria ( 1979 ) , pp. 29 -- 35 Jump up ^ Bright , David ( 18 February 1977 ) . `` Passive solar heating simpler for the average owner '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved 3 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Mazria ( 1979 ) , p. 255 Jump up ^ Balcomb ( 1992 ) , p. 56 Jump up ^ Balcomb ( 1992 ) , p. 57 Jump up ^ Anderson and Palkovic ( 1994 ) , p. xi Jump up ^ Butti and Perlin ( 1981 ) , pp. 54 -- 59 Jump up ^ Anderson and Palkovic ( 1994 ) , p. xii Jump up ^ Anderson and Palkovic ( 1994 ) , p. xiii Jump up ^ Stine , W.B. & Harrigan , R.W. `` Shenandoah Solar Total Energy Project '' . John Wiley . Retrieved 20 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Bartlett ( 1998 ) , pp. 393 -- 4 Jump up ^ Thomson - Philbrook , Julia . `` Right to Dry Legislation in New England and Other States '' . Connecticut General Assembly . Retrieved 27 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar Buildings ( Transpired Air Collectors -- Ventilation Preheating ) '' ( PDF ) . National Renewable Energy Laboratory . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Leon ( 2006 ) , p. 62 ^ Jump up to : Tiwari ( 2003 ) , pp. 368 -- 371 ^ Jump up to : Daniels ( 1964 ) , p. 6 Jump up ^ `` SODIS solar water disinfection '' . EAWAG ( The Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology ) . Retrieved 2 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Household Water Treatment Options in Developing Countries : Solar Disinfection ( SODIS ) '' ( PDF ) . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 May 2008 . Retrieved 13 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage '' . World Health Organization . Retrieved 2 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Shilton A.N. ; Powell N. ; Mara D.D. ; Craggs R. ( 2008 ) . `` Solar - powered aeration and disinfection , anaerobic co-digestion , biological CO ( 2 ) scrubbing and biofuel production : the energy and carbon management opportunities of waste stabilization ponds '' . Water Sci. Technol. 58 ( 1 ) : 253 -- 8 . PMID 18653962 . doi : 10.2166 / wst. 2008.666 . Jump up ^ Tadesse I. ; Isoaho S.A. ; Green F.B. ; Puhakka J.A. ( 2003 ) . `` Removal of organics and nutrients from tannery effluent by advanced integrated Wastewater Pond Systems technology '' . Water Sci. Technol. 48 ( 2 ) : 307 -- 14 . PMID 14510225 . Jump up ^ Mancini , Tom ( 10 January 2006 ) . `` Advantages of Using Molten Salt '' . Sandia National Laboratories . Archived from the original on 14 July 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Molten salt energy storage system -- A feasibility study Jones , B.G. ; Roy , R.P. ; Bohl , R.W. ( 1977 ) -- Smithsonian / NASA ADS Physics Abstract Service . Abstract accessed December 2007 Jump up ^ Biello , David . `` How to Use Solar Energy at Night '' . Scientific American . Scientific American , a Division of Nature America , Inc . Retrieved 19 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , Robert , 2013 , Renewable Energy : A First Course , CRC Press , Chap. 13.1. 22 Thermal storage p. 375 ISBN 978 - 1439861158 Jump up ^ Parabolic Trough Thermal Energy Storage Technology Archived 2013 - 09 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . Parabolic Trough Solar Power Network . April 04 , 2007 . Accessed December 2007 Jump up ^ Here comes the sun Chile greenlights enormous 400 - megawatt solar project www.thisischile.cl Friday , August 23 , 2013 retrieved August 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ International Energy Agency ( 2014 ) . `` Technology Roadmap : Solar Photovoltaic Energy '' ( PDF ) . iea.org . IEA . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 7 October 2014 . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/renewable-energy/solar-energy.html Jump up ^ `` Grid Connected Renewable Energy : Solar Electric Technologies '' ( PDF ) . energytoolbox.org . Jump up ^ Perlin ( 1999 ) , p. 147 Jump up ^ `` Magic Plates , Tap Sun For Power '' , June 1931 , Popular Science . Retrieved 19 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Perlin ( 1999 ) , pp. 18 -- 20 Jump up ^ Perlin ( 1999 ) , p. 29 Jump up ^ Perlin ( 1999 ) , pp. 29 -- 30 , 38 Jump up ^ Antonio Luque . `` Will we exceed 50 % efficiency in photovoltaics ? '' . aip.org . Jump up ^ Martin and Goswami ( 2005 ) , p. 45 Jump up ^ `` Darmstadt University of Technology solar decathlon home design '' . Darmstadt University of Technology . Archived from the original on 18 October 2007 . Retrieved 25 April 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Schittich ( 2003 ) , p. 14 Jump up ^ Butti and Perlin ( 1981 ) , pp. 4 , 159 Jump up ^ Balcomb ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ Rosenfeld , Arthur ; et . al. `` Painting the Town White -- and Green '' . Heat Island Group . Archived from the original on 14 July 2007 . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey C. Silvertooth . `` Row Spacing , Plant Population , and Yield Relationships '' . University of Arizona . Retrieved 24 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Kaul ( 2005 ) , pp. 169 -- 174 Jump up ^ Butti and Perlin ( 1981 ) , pp. 42 -- 46 Jump up ^ Bénard ( 1981 ) , p. 347 Jump up ^ `` A Powerhouse Winery '' . News Update . Novus Vinum. 27 October 2008 . Retrieved 5 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Butti and Perlin ( 1981 ) , p. 19 Jump up ^ Butti and Perlin ( 1981 ) , p. 41 Jump up ^ `` The WORLD Solar Challenge -- The Background '' ( PDF ) . Australian and New Zealand Solar Energy Society . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 July 2008 . Retrieved 5 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` North American Solar Challenge '' . New Resources Group . Retrieved 3 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` South African Solar Challenge '' . Advanced Energy Foundation . Archived from the original on 12 June 2008 . Retrieved 3 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Vehicle auxiliary power applications for solar cells '' ( PDF ) . 1991 . Retrieved 11 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Electrical Review Vol. 201 , No. 7 , 12 August 1977 Jump up ^ Schmidt , Theodor . `` Solar Ships for the new Millennium '' . TO Engineering . Retrieved 30 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The sun21 completes the first transatlantic crossing with a solar powered boat '' . Transatlantic 21 . Retrieved 30 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` PlanetSolar , the first solar - powered round - the - world voyage '' . PlanetSolar . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Solar - Power Research and Dryden '' . NASA . Retrieved 30 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The NASA ERAST HALE UAV Program '' . Greg Goebel . Archived from the original on 10 February 2008 . Retrieved 30 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Solar Impulse Project . `` HB - SIA Mission '' . Archived from the original on 26 July 2011 . Retrieved 5 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Phenomena which affect a solar balloon '' . pagesperso-orange.fr . Retrieved 19 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Bolton ( 1977 ) , p. 1 Jump up ^ Wasielewski M.R. Photoinduced electron transfer in supramolecular systems for artificial photosynthesis . Chem. Rev. 1992 ; 92 : 435 -- 461 . Jump up ^ Hammarstrom L. and Hammes - Schiffer S. Artificial Photosynthesis and Solar Fuels . Accounts of Chemical Research 2009 ; 42 ( 12 ) : 1859 -- 1860 . Jump up ^ Gray H.B. Powering the planet with solar fuel . Nature Chemistry 2009 ; 1 : 7 . Jump up ^ `` Artificial photosynthesis as a frontier technology for energy sustainability -- Energy & Environmental Science ( RSC Publishing ) '' . rsc.org . Jump up ^ Agrafiotis ( 2005 ) , p. 409 Jump up ^ Zedtwitz ( 2006 ) , p. 1333 Jump up ^ `` Solar Energy Project at the Weizmann Institute Promises to Advance the use of Hydrogen Fuel '' . Weizmann Institute of Science . Archived from the original on 6 April 2008 . Retrieved 25 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Balcomb ( 1992 ) , p. 6 Jump up ^ `` Request for Participation Summer 2005 Demand Shifting with Thermal Mass '' ( PDF ) . Demand Response Research Center . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 September 2008 . Retrieved 26 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Butti and Perlin ( 1981 ) , pp. 212 -- 214 Jump up ^ `` Advantages of Using Molten Salt '' . Sandia National Laboratory . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` PV Systems and Net Metering '' . Department of Energy . Archived from the original on 4 July 2008 . Retrieved 31 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pumped Hydro Storage '' . Electricity Storage Association . Archived from the original on 21 June 2008 . Retrieved 31 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Butti and Perlin ( 1981 ) , pp. 63 , 77 , 101 Jump up ^ Butti and Perlin ( 1981 ) , p. 249 Jump up ^ Yergin ( 1991 ) , pp. 634 , 653 -- 673 Jump up ^ `` Chronicle of Fraunhofer - Gesellschaft '' . Fraunhofer - Gesellschaft . Retrieved 4 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Butti and Perlin ( 1981 ) , p. 117 Jump up ^ Butti and Perlin ( 1981 ) , p. 139 Jump up ^ `` IEA Says Solar May Provide a Third of Global Energy by 2060 '' . Bloomberg Businessweek. 1 December 2011 . References Agrafiotis , C. ; et . al. ( 2005 ) . `` Solar water splitting for hydrogen production with monolithic reactors '' . Solar Energy . 79 ( 4 ) : 409 -- 421 . Bibcode : 2005SoEn ... 79 ... 409A . doi : 10.1016 / j. solener. 2005.02. 026 . Anderson , Lorraine ; Palkovic , Rick ( 1994 ) . Cooking with Sunshine ( The Complete Guide to Solar Cuisine with 150 Easy Sun - Cooked Recipes ) . Marlowe & Company . ISBN 1 - 56924 - 300 - X . Balcomb , J. Douglas ( 1992 ) . Passive Solar Buildings . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . ISBN 0 - 262 - 02341 - 5 . Bénard , C. ; Gobin , D. ; Gutierrez , M. ( 1981 ) . `` Experimental Results of a Latent - Heat Solar - Roof , Used for Breeding Chickens '' . Solar Energy . 26 ( 4 ) : 347 -- 359 . Bibcode : 1981SoEn ... 26 ... 347B . doi : 10.1016 / 0038 - 092X ( 81 ) 90181 - X . Bolton , James ( 1977 ) . Solar Power and Fuels . Academic Press , Inc . ISBN 0 - 12 - 112350 - 2 . Bradford , Travis ( 2006 ) . Solar Revolution : The Economic Transformation of the Global Energy Industry . MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 02604 - X . Butti , Ken ; Perlin , John ( 1981 ) . A Golden Thread ( 2500 Years of Solar Architecture and Technology ) . Van Nostrand Reinhold . ISBN 0 - 442 - 24005 - 8 . Carr , Donald E. ( 1976 ) . Energy & the Earth Machine . W.W. Norton & Co . ISBN 0 - 393 - 06407 - 7 . Daniels , Farrington ( 1964 ) . Direct Use of the Sun 's Energy . Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 25938 - 6 . Denzer , Anthony ( 2013 ) . The Solar House : Pioneering Sustainable Design . Rizzoli . ISBN 978 - 0847840052 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 26 . Halacy , Daniel ( 1973 ) . The Coming Age of Solar Energy . Harper and Row . ISBN 0 - 380 - 00233 - 7 . Hunt , V. Daniel ( 1979 ) . Energy Dictionary . Van Nostrand Reinhold Co . ISBN 0 - 442 - 27395 - 9 . Karan , Kaul ; et . al. ( 2001 ) . `` Row Orientation Affects Fruit Yield in Field - Grown Okra '' . Journal of Sustainable Agriculture . 17 ( 2 / 3 ) : 169 -- 174 . doi : 10.1300 / J064v17n02_14 . Leon , M. ; Kumar , S. ( 2007 ) . `` Mathematical modeling and thermal performance analysis of unglazed transpired solar collectors '' . Solar Energy . 81 ( 1 ) : 62 -- 75 . Bibcode : 2007SoEn ... 81 ... 62L . doi : 10.1016 / j. solener. 2006.06. 017 . Lieth , Helmut ; Whittaker , Robert ( 1975 ) . Primary Productivity of the Biosphere . Springer - Verlag1 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 07083 - 4 . Martin , Christopher L. ; Goswami , D. Yogi ( 2005 ) . Solar Energy Pocket Reference . International Solar Energy Society . ISBN 0 - 9771282 - 0 - 2 . Mazria , Edward ( 1979 ) . The Passive Solar Energy Book . Rondale Press . ISBN 0 - 87857 - 238 - 4 . Meier , Anton ; et . al. ( 2005 ) . `` Solar chemical reactor technology for industrial production of lime '' . Solar Energy . 80 ( 10 ) : 1355 -- 1362 . Bibcode : 2006SoEn ... 80.1355 M . doi : 10.1016 / j. solener. 2005.05. 017 . Mills , David ( 2004 ) . `` Advances in solar thermal electricity technology '' . Solar Energy . 76 ( 1 - 3 ) : 19 -- 31 . Bibcode : 2004SoEn ... 76 ... 19M . doi : 10.1016 / S0038 - 092X ( 03 ) 00102 - 6 . Müller , Reto ; Steinfeld , A. ( 2007 ) . `` Band - approximated radiative heat transfer analysis of a solar chemical reactor for the thermal dissociation of zinc oxide '' . Solar Energy . 81 ( 10 ) : 1285 -- 1294 . Bibcode : 2007SoEn ... 81.1285 M . doi : 10.1016 / j. solener. 2006.12. 006 . Perlin , John ( 1999 ) . From Space to Earth ( The Story of Solar Electricity ) . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01013 - 2 . Bartlett , Robert ( 1998 ) . Solution Mining : Leaching and Fluid Recovery of Materials . Routledge . ISBN 90 - 5699 - 633 - 9 . Scheer , Hermann ( 2002 ) . The Solar Economy ( Renewable Energy for a Sustainable Global Future ) . Earthscan Publications Ltd . ISBN 1 - 84407 - 075 - 1 . Schittich , Christian ( 2003 ) . Solar Architecture ( Strategies Visions Concepts ) . Architektur - Dokumentation GmbH & Co . KG . ISBN 3 - 7643 - 0747 - 1 . Smil , Vaclav ( 1991 ) . General Energetics : Energy in the Biosphere and Civilization . Wiley . p. 369 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 62905 - 7 . Smil , Vaclav ( 2003 ) . Energy at the Crossroads : Global Perspectives and Uncertainties . MIT Press . p. 443 . ISBN 0 - 262 - 19492 - 9 . Smil , Vaclav ( 2006 ) . Energy at the Crossroads ( PDF ) . Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . ISBN 0 - 262 - 19492 - 9 . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . Tabor , H.Z. ; Doron , B. ( 1990 ) . `` The Beith Ha'Arava 5 MW ( e ) Solar Pond Power Plant ( SPPP ) -- Progress Report '' . Solar Energy . 45 ( 4 ) : 247 -- 253 . Bibcode : 1990SoEn ... 45 ... 247T . doi : 10.1016 / 0038 - 092X ( 90 ) 90093 - R . Tiwari , G.N. ; Singh , H.N. ; Tripathi , R. ( 2003 ) . `` Present status of solar distillation '' . Solar Energy . 75 ( 5 ) : 367 -- 373 . Bibcode : 2003SoEn ... 75 ... 367T . doi : 10.1016 / j. solener. 2003.07. 005 . Tritt , T. ; Böttner , H. ; Chen , L. ( 2008 ) . `` Thermoelectrics : Direct Solar Thermal Energy Conversion '' . MRS Bulletin . 33 ( 4 ) : 355 -- 372 . Tzempelikos , Athanassios ; Athienitis , Andreas K. ( 2007 ) . `` The impact of shading design and control on building cooling and lighting demand '' . Solar Energy . 81 ( 3 ) : 369 -- 382 . Bibcode : 2007SoEn ... 81 ... 369T . doi : 10.1016 / j. solener. 2006.06. 015 . Vecchia , A. ; et . al. ( 1981 ) . `` Possibilities for the Application of Solar Energy in the European Community Agriculture '' . Solar Energy . 26 ( 6 ) : 479 -- 489 . Bibcode : 1981SoEn ... 26 ... 479D . doi : 10.1016 / 0038 - 092X ( 81 ) 90158 - 4 . Yergin , Daniel ( 1991 ) . The Prize : The Epic Quest for Oil , Money , and Power . Simon & Schuster . p. 885 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 79932 - 0 . Zedtwitz , P.V. ; et . al. ( 2006 ) . `` Hydrogen production via the solar thermal decarbonization of fossil fuels '' . Solar Energy . 80 ( 10 ) : 1333 -- 7 . Bibcode : 2006SoEn ... 80.1333 Z . doi : 10.1016 / j. solener. 2005.06. 007 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Solar energy . `` How do Photovoltaics Work ? '' . NASA . Renewable Energy : Solar at DMOZ Solar Energy Back in the Day -- slideshow by Life magazine U.S. Solar Farm Map ( 1 MW or Higher ) Online Resources Database on Solar in Developing Countries Online resources and news from the nonprofit American Solar Energy Society `` Journal article traces dramatic advances in solar efficiency '' . SPIE Newsroom . Retrieved 4 November 2015 . Solar energy Concepts The Sun Insolation Solar radiation Active and passive solar energy Solar power Thermal Passive solar building design Solar water heating Solar chimney Solar air conditioning Thermal mass Solar pond Photovoltaics and related topics Photovoltaic effect Solar cell Polymer solar cell Nanocrystal solar cell Photovoltaic module ( solar panel ) Photovoltaic array ( and systems ) Photovoltaic power station Concentrated Heliostat Solar tracker Parabolic trough Solar power tower Experimental and proposed Solar updraft tower Solar - pumped laser Thermoelectric generator Solar chemical and artificial photosynthesis Space - based solar power Solar sail Magnetic sail Solar thermal rocket By country Australia Austria Albania Belgium Brazil Canada China Czech Denmark Georgia Germany Greece India Israel Italy Japan Lithuania Mexico Morocco Myanmar Netherlands New Zealand Pakistan Portugal Romania Saudi Arabia Somalia South Africa Spain Thailand Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Yemen Distribution and uses Storage Thermal mass Thermal energy storage Phase change material Grid energy storage Adoption Feed - in tariff Net metering Financial incentives for photovoltaics Costs Applications Solar water heating Solar vehicle Electric aircraft Electric boat Solar balloon Other applications Agriculture and horticulture Greenhouse Polytunnel Row cover Solar - powered pump Building Passive solar building design Building - integrated photovoltaics Urban heat island Lighting Hybrid solar lighting Solar lamp Solar Tuki Light tube Daylighting Process heat Solar pond Solar furnace Salt evaporation pond Cooking Solar cooker Disinfection Solar water disinfection Soil solarization Desalination Solar still Desalination Water heating Solar water heating Solar combisystem Zero carbon solar controller See also Photovoltaics topics Solar power by country Renewable energy sources Solar power by country Overview Growth of photovoltaics List of photovoltaics companies List of countries by photovoltaics production Africa Algeria Morocco Somalia South Africa Asia China Georgia India Israel Japan Myanmar Pakistan Saudi Arabia South Korea Taiwan Thailand UAE Yemen Europe Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Italy Lithuania Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Spain Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom North America Canada Jamaica Mexico United States Oceania Australia New Zealand South America Brazil Chile Portals : Energy Renewable energy Sustainable development Photovoltaics Concepts Technology Photovoltaics Photoelectric effect Solar insolation Solar constant Solar cell efficiency Quantum efficiency Nominal power ( Watt - peak ) Thin - film solar cell Multi-junction solar cell Third - generation photovoltaic cell Solar cell research Thermophotovoltaic Thermodynamic efficiency limit Sun - free photovoltaics Polarizing organic photovoltaics Materials List of semiconductor materials Crystalline silicon ( c - Si ) Polycrystalline silicon ( multi-Si ) Monocrystalline silicon ( mono - Si ) Cadmium telluride Copper indium gallium selenide Amorphous silicon ( a-Si ) History Growth of photovoltaics Timeline of solar cells Photovoltaic system Solar cells Polymer solar cell Nanocrystal solar cell Organic solar cell Quantum dot solar cell Hybrid solar cell Plasmonic solar cell Carbon nanotubes in photovoltaics Dye - sensitized solar cell Cadmium telluride photovoltaics Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells Printed solar panel Perovskite solar cell System components Solar panel Balance of system Solar charge controller Solar inverter Solar micro-inverter Solar cable Photovoltaic mounting system Maximum power point tracker Solar tracker Solar shingles Solar mirror System concepts Perturb and observe method Incremental conductance method Constant voltage method Fill factor Concentrated photovoltaics Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collector Space - based solar power Applications Appliances Solar - powered refrigerator Solar air conditioning Solar lamp Solar charger Solar backpack Solar tree Solar - powered pump Solar - powered watch Solar Tuki Photovoltaic keyboard Solar road stud Solar cell phone charger Solar notebook Solar - powered calculator Solar - powered fountain Solar - powered radio Solar - powered flashlight Solar - powered fan Solar street light Solar traffic light Land transport Solar vehicle Solar car Solar roadway Solar golf cart The Quiet Achiever Sunmobile Air transport Electric aircraft Mauro Solar Riser Solar panels on spacecraft Solar - Powered Aircraft Developments Solar One Gossamer Penguin Qinetiq Zephyr Solar Challenger Water transport Solar boat Solar vehicle racing Solar car racing List of solar car teams Solar challenges World Solar Challenge American Solar Challenge Formula Sun Grand Prix Solar Cup Frisian Solar Challenge Solar Splash South African Solar Challenge Tour de Sol Hunt - Winston School Solar Car Challenge Victorian Model Solar Vehicle Challenge Generation systems PV power station Grid - connected photovoltaic power system List of photovoltaic power stations Individual projects Alamosa photovoltaic power plant Beneixama photovoltaic power plant Blythe Photovoltaic Power Plant Copper Mountain Solar Facility Darro Solar Park Erlasee Solar Park Golmud Solar Park Gottelborn Solar Park Guadarranque solar power plant Köthen Solar Park Moura Photovoltaic Power Station Olmedilla Photovoltaic Park Pocking Solar Park Puertollano Photovoltaic Park Topaz Solar Farm Wyandot Solar Facility Building - mounted Rooftop photovoltaic power station Building - integrated photovoltaics Solar Ark Strasskirchen Solar Park By country Australia Belgium Bulgaria Canada Chile China Czech Republic France Germany Greece India Italy Japan Netherlands Romania South Africa Spain Switzerland Thailand United Kingdom USA PV companies By country List of countries by photovoltaics production Individual producers First Solar Hanwha Q CELLS JA Solar Motech Solar REC Sharp Solar Frontier Solyndra Sungen Solar Sunpower Suntech Trina Solar Yingli Solar Category Commons The Sun Internal structure Core Radiation zone Tachocline Convection zone Atmosphere Photosphere Supergranulation Granule Faculae Sunspot Chromosphere Plage Spicule Moreton wave Corona Transition region Coronal hole Coronal loop Coronal mass ejection Prominence Helmet streamer Supra - arcade downflows Variation Solar cycle List of solar cycles Solar maximum Solar minimum Wolf number Solar wind Flare Helioseismology Heliosphere Current sheet Termination shock Heliosheath Heliopause Bow shock Related topics Solar activity Solar astronomy Solar dynamo Eclipse Solar energy Solar observation Solar physics Solar System Solar telescope Solar time Standard solar model Radiation Solar neutrino Spectral class : G2V Natural resources Air Pollution / quality Ambient standards ( USA ) Index Indoor developing nations Law Clean Air Act ( USA ) Ozone depletion Emissions Airshed Trading Deforestation ( REDD ) Energy Law Resources Fossil fuels ( peak oil ) Geothermal Nuclear Solar sunlight shade Tidal Wave Wind Land Arable peak farmland Degradation Law property Management habitat conservation Minerals mining law sand peak rights Soil conservation fertility health resilience Use planning reserve Life Biodiversity Bioprospecting Biosphere Bushfood Bushmeat Fisheries law management Food Forests genetic resources law management Game law Gene bank Herbalist plants Marine conservation Non-timber forest products Rangeland Seed bank Wildlife conservation management Wood Water Types / location Aquifer storage and recovery Drinking Fresh Groundwater pollution recharge remediation Hydrosphere Ice bergs glacial polar Irrigation Rain harvesting Stormwater Surface water Wastewater reclaimed Aspects Desalination Floods Law Leaching Sanitation Conflict Conservation Peak water Pollution Privatization Quality Right Resources management policy Related Common land common - pool enclosure global tragedy theory Economics ecological Ecosystem services Exploitation overexploitation Earth Overshoot Day Management adaptive Natural capital accounting Nature reserve Systems ecology Urban ecology Wilderness Resource Conflict ( perpetuation ) Curse Depletion Extraction Nationalism Renewable / Non-renewable Portals Agriculture and agronomy Energy Environment Fishing Forestry Mining Water Wetlands Category agencies law management ministries organizations Colleges Natural resources GND : 4055572 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solar_energy&oldid=801299058 '' Categories : Solar energy Energy conversion Alternative energy Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with DMOZ links Good articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Ladino ລາວ لۊری شومالی Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Magyar मैथिली Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Patois Polski Português Română Runa Simi Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย ತುಳು Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon 文言 Winaray 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 21 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20energy	735
kamen rider × super sentai super hero taisen cast			Kamen Rider × Super Sentai : Ultra Super Hero Taisen	kamen rider × super sentai : ultra super hero taisen	Kamen Rider × Super Sentai : Ultra Super Hero Taisen ( 仮面ライダー × スーパー戦隊超スーパーヒーロー大戦 , Kamen Raidā × Sūpā Sentai Chō Sūpā Hīrō Taisen ) is a crossover film between the Kamen Rider and Super Sentai series . It premiered in Japan on March 25 , 2017 .	The film features the protagonists of Kamen Rider Ex-Aid , Uchu Sentai Kyuranger , Doubutsu Sentai Zyuohger , Shuriken Sentai Ninninger , Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger , Tokumei Sentai Go - Busters , Kamen Rider Den - O , and Kamen Rider Ryuki . This movie will celebrate the 10th anniversary of Den - O. It also features Andor Genesis spaceships from Xevious game , which serves to be used by the film 's main antagonist , and a Gashat version of Galaxian , as well as introducing the movie - exclusive Kamen Rider True Brave . The film also has the appearance of the Kamen Rider / Super Sentai hybrid team Kamen Sentai Gorider that also has a tie - in web series related to it . The characters from Kamen Rider Amazons made their cameo appearance as well along with the first appearance of the protagonist of the second season , Kamen Rider Amazon Neo before Amazons 's season 2 start . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Theme song 4 Kamen Sentai Gorider 5 External links Plot ( edit ) The film begins when a massive fleet of spaceships from the video game Xevious launches an attack on Seoul . The Kyurangers appear at the scene to face the enemies , but to no avail . Meanwhile in Japan , Amu is hospitalized in critical condition , but despite not having a human constitution , she is saved with a successful operation by Hiiro . Upon awakening , Amu reveals that she was also fighting the Xevious Armada who attacked and destroyed Zyuland before collapsing , and Poppy concludes that its appearance is the result of a portal opened between the Game and real worlds . Supicious about Poppy as she is also a being from the Game World , the Kyurangers attempt to capture her , but Emu , Hiiro and Taiga stand to defend her . The battle between the Riders and the Kyurangers is interrupted when the city is attacked by another group of game ships , this time from the arcade game Galaxian , which is repelled by several Riders and Sentai appearing from another game , `` Chou Super Hero Taisen '' , including an alternate version of Hiiro and the now deceased Kiriya Kujō . Back to CR , Poppy decides to enter the world of Chou Super Hero Taisen and enlist the help of the heroes there to fight the invaders , and Amu decides to accompany her . Once in the game , they meet a mysterious boy who flees , and Amu is attacked by Kamen Riders Stronger and Amazon , just to be rescued by Utsusemimaru , who takes them to the Alternate Hiiro who agrees to help them if Emu manages to clear the game , which is a tournament between teams of five heroes . As Emu enters the tournament as part of `` Team Ex-Aid '' , including himself , Momotaros , Yakumo Kato , Masato Jin and Shuichi Kitaoka , Poppy reveals to Hiiro that she investigated the identity of the mysterious boy with help from Balance and Naga Ray , discovering that his name is Eito Kirino , a genious programmer with a mysterious lack of emotions who once was his patient . Hiiro then reveals that he indeed was his doctor , but he decided to not treat the boy after he refused his assistance . He also reveals that Eito was the main programmer of Chou Super Hero Taisen who disappeared mysteriously after the game is completed . Once knowing this , Emu approaches Eito , promising to find a way for him to return to the real world . The tournament ends with Team Ex-Aid's victory , the members receiving the powers of all the Sentai and Riders in history to transform into the Goriders , and using their new power to destroy the Xevious Armada for good . However , this triggers Chou Super Hero Taisen 's bonus stage , materializing several villains who were defeated by the Kamen Riders and Super Sentai , led by a man who calls himself `` Shocker Leader III '' , who proceeds to destroy the world . Emu then returns to the game , where the Alternate Hiiro explains that as he failed to send Eito back to the Human world , he decided to transform the Real World into the Game world instead by destroying it , revealing that he and Eito manipulated the events so far , leading to the current situation . While Taiga , Parad and the Zyuohgers confront the villains in the real world , Emu , Hiiro , Poppy and Naga chase after Eito inside the game . While Emu faces several Riders on his way , including Kamen Riders Amazon Omega , Amazon Alpha and Amazon Neo , Hiiro confronts and defeats his other self , who entrusts him with some items from the game and asks him to watch over Eito before he disappears . When Naga and Poppy reach Eito , Naga attempts to convince Eito to concede to no avail , until Hiiro and Emu arrive , and Hiiro decides to sever the connection between both worlds to stop the enemy invasion and restore the cities and civilians they destroyed , but trapping Eito inside , much to Emu 's dismay . After the other villains are defeated with the help of the items provided by the Altenate Hiiro , the Shocker Leader summons a spaceship from Jark Matter that transforms into a massive robot . In response , Lucky uses the Gemini Kyutama to duplicate himself and the Shishi Voyager to form two Kyurenoh , while Ex-Aid uses one of the items provided by Hiiro to enlarge himself , and together , Ex-Aid and the Kyurangers destroy the enemy in a combined effort . After the battle , Hiiro convinces Eito to use his own willpower to escape from the Game World back to the human world , as he did not sever the connection between the worlds completely , leaving a gap for the boy to return . Emu then apoplogizes to Hiiro for doubting him and the Kyurangers bid farewell to Emu and the others before returning to space . Cast ( edit ) Kamen Rider Series cast Emu Hōjō ( 宝生永夢 , Hōjō Emu ) : Hiroki Iijima ( 飯島寛騎 , Iijima Hiroki ) Hiiro Kagami ( 鏡飛彩 , Kagami Hiiro ) , Another Hiiro ( もう一人の飛彩 , Mō Hitori no Hiiro ) : Toshiki Seto ( 瀬戸利樹 , Seto Toshiki ) Taiga Hanaya ( 花家大我 , Hanaya Taiga ) : Ukyo Matsumoto ( 松本享恭 , Matsumoto Ukyō ) Asuna Karino ( 仮野明日那 , Karino Asuna ) : Ruka Matsuda ( 松田るか , Matsuda Ruka ) Kiriya Kujō ( 九条貴利矢 , Kujō Kiriya ) : Hayato Onozuka ( 小野塚勇人 , Onozuka Hayato ) Parad ( パラド , Parado ) : Shouma Kai ( 甲斐翔真 , Kai Shōma ) Haima Kagami ( 鏡灰馬 , Kagami Haima ) : Hanamaru Hakata ( 博多華丸 , Hakata Hanamaru ) Shuichi Kitaoka ( 北岡秀一 , Kitaoka Shūichi ) : Ryohei Odai ( 小田井涼平 , Odai Ryōhei ) Super Sentai Series cast Lucky ( ラッキー , Rakkī ) : Takumi Kizu ( 岐洲匠 , Kizu Takumi ) Amu ( アム ) : Haruka Tateishi ( 立石晴香 , Tateishi Haruka ) Utsusemimaru ( 空蝉丸 ) : Atsushi Maruyama ( 丸山敦史 , Maruyama Atsushi ) Yakumo `` Cloud '' Kato ( 加藤クラウド八雲 , Katō Kuraudo Yakumo ) : Gaku Matsumoto ( 松本岳 , Matsumoto Gaku ) Masato Jin ( 陣マサト , Jin Masato ) : Hiroya Matsumoto ( 松本寛也 , Matsumoto Hiroya ) Naga Ray ( ナーガ・レイ , Nāga Rei ) : Taiki Yamazaki ( 山崎大輝 , Yamazaki Taiki ) Stinger ( スティンガー , Sutingā ) : Yosuke Kishi ( 岸洋佑 , Kishi Yōsuke ) Hammie ( ハミィ , Hami ) : Sakurako Okubo ( 大久保桜子 , Ōkubo Sakurako ) Spada ( スパーダ , Supāda ) : Tetsuji Sakakibara ( 榊原徹士 , Sakakibara Tetsuji ) Ultra Super Hero Taisen cast Shocker Leader III ( ショッカー首領三世 , Shokkā Shuryō Sansei ) : Diamond Yukai ( ダイアモンド ✡ ユカイ , Daiamondo Yukai ) Eito Kirino ( 霧野エイト , Kirino Eito ) : Riku Ōnishi ( 大西利空 , Ōnishi Riku ) Voiceover roles Kamen Rider Genm ( 仮面ライダーゲンム , Kamen Raidā Genmu ) : Tetsuya Iwanaga ( 岩永徹也 , Iwanaga Tetsuya ) Kamen Rider Amazon Alpha ( 仮面ライダーアマゾンアルファ , Kamen Raidā Amazon Arufa ) : Masashi Taniguchi ( 谷口賢志 , Taniguchi Masashi ) Zyuoh Eagle ( ジュウオウイーグル , Jūō Īguru ) : Masaki Nakao ( 中尾暢樹 , Nakao Masaki ) Zyuoh Shark ( ジュウオウシャーク , Jūō Shāku ) : Miki Yanagi ( 柳美稀 , Yanagi Miki ) Zyuoh Lion ( ジュウオウライオン , Jūō Raion ) : Shohei Nanba ( 南羽翔平 , Nanba Shōhei ) Zyuoh Elephant ( ジュウオウエレファント , Jūō Erefanto ) : Tsurugi Watanabe ( 渡邉剣 , Watanabe Tsurugi ) Zyuoh The World ( ジュウオウザワールド , Jūō Za Wārudo ) : Naoki Kunishima ( 國島直希 , Kunishima Naoki ) Garu ( ガル ) : Kazuya Nakai ( 中井和哉 , Nakai Kazuya ) Balance ( バランス , Baransu ) : Yūki Ono ( 小野友樹 , Ono Yūki ) Champ ( チャンプ , Chanpu ) : Akio Ōtsuka ( 大塚明夫 , Ōtsuka Akio ) Raptor 283 ( ラプター 283 , Raputā Ni Hachi San ) : M A O Xiao Lonpo ( ショウ・ロンポー , Shō Ronpō ) : Hiroshi Kamiya ( 神谷浩史 , Kamiya Hiroshi ) Momotaros ( モモタロス , Momotarosu ) : Toshihiko Seki ( 関俊彦 , Seki Toshihiko ) Urataros ( ウラタロス , Uratarosu ) : Kōji Yusa ( 遊佐浩二 , Yusa Kōji ) Kintaros ( キンタロス , Kintarosu ) : Masaki Terasoma ( てらそままさき , Terasoma Masaki ) Game MC : Akira Kawashima ( 川島明 , Kawashima Akira , of Kirin ) Rider Gashat Voice : Hironobu Kageyama ( 影山ヒロノブ , Kageyama Hironobu ) Kyuranger Equipment Voice : Subaru Kimura ( 木村昴 , Kimura Subaru ) Zyuohger Equipment Voice : Chō ( チョー ) Ninninger Equipment Voice : Tsutomu Tareki ( 垂木勉 , Tareki Tsutomu ) Theme song ( edit ) `` ray of light '' Lyrics : Maynard , Blaise , TAX Composition & Arrangement : Maynard , Blaise Artist : Monkey Majik Kamen Sentai Gorider ( edit ) The three webisode series , titled Kamen Sentai Gorider ( 仮面戦隊ゴライダー , Kamen Sentai Goraidā ) that is a sequel to Ultra Super Hero Taisen was announced to be started on au Video Pass at March 25 , 2017 . Including the cast of Kamen Rider Ex-Aid , Yutaka Kobayashi and Minami Tsukui ( Kamen Rider Gaim ) , Takayuki Tsubaki ( Kamen Rider Blade ) and Takanori Higuchi ( Kamen Rider Agito ) reprise their respective roles in the series . It also features the titular Sentai group of this webisode ( called Mazes ) series , a group of hybrid between the form of original Kamen Rider TV - series ' Riders and the color scheme of Himitsu Sentai Gorenger . Emu Is Dead ? ( 永夢、死す ? , Emu , Shisu ? ) Escape ( 脱出 , Dasshutsu ) Forever Gorider ( ゴライダーよ永遠に , Goraidā yo Eien ni ) External links ( edit ) Official website of Ultra Super Hero Taisen Official website of Kamen Sentai Gorider at TV Asahi Kamen Rider Ex-Aid Characters Episodes ( Ghost ) Heisei Generations Ultra Super Hero Taisen True Ending Heisei Generations Final Uchu Sentai Kyuranger Characters Episodes ( Zyuohger vs. Ninninger ) Ultra Super Hero Taisen Gase Indaver Strikes Back Kamen Rider Amazons Characters Episodes Ultra Super Hero Taisen Doubutsu Sentai Zyuohger Characters Episodes ( Ninninger vs. ToQger ) The Exciting Circus Panic ! vs. Ninninger Ultra Super Hero Taisen Earth Champion Tournament ( Kyoryuger Brave ) Shuriken Sentai Ninninger Characters Episodes ( ToQger vs. Kyoryuger ) Super Hero Taisen GP The Dinosaur Lord 's Splendid Ninja Scroll ! vs. ToQger FINAL WARS Zyuohger vs . Ultra Super Hero Taisen Power Rangers Ninja Steel Kamen Rider Gaim Characters Episodes The Fateful Sengoku Movie Battle Kamen Rider Taisen Great Soccer Battle ! Golden Fruits Cup ! Movie War Full Throttle Gaim Gaiden ( Heisei Generations ) Ultra Super Hero Taisen Heisei Generations Final `` Just Live More '' Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger Characters Episodes ( Go - Busters vs. Gokaiger ) Super Hero Taisen Z Gaburincho of Music Kyoryuger vs. Go - Busters Kamen Rider Taisen ToQger vs. Kyoryuger Ultra Super Hero Taisen Power Rangers Dino Charge & Dino Super Charge Power Rangers Dino Force Brave Tokumei Sentai Go - Busters Characters Energy Management Center Vaglass Films ( Gokaiger vs. Gavan ) Super Hero Taisen Protect the Tokyo Enetower ! VS Gokaiger Super Hero Taisen Z Kyoryuger VS Ultra Super Hero Taisen Other media List of episodes Project. R Kamen Rider Den - O Kamen Riders Den - O Zeronos Gaoh Mini Den - O Nega Den - O Yuuki New Den - O G Den - O Other characters List of characters Imagin Goludora & Shilubara Kamen Rider Diend Films I 'm Born ! Climax Deka Final Countdown Let 's Go Kamen Riders ( Super Hero Taisen ) Super Hero Taisen GP Ultra Super Hero Taisen Cho - Den - O Series The Onigashima Warship Cho - Den - O Trilogy Music `` Climax Jump '' Other media List of episodes Shin - O Imagin Anime Kamen Rider Blade Characters Undead List of episodes MISSING ACE Super Hero Taisen GP Ultra Super Hero Taisen Kamen Rider Ryuki Characters EPISODE FINAL 13 RIDERS Kamen Rider Brave : Survive ! The Revived Beast Rider Squad Ultra Super Hero Taisen Dragon Knight Kamen Rider Agito Characters A New Transformation PROJECT G4 Ultra Super Hero Taisen Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamen_Rider_ × _Super_Sentai : _Ultra_Super_Hero_Taisen&oldid = 807645547 '' Categories : 2017 films Japanese films 2010s Kamen Rider films 2010s Super Sentai films Crossover tokusatsu Films set in South Korea Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from February 2017 All articles lacking sources Articles containing Japanese - language text Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 07 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamen%20Rider%20%25C3%2597%20Super%20Sentai%3A%20Ultra%20Super%20Hero%20Taisen	736
the amazing world of gumball season 6 last episode			The Amazing World of Gumball ( season 6 )	the amazing world of gumball ( season 6 )		The Amazing World of Gumball ( season 6 ) Country of origin United Kingdom United States No. of episodes 44 Release Original network Cartoon Network Original release January 5 , 2018 -- present Season chronology ← Previous Season 5 List of The Amazing World of Gumball episodes The sixth season of the British - American animated television series The Amazing World of Gumball , created by Ben Bocquelet , aired on Cartoon Network in the United States on January 5 , 2018 . The series focuses on the misadventures of Gumball Watterson , a blue 12 - year - old cat , along with his adopted brother , Darwin , a goldfish . Together , they cause mischief among their family , as well as with the wide array of students at Elmore Junior High , where they attend middle school . Unlike the previous seasons of the show , this season will have 44 episodes , making it the longest season of the series . This season also contains the show 's 200th episode `` The Vegging '' . Contents 1 Development 1.1 Production 2 Episodes 3 Notes 4 References Development Production On June 22 , 2016 , Cartoon Network renewed the series for a sixth season . This is the last Season where Donielle T. Hansley Jr. voices Darwin . He voices Darwin until Christian J. Simon takes the role in `` The Anybody '' . Episodes See also : List of The Amazing World of Gumball episodes No. in series No. in season Title Written by Storyboarded by U.S. air date U.K. air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 197 `` The Rival '' Ben Bocquelet , Joe Parham , Tobi Wilson , James Hamilton , Jon Purkis and Joe Markham Adrian Maganza January 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) May 4 , 2018 GB605 1.23 Back in time to when Anais is a newborn baby , Gumball and Darwin are terrified of her sinister and evil nature of trying to get the boys in trouble and killed . They decide to ship her away , but her box ends up getting picked up by the garbage men , forcing the boys to go and rescue her . 198 `` The Lady '' Ben Bocquelet , Joe Markham , Tobi Wilson , and James Hamilton Chloé Nicolay January 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) May 1 , 2018 GB602 1.23 Gumball and Darwin become suspicious of Richard 's connection to a woman named Samantha who is always hanging out with a group of old ladies . When they realize that Richard and Samantha are one and the same , they set out to right a wrong . 199 `` The Sucker '' Ben Bocquelet , Joe Markham , Joe Parham , Jack Bernhardt , James Hamilton , and Tobi Wilson Richard Méril January 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 12 ) May 2 , 2018 GB603 0.91 Darwin ends up in detention with Julius Oppenheimer Jr. ( the 1920s cartoon - inspired , bomb - head bully first seen on `` The Lesson '' ) for trying to fix Julius ' vandalism , and Julius cons Darwin into being part of his gang , but soon regrets it when everything Darwin does goes wrong . Note : This is the second episode where Gumball is not shown . 200 `` The Vegging '' Ben Bocquelet , Joe Parham , Tobi Wilson , James Hamilton , Tom Neenan , Andrew Jones , Joe Markham , and Ciaran Murtagh Wandrille Maunoury January 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 15 ) May 28 , 2018 GB607 1.14 Gumball and Darwin decide to spend the whole day vegging out and watch TV . To do so , they drown out all the weird happenings around them , but end up having to rescue the family when they are stuck in their car hanging over the edge of a broken bridge . 201 5 `` The One '' Ben Bocquelet , Joe Markham , Tobi Wilson , Andrew Jones , Ciaran Murtagh , and James Hamilton Chloé Nicolay January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) May 7 , 2018 GB606 0.79 Gumball is put off by Tobias ' constant burns , despite the fact that he allows Darwin to do so and that he himself is self - deprecating . Realizing that Tobias wants to be his `` best '' friend , Gumball tries to let him down easily , but Tobias takes it as an invitation to eliminate Gumball 's other friends , Highlander - style . 202 6 `` The Father '' Ben Bocquelet , Tobi Wilson , James Hamilton , Jack Bernhardt , and Joe Markham Aurelie Charbonnier January 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) May 8 , 2018 GB609 0.83 Feeling bad for not having had a childhood with his father , Frankie , the kids convince Richard to try and reconnect with him through bonding , but Frankie can not seem to break his criminal habits and Richard is starting to lose his patience with him . 203 7 `` The Cringe '' Ben Bocquelet , Tobi Wilson , Joe Markham , Andrew Jones , Ciaran Murtagh , Joe Parham and James Hamilton Richard Méril February 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) May 10 , 2018 GB608 0.68 Fed up with their constant awkward encounters , Gumball and The Hot Dog Guy decide to be friends so they can revel in their embarrassing moments . When that does n't work , however , Gumball fashions a makeshift time machine and the two go back to when all their awkward encounters started . 204 8 `` The Cage '' Ben Bocquelet , Joe Markham , Tobi Wilson , and James Hamilton Aurelie Charbonnier February 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) May 3 , 2018 GB604 0.81 When Mr. Corneille ( the computer - pixelated frog geography teacher first seen on `` The Others '' ) lies to the Band - Aid school nurse about how he got injured , Gumball and Darwin think Mr. Corneille is a mixed - martial artist and convince him to go up against a Russian fighter named Joao in a cage match to raise money badly needed for the school . 205 9 `` The Neighbor '' Ben Bocquelet , Mic Graves , Joe Markham , James Hamilton , Andrew Jones , Ciaran Murtagh , Joe Parham and Tobi Wilson Bianca Ansems April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) May 29 , 2018 GB610 0.84 Gumball and Darwin realize that they do n't know the name of their neighbor , the Antlers Guy . After trying and failing to know his name , they eventually learn that his name is Harry Gedges . Unfortunately , this turns out to be his `` actual '' name as the name he was under , Gary Hedges , was actually a cover name from the witness protection program . Note : This is the last episode that Donielle T. Hansley Jr. voices Darwin . Christian J. Simon takes over for him from `` The Anybody '' onward . 206 10 `` The Anybody '' Mic Graves , Joe Parham , James Hamilton , Jon Purkis , Tom Neenan , Joe Markham , and Jess Ransom Max Loubaresse March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) TBA GB614 0.87 Clayton ( the red ball of clay known for being a liar ) poses as Gumball so Gumball can get out of serving detention , but Clayton takes his shapeshifting powers too far and ends up posing as different people in Elmore and framing them for misdemeanors . 207 11 `` The Faith '' Ben Bocquelet , Tobi Wilson , Joe Markham , Jack Bernhardt and Cariad Lloyd Richard Méril February 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 23 ) May 30 , 2018 GB611 0.87 Elmore suddenly loses its color and turns black and white . As the town descends into chaos , Gumball and Darwin venture out to look for the source which turns out to be Alan who has lost faith in humanity . The two must convince him that while life is imperfect we must do our best to make the world a better place . 208 12 `` The Candidate '' Ben Bocquelet , Tobi Wilson , Joe Markham , Jon Purkis , Tom Neenan , James Hamilton , Jack Bernhardt , Joe Parham , and Jess Ransom Richard Méril March 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) May 31 , 2018 GB613 1.00 While the adults are having a charity gala for the school , Gumball , Darwin , and Anais are forced to stay in the art room with the other kids . Gumball decides to elect himself leader in a plan to escape , but every decision he makes leads to the school crumbling . Anais must save everyone before the school explodes . 209 13 `` The Pact '' Ben Bocquelet , Tobi Wilson , Joe Markham , James Hamilton , Eddie Robson , Jack Bernhardt and Joe Parham Aurelie Charbonnier April 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 09 ) May 9 , 2018 TBA 0.85 When Principal Brown has to take the bus , he and Gumball relate their grievances about their respective girlfriends ( Miss Simian 's bad morning breath and Penny 's irritable laugh ) . They make a deal to tell each other 's girlfriends about their issues , but Principal Brown backs out on his end , causing Gumball to pester him . 210 14 `` The Shippening '' Ben Bocquelet , Joe Markham , James Hamilton , Jon Purkis , Tom Neenan and Joe Parham Aurelie Charbonnier April 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 20 ) TBA GB616 0.86 As the Awesome Store flees Elmore , it drops a Cartoon Network notebook that is found by Sarah who begins writing fan - fiction in it . Unbeknownst to her , her writing becomes reality in the town and Gumball and Darwin confront her . They soon become pressured when the cops arrive looking to get the notebook back . 211 15 `` The Brain '' Ben Bocquelet , Mic Graves , Joe Parham , Joe Markham , Jack Bernhardt , Natasha Hodgson and Tobi Wilson Zhihuang Dong June 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 18 ) TBA GB615 0.49 Anais begins suffering from brain damage after face palming so much from her family 's stupidity . The doctor prescribes that the Wattersons not do anything stupid for a week , but Gumball , Darwin and Richard are too dumb to prevent any catastrophes and Nicole can not stop running into inept people . 212 16 `` The Parents '' Ben Bocquelet , Joe Markham , James Hamilton , Gemma Arrowsmith and Tobi Wilson Aurelie Charbonnier June 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 18 ) TBA TBA 0.52 The Wattersons run into Nicole 's estranged parents , Daniel and Mary , and invite them home . They vent their frustrations out on each other regarding Nicole 's anger issues and her parents ' strict and overachieving expectations . Eventually , Gumball attempts to solve their problems with a song . 213 17 `` The Founder '' Mic Graves , Joe Markham , James Hamilton , Gemma Arrowsmith and Tobi Wilson Richard Méril June 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 18 ) TBA TBA 0.56 Nicole and Richard head to the Chanax building to pay for their internet . Even though he is told to wait outside , Richard wanders in and gets mistaken for the reclusive CEO of Chanax . His ideas end up causing chaos all throughout the building and Nicole must put a stop to it mostly so that she can pay that bill . 214 18 `` The Schooling '' Ben Bocquelet , Mic Graves , Joe Parham , Joe Markham , James Hamilton and Gemma Arrowsmith Ben Marsaud June 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 18 ) TBA GB618 0.71 Gumball and Darwin complain about school and wish they can just get a job like Larry . Intrigued , Larry has Gumball and Darwin spend a day doing all of his jobs for `` five minutes '' while he goes on break . Gumball and Darwin are shocked to discover that doing every single job in Elmore is more difficult than they thought . 215 19 `` The Intelligence '' Mic Graves , Tobi Wilson , James Hamilton , Gemma Arrowsmith and Joe Markham Aurelie Charbonnier June 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 18 ) TBA TBA 0.68 Gumball and the Internet argue with each other causing the latter to upgrade himself . Unfortunately , he becomes overpowered causing all technology to stop working , sending everyone into the Dark Ages . With no other options , Gumball and Darwin set out to look for the Internet and figure out how to fix him . 216 20 `` The Potion '' Ben Bocquelet , Mic Graves , Tobi Wilson , Joe Markham , Jack Bernhardt , and Sophie Duker Bianca Ansems July 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 16 ) TBA TBA 0.42 Hector Jotunheim is tired of being tall , so Gumball and Darwin steal a potion book from his mother to make him small . Hector ends up disliking his new height and asks to be turned back to normal , Gumball and Darwin oblige , but they forget an ingredient causing Hector to morph and forcing them to find the missing ingredient . 217 21 `` The Spinoffs '' Ben Bocquelet , Mic Graves , Tobi Wilson , Joe Markham , James Hamilton , and Natasha Hodgson Max Loubaresse July 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 16 ) TBA GB620 0.55 Rob kidnaps the Internet and forces him to play a VHS tape full of pilots that focus on other characters , including Banana Joe , Tina , Bobert , Larry , and Tobias . Note : While Gumball is briefly seen on a TV in the background in one scene , he does not directly appear making this the third episode where he is totally absent . 218 22 `` The Transformation '' Ben Bocquelet , Tobi Wilson , Andrew Jones , Ciaran Murtagh , Joe Markham , Lucien Young , and Joe Parham Richard Meril July 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 16 ) TBA TBA 0.65 While on a video chat , Penny asks Gumball to help them settle an argument over whether her family are in or out of their shells . After lots of debating , Patrick and Penny tell a story about whether they should or should n't be in their shells . So Patrick asks Gumball to settle the argument and he tells story after story to try and make them change their mind . Guest animation provided by : Julian Glander 219 23 `` The Understanding '' Mic Graves , Joe Markham , James Hamilton , Jack Bernhardt , Tobi Wilson , Tony Hull , and Joe Parham Bianca Ansems July 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 16 ) TBA GB629 0.69 Principal Brown introduces a new student named Peter Pepperoni to Gumball and Darwin . However , Peter 's speech is almost entirely gibberish and Gumball and Darwin have no idea what he is saying . This ends up leading the two to meet his parents who have an intense dislike for the government and bring them along on a heist . 220 24 `` The Ad '' Ben Bocquelet , Joe Markham , James Hamilton , Sophie Duker , Tobi Wilson , and Lucien Young Ben Marsaud July 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 16 ) TBA TBA 0.69 Richard buys a horse named Wunderklopp which angers Nicole . Luckily , she has already contacted someone to buy it , but he will not arrive to get it for two weeks . In the meantime , the Wattersons decide to transform their home into a Bed and Breakfast for a goat couple named Bernie and Ethel . Things seem fine , until they `` die '' and the Wattersons must fake their stay in Elmore . 221 25 `` The Future '' TBA TBA TBA TBA GB601 TBD Notes Jump up ^ This episode was first released online on December 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : This episode was first released online on June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Joe Markham 's name is credited twice by mistake . ^ Jump up to : This episode was first released online on July 12 , 2018 . References Jump up ^ Ben Bocquelet ( @ BenBocquelet ) ( 20 February 2017 ) . `` Yeah we 're doing 44 this season . Making up for our failures of season one . The shame 😖 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ' Amazing World of Gumball ' Renewed for Season Six '' . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network TV Schedule ( May 4 , 2018 ) '' . Bleb . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2018 . Retrieved April 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.5. 2018 - Showbuzz Daily '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Lady Airdate '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network TV Schedule ( May 1 , 2018 ) '' . Bleb . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2018 . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network TV Schedule ( May 2 , 2018 ) '' . Bleb . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2018 . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-12-2018.html Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-monday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-15-2018.html Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network TV Schedule ( May 7 , 2018 ) '' . Bleb . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2018 . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-1-19-2018.html Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network TV Schedule ( May 8 , 2018 ) '' . Bleb . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2018 . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals and Network Finals : 1.26. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network TV Schedule ( May 10 , 2018 ) '' . Bleb . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2018 . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals and Network Finals : 2.2. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network TV Schedule ( May 3 , 2018 ) '' . Bleb . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2018 . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals and Network Finals : 2.9. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 16 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.13. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 3.9. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 2.23. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 3.2. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network TV Schedule ( May 9 , 2018 ) '' . Bleb . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2018 . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.9. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals and Network Finals : 4.20. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mitch Metcalf ( June 19 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mitch Metcalf ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.16. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ @ benbocquelet ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` The first episode was meant to be The Future , but it was too heavy production-wise . So it got delayed a lot '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . The Amazing World of Gumball Characters Gumball Darwin Seasons 5 6 Video games Cartoon Network : Battle Crashers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Amazing_World_of_Gumball_(season_6)&oldid=854390565 '' Categories : The Amazing World of Gumball 2018 British television seasons 2018 American television seasons Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 00 : 30 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Amazing%20World%20of%20Gumball%20%28season%206%29	737
the land of make believe hope new jersey	The Land of Make Believe is a family amusement park catering mostly to children under 8 years of age . Opened in 1954 , it is in Hope Township , New Jersey , United States , on County Route 611 , two miles from exit 12 off of Interstate 80 . It centers itself around `` Safe and wholesome recreation '' , with entertaining rides and attractions that are enjoyed mostly by children under 8 but also has some attractions for people of all ages but not so extreme that it scares off young children mixed in .	amusement park	Land of Make Believe ( amusement park )	land of make believe ( amusement park )	The Land of Make Believe is a family amusement park catering mostly to children under 8 years of age . Opened in 1954 , it is in Hope Township , New Jersey , United States , on County Route 611 , two miles from exit 12 off of Interstate 80 . It centers itself around `` Safe and wholesome recreation '' , with entertaining rides and attractions that are enjoyed mostly by children under 8 but also has some attractions for people of all ages but not so extreme that it scares off young children mixed in .	Some of its most prominent attractions are the civil war train ( which loops around most of the park ) , the Buccaneer Pirate & Wading Pool , and the Black Hole waterslide . The Land of Make Believe has many of the standard amusement park rides like a junior sized roller coaster , and a Tilt - A-Whirl as well as more specialized attractions like a hay ride and a petting zoo . Some more of the water attractions include the Pirates Plunge , Blackbeard 's Pirate Fort , The Sidewinder , Blackbeard 's Action River Ride , and three waterslides . Train at Land of Make Believe Initially , the park featured only attractions for small children , adding some water attractions for children in the late 1980s . Beginning in the first decade of the 2000s , the park has begun to add rides that adults can enjoy but yet are not too extreme for children . These included standard intermediate adult flat rides found in carnivals and amusement parks as well as larger waterslides found in major waterparks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rides and attractions 2 Former rides and attractions 3 Water rides and attractions 4 References 5 External links Rides and attractions ( edit ) Name Description Thrill Type Notes Jump Around Frog Low Riders must be under 36 in ( 91 cm ) to ride . Rockin ' Tug Moderate Manufactured by Zamperella Tornado Ranging from Moderate to High Manufactured by Wisdom Industries T - Rex Ranging from Moderate to High Free Fallin ' High This ride was formerly `` The Frogger '' Samba Balloon Ride Moderate Manufactured by Zamperella Ferris Wheel Low Grand Carousel Low Civil War Locomotive and Train Ride A C.P. Huntington miniature train that represents a steam locomotive in the 1800s during the Civil War . Low Thriller The park 's only roller coaster that opened in 1994 . High Riders must be between 33 -- 36 in ( 84 -- 91 cm ) and accompanied by an adult . Tilt - A-Whirl High Manufactured by Sellner Manufacturing Company Indian River Low Red Baron A ride where riders ride in miniature airplanes that represented planes used in World War I . Moderate Dixie Car A simple ride featuring miniature police cars and race cars . Riders can control the sounds . Low Magic Dragon Low Carnival Midway Located by the front entrance . This midway has a lot of boardwalk carnival games to choose from that include great prizes . N / A N / A Captain Ricky The park 's official mascot . He is a bear who wears a pilot 's uniform . N / A N / A Middle Earth Theater A Medieval themed - show where guests can participate by dressing up into different costumes and being the stars of the show . N / A On rainy days , a puppet show is given . Santa 's Barn An enchanted Christmas forest which is Santa Claus ' summer home . Guests can tell Santa what they want for Christmas ahead of time and get free cookie cutters . There is also a pizza place ( Mama Santa 's Pizza ) , gift shop , and ice cream parlor ( Rudolph 's Ice Cream ) inside . N / A N / A Arcade The park also houses an arcade filled with video games where guests can win tickets to redeem for prizes . N / A N / A Haunted House & Cemetery A haunted house full of scary things inside of it . Next to the haunted house is a cemetery . N / A N / A Hay Ride An authentic old - fashioned hay ride pulled by a tractor . Low World War II Airplane Cockpit Guests can view and play with the controls in a replica World War II Airplane N / A N / A Jenny Jump House A historic house complete with an audio history about the legend of Jenny Jump . N / A N / A Old MacDonald 's Farm A petting zoo complete with live farm animals . N / A N / A Colonel Corn , Famous Talking Scarecrow Guests can interact with a scarecrow that talks . N / A N / A Maze and Candy Cane Forest A forest that is full of giant - sized candy canes and a maze that is located next to it . Both are located directly across from Santa 's Barn . N / A N / A Family Picnic Grove An area full of picnic tables where guests eat . N / A N / A Land of Make Believe Mining Company N / A N / A Pirate 's Cove The park 's waterpark that is pirate themed . Water rides ranging from low to high N / A Cookie House The park 's gift shop . N / A N / A Former rides and attractions ( edit ) Name Description Notes Obstacle Course A play obstacle course that featured cargo nets and a ball pit . N / A Frogger This moderate ride was replaced by Free Fallin ' . Little Dipper A former roller coaster in the park . Worm Ride Water rides and attractions ( edit ) Name Description Thrill Type Notes Pirate 's Plunge and Pirate 's Cannonball Pirate 's Plunge is a water ride where guests are taken down a slide , then down a huge plunge hole . Pirate 's Cannonball , on the other hand , is a water slide ride . High Tubes are required for Pirate 's Plunge , but not for Pirate 's Cannonball Wading Pool The wading pool is equipped with a pirate ship and small slides . N / A N / A Blackbeard 's Action River Ride A popular lazy river tube rafting ride . Low N / A Pirate 's Escape Guests are put inside a launch tube and then slide down High N / A Sidewinder Guests slide down a waterspray halfpipe . High This is the first Sidewinder water ride in the entire state of New Jersey . The Black Hole A tunnel like water slide . High Recommended for guests 8 and up . Water Slides Other water slides in the park include a blue waterslide and two white waterslides . High Blackbeard 's Pirate Fort Another part of the waterpark that has a water play area and a water bucket . N / A N / A References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Land of Make Believe - About Us '' . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Official site Land of Make Believe at the Roller Coaster DataBase Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Land_of_Make_Believe_(amusement_park)&oldid=782734801 '' Categories : 1954 establishments in New Jersey Amusement parks in New Jersey Buildings and structures in Warren County , New Jersey Hope Township , New Jersey Tourist attractions in Warren County , New Jersey Amusement parks opened in 1954 Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 May 2017 , at 21 : 24 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%20of%20Make%20Believe%20%28amusement%20park%29	738
who held most power in the athenian democracy			Athenian democracy	athenian democracy	Athenian democracy developed around the fifth century BC in the Greek city - state ( known as a polis ) of Athens , comprising the city of Athens and the surrounding territory of Attica , and is the first known democracy in the world . Other Greek cities set up democracies , most following the Athenian model , but none are as well documented as Athens ' .	It was a system of direct democracy , in which participating citizens voted directly on legislation and executive bills . Participation was not open to all residents : to vote one had to be an adult , male citizen i.e. neither a foreign resident , slave or a woman and the number of these `` varied between 30,000 and 50,000 out of a total population of around 250,000 to 300,000 '' or `` no more than 30 percent of the total adult population . '' The longest - lasting democratic leader was Pericles . After his death , Athenian democracy was twice briefly interrupted by oligarchic revolutions towards the end of the Peloponnesian War . It was modified somewhat after it was restored under Eucleides ; the most detailed accounts of the system are of this fourth - century modification rather than the Periclean system . Democracy was suppressed by the Macedonians in 322 BC . The Athenian institutions were later revived , but how close they were to a real democracy is debatable . Solon ( 594 BC ) , Cleisthenes ( 508 / 7 BC ) , and Ephialtes ( 462 BC ) contributed to the development of Athenian democracy . Cleisthenes broke up the power of the nobility by organizing citizens into ten groups based on where they lived rather than on their wealth . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Development 2.2 Aftermath 3 Participation and exclusion 3.1 Size and make - up of the Athenian population 3.2 Citizenship in Athens 4 Main bodies of governance 4.1 Assembly / Ecclesia 4.2 The Council / The Boule 4.3 Courts 4.4 Shifting balance between assembly and courts 4.5 Citizen - initiator 4.6 Archons and the Areopagus 4.7 Officeholders 4.7. 1 Selection by lot ( sortition / allotment ) 4.7. 2 Election 5 Individualism in Athenian democracy 6 Criticism of the democracy 7 Legacy 8 References and sources 9 External links Etymology ( edit ) Part of the Politics series Democracy History Types Anticipatory Athenian Cellular Consensus Cosmopolitan Defensive Delegative Deliberative Direct Economic Electronic Empowered Ethnic Grassroots Guided Inclusive Industrial Interactive Jacksonian Jeffersonian Liberal / Illiberal Media Multiparty New Non-partisan Participatory People 's Popular Procedural Radical Representative Religious Christian Islamic Jewish Mormon Sectarian Semi Semi-direct Social Socialist Sociocracy Sovereign Soviet Substantive Totalitarian Workplace Related topics Anarchism Kleroterion Democratic capitalism Democratic centralism Democratic confederalism Democratic republic Democratic socialism Democratization Democracy and economic growth Democracy in Marxism Democracy promotion Liberalism Libertarianism Wars between democracies Majoritarianism Motion Ochlocracy People 's democratic dictatorship Polyarchy Sortition Tyranny of the majority Voting Wave of democracy Politics portal The word `` democracy '' ( Greek : δημοκρατία ) combines the elements dêmos ( δῆμος , which means `` people '' , `` neighbourhood '' , `` district '' ) and krátos ( κράτος , which means `` force '' or `` power '' ) , and thus means literally `` people power '' . In the words `` monarchy '' and `` oligarchy '' , the second element comes from archē ( ἀρχή ) , meaning `` beginning ( that which comes first ) '' , and hence also `` first place or power '' , `` sovereignty '' . One might expect the term `` demarchy '' to have been adopted , by analogy , for the new form of government introduced by Athenian democrats . However , the word `` demarchy '' ( δημαρχία ) had already been taken and meant `` mayoralty '' , the office or rank of a high municipal magistrate . ( In present - day use , the term `` demarchy '' has acquired a new meaning . ) We are not certain that the word `` democracy '' was in existence when systems that came to be called democratic were first instituted . The word is attested in Herodotus ( Histories 6.43 ) , who wrote some of the earliest surviving Greek prose , but this might not have been before 440 or 430 BC . Around 460 BC an individual is known with the name of ' Democrates ' , a name possibly coined as a gesture of democratic loyalty ; the name can also be found in Aeolian Temnus . History ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Athens was not the only polis in Ancient Greece that instituted a democratic regime . Aristotle points to other cities that adopted governments in the democratic style . `` Yet , it is only with reference to Athens that we can attempt to trace some of the specific sixth century events that led to the institution of democracy at the end of the century . '' Before the first attempt at democratic government , Athens was ruled by a series of archons or chief magistrates , and the Areopagus , made up of ex-archons . The members of these institutions were generally aristocrats , who ruled the polis for their own advantage . In 621 BC Draco codified a set of `` notoriously harsh '' laws that were `` a clear expression of the power of the aristocracy over everybody else . '' This did not stop the aristocratic families feuding amongst themselves to obtain as much power as possible . Therefore , by the 6th century BC , the majority of Athenians `` had been ' enslaved ' to the rich '' , and they called upon Plato 's ancestor Solon , premier archon at the time , to liberate them and halt the feuding of the aristocracy . However , the `` enfranchisement of the local laboring classes was succeeded by the development of chattel slavery , the enslavement of , in large part , foreigners . '' Solon , the mediator , reshaped the city `` by absorbing the traditional aristocracy in a definition of citizenship which allotted a political function to every free resident of Attica . Athenians were not slaves but citizens , with the right , at the very least , to participate in the meetings of the assembly . '' Under these reforms , the position of archon `` was opened to all with certain property qualifications , and a Boule , a rival council of 400 , was set up . The Areopagus , nevertheless , retained ' guardianship of the laws ' '' . A major contribution to democracy was Solon 's setting up of an Ecclesia or Assembly , which was open to all male citizens . However , `` one must bear in mind that its agenda was apparently set entirely by the Council of 400 '' , `` consisting of 100 members from each of the four tribes '' , that had taken `` over many of the powers which the Areopagos had previously exercised . '' Cleisthenes Not long afterwards , the nascent democracy was overthrown by the tyrant Peisistratos , but was reinstated after the expulsion of his son , Hippias , in 510 . This sort of aristocratic takeover `` was ended by the appeal by one contender , Cleisthenes , for the support of the populace . '' The reforms of Cleisthenes in 508 / 7 undermined the domination of the aristocratic families and connected every Athenian to the city 's rule . `` Cleisthenes fixed the boundaries of the polis as a political rather than a geographical entity -- boundaries which Solon had left permeable -- by formally identifying the free inhabitants of Attica at that time as Athenian citizens . '' He did this by making the traditional tribes politically irrelevant and instituting ten new tribes , each made up of about three trytties , each consisting of several demes . `` Every male citizen on reaching the age of 18 was now to be registered in his deme . It was this registration which confirmed his citizenship . '' A third set of reforms was instigated by Ephialtes in 462 / 1 . While his opponents were away attempting to assist the Spartans , Ephialtes persuaded the Assembly to reduce the powers of the Areopagus : `` in effect stripping it of all its controlling and supervisory powers and leaving it only as a court for cases of homicide and certain offences of sacrilege . '' At the same time or soon afterwards , the membership of the Areopagus was extended to the lower level of the propertied citizenship . In the wake of Athens ' disastrous defeat in the Sicilian campaign in 413 BCE , a group of citizens took steps to limit the radical democracy they thought was leading the city to ruin . Their efforts , initially conducted through constitutional channels , culminated in the establishment of an oligarchy , the Council of 400 , in the Athenian coup of 411 BCE . The oligarchy endured for only four months before it was replaced by a more democratic government . Democratic regimes governed until Athens surrendered to Sparta in 404 BCE , when government was placed in the hands of the so - called Thirty Tyrants , pro-Spartan oligarchs . After a year pro-democracy elements regained control , and democratic forms persisted until the Macedonian army of Phillip II conquered Athens in 338 BC . Aftermath ( edit ) Alexander the Great had led a coalition of the Greek states to war with Persia in 336 BC , but his Greek soldiers were hostages for the behavior of their states as much as allies . His relations with Athens were already strained when he returned to Babylon in 324 BC ; after his death , Athens and Sparta led several Greek states to war with Macedon and lost . This led to the Hellenistic control of Athens , when the Macedonian king appointed a local agent as political governor in Athens . However , the governors , like Demetrius of Phalerum , appointed by Cassander , kept some of the traditional institutions in formal existence , although the Athenian public would consider them to be nothing more than Macedonian puppet dictators . Once Demetrius Poliorcetes ended Cassander 's rule over Athens , Demetrius of Phalerum went into exile and the democracy was restored in 307 BC . However , by now Athens had become `` politically impotent '' . An example of this was that , in 307 , in order to curry favour with Macedonia and Egypt , three new tribes were created , two in honour of the Macedonian king and his son , and the other in honour of the Egyptian king . However , when Rome fought Macedonia in 200 , the Athenians abolished the first two new tribes and created a twelfth tribe in honour of the Pergamene king . The Athenians declared for Rome , and in 146 BC Athens became an autonomous civitas foederata . `` Her independence was however little more than municipal , and , though the forms of the democracy survived , Rome ... strengthened the aristocratic elements in the constitution . '' Under Roman rule , the archons ranked as the highest officials . They were elected , and even foreigners such as Domitian and Hadrian held the office as a mark of honour . Four presided over the judicial administration . The Council ( whose numbers varied at different times from three hundred to seven hundred and fifty ) was appointed by lot . It was superseded in importance by the Areopagus , which , recruited from the elected archons , had an aristocratic character and was entrusted with wide powers . From the time of Hadrian an imperial curator superintended the finances . The shadow of the old constitution lingered on and Archons and Areopagus survived the fall of the Roman Empire . In 88 BC , there was a revolution under the philosopher Athenion , who , as tyrant , forced the Assembly to agree to elect whomever he might ask to office . Athenion allied with Mithridates of Pontus , and went to war with Rome ; he was killed during the war , and was replaced by Aristion . The victorious Roman general , Publius Cornelius Sulla , left the Athenians their lives and did not sell them into slavery ; he also restored the previous government , in 86 BC . After Rome became an Empire under Augustus , the nominal independence of Athens dissolved and its government converged to the normal type for a Roman municipality , with a Senate of decuriones . Participation and exclusion ( edit ) Size and make - up of the Athenian population ( edit ) Estimates of the population of ancient Athens vary . During the 4th century BC , there might well have been some 250,000 -- 300,000 people in Attica . Citizen families could have amounted to 100,000 people and out of these some 30,000 would have been the adult male citizens entitled to vote in the assembly . In the mid-5th century the number of adult male citizens was perhaps as high as 60,000 , but this number fell precipitously during the Peloponnesian War . This slump was permanent , due to the introduction of a stricter definition of citizen described below . From a modern perspective these figures may seem small , but among Greek city - states Athens was huge : most of the thousand or so Greek cities could only muster 1000 -- 1500 adult male citizens each ; and Corinth , a major power , had at most 15,000 . The non-citizen component of the population was made up of resident foreigners ( metics ) and slaves , with the latter perhaps somewhat more numerous . Around 338 BC the orator Hyperides ( fragment 13 ) claimed that there were 150,000 slaves in Attica , but this figure is probably no more than an impression : slaves outnumbered those of citizen stock but did not swamp them . Citizenship in Athens ( edit ) Only adult male Athenian citizens who had completed their military training as ephebes had the right to vote in Athens . The percentage of the population that actually participated in the government was 10 % to 20 % of the total number of inhabitants , but this varied from the fifth to the fourth century BC . This excluded a majority of the population : slaves , freed slaves , children , women and metics ( foreigners resident in Athens ) . The women had limited rights and privileges , had restricted movement in public , and were very segregated from the men . Also excluded from voting were citizens whose rights were under suspension ( typically for failure to pay a debt to the city : see atimia ) ; for some Athenians this amounted to permanent ( and in fact inheritable ) disqualification . Given the exclusive and ancestral concept of citizenship held by Greek city - states , a relatively large portion of the population took part in the government of Athens and of other radical democracies like it , compared to oligarchies and aristocracies . Some Athenian citizens were far more active than others , but the vast numbers required for the system to work testify to a breadth of direct participation among those eligible that greatly surpassed any present - day democracy . Athenian citizens had to be descended from citizens -- after the reforms of Pericles and Cimon in 450 BC , they `` would be confined to those whose parents were both Athenian '' . Although the legislation was not retrospective , five years later , when a free gift of grain had arrived from the Egyptian king , to be distributed among all citizens , `` many ' illegitimates ' were discovered '' and removed from the registers . Citizenship , `` commonly applied not only to the individuals themselves but to their descendants as well '' , could be granted by the assembly , and was sometimes given to large groups ( e.g. Plateans in 427 BC and Samians in 405 BC ) but , by the 4th century , only to individuals and by a special vote with a quorum of 6000 . This was generally done as a reward for some service to the state . In the course of a century , the number of citizenships so granted was in the hundreds rather than thousands . Main bodies of governance ( edit ) Constitution of the Athenians , 4th century BC There were three political bodies where citizens gathered in numbers running into the hundreds or thousands . These are the assembly ( in some cases with a quorum of 6000 ) , the council of 500 ( boule ) and the courts ( a minimum of 200 people , on some occasions up to 6000 ) . Of these three bodies was is the assembly and the courts that were the true sites of power -- although courts , unlike the assembly , were never simply called the demos ( the People ) as they were manned by a subset of the citizen body , those over thirty . But crucially citizens voting in both were not subject to review and prosecution as were council members and all other officeholders . In the 5th century BC we often hear of the assembly sitting as a court of judgment itself for trials of political importance and it is not a coincidence that 6000 is the number both for the full quorum for the assembly and for the annual pool from which jurors were picked for particular trials . By the mid-4th century however the assembly 's judicial functions were largely curtailed , though it always kept a role in the initiation of various kinds of political trial . Assembly / Ecclesia ( edit ) Main article : Ecclesia ( ancient Athens ) The central events of the Athenian democracy were the meetings of the assembly ( ἐκκλησία , ekklêsia ) . Unlike a parliament , the assembly 's members were not elected , but attended by right when they chose . Greek democracy created at Athens was direct , rather than representative : any adult male citizen over the age of 20 could take part , and it was a duty to do so . The officials of the democracy were in part elected by the Assembly and in large part chosen by lottery in a process called sortition . The assembly had four main functions : it made executive pronouncements ( decrees , such as deciding to go to war or granting citizenship to a foreigner ) ; it elected some officials ; it legislated ; and it tried political crimes . As the system evolved , the last function was shifted to the law courts . The standard format was that of speakers making speeches for and against a position followed by a general vote ( usually by show of hands ) of yes or no . Though there might be blocs of opinion , sometimes enduring , on important matters , there were no political parties and likewise no government or opposition ( as in the Westminster system ) . Voting was by simple majority . In the 5th century at least there were scarcely any limits on the power exercised by the assembly . If the assembly broke the law , the only thing that might happen is that it would punish those who had made the proposal that it had agreed to . If a mistake had been made , from the assembly 's viewpoint it could only be because it had been misled . As usual in ancient democracies , one had to physically attend a gathering in order to vote . Military service or simple distance prevented the exercise of citizenship . Voting was usually by show of hands ( χειροτονία , kheirotonia , `` arm stretching '' ) with officials judging the outcome by sight . This could cause problems when it became too dark to see properly . However , `` any member of the Assembly could demand a recount '' . For a small category of votes a quorum of 6000 was required , principally grants of citizenship , and here small coloured stones were used , white for yes and black for no . At the end of the session , each voter tossed one of these into a large clay jar which was afterwards cracked open for the counting of the ballots . Ostracism required the voters to scratch names onto pieces of broken pottery ( ὄστρακα , ostraka ) , though this did not occur within the assembly as such . The Pnyx with the speaker 's platform , the meeting place of the people of Athens . In the 5th century BC , there were 10 fixed assembly meetings per year , one in each of the ten state months , with other meetings called as needed . In the following century the meetings were set to forty a year , with four in each state month . One of these was now called the main meeting , kyria ekklesia . Additional meetings might still be called , especially as up until 355 BC there were still political trials that were conducted in the assembly rather than in court . The assembly meetings did not occur at fixed intervals , as they had to avoid clashing with the annual festivals that followed the lunar calendar . There was also a tendency for the four meetings to be aggregated toward the end of each state month . Attendance at the assembly was not always voluntary . In the 5th century public slaves forming a cordon with a red - stained rope herded citizens from the agora into the assembly meeting place ( Pnyx ) , with a fine being imposed on those who got the red on their clothes . After the restoration of the democracy in 403 BC , pay for assembly attendance was introduced . This promoted a new enthusiasm for assembly meetings . Only the first 6000 to arrive were admitted and paid , with the red rope now used to keep latecomers at bay . The council / the boule ( edit ) Main article : Boule ( ancient Greece ) § The Athenian Boule In 594 BC Solon is said to have created a boule of 400 to guide the work of the assembly . After the reforms of Cleisthenes , the Athenian Boule was expanded to 500 , and was elected by lot every year . Each of Cleisthenes 's 10 tribes provided 50 councillors who were at least 30 years old . The most important task of the Athenian Boule was to draft the deliberations ( probouleumata ) for discussion and approval in the Ecclesia . The Boule also directed finances , controlled the maintenance of the fleet and of the cavalry , judged the fitness of the magistrates - elect , received foreign ambassadors , advised the stratēgoi ( generals ) in military matters , and could be given special powers by the Ecclesia in an emergency . According to John Thorley , its membership was very carefully vetted . Cleisthenes restricted its membership , `` to those of zeugitai status and above , probably arguing that these classes had a financial interest in good government '' . A member had to be approved by his deme , `` and one can well imagine that demes were careful to select only those of known good sense who also had experience of local politics , and who were actually available to do the time - consuming job which demanded frequent attendance in Athens ; and they probably favoured those who were well past 30 '' . The members from each of the ten tribes in the Boule took it in turns to act as a standing committee ( the prytaneis ) of the Boule for a period of thirty - six days . All fifty members of the prytaneis on duty were housed and fed in the tholos of the Prytaneion , a building adjacent to the bouleuterion , where the boule met . `` Each day one of their number was chosen by lot as chairman , and he was required to stay in the tholos for the twenty - four - hour period of his office . The chairman for the day presided over any meeting of the Boule held that day , and if there was a meeting of the Assembly that day ... he also presided over that '' . The boule also served as an executive committee for the assembly , and oversaw the activities of certain other magistrates . The boule coordinated the activities of the various boards and magistrates that carried out the administrative functions of Athens and provided from its own membership randomly selected boards of ten responsible for areas ranging from naval affairs to religious observances . Altogether , the boule was responsible for a great portion of the administration of the state , but was granted relatively little latitude for initiative ; the boule 's control over policy was executed in its probouleutic , rather than its executive function ; in the former , it prepared measures for deliberation by the assembly , in the latter , it merely executed the wishes of the assembly . Courts ( edit ) Athens had an elaborate legal system centered on full citizen rights ( see atimia ) . The age limit of 30 or older , the same as that for office holders but ten years older than that required for participation in the assembly , gave the courts a certain standing in relation to the assembly . Jurors were required to be under oath , which was not required for attendance at the assembly . The authority exercised by the courts had the same basis as that of the assembly : both were regarded as expressing the direct will of the people . Unlike office holders ( magistrates ) , who could be impeached and prosecuted for misconduct , the jurors could not be censured , for they , in effect , were the people and no authority could be higher than that . A corollary of this was that , at least acclaimed by defendants , if a court had made an unjust decision , it must have been because it had been misled by a litigant . Essentially there were two grades of suit , a smaller kind known as dike ( δίκη ) or private suit , and a larger kind known as graphe or public suit . For private suits the minimum jury size was 200 ( increased to 401 if a sum of over 1000 drachmas was at issue ) , for public suits 501 . Under Cleisthenes ' reforms , juries were selected by lot from a panel of 600 jurors , there being 600 jurors from each of the ten tribes of Athens , making a jury pool of 6000 in total . For particularly important public suits the jury could be increased by adding in extra allotments of 500 . 1000 and 1500 are regularly encountered as jury sizes and on at least one occasion , the first time a new kind of case was brought to court ( see graphē paranómōn ) , all 6,000 members of the jury pool may have attended to one case . Water Clock in the Ancient Agora of Athens . The cases were put by the litigants themselves in the form of an exchange of single speeches timed by a water clock or clepsydra , first prosecutor then defendant . In a public suit the litigants each had three hours to speak , much less in private suits ( though here it was in proportion to the amount of money at stake ) . Decisions were made by voting without any time set aside for deliberation . Jurors did talk informally amongst themselves during the voting procedure and juries could be rowdy , shouting out their disapproval or disbelief of things said by the litigants . This may have had some role in building a consensus . The jury could only cast a ' yes ' or ' no ' vote as to the guilt and sentence of the defendant . For private suits only the victims or their families could prosecute , while for public suits anyone ( ho boulomenos , ' whoever wants to ' i.e. any citizen with full citizen rights ) could bring a case since the issues in these major suits were regarded as affecting the community as a whole . Justice was rapid : a case could last no longer than one day and `` completed by sunset '' . Some convictions triggered an automatic penalty , but where this was not the case the two litigants each proposed a penalty for the convicted defendant and the jury chose between them in a further vote . No appeal was possible . There was however a mechanism for prosecuting the witnesses of a successful prosecutor , which it appears could lead to the undoing of the earlier verdict . Payment for jurors was introduced around 462 BC and is ascribed to Pericles , a feature described by Aristotle as fundamental to radical democracy ( Politics 1294a37 ) . Pay was raised from 2 to 3 obols by Cleon early in the Peloponnesian war and there it stayed ; the original amount is not known . Notably , this was introduced more than fifty years before payment for attendance at assembly meetings . Running the courts was one of the major expenses of the Athenian state and there were moments of financial crisis in the 4th century when the courts , at least for private suits , had to be suspended . The system showed a marked anti-professionalism . No judges presided over the courts nor did anyone give legal direction to the jurors ; magistrates had only an administrative function and were laymen . Most of the annual magistracies at Athens could only be held once in a lifetime . There were no lawyers as such ; litigants acted solely in their capacity as citizens . Whatever professionalism there was tended to disguise itself ; it was possible to pay for the services of a speechwriter or logographer ( logographos ) , but this may not have been advertised in court . Probably jurors would be more impressed if it seemed as though the litigant were speaking for themselves . Shifting balance between assembly and courts ( edit ) As the system evolved , the courts ( that is , citizens under another guise ) intruded upon the power of the assembly . From 355 BC political trials were no longer held in the assembly , but only in a court . In 416 BC the graphē paranómōn ( `` indictment against measures contrary to the laws '' ) was introduced . Under this , anything passed by the assembly or even proposed but not yet voted on , could be put on hold for review before a jury -- which might annul it and perhaps punish the proposer as well . Remarkably , it seems that a measure blocked before the assembly voted on it did not need to go back to the assembly if it survived the court challenge : the court was enough to validate it . Once again it is important to bear in mind the lack of ' neutral ' state intervention . To give a schematic scenario by way of illustration : two men have clashed in the assembly about a proposal put by one of them ; it passed , and now the two of them go to court with the loser in the assembly prosecuting both the law and its proposer . The quantity of these suits was enormous : in effect the courts became a kind of upper house . In the 5th century there was in effect no procedural difference between an executive decree and a law : they were both simply passed by the assembly . But from 403 BC they were set sharply apart . Henceforth laws were made not in the assembly , but by special panels of citizens drawn from the annual jury pool of 6000 . They were known as the nomothetai ( νομοθέται ) , the lawmakers . Citizen - initiator ( edit ) The institutions sketched above -- assembly , officeholders , council , courts -- are incomplete without the figure that drove the whole system , Ho boulomenos , he who wishes , or anyone who wishes . This expression encapsulated the right of citizens to take the initiative : to stand to speak in the assembly , to initiate a public lawsuit ( that is , one held to affect the political community as a whole ) , to propose a law before the lawmakers or to approach the council with suggestions . Unlike officeholders , the citizen initiator was not voted before taking up office or automatically reviewed after stepping down -- it had after all no set tenure and might be an action lasting only a moment . But any stepping forward into the democratic limelight was risky and if someone chose ( another citizen initiator ) they could be called to account for their actions and punished . There were also other terms used for `` the persons who pleaded in public actions and those who had initiated private suits . Although the expression ho diokon ( literally ' the one who pursues ' ) was applied to the initiators of both public and private actions , the designations kategoros ( ' accuser ' ) ... were used only of prosecutors in public actions and in the actions for homicide heard by the Areiopagos and other homicide courts . '' Archons and the Areopagus ( edit ) Main articles : Archon and Areopagus Just before the reforms of Solon in the 7th century BC , Athens was governed by a few archons ( three rising to nine ) and the council of the Areopagus `` ( appointed by the powerful noble families from their own members ) '' . There also seems to have been a type of citizen assembly , presumably of the hoplite class . However , `` There seems little doubt that it was the arkhons , with the advice of the Areopagos , who really ran the state . '' The mass of people had no say in government at all . Solon 's reforms allowed the archons to come from some of the higher propertied classes and not only from the aristocratic families . Since the Areopagus was made up of ex-archons , this would eventually mean the weakening of the hold of the nobles there as well . However , even with Solon 's creation of the citizen 's assembly , the Archons and Areopagus still wielded a great deal of power . The reforms of Cleisthenes meant that the archons were elected by the Assembly , but were still selected from the upper classes . The Areopagus kept its power as ' Guardian of the Laws ' , `` which probably gave the Areopagos the power to intervene and to apply a veto if the Council of 500 or the Assembly or any magistrate acted or proposed to act ' unconstitutionally ' '' , however this worked in practice . Ephialtes , and later Pericles , reduced the power of the Areopagus dramatically . The Assembly `` passed a measure to limit the powers of the Areopagos , in effect stripping it of all its controlling and supervisory powers . '' In the play The Eumenides , performed in 458 , Aeschylus , himself a noble , portrays the Areopagus as a court established by Athena herself . It appears that Aeschylus `` is trying to preserve the dignity of a severely battered institution . '' Officeholders ( edit ) Approximately 1100 citizens ( including the members of the council of 500 ) held office each year . They were mostly chosen by lot , with a much smaller ( and more prestigious ) group of about 100 elected . Neither was compulsory ; individuals had to nominate themselves for both selection methods . In particular , those chosen by lot were citizens acting without particular expertise . This was almost inevitable since , with the notable exception of the generals ( strategoi ) , each office could be held by the same person only once . For example , `` The same person could not be a member of the Boule in two consecutive years , and could only be a member twice in a lifetime . '' Part of the ethos of democracy , however , was the building of general competence by ongoing involvement . In the 5th century version of the democracy , the ten annually elected generals were often very prominent , but for those who had power , it lay primarily in their frequent speeches and in the respect accorded them in the assembly , rather than their vested powers . While citizens voting in the assembly were the people and so were free of review or punishment , those same citizens when holding an office served the people and could be punished very severely . All of them were subject to a review beforehand that might disqualify them for office and an examination after stepping down . Officeholders were the agents of the people , not their representatives . Citizens active as office holders served in a quite different capacity from when they voted in the assembly or served as jurors . The assembly and the courts were regarded as the instantiation of the people of Athens : they were the people , no power was above them and they could not be reviewed , impeached or punished . However , when an Athenian took up an office , he was regarded as ' serving ' the people . As such , he could be regarded as failing in his duty and be punished for it . There were in fact some limitations on who could hold office . Age restrictions were in place with thirty years as a minimum , rendering about a third of the adult citizen body ineligible at any one time . An unknown proportion of citizens were also subject to disenfranchisement ( atimia ) , excluding some of them permanently and others temporarily ( depending on the type ) . Furthermore , all citizens selected were reviewed before taking up office ( dokimasia ) at which they might be disqualified . Competence does not seem to have been the main issue , but rather , at least in the 4th century BC , whether they were loyal democrats or had oligarchic tendencies . However , magistrates , after leaving office were subject to a scrutiny ( euthunai , literally ' straightenings ' or ' submission of accounts ' ) to review their performance . Both of these processes were in most cases brief and formulaic , but they opened up in the possibility , if some citizen wanted to take some matter up , of a contest before a jury court . In the case of a scrutiny going to trial , there was the risk for the former officeholder of suffering severe penalties . Finally , even during his period of office , any officeholder could be impeached and removed from office by the assembly . In each of the ten `` main meetings '' ( kuriai ekklesiai ) a year , the question was explicitly raised in the assembly agenda : were the office holders carrying out their duties correctly ? By and large the power exercised by these officials was routine administration and quite limited . The powers of officials were precisely defined and their capacity for initiative limited . They administered rather than governed . When it came to penal sanctions , no officeholder could impose a fine over fifty drachmas . Anything higher had to go before a court . Selection by lot ( sortition / allotment ) ( edit ) The use of a lottery to select officeholders was regarded as the most democratic means : elections would favour those who were rich , noble , eloquent and well - known , while allotment spread the work of administration throughout the whole citizen body , engaging them in the crucial democratic experience of , to use Aristotle 's words , `` ruling and being ruled in turn '' ( Politics 1317b28 -- 30 ) . The allotment of an individual was based on citizenship rather than merit or any form of personal popularity which could be bought . Allotment therefore was seen as a means to prevent the corrupt purchase of votes and it gave citizens a unique form of political equality as all had an equal chance of obtaining government office . Samons writes that `` the system of selection by lottery for members of the Council of 500 and other officials ( like the treasurers of the sacred funds ) provided a potentially significant check on the dangers of demagoguery . '' However , this may not have been completely successful , as some `` increasingly pandered to the electorate and ... often told the people only what they wanted to hear . '' The random assignment of responsibility to individuals who may or may not be competent has obvious risks , but the system included features meant to obviate possible problems . Athenians selected for office served as teams ( boards , panels ) . In a group someone will know the right way to do things and those that do not may learn from those that do . During the period of holding a particular office everyone on the team is observing everybody else . There were however officials such as the nine archons , who while seemingly a board carried out very different functions from each other . No office appointed by lot could be held twice by the same individual . The only exception was the boule or council of 500 . In this case , simply by demographic necessity , an individual could serve twice in a lifetime . This principle extended down to the secretaries and undersecretaries who served as assistants to magistrates such as the archons . To the Athenians it seems what had to be guarded against was not incompetence but any tendency to use office as a way of accumulating ongoing power . Election ( edit ) Bust of Pericles , marble Roman copy after a Greek original from c. 430 BC During an Athenian election , approximately one hundred officials out of a thousand were elected rather than chosen by lot . There were two main categories in this group : those required to handle large sums of money , and the 10 generals , the strategoi . One reason that financial officials were elected was that any money embezzled could be recovered from their estates ; election in general strongly favoured the rich , but in this case wealth was virtually a prerequisite . Generals were elected not only because their role required expert knowledge but also because they needed to be people with experience and contacts in the wider Greek world where wars were fought . In the 5th century BC , principally as seen through the figure of Pericles , the generals could be among the most powerful people in the pols . Yet in the case of Pericles , it is wrong to see his power as coming from his long series of annual generalships ( each year along with nine others ) . His office holding was rather an expression and a result of the influence he wielded . That influence was based on his relation with the assembly , a relation that in the first instance lay simply in the right of any citizen to stand and speak before the people . Under the 4th century version of democracy the roles of general and of key political speaker in the assembly tended to be filled by different persons . In part this was a consequence of the increasingly specialized forms of warfare practiced in the later period . Elected officials too were subject to review before holding office and scrutiny after office . And they too could be removed from office at any time that the assembly met . There was also a death penalty for `` inadequate performance '' while in office . Individualism in Athenian democracy ( edit ) A good example of the contempt the first democrats felt for those who did not participate in politics can be found in the modern word ' idiot ' , which finds its origins in the ancient Greek word ἰδιώτης , idiōtēs , meaning a private person , a person who is not actively interested in politics ; such characters were talked about with contempt , and the word eventually acquired its modern meaning . According to Thucydides , Pericles may have declared in a funeral oration : We do not say that a man who takes no interest in politics is a man who minds his own business ; we say that he has no business here at all . Although , under Athenian democracy , voters were allowed the same opportunity to voice their opinion and to sway the discussion , they were not always successful , and , often , the minority was forced to vote in favor of a motion that they did not agree with . Criticism of the democracy ( edit ) Main article : Slavery in ancient Greece Athenian democracy has had many critics , both ancient and modern . Ancient Greek critics of the democracy include Thucydides the general and historian , Aristophanes the playwright , Plato the pupil of Socrates , Aristotle the pupil of Plato , and a writer known as the Old Oligarch . Modern critics are more likely to find fault with the narrow definition of the citizen body , but in the ancient world the complaint , if anything , went in the opposite direction . For them , the common people were not necessarily the right people to rule and made huge mistakes . According to Samons : The modern desire to look to Athens for lessons or encouragement for modern thought , government , or society must confront this strange paradox : the people that gave rise to and practiced ancient democracy left us almost nothing but criticism of this form of regime ( on a philosophical or theoretical level ) . And what is more , the actual history of Athens in the period of its democratic government is marked by numerous failures , mistakes , and misdeeds -- most infamously , the execution of Socrates -- that would seem to discredit the ubiquitous modern idea that democracy leads to good government . Thucydides , from his Aristocratic and historical viewpoint , reasoned that the common people were often much too credulous about even contemporary facts to rule justly . Josiah Ober notes that `` Thucydides cites examples of two errors regarding Sparta : the beliefs that the two Spartan kings each had two votes in council and that there was a Spartan battalion called the ' Pitanate lochos . ' Thucydides sums up : ' Such is the degree of carelessness among the many ( hoi polloi ) in the search for truth ( aletheia ) and their preference for ready - made accounts ' . '' He contrasted his own critical - historical approach to history with the way the demos decided upon the truth . So `` Thucydides has established for his reader the existence of a potentially fatal structural flaw in the edifice of democratic ways of knowing and doing . The identification of this `` flaw '' is a key to his criticism of Athenian popular rule . '' Also , Donald Kagan writes that `` In the fourth century , Plato and Aristotle must have been repeating old complaints when they pointed out the unfairness of democracy : ' it distributes a sort of equality to equal and unequal alike ' . '' Instead of seeing it as a fair system under which ' everyone ' has equal rights , the critics saw it as the numerically preponderant poor tyrannizing the rich . They regarded this as manifestly unjust . In Aristotle this is categorized as the difference between ' arithmetic ' and ' geometric ' ( i.e. proportional ) equality . To its ancient detractors rule by the demos was also reckless and arbitrary . Two examples demonstrate this : In 406 BC , after years of defeats in the wake of the annihilation of their vast invasion force in Sicily , the Athenians at last won a naval victory at Arginusae over the Spartans . After the battle a storm arose and the generals in command failed to collect survivors : the Athenians tried and sentenced six of the eight generals to death . Technically , it was illegal , as the generals were tried and sentenced together , rather than one by one as Athenian law required . Socrates happened to be the citizen presiding over the assembly that day and refused to cooperate ( though to little effect ) and stood against the idea that it was outrageous for the people to be unable to do whatever they wanted . Later , `` the demos is reported to have regretted what had happened ... They decided that those who had misled the demos should be charged and put on trial , including ( the ) author of the motion by which the generals were tried and condemned en masse in the Assembly . This passage is often interpreted as a confession of collective regret and guilt on the part of the demos , once their anger gave way to second thoughts . '' In 399 BC Socrates was put on trial and executed for ' corrupting the young and believing in strange gods ' . His death gave Europe one of the first intellectual martyrs still recorded , but guaranteed the democracy an eternity of bad press at the hands of his disciple and enemy to democracy Plato . From Socrates ' arguments at his trial , Loren Samons writes , `` It follows , of course , that any majority -- including the majority of jurors -- is unlikely to choose rightly . '' However , `` some might argue , Athens is the only state that can claim to have produced a Socrates . Surely , some might continue , we may simply write off events such as Socrates ' execution as examples of the Athenians ' failure to realize fully the meaning and potential of their own democracy . '' While Plato blamed democracy for killing Socrates , his criticisms of the rule of the demos were much more extensive . Much of his writings were about his alternatives to democracy . His The Republic , The Statesman and Laws contained many arguments against democratic rule and in favour of a much narrower form of government : `` The organization of the city must be confided to those who possess knowledge , who alone can enable their fellow - citizens to attain virtue , and therefore excellence , by means of education . '' Whether the democratic failures should be seen as systemic , or as a product of the extreme conditions of the Peloponnesian war , there does seem to have been a move toward correction . A new version of democracy was established from 403 BC , but it can be linked with both earlier and subsequent reforms ( graphē paranómōn 416 BC ; end of assembly trials 355 BC ) . For instance , the system of nomothesia was introduced . In this : A new law might be proposed by any citizen . Any proposal to modify an existing law had to be accompanied by a proposed replacement law . The citizen making the proposal had to publish it ( in ) advance : publication consisted of writing the proposal on a whitened board located next to the statues of the Eponymous Heroes in the agora . The proposal would be considered by the Council , and would be placed on the agenda of the Assembly in the form of a motion . If the Assembly voted in favor of the proposed change , the proposal would be referred for further consideration by a group of citizens called nomothetai ( literally `` establishers of the law '' ) . Increasingly , responsibility was shifted from the assembly to the courts , with laws being made by jurors and all assembly decisions becoming reviewable by courts . That is to say , the mass meeting of all citizens lost some ground to gatherings of a thousand or so which were under oath , and with more time to focus on just one matter ( though never more than a day ) . One downside was that the new democracy was less capable of rapid response . Another tack of criticism is to notice the disquieting links between democracy and a number of less than appealing features of Athenian life . Although democracy predated Athenian imperialism by over thirty years , they are sometimes associated with each other . For much of the 5th century at least democracy fed off an empire of subject states . Thucydides the son of Milesias ( not the historian ) , an aristocrat , stood in opposition to these policies , for which he was ostracised in 443 BC . At times the imperialist democracy acted with extreme brutality , as in the decision to execute the entire male population of Melos and sell off its women and children simply for refusing to become subjects of Athens . The common people were numerically dominant in the navy , which they used to pursue their own interests in the form of work as rowers and in the hundreds of overseas administrative positions . Further they used the income from empire to fund payment for officeholding . This is the position set out by the anti-democratic pamphlet known whose anonymous author is often called the Old Oligarch . This writer ( also called pseudo-Xenophon ) produced several comments critical of democracy , such as : 1 . Democracy is not the rule of the demos qua citizenship in the interest of the entire polis , but the self - interested rule of a sociological faction. 2 . The collectivization of political responsibility for decisions and agreements in a democracy leads to dishonesty and the tendency to scapegoat individual speakers or magistrates. 3 . Because it is an integrated system , democracy seems incapable of internal amelioration , yet because of its inclusivist tendencies , especially in regard to citizenship , it coopts its natural enemies and so generates few active opponents . 4 . There is a strong relationship between a democracy 's domestic and foreign policies ; a rational imperial democracy will be likely to foment democracy among its subjects . 5 . Democracy depends on naval power ; naval power in turn depends on the control of capital resources ; ergo a democracy will tend to be aggressively acquisitive. 6 . Democracy 's core values of freedom and equality are not exclusive to the citizen population ; noncitizens are also treated more equitably than is seemly. 7 . Democracy tends to blur the distinction between nature and political culture , thereby blinding elites to their own best interests and luring them into immorality . Aristotle also wrote about what he considered to be a better form of government than democracy . Rather than any citizen partaking with equal share in the rule , he thought that `` Virtue understood as embracing courage and temperance and prudence as well as justice turns out to be the chief determinant for shares in rule . Those who are superior in virtue should receive greater shares in rule . '' A case can be made that discriminatory lines came to be drawn more sharply under Athenian democracy than before or elsewhere , in particular in relation to women and slaves , as well as in the line between citizens and non-citizens . By so strongly validating one role , that of the male citizen , it has been argued that democracy compromised the status of those who did not share it . Originally , a male would be a citizen if his father was a citizen , Under Pericles , in 450 BC , restrictions were tightened so that a citizen had to be born to an Athenian father and an Athenian mother . So Metroxenoi , those with foreign mothers , were now to be excluded . Also , `` at least by Demosthenes ' time , mixed marriages were actually heavily penalized . '' Many Athenians prominent earlier in the century would have lost citizenship , had this law applied to them : Cleisthenes , the founder of democracy , had a non-Athenian mother , and the mothers of Cimon and Themistocles were not Greek at all , but Thracian . Likewise the status of women seems lower in Athens than in many Greek cities . At Sparta women competed in public exercise -- so in Aristophanes ' Lysistrata the Athenian women admire the tanned , muscular bodies of their Spartan counterparts -- and women could own property in their own right , as they could not at Athens . Misogyny was by no means an Athenian invention , but it has been claimed that in regard to the position of women , it `` was worse in Athens than in other states '' . Yet democracy may well have been impossible without the contribution of women 's labour ( Hansen 1987 : 318 ) . Slavery was more widespread at Athens than in other Greek cities . Indeed , the extensive use of imported non-Greeks ( `` barbarians '' ) as chattel slaves seems to have been an Athenian development . This triggers the paradoxical question : Was democracy `` based on '' slavery ? It does seem clear that possession of slaves allowed even poorer Athenians -- owning a few slaves was by no means equated with wealth -- to devote more of their time to political life . But whether democracy depended on this extra time is impossible to say . The breadth of slave ownership also meant that the leisure of the rich ( the small minority who were actually free of the need to work ) rested less than it would have on the exploitation of their less well - off fellow citizens . Working for wages was clearly regarded as subjection to the will of another , but at least debt servitude had been abolished at Athens ( under the reforms of Solon at the start of the 6th century BC ) . By allowing a new kind of equality among citizens this opened the way to democracy , which in turn called for a new means , chattel slavery , to at least partially equalise the availability of leisure between rich and poor . In the absence of reliable statistics all these connections remain speculative . However , as Cornelius Castoriadis pointed out , other societies also kept slaves but did not develop democracy . Even with respect to slavery the new citizen law of 450 BC might have had effect : it is speculated that originally Athenian fathers had been able to register for citizenship offspring conceived with slave women . Since the 19th century , the Athenian version of democracy has been seen by one group as a goal yet to be achieved by modern societies . They want representative democracy to be added to or even replaced by direct democracy in the Athenian way , perhaps by utilizing electronic democracy . Another group , on the other hand , considers that , since many Athenians were not allowed to participate in its government , Athenian democracy was not a democracy at all . `` ( C ) omparisons with Athens will continue to be made as long as societies keep striving to realize democracy under modern conditions and their successes and failures are discussed . '' Legacy ( edit ) Since the middle of the 20th century , most countries have claimed to be a democracy , regardless of the actual makeup of its government . Yet , after the demise of Athenian democracy , few looked upon it as a good form of government . This was because no legitimation of that rule was formulated to counter the negative accounts of Plato and Aristotle . They saw it as the rule of the poor that plundered the rich , and so democracy was viewed as a sort of `` collective tyranny '' . `` Well into the 18th century democracy was consistently condemned . '' Sometimes , mixed constitutions evolved with a democratic element , but `` it definitely did not mean self - rule by citizens . '' In the age of Cicero and Caesar , Rome was a republic , but not a democracy . Furthermore , it would be misleading to say that the tradition of Athenian democracy was an important part of the 18th - century revolutionaries ' intellectual background . The classical example that inspired the American and French revolutionaries as well as the English radicals was Rome rather than Greece . Thus , the Founding Fathers who met in Philadelphia in 1787 , did not set up a Council of the Areopagos , but a Senate , that , eventually , met on the Capitol . Following Rousseau ( 1712 -- 1778 ) , `` democracy came to be associated with popular sovereignty instead of popular participation in the exercise of power . '' Several German philosophers and poets took delight in the fullness of life in Athens , and not long afterwards `` the English liberals put forward a new argument in favor of the Athenians '' . In opposition , thinkers such as Samuel Johnson were worried about the ignorance of a democratic decision - making body . However , `` Macaulay and John Stuart Mill and George Grote saw the great strength of the Athenian democracy in the high level of cultivation that citizens enjoyed and called for improvements in the educational system of Britain that would make possible a shared civic consciousness parallel to that achieved by the ancient Athenians . '' Therefore , it was George Grote , in his History of Greece ( 1846 -- 1856 ) , who would claim that `` Athenian democracy was neither the tyranny of the poor , nor the rule of the mob . '' He argued that only by giving every citizen the vote would people ensure that the state would be run in the general interest . Later , to the end of World War Il , democracy became dissociated from its ancient frame of reference . It was not anymore only one of the many possible ways in which political rule could be organised in a polity : it became the only possible political system in an egalitarian society . References and sources ( edit ) References Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Raaflaub , Kurt A. ( 2007 ) : The Breakthrough of Demokratia in Mid-Fifth - Century Athens , p. 112 , in : Raaflaub , Kurt A. ; Ober , Josiah ; Wallace , Robert , eds. ( 2007 ) . Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece . Berkeley : University of California Press . Jump up ^ Xenophon , Anabasis 4.4. 15 . Jump up ^ Clarke , PB. and Foweraker , Encyclopedia of Democratic Thought . Routledge , 2003 , p. 196 . ^ Jump up to : Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Farrar , C. , The Origins of Democratic Thinking : The Invention of Politics in Classical Athens , CUP Archive , 25 Aug 1989 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica , Areopagus . Jump up ^ Farrar , C. , The Origins of Democratic Thinking : The Invention of Politics in Classical Athens , CUP Archive , 25 Aug 1989 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , p. 25 . ^ Jump up to : Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , pp. 55 -- 56 Jump up ^ Blackwell , Christopher . `` The Development of Athenian Democracy '' . Dēmos : Classical Athenian Democracy . Stoa . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.pbs.org/empires/thegreeks/background/48.html Jump up ^ Habicht , C. , Athens from Alexander to Antony , Harvard University Press , 1997 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Green , P. , Alexander to Actium : The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age , University of California Press , 1993 , p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : A Companion to Greek Studies , CUP Archive , p. 447 . Jump up ^ Cartledge , P , Garnsey , P. and Gruen , ES. , Hellenistic Constructs : Essays in Culture , History , and Historiography , University of California Press , 1997 , Ch. 5 . Jump up ^ Habicht , passim ^ Jump up to : Rothchild , JA. , Introduction to Athenian Democracy of the Fifth and Fourth Centuries BCE . Jump up ^ Dixon , MD. , Late Classical and Early Hellenistic Corinth : 338 -- 196 BC , Routledge , 2014 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Kamen , D. , Status in Classical Athens , Princeton University Press , 2013 p. 9 . Jump up ^ agathe.gr : The Unenfranchised II -- Slaves and Resident Aliens Jump up ^ agathe.gr : The Unenfranchised I -- Women Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Cohen D. and Gagarin , M. , The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Greek Law Cambridge University Press , 2005 , p. 278 . Jump up ^ Sinclair , RK. , Democracy and Participation in Athens , Cambridge University Press , 30 Aug 1991 , pp. 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , p 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Manville , PB. , The Origins of Citizenship in Ancient Athens , Princeton University Press , 2014 p. 182 . Jump up ^ Aristophanes Acharnians 17 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Aristoph . Ekklesiazousai 378 - 9 Jump up ^ Terry Buckley , Aspects of Greek History : A Source - Based Approach , Routledge , 2006 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica : boule . Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , pp. 31 -- 32 Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , pp. 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Hignett , History of the Athenian Constitution , 238 Jump up ^ Hignett , History of the Athenian Constitution , 241 Jump up ^ Dover , KJ. , Greek Popular Morality in the Time of Plato and Aristotle , Hackett Publishing , 1994 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , pp. 36 -- 38 . Jump up ^ MacDowell , DM. , The Law in Classical Athens , Cornell University Press , 1978 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Bertoch , MJ. , The Greeks had a jury for it , ABA Journal , October , 1971 , Vol. 57 , p. 1013 . Jump up ^ Arnason , JP. , Raaflaub , KA. and Wagner , P. , The Greek Polis and the Invention of Democracy : A Politico - cultural Transformation and Its Interpretations , John Wiley & Sons , 2013 ' p. 167 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , PJ. , A History of the Classical Greek World : 478 -- 323 BC , John Wiley & Sons , 2011 , p. 235 . Jump up ^ MacDowell , DM. , The Law in Classical Athens , Cornell University Press , 1978 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Cohen D. and Gagarin , M. , The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Greek Law Cambridge University Press , 2005 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , pp. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Sinclair , RK. , Democracy and Participation in Athens , Cambridge University Press , 30 Aug 1991 , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica : archon Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Samons , L. , What 's Wrong with Democracy ? : From Athenian Practice to American Worship , University of California Press , 2004 , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Raaflaub , Kurt A. , Ober , Josiah and Wallace Robert W. , Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece , University of California Press , 2007 p. 182 . Jump up ^ Cartledge , Paul ( July 2006 ) . `` Ostracism : selection and de-selection in ancient Greece '' . History & Policy . United Kingdom : History & Policy . Retrieved 9 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Goldhill , S. , 2004 , The Good Citizen , in Love , Sex & Tragedy : Why Classics Matters . John Murray , London , 179 - 94 . Jump up ^ Thucydides II. 40 , trans . Rex Warner ( 1954 ) . Jump up ^ Benn , Stanley ( 2006 -- 2007 ) . ( go.galegroup.com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/ps/i.do ? p = GVRL&sw = w&u = asuniv&v = 2.1&it = r&id = GALE % 7CCX3446800483&asid = b20322f968b1a31aa41ebcaff604503c `` Democracy '' ) Check url = value ( help ) . Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2 : 699 -- 703 -- via Gale Virtual Reference Library . CS1 maint : Date format ( link ) Jump up ^ Samons , L. , What 's Wrong with Democracy ? : From Athenian Practice to American Worship , University of California Press , 2004 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Ober , J. , Political Dissent in Democratic Athens : Intellectual Critics of Popular Rule , Princeton University Press , 2001 , pp. 54 & 78 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Kagan , D. , The Fall of the Athenian Empire , Cornell University Press , 2013 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Hobden , F. and Tuplin , C. , Xenophon : Ethical Principles and Historical Enquiry , BRILL , 2012 , pp. 196 -- 199 . Jump up ^ Samons , L. , What 's Wrong with Democracy ? : From Athenian Practice to American Worship , University of California Press , 2004 , p. 12 & 195 . Jump up ^ Beck , H. , Companion to Ancient Greek Government , John Wiley & Sons , 2013 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Ober , J. , Political Dissent in Democratic Athens : Intellectual Critics of Popular Rule , Princeton University Press , 2001 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Beck , H. , Companion to Ancient Greek Government , John Wiley & Sons , 2013 , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Hansen , MH. , The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes : Structure , Principles , and Ideology , University of Oklahoma Press , 1991 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Just , R. , Women in Athenian Law and Life , Routledge , 2008 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , JP. , The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery , Volume 7 , ABC - CLIO , 1997 , pp. 312 -- 314 . Jump up ^ Grafton , A. , Most , GA. and Settis , S. , The Classical Tradition , Harvard University Press , 2010 , p. 259 . Jump up ^ Grafton , A. , Most , GA. and Settis , S. , The Classical Tradition , Harvard University Press , 2010 , pp. 256 -- 259 . Jump up ^ Hansen , MH. , The Tradition of Ancient Greek Democracy and Its Importance for Modern Democracy , Kgl . Danske Videnskabernes Selskab , 2005 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Roberts , J. , in Euben , JP et al. , Athenian Political Thought and the Reconstruction of American Democracy ' , Cornell University Press , 1994 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Vlassopoulos , K. , Politics Antiquity and Its Legacy , Oxford University Press , 2009 . Sources Habicht , Christian ( 1997 ) . Athens from Alexander to Antony . Harvard . ISBN 0 - 674 - 05111 - 4 . Hansen , M.H. ( 1987 ) . The Athenian Democracy in the age of Demosthenes . Oxford . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3143 - 6 . Hignett , Charles ( 1962 ) . A History of the Athenian Constitution . Oxford . ISBN 0 - 19 - 814213 - 7 . Manville , B. ; Ober , Josiah ( 2003 ) . A company of citizens : what the world 's first democracy teaches leaders about creating great organizations . Boston . Meier C. 1998 , Athens : a portrait of the city in its Golden Age ( translated by R. and R. Kimber ) . New York Ober , Josiah ( 1989 ) . Mass and Elite in Democratic Athens : Rhetoric , Ideology and the Power of the People . Princeton . Ober , Josiah ; Hendrick , C. ( 1996 ) . Demokratia : a conversation on democracies , ancient and modern . Princeton . Rhodes , P.J. ( 2004 ) . Athenian democracy . Edinburgh . Sinclair , R.K. ( 1988 ) . Democracy and Participation in Athens . Cambridge University Press . External links ( edit ) Ancient History Encyclopedia -- Athenian Democracy Ewbank , N. The Nature of Athenian Democracy , Clio History Journal , 2009 . Ancient Greece Outline Timeline History Geography Periods Cycladic civilization Minoan civilization Mycenaean civilization Greek Dark Ages Archaic period Classical Greece Hellenistic Greece Roman Greece Geography Aegean Sea Aeolis Alexandria Antioch Cappadocia Crete Cyprus Doris Ephesus Epirus Hellespont Ionia Ionian Sea Macedonia Magna Graecia Miletus Peloponnesus Pergamon Pontus Taurica Ancient Greek colonies City states Politics Military City states Argos Athens Byzantion Chalcis Corinth Eretria Kerkyra Larissa Megalopolis Megara Rhodes Samos Sparta Syracuse Thebes Politics Boeotarch Boule Koinon Proxeny Strategos Tagus Tyrant Amphictyonic League Athenian Agora Areopagus Ecclesia Graphē paranómōn Heliaia Ostracism Spartan Apella Ephor Gerousia Harmost Macedon Synedrion Koinon Military Wars Athenian military Antigonid Macedonian army Army of Macedon Ballista Cretan archers Hellenistic armies Hippeis Hoplite Hetairoi Macedonian phalanx Phalanx Peltast Pezhetairos Sarissa Sacred Band of Thebes Sciritae Seleucid army Spartan army Toxotai Xiphos Xyston People List of ancient Greeks Rulers Kings of Argos Archons of Athens Kings of Athens Kings of Commagene Diadochi Kings of Lydia Kings of Macedonia Kings of Paionia Attalid kings of Pergamon Kings of Pontus Kings of Sparta Tyrants of Syracuse Philosophers Anaxagoras Anaximander Anaximenes Antisthenes Aristotle Democritus Diogenes of Sinope Empedocles Epicurus Gorgias Heraclitus Hypatia Leucippus Parmenides Plato Protagoras Pythagoras Socrates Thales Zeno Authors Aeschylus Aesop Alcaeus Archilochus Aristophanes Bacchylides Euripides Herodotus Hesiod Hipponax Homer Ibycus Lucian Menander Mimnermus Panyassis Philocles Pindar Plutarch Polybius Sappho Simonides Sophocles Stesichorus Theognis Thucydides Timocreon Tyrtaeus Xenophon Others Agesilaus II Agis II Alcibiades Alexander the Great Aratus Archimedes Aspasia Demosthenes Epaminondas Euclid Hipparchus Hippocrates Leonidas Lycurgus Lysander Milo of Croton Miltiades Pausanias Pericles Philip of Macedon Philopoemen Praxiteles Ptolemy Pyrrhus Solon Themistocles Groups Philosophers Playwrights Poets Tyrants By culture Ancient Greek tribes Thracian Greeks Ancient Macedonians Society Culture Society Agriculture Calendar Clothing Coinage Cuisine Economy Education Festivals Funeral and burial practices Homosexuality Law Olympic Games Pederasty Philosophy Prostitution Religion Slavery Warfare Wedding customs Wine Arts and science Architecture Greek Revival architecture Astronomy Literature Mathematics Medicine Music Musical system Pottery Sculpture Technology Theatre Religion Funeral and burial practices Mythology mythological figures Temple Twelve Olympians Underworld Sacred places Eleusis Delphi Delos Dodona Mount Olympus Olympia Structures Athenian Treasury Lion Gate Long Walls Philippeion Theatre of Dionysus Tunnel of Eupalinos Temples Aphaea Artemis Athena Nike Erechtheion Hephaestus Hera , Olympia Parthenon Samothrace Zeus , Olympia Language Proto - Greek Mycenaean Homeric Dialects Aeolic Arcadocypriot Attic Doric Ionic Locrian Macedonian Pamphylian Koine Writing Linear A Linear B Cypriot syllabary Greek alphabet Greek numerals Attic numerals Lists Cities in Epirus People Place names Stoae Temples Theatres Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Athenian_democracy&oldid=816244177 '' Categories : Ancient Greek society Athenian democracy Political systems Ancient Greek law Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors CS1 maint : Date format Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Use dmy dates from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch Avañe'ẽ Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Corsu Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 04 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenian%20democracy	739
who put together the list of amendments that became the bill of rights			History of the United states Constitution	history of the united states constitution	The United States Constitution was written in 1787 during the Philadelphia Convention . The old Congress set the rules the new government followed in terms of writing and ratifying the new constitution . After ratification in eleven states , in 1789 its elected officers of government assembled in New York City , replacing the Articles of Confederation government . The original Constitution has been amended twenty - seven times . The meaning of the Constitution is interpreted and extended by judicial review in the federal courts . The original parchment copies are on display at the National Archives Building .	Two alternative plans were developed in Convention . The nationalist majority , soon to be called `` Federalists , '' put forth the Virginia Plan , a consolidated government based on proportional representation among the states by population . The `` old patriots , '' later called `` Anti-Federalists , '' advocated the New Jersey Plan , a purely federal proposal , based on providing each state with equal representation . The Connecticut Compromise allowed for both plans to work together . Other controversies developed regarding slavery and a Bill of Rights in the original document . The drafted Constitution was submitted to the Confederation Congress . It in turn forwarded the Constitution as drafted to the states for ratification by the Constitutional method proposed . The Federalist Papers provided background and justification for the Constitution . Some states agreed to ratify the Constitution only if the amendments that were to become the Bill of Rights would be taken up immediately by the new government , and they were duly proposed in the first session of the First Congress . Once the Confederation Congress certified that eleven states had ratified the Constitution , elections were held , the new government began on March 4 , 1789 , and the Articles Congress dissolved itself . Later Amendments address individual liberties and freedoms , federal relationships , election procedures , terms of office , expanding the electorate , ending slavery , financing government , consumption of alcohol and Congressional pay . Criticism over the life of the Constitution has centered on expanding democracy and states rights . Contents ( hide ) 1 Declaration of Independence 2 Revolutionary Congress 3 Articles of Confederation 4 Steps to a convention 4.1 Mount Vernon Conference 4.2 Constitutional reforms considered 4.3 Annapolis Convention 5 Constitutional Convention 5.1 Sessions 5.1. 1 Convening 5.1. 2 Agenda 5.1. 3 Slavery in debate 5.2 `` Great Compromise '' 5.3 Two new branches 5.4 Re-allocate power 5.4. 1 Increase Congress 5.4. 2 Limit governments 5.4. 3 Population power 5.4. 3.1 House changes 5.4. 3.2 Senate changes 5.5 Final document 6 Ratification of the Constitution 7 Amendments to the Constitution 7.1 Bill of Rights 7.2 Subsequent amendments 8 Criticism of the Constitution 8.1 Expand democracy 8.2 States ' rights 9 History of the physical document 10 See also 11 Notes 12 Footnotes 13 References 13.1 Primary sources 13.2 Scholarly studies 14 External links Declaration of Independence ( edit ) Main article : United States Declaration of Independence On June 4 , 1776 , a resolution was introduced in the Second Continental Congress declaring the union with Great Britain to be dissolved , proposing the formation of foreign alliances , and suggesting the drafting of a plan of confederation to be submitted to the respective states . Independence was declared on July 4 , 1776 ; the preparation of a plan of confederation was postponed . Although the Declaration was a statement of principles , it did not create a government or even a framework for how politics would be carried out . It was the Articles of Confederation that provided the necessary structure to the new nation during and after the American Revolution . The Declaration , however , did set forth the ideas of natural rights and the social contract that would help form the foundation of constitutional government . The era of the Declaration of Independence is sometimes called the `` Continental Congress '' period . John Adams famously estimated as many as one - third of those resident in the original thirteen colonies were patriots . Scholars such as Gordon Wood describe how Americans were caught up in the Revolutionary fervor and excitement of creating governments , societies , a new nation on the face of the earth by rational choice as Thomas Paine declared in Common Sense . Republican government and personal liberty for `` the people '' were to overspread the New World continents and to last forever , a gift to posterity . These goals were influenced by Enlightenment philosophy . The adherents to this cause seized on English Whig political philosophy as described by historian Forrest McDonald as justification for most of their changes to received colonial charters and traditions . It was rooted in opposition to monarchy they saw as venal and corrupting to the `` permanent interests of the people . '' To these partisans , voting was the only permanent defense of the people . Elected terms for legislature were cut to one year , for Virginia 's Governor , one year without re-election . Property requirements for suffrage for men were reduced to taxes on their tools in some states . Free blacks in New York could vote if they owned enough property . New Hampshire was thinking of abolishing all voting requirements for men but residency and religion . New Jersey let women vote . In some states , senators were now elected by the same voters as the larger electorate for the House , and even judges were elected to one - year terms . These `` radical Whigs '' were called the people `` out - of - doors . '' They distrusted not only royal authority , but any small , secretive group as being unrepublican . Crowds of men and women massed at the steps of rural Court Houses during market - militia - court days . Shays Rebellion is a famous example . Urban riots began by the out - of - doors rallies on the steps of an oppressive government official with speakers such as members of the Sons of Liberty holding forth in the `` people 's `` committees '' until some action was decided upon , including hanging his effigy outside a bedroom window , or looting and burning down the offending tyrant 's home . Revolutionary Congress ( edit ) The government of the First and Second Continental Congress , the period from September 1774 to March 1 , 1781 is referred to as the Revolutionary Congress . Beginning in 1777 , the substantial powers assumed by Congress `` made the league of states as cohesive and strong as any similar sort of republican confederation in history '' . The process created the United States `` by the people in collectivity , rather than by the individual states '' , because only four had state constitutions at the time of the Declaration of Independence founding the nation , and three of those were provisional . Prior to the Articles of Confederation , and the Articles Congress , the Supreme Court in Ware v. Hylton and again in Penhallow v. Doane 's Administrators , perceived Congress as exercising powers derived from the people , expressly conferred through the medium of state conventions or legislatures , and , once exercised , `` impliedly ratified by the acquiescence and obedience of the people '' . Articles of Confederation ( edit ) Main article : Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation was unanimously adopted in 1781 . Over the previous four years , it had been used by Congress as a `` working document '' to administer the early United States government , win the Revolutionary War and secure the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) with Great Britain . Lasting successes prior to the Constitutional Convention included the Land Ordinance of 1785 whereby Congress promised settlers west of the Appalachian Mountains full citizenship and eventual statehood . Some historians characterize this period from 1781 to 1789 as weakness , dissension , and turmoil . Other scholars view the evidence as reflecting an underlying stability and prosperity . But returning prosperity in some areas did not slow the growth of domestic and foreign problems . Nationalists saw the confederation 's central government as not strong enough to establish a sound financial system , regulate trade , enforce treaties , or go to war when needed . The Congress was the sole organ of the national government , without a national court to interpret law nor an executive branch to enforce them . Governmental functions , including declarations of war and calls for an army , were supported in some degree for some time , by each state voluntarily , or not . These newly independent states separated from Britain no longer received favored treatment at British ports . The British refused to negotiate a commercial treaty in 1785 because the individual American states would not be bound by it . Congress could not act directly upon the States nor upon individuals . It had no authority to regulate foreign or interstate commerce . Every act of government was left to the individual States . Each state levied taxes and tariffs on other states at will , which invited retaliation . Congress could vote itself mediator and judge in state disputes , but states did not have to accept its decisions . The weak central government could not back its policies with military strength , embarrassing it in foreign affairs . The British refused to withdraw their troops from the forts and trading posts in the new nation 's Northwest Territory , as they had agreed to do in the Treaty of Paris of 1783 . British officers on the northern boundaries and Spanish officers to the south supplied arms to Native American tribes , allowing them to attack American settlers . The Spanish refused to allow western American farmers to use their port of New Orleans to ship produce . Revenues were requisitioned by Congressional petition to each state . None paid what they were asked ; sometimes some paid nothing . Congress appealed to the thirteen states for an amendment to the Articles to tax enough to pay the public debt as principal came due . Twelve states agreed , Rhode Island did not , so it failed . The Articles required super majorities . Amendment proposals to states required ratification by all thirteen states , all important legislation needed 70 % approval , at least nine states . Repeatedly , one or two states defeated legislative proposals of major importance . Without taxes the government could not pay its debt . Seven of the thirteen states printed large quantities of its own paper money , backed by gold , land , or nothing , so there was no fair exchange rate among them . State courts required state creditors to accept payments at face value with a fraction of real purchase power . The same legislation that these states used to wipe out the Revolutionary debt to patriots was used to pay off promised veteran pensions . The measures were popular because they helped both small farmers and plantation owners pay off their debts . The Massachusetts legislature was one of the five against paper money . It imposed a tightly limited currency and high taxes . Without paper money veterans without cash lost their farms for back taxes . This triggered Shays Rebellion to stop tax collectors and close the courts . Troops quickly suppressed the rebellion , but nationalists like George Washington warned , `` There are combustibles in every state which a spark might set fire to . '' Steps to a Convention ( edit ) Mount Vernon conference ( edit ) Main article : Mount Vernon Conference An important milestone in interstate cooperation outside the framework of the Articles of Confederation occurred in March 1785 , when delegates representing Maryland and Virginia met in Virginia , to address navigational rights in the states 's common waterways . On March 28 , 1785 , the group drew up a thirteen - point proposal to govern the two states ' rights on the Potomac River , Pocomoke River , and Chesapeake Bay . Known as the Mount Vernon Compact ( formally titled the `` Compact of 1785 '' ) , this agreement not only covered tidewater navigation but also extended to issues such as toll duties , commerce regulations , fishing rights , and debt collection . Ratified by the legislatures of both states , the compact , which is still in force , helped set a precedent for later meetings between states for discussions into areas of mutual concern . The conference 's success encouraged James Madison to introduce a proposal in the Virginia General Assembly for further debate of interstate issues . With Maryland 's agreement , on January 21 , 1786 , Virginia invited all the states to attend another interstate meeting later that year in Annapolis , Maryland , to discuss the trade barriers between the various states . Constitutional reforms considered ( edit ) The Articles Congress received a report on August 7 , 1786 from a twelve - member `` Grand Committee '' , appointed to develop and present `` such amendments to the Confederation , and such resolutions as it may be necessary to recommend to the several states , for the purpose of obtaining from them such powers as will render the federal government adequate to '' its declared purposes . Seven amendments to the Articles of Confederation were proposed . Under these reforms , Congress would gain `` sole and exclusive '' power to regulate trade . States could not favor foreigners over citizens . Tax bills would require 70 % vote , public debt 85 % , not 100 % . Congress could charge states a late payment penalty fee . A state withholding troops would be charged for them , plus a penalty . If a state did not pay , Congress could collect directly from its cities and counties . A state payment on another 's requisition would earn annual 6 % . There would have been a national court of seven . No - shows at Congress would have been banned from any U.S. or state office . These proposals were , however , sent back to committee without a vote and were not taken up again . Annapolis Convention ( edit ) Main article : Annapolis Convention ( 1786 ) The Annapolis Convention , formally titled `` A Meeting of Commissioners to Remedy Defects of the Federal Government '' , convened at George Mann 's Tavern on September 11 , 1786 . Delegates from five states gathered to discuss ways to facilitate commerce between the states and establish standard rules and regulations . At the time , each state was largely independent from the others and the national government had no authority in these matters . Appointed delegates from four states either arrived too late to participate or otherwise decided not attend . Because so few states were present , delegates did not deem `` it advisable to proceed on the business of their mission . '' However , they did adopt a report calling for another convention of the states to discuss possible improvements to the Articles of Confederation . They desired that Constitutional Convention take place in Philadelphia in the summer of 1787 . Legislatures of seven states -- Virginia , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , North Carolina , New Hampshire , Delaware , and Georgia -- immediately approved and appointed their delegations . New York and others hesitated thinking that only the Continental Congress could propose amendments to the Articles . George Washington was unwilling to attend an irregular convention like failed Annapolis Convention . Congress then called the convention at Philadelphia . The `` Federal Constitution '' was to be changed to meet the requirements of good government and `` the preservation of the Union '' . Congress would then approve what measures it allowed , then the state legislatures would unanimously confirm whatever changes of those were to take effect . Constitutional Convention ( edit ) See also : Constitutional Convention ( United States ) Independence Hall , south wing . Philadelphia Washington as Convention President Twelve state legislatures , Rhode Island being the only exception , sent delegates to convene at Philadelphia in May 1787 . While the resolution calling the Convention specified that its purpose was to propose amendments to the Articles , through discussion and debate it became clear by mid-June that the Convention would propose a Constitution with a fundamentally new design . Sessions ( edit ) The Congress of the Confederation endorsed a plan to revise the Articles of Confederation on February 21 , 1787 . It called on each state legislature to send delegates to a convention `` ' for the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation ' in ways that , when approved by Congress and the states , would ' render the federal constitution adequate to the exigencies of government and the preservation of the Union . ' '' To amend the Articles into a workable government , 74 delegates from the twelve states were named by their state legislatures ; 55 showed up , and 39 eventually signed . On May 3 , eleven days early , James Madison arrived to Philadelphia and met with James Wilson of the Pennsylvania delegation to plan strategy . Madison outlined his plan in letters that ( 1 ) State legislatures each send delegates , not the Articles Congress . ( 2 ) Convention reaches agreement with signatures from every state . ( 3 ) The Articles Congress approves forwarding it to the state legislatures . ( 4 ) The state legislatures independently call one - time conventions to ratify , selecting delegates by each state 's various rules of suffrage . The Convention was to be `` merely advisory '' to the people voting in each state . ( show ) Delegates to the Constitutional Convention Order Name State represented aa 1 Washington , George George Washington Virginia ab 2 Langdon , John John Langdon New Hampshire ac 3 Gilman , Nicholas Nicholas Gilman New Hampshire ad 4 Gorham , Nathaniel Nathaniel Gorham Massachusetts ae 5 King , Rufus Rufus King Massachusetts af 6 Johnson , William Samuel William Samuel Johnson Connecticut ag 7 Sherman , Roger Roger Sherman Connecticut ah 8 Hamilton , Alexander Alexander Hamilton New York ai 9 Livingston , William William Livingston New Jersey aj 10 Brearley , David David Brearley New Jersey ak 11 Paterson , William William Paterson New Jersey al 12 Dayton , Jonathan Jonathan Dayton New Jersey am 13 Franklin , Benjamin Benjamin Franklin Pennsylvania an 14 Mifflin , Thomas Thomas Mifflin Pennsylvania ao 15 Morris , Robert Robert Morris Pennsylvania ap 16 Clymer , George George Clymer Pennsylvania aq 17 FitzSimons , Thomas Thomas FitzSimons Pennsylvania ar 18 Ingersoll , Jared Jared Ingersoll Pennsylvania as 19 Wilson , James James Wilson Pennsylvania at 20 Morris , Gouverneur Gouverneur Morris Pennsylvania au 21 Read , George George Read Delaware av 22 Bedford , Jr. , Gunning Gunning Bedford , Jr . Delaware aw 23 Dickinson , John John Dickinson Delaware ax 24 Bassett , Richard Richard Bassett Delaware ay 25 Broom , Jacob Jacob Broom Delaware az 26 McHenry , James James McHenry Maryland bb 27 Jenifer , Daniel of St. Thomas Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Maryland bc 28 Carroll , Daniel Daniel Carroll Maryland bd 29 Blair , Jr. , John John Blair , Jr . Virginia be 30 Madison , Jr. , James James Madison , Jr . Virginia bf 31 Blount , William William Blount North Carolina bg 32 Spaight , Richard Dobbs Richard Dobbs Spaight North Carolina bh 33 Williamson , Hugh Hugh Williamson North Carolina bi 34 Rutledge , John John Rutledge South Carolina bj 35 Pinckney , Charles Cotesworth Charles Cotesworth Pinckney South Carolina bk 36 Pinckney , Charles Charles Pinckney South Carolina bl 37 Butler , Pierce Pierce Butler South Carolina bm 38 Few , William William Few Georgia bn 39 Baldwin , Abraham Abraham Baldwin Georgia bp Χ Gerry , Elbridge Elbridge Gerry Massachusetts bq Χ Mason , George George Mason Virginia br Χ Randolph , Edmund Edmund Randolph Virginia bs ⋈ Davie , William William Davie North Carolina bt ⋈ Ellsworth , Oliver Oliver Ellsworth Massachusetts bu ⋈ Houston , William William Houston New Jersey bv ⋈ Houstoun , William William Houstoun Georgia bw ⋈ Lansing , John John Lansing New York bx ⋈ Martin , Alexander Alexander Martin North Carolina by ⋈ Martin , Luther Luther Martin Maryland bz ⋈ McClurg , James James McClurg Virginia cc ⋈ Mercer , John John Mercer Maryland cd ⋈ Pierce , William William Pierce Georgia ce ⋈ Strong , Caleb Caleb Strong Massachusetts cf ⋈ Wythe , George George Wythe Virginia cg ⋈ Yates , Robert Robert Yates New York Signed the Constitution Refused to sign the Constitution Dropped out of the convention Convening ( edit ) George Washington arrived on time , Sunday , the day before the scheduled opening . For the entire duration of the Convention , Washington was a guest at the home of Robert Morris , Congress ' financier for the American Revolution and a Pennsylvania delegate . Morris entertained the delegates lavishly . William Jackson , in two years to be the president of the Society of the Cincinnati , had been Morris ' agent in England for a time ; and he won election as a non-delegate to be the convention secretary . The nationalists organize George Washington Convention President Nathaniel Gorham , MA Chair , Cmte. of the Whole The convention was scheduled to open May 14 , but only Pennsylvania and Virginia delegations were present . The Convention was postponed until a quorum of seven states gathered on Friday the 25th . George Washington was elected the Convention president , and Chancellor ( judge ) George Wythe ( Va ) was chosen Chair of the Rules Committee . The rules of the Convention were published the following Monday . Nathaniel Gorham ( Ma ) was elected Chair of the `` Committee of the Whole '' . These were the same delegates in the same room , but they could use informal rules for the interconnected provisions in the draft articles to be made , remade and reconnected as the order of business proceeded . The Convention officials and adopted procedures were in place before the arrival of nationalist opponents such as John Lansing ( NY ) and Luther Martin ( MD ) . By the end of May , the stage was set . The Constitutional Convention voted to keep the debates secret so that the delegates could speak freely , negotiate , bargain , compromise and change . Yet the proposed Constitution as reported from the Convention was an `` innovation '' , the most dismissive epithet a politician could use to condemn any new proposal . It promised a fundamental change from the old confederation into a new , consolidated yet federal government . The accepted secrecy of usual affairs conducted in regular order did not apply . It became a major issue in the very public debates leading up to the crowd - filled ratification conventions . Despite the public outcry against secrecy among its critics , the delegates continued in positions of public trust . State legislatures chose ten Convention delegates of their 33 total for the Articles Congress that September . Agenda ( edit ) Every few days , new delegates arrived , happily noted in Madison 's Journal . But as the Convention went on , individual delegate coming and going meant that a state 's vote could change with the change of delegation composition . The volatility added to the inherent difficulties , making for an `` ever - present danger that the Convention might dissolve and the entire project be abandoned . '' Nationalist floor leaders from biggest states James Madison , VA `` Father of the Constitution '' James Wilson , PA `` unsung hero of Convention '' Although twelve states sent delegations , there were never more than eleven represented in the floor debates , often fewer . State delegations absented themselves at votes different times of day . There was no minimum for a state delegation ; one would do . Daily sessions would have thirty members present . Members came and went on public and personal business . The Articles Congress was meeting at the same time , so members would absent themselves to New York City on Congressional business for days and weeks at a time . But the work before them was continuous , even if attendance was not . The Convention resolved itself into a `` Committee of the Whole '' , and could remain so for days . It was informal , votes could be taken and retaken easily , positions could change without prejudice , and importantly , no formal quorum call was required . The nationalists were resolute . As Madison put it , the situation was too serious for despair . They used the same State House , later named Independence Hall , as the Declaration signers . The building setback from the street was still dignified , but the `` shaky '' steeple was gone . When they adjourned each day , they lived in nearby lodgings , as guests , roomers or renters . They ate supper with one another in town and taverns , `` often enough in preparation for tomorrow 's meeting . '' Delegates reporting to the Convention presented their credentials to the Secretary , Major William Jackson of South Carolina . The state legislatures of the day used these occasions to say why they were sending representatives abroad . New York thus publicly enjoined its members to pursue all possible `` alterations and provisions '' for good government and `` preservation of the Union '' . New Hampshire called for `` timely measures to enlarge the powers of Congress '' . Virginia stressed the `` necessity of extending the revision of the federal system to all its defects '' . Consolidated national v. pure `` federal '' Edmund Randolph , VA consolidated government William Paterson , NJ states and congress equal On the other hand , Delaware categorically forbade any alteration of the Articles one - state , equal vote , one - vote - only provision in the Articles Congress . The Convention would have a great deal of work to do to reconcile the many expectations in the chamber . At the same time , delegates wanted to finish their work by fall harvest and its commerce . May 29 , Edmund Randolph ( VA ) proposed the Virginia Plan that would serve as the unofficial agenda for the Convention . It was weighted toward the interests of the larger , more populous states . The intent was to meet the purposes set out in the Articles of Confederation , `` common defense , security of liberty and general welfare '' . The Virginia Plan was national , authority flowed from the people . If the people will ratify them , changes for better republican government and national union should be proposed . Much of the Virginia Plan was adopted . All the powers in the Articles transfer to the new government . Congress has two houses , the ' house ' apportioned by population . It can enact laws affecting more than one state and Congress can override a veto . The President can enforce the law . The Supreme Court and inferior courts rule on international , U.S. and state law . The Constitution is the supreme law and all state officers swear to uphold the Constitution . Every state is a republic , and new states can be admitted . The Articles Congress continued until the new system started . Amendments are possible without Congress . The Convention recommendations went to Congress , from them to the states . State legislatures set the election rules for ratification conventions , and the people `` expressly '' chose representatives to consider and decide about the Constitution . June 15 , William Patterson ( NJ ) proposed the Convention minority 's New Jersey Plan . It was weighted toward the interests of the smaller , less populous states . The intent was to preserve the states from a plan to `` destroy or annihilate '' them . The New Jersey Plan was purely federal , authority flowed from the states . Gradual change should come from the states . If the Articles could not be amended , then advocates argued that should be the report from the Convention to the states . Although the New Jersey Plan only survived three days as an alternate proposal , substantial elements of it were adopted . The articles were `` revised , corrected and enlarged '' for good government and preservation of the Union . The Senate is elected by the states , at first by the state legislatures . Congress passes acts for revenue collected directly in the states , and the rulings of state courts are reviewed by the Supreme Court . State apportionment for taxes failed , but the ' house ' is apportioned by the population count of free inhabitants and three - fifths of others originally . States can be added to the Union . Presidents appoint federal judges . Treaties entered into by Congress are the supreme law of the land . All state judiciaries are bound to enforce treaties , state laws notwithstanding . The President can raise an army to enforce treaties in any state . States treat a violation of law in another state as though it happened there . Current knowledge of drafting the Constitution comes primarily from the Journal left by James Madison , found chronologically incorporated in Max Farrand 's `` The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 '' , which included the Convention Journal and sources from other Federalists and Anti-Federalists . Scholars observe that it is unusual in world history for the minority in a revolution to have the influence that the `` old patriot '' Anti-Federalists had over the `` nationalist '' Federalists who had the support of the revolutionary army in the Society of the Cincinnati . Both factions were intent on forging a nation in which both could be full participants in the changes which were sure to come , since that was most likely to allow for their national union , guarantee liberty for their posterity , and promote their mutual long - term material prosperity . Slavery in debate ( edit ) Main article : Slavery in the United States The contentious issue of slavery was too controversial to be resolved during the Convention . But it was at center stage in the Convention three times , June 7 regarding who would vote for Congress , June 11 in debate over how to proportion relative seating in the ' house ' , and August 22 relating to commerce and the future wealth of the nation . Once the Convention looked at how to proportion the House representation , tempers among several delegates exploded over slavery . When the Convention progressed beyond the personal attacks , it adopted the existing `` federal ratio '' for taxing states by three - fifths of slaves held . On August 6 , the Committee of Detail reported its proposed revisions to the Randolph Plan . Again the question of slavery came up , and again the question was met with attacks of outrage . Over the next two weeks , delegates wove a web of mutual compromises relating to commerce and trade , east and west , slave - holding and free . The transfer of power to regulate slave trade from states to central government could happen in 20 years , but only then . Later generations could try out their own answers . The delegates were trying to make a government that might last that long . Migration of the free or `` importation '' of indentures and slaves could continue by states , defining slaves as persons , not property . Long - term power would change by population as counted every ten years . Apportionment in the House would not be by wealth , it would be by people , the free citizens and three - fifths the number of other persons meaning propertyless slaves and taxed Indian farming families . In 1806 , President Thomas Jefferson sent a message to the 9th Congress on their constitutional opportunity to remove U.S. citizens from the transatlantic slave trade `` ( violating ) human rights '' . The 1807 `` Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves '' took effect the first instant the Constitution allowed , January 1 , 1808 . The United States joined the British Parliament that year in the first `` international humanitarian campaign '' . In the 1840 - 1860 era abolitionists denounced the Fugitive Slave Clause and other protections of slavery . William Lloyd Garrison famously declared the Constitution `` a covenant with death and an agreement with Hell . '' In ratification conventions , the anti-slavery delegates sometimes began as anti-ratification votes . Still , the Constitution `` as written '' was an improvement over the Articles from an abolitionist point of view . The Constitution provided for abolition of the slave trade but the Articles did not . The outcome could be determined gradually over time . Sometimes contradictions among opponents were used to try to gain abolitionist converts . In Virginia , Federalist George Nicholas dismissed fears on both sides . Objections to the Constitution were inconsistent , `` At the same moment it is opposed for being promotive and destructive of slavery ! '' But the contradiction was never resolved peaceably , and the failure to do so contributed to the Civil War . `` Great Compromise '' ( edit ) Main article : Connecticut Compromise Roger Sherman ( CT ) , although something of a political broker in Connecticut , was an unlikely leader in the august company of the Convention . But on June 11 , he proposed the first version of the Convention 's `` Great Compromise '' . It was like the proposal he made in the 1776 Continental Congress . Representation in Congress should be both by states and by population . There , he was voted down by the small states in favor of all states equal , one vote only . Now in 1787 Convention , he wanted to balance all the big - state victories for population apportionment . He proposed that in the second ' senate ' branch of the legislature , each state should be equal , one vote and no more . The motion for equal state representation in a ' senate ' failed : 6 against , 5 for . `` Men of original principles '' Luther Martin , MD if not state equality create regional nations After these defeats , the delegates who called themselves the `` old patriots '' of 1776 and the `` men of original principles '' organized a caucus in the Convention . William Paterson ( NJ ) spoke for them introducing his `` New Jersey Plan '' . Roger Sherman ( CT ) , a signer of the Declaration of Independence , was with them . Supporters explained that it `` sustained the sovereignty of the states '' , while the Edmund Randolph ( VA ) `` Virginia Plan '' erased it . The Convention had no authority to propose anything not sent up from state legislatures , and the states were not likely to adopt anything new . The `` nationalists '' answered , The Convention could not conclude anything , but it could recommend anything . `` Patriots '' said if their legislature knew anything about proposals for consolidated government , it would not have sent anyone . `` Nationalists '' countered , that it would be treason to withhold any proposal for good government when the salvation of the American republic was at stake . Three sessions after its introduction , the New Jersey Plan failed : 7 against , 3 for , 1 divided . For nearly a month there was no progress ; small states were seriously thinking of walking out of the Convention . Then June 25 , the `` original principles '' men finally won a vote . The ' senate ' would be chosen by the state legislatures , not the people , passed : 9 for , 2 against . The basis of representation for both the ' house ' and the ' senate ' re-surfaced . Sherman tried a second time to get his idea for a ' house ' on the basis of population and a ' senate ' on an equal states basis . The `` big states '' got their population ' house ' win , then his equal state ' senate ' motion was dropped without a vote . The majority adjourned `` before a determination was taken in the House . '' Luther Martin ( MD ) insisted that he would rather divide the Union into regional governments than submit to a consolidated government under the Randolph Plan . Sherman 's proposal came up again for the third time from Oliver Ellsworth ( CT ) . In the `` senate '' , the states should have equal representation . Advocates said that it could not be agreed to , the union would fall apart somehow . Big states would not be trusted , the small states could confederate with a foreign power showing `` more good faith '' . If delegates could not unite behind this here , one day the states could be united by `` some foreign sword '' . On the question of equal state representation , the Convention adjourned in the same way again , `` before a determination was taken in the House . '' . On July 2 , the Convention for the fourth time considered a `` senate '' with equal state votes . This time a vote was taken , but it stalled again , tied at 5 yes , 5 no , 1 divided . The Convention elected one delegate out of the delegation of each state onto a Committee to make a proposal ; it reported July 5 . Nothing changed over five days . July 10 , Lansing and Yates ( NY ) quit the Convention in protest over the big state majorities repeatedly overrunning the small state delegations in vote after vote . No direct vote on the basis of ' senate ' representation was pushed on the floor for another week . But the Convention floor leaders kept moving forward where they could . First the new ' house ' seat apportionment was agreed , balancing big and small , north and south . The big states got a decennial census for ' house ' apportionment to reflect their future growth . Northerners had insisted on counting only free citizens for the ' house ' ; southern delegations wanted to add property . Benjamin Franklin 's compromise was that there would be no `` property '' provision to add representatives , but states with large slave populations would get a bonus added to their free persons by counting three - fifths other persons . On July 16 , Sherman 's `` Great Compromise '' prevailed on its fifth try . Every state was to have equal numbers in the United States Senate . Washington ruled it passed on the vote 5 yes , 4 no , 1 divided . It was not that five was a majority of twelve , but to keep the business moving forward , he used precedent established in the Convention earlier . Now some of the big - state delegates talked of walking out , but none did . Debate over the next ten days developed an agreed general outline for the Constitution . Small states readily yielded on many questions . Most remaining delegates , big - state and small , now felt safe enough to chance a new plan . Two new branches ( edit ) Ruler as `` chief magistrate '' John Dickinson , DE for one - person president The Constitution innovated two branches of government that were not a part of the U.S. government during the Articles of Confederation . Previously , a thirteen - member committee had been left behind in Philadelphia when Congress adjourned to carry out the `` executive '' functions . Suits between states were referred to the Articles Congress , and treated as a private bill to be determined by majority vote of members attending that day . On June 7 , the `` national executive '' was taken up in Convention . The `` chief magistrate '' , or ' presidency ' was of serious concern for a formerly colonial people fearful of concentrated power in one person . But to secure a `` vigorous executive '' , nationalist delegates such as James Wilson ( PA ) , Charles Pinckney ( SC ) , and John Dickenson ( DE ) favored a single officer . They had someone in mind whom everyone could trust to start off the new system , George Washington . After introducing the item for discussion , there was a prolonged silence . Benjamin Franklin ( Pa ) and John Rutledge ( SC ) had urged everyone to speak their minds freely . When addressing the issue with George Washington in the room , delegates were careful to phrase their objections to potential offenses by officers chosen in the future who would be ' president ' `` subsequent '' to the start - up . Roger Sherman ( CT ) , Edmund Randolph ( VA ) and Pierce Butler ( SC ) all objected , preferring two or three persons in the executive , as had the ancient Roman Republic . Nathaniel Gorham was Chair of the Committee of the Whole , so Washington sat in the Virginia delegation where everyone could see how he voted . The vote for a one - man ' presidency ' carried 7 - for , 3 - against , New York , Delaware and Maryland in the negative . Virginia , along with George Washington , had voted yes . As of that vote for a single ' presidency ' , George Mason ( VA ) gravely announced to the floor , that as of that moment , the Confederation 's federal government was `` in some measure dissolved by the meeting of this Convention . '' First national court ( s ) Rufus King , MA district courts = flexibility The Convention was following the Randolph Plan for an agenda , taking each resolve in turn to move proceedings forward . They returned to items when overnight coalitions required adjustment to previous votes to secure a majority on the next item of business . June 19 , and it was Randolph 's Ninth Resolve next , about the national court system . On the table was the nationalist proposal for the inferior ( lower ) courts in the national judiciary . Pure 1776 republicanism had not given much credit to judges , who would set themselves up apart from and sometimes contradicting the state legislature , the voice of the sovereign people . Under the precedent of English Common Law according to William Blackstone , the legislature , following proper procedure , was for all constitutional purposes , `` the people . '' This dismissal of unelected officers sometimes took an unintended turn among the people . One of John Adams clients believed the First Continental Congress in 1775 had assumed the sovereignty of Parliament , and so abolished all previously established courts in Massachusetts . In the Convention , looking at a national system , Judge Wilson ( PA ) sought appointments by a single person to avoid legislative payoffs . Judge Rutledge ( SC ) was against anything but one national court , a Supreme Court to receive appeals from the highest state courts , like the South Carolina court he presided over as Chancellor . Rufus King ( MA ) thought national district courts in each state would cost less than appeals that otherwise would go to the ' supreme court ' in the national capital . National inferior courts passed but making appointments by ' congress ' was crossed out and left blank so the delegates could take it up later after `` maturer reflection . '' Re-allocate power ( edit ) Main article : Federalism in the United States Wikisource has original text related to this article : Constitution of the United States The Constitutional Convention created a new , unprecedented form of government by reallocating powers of government . Every previous national authority had been either a centralized government , or a `` confederation of sovereign constituent states . '' The American power - sharing was unique at the time . The sources and changes of power were up to the states . The foundations of government and extent of power came from both national and state sources . But the new government would have a national operation . To meet their goals of cementing the Union and securing citizen rights , Framers allocated power among executive , senate , house and judiciary of the central government . But each state government in their variety continued exercising powers in their own sphere . Increase Congress ( edit ) The Convention did not start with national powers from scratch , it began with the powers already vested in the Articles Congress with control of the military , international relations and commerce . The Constitution added ten more . Five were minor relative to power sharing , including business and manufacturing protections . One important new power authorized Congress to protect states from the `` domestic violence '' of riot and civil disorder , but it was conditioned by a state request . The Constitution increased Congressional power to organize , arm and discipline the state militias , to use them to enforce the laws of Congress , suppress rebellions within the states and repel invasions . But the Second Amendment would ensure that Congressional power could not be used to disarm state militias . Taxation substantially increased the power of Congress relative to the states . It was limited by restrictions , forbidding taxes on exports , per capita taxes , requiring import duties to be uniform and that taxes be applied to paying U.S. debt . But the states were stripped of their ability to levy taxes on imports , which was at the time , `` by far the most bountiful source of tax revenues '' . Congress had no further restrictions relating to political economy . It could institute protective tariffs , for instance . Congress overshadowed state power regulating interstate commerce ; the United States would be the `` largest area of free trade in the world . '' The most undefined grant of power was the power to `` make laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution '' the Constitution 's enumerated powers . Limit governments ( edit ) As of ratification , sovereignty was no longer to be theoretically indivisible . With a wide variety of specific powers among different branches of national governments and thirteen republican state governments , now `` each of the portions of powers delegated to the one or to the other ... is ... sovereign with regard to its proper objects '' . There were some powers that remained beyond the reach of both national powers and state powers , so the logical seat of American `` sovereignty '' belonged directly with the people - voters of each state . Besides expanding Congressional power , the Constitution limited states and central government . Six limits on the national government addressed property rights such as slavery and taxes . Six protected liberty such as prohibiting ex post facto laws and no religious tests for national offices in any state , even if they had them for state offices . Five were principles of a republic , as in legislative appropriation . These restrictions lacked systematic organization , but all constitutional prohibitions were practices that the British Parliament had `` legitimately taken in the absence of a specific denial of the authority . '' The regulation of state power presented a `` qualitatively different '' undertaking . In the state constitutions , the people did not enumerate powers . They gave their representatives every right and authority not explicitly reserved to themselves . The Constitution extended the limits that the states had previously imposed upon themselves under the Articles of Confederation , forbidding taxes on imports and disallowing treaties among themselves , for example . In light of the repeated abuses by ex post facto laws passed by the state legislatures , 1783 -- 1787 , the Constitution prohibited ex post facto laws and bills of attainder to protect United States citizen property rights and right to a fair trial . Congressional power of the purse was protected by forbidding taxes or restraint on interstate commerce and foreign trade . States could make no law `` impairing the obligation of contracts . '' To check future state abuses the framers searched for a way to review and veto state laws harming the national welfare or citizen rights . They rejected proposals for Congressional veto of state laws and gave the Supreme Court appellate case jurisdiction over state law because the Constitution is the supreme law of the land . The United States had such a geographical extent that it could only be safely governed using a combination of republics . Federal judicial districts would follow those state lines . Population power ( edit ) The British had relied upon a concept of `` virtual representation '' to give legitimacy to their House of Commons . It was not necessary to elect anyone from a large port city , or the American colonies , because the representatives of `` rotten boroughs '' , the mostly abandoned medieval fair towns with twenty voters , `` virtually represented '' them . Philadelphia in the colonies was second in population only to London . They were all Englishmen , supposed to be a single people , with one definable interest . Legitimacy came from membership in Parliament of the sovereign realm , not elections from people . As Blackstone explained , the Member is `` not bound ... to consult with , or take the advice , of his constituents . '' As Constitutional historian Gordon Wood elaborated , `` The Commons of England contained all of the people 's power and were considered to be the very persons of the people they represented . '' G. Morris , PA provinces forever While the English `` virtual representation '' was hardening into a theory of Parliamentary sovereignty , the American theory of representation was moving towards a theory of sovereignty of the people . In their new constitutions written since 1776 , Americans required community residency of voters and representatives , expanded suffrage , and equalized populations in voting districts . There was a sense that representation `` had to be proportioned to the population . '' The Convention would apply the new principle of `` sovereignty of the people '' both to the House of Representatives , and to the United States Senate . House changes ( edit ) Once the Great Compromise was reached , delegates in Convention then agreed to a decennial census to count the population . The Americans themselves did not allow for universal suffrage for all adults . Their sort of `` virtual representation '' said that those voting in a community could understand and themselves represent non-voters when they had like interests that were unlike other political communities . There were enough differences among people in different American communities for those differences to have a meaningful social and economic reality . Thus New England colonial legislatures would not tax communities which had not yet elected representatives . When the royal governor of Georgia refused to allow representation to be seated from four new counties , the legislature refused to tax them . The 1776 Americans had begun to demand expansion of the franchise , and in each step , they found themselves pressing towards a philosophical `` actuality of consent . '' The Convention determined that the power of the people , should be felt in the House of Representatives . For the U.S. Congress , persons alone were counted . Property was not counted . Senate changes ( edit ) The Convention found it more difficult to give expression to the will of the people in new states . What state might be `` lawfully arising '' outside the boundaries of the existing thirteen states ? The new government was like the old , to be made up of pre-existing states . Now there was to be admission of new states . Regular order would provide new states by state legislatures for Kentucky , Tennessee and Maine . But the Articles Congress had by its Northwest Ordnance presented the Convention with a new issue . Settlers in the Northwest Territory might one day constitute themselves into `` no more than five '' states . More difficult still , most delegates anticipated adding alien peoples of Canada , Louisiana and Florida to United States territory . Generally in American history , European citizens of empire were given U.S. citizenship on territorial acquisition . Should they become states ? Some delegates were reluctant to expand into any so `` remote wilderness '' . It would retard the commercial development of the east . They would be easily influenced , `` foreign gold '' would corrupt them . Western peoples were the least desirable Americans , only good for perpetual provinces . There were so many foreigners moving out west , there was no telling how things would turn out . These were poor people , they could not pay their fair share of taxes . It would be `` suicide '' for the original states . New states could become a majority in the Senate , they would abuse their power , `` enslaving '' the original thirteen . If they also loved liberty , and could not tolerate eastern state dominance , they would be justified in civil war . Western trade interests could drag the country into an inevitable war with Spain for the Mississippi River . As time wore on , any war for the Mississippi River was obviated by the 1803 Louisiana Purchase and the 1812 American victory at New Orleans . Even if there were to be western states , a House representation of 40,000 might be too small , too easy for the westerners . `` States '' had been declared out west already . They called themselves republics , and set up their own courts directly from the people without colonial charters . In Transylvania , Westsylvania , Franklin , and Vandalia , `` legislatures '' met with emissaries from British and Spanish Empires in violation of the Articles of Confederation , just as the sovereign states had done . In the Constitution as written , no majorities in Congress could break up the larger states without their consent . `` New state '' advocates had no fear of western states achieving a majority one day . For example , the British sought to curb American growth . That brought hate , then separation . Follow the same rule , get the same results . Congress has never been able to discover a better rule than majority rule . If they grow , let them rule . As they grow , they must get all their supplies from eastern businesses . Character is not determined by points of a compass . States admitted are equals , they will be made up of our brethren . Commit to right principles , even if the right way , one day , benefits other states . They will be free like ourselves , their pride will not allow anything but equality . It was at this time in the Convention that Reverend Manasseh Cutler arrived to lobby for western land sales . He brought acres of land grants to parcel out . Their sales would fund most of the U.S. government expenditures for its first few decades . There were allocations for the Ohio Company stockholders at the Convention , and for others delegates too . Good to his word , in December 1787 , Cutler led a small band of pioneers into the Ohio Valley . The provision for admitting new states became relevant at the purchase of Louisiana . It was constitutionally justifiable under the `` treaty making '' power of the federal government . The agrarian advocates sought to make the purchase of land that had never been administered , conquered , or formally ceded to any of the original thirteen states . Jefferson 's Democratic - Republicans would divide the Louisiana Purchase into states , speeding land sales to finance the federal government with no new taxes . The new populations of new states would swamp the commercial states in the Senate . They would populate the House with egalitarian Democrat - Republicans to overthrow the Federalists . Jefferson dropped the proposal of Constitutional amendment to permit the purchase , and with it , his notion of a confederation of sovereign states . Final document ( edit ) After nearly four months of debate , on September 8 , 1787 , the final text of the Constitution was set down and revised . Then , an official copy of the document was engrossed by Jacob Shallus . The effort consisted of copying the text ( prelude , articles and endorsement ) on four sheets of vellum parchment , made from treated animal skin and measuring approximately 28 inches ( 71 cm ) by 23 inches ( 58 cm ) , probably with a goose quill . Shallus engrossed the entire document except for the list of states at the end of the document , which are in Alexander Hamilton 's handwriting . On September 17 , 1787 , following a speech given by Benjamin Franklin , 39 delegates endorsed and submitted the Constitution to the Congress of the Confederation . Ratification of the Constitution ( edit ) Dates of ratification of the Constitution by the 13 states Massachusetts ' Rufus King assessed the Convention as a creature of the states , independent of the Articles Congress , submitting its proposal to Congress only to satisfy forms . Though amendments were debated , they were all defeated . On September 28 , 1787 , the Articles Congress resolved `` unanimously '' to transmit the Constitution to state legislatures for submitting to a ratification convention according to the Constitutional procedure . Several states enlarged the numbers qualified just for electing ratification delegates . In doing so , they went beyond the Constitution 's provision for the most voters for the state legislature . Delaware , on December 7 , 1787 , became the first State to ratify the new Constitution , with its vote being unanimous . Pennsylvania ratified on December 12 , 1787 , by a vote of 46 to 23 ( 66.67 % ) . New Jersey ratified on December 19 , 1787 , and Georgia on January 2 , 1788 , both with unanimous votes . The requirement of ratification by nine states , set by Article Seven of the Constitution , was met when New Hampshire voted to ratify , on June 21 , 1788 . In New York , fully two thirds of the convention delegates were at first opposed to the Constitution . Hamilton led the Federalist campaign , which included the fast - paced appearance of The Federalist Papers in New York newspapers . An attempt to attach conditions to ratification almost succeeded , but on July 26 , 1788 , New York ratified , with a recommendation that a bill of rights be appended . The vote was close -- yeas 30 ( 52.6 % ) , nays 27 -- due largely to Hamilton 's forensic abilities and his reaching a few key compromises with moderate anti-Federalists led by Melancton Smith . Following Massachusetts 's lead , the Federalist minorities in both Virginia and New York were able to obtain ratification in convention by linking ratification to recommended amendments . A minority of the Constitution 's critics continued to oppose the Constitution . Maryland 's Luther Martin argued that the federal convention had exceeded its authority ; he still called for amending the Articles . Article 13 of the Articles of Confederation stated that the union created under the Articles was `` perpetual '' and that any alteration must be `` agreed to in a Congress of the United States , and be afterwards confirmed by the legislatures of every State '' . However , the unanimity required under the Articles made all attempts at reform impossible . Martin 's allies such as New York 's John Lansing , Jr. , dropped moves to obstruct the Convention 's process . They began to take exception to the Constitution `` as it was '' , seeking amendments . Several conventions saw supporters for `` amendments before '' shift to a position of `` amendments after '' for the sake of staying in the Union . New York Anti 's `` circular letter '' was sent to each state legislature proposing a second constitutional convention for `` amendments before '' . It failed in the state legislatures . Ultimately only North Carolina and Rhode Island would wait for amendments from Congress before ratifying . The Constitution was ratified by the states in the following order : # Date State Votes Yea Nay December 7 , 1787 Delaware 30 0 December 11 , 1787 Pennsylvania 46 23 December 18 , 1787 New Jersey 38 0 January 2 , 1788 Georgia 26 0 5 January 9 , 1788 Connecticut 128 40 6 February 6 , 1788 Massachusetts 187 168 7 April 26 , 1788 Maryland 63 11 8 May 23 , 1788 South Carolina 149 73 9 June 21 , 1788 New Hampshire 57 47 10 June 25 , 1788 Virginia 89 79 11 July 26 , 1788 New York 30 27 12 November 21 , 1789 North Carolina 194 77 13 May 29 , 1790 Rhode Island 34 32 Article VII of the proposed constitution stipulated that only nine of the thirteen states would have to ratify for the new government to go into effect for the participating states . By the end of July 1788 , eleven states had ratified the Constitution , and soon thereafter , the process of organizing the new government began . On September 13 , 1788 , the Articles Congress certified that the new Constitution had been ratified by more than enough states for it to go into effect . Congress fixed the city of New York as the temporary seat of the new government and set the dates for the election of representatives and presidential electors . It also set the date for operations to begin under the new government . This occurred on March 4 , 1789 , when the First Congress convened . The membership of the new Congress was decidedly federalist . In the eleven - state ( minus North Carolina and Rhode Island ) Senate 20 were Federalist and two Anti-federalist ( both from Virginia ) . The House included 48 Federalists and 11 Anti-federalists ( from four states : Massachusetts , New York , South Carolina , and Virginia ) . On April 6 the House and Senate held a joint meeting to count the electoral vote . George Washington was unanimously elected the first president , even receiving the electoral vote of ardent anti-federalist Patrick Henry . John Adams of Massachusetts was elected vice president . Both were sworn into office on April 30 , 1789 . The business of setting up the new government was completed . Anti-Federalists ' fears of personal oppression by Congress were allayed by amendments passed under the floor leadership of James Madison during the first session of Congress . These first ten Amendments became known as the Bill of Rights . Objections to a potentially remote federal judiciary were reconciled with 13 federal courts ( 11 states , plus Maine and Kentucky ) , and three federal riding circuits out of the Supreme Court : Eastern , Middle and South . Suspicion of a powerful federal executive was answered by Washington 's cabinet appointments of once - Anti-Federalists Edmund Jennings Randolph as Attorney General and Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State . What Constitutional historian Pauline Maier termed a national `` dialogue between power and liberty '' had begun anew . Amendments to the Constitution ( edit ) Since the beginning of federal operations under the Constitution in 1789 through the beginning of 2013 , approximately 11,539 proposals to amend the Constitution have been introduced in the United States Congress . Of these , thirty - three have been approved by Congress and sent to the states for ratification . Twenty - seven of these amendments have been ratified and are now part of the Constitution . The first ten amendments were adopted and ratified simultaneously and are known collectively as the Bill of Rights . Prior to the Twenty - seventh Amendment , which languished for 202 years , 7 months , 12 days before being ratified ( submitted for ratification in 1789 as part of the Bill of Rights , but not ratified until 1992 ) , the Twenty - second Amendment held the record for longest time taken to successfully complete the ratification process -- 3 years , 11 months , 6 days . The Twenty - sixth Amendment holds the record for shortest time taken -- 3 months , 8 days . Six amendments adopted by Congress and sent to the states have not been ratified by the required number of states and are not part of the Constitution . Four of these are still technically open and pending , one is closed and has failed by its own terms , and one is closed and has failed by the terms of the resolution proposing it . The U.S. constitutional amendment process . Bill of rights ( edit ) Main article : United States Bill of Rights Wikisource has original text related to this article : United States Bill of Rights Much of opposition to the proposed Constitution within several states arose , not because the machinery of the new frame of government was considered unworkable or because strengthening the union between the 13 states viewed as undesirable . The debates in the state ratifying conventions centered around the absence of anything equivalent to the bill of rights found in several state constitutions . George Mason , a delegate to the 1787 Constitutional Convention , and the author of the Virginia Declaration of Rights , refused to sign the document because he felt it did not specifically spell out or protect individual rights sufficiently . He also opposed the constitution when it was brought before the state for ratification . He acquiesced and the convention voted narrowly to give its assent only after it was decided that a list of twenty proposed amendments be sent along with the state 's resolution of ratification . Delegates to Massachusetts ' convention had many of the same concerns , and along with its notification of approval made a request for nine alterations , the first among them being `` that it be explicitly declared that all powers not specifically delegated to Congress by the Constitution are reserved to the states to be exercised by them . '' New York , not to be outdone , appended a list of thirty - two requested amendments plus a lengthy statement of impressions and explanations about the new Constitution to their affirmative vote . The sharp Anti-Federalist critique of the Constitution did not abate after it became operational , and by the time the First Congress convened in March 1789 , there existed widespread sentiment in both the House and Senate in favor of making alterations . That September , Congress adopted twelve amendments and sent to the states for ratification . Ten of these were ratified by the required number of states in December 1791 and became part of the Constitution . These amendments enumerate freedoms not explicitly indicated in the main body of the Constitution , such as freedom of religion , freedom of speech , a free press , and free assembly ; the right to keep and bear arms ; freedom from unreasonable search and seizure , security in personal effects , and freedom from warrants issued without probable cause ; indictment by a grand jury for a capital or `` infamous crime '' ; guarantee of a speedy , public trial with an impartial jury ; and prohibition of double jeopardy . In addition , the Bill of Rights reserves for the people any rights not specifically mentioned in the Constitution and reserves all powers not specifically granted to the federal government to the people or the States . Subsequent amendments ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Additional amendments to the United States Constitution Amendments to the Constitution subsequent to the Bill of Rights cover a wide range of subjects . Several have added significant content to the original document . One of the most far - reaching is the Fourteenth , ratified in 1868 , which establishes a clear and simple definition of citizenship and guarantees equal treatment under the law . Also significant are the Fifteenth , Nineteenth , Twenty - fourth , and Twenty - sixth , which were enacted to extend the right to vote to persons previously considered ineligible and also to protect their exercise of that right . One Amendment , the Eighteenth , which criminalized the production , transport and sale of alcohol nationwide , was later repealed by another , the Twenty - first . Nine ratified amendments ( 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 16 , 17 , 20 , 22 , and 25 ) have explicitly superseded or modified the text of the original Constitution . Article 1 , Section 2 , Clause 3a Regarding how the apportionment of representatives and direct taxes among the states is determined . Superseded by the Fourteenth Amendment , Section 2 Article 1 , Section 3 , Clause 1 Regarding the senators from each state being chosen by the legislature of that state . Superseded by the Seventeenth Amendment , Section 1 Article 1 , Section 3 , Clause 2 Regarding the filling of vacancies in the senate . Superseded by the Seventeenth Amendment , Section 2 Article 1 , Section 4 , Clause 2 Regarding when each year the Congress must assemble . Modified by the Twentieth Amendment , Section 2 Article 1 , Section 9 , Clause 4 Regarding Congress ' restricted taxation power . Superseded by the Sixteenth Amendment Article 2 , Section 1 , Clause 1b Regarding the length of the president 's and vice president 's term of office . Temporarily modified by the Twentieth Amendment , Section 1 Article 2 , Section 1 , Clause 3 Regarding Electoral College voting procedures . Superseded by the Twelfth Amendment Article 2 , Section 1 , Clause 5 Regarding eligibility for holding the office of president . Modified by the Twenty - second Amendment , Section 1 Article 2 , Section 1 , Clause 6 Regarding presidential powers and duties if the presidency is vacant or if the President is unable to discharge said powers and duties . Superseded by the Twenty - fifth Amendment Article 3 , Section 2 , Clause 1 Regarding the diversity jurisdiction given to the judiciary to hear cases between a state and citizens of another state . Modified by the Eleventh Amendment Article 4 , Section 2 , Clause 3 Regarding persons held ( involuntarily ) to service or labor . Superseded by the Thirteenth Amendment , Section 1 α -- In 1865 , the Thirteenth Amendment rendered the formula prescribed in Article 1 , Section 2 , Clause 3 , whereby only three - fifths of all other Persons ( slaves ) were counted when determining a state 's total population for apportionment purposes , moot de jure . Three years later , the entire first sentence of the clause was superseded by the Fourteenth Amendment , Section 2 . This later amendment however , left Congress ' taxation power unchanged , as the replacement clause in it made no mention of apportionment of direct taxes . Even so , Congress ' ability to levy taxes was still governed by Article 1 Section 9 Clause 4 of the Constitution . β -- Section 1 of the Seventeenth Amendment , regarding the six - year term of office for senators , was shortened for those persons whose term as senator ended on March 4 , 1935 , 1937 , and 1939 , by the interval between January 3 and March 4 , of that year ( 61 days ) by the Twentieth Amendment , which became part of the Constitution on January 23 , 1933 and the changes made by Section 1 took effect on October 15 , 1933 . This amendment also had a de facto effect on Article 1 , Section 2 , Clause 1a , for although the election was held as prescribed , the term of office for the persons elected to Congress in November 1932 , was in effect shortened by the same interval of days . γ -- The term of office for the persons elected President and Vice President ( Franklin D. Roosevelt and John Nance Garner respectively ) in November 1932 , was shortened by the interval between January 20 and March 4 , 1937 ( 44 days ) , by the Twentieth Amendment . δ -- The fourth sentence of the Twelfth Amendment , regarding the Vice President acting as President if the House , when the choice is theirs to make , has not elected a President by March 4 , has been superseded by the Twentieth Amendment , Section 3 . Further information : List of amendments to the United States Constitution Criticism of the Constitution ( edit ) Expand democracy ( edit ) In the early twentieth century Lochner era , the Supreme Court ruled unconstitutional various state laws that limited labor contracts . The Constitution was criticized as putting the government at the beck and call of big business . More recent criticism has often been academic and limited to particular features . University of Texas law professor Sanford Levinson wonders whether it makes sense for the Connecticut Compromise to give `` Wyoming the same number of votes as California , which has roughly seventy times the population '' . Levinson thinks this imbalance causes a `` steady redistribution of resources from large states to small states . '' Levinson is critical of the Electoral College as it allows the possibility of electing presidents who do not win the majority , or even plurality , of votes . Five times in American history , presidents have been elected despite failing to win a plurality of the popular vote : 1824 ( John Quincy Adams ) , 1876 ( Rutherford B. Hayes ) , 1888 ( Benjamin Harrison ) , 2000 ( George W. Bush ) and 2016 ( Donald Trump ) . The current impeachment powers do not give the people a quick way to remove incompetent or ill presidents , in his view . Others have criticized gerrymandering . Yale professor Robert A. Dahl sees a problem with an American tendency towards worship of the Constitution itself . ( See American civil religion ) He sees aspects of American governance which are `` unusual and potentially undemocratic : the federal system , the bicameral legislature , judicial review , presidentialism , and the electoral college system . '' Levinson and Labunski and others have called for a Second Constitutional Convention , although professors like Dahl believe there is no real hope this would ever happen . French journalist Jean - Philippe Immarigeon wrote in Harper 's that the `` nearly 230 - year - old constitution stretched past the limits of its usefulness '' , and suggested key problem points were the inability to call an election when government became gridlocked , a several month period between inauguration of a president and when he or she takes office , and inability of the lower house of Congress to influence serious foreign policy decisions such as ending a war when faced with a veto . University of Virginia professor Larry Sabato advocates an amendment to organize presidential primaries . Sabato details more objections in his book A More Perfect Constitution . He opposes life tenure for Federal Court judges , including Supreme Court justices . He also writes that `` If the 26 least populated states voted as a bloc , they would control the U.S. Senate with a total of just under 17 % of the country 's population . '' Sabato further contends that the Constitution is in need of an overhaul , and argues that only a national constitutional convention can bring the document up to date and settle many of the issues that have arisen over the past two centuries . States ' rights ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) John C. Calhoun In United States history , four periods of widespread Constitutional criticism have been characterized by the idea that specific political powers belong to state governments and not to the federal government -- a doctrine commonly known as states rights . At each stage , states ' rights advocates failed to develop a preponderance in public opinion or to sustain the democratic political will required to alter the generally held constitutional understanding and political practice in the United States . At its adoption among the people in the state ratification conventions , the `` men of original principles '' opposed the new national government as violating the Whig philosophy generally accepted among the original thirteen colonies in 1776 . According to this view , Congress as a legislature should be only equal to any state legislature , and only the people in each state might be sovereign . They are now referred to as the Anti-Federalists in American historiography . The proponents of `` state sovereignty '' and `` states rights '' were outvoted in eleven of thirteen state ratification conventions , then thirteen of thirteen , to `` ordain and establish '' the Constitution . During Andrew Jackson 's administration , South Carolina objected to U.S. government 's `` tariff of abominations '' collected as federal duties in Charleston Harbor . The Nullification Crisis ensued . Justification for the nullifiers was found in the U.S. Senate speeches and writings of John C. Calhoun . He defended slavery against the Constitutional provisions allowing its statutory regulation or its eventual abolition by Constitutional amendment , most notably in his Disquisition on Government . The crisis was averted when once General Jackson declared he would march a U.S. army into South Carolina and hang the first nullifier he saw from the first tree , and a new negotiated tariff , the Compromise Tariff of 1833 , satisfactory to South Carolina was enacted . Despite this , a states - rights - based defense of slavery persisted amongst Southerners until the American Civil War ; conversely , Northerners explored nullification of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 . Abraham Lincoln kept a portrait of Andrew Jackson above his desk at the War Department during efforts to defend the Constitution as understood by a national majority of people and states at that time . In the mid-19th Century during the administrations of Abraham Lincoln , Andrew Johnson and Ulysses S. Grant , the United States suffered a tragic passage through the Civil War and Reconstruction . An important survey of the philosophical and legal underpinnings of `` States Rights '' as held by secessionists and Lost Cause advocates afterwards is found in the speeches of Confederate President Jefferson Davis and his Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government . Davis defended secession by appealing to the `` original principles '' of the Founders ' 1776 Revolutionary generation , and by expanding on William Blackstone 's doctrine of legislative supremacy . By the elections of 1872 , all states which had been admitted to the United States in accordance with the Constitution were fully represented in the U.S. Congress . Jefferson Davis Following the Supreme Court 1954 holding in Brown v. Board of Education , President Dwight D. Eisenhower used National Guard and U.S. paratroopers to enforce the rulings of the Federal Courts as they pertained to the Constitution . The `` States Rights '' doctrine was again appealed to during the mid-20th Century resistance to racial integration in the schools , notably in Arkansas ' Little Rock Nine , Alabama 's Stand in the Schoolhouse Door , and Virginia 's Massive Resistance . Public schools in every state are now racially integrated by law under the authority of the U.S. Constitution . The tradition is seen in many shorter episodes of limited minority protest against the United States . During the War of 1812 , Federalists conducted a Hartford Convention proposing New England secession during wartime to reopen trade with the declared enemy of the United States . It led to accusations of treason and the demise of the Federalist Party as a force in American politics . In 1921 , the Maryland Attorney General sued to block woman suffrage . He argued in Leser v. Garnett that state legislatures were Constitutionally the sole determiners of who should vote in what federal or state elections , and that the 19th Amendment was improper . The Supreme Court 's judicial review of the state court findings held that the 19th Amendment was Constitutional , and that it applied to the women 's right to vote in every state . Women now vote in every state under the authority of the U.S. Constitution . One exceptional example of `` states rights '' persuading overwhelming majorities in a democratic and sustained way , and so transforming the nation came in the John Adams administration . Fear had spread that radical democratic sentiment might turn subversive as it had in the French Reign of Terror . But the Federalist - sponsored Alien and Sedition Acts meant to preempt the danger led to suppression of opposition press . The political reaction in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions sparked public opposition against the Federalist policy and led to twenty - four years of Constitutionally elected Democratic - Republican Party rule through six administrations of Thomas Jefferson , James Madison and James Monroe . In the late 20th and early 21st centuries , opponents of federal laws prohibiting the sale and possession of marijuana have based their objections partially on states ' rights grounds , as have opponents of federal laws and regulations pertaining to firearms . States ' rights under the constitution has also been recently raised as an issue on a number of other occasions , most notably regarding Common Core , the Affordable Care Act , and same - sex marriage . History of the physical document ( edit ) At first , little interest was shown in the parchment object itself . Madison had custody of it as Secretary of State ( 1801 -- 1809 ) but having left Washington , he had lost track of it in the years leading to his death . A publisher had access to it in 1846 for a book on the Constitution . In 1883 historian J. Franklin Jameson found the parchment folded in a small tin box on the floor of a closet at the State , War and Navy Building . In 1894 the State Department sealed the Declaration and Constitution between two glass plates and kept them in a safe . The two parchment documents were turned over to the Library of Congress by executive order , and in 1924 President Coolidge dedicated the bronze - and - marble shrine for public display of the Constitution in the main building . The parchments were laid over moisture absorbing cellulose paper , vacuum - sealed between double panes of insulated plate glass , and protected from light by a gelatin film . Although building construction of the Archives Building was completed in 1935 , in December 1941 they were moved from the Library of Congress until September 1944 , and stored at the U.S. Bullion Depository , Fort Knox , Kentucky , along with the Declaration of Independence and the Gettysburg Address . In 1951 following a study by the National Bureau of Standards to protect from atmosphere , insects , mold and light , the parchments were re-encased with special light filters , inert helium gas and proper humidity . They were transferred to the National Archives in 1952 . Since 1952 , the `` Charters of Freedom '' have been displayed in the Rotunda of the National Archives Building . Visual inspections have been enhanced by electronic imaging . Changes in the cases led to removal from their cases July 2001 , preservation treatment by conservators , and installment in new encasements for public display in September 2003 . See also ( edit ) Constitution Day ( United States ) History of democracy List of proposed amendments to the United States Constitution List of amendments to the United States Constitution Republicanism in the United States Second Constitutional Convention of the United States Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution Notes ( edit ) ^ The colonists , for example , claimed the right `` to life , liberty , and property '' , `` the rights , liberties , and immunities of free and natural - born subjects within the realm of England '' ; the right to participate in legislative councils ; `` the great and inestimable privilege of being tried by their peers of the vicinage , according to the course of ( the common law of England ) '' ; `` the immunities and privileges granted and confirmed to them by royal charters , or secured by their several codes of provincial laws '' ; `` a right peaceably to assemble , consider of their grievances , and petition the king . '' They further declared that the keeping of a standing army in the colonies in time of peace without the consent of the colony in which the army was kept was `` against law '' ; that it was `` indispensably necessary to good government , and rendered essential by the English constitution , that the constituent branches of the legislature be independent of each other '' ; that certain acts of Parliament in contravention of the foregoing principles were `` infringement and violations of the rights of the colonists . '' Text in C. Tansill ( ed . ) , Documents Illustrative of the Formation of the Union of the American States , H. Doc . No. 358 , 69th Congress , 1st sess. ( 1927 ) , 1 . See also H. Commager ( ed . ) , Documents of American History ( New York ; 8th ed. 1964 ) , 82 . ^ Text in Tansill , op . cit. , 10 . ^ Id. , 19 . ^ Id. , 21 . ^ George Mason , Edmund Randolph , James Madison , and Alexander Henderson were appointed commissioners for Virginia ; Thomas Johnson , Thomas Stone , Samuel Chase , and Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer for Maryland . ^ Text of the resolution and details of the compact may be found in Wheaton v. Wise , 153 U.S. 155 ( 1894 ) . ^ Tansill , op . cit. , 38 . ^ Id. , 39 . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Historians following Charles A. Beard emphasize this aspect of the U.S. Constitution . Although An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States is discredited among modern scholars , Beard 's legacy is that the economic , financial and commercial aspects of American history are almost always included in a survey of any topic . Jump up ^ The meeting at Mount Vernon was past and prologue . All nine were leaders in the Revolution , seven served in the Continental Congress . Five attended the Constitutional Convention , one later served the new government as Attorney General , two on the Supreme Court , and two as President . In the Revolution , three served in uniform , two were judges , two merchants , one financier . Two had been immigrants . The host was George Washington , General of the Continental Army , President of the Constitutional Convention and first U.S. President . Commissioner and Virginia jurist George Mason was the `` Father of the Virginia Bill of Rights '' and attended the Constitutional Convention and the Virginia Ratification Convention . Edmund Randolph , was a Continental Army officer , member of Congress and the Constitutional Convention , would be Virginia governor and U.S. Attorney General . ( Neither Randolph nor Madison actually attended the conference ; Gov. Patrick Henry had not informed them of the date . ) James Madison , signer of the Declaration , member of Congress , `` Father of the Constitution '' at the Convention , led the Virginia Ratification Convention , `` Father of the Bill of Rights '' , and President . Alexander Henderson served during the Revolution as an officer in the Virginia militia . He was a Scottish - born merchant , the `` Father of the American chain store '' . The Maryland commissioners included jurist Thomas Johnson from England . He was the first independent Governor of Maryland and member of Congress serving on a finance committee with later Convention members Benjamin Franklin , John Dickinson and future Chief Justice John Jay . Johnson himself would be a U.S. Supreme Court Justice . Wealthy Thomas Stone was a signer of the Declaration of Independence , and championed Union when Maryland was reluctantly the last to sign the Articles of Confederation . Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer was a member of Congress who worked with Benjamin Franklin , James Madison , John Dickinson and George Washington . Jenifer was the financial administrator for Maryland who helped it recover from economic depression , and a member of the Constitutional Convention . Samuel Chase signed the Declaration of Independence and served on the U.S. Supreme Court . Jump up ^ In the event , the signed Constitution was merely forwarded to the state legislatures without amendment or endorsement . But the states did receive a recommendation that each call a ratification convention apart from the state legislature according to each state 's suffrage and timing . All but Rhode Island did so . Rhode Island and North Carolina did not join the United States until after the Constitutional government began in 1789 . Jump up ^ George Washington 's participation lent prestige to the proceedings , attracting some of the best minds in America . Some 1776 notables did not attend , such as Tom Paine , Samuel Adams , Patrick Henry , of the older generation , and Thomas Jefferson , and John Adams , of the younger . Jump up ^ In the Articles Congress , a state could not be represented on the floor until two delegates were present . The Convention quorum of seven states was met the first day with New York with two of its five delegates present that first day , New Jersey with three , Pennsylvania with four of its eight , Delaware with three of its five , Virginia with all seven , North Carolina with four of its five , and South Carolina with all four . Massachusetts and Georgia had each one delegate of their respective four present on the 25th . See Constitutional Convention for a complete listing of state delegations arrived in Philadelphia . Jump up ^ The rules of a formal body can determine outcomes . The nationalist `` Federalists '' will make a point of setting the rules to win the later ratification conventions . Their ratification strategy was to take up each article and section , with no votes on measures until completing the document . This delay suited different objectives . The intent was to persuade in Massachusetts , to accommodate in Virginia , and to await news in New York Jump up ^ In view of the Martin - Lansing `` small state '' positions and their importance in U.S. intellectual history , relative sizes of the states in 1787 can be ranked from the Constitution 's enumeration for the first House of Representatives . States free or with gradual emancipation had 35 Representatives : Pennsylvania eight . Massachusetts eight , New York six , Connecticut five , New Jersey four , New Hampshire three , Rhode Island one . States with a sizable 3 / 5 bonus for non-citizen slaves had 30 representatives at first : Virginia ten , Maryland six , North Carolina five , South Carolina five , Georgia three and Delaware one . ( See U.S. Constitution , Article I , Section 2 . ) Jump up ^ Both the British House of Commons and their North American colonial assemblies were secret . Debates of the Articles Congress were not reported . Jump up ^ Elements of Randolph 's `` Virginia Plan '' proposal as submitted were not adopted . Members of Congress did not have one term , then barred from any U.S. or state office for a number of years after . A ' senate ' was not apportioned by state taxes paid . The ' senate ' is not elected by the ' house ' from state legislature nominees . Congress does not veto state laws , and coerce noncompliant states . The ' president ' might be elected by Congress for two terms . A `` council of revision '' made up of the ' president ' and some of the ' supreme court ' could veto any act of Congress or veto of state legislature . None of these provisions were incorporated into the draft `` Constitution '' as forwarded by Congress to the states for their ratification conventions of representatives of the people voting , as each state legislature allowed . Jump up ^ Elements of Paterson 's `` New Jersey Plan '' proposal as submitted were not adopted . State courts did not interpret federal legislation , with appeals to the Supreme Court only . States in the Union can not be `` diminished '' . Presidents are one person , not three persons . Presidents can serve more than one term . A majority of state Governors can not remove a President . The rule of naturalization was not the same for every state in the 19th Century . Immigrants could become citizens and vote in northern states years before they were eligible for U.S. citizenship . Powers not expressly enumerated belong to the states was out - voted in Convention , but in the first ten amendments , the Tenth Amendment specifies powers not expressly given to the Congress reside with the states or with the people . Jump up ^ The Constitution sets up a bicameral legislature which enacts law only if there are national majorities both among ( a ) the states in the ' senate ' and ( b ) the people in the ' house ' . At the time the Constitution was ratified , it balanced states equally relative to slavery in the Senate . There were six states north of Pennsylvania , and six states south of it . Pennsylvania , the `` keystone '' state , split Senators one - one at first . After Pennsylvania abolished slavery , the next state to enter the Union in 1792 was Kentucky , which was admitted with slavery . That action maintained a `` sectional equality '' between free - soil states and slave - holding states , 7 -- 7 . Then in 1850 , California was admitted as a free state , then Minnesota , Oregon and Kansas followed as free states before outbreak of the Civil War . The Constitution 's House of Representatives began nearly equal , but the decennial census reallocated power away from declining slave - economies and towards the places which supported more people . Over time , ten years at a time , under the Constitution , the state antecedents , wealth , commerce and militias matter less than the numbers of people it can sustain in its domestic economy . Jump up ^ Section 2 of Article I provides in part : `` Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states ... by adding to the whole number of free persons , including those bound to service for a term of years , and excluding Indians not taxed , three - fifths of all other persons . '' State population for U.S. representation or taxes was to exclude all numbers of untaxed Native - Americans. -- `` Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states ... by adding to the whole number of free persons , including those bound to service for a term of years , and excluding Indians not taxed , three - fifths of all other persons '' . Jump up ^ He was the son of a shoemaker , now a farmer and lawyer . Although awkward , vulgar and laughable to more polished colleagues , he was an honest political broker . The most frequent speakers on the Convention floor were Madison , Wilson , G. Morris , all nationalists . Roger Sherman of Connecticut , a small - state ' federal ' delegate , was fourth . His legislative philosophy was , `` When you are a minority , talk . When you are a majority , vote . '' Among the small - state advocates , he would make the most speeches throughout the Convention . Arriving right behind the nationalist leaders on May 30 , Sherman was reported to prefer a `` patch up '' of the existing Confederacy . Another small state delegate , George Read ( DE ) agreed with the nationalists that state legislatures were a national problem . But rather than see larger states overshadow the small , he 'd prefer to see all state boundaries erased . Big - state versus small - state antagonisms hardened early . Jump up ^ The nationalists had proposed a ' senate ' smaller than the ' house ' , but still proportioned by population : one senator for small , two senators for medium , and three senators for large population states . Sherman argued that the bicameral British Parliament had a House of Lords equal with the House of Commons to protect their propertied interests apart from the people . He was voted down , this time by the big states . Jump up ^ The most important were Lansing and Yates ( NY ) , Bedford ( DE ) , Paterson and Brearly ( NJ ) and Martin ( MD ) . Other supporters of note were Mason ( VA ) , Gerry ( MA ) , Ellsworth and Sherman ( CT ) . Jump up ^ Yates and Lansing ( NY ) would walk out July 10 . New York voted as a `` small '' state on big - state - small - state issues . It had no western frontier like Pennsylvania and Virginia , for instance . In 1787 , the Erie Canal did not tie New York to the west , and Philadelphia was still the nation 's largest commercial and banking center , followed by Boston . Jump up ^ Pierce Butler of South Carolina was generally a nationalist , representing up - country interests against the state - dominating big plantations , but on this , he switched between Resolution 7 and Resolution 8 , speaking with the small - states , supporting a two - or three - person ' presidency ' . Cromwell had started well enough , but his Interregnum turned out badly . Jump up ^ The Articles of Confederation gave Congress control of ( 1 ) the military : appoint and commission officers , build a navy , regulate uniform justice , and use privateers. ( 2 ) international relations : declare war and make peace , exchange ambassadors , enter treaties and alliances , establish admiralty courts , punish crimes on the high seas and regulate captures , and manage trade and affairs with non-state Indians . ( 3 ) commerce : value of coin , uniform standards of weights and measures , post offices , borrow money and establish courts to adjudicate issues between states . Jump up ^ McDonald lists his five `` minor powers '' as governing the federal district , punishing crimes against the law of nations , copyrights and patents , bankruptcies and counterfeiting . Jump up ^ States would lose more powers with the addition of Constitutional Amendments , the 14th will extend national Bill of Rights freedoms to states , the 15th and 19th will enlarge state citizenship , and the 18th will strip state legislatures of U.S. Senator election . Jump up ^ Property right provisions included prohibiting restrictions on slavery within the country until 1808 ; banning export duties , direct taxes , and port preference ; taxing interstate commerce , and confiscating estates . Jump up ^ Guarantees for liberty in the original Constitution included prohibiting suspension of the writ of habeas corpus except in times of rebellion or invasion , prohibiting ex post facto laws and bills of attainder , providing for impeachment of all civil officers , Jury trial in criminal cases , narrowing the definition of treason by direct action and two witnesses , and forbidding religious qualifications for national office . Jump up ^ In a republic , theory proposed that the people 's agent ( represented by the House of Representatives ) would originate money bills . No money could be spent but by legislative appropriation . Military appropriations were limited to two - years duration . There could be no dual office - holding in the national government and no titles of nobility . Jump up ^ The Articles prohibited each state from treating with foreign governments , exchanging ambassadors , grant titles of nobility , maintaining their own armies or ships of war or privateers , they were not to engage in war unless invaded , lay taxes on imports . The states under the Articles of Confederation were not to make treaties among themselves . Jump up ^ This was necessary since Blackstone held the British Parliament was restrained from ex post facto laws only in criminal matters . Jump up ^ But because the 18th Century Founders did not choose universal suffrage for representatives or for direct proposition referendums does not mean that they did not have to argue the point down and outvote their opponents . In a letter to James Sullivan , May 26 , 1776 , John Adams asked rhetorically , `` Shall we say , that every member of the community , old and young , male and female , as well as rich and poor , must consent , expressly , to every act of legislation ? '' His answer was , for 1776 , No . Jump up ^ This point was the principal reason for Maryland 's reluctance to ratify the Articles in the first place , delaying its unanimous adoption from 1777 to 1783 . Luther Martin ( MD ) stopped any spontaneously arising western claim of independent statehood by ensuring that the United States owned all the backlands ceded by the states . Jump up ^ Federalists ruled the first twelve years of government with a President by Washington and Adams . The Democratic - Republicans ruled for the next twenty - four , and arguably after one - term John Quincy Adams , for another thirty years under the Jacksonian Democrats . Jump up ^ Connecticut expanded electorate to add all town meeting voters ; Massachusetts dropped property requirements ; New Hampshire dropped certain property requirements , and added town delegates ; Rhode Island put the question to a referendum which rejected the ratification convention , the Federalist minority centered in Newport and Providence boycotted the election ; Virginia dropped `` legal and Constitutional requirements '' to expand the freehold electorate ; New York dropped property requirements , timed assembly elections at the same time , and allowed up to five sequential days of voting until the voting rolls were `` complete '' . Jump up ^ Opposition to ratification was led by Governor George Clinton ; the opposition also suggested that New York reserve the right to withdraw if the Constitution were not amended . Madison led the first session of the first Congress to propose amendments , and ten of the twelve were made Constitutional . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wood , Gordon S. , `` The Creation of the American Republic , 1776 -- 1787 '' ( 1972 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 807 - 84723 - 7 , p. 359 . Jump up ^ Morris , Richard B. , American Historical Association Presidential Address AHA December 28 , 1976 . Viewed June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Morris ( 1987 ) ch. 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Morris ( 1987 ) ; Nevins ( 1924 ) Jump up ^ Jensen ( 1950 ) ^ Jump up to : Morris ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Jensen , Merrill ; The New Nation : A History of the United States During the Confederation , 1781 -- 1789 ( 1950 ) . When Congress could borrow no more money , it sold western lands . This revenue source would grow to provide the Early Republic with half of its annual expenditures , freeing the states of national tax burdens . Jump up ^ E. James Ferguson , The Power of The Purse : A History of American Public Finance , 1776 -- 1790 ( 1961 ) Jump up ^ Flexner , James Thomas , George Washington and the New Nation : 1783 -- 1793 ( 1970 ) 3 : 100 Jump up ^ `` Mount Vernon Conference '' . George Washington 's Mount Vernon . Mount Vernon Ladies ' Association . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mount Vernon Conference '' . George Washington 's Mount Vernon . Mount Vernon Ladies ' Association . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ General Assembly of Maryland , 1786 Md . Laws c. 1 , Virginiaplaces.org Jump up ^ U.S. Supreme Court , WHARTON v. WISE , 153 U.S. 155 ( 1894 ) Jump up ^ Morris , Richard Brandon ( 1987 ) . The forging of the Union , 1781 -- 1789 . Harper & Row . p. 254 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 015733 - 3 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Proposed Amendments to the Articles of Confederation text . August 7 , 1786 Report of Continental Congress ( Journals 31 : 494 -- 98 ) . Teaching American History . Viewed December 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Library of Congress , 31 : 494 -- 98 pp. 498n , 515 , 518 . Viewed December 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wright , Jr. , Robert K. ; MacGregor Jr. , Morris J. `` Appendix A : The Annapolis Convention '' . Soldier - Statesmen of the Constitution . Washington D.C : United States Army Center of Military History . p. 264 . LCCN 87001353 . CMH Pub 71 - 25 . Jump up ^ Ferling , John ( 2003 ) . A Leap in the Dark : The Struggle to Create the American Republic . Oxford University Press . p. 276 . ISBN 9780195176001 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tansill , C. ( ed . ) , Documents Illustrative of the Formation of the Union of the American States , H. Doc . No. 358 , 69th Congress , 1st sess. ( 1927 ) , p. 39 . ^ Jump up to : NARA . `` National Archives Article on the Constitutional Convention '' . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ National Archives and Records Administration . `` National Archives Article on the Constitution '' . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 11 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 342 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 219 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 348 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 22 , 267 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Bowen 2010 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 15 , 24 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 15 , 19 -- 20 , 54 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 23 , 41 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 50 , 52 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 226 . ^ Jump up to : Farrand 1974 , pp. 18 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Farrand , Max . ed. , The Records of Federal Convention of 1787 , Yale University Press 1974 . ISBN 0300000804 pp. 18 -- 23 , Madison 's Journal , May 29 . Jump up ^ Farrand , Max . ed. , The Records of Federal Convention of 1787 , Yale University Press ISBN 0300000804 pp. 18 -- 23 , Yates ' Journal , June 16 pp. 257 -- 60 Jump up ^ Farrand 2010 , pp. 242 -- 45 . ^ Jump up to : Farrand 1974 , pp. 242 -- 45 . Jump up ^ `` Farrand 's Records '' , viewed September 15 , 2011 . The Yale University Press reprint is ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 00080 - 1 . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School makes Madison 's Journal available online by date - link , which is particularly helpful in comparing multiple editions . Notes on the Debates in the Federal Convention . A complete Gregorian Calendar for the year is available online : 1787 Calendar Archived 2011 - 09 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... Madison 's Journal with errors from several sources can be found online as a searchable text and linked index edited by Gaillard Hunt ( 1903 ) . Journal of the Constitution in The Writings of James Madison , vol. IV . 1787 . Putnam Sons 1903 . In Farrand , the source documents are organized by date including those from the Convention Journal , Rufus King ( MA ) , and James McHenry ( MD ) , along with later Anti-federalists Robert Yates ( NY ) , and William Paterson ( NJ ) . Farrand corrects errors among revisions that Madison made to his Journal while in his seventies . ( Farrand , 1974 pp. v -- ix ) . The work includes additional sources , cross references in the daily notes , a general index , and an index of every clause in the Constitution throughout the debates . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 197 -- 204 . Jump up ^ Annals of Congress , `` House of Representatives , 9th Congress , 2nd Session '' , History of Congress , `` Importation of Slaves '' pp. 241 -- 42 . Viewed October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice . `` Slavery and Justice '' p. 35 . Viewed October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Phillip Shaw Paludan , A Covenant with Death : the Constitution , Law , and Equality in the Civil War Era ( 1975 ) pp. 2 -- 4 Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , pp. 201 , 284 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 284 . Jump up ^ See South Carolina Declaration of Causes of Secession ( December 24 , 1860 ) , reprinted in Richard Hofstadter , Great Issues in American History . Volume II , Vintage Books ( 1958 ) , pp. 76 -- 77 ; Abraham Lincoln , Message to Congress ( July 4 , 1861 ) reprinted in Hofstadter , supra . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 93 . ^ Jump up to : Bowen 2010 , pp. 93 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Farrand , Max . The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 ' ( 1966 , 1974 ) , Yale University Press 1937 reprint four vols . Vol . I , p. 202 Madison , Mr. Sherman 's motion June 11 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 104 , 105 , 107 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 105 . ^ Jump up to : Bowen 2010 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Farrand , op. cit. , Vol . I. p. 322 Madison , Mr. King 's motion June 19 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , pp. 227 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Farrand , op. cit. , Vol . I. p. 408 Madison , on the question `` that the members of the 2nd branch be chosen by the individual legislatures . '' . June 25 . Jump up ^ Farrand , op. cit. , V.I , p. 436 Journal . June 27 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 129 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 131 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Farrand , op. cit. , V.I , p. 460 . Journal . June 29 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 138 - 139 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 140 , 187 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , p. 236 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 185 - 186 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , pp. 227 - 228 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 185 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 55 -- 62 . ^ Jump up to : Bowen 2010 , pp. 63 -- 66 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , pp. 276 -- 77 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , p. 262 . ^ Jump up to : McDonald 1958 , pp. 262 -- 63 . ^ Jump up to : McDonald 1958 , p. 267 . Jump up ^ U.S. Senate , The Second Amendment -- Bearing Arms Archived December 21 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . in the Constitution of the United States , p. 1193 . Government Printing Office , 1995 , viewed 08 / 11 / 2011 Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , pp. 263 -- 67 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , pp. 277 - 278 . ^ Jump up to : McDonald 1958 , pp. 279 -- 80 . ^ Jump up to : McDonald 1958 , pp. 268 -- 69 . ^ Jump up to : McDonald 1958 , p. 270 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , pp. 271 -- 72 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , p. 275 . Jump up ^ Wood 1998 , pp. 174 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Wood 1998 , pp. 175 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Wood 1998 , pp. 184 , 186 . Jump up ^ Wood 1998 , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Wood 1998 , pp. 177 -- 78 , 183 . Jump up ^ Wood 1998 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 66 . ^ Jump up to : McDonald 1958 , p. 282 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , pp. 282 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 80 -- 81 , 176 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 179 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 181 , 184 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , p. 285 . Jump up ^ John R. Vile , ed. ( 2005 ) . The Constitutional Convention of 1787 : A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America 's Founding , Volume 1 . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 674 - 4 . Jump up ^ NARA . `` National Archives Article on the Entire Constitutional Convention '' . Retrieved December 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , pp. 54 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 327 . ^ Jump up to : Maier 2010 , p. 431 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 430 . Jump up ^ WikiSource . `` Articles of Confederation '' . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Ratification Dates and Votes -- The U.S. Constitution Online '' . USConstitution.net . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the United States of America '' . WikiSource . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 429 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 433 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 438 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 456 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 464 . Jump up ^ `` Founding Fathers : Virginia '' . FindLaw Constitutional Law Center . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Jefferson Cyclopedia '' , Thomas Jefferson & John P. Foley , Funk and Wagnalls Company , NY and London 1900 , `` Anti-Federalists , and '' p. 38 Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 468 . Jump up ^ `` Measures Proposed to Amend the Constitution '' . Statistics & Lists . United States Senate . Jump up ^ For dates proposed and ratified : U.S. Congress , House . The Constitution of the United States of America , As Amended , H. Doc . 102 -- 188 , 102nd Cong. , 2nd sess. , ( Washington : GPO , 1992 ) . Length of ratification process calculated : http://www.timeanddate.com/date/duration.html ^ Jump up to : James J. Kilpatrick , ed. ( 1961 ) . The Constitution of the United States of America : With a Summary of the Actions of the States in Ratification of the Provisions Thereof . Richmond , Virginia : Virginia Department on Constitutional Government . ^ Jump up to : `` Amendments 11 -- 27 '' . Charters of Freedom : Constitution of the United States . The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XII '' . National Constitution Center . Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XIV '' . National Constitution Center . Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XVI '' . National Constitution Center . Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XVII '' . National Constitution Center . Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XX '' . National Constitution Center . Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Article II : Executive Branch '' . National Constitution Center . Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XXV '' . National Constitution Center . Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael J. Phillips , The Lochner Court , Myth and Reality : Substantive Due Process from the 1890s to the 1930s ( 2001 ) , preface ^ Jump up to : Robert Justin Lipkin ( January 2007 ) . `` Our Undemocratic Constitution : Where the Constitution Goes Wrong ( And How the People Can Correct It ) '' . Widener University School of Law . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Popular vote , Electoral College vote at odds ? '' . USA Today . November 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Levinson , Sanford ( 2006 ) . Our Undemocratic Constitution : Where the Constitution Goes Wrong ( And How We the People Can Correct It ) . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 248 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530751 - 1 . Jump up ^ Randall Kennedy ( May 12 , 2008 ) . `` Books : Randall Kennedy '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Nora Krug ( reviewer ) ( March 23 , 2008 ) . `` Radical Re-readings -- Our Undemocratic Constition : Where the Constitution Goes Wrong ( And How We the People Can Correct It ) by Sanford Levinson '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Macedo , Stephen ( August 11 , 2008 ) . `` Toward a More Democratic Congress ? Our Imperfect Democratic Constitution : The Critics Examined '' . Boston University Law Review . 89 : 609 -- 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Robert A. Dahl ( February 11 , 2002 ) . `` How Democratic Is the American Constitution ? '' . Yale University Press . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Professor Stanford Levinson Proposes a New Constitutional Convention '' . Colorado Law -- Univ. of Colorado at Boulder . January 25 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Jean - Philippe Immarigeon , Harper 's Magazine , February 2014 issue , Dissolve Congress : A cure for constitutional crisis , Accessed Jan. 25 , 2014 , `` ... America 's institutional breakdown ... '' ^ Jump up to : Larry J. Sabato ( September 26 , 2007 ) . `` An amendment is needed to fix the primary mess '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Larry J. Sabato interviewed by Policy Today 's Dan Schwartz ( 18 October 2007 ) . `` Time for a Second Constitutional Convention ? '' . Policy Today . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Sabato , A More Perfect Constitution ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Tim Devaney ( 2015 - 06 - 30 ) . `` States move to counter gay marriage ruling '' . TheHill . Jump up ^ Robert G. Ferris and James H. Charleton , The Signers of the Constitution ( 1986 ) p. 245 Jump up ^ Stephen Puleo , American Treasures : The Secret Efforts to Save the Declaration of Independence , the Constitution and the Gettysburg Address . Jump up ^ Ferris and Charleton , The Signers of the Constitution ( 1986 ) pp. 246 -- 48 Jump up ^ Since 1987 , inspections were enhanced by an electronic imaging monitoring system developed for NARA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California . In 1995 , conservators noticed changes in the glass encasements of the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights . Glass experts from Libby - Owens - Ford ( the original manufacturer of the encasement glass ) and the Corning Glass Museum identified signs of deterioration . Both the glass experts and the National Archives Advisory Committee on Preservation recommended that the Charters be re-encased by 2002 for document safety . ( NARA website ) Jump up ^ National Archives publication , Archives building history Archived 2012 - 01 - 06 at the Wayback Machine ... Viewed August 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Archives were set up by Franklin Roosevelt in 1934 . It keeps 1 -- 3 % of government documents to be kept forever . These are over 9 billion text records , 20 million photographs , 7 million maps , charts , and architectural drawings and over 365,000 reels of film . The monumental Archives Building was inadequate by the 1960s , so new facilities were built in College Park , MD . Work on electronic archives progresses . Fitzpatrick , Laura. , A Brief History of The National Archives , Thursday , May 21 , 2009 . Viewed August 19 , 2011 . Primary sources ( edit ) Bailyn , Bernard , ed . The Debate on the Constitution : Federalist and Antifederalist Speeches , Articles , and Letters During the Struggle for Ratification . Part One : September 1787 to February 1788 ( The Library of America , 1993 ) ISBN 0 - 940450 - 42 - 9 Bailyn , Bernard , ed . The Debate on the Constitution : Federalist and Antifederalist Speeches , Articles , and Letters During the Struggle for Ratification . Part Two : January to August 1788 ( The Library of America , 1993 ) ISBN 0 - 940450 - 64 - X Max Farrand , ed. , The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 ( 4 vols. , 1911 -- 1937 ; rev . ed. 1966 ) . Madison , James . Jonathan Elliot 's Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution . Vol. 3 : Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 as Reported by James Madison . 1989 . 811 pp . Scott , James Brown , ed . James Madison 's notes of debates in the Federal convention of 1787 and their relation to a more perfect society of nations 1918 . Martin , Luther . Secret proceedings and debates of the convention assembled at Philadelphia , in the year 1787 . 1838 . Pole , J.R. , ed . The Federalist Indianapolis : Hackett , 2005 . 512 pp . Scholarly studies ( edit ) Adair , Douglass ( author ) ; Colbourn , Trevor ( editor ) . Fame and the Founding Fathers : Writings of Douglass Adair . W.W. Norton for Institute of Early American History and Culture , 1974 ; reprint ed. , Liberty Fund , 1998 . Collection of essays by one of the most influential scholars on the intellectual origins of the Constitution . Adams , Willi Paul . The First American Constitutions . University of North Carolina Press , 1980 ; revised and expanded edition , Madison House , 2000 . Focusing on the state constitutions framed in the era of Revolutionary constitutionalism and their relationship to the Constitution of 1787 . Berkin , Carol . A Brilliant Solution : Inventing the American Constitution . 2002 . 310 pp. broad and accessible overview Bernstein , Richard B. , with Rice , Kym S. Are We to Be a Nation ? The Making of the Constitution . Harvard University Press , 1987 , 324 pp. Broad - focus overview , written for scholars and general readers alike , of the `` age of experiments in government '' spanning the period from the early 1750s through the early 1790s , and giving careful attention to the intellectual context and origins of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights . Bernstein , Richard B. Amending America : If We Love the Constitution So Much , Why Do We Keep Trying to Change It ? Times Books , 1993 ; paperback , University Press of Kansas , 1995 . 398 pp. History of the Constitution 's amending process , focusing on the links between the Constitution and American national identity and values . Bowen , Catherine ( 2010 ) ( First published 1966 ) . Miracle at Philadelphia : the story of the Constitutional Convention , May to September , 1787 . New York : Little , Brown . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 10261 - 2 . Collier , Christopher . All Politics Is Local : Family , Friends , and Provincial Interests in the Creation of the Constitution . U. Press of New England , 2003 . 224 pp . Collier , Christopher and Collier , James Lincoln . Decision in Philadelphia : The Constitutional Convention of 1787 . 1986 . 331 pp . Currie , David P . The Constitution in Congress : Democrats and Whigs , 1829 -- 1861 . U. of Chicago Press , 2005 . 346 pp . Edling , Max . A Revolution in Favor of Government : Origins of the United States Constitution and the Making of the American State , Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2003 . Jensen , Merrill . The New Nation a History of the United States During the Confederation 1781 -- 1789 , 1950 . Johnson , Allen . Union and Democracy . Houghton Mifflin Company , 1915 . Kernell , Samuel , ed . James Madison : The Theory and Practice of Republican Government . 2003 . 381 pp . Kyvig , David . Explicit & Authentic Acts : Amending the U.S. Constitution , 1776 -- 1995 . University Press of Kansas , 1996 . Bancroft - Prize - winning history of the Constitution 's amending process . Levy , Leonard W. ; Karst , Kenneth ; and Mahoney , Dennis , eds . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution 4 volumes ( 1986 ) . Maier , Pauline ( 2010 ) . Ratification : The People Debate the Constitution , 1787 -- 1788 . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 86854 - 7 . McDonald , Forrest ( 1958 ) . We the People : The Economic Origins of the Constitution . University of Chicago Press . McDonald , Forrest . E Pluribus Unum : The Formation of the American Republic , 1776 -- 1790 . Reprint Edition , Liberty Fund . McDonald , Forrest . Novus Ordo Seclorum : The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution . University Press of Kansas , 1995 . McGuire , Robert A. To Form a More Perfect Union : A New Economic Interpretation of the United States Constitution . 2003 . 395 pp . Morris , Richard B . The Forging of the Union , 1781 -- 1789 . 1987 . 416 pp. political and economic survey of 1780s and writing of Constitution Nevins , Allan . The American States During and After the Revolution , 1775 -- 1789 . 1924 ( ISBN 0 - 678 - 00510 - 9 ) Robertson , David Brian ( 2005 ) . `` Madison 's Opponents and Constitutional Design '' . American Political Science Review . 99 ( 2 ) : 225 -- 43 . doi : 10.1017 / S0003055405051622 . Tasi , Robert L. , America 's Forgotten Constitutions : Defiant Visions of Power and Community ( Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 2014 ) . Wood , Gordon S . The Creation of the American Republic , 1776 -- 1787 . University of North Carolina Press for the Institute of Early American History and Culture , 1969 . Massive , Bancroft - Prize - winning examination of the intellectual , constitutional , and political history of the new nation from the opening of the American Revolution to the ratification of the U.S. Constitution . External links ( edit ) Madison letter to Jefferson informing him of proceedings of the Constitutional Convention The Fathers of the Constitution ; a chronicle of the establishment of the Union by Max Farrand 1869 -- 1945 The Framers of the Constitution : Biographical sketches by William Pierce The Federalist Papers United States Constitution Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bills of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recess appointment Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Jump up ^ Max Farrand ( 1911 ) . `` The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 , 3 vols '' . Online Library of Liberty . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Farrand , Max ( 1 January 1911 ) . `` The records of the Federal convention of 1787 '' . Yale university press ; ( etc. , etc . ) Retrieved 12 March 2017 -- via Hathi Trust . Jump up ^ `` Internet Archive Search : ( ( subject : '' Farrand , Max '' OR subject : `` Max Farrand '' OR creator : `` Farrand , Max '' OR creator : `` Max Farrand '' OR creator : `` Farrand , M . '' OR title : `` Max Farrand '' OR description : `` Farrand , Max '' OR description : `` Max Farrand '' ) OR ( `` 1869 - 1945 '' AND Farrand ) ) AND ( - mediatype : software ) `` . archive.org . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Archive Search : Records Federal Convention 1787 '' . archive.org . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott , James Brown ( 1 January 1918 ) . `` James Madison 's notes of debates in the Federal convention of 1787 and their relation to a more perfect society of nations '' . New York , Oxford University Press , American branch . Retrieved 12 March 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Scott , James Brown . `` 1787 : Madison 's Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention '' . Online Library of Liberty . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , Luther ; Lansing , John ; Yates , Robert ( 1 January 1838 ) . `` Secret proceedings and debates of the convention assembled at Philadelphia , in the year 1787 ( from old catalog ) '' . Cincinnati , A. Mygatt . Retrieved 12 March 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Martin , Luther ; Lansing , John ; Yates , Robert ( 1 January 1821 ) . `` Secret Proceedings and Debates of the Convention Assembled at Philadelphia ... '' Printed by Websters and Skinners . Retrieved 12 March 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Martin , Luther ; Lansing , John ; Yates , Robert ( 1 January 1909 ) . `` Secret proceedings and debates of the convention assembled at Philadelphia , in the year 1787 : for the purpose of forming the United States of America '' . Washington : Govt . Print . Off . Retrieved 12 March 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Martin , Luther ; Lansing , John ; Yates , Robert ( 1 January 1844 ) . `` Secret proceedings and debates of the convention assembled at Philadelphia , in the year 1787 : for the purpose of forming the Constitution of the United States of America '' . Louisville , Ky . : A. Mygatt . Retrieved 12 March 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Martin , Luther ; Lansing , John ; Yates , Robert ( 1 January 1838 ) . `` Secret proceedings and debates of the convention assembled at Philadelphia , in the 1787 , : for the purpose of forming the Constitution of the United States of America '' . A. Mygatt . Retrieved 12 March 2017 -- via Hathi Trust . Jump up ^ Martin , Luther ; Lansing , John ; Yates , Robert ( 1 January 1909 ) . `` Secret proceedings and debates of the convention assembled at Philadelphia , in the year 1787 : for the purpose of forming the United States of America '' . Govt . Print . Off . Retrieved 12 March 2017 -- via Hathi Trust . Jump up ^ `` United States Constitutional Convention ( 1787 ) ( United States . Constitutional Convention ( 1787 ) ) -- The Online Books Page '' . upenn.edu . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=826010931 '' Categories : History of the United States ( 1776 -- 89 ) United States Constitution Legal history of the United States Constitutional history of the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with hCards Articles needing additional references from October 2015 All articles needing additional references CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 18 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20United%20States%20Constitution	740
when does real time with bill maher come back	No . overall No. in season Guests Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 446 Larry Wilmore , Michael Wolff , Andrew Sullivan , Saru Jayaraman January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) 1.89 447 Roger McNamee , Rick Wilson , Ro Khanna , Michelle Goldberg , Zooey Deschanel January 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) 1.85 448 Anthony Scaramucci , Donna Brazile , Richard Haass , David Frum February 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) 1.91 449 Bari Weiss , Adam Schiff , April Ryan , Richard Painter , Johann Hari February 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) 1.88 450 5 Salman Rushdie , Vicente Fox , Anna Deavere Smith , Fran Lebowitz February 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 16 ) 1.84 451 6 Eric Holder , Jon Meacham , Amy Chua , David Hogg , Cameron Kasky March 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) 1.91 452 7 Kathy Griffin , Ana Navarro , Erick Erickson , Bari Weiss , Trae Crowder March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) 1.97 453 8 Beto O'Rourke , Billy Bush , Andrew Ross Sorkin , Pete Dominick , Nayyera Haq March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) 1.86 454 9 Chris Hayes , Mitch Landrieu , Gina McCarthy , Mona Charen , Malcolm Nance March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) 1.80 455 10 Geraldo Rivera , Heather McGhee , Max Boot , Eliot Spitzer , Louie Anderson April 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) 1.84 456 11 Brian Schatz , Andy Cohen , Jason Kander , Maya Wiley , Jonathan Chait April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 1.56 457 12 Michael Avenatti , Frank Bruni , Alex Wagner , Jordan Peterson , Jay Inslee April 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 20 ) 1.75 458 13 Ronan Farrow , Ross Douthat , Ian Bremmer , Ana Marie Cox , John Podhoretz April 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 27 ) 1.68 459 14 Jon Meacham , Michael Hayden , Matt Welch , Sally Kohn , Michael Tubbs May 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 04 ) 1.50 460 15 Ethan Hawke , Robert Reich , Killer Mike , Duncan D. Hunter May 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 11 ) 1.52 461 16 Dan Savage , Bari Weiss , Evan McMullin , Dambisa Moyo , Clint Watts May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) 1.80 462 17 Bernie Sanders , Charlamagne tha God , Paul Begala , Bret Stephens , Natasha Bertrand June 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 01 ) 1.77 463 18 Fareed Zakaria , John Heilemann , Michael Eric Dyson , Linda Chavez , Shermichael Singleton June 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 08 ) 1.46 464 19 George Will , Karen Bass , Billy Eichner , Margaret Hoover , Michael Weiss June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 1.68 465 20 Michael Smerconish , Michael Pollan , Neera Tanden , Colion Noir , Josh Barro June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) 1.57 466 21 Michael Moore , Bradley Whitford , Jennifer Rubin , Lawrence Wilkerson , Ben Shapiro June 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 29 ) 1.67 467 22 Nancy MacLean , Steve Schmidt , Charles Blow , Malcolm Nance , Kristen Soltis Anderson August 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 03 ) 1.44 468 23 D.L. Hughley , Lawrence O'Donnell , Seth Moulton , Steven Pinker , Christina Bellantoni August 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 10 ) 1.59 469 24 Preet Bharara , Jennifer Granholm , Charlie Sykes , Jonathan Swan , Adam Conover August 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 17 ) 1.69 470 25 John Brennan , David Corn , Rick Wilson , Saru Jayaraman , Kara Swisher August 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 24 ) 1.66 471 26 Jim Carrey , David Axelrod , Charlie Dent , Michelle Goldberg , Jack Bryan September 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 07 ) 1.68 472 27 John Kerry , Steve Ballmer , S.E. Cupp , Mark Leibovich , Richard Clarke September 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 14 ) 1.74 473 28 Michael Moore , Thom Hartmann , P.J. O'Rourke , Catherine Rampell , Steve Hilton September 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 21 ) 1.70 474 29 Steve Bannon , Neil deGrasse Tyson , Evelyn Farkas , Max Brooks , April Ryan September 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 28 ) 1.76 475 30 Doris Kearns Goodwin , Soledad O'Brien , David Jolly , Andrew Sullivan , Jeff Bridges October 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 05 ) 1.73 476 31 Omarosa Manigault Newman , Eddie Glaude , Steve Kornacki , Reihan Salam , Rebecca Traister October 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 12 ) 1.74 477 32 Stormy Daniels , Anthony Scaramucci , Betsy Woodruff , Max Boot , Jonathan Haidt October 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 26 ) TBD 478 33 Barbra Streisand , Chelsea Handler , Jim VandeHei , Anthony Romero November 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 02 ) TBD 479 34 November 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 09 ) TBD 480 35 November 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 16 ) TBD	November 9 , 2018	Real Time with Bill Maher ( season 16 )	real time with bill maher ( season 16 )	This is a list of episodes from the sixteenth season of Real Time with Bill Maher .	Contents 1 Episodes 1.1 Special ( 2018 ) 2 References 3 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Real Time with Bill Maher episodes No . overall No. in season Guests Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 446 Larry Wilmore , Michael Wolff , Andrew Sullivan , Saru Jayaraman January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) 1.89 447 Roger McNamee , Rick Wilson , Ro Khanna , Michelle Goldberg , Zooey Deschanel January 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) 1.85 448 Anthony Scaramucci , Donna Brazile , Richard Haass , David Frum February 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) 1.91 449 Bari Weiss , Adam Schiff , April Ryan , Richard Painter , Johann Hari February 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) 1.88 450 5 Salman Rushdie , Vicente Fox , Anna Deavere Smith , Fran Lebowitz February 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 16 ) 1.84 451 6 Eric Holder , Jon Meacham , Amy Chua , David Hogg , Cameron Kasky March 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) 1.91 452 7 Kathy Griffin , Ana Navarro , Erick Erickson , Bari Weiss , Trae Crowder March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) 1.97 453 8 Beto O'Rourke , Billy Bush , Andrew Ross Sorkin , Pete Dominick , Nayyera Haq March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) 1.86 454 9 Chris Hayes , Mitch Landrieu , Gina McCarthy , Mona Charen , Malcolm Nance March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) 1.80 455 10 Geraldo Rivera , Heather McGhee , Max Boot , Eliot Spitzer , Louie Anderson April 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) 1.84 456 11 Brian Schatz , Andy Cohen , Jason Kander , Maya Wiley , Jonathan Chait April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 1.56 457 12 Michael Avenatti , Frank Bruni , Alex Wagner , Jordan Peterson , Jay Inslee April 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 20 ) 1.75 458 13 Ronan Farrow , Ross Douthat , Ian Bremmer , Ana Marie Cox , John Podhoretz April 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 27 ) 1.68 459 14 Jon Meacham , Michael Hayden , Matt Welch , Sally Kohn , Michael Tubbs May 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 04 ) 1.50 460 15 Ethan Hawke , Robert Reich , Killer Mike , Duncan D. Hunter May 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 11 ) 1.52 461 16 Dan Savage , Bari Weiss , Evan McMullin , Dambisa Moyo , Clint Watts May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) 1.80 462 17 Bernie Sanders , Charlamagne tha God , Paul Begala , Bret Stephens , Natasha Bertrand June 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 01 ) 1.77 463 18 Fareed Zakaria , John Heilemann , Michael Eric Dyson , Linda Chavez , Shermichael Singleton June 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 08 ) 1.46 464 19 George Will , Karen Bass , Billy Eichner , Margaret Hoover , Michael Weiss June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 1.68 465 20 Michael Smerconish , Michael Pollan , Neera Tanden , Colion Noir , Josh Barro June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) 1.57 466 21 Michael Moore , Bradley Whitford , Jennifer Rubin , Lawrence Wilkerson , Ben Shapiro June 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 29 ) 1.67 467 22 Nancy MacLean , Steve Schmidt , Charles Blow , Malcolm Nance , Kristen Soltis Anderson August 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 03 ) 1.44 468 23 D.L. Hughley , Lawrence O'Donnell , Seth Moulton , Steven Pinker , Christina Bellantoni August 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 10 ) 1.59 469 24 Preet Bharara , Jennifer Granholm , Charlie Sykes , Jonathan Swan , Adam Conover August 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 17 ) 1.69 470 25 John Brennan , David Corn , Rick Wilson , Saru Jayaraman , Kara Swisher August 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 24 ) 1.66 471 26 Jim Carrey , David Axelrod , Charlie Dent , Michelle Goldberg , Jack Bryan September 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 07 ) 1.68 472 27 John Kerry , Steve Ballmer , S.E. Cupp , Mark Leibovich , Richard Clarke September 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 14 ) 1.74 473 28 Michael Moore , Thom Hartmann , P.J. O'Rourke , Catherine Rampell , Steve Hilton September 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 21 ) 1.70 474 29 Steve Bannon , Neil deGrasse Tyson , Evelyn Farkas , Max Brooks , April Ryan September 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 28 ) 1.76 475 30 Doris Kearns Goodwin , Soledad O'Brien , David Jolly , Andrew Sullivan , Jeff Bridges October 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 05 ) 1.73 476 31 Omarosa Manigault Newman , Eddie Glaude , Steve Kornacki , Reihan Salam , Rebecca Traister October 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 12 ) 1.74 477 32 Stormy Daniels , Anthony Scaramucci , Betsy Woodruff , Max Boot , Jonathan Haidt October 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 26 ) TBD 478 33 Barbra Streisand , Chelsea Handler , Jim VandeHei , Anthony Romero November 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 02 ) TBD 479 34 November 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 09 ) TBD 480 35 November 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 16 ) TBD Special ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) -- `` Anniversary Special '' October 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 19 ) 1.51 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Schedule Search Results for `` Real Time '' `` . HBO . Retrieved September 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.19. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.26. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.2. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.9. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.16. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.2. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.9. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.16. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.23. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.6. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 16 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.13. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.20. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.27. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.4. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.11. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.18. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 4 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.1. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 11 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.8. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.15. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.22. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 2 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.29. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 6 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.3. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 13 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.10. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 20 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.17. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 27 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.24. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 10 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.7. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 17 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.14. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 24 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.21. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 1 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.28. 2018 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( October 9 , 2018 ) . `` Friday cable ratings : MLB playoffs win the night , ' Real Time with Bill Maher ' ticks back down '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( October 16 , 2018 ) . `` Friday cable ratings : ' Gold Rush ' premieres down , ' Real Time with Bill Maher ' holds steady '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Real Time With Bill Maher : Anniversary Special '' . HBO . Retrieved September 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( October 22 , 2018 ) . `` Friday cable ratings : MLB Playoffs lead the night , ' Gold Rush ' holds steady '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) HBO.com Episode List HBO.com Real Time with Bill Maher Free ( audio - only ) episodes and Overtime podcast TV.com Episode Guide List of Real Time with Bill Maher episodes on IMDb Real Time with Bill Maher seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Real_Time_with_Bill_Maher_(season_16)&oldid=865928238 '' Categories : Real Time with Bill Maher seasons 2018 American television seasons Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 03 : 02 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real%20Time%20with%20Bill%20Maher%20%28season%2016%29	741
who was the last president to not get reelected	Rank President Length in days Order of presidency Number of terms Franklin D. Roosevelt 7003442200000000000 ♠ 4,422 32nd March 4 , 1933 -- April 12 , 1945 Three full terms ; died 2 months and 23 days into fourth term tie Thomas Jefferson 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 3rd March 4 , 1801 -- March 4 , 1809 Two full terms James Madison 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 4th March 4 , 1809 -- March 4 , 1817 Two full terms James Monroe 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 5th March 4 , 1817 -- March 4 , 1825 Two full terms Andrew Jackson 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 7th March 4 , 1829 -- March 4 , 1837 Two full terms Ulysses S. Grant 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 18th March 4 , 1869 -- March 4 , 1877 Two full terms Grover Cleveland 2,922 22nd March 4 , 1885 -- March 4 , 1889 Two full terms ( non-consecutive ) 24th March 4 , 1893 -- March 4 , 1897 Woodrow Wilson 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 28th March 4 , 1913 -- March 4 , 1921 Two full terms Dwight D. Eisenhower 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 34th January 20 , 1953 -- January 20 , 1961 Two full terms Ronald Reagan 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 40th January 20 , 1981 -- January 20 , 1989 Two full terms Bill Clinton 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 42nd January 20 , 1993 -- January 20 , 2001 Two full terms George W. Bush 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 43rd January 20 , 2001 -- January 20 , 2009 Two full terms Barack Obama 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 44th January 20 , 2009 -- January 20 , 2017 Two full terms 14 George Washington 7003286500000000000 ♠ 2,865 1st April 30 , 1789 -- March 4 , 1797 Two full terms 15 Harry S. Truman 7003284000000000000 ♠ 2,840 33rd April 12 , 1945 -- January 20 , 1953 One partial term ( 3 years , 9 months , and 8 days ) , followed by one full term 16 Theodore Roosevelt 7003272800000000000 ♠ 2,728 26th September 14 , 1901 -- March 4 , 1909 One partial term ( 3 years , 5 months , and 18 days ) , followed by one full term 17 Calvin Coolidge 7003204100000000000 ♠ 2,041 30th August 2 , 1923 -- March 4 , 1929 One partial term ( 1 year , 7 months , and 2 days ) , followed by one full term 18 Richard Nixon 7003202700000000000 ♠ 2,027 37th January 20 , 1969 -- August 9 , 1974 One full term ; resigned 1 year , 6 months , and 20 days into second term 19 Lyndon B. Johnson 7003188600000000000 ♠ 1,886 36th November 22 , 1963 -- January 20 , 1969 One partial term ( 1 year , 1 month , and 29 days ) , followed by one full term 20 William McKinley 7003165400000000000 ♠ 1,654 25th March 4 , 1897 -- September 14 , 1901 One full term ; assassinated 6 months and 2 days into second term , dying 8 days later , 6 months and 10 days into that term 21 Abraham Lincoln 7003150300000000000 ♠ 1,503 16th March 4 , 1861 -- April 15 , 1865 One full term ; assassinated 1 month and 10 days into second term , dying 1 day later , 1 month and 11 days into that term 22 tie John Quincy Adams 7003146100000000000 ♠ 1,461 6th March 4 , 1825 -- March 4 , 1829 One full term Martin Van Buren 7003146100000000000 ♠ 1,461 8th March 4 , 1837 -- March 4 , 1841 One full term James K. Polk 7003146100000000000 ♠ 1,461 11th March 4 , 1845 -- March 4 , 1849 One full term Franklin Pierce 7003146100000000000 ♠ 1,461 14th March 4 , 1853 -- March 4 , 1857 One full term James Buchanan 7003146100000000000 ♠ 1,461 15th March 4 , 1857 -- March 4 , 1861 One full term Rutherford B. Hayes 7003146100000000000 ♠ 1,461 19th March 4 , 1877 -- March 4 , 1881 One full term Benjamin Harrison 7003146100000000000 ♠ 1,461 23rd March 4 , 1889 -- March 4 , 1893 One full term William Howard Taft 7003146100000000000 ♠ 1,461 27th March 4 , 1909 -- March 4 , 1913 One full term Herbert Hoover 7003146100000000000 ♠ 1,461 31st March 4 , 1929 -- March 4 , 1933 One full term Jimmy Carter 7003146100000000000 ♠ 1,461 39th January 20 , 1977 -- January 20 , 1981 One full term George H.W. Bush 7003146100000000000 ♠ 1,461 41st January 20 , 1989 -- January 20 , 1993 One full term 33 John Adams 7003146000000000000 ♠ 1,460 2nd March 4 , 1797 -- March 4 , 1801 One full term 34 John Tyler 7003143000000000000 ♠ 1,430 10th April 4 , 1841 -- March 4 , 1845 One partial term ( 3 years and 11 months ) 35 Andrew Johnson 7003141900000000000 ♠ 1,419 17th April 15 , 1865 -- March 4 , 1869 One partial term ( 3 years , 10 months , and 17 days ) 36 Chester A. Arthur 7003126200000000000 ♠ 1,262 21st September 19 , 1881 -- March 4 , 1885 One partial term ( 3 years , 5 months , and 13 days ) 37 John F. Kennedy 7003103600000000000 ♠ 1,036 35th January 20 , 1961 -- November 22 , 1963 Assassinated 2 years , 10 months , and 2 days into term 38 Millard Fillmore 7002969000000000000 ♠ 969 13th July 9 , 1850 -- March 4 , 1853 One partial term ( 2 years , 7 months , and 23 days ) 39 Gerald Ford 7002895000000000000 ♠ 895 38th August 9 , 1974 -- January 20 , 1977 One partial term ( 2 years , 5 months , and 11 days ) 40 Warren G. Harding 7002881000000000000 ♠ 881 29th March 4 , 1921 -- August 2 , 1923 Died 2 years , 4 months , and 29 days into term 41 Donald Trump 7002568000000000000 ♠ 568 45th January 20 , 2017 -- Incumbent Serving first term 42 Zachary Taylor 7002492000000000000 ♠ 492 12th March 4 , 1849 -- July 9 , 1850 Died 1 year , 4 months , and 5 days into term 43 James A. Garfield 7002199000000000000 ♠ 199 20th March 4 , 1881 -- September 19 , 1881 Assassinated 3 months and 28 days into term , dying 79 days later , 6 months and 15 days into term 44 William Henry Harrison 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 9th March 4 , 1841 -- April 4 , 1841 Died 31 days into term	George H.W. Bush	List of presidents of the United States by time in office	list of presidents of the united states by time in office	Franklin Delano Roosevelt Longest presidency 4,422 days 1933 -- 1945	William Henry Harrison Shortest presidency 31 days 1841 This is a list of Presidents of the United States by time in office . The basis of the list is the difference between dates ; if counted by number of calendar days all the figures would be one greater , with the exception of Grover Cleveland , who would receive two days . Since 1789 , there have been 44 people sworn into office as President of the United States , and 45 presidencies , as Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms and is counted chronologically as both the 22nd and 24th president . Of the individuals elected president , four ( William Henry Harrison , Zachary Taylor , Warren G. Harding , and Franklin D. Roosevelt ) died of natural causes while in office , four ( Abraham Lincoln , James A. Garfield , William McKinley , and John F. Kennedy ) were assassinated , and one ( Richard Nixon ) resigned . William Henry Harrison spent the shortest time in office , and Franklin D. Roosevelt spent the longest . He is the only president to have served more than two terms . Following ratification of the 22nd Amendment in 1951 , presidents -- beginning with Dwight D. Eisenhower -- have been ineligible for election to a third term or for election to a second full term after serving more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected president . The amendment contained a grandfather clause that explicitly exempted the incumbent president -- then Harry S. Truman -- from the new term limitations . Contents 1 Presidents by time in office 1.1 Notes 2 References 3 External links Presidents by time in office ( edit ) Rank President Length in days Order of presidency Number of terms Franklin D. Roosevelt 7003442200000000000 ♠ 4,422 32nd March 4 , 1933 -- April 12 , 1945 Three full terms ; died 2 months and 23 days into fourth term tie Thomas Jefferson 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 3rd March 4 , 1801 -- March 4 , 1809 Two full terms James Madison 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 4th March 4 , 1809 -- March 4 , 1817 Two full terms James Monroe 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 5th March 4 , 1817 -- March 4 , 1825 Two full terms Andrew Jackson 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 7th March 4 , 1829 -- March 4 , 1837 Two full terms Ulysses S. Grant 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 18th March 4 , 1869 -- March 4 , 1877 Two full terms Grover Cleveland 2,922 22nd March 4 , 1885 -- March 4 , 1889 Two full terms ( non-consecutive ) 24th March 4 , 1893 -- March 4 , 1897 Woodrow Wilson 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 28th March 4 , 1913 -- March 4 , 1921 Two full terms Dwight D. Eisenhower 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 34th January 20 , 1953 -- January 20 , 1961 Two full terms Ronald Reagan 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 40th January 20 , 1981 -- January 20 , 1989 Two full terms Bill Clinton 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 42nd January 20 , 1993 -- January 20 , 2001 Two full terms George W. Bush 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 43rd January 20 , 2001 -- January 20 , 2009 Two full terms Barack Obama 7003292200000000000 ♠ 2,922 44th January 20 , 2009 -- January 20 , 2017 Two full terms 14 George Washington 7003286500000000000 ♠ 2,865 1st April 30 , 1789 -- March 4 , 1797 Two full terms 15 Harry S. Truman 7003284000000000000 ♠ 2,840 33rd April 12 , 1945 -- January 20 , 1953 One partial term ( 3 years , 9 months , and 8 days ) , followed by one full term 16 Theodore Roosevelt 7003272800000000000 ♠ 2,728 26th September 14 , 1901 -- March 4 , 1909 One partial term ( 3 years , 5 months , and 18 days ) , followed by one full term 17 Calvin Coolidge 7003204100000000000 ♠ 2,041 30th August 2 , 1923 -- March 4 , 1929 One partial term ( 1 year , 7 months , and 2 days ) , followed by one full term 18 Richard Nixon 7003202700000000000 ♠ 2,027 37th January 20 , 1969 -- August 9 , 1974 One full term ; resigned 1 year , 6 months , and 20 days into second term 19 Lyndon B. Johnson 7003188600000000000 ♠ 1,886 36th November 22 , 1963 -- January 20 , 1969 One partial term ( 1 year , 1 month , and 29 days ) , followed by one full term 20 William McKinley 7003165400000000000 ♠ 1,654 25th March 4 , 1897 -- September 14 , 1901 One full term ; assassinated 6 months and 2 days into second term , dying 8 days later , 6 months and 10 days into that term 21 Abraham Lincoln 7003150300000000000 ♠ 1,503 16th March 4 , 1861 -- April 15 , 1865 One full term ; assassinated 1 month and 10 days into second term , dying 1 day later , 1 month and 11 days into that term 22 tie John Quincy Adams 7003146100000000000 ♠ 1,461 6th March 4 , 1825 -- March 4 , 1829 One full term Martin Van Buren 7003146100000000000 ♠ 1,461 8th March 4 , 1837 -- March 4 , 1841 One full term James K. Polk 7003146100000000000 ♠ 1,461 11th March 4 , 1845 -- March 4 , 1849 One full term Franklin Pierce 7003146100000000000 ♠ 1,461 14th March 4 , 1853 -- March 4 , 1857 One full term James Buchanan 7003146100000000000 ♠ 1,461 15th March 4 , 1857 -- March 4 , 1861 One full term Rutherford B. Hayes 7003146100000000000 ♠ 1,461 19th March 4 , 1877 -- March 4 , 1881 One full term Benjamin Harrison 7003146100000000000 ♠ 1,461 23rd March 4 , 1889 -- March 4 , 1893 One full term William Howard Taft 7003146100000000000 ♠ 1,461 27th March 4 , 1909 -- March 4 , 1913 One full term Herbert Hoover 7003146100000000000 ♠ 1,461 31st March 4 , 1929 -- March 4 , 1933 One full term Jimmy Carter 7003146100000000000 ♠ 1,461 39th January 20 , 1977 -- January 20 , 1981 One full term George H.W. Bush 7003146100000000000 ♠ 1,461 41st January 20 , 1989 -- January 20 , 1993 One full term 33 John Adams 7003146000000000000 ♠ 1,460 2nd March 4 , 1797 -- March 4 , 1801 One full term 34 John Tyler 7003143000000000000 ♠ 1,430 10th April 4 , 1841 -- March 4 , 1845 One partial term ( 3 years and 11 months ) 35 Andrew Johnson 7003141900000000000 ♠ 1,419 17th April 15 , 1865 -- March 4 , 1869 One partial term ( 3 years , 10 months , and 17 days ) 36 Chester A. Arthur 7003126200000000000 ♠ 1,262 21st September 19 , 1881 -- March 4 , 1885 One partial term ( 3 years , 5 months , and 13 days ) 37 John F. Kennedy 7003103600000000000 ♠ 1,036 35th January 20 , 1961 -- November 22 , 1963 Assassinated 2 years , 10 months , and 2 days into term 38 Millard Fillmore 7002969000000000000 ♠ 969 13th July 9 , 1850 -- March 4 , 1853 One partial term ( 2 years , 7 months , and 23 days ) 39 Gerald Ford 7002895000000000000 ♠ 895 38th August 9 , 1974 -- January 20 , 1977 One partial term ( 2 years , 5 months , and 11 days ) 40 Warren G. Harding 7002881000000000000 ♠ 881 29th March 4 , 1921 -- August 2 , 1923 Died 2 years , 4 months , and 29 days into term 41 Donald Trump 7002568000000000000 ♠ 568 45th January 20 , 2017 -- Incumbent Serving first term 42 Zachary Taylor 7002492000000000000 ♠ 492 12th March 4 , 1849 -- July 9 , 1850 Died 1 year , 4 months , and 5 days into term 43 James A. Garfield 7002199000000000000 ♠ 199 20th March 4 , 1881 -- September 19 , 1881 Assassinated 3 months and 28 days into term , dying 79 days later , 6 months and 15 days into term 44 William Henry Harrison 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 9th March 4 , 1841 -- April 4 , 1841 Died 31 days into term Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The 20th Amendment ( ratified in 1933 ) moved Inauguration Day from March 4 to January 20 . The 1937 presidential inauguration was the first to take place on the new date . As a result , Franklin D. Roosevelt 's first term in office ( 1933 -- 1937 ) was only 7003141800000000000 ♠ 1,418 days long , 1 month and 12 days shorter than a normal term . ^ Jump up to : Died in office Jump up ^ Did not seek re-election in 1876 . He sought a non-consecutive third term in 1880 , but was defeated for renomination at the Republican National Convention . Jump up ^ Each of Grover Cleveland 's two non-consecutive terms in office was 1,461 days long . ^ Jump up to : Incumbent president who sought a second term but was defeated in a quadrennial presidential election . ^ Jump up to : Of years evenly divisible by 100 , only those evenly divisible by 400 are leap years . The years 1800 and 1900 are divisible by 100 , but not by 400 . Thus , John Adams 's term and McKinley 's first term did not include a 366 - day leap year , so those terms were one day shorter than a normal full term . The year 2000 is divisible by 400 and so did include one , thus Clinton 's second term was not shorter than his first . Jump up ^ Due to logistical delays , Washington 's first inauguration was held 1 month and 26 days after the scheduled start of operations of the new government under the Constitution . As a result , his first term was only 7003140400000000000 ♠ 1,404 days long , and was the shortest term for a U.S. president who neither died in office nor resigned . ^ Jump up to : Succeeded to presidency . Jump up ^ Did not seek re-election in 1908 . In 1912 , he ran for a non-consecutive second full term , this time on the Progressive Party ticket , but was defeated . Jump up ^ Resigned from office Jump up ^ Subsequently sought a non-consecutive second term , first in 1844 , but was defeated for renomination at the Democratic National Convention , and then again in 1848 ( this time on the Free Soil Party ticket ) , but was defeated . Jump up ^ The only incumbent president who had never been elected to national office , he sought election to a full term in 1976 , but was defeated . Jump up ^ As of August 11 , 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cleaves , Freeman ( 1939 ) . Old Tippecanoe : William Henry Harrison and His Time . C. Scribner 's Sons . p. 152 . Jump up ^ Ingersoll , Jared . `` Death of the President '' . University of Virginia 's Miller Center of Public Affairs . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2010 . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Russell , Francis ( 1962 ) . The Shadow of Blooming Grove -- Warren G. Harding in His Times . Easton Press . p. 591 . ISBN 0070543380 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Paul `` Lincoln 's Missing Bodyguard '' , Smithsonian Magazine , April 8 , 2010 , Retrieved November 15 , 2010 Jump up ^ Donald ( 1996 ) , p. 597 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ben Parker and President McKinley 's Assassination '' . Math.buffalo.edu . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nixon Resigns '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to President of the United States . Millercenter.org , American President : A Reference Resource Whitehouse.gov , The Presidents Lists related to the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States List of Presidents List of Vice Presidents Presidents Age Autobiographies Burial places Death Historical rankings Lifespan timeline Number living Time in office Portraits Professional careers Approval rating Assassination attempts and plots Campaign slogans Control of Congress Doctrines Inaugurations International trips Judicial appointments Libraries Military rank Military service Other offices held Pardons Previous experience Vetoes Personal life Coats of arms Deaths in office Education Facial hair Firsts Freemasons Multilingualism Net worth Nicknames Pets Home state Religious affiliation Residences Slave owners Vice Presidents Age Burial places Coats of arms Education Number living Other offices held Place of primary affiliation Religious affiliation Tie - breaking votes Time in office Succession Acting President Designated survivor Line of succession Elections Electoral College margin Popular vote margin Summary Winner lost popular vote Candidates Democrat Republican Third party Green Libertarian Progressive National Republican / Whig African American Female Received at least one electoral vote Number of votes received Height Unsuccessful major party candidates Lost their home state Families First Families First Ladies Second Ladies Children Namesakes , honors Memorial sites U.S. postage stamp appearances Educational institution names Currency appearances U.S. county names U.S. Senate vice presidential bust collection In fiction Presidents actors Vice Presidents actors Candidates Line of succession U.S. Government Portal Biography Portal Presidents of the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_time_in_office&oldid=853696869 '' Categories : Lists of people by time in office Lists relating to the United States presidency Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Română Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 12 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Presidents%20of%20the%20United%20States%20by%20time%20in%20office	742
where did the term hoe cakes come from	According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the term hoecake first occurs in 1745 , and the term is used by American writers such as Joel Barlow and Washington Irving . The origin of the name is the method of preparation : they were cooked on a type of iron pan called a hoe . There is conflicting evidence regarding the common belief that they were cooked on the blades of gardening hoes . A hoecake can be made either out of cornbread batter or leftover biscuit dough . A cornbread hoecake is thicker than a cornbread pancake .		Johnnycake	johnnycake	Johnnycake ( also called journey cake , shawnee cake or johnny bread ) is a cornmeal flatbread . An early American staple food , it is prepared on the Atlantic coast from Newfoundland to Jamaica . The food originates from the native inhabitants of North America . It is still eaten in the West Indies , Dominican Republic , Saint Croix , Bahamas , Colombia , and Bermuda as well as in the United States and Canada .	The modern johnnycake is found in the cuisine of New England , and often claimed as originating in Rhode Island . A modern johnnycake is fried cornmeal gruel , which is made from yellow or white cornmeal mixed with salt and hot water or milk , and sometimes sweetened . In the Southern United States , the word used is hoecake , although this can also refer to cornbread fried in a pan . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 1.1 Johnnycake 1.2 Hoecake 2 Origin 3 Preparation 4 Variations 4.1 Australia 4.2 Dominican Republic 4.3 Puerto Rico 4.4 Jamaica 4.5 United States 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading Etymology ( edit ) Kenyon Corn Meal Company , a gristmill in Usquepaug , Rhode Island . The building shown was built in 1886 , and company history dates from the early 1700s or earlier . Johnnycake ( edit ) The earliest attestation of the term `` johnny cake '' is from 1739 ( in South Carolina ) ; the spelling `` journey cake '' is only attested from 1775 on the Gulf Coast , but may be the earlier form . The word is likely based on the word `` Jonakin , '' recorded in New England in 1765 , itself derived from the word `` jannock , '' recorded in Northern England in the sixteenth century . According to Edward Ellis Morris , the term was the name given `` ... by the ( American ) negroes to a cake made of Indian corn ( maize ) . '' Another suggested derivation is that it comes from Shawnee cake although some writers disagree . Hoecake ( edit ) According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the term hoecake first occurs in 1745 , and the term is used by American writers such as Joel Barlow and Washington Irving . The origin of the name is the method of preparation : they were cooked on a type of iron pan called a hoe . There is conflicting evidence regarding the common belief that they were cooked on the blades of gardening hoes . A hoecake can be made either out of cornbread batter or leftover biscuit dough . A cornbread hoecake is thicker than a cornbread pancake . Origin ( edit ) Native Americans were using ground corn for cooking long before European explorers arrived in the New World . The johnnycake originates with the native inhabitants of Northern America ; the Algonquians of the Atlantic seaboard are credited with teaching Europeans how to make the food . Southern Native American culture ( Cherokee , Chickasaw , Choctaw , Creek ) is the cornerstone of Southern cuisine . From this culture came one of the main staples of the Southern diet : corn ( maize ) . Corn was used to make all kinds of dishes from the familiar cornbread and grits to liquors such as whiskey and moonshine , which were important trade items . Cornbread was popular during the American Civil War because it was very cheap and could be made in many different sizes and forms . It could be fashioned into high - rising , fluffy loaves or simply fried for a fast meal . To a far greater degree than anyone realizes , several of the most important food dishes that the Southeastern Indians live on today is the `` soul food '' eaten by both black and white Southerners . Hominy , for example , is still eaten ... Sofkee live on as grits ... cornbread ( is ) used by Southern cooks ... Indian fritters ... variously known as `` hoe cake '' , ... or `` Johnny cake . '' ... Indian boiled cornbread is present in Southern cuisine as `` corn meal dumplings '' , ... and as `` hush puppies '' , ... Southerners cook their beans and field peas by boiling them , as did the Indians ... like the Indians they cure their meat and smoke it over hickory coals . Preparation ( edit ) Johnnycakes on a plate Johnnycakes are an unleavened cornbread made of cornmeal ( but see the Australian version below ) , salt , and water . Early cooks set thick corn dough on a wooden board or barrel stave , which they leaned on a piece of wood or a rock in front of an open fire to bake . Hoecake was traditionally cooked on a hoe : `` Hoe - Cake : A cake of Indian meal , baked before the fire . In the interior parts of the country , where kitchen utensils do not abound , they are baked on a hoe ; hence the name . '' In the American south during the 18th century versions were made with rice or hominy flour and perhaps cassava . A 1905 cookbook includes a recipe for `` Alabama Johnny Cake '' made with rice and ' meal ' . The difference between johnnycake and hoecake originally lay in the method of preparation , though today both are often cooked on a griddle or in a skillet . Some recipes call for baking johnnycakes in an oven , similar to corn pones , which are still baked in the oven as they were traditionally . Johnnycakes may also be made using leavening , with or without other ingredients more commonly associated with American pancakes , such as eggs or solid fats like butter . Like pancakes , they are often served with maple syrup , honey , or other sweet toppings . According to the manuscript of America Eats , a WPA guide to American food culture in the beginning decades of the twentieth century , Rhode Island `` jonny cakes '' were made in the 1930s as follows : In preparation , ( white corn ) meal may or may not be scalded with hot water or hot milk in accordance to preference . After mixing meal with water or milk it is dropped on a smoking hot spider ( pan ) set atop a stove into cakes about 3 `` x3 '' x1 / 2 '' in size . The secret of cooking jonny cakes is to watch them closely and keep them supplied with enough sausage or bacon fat so they will become crisp , and not burn . Cook slowly for half an hour , turn occasionally , and when done serve with plenty of butter . Variations ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) In Australia , `` Johnnycake '' refers to a quick bread made with flour rather than cornmeal ; the cakes are baked in the hot ashes of a fire or fried in fat on a skillet . Dominican Republic ( edit ) Dominican style Yaniqueques Yaniqueques or yanikeke are a Dominican Republic version of the jonnycake , supposedly brought over in the 19th century by the Cocolos , or English - speaking migrants ( possibly of Afro - Caribbean descent ) . These cakes are made with flour , baking powder , butter and water ; however , they are typically deep - fried . They are a popular beach snack , especially in Boca Chica . Puerto Rico ( edit ) Both flour and cornmeal johnnycakes are popular beach food in Puerto Rico . They came to Puerto Rico from different parts of the Caribbean , notably of Dominican and Jamaican descent . They are deep - fried as most johnnycakes are and stuffed with seafood or as a sweet snack similar to funnel cake sprinkled with sugar and cinnamon . The recipe is similar to that found in other regions ; flour or cornmeal with butter and baking soda are standard , but sometimes coconut milk is used instead of water . Jamaica ( edit ) Johnnycake is a traditional staple across the island . Some people call these fried dumplings whilst others say fried Johnnycakes . Recipe incorporates flour , sugar , salt , baking powder , margarine or butter and water or milk . Once kneaded , the dough is fried in cooking oil . United States ( edit ) The modern jonnycake is a staple in the cuisine of New England and New Englanders claim it originated in Rhode Island . A modern jonnycake is fried gruel made from yellow or white cornmeal that is mixed with salt and hot water or milk , and sometimes sweetened . In the Southern United States , the same food is referred to as hoecake . See also ( edit ) Food portal Cornbread Corn cookie Corn fritters Hushpuppy List of maize dishes Mush ( cornmeal ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kurlansky , Mark ( 2009 ) . The food of a younger land : a portrait of American food ; Before the national highway system , before chain restaurants , and before frozen food , when the nation 's food was seasonal , regional , and traditional : from the lost WPA files . Penguin . p. 86 . ISBN 9781594488658 . Jump up ^ Porter , Darwin ; Danforth Prince ( 2009 ) . Frommer 's Bermuda 2010 . Frommer 's . p. 41 . ISBN 9780470470626 . Retrieved 14 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : New England Country Store Cookbook by Peter W. Smith ( iUniverse 2003 ) Jump up ^ Kurlansky , Mark ( 2009 ) . The food of a younger land : a portrait of American food , before the national highway system , before chain restaurants , and before frozen food , when the nation 's food was seasonal , regional , and traditional : From the lost WPA files . Penguin . p. 86 . ISBN 9781594488658 . Retrieved 14 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Meehan , Mary Beth ( 2 August 2006 ) . `` Jonnycakes from the Kenyon Corn Meal Company '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny - cake '' . Oxford English Dictionary . 1989 . Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` johnny - cake '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ Hess , Karen ( 1998 ) . The Carolina Rice Kitchen : The African Connection . University of South Carolina Press . p. 125 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57003 - 208 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , Edward Ellis ( 1898 ) . Austral English : A Dictionary of Australasian Words , Phrases , and Usages , with Those Aboriginal - Australian and Maori Words which Have Become Incorporated in the Language and the Commoner Scientific Words that Have Had Their Origin in Australasia . Macmillan . p. 223 . Jump up ^ Randolph , Mary ( 1824 ) . The Virginia House - wife . Univ of South Carolina Press . p. 277 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87249 - 423 - 7 . Jump up ^ Stavely , Keith W.F. ; Fitzgerald , Kathleen ( 2004 ) . America 's Founding Food : The Story of New England Cooking . Univ of North Carolina Press . p. 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 2894 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Hoecake '' . Oxford English Dictionary . 1989 . Jump up ^ `` How the Hoe Cake ( Most Likely ) Got Its Name '' ( PDF ) . Historic London Town and Gardens . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Starr , Kathy ( 1989 ) . The Soul of Southern Cooking . University Press of Mississippi . p. 141 . ISBN 9780878054152 . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Keane , Augustus Henry ( 1908 ) . The world 's peoples : a popular account of their bodily & mental characters , beliefs , traditions , political and social institutions . G.P. Putnam 's sons . p. 256 . Retrieved 16 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Dragonwagon , Crescent ( 2007 ) . The Cornbread Gospels . Workman Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7611 - 1916 - 7 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Charles ( 1976 ) . `` A Conquered People '' . The Southeastern Indians . The University of Tennessee Press . pp. 498 -- 499 . ISBN 0 - 87049 - 248 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny cake boards made for this purpose , were about ten inches wide , fifteen inches long , and rounded at the top . After one side baked brown , the turned the johnnycake over to treat the other side the same way . If no suitable board was handy , the cook might take the metal blade of a hoe , and clean it and grease it with bear 's oil . The dough baked on this metal surface was called a hoe - cake . Vogel , William Frederick ( 1954 ) . Home Life in Early Indiana ( PDF ) . p. 9 . Retrieved 15 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Bartlett , John Russell ( 1860 ) . Dictionary of Americanisms : A Glossary of Words and Phrases Usually Regarded as Peculiar to the United States ( 3rd ed . ) . Little Brown . p. 197 . Retrieved 15 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Weir , Robert M. ; Karen Hess ( 1998 ) . The Carolina Rice Kitchen : The African Connection . U of South Carolina P. p. 127 . ISBN 9781570032080 . Retrieved 12 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Wilcox , Estelle Woods ( 1905 ) . The Original Buckeye Cook Book and Practical Housekeeping . Reilly & Britton Company . p. 31 . Jump up ^ Dojny , Brooke ; Scott Dorrance ( 2006 ) . Dishing Up Maine : 165 Recipes That Capture Authentic Down East Flavors . Storey Publishing . p. 211 . ISBN 9781580178419 . Retrieved 15 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Hundley , Social Relations in Our Southern States , p. 87 - 88 : `` Corn - dodger , corn - pone , and hoe - cake are different only in the baking . The meal is prepared for each precisely in the same way . Take as much meal as you want , some salt , and enough pure water to knead the mass . Mix it well , let it stand for fifteen or twenty minutes , not longer , as this will be long enough to saturate perfectly every particle of meal ; bake on the griddle for hoe - cake , and in the skillet or oven for dodger or pone . The griddle or oven must be made hot enough to bake , but not to burn , but with a quick heat . The lid must be heated also before putting it on the skillet or oven , and that heat must be kept up with coals of fire placed on it , as there must be around and under the oven . The griddle must be well supplied with live coals under it . The hoe - cake must be put on thin , not more than or quite as thick as your forefinger ; when brown , it must be turned and both sides baked to a rich brown color . There must be no burning -- baking is the idea . Yet the baking must be done with a quick lively heat , the quicker the better . '' Jump up ^ Mark Kurklansky , `` The Food of a Younger Land , '' Penguin Books , 2009 Jump up ^ González , Clara R. ; Ilana Benady ; Jill Wyatt ( 2007 ) . Traditional Dominican Cookery . Lulu . p. 32 . ISBN 9789945045017 . Jump up ^ Benady , Ilana ( 2005 ) . Aunt Clara 's Dominican Cookbook . Lulu . pp. 12 , 25 . ISBN 9781411663251 . Retrieved 16 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Cambeira , Alan ( 1997 ) . Quisqueya la bella : the Dominican Republic in historical and cultural perspective . M.E. Sharpe . p. 226 . ISBN 9781563249365 . Retrieved 16 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Adventure Guide to the Dominican Republic . Harry S. Pariser. 1994 . p. 236 . ISBN 9781556506291 . Retrieved 16 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Donaldson , Enid . The Real Taste of Jamaica . Jump up ^ Kurlansky , Mark ( 2009 ) . The food of a younger land : a portrait of American food , before the national highway system , before chain restaurants , and before frozen food , when the nation 's food was seasonal , regional , and traditional : From the lost WPA files . Penguin . p. 86 . ISBN 9781594488658 . Retrieved 14 March 2010 . Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Johnnycakes . Beaulieu , Linda , The Providence and Rhode Island Cookbook , Guilford , CT : Globe Pequot Press , 2006 , ISBN 0762731370 . Bartlett , John Russell . Dictionary of Americanisms : A Glossary of Words and Phrases Usually Regarded as Peculiar to the United States , fourth edition . Boston : Little , Brown , and Co. ( 1889 Hundley , Daniel R. , Esq . Social Relations in Our Southern States . New York : Henry B. Price ( 1860 ) . Vogel , William Frederick . `` Home Life in Early Indiana '' . Indiana Magazine of History 10 : 2 ( June 1914 ) 1 - 29 . Indiana : Indiana University . Pancakes List of pancakes Types Æbleskiver Apam balik Appam Baghrir Bánh cuốn Bánh xèo Bannock Benne dose Bing Blini Blodplättar Borlengo Boûkète Boxty Buchimgae Bindae - tteok Kimchi - buchimgae Memil - buchimgae Pajeon Buckwheat pancake Blini Kaletez Memil - buchimgae Cachapa Chalbori - ppang Chataamari Cholermus Crempog Crêpe Crumpet David Eyre 's Dosa Dutch baby Egg waffle Farinata Flädle Fläskpannkaka Funkaso Galette Gundel Gyabrag Hirayachi Hortobágyi palacsinta Hotteok Injera Johnnycake Kaiserschmarrn Kalathappam Khanom bueang Kouign - amann Lahoh Laobing Malpua Memela Memil - buchimgae Milcao Mofletta Msemen Murtabak Neer dosa Oatcake Okonomiyaki Oladyi Palatschinke Pannekoek Pannukakku Pathiri Pesarattu Ploye Poffertjes Ponganalu Potato Quarkkäulchen Racuchy Roti prata Serabi Spring Suncake Syrniki Thalipeeth Tlacoyo Touton Uttapam Brands Arrowhead Mills Aunt Jemima Bisquick Bob 's Red Mill Boulder Brands Bruce 's Cherrybrook Kitchen Connoisseur 's Bakery Crispy Pancakes Dr. Oetker Hungry Jack Jack & Jason 's Pancakes & Waffles Jiffy mix King Arthur Flour Mrs. Butterworth 's Ralcorp Streit 's See also Biscuit Pancake art Pancake breakfast Pancake machine Pancake pen Syrup Book Commons Cookbook Food portal American breads American breads Adobe bread Amish friendship bread Anadama bread Banana bread Bannock Beaten biscuit Biscuit Bulkie roll Cornbread Cuban bread Frybread Graham bread Hot water corn bread Hushpuppy Johnnycake Muffin Muffuletta Parker House roll Pepperoni roll Popover Pullman loaf Salt - rising bread Sloosh Texas toast Misc . Biscuit History of California bread List of American breads Recipes on WikiBooks Category : American breads Food portal The United States Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johnnycake&oldid=816813974 '' Categories : Dominican Republic cuisine Maize dishes New England cuisine Pancakes Puerto Rican cuisine Rhode Island cuisine Soul food Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 23 December 2017 , at 21 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnnycake	743
last season of dancing with the stars cast	Celebrity Notability ( known for ) Professional partner Status Ref . Chris Kattan Actor & comedian Witney Carson Eliminated 1st on March 27 , 2017 Charo Actress , comedienne & singer Keo Motsepe Eliminated 2nd on April 3 , 2017 Mr. T Actor & former wrestler Kym Herjavec Eliminated 3rd on April 10 , 2017 Erika Jayne Singer & reality television star Gleb Savchenko Eliminated 4th on April 17 , 2017 Heather Morris Glee actress & dancer Maksim Chmerkovskiy Alan Bersten ( weeks 2 - 5 ) Eliminated 5th on April 24 , 2017 Nancy Kerrigan Former Olympic figure skater Artem Chigvintsev Eliminated 6th on May 1 , 2017 Nick Viall The Bachelor star Peta Murgatroyd Bonner Bolton Model & bull rider Sharna Burgess Eliminated 8th on May 8 , 2017 Simone Biles Olympic artistic gymnast Sasha Farber Eliminated 9th on May 15 , 2017 Normani Kordei Fifth Harmony singer Valentin Chmerkovskiy Third place on May 23 , 2017 David Ross Former MLB catcher Lindsay Arnold Runner - up on May 23 , 2017 Rashad Jennings NFL running back Emma Slater Winner on May 23 , 2017		DANCING with the Stars ( U.S. season 24 )	dancing with the stars ( u. s. season 24 )	Season twenty - four of Dancing with the Stars premiered on March 20 , 2017 , on the ABC network .	On May 23 , 2017 , NFL runningback Rashad Jennings and Emma Slater , were declared the winners , marking Slater 's first win . Former MLB catcher David Ross and Lindsay Arnold finished second , while Fifth Harmony singer Normani Kordei and Val Chmerkovskiy finished third . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Couples 1.2 Hosts and judges 2 Scoring charts 2.1 Average score chart 2.2 Highest and lowest scoring performances 2.3 Couples ' highest and lowest scoring dances 3 Weekly scores 3.1 Week 1 : First Dances / 400th Episode Week 3.2 Week 2 3.3 Week 3 : Vegas Night 3.4 Week 4 : Most Memorable Year Night 3.5 Week 5 : Disney Night 3.6 Week 6 : Boy Bands vs. Girl Groups Night 3.7 Week 7 : A Night at the Movies 3.8 Week 8 : Quarterfinals 3.9 Week 9 : Semifinals 3.10 Week 10 : Finals 4 Dance chart 5 Ratings 5.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Couples ( edit ) On February 21 , 2017 , Maksim Chmerkovskiy and Peta Murgatroyd were announced to be the first two professionals returning this season . This marks the return of Murgatroyd following her taking off the twenty - third season due to her pregnancy . In the following days , Lindsay Arnold , Sharna Burgess , Witney Carson , Artem Chigvintsev , Valentin Chmerkovskiy , Sasha Farber , Gleb Savchenko , and Emma Slater were all confirmed to be returning as professional dancers . Also , Kym Herjavec ( who last competed in season 20 ) and Keo Motsepe ( who last competed in season 22 ) were confirmed to be returning as professional dancers . Pros from the previous season not returning included Cheryl Burke , Allison Holker , Derek Hough , and Jenna Johnson . The full list of celebrities and pros was announced on March 1 , 2017 , on Good Morning America . Celebrity Notability ( known for ) Professional partner Status Ref . Chris Kattan Actor & comedian Witney Carson Eliminated 1st on March 27 , 2017 Charo Actress , comedienne & singer Keo Motsepe Eliminated 2nd on April 3 , 2017 Mr. T Actor & former wrestler Kym Herjavec Eliminated 3rd on April 10 , 2017 Erika Jayne Singer & reality television star Gleb Savchenko Eliminated 4th on April 17 , 2017 Heather Morris Glee actress & dancer Maksim Chmerkovskiy Alan Bersten ( weeks 2 - 5 ) Eliminated 5th on April 24 , 2017 Nancy Kerrigan Former Olympic figure skater Artem Chigvintsev Eliminated 6th on May 1 , 2017 Nick Viall The Bachelor star Peta Murgatroyd Bonner Bolton Model & bull rider Sharna Burgess Eliminated 8th on May 8 , 2017 Simone Biles Olympic artistic gymnast Sasha Farber Eliminated 9th on May 15 , 2017 Normani Kordei Fifth Harmony singer Valentin Chmerkovskiy Third place on May 23 , 2017 David Ross Former MLB catcher Lindsay Arnold Runner - up on May 23 , 2017 Rashad Jennings NFL running back Emma Slater Winner on May 23 , 2017 Hosts and judges ( edit ) Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews returned as hosts , and Carrie Ann Inaba , Len Goodman , Julianne Hough , and Bruno Tonioli returned as judges . On April 24 , former contestant Nick Carter joined the panel as a guest judge , filling in for Hough who was on tour . On May 1 , choreographer Mandy Moore also filled in for Hough as a guest judge . Scoring charts ( edit ) Couple Place 5 6 7 8 9 10 Night 1 Night 2 Rashad & Emma 31 32 28 39 32 37 + 33 = 70 37 + 2 = 39 36 + 39 = 75 38 + 39 = 77 40 + 40 = 80 + 39 = 119 David & Lindsay 28 27 31 31 29 29 + 33 = 62 32 36 + 29 = 65 34 + 36 = 70 33 + 40 = 73 + 36 = 109 Normani & Val 27 32 34 32 39 38 + 34 = 72 40 + 3 = 43 40 + 39 = 79 36 + 40 = 76 38 + 40 = 78 + 40 = 118 Simone & Sasha 32 29 32 36 38 35 + 34 = 69 37 + 2 = 39 36 + 36 = 72 40 + 40 = 80 Bonner & Sharna 5 22 29 24 32 30 30 + 33 = 63 29 + 2 = 31 30 + 28 = 58 Nancy & Artem 6 28 28 33 33 36 33 + 34 = 67 36 Nick & Peta 24 25 26 30 34 28 + 33 = 61 34 Heather & Maks 8 28 30 33 35 34 40 + 34 = 74 Erika & Gleb 9 24 28 26 30 32 Mr. T & Kym 10 20 22 24 28 Charo & Keo 11 21 25 24 Chris & Witney 12 17 22 Red numbers indicate the lowest score for each week Green numbers indicate the highest score for each week the couple eliminated that week the returning couple that was the last to be called safe the couple earned immunity , and could not be eliminated the winning couple the runner - up couple the third - place couple Average score chart ( edit ) This table only counts dances scored on a 40 - point scale . ( The points awarded in Week 7 for winning either immunity or the dance - offs are not included in these totals . ) Rank by average Place Couple Total points Number of dances Average Normani & Val 549 15 36.6 Rashad & Emma 540 36.0 Simone & Sasha 425 12 35.4 8 Heather & Maks 234 7 33.4 5 6 Nancy & Artem 261 8 32.6 6 David & Lindsay 484 15 32.3 7 6 Nick & Peta 234 8 29.3 8 5 Bonner & Sharna 287 10 28.7 9 9 Erika & Gleb 140 5 28.0 10 10 Mr. T & Kym 94 23.5 11 11 Charo & Keo 70 23.3 12 12 Chris & Witney 39 19.5 Highest and lowest scoring performances ( edit ) The best and worst performances in each dance according to the judges ' 40 - point scale are as follows : Dance Highest scored dancer ( s ) Highest score Lowest scored dancer ( s ) Lowest score Quickstep Rashad Jennings 39 Normani Kordei 27 Viennese Waltz Rashad Jennings 40 Nancy Kerrigan Heather Morris 28 Cha - cha - cha Heather Morris 35 Chris Kattan 17 Salsa Normani Kordei 38 Charo 21 Tango Rashad Jennings 37 Nick Viall 26 Foxtrot Simone Biles 36 Mr. T Charo 24 Paso doble Normani Kordei 39 Mr. T 22 Jive Simone Biles 40 Erika Jayne 26 Jazz Normani Kordei 40 Chris Kattan 22 Charleston Simone Biles 37 Bonner Bolton 24 Samba Simone Biles 35 Rashad Jennings 28 Rumba Heather Morris Simone Biles 40 Nick Viall Bonner Bolton 30 Waltz David Ross 36 Mr. T 28 Contemporary Normani Kordei 40 Simone Biles 38 Argentine tango Normani Kordei 40 David Ross 29 Team dance Simone Biles Nancy Kerrigan Normani Kordei Heather Morris 34 Bonner Bolton Rashad Jennings David Ross Nick Viall 33 Freestyle David Ross Normani Kordei Rashad Jennings 40 __ __ Fusion dance Normani Kordei 40 David Ross 36 Couples ' highest and lowest scoring Dances ( edit ) Scores are based upon a potential 40 - point maximum . Couple Highest scoring dance ( s ) Lowest scoring dance ( s ) Rashad & Emma Viennese Waltz & Freestyle ( 40 ) Samba ( 28 ) David & Lindsay Freestyle ( 40 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 27 ) Normani & Val Argentine tango , Contemporary , Jazz , Freestyle & Argentine tango / Foxtrot fusion ( 40 ) Quickstep ( 27 ) Simone & Sasha Jive & Rumba ( 40 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 29 ) Bonner & Sharna Foxtrot ( 32 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 22 ) Nancy & Artem Jazz & Tango ( 36 ) Viennese Waltz & Cha - cha - cha ( 28 ) Nick & Peta Jazz & Argentine tango ( 34 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 24 ) Heather & Maks Rumba ( 40 ) Viennese Waltz ( 28 ) Erika & Gleb Viennese Waltz ( 32 ) Salsa ( 24 ) Mr. T & Kym Waltz ( 28 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 20 ) Charo & Keo Paso doble ( 25 ) Salsa ( 21 ) Chris & Witney Jazz ( 22 ) Cha - cha - cha ( 17 ) Weekly scores ( edit ) Individual judges ' scores in the charts below ( given in parentheses ) are listed in this order from left to right : Carrie Ann Inaba , Len Goodman , Julianne Hough , Bruno Tonioli . Week 1 : first Dances / 400th Episode week ( edit ) The couples danced the cha - cha - cha , quickstep , salsa , tango , or Viennese Waltz . At the end , the show paid tribute to season 11 contestant , Florence Henderson who died three days after last season 's finale . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Normani & Val 27 ( 7 , 6 , 7 , 7 ) Quickstep `` Good Time Good Life '' -- Erin Bowman Nancy & Artem 28 ( 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Viennese Waltz `` She 's Always a Woman '' -- Billy Joel Chris & Witney 17 ( 5 , 4 , 4 , 4 ) Cha - cha - cha `` What Is Love '' -- Haddaway Bonner & Sharna 22 ( 6 , 5 , 5 , 6 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Move '' -- Luke Bryan Charo & Keo 21 ( 6 , 5 , 5 , 5 ) Salsa `` Cuban Pete '' -- Mambo Compañeros Nick & Peta 24 ( 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Let Me Love You '' -- DJ Snake feat . Justin Bieber Heather & Maks 28 ( 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Viennese Waltz `` Make Something Beautiful '' -- Ben Rector David & Lindsay 28 ( 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Quickstep `` Go , Cubs , Go '' -- Steve Goodman Erika & Gleb 24 ( 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 ) Salsa `` XXPEN $ IVE '' -- Erika Jayne Rashad & Emma 31 ( 8 , 7 , 8 , 8 ) Cha - cha - cha `` 24K Magic '' -- Bruno Mars Mr. T & Kym 20 ( 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 ) Cha - cha - cha `` The A-Team theme '' -- Mike Post , Pete Carpenter & The Daniel Caine Orchestra Simone & Sasha 32 ( 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Tango `` Untouchable '' -- Tritonal & Cash Cash feat . JHart Week 2 ( edit ) The couples danced one unlearned dance . Foxtrot , jazz , jive , and paso doble are introduced . Due to a calf muscle injury , Maksim Chmerkovskiy was unable to perform , so Heather Morris danced with troupe member Alan Bersten instead . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Result Nancy & Artem 28 ( 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Cha - cha - cha `` No Rights No Wrongs '' -- Jess Glynne Safe Erika & Gleb 28 ( 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Foxtrot `` Bad Intentions '' -- Niykee Heaton Safe Charo & Keo 25 ( 6 , 6 , 7 , 6 ) Paso doble `` España cañí '' -- Charo Last to be called safe Nick & Peta 25 ( 7 , 5 , 7 , 6 ) Foxtrot `` Love Me Now '' -- John Legend Safe Heather & Alan 30 ( 8 , 6 , 8 , 8 ) Jive `` Grown '' -- Little Mix Safe Bonner & Sharna 29 ( 8 , 6 , 8 , 7 ) Viennese Waltz `` Unlove You '' -- Jennifer Nettles Safe Simone & Sasha 29 ( 7 , 7 , 7 , 8 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Burnin ' Up '' -- Jessie J feat . 2 Chainz Safe Chris & Witney 22 ( 6 , 5 , 6 , 5 ) Jazz `` Hey Ya ! '' -- OutKast Eliminated Normani & Val 32 ( 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Give Me Your Love '' -- Sigala feat . John Newman & Nile Rodgers Safe Rashad & Emma 32 ( 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Viennese Waltz `` Suffer '' -- Charlie Puth Safe Mr. T & Kym 22 ( 6 , 5 , 6 , 5 ) Paso doble `` Eye of the Tiger '' -- Survivor Safe David & Lindsay 27 ( 7 , 6 , 7 , 7 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Bust a Move '' -- Young MC Safe Week 3 : Vegas Night ( edit ) The couples danced one unlearned dance that paid tribute to the sights and sounds of Las Vegas . Charleston and samba are introduced . For the second consecutive week , Heather Morris danced with Alan Bersten again on account of Maksim Chmerkovskiy 's injury . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Result Nick & Peta 26 ( 7 , 6 , 7 , 6 ) Tango `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga Last to be called safe Mr. T & Kym 24 ( 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 ) Foxtrot `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' -- Robbie Williams Safe Bonner & Sharna 24 ( 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 ) Charleston `` A Little Party Never Killed Nobody '' -- Fergie , Q - Tip & GoonRock Safe Heather & Alan 33 ( 9 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Tango `` Toxic '' -- Britney Spears Safe Charo & Keo 24 ( 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 ) Foxtrot `` Chapel of Love '' -- The Dixie Cups Eliminated Simone & Sasha 32 ( 7 , 8 , 9 , 8 ) Quickstep `` Viva Las Vegas '' -- Elvis Presley Safe Nancy & Artem 33 ( 8 , 9 , 8 , 8 ) Samba `` Shake Your Bon - Bon '' -- Ricky Martin Safe David & Lindsay 31 ( 8 , 7 , 8 , 8 ) Jazz `` Candy Shop '' -- 50 Cent feat . Olivia Safe Erika & Gleb 26 ( 6 , 7 , 7 , 6 ) Jive `` Take Me to Heaven '' -- Alan Menken & Glenn Slater Safe Rashad & Emma 28 ( 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Samba `` Swalla '' -- Jason Derulo feat . Nicki Minaj & Ty Dolla Sign Safe Normani & Val 34 ( 8 , 8 , 9 , 9 ) Foxtrot `` Big Spender '' -- Shirley Bassey Safe Week 4 : most Memorable Year Night ( edit ) The couples danced one unlearned dance to celebrate the most memorable year of their lives . Contemporary , rumba , and waltz are introduced . For the third consecutive week , Heather Morris danced with Alan Bersten again on account of Maksim Chmerkovskiy 's injury . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Result Normani & Val 32 ( 8 , 7 , 8 , 9 ) Rumba `` Impossible '' -- Fifth Harmony Safe Nick & Peta 30 ( 8 , 7 , 8 , 7 ) Rumba `` Shape of You '' -- Ed Sheeran Safe Nancy & Artem 33 ( 8 , 9 , 8 , 8 ) Foxtrot `` My Wish '' -- Rascal Flatts Safe Mr. T & Kym 28 ( 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Waltz `` Amazing Grace '' -- Ray Chew Eliminated Heather & Alan 35 ( 8 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Shut Up and Dance '' -- Walk the Moon Safe David & Lindsay 31 ( 7 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Viennese Waltz `` Forever Young '' -- Youth Group Safe Rashad & Emma 39 ( 10 , 9 , 10 , 10 ) Contemporary `` Unconditionally '' -- Katy Perry Safe Erika & Gleb 30 ( 8 , 7 , 7 , 8 ) Cha - cha - cha `` Express Yourself '' -- Madonna Last to be called safe Simone & Sasha 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Viennese Waltz `` Good Good Father '' -- Chris Tomlin Safe Bonner & Sharna 32 ( 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Foxtrot `` Feeling Good '' -- Michael Bublé Safe Week 5 : Disney Night ( edit ) The couples performed one unlearned dance to a song from a Disney film . For the fourth and final consecutive week , Heather Morris danced with Alan Bersten on account of Maksim Chmerkovskiy 's injury . Season 9 winner Donny Osmond sang `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' live while Normani Kordei and Valentin Chmerkovskiy danced . Auli'i Cravalho sang `` How Far I 'll Go '' live while Simone Biles and Sasha Farber danced . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Disney film Result Rashad & Emma 32 ( 7 , 8 , 9 , 8 ) Foxtrot `` Evermore '' -- Josh Groban Beauty and the Beast Safe Nick & Peta 34 ( 9 , 8 , 9 , 8 ) Jazz `` I 've Got No Strings '' -- Dickie Jones Pinocchio Last to be called safe Erika & Gleb 32 ( 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Viennese Waltz `` Unforgettable '' -- Sia Finding Dory Eliminated Heather & Alan 34 ( 8 , 8 , 9 , 9 ) Jazz `` For the First Time in Forever '' -- Kristen Bell & Idina Menzel Frozen Safe Bonner & Sharna 30 ( 7 , 8 , 8 , 7 ) Tango `` When Can I See You Again ? '' -- Owl City Wreck - It Ralph Safe Normani & Val 39 ( 10 , 9 , 10 , 10 ) Paso doble `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' -- Donny Osmond Mulan Safe David & Lindsay 29 ( 7 , 7 , 8 , 7 ) Jive `` Ride '' -- ZZ Ward Cars 3 Safe Nancy & Artem 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Jazz `` That 's How You Know '' -- Amy Adams Enchanted Safe Simone & Sasha 38 ( 9 , 9 , 10 , 10 ) Contemporary `` How Far I 'll Go '' -- Auli'i Cravalho Moana Safe Week 6 : Boy Bands vs. Girl Groups Night ( edit ) Individual judges ' scores in the chart below ( given in parentheses ) are listed in this order from left to right : Carrie Ann Inaba , Nick Carter , Len Goodman , Bruno Tonioli . The couples danced one unlearned dance and a team dance to songs from some of the most popular boy bands and girl groups throughout history . Argentine tango was performed for the first time in the season . Maksim Chmerkovskiy returned to dance with Heather Morris after a four - week recovery period , but they were ultimately eliminated that night after receiving a perfect score . Before the show began , the show paid tribute to Happy Days actress Erin Moran , who died two days earlier . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Result Simone & Sasha 35 ( 9 , 8 , 9 , 9 ) Samba `` Survivor '' -- Destiny 's Child Safe Bonner & Sharna 30 ( 8 , 8 , 7 , 7 ) Rumba `` I Want It That Way '' -- Backstreet Boys Safe Nancy & Artem 33 ( 9 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Paso doble `` Free Your Mind '' -- En Vogue Last to be called safe Nick & Peta 28 ( 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Jive `` Fun , Fun , Fun '' -- The Beach Boys Safe Normani & Val 38 ( 10 , 10 , 8 , 10 ) Salsa `` When I Grow Up '' -- The Pussycat Dolls Safe David & Lindsay 29 ( 7 , 8 , 7 , 7 ) Argentine tango `` I Want You Back '' -- NSYNC Safe Rashad & Emma 37 ( 9 , 10 , 9 , 9 ) Tango `` Reach Out I 'll Be There '' -- The Four Tops Safe Heather & Maks 40 ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Rumba `` Waterfalls '' -- TLC Eliminated Bonner & Sharna Rashad & Emma David & Lindsay Nick & Peta 33 ( 8 , 9 , 8 , 8 ) Freestyle ( Team Boy Band ) `` Dancing Machine '' -- The Jackson 5 `` You Got It ( The Right Stuff ) '' -- New Kids on the Block `` Best Song Ever '' -- One Direction Simone & Sasha Nancy & Artem Normani & Val Heather & Maks 34 ( 8 , 9 , 8 , 9 ) Freestyle ( Team Girl Group ) `` My Boyfriend 's Back '' -- The Chiffons `` No Scrubs '' -- TLC `` Boss '' -- Fifth Harmony Week 7 : a Night at the Movies ( edit ) Individual judges ' scores in the chart below ( given in parentheses ) are listed in this order from left to right : Carrie Ann Inaba , Len Goodman , Mandy Moore , Bruno Tonioli . The couples performed one unlearned dance , capturing the spirit of a specific movie genre . The couple with the highest score earned an immunity from elimination , while the rest of the couples participated in dance - offs for extra points . The night also featured a performance from the cast of the upcoming Disney Channel Original Movie , Descendants 2 . Running order Couple Scores Dance Music Movie genre Result Bonner & Sharna 29 ( 7 , 7 , 8 , 7 ) Paso doble `` Hoedown '' -- Aaron Copland Western Safe Nancy & Artem 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Tango `` Oh , Pretty Woman '' -- Roy Orbison Romance Eliminated Simone & Sasha 37 ( 10 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Charleston `` Charleston '' -- Bob Wilson & His Varsity Rhythm Boys Silent Safe Nick & Peta 34 ( 8 , 8 , 9 , 9 ) Argentine tango `` Dangerous '' -- David Guetta feat . Sam Martin Action Eliminated Rashad & Emma 37 ( 9 , 9 , 10 , 9 ) Paso doble `` O Fortuna '' -- Carl Orff Horror Safe David & Lindsay 32 ( 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 ) Salsa `` Universal Mind Control '' -- Common feat . Pharrell Williams Sci - fi Last to be called safe Normani & Val 40 ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Argentine tango `` Quizás , Quizás , Quizás '' -- Andrea Bocelli feat . Jennifer Lopez Foreign Safe ( Immunity ) For each dance - off , the couple with the highest remaining score picked the opponent against whom they wanted to dance ; the chosen opponent was allowed to pick the dance style ( cha - cha - cha , jive or rumba ) . The winner of each dance - off earned two points . The general public helped to determine the winner of each dance - off via the show 's official website . Dance - offs Couple Judges ' votes Public vote Dance Music Result Simone & Sasha Simone , Simone , Simone , Simone Simone ( 63 % ) Cha - cha - cha `` Crave '' -- Pharrell Williams Winner ( 2 pts ) Nancy & Artem Loser Rashad & Emma Rashad , Rashad , Rashad , Rashad Rashad ( 54 % ) Jive `` Gimme Some Lovin ' '' -- The Spencer Davis Group Winner ( 2 pts ) David & Lindsay Loser Bonner & Sharna Bonner , Bonner , Bonner , Nick Bonner ( 62 % ) Rumba `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston Winner ( 2 pts ) Nick & Peta Loser Week 8 : Quarterfinals ( edit ) The couples performed an unlearned dance designed by the pros for their celebrity partners , with a song chosen by the pro to complement their celebrity partner 's personality . Each couple also performed a trio dance involving an eliminated pro or a member of the troupe . Unlike in prior seasons , where the couples chose their trio partners , this season the trio partners were assigned by the judges . Julianne Hough returned to the judging panel after a two - week hiatus . Running order Couple ( Trio Dance Partner ) Scores Dance Music Result Rashad & Emma ( Witney Carson ) 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Jive `` Shake a Tail Feather '' -- The Blues Brothers Last to be called safe 39 ( 10 , 9 , 10 , 10 ) Argentine tango `` Dreams '' -- Bastille feat . Gabrielle Aplin Normani & Val ( Alan Bersten ) 40 ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Contemporary `` Freedom '' -- Anthony Hamilton & Elayna Boynton Safe 39 ( 10 , 9 , 10 , 10 ) Jive `` Feeling Alive '' -- Earl St. Clair Bonner & Sharna ( Britt Stewart ) 30 ( 8 , 7 , 8 , 7 ) Argentine tango `` Believer '' -- Imagine Dragons Eliminated 28 ( 7 , 7 , 7 , 7 ) Jazz `` That 's What I Like '' -- Bruno Mars Simone & Sasha ( Brittany Cherry ) 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Foxtrot `` What Makes You Beautiful '' -- One Direction Safe 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Paso doble `` Do n't Let Me Down '' -- The Chainsmokers feat . Daya David & Lindsay ( Hayley Erbert ) 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Waltz `` Humble and Kind '' -- Tim McGraw Safe 29 ( 7 , 7 , 8 , 7 ) Paso doble `` Gangsta 's Paradise '' -- 2WEI Week 9 : Semifinals ( edit ) The couples performed a dance coached by one of the four judges , as well as an unlearned dance . Running order Couple ( Judge ) Scores Dance Music Result Normani & Val ( Len Goodman ) 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Viennese Waltz `` Desperado '' -- Rihanna Safe 40 ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Jazz `` What a Wonderful World '' -- Ray Chew David & Lindsay ( Julianne Hough ) 34 ( 9 , 8 , 9 , 8 ) Foxtrot `` You Make Me Feel So Young '' -- Michael Bublé Last to be called safe 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Tango `` Castle on the Hill '' -- Ed Sheeran Simone & Sasha ( Carrie Ann Inaba ) 40 ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Jive `` Faith '' -- Stevie Wonder feat . Ariana Grande Eliminated 40 ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Rumba `` Skyscraper '' -- Demi Lovato Rashad & Emma ( Bruno Tonioli ) 38 ( 9 , 9 , 10 , 10 ) Rumba `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' -- James Arthur Safe 39 ( 10 , 9 , 10 , 10 ) Quickstep `` Yes I Can '' -- Sammy Davis Jr . Week 10 : finals ( edit ) On the first night , the couples performed a redemption dance and a freestyle . On the second night , the couples danced a fusion dance that fused two previously learned dance styles . Running order ( Night 1 ) Couple Scores Dance Music David & Lindsay 33 ( 8 , 8 , 9 , 8 ) Viennese Waltz `` Let 's Hurt Tonight '' -- OneRepublic 40 ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Freestyle `` It Takes Two '' -- Rob Base and DJ E-Z Rock `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' -- Ronnie Neuman Normani & Val 38 ( 10 , 9 , 9 , 10 ) Quickstep `` Check It Out '' -- Oh the Larceny 40 ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Freestyle `` What the World Needs Now Is Love '' -- Andra Day Rashad & Emma 40 ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Viennese Waltz `` Dark Times '' -- The Weeknd feat . Ed Sheeran 40 ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Freestyle `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson feat . Bruno Mars `` Let 's Go '' -- Trick Daddy feat . Deuce Poppi , Tre + 6 & Unda Presha Running order ( Night 2 ) Couple Scores Dance Music Result David & Lindsay 36 ( 9 , 9 , 9 , 9 ) Foxtrot Salsa `` Living '' -- Bakermat feat . Alex Clare Runner - up Normani & Val 40 ( 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 ) Argentine tango Foxtrot `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' -- Shawn Mendes Third place Rashad & Emma 39 ( 10 , 9 , 10 , 10 ) Cha - cha - cha Tango `` I Do n't Like It , I Love It '' -- Flo Rida feat . Robin Thicke & Verdine White Winner Dance chart ( edit ) The celebrities and professional partners will dance one of these routines for each corresponding week : Week 1 : Cha - cha - cha , quickstep , salsa , tango , or Viennese Waltz ( First Dances / 400th Episode Week ) Week 2 : One unlearned dance Week 3 : One unlearned dance ( Vegas Night ) Week 4 : One unlearned dance ( Most Memorable Year Night ) Week 5 : One unlearned dance ( Disney Night ) Week 6 : One unlearned dance and team dances ( Boy Bands vs. Girl Groups Night ) Week 7 : One unlearned dance and dance - offs ( A Night at the Movies ) Week 8 : One unlearned dance and trio dances ( Quarterfinals ) Week 9 : Judges ' challenge and one unlearned dance ( Semifinals ) Week 10 ( Night 1 ) : Redemption dance and freestyle Week 10 ( Night 2 ) : 24 - hour fusion challenge Couple Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Rashad & Emma Cha - cha - cha Viennese Waltz Samba Contemporary Foxtrot Tango Freestyle ( Team Boy Band ) Paso doble Jive Jive Argentine tango Rumba Quickstep Viennese Waltz Freestyle Cha - cha - cha Cha - cha - cha Tango David & Lindsay Quickstep Cha - cha - cha Jazz Viennese Waltz Jive Argentine tango Freestyle ( Team Boy Band ) Salsa Jive Waltz Paso doble Foxtrot Tango Viennese Waltz Freestyle Jazz Foxtrot Salsa Normani & Val Quickstep Cha - cha - cha Foxtrot Rumba Paso doble Salsa Freestyle ( Team Girl Group ) Argentine tango Immunity Contemporary Jive Viennese Waltz Jazz Quickstep Freestyle Salsa Argentine tango Foxtrot Simone & Sasha Tango Cha - cha - cha Quickstep Viennese Waltz Contemporary Samba Freestyle ( Team Girl Group ) Charleston Cha - cha - cha Foxtrot Paso doble Jive Rumba Contemporary Bonner & Sharna Cha - cha - cha Viennese Waltz Charleston Foxtrot Tango Rumba Freestyle ( Team Boy Band ) Paso doble Rumba Argentine tango Jazz Cha - cha - cha Nancy & Artem Viennese Waltz Cha - cha - cha Samba Foxtrot Jazz Paso doble Freestyle ( Team Girl Group ) Tango Cha - cha - cha Samba Nick & Peta Cha - cha - cha Foxtrot Tango Rumba Jazz Jive Freestyle ( Team Boy Band ) Argentine tango Rumba Rumba Heather & Maks Viennese Waltz Jive Tango Cha - cha - cha Jazz Rumba Freestyle ( Team Girl Group ) Rumba Erika & Gleb Salsa Foxtrot Jive Cha - cha - cha Viennese Waltz Mr. T & Kym Cha - cha - cha Paso doble Foxtrot Waltz Charo & Keo Salsa Paso doble Foxtrot Chris & Witney Cha - cha - cha Jazz Highest scoring dance Lowest scoring dance Earned Immunity Gained bonus points for winning this dance - off Gained no bonus points for losing this dance - off Danced , but not scored Ratings ( edit ) U.S. Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Episode Air date Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rank ( Weekly ) DVR 18 -- 49 DVR Viewers ( millions ) Total 18 -- 49 Total Viewers `` Week 1 : Premiere '' March 20 , 2017 2.1 7 12.09 6 ( tied ) N / A 2.18 N / A 14.27 `` Week 2 '' March 27 , 2017 1.7 6 11.12 11 ( tied ) N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Week 3 : Vegas Night '' April 3 , 2017 1.5 5 10.47 13 ( tied ) N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Week 4 : Most Memorable Year Night '' April 10 , 2017 1.6 6 10.31 6 ( tied ) N / A 1.85 N / A 12.16 5 `` Week 5 : Disney Night '' April 17 , 2017 1.8 6 11.18 2 ( tied ) N / A 1.95 N / A 13.15 6 `` Week 6 : Boy Bands vs. Girl Groups Night '' April 24 , 2017 1.6 6 10.35 7 N / A N / A N / A N / A 7 `` Week 7 : A Night at the Movies Night '' May 1 , 2017 1.6 6 10.31 8 ( tied ) N / A N / A N / A N / A 8 `` Week 8 : Quarterfinals '' May 8 , 2017 1.5 6 9.95 10 ( tied ) N / A N / A N / A N / A 9 `` Week 9 : Semifinals '' May 15 , 2017 1.5 5 10.07 7 ( tied ) N / A N / A N / A N / A 10 `` Week 10 : The Finals '' May 22 , 2017 1.8 7 10.54 5 ( tied ) N / A N / A N / A N / A 11 `` Week 10 : Season Finale '' May 23 , 2017 1.4 5 8.91 7 N / A N / A N / A N / A References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - ABC 's Number One Hit Reality Show , `` Dancing with the Stars , '' Returns with an All - New Season on Monday , March 20 - TheFutonCritic.com `` . thefutoncritic.com . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( 3 March 2016 ) . `` ABC Renews 15 Shows Including ' Quantico , ' ' The Bachelor ' & Comedy Slate '' . variety.com . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ News , A.B.C. ( 21 February 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing ' stars Maksim Chmerkovskiy and Peta Murgatroyd to return to the show '' . go.com . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fifth Harmony 's Normani Kordei Joins Dancing with the Stars -- Plus Find Out Which Pros Are Returning '' . people.com. 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars 2017 Cast Announcement for Season 24 Is Coming ! - Dancing with the Stars '' . go.com . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Kym Johnson Returning for ' DWTS ' Season 24 , Celebrity Pairings Revealed '' . etonline.com . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : Second Dances and the First Elimination '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : Vegas Night for the Top 11 '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : The Emotional Memorable Year Dances '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : The Magical World of Disney Night '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : Boy Bands vs. Girl Groups '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : One Couple Gets Immunity and Two Go Home '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : The Final 5 Take on the Trio Dances '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : The Final 4 in the Semifinals '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Surette , Tim ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Dancing with the Stars Finale : Who Was Crowned the Winner ? '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About Dancing with the Stars '' . abc.go.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS on ABC - Monday , April 24 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com. April 20 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS on ABC - Monday , May 1 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com. April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kubicek , John ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Season 24 Premiere Live Blog : The First Dances '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS on ABC - Monday , March 20 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS on ABC - Monday , March 27 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . March 27 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS on ABC - Monday , April 3 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS on ABC - Monday , April 10 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com. April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS on ABC - Monday , April 17 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com. April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS on ABC - Monday , May 8 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . May 4 , 2017 . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS on ABC - Monday , May 15 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . May 11 , 2017 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kubicek , John ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Recap : The Final 3 Perform Their Freestyles '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS - Season Finale on May 22 & 23 on ABC '' . BroadwayWorld.com . May 19 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kubicek , John ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Season 24 Finale Recap : Who Won the Mirror Ball ? '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' adjusts up , ' Taken ' and ' Quantico ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' March Madness and ' 60 Minutes ' top the week 27 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Designated Survivor ' score in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice , ' ' Great Indoors ' adjust up ; ' Taken , ' ' Quantico , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Final Four , ' Big Bang Theory ' lead the week 28 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Taken ' adjusts down , final NCAA numbers : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` CBS and NCAA Championship score in week 29 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' Kevin Can Wait ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' is low , still tops week 30 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` 6 shows double , led by ' Designated Survivor ' : Week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' and ' Kevin Can Wait ' adjust up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' NCIS ' top a soft week 31 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains : Week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham ' adjusts up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' is No. 1 in week 32 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Scorpion , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' Superior Donuts ' all adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ABC and ' Big Bang Theory ' top the week 33 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' finale and NBC finish atop the week 34 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' Man with a Plan ' finale adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Billboard Awards , ' NCIS ' top the week 35 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Jane the Virgin ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' finale and ' Dancing With the Stars ' lead the week 36 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars finale adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 : All - Stars 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 : Athletes Participants List of competitors Winners Celebrity Kelly Monaco Drew Lachey Emmitt Smith Apolo Anton Ohno Hélio Castroneves Kristi Yamaguchi Brooke Burke Shawn Johnson Donny Osmond Nicole Scherzinger Jennifer Grey Hines Ward J.R. Martinez Donald Driver Melissa Rycroft Kellie Pickler Amber Riley Meryl Davis Alfonso Ribeiro Rumer Willis Bindi Irwin Nyle DiMarco Laurie Hernandez Rashad Jennings Jordan Fisher Adam Rippon Professional Alec Mazo Cheryl Burke Julianne Hough Mark Ballas Derek Hough Kym Johnson Karina Smirnoff Peta Murgatroyd Tony Dovolani Maksim Chmerkovskiy Witney Carson Valentin Chmerkovskiy Emma Slater Lindsay Arnold Jenna Johnson Games Dancing with the Stars We Dance ! Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dancing_with_the_Stars_(U.S._season_24)&oldid=840329302 '' Categories : Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) 2017 American television seasons Hidden categories : Television season articles that use custom fields Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 9 May 2018 , at 05 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing%20with%20the%20Stars%20%28U.S.%20season%2024%29	744
bible story about building your house on the rock	The Parable of the Wise and the Foolish Builders , ( also known as the House on the Rock ) , is a parable of Jesus appearing in the Gospel of Matthew ( 7 : 24 -- 27 ) and Luke ( 6 : 46 -- 49 ) .		Parable of the wise and the foolish Builders	parable of the wise and the foolish builders	The Parable of the Wise and the Foolish Builders , ( also known as the House on the Rock ) , is a parable of Jesus appearing in the Gospel of Matthew ( 7 : 24 -- 27 ) and Luke ( 6 : 46 -- 49 ) .	The parable illustrates the importance of building one 's life on obedience to the teachings and example of Jesus . Contents ( hide ) 1 Narrative 2 Interpretation 3 Hymns 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading Narrative ( edit ) In the Gospel of Matthew , the Parable appears as part of the Sermon on the Mount as follows : Everyone therefore who hears these words of mine , and does them , I will liken him to a wise man , who built his house on a rock . The rain came down , the floods came , and the winds blew , and beat on that house ; and it did n't fall , for it was founded on the rock . Everyone who hears these words of mine , and does n't do them will be like a foolish man , who built his house on the sand . The rain came down , the floods came , and the winds blew , and beat on that house ; and it fell -- and great was its fall . -- Matthew 7 : 24 -- 27 , World English Bible Interpretation ( edit ) This parable emphasises the need to put Jesus ' teachings into practice , and speaks of `` two sorts of people whose hearts are revealed in their actions . '' Matthew 's version of the parable has a `` more complex narrative structure '' than Luke 's , mentioning rain and winds as well as floods . These forces are usually interpreted ethically , as trials of life that can be resisted by a life founded on Christian doctrine , but can also be interpreted eschatologically . The usual interpretation goes back to John Chrysostom ( c. 347 -- 407 ) , who wrote in his Homily 24 on Matthew : By `` rain '' here , and `` floods , '' and `` winds , '' He is expressing metaphorically the calamities and afflictions that befall men ; such as false accusations , plots , bereavements , deaths , loss of friends , vexations from strangers , all the ills in our life that any one could mention . `` But to none of these , '' says He , `` does such a soul give way ; and the cause is , it is founded on the rock . '' He calls the steadfastness of His doctrine a rock ; because in truth His commands are stronger than any rock , setting one above all the waves of human affairs . For he who keeps these things strictly , will not have the advantage of men only when they are vexing him , but even of the very devils plotting against him . And that it is not vain boasting so to speak , Job is our witness , who received all the assaults of the devil , and stood unmoveable ; and the apostles too are our witnesses , for that when the waves of the whole world were beating against them , when both nations and princes , both their own people and strangers , both the evil spirits , and the devil , and every engine was set in motion , they stood firmer than a rock , and dispersed it all . Hymns ( edit ) This parable has formed the theme for many hymns , such as Built on the Rock ( N.F.S. Grundtvig , 1837 ) and My Hope Is Built on Nothing Less ( Edward Mote , c. 1834 ) , which begins : My hope is built on nothing less Than Jesus ' blood and righteousness . I dare not trust the sweetest frame , But wholly trust in Jesus ' Name . On Christ the solid Rock I stand , All other ground is sinking sand ; All other ground is sinking sand . See also ( edit ) Life of Jesus in the New Testament Ministry of Jesus References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Joel B. Green , The Gospel of Luke , Eerdmans , 1997 , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2315 - 7 , pp. 277,281 . ^ Jump up to : Richard N. Longenecker , The Challenge of Jesus ' Parables , Eerdmans , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 4638 - 6 , pp. 287 -- 289 . Jump up ^ Chrysostom 's Homily 24 on Matthew at NewAdvent.org . Further reading ( edit ) Blomberg , C.L. ( 2012 ) . Interpreting the Parables . InterVarsity Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8308 - 6677 - 9 . Gowler , D.B. ( 2017 ) . The Parables after Jesus : Their Imaginative Receptions across Two Millennia . Baker Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4934 - 0666 - 1 . Jones , Peter Rhea ( 2012 ) . `` On Rock or Sand ? The Two Foundations ( Matthew 7 : 24 -- 27 , Luke 6 : 46 -- 49 ) '' . Review & Expositor . SAGE Publications . 109 ( 2 ) : 233 -- 249 . doi : 10.1177 / 003463731210900208 . ISSN 0034 - 6373 . Ottenheijm , Eric . `` Learning And Practising : Uses Of An Early Jewish Discourse In Matthew ( 7 : 24 -- 27 ) And Rabbinic Literature '' . Interaction between Judaism and Christianity in History , Religion , Art and Literature . Brill . pp. 45 -- 64 . doi : 10.1163 / ej. 9789004171503. i - 626.15 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 17150 - 3 . Taylor , Jerry ( 2008 ) . `` Two Houses in a Storm ( Matthew 7.24 - 29 ) '' . Leaven. 16 ( 4 ) . Jesus Historicity Chronology of Jesus Genealogy of Jesus Historical Jesus Quest for the historical Jesus portraits sources Josephus on Jesus Tacitus mention Mara bar Serapion letter Historicity Gospels race and appearance Life events Birth Nativity Mary Joseph Flight into Egypt Childhood Unknown years Baptism Temptation Apostles selecting Great Commission Ministry Sermon on the Mount Plain Prayers Lord 's Prayer Parables Miracles Transfiguration Homelessness Last Supper Passion arrest trial Crucifixion sayings on the cross Tomb Resurrection Ascension New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke Gospel harmony Oral gospel traditions Life of Jesus in the New Testament Historical background of the New Testament New Testament places associated with Jesus Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament Culture Language of Jesus Bibliography Films Christianity Christ Christianity Christology Depictions of Jesus art Jesus in Christianity pre-existence incarnation Relics associated with Jesus Scholastic Lutheran Christology Second Coming Session of Christ Other views Brothers of Jesus Holy Family Jesuism Jesus in comparative mythology Christ myth theory Jesus in Islam Ahmadiyya Jesus in Scientology Judaism 's view of Jesus in the Talmud Master Jesus Religious perspectives on Jesus Criticism Parables of Jesus Canonical Gospels Barren Fig Tree Budding Fig Tree Counting the cost Drawing in the Net Faithful Servant Friend at Night Good Samaritan Good Shepherd Great Banquet Growing Seed Hidden Treasure Lamp Leaven Lost Coin Lost Sheep Master and Servant Mustard Seed New Wine into Old Wineskins Pearl Pharisee and the Publican Prodigal Son Rich Fool Rich man and Lazarus Scribe Sheep and Goats Sower Strong Man Talents or minas Tares Ten Virgins True Vine Tree and its Fruits Two Debtors Two Sons Unjust Judge Unjust Steward Unforgiving Servant Wedding Feast Wicked Husbandmen Wise and Foolish Builders Workers in the Vineyard Non-canonical / disputed Assassin Empty Jar Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parable_of_the_Wise_and_the_Foolish_Builders&oldid=848541395 '' Categories : Parables of Jesus Sermon on the Mount Gospel of Matthew Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Português Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 July 2018 , at 16 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parable%20of%20the%20Wise%20and%20the%20Foolish%20Builders	745
monty python and the holy grail end song			The album of the SOUNDTRACK of the TRAILER of the film of Monty Python and the Holy Grail	the album of the soundtrack of the trailer of the film of monty python and the holy grail	18 July 1975 ( UK )	21 July 1975 ( US ) Recorded 1974 ( soundtrack ) & 25 March 1975 ( studio material ) at Sunrise Music And Recording Ltd. , London Genre Comedy Soundtrack Label Charisma ( UK ) Arista ( US ) Producer Andre Jacquemin Dave Howman Michael Palin Terry Jones Terry Gilliam Monty Python chronology Monty Python Live at Drury Lane ( 1974 ) Monty Python Live at Drury Lane 1974 The Album of the Soundtrack of the Trailer of the Film of Monty Python and the Holy Grail ( 1975 ) Monty Python Live at City Center ( 1976 ) Monty Python Live at City Center 1976 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic The Album of the Soundtrack of the Trailer of the Film of Monty Python and the Holy Grail is the first film soundtrack album by Monty Python , released in 1975 . It features selected scenes from Monty Python and the Holy Grail interspersed with a large volume of new studio material , much of which centers on a spoof screening of the film at the Classic Silbury Hill Theatre . Also among the new items is the `` Marilyn Monroe '' sketch , which Graham Chapman co-wrote with Douglas Adams - the pair having recently collaborated on the fourth series of Monty Python . The album is billed as the `` Executive Version '' as a joke on popular `` special editions '' of albums that contained extra tracks unavailable on earlier versions . Naturally , no other version of this album existed in the original release . On the A side of the original UK vinyl release , the engraved text by George Peckham around the label reads : `` AN EXECUTIVE PORKY PRIME CUT '' , while on the B side it reads : `` THIS IS THE SMALL DETAILED WRITING ON THE RECORD OF THE ALBUM OF THE SOUNDTRACK OF THE TRAILER OF THE FILM OF MONTY PYTHON AND THE HOLY GRAIL - THIS WRITING IS NOT INCLUDED ON THE EXECUTIVE VERSION OF THE ALBUM OF THE SOUNDTRACK OF THE TRAILER OF THE FILM OF MONTY PYTHON AND THE HOLY GRAIL '' . The album reached No. 45 in the UK album charts . A CD reissue in 1997 contains extended versions of two sketches , `` Arrival At Castle '' and `` French Taunter '' . This CD reissue also contains `` The Bridge of Death '' . These additions are not available on any other version of the album . In 2006 a special edition was released containing three bonus tracks , consisting of two demos of unused Neil Innes songs and an audio extract of a documentary from the film 's DVD release . This version of the CD does not contain `` The Bridge of Death '' or the two extended sketches . Also in 2006 , yet another CD reissue was included in `` Monty Python and the Holy Grail : The Extraordinarily Deluxe DVD Edition '' . The bonus features disc had instructions on how to play the record . This CD does not contain `` The Bridge of Death '' , the bonus tracks , or the two extended versions . Contents 1 Track listing 1.1 Side one 1.2 Side two 1.3 Bonus Tracks on the 2006 special edition 2 Music credits 3 References Track listing ( edit ) Side one ( edit ) Introduction To The Executive Version Tour Of The Classic Silbury Hill Theatre Live Broadcast From London : Premiere Of The Film Narration From The Silbury Hill Gentlemen 's Room Arrival At Castle ( extended version on 1997 CD ) Bring Out Your Dead Constitutional Peasants Witch Burning Logician Camelot Song The Quest For The Holy Grail Live From The Parking Lot At The Silbury Hill Theatre French Taunter ( extended version on 1997 CD ) Bomb Scare Side two ( edit ) This Is Side Two ! Executive Version Announcement - Apology The Story So Far Brave Sir Robin The Knights Who Say Ni ! Marilyn Monroe Swamp Castle Tim the Enchanter Drama Critique Holy Hand Grenade of Antioch The Bridge of Death ( 1997 CD version only ) Executive Version Addendum French Taunter Part 2 Last Word Bonus Tracks on the 2006 special edition ( edit ) Arthur 's Song Documentary - Terry Jones And Michael Palin Run Away Song Music credits ( edit ) The following is the list of musical works included on the album . They comprise a mixture of De Wolfe library music , self - penned Python songs and specially composed music by Neil Innes . Jeunesse ( A. Mawer ) Honours List ( K. Papworth ) Big Country ( K. Papworth ) Homeward Bound ( T. Trombey ) God Choir ( Neil Innes ) Fanfare ( Neil Innes ) Camelot Song ( Graham Chapman , John Cleese & Neil Innes ) Sunrise Music ( Neil Innes ) Magic Finger ( K. Papworth ) Sir Robin 's Song ( Eric Idle & Neil Innes ) In The Shadows ( No. 3 ) ( Paul Ferris ) Desperate Moment ( K. Essex ) Knights Of Ni ( Neil Innes ) Circle Of Danger ( B. Holmes ) Love Theme ( P. Knight ) Magenta ( R. Webb ) Starlet In The Starlight ( K. Essex ) Monks Chant ( Neil Innes ) The Promised Land ( S. Black ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.allmusic.com/album/r107852 Jump up ^ http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/27206/monty-pythons-flying-circus/ Monty Python Graham Chapman John Cleese Terry Gilliam Eric Idle Terry Jones Michael Palin Carol Cleveland Neil Innes Television series Flying Circus episodes Fliegender Zirkus Personal Best Films And Now for Something Completely Different Holy Grail Life of Brian Live at the Hollywood Bowl The Meaning of Life The Crimson Permanent Assurance Studio albums Another Record Previous Record Matching Tie and Handkerchief Holy Grail Life of Brian Contractual Obligation The Meaning of Life Compilation albums Instant Record Collection Final Rip Off Sings Ultimate Rip Off Instant CD Collection Total Rubbish Live albums Flying Circus Live at Drury Lane Live at City Center Specials Parrot Sketch Not Included Live at Aspen Python Night Documentaries The Pythons Life of Python Almost the Truth ( Lawyers Cut ) And Now for Something Rather Similar The Meaning of Live Stage productions Spamalot Not the Messiah ( He 's a Very Naughty Boy ) An Evening Without Monty Python Live ( Mostly ) Literature Big Red Book Brand New Bok Holy Grail ( Book ) Life of Brian / SCRAPBOOK The Meaning of Life Just the Words Song Book A Pocketful of Python The Pythons Autobiography Live ! Video games Flying Circus Complete Waste of Time Quest for the Holy Grail The Meaning of Life Cow Tossing Characters Mr Praline Gumbys The Colonel Mr Creosote Rabbit of Caerbannog Ron Obvious Other characters Sketches Albatross ! Anne Elk 's Theory on Brontosauruses Architects Argument Clinic Bishop Bruces Cheese Shop Colin `` Bomber '' Harris vs Colin `` Bomber '' Harris Crunchy Frog Dead Parrot Dirty Fork Dirty Hungarian Phrasebook Election Night Special Fish Licence Fish - Slapping Dance Four Yorkshiremen The Funniest Joke in the World How Not to Be Seen Kilimanjaro Expedition Lifeboat Marriage Guidance Counsellor Ministry of Silly Walks Mouse Problem Nudge Nudge Patient Abuse Philosophers ' Football Match Piranha Brothers Sam Peckinpah 's `` Salad Days '' Seduced Milkmen Self Defence Against Fresh Fruit Spam Spanish Inquisition Undertakers Upper Class Twit of the Year Vocational Guidance Counsellor World Forum / Communist Quiz Songs `` Always Look on the Bright Side of Life '' `` Brian Song '' `` Bruces ' Philosophers Song '' `` Decomposing Composers '' `` Eric the Half - a-Bee '' `` Every Sperm Is Sacred '' `` Finland '' `` Galaxy Song '' `` I Bet You They Wo n't Play This Song on the Radio '' `` I Like Chinese '' `` I 've Got Two Legs '' `` The Lumberjack Song '' `` Medical Love Song '' `` Never Be Rude to an Arab '' `` Oliver Cromwell '' `` Sit on My Face '' Related articles Filmography The Foot of Cupid Cambridge Circus I 'm Sorry , I 'll Read That Again The Frost Report At Last the 1948 Show Twice a Fortnight Do Not Adjust Your Set We Have Ways of Making You Laugh How to Irritate People The Complete and Utter History of Britain Teach Yourself Heath Tiny Black Round Thing Bert Fegg 's Nasty Book for Boys and Girls Rutland Weekend Television Fawlty Towers Ripping Yarns Out of the Trees The Secret Policeman 's Ball Python On Song All You Need Is Cash The Hastily Cobbled Together for a Fast Buck Album Monty Python Live Concert for George Diaries 1969 -- 1979 : The Python Years The Seventh Python Holy Flying Circus A Liar 's Autobiography : The Untrue Story of Monty Python 's Graham Chapman Monty Python and the Holy Grail Characters Knights Who Say Ni Black Knight Rabbit of Caerbannog Patsy Miscellaneous The Album of the Soundtrack of the Trailer of the Film of Monty Python and the Holy Grail Monty Python and the Holy Grail ( Book ) Spamalot Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Album_of_the_Soundtrack_of_the_Trailer_of_the_Film_of_Monty_Python_and_the_Holy_Grail&oldid=794956395 '' Categories : Monty Python soundtracks Monty Python and the Holy Grail 1975 soundtracks Arista Records soundtracks Charisma Records soundtracks Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2017 , at 02 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Album%20of%20the%20Soundtrack%20of%20the%20Trailer%20of%20the%20Film%20of%20Monty%20Python%20and%20the%20Holy%20Grail	746
how many episodes season 3 odd mom out	Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 10 June 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 08 ) August 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 03 ) 10 June 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 20 ) August 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 29 ) 10 July 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 12 ) September 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 13 )	10	List of Odd Mom Out episodes	list of odd mom out episodes	Odd Mom Out is an American comedy television series that premiered on June 8 , 2015 , on Bravo . Based on the novel Momzillas , Odd Mom Out was created by and stars Jill Kargman as a fictionalized version of herself named Jill Weber , who is forced to navigate the wealthy mommy clique that resides in New York 's prestigious Upper East Side neighborhood . Andy Buckley , KK Glick , Sean Kleier , Joanna Cassidy , and Abby Elliott also co-star in the series .	On September 22 , 2016 , the network renewed Odd Mom Out for a 10 - episode third season shortly after the second season concluded . As of September 13 , 2017 , a total of 30 episodes of Odd Mom Out have aired . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2017 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 10 June 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 08 ) August 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 03 ) 10 June 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 20 ) August 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 29 ) 10 July 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 12 ) September 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 13 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Wheels Up '' Andy Fleming Jill Kargman and Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky June 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 08 ) 0.86 Andy , Jill 's husband , gets intimidated by his brother 's success . Jill tries to find the best school for their children . Brooke , Jill 's sister - in - law , asks her to come to her charity event . `` Vons Have More Fun '' Andy Fleming Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky June 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 08 ) 0.60 Jill and Andy learn about their ancestors . Jill 's best friend , Vanessa , finds a boyfriend . Jill is pressured by Brooke and Candace to take an advantage of having royal antecedents . `` Dying To Get In '' Andy Fleming Jill Kargman June 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 15 ) 0.59 Jill gets frustrated about finding the right kindergarten for her children . Andy 's mother wants the family to go for an interview to get in a very special and prestigious cemetery . `` Omakase '' John Fortenberry Will Graham June 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 22 ) 0.67 Jill invites a new friend to a trendy restaurant , they run into Brooke and Lex . 5 5 `` Brooklandia '' Jeff Melman Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky June 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 29 ) 0.64 Jill falls in love with down - to - earth moms in attendance at a friends backyard party in Brooklyn . 6 6 `` Midwife Crisis '' Jeff Melman Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky July 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 06 ) 0.74 Jill must rely on her wits when Brooke goes into labor but can not make it into her chosen hospital . 7 7 `` Sip ' N See '' Michael LaHaie Julie Kraut July 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 13 ) 0.60 Jill reluctantly throws a `` sip ' n ' see '' party to give everyone a chance to meet Brooke 's baby . 8 8 `` Staffing Up '' John Fortenberry Steve Rubinshteyn July 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 20 ) 0.64 Brooke and Jill go to a children 's museum to observe nannies in their natural habitat . 9 9 `` The Truth Fairy '' Tamra Davis Angie Day July 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 27 ) 0.59 Jill starts hanging out with the momzillas and her and Vanessa become distant . While they try to find who is telling the children crazy things about the world . 10 10 `` Wheels Down '' Tamra Davis Jill Kargman and Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky August 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 03 ) 0.67 Everything comes to a head at Brooke 's NACHO ball . Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 11 `` The High Road '' Alex Reid Jill Kargman and Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky June 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 20 ) 0.66 Jill dips her toe back in the work world by visiting the fashion magazine where she used to work . But her excitement at being welcomed back with open arms is short - lived . 12 `` Fasting and Furious '' Alex Reid Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky June 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 27 ) 0.57 It 's Yom Kippur and Jill 's parents ( Blythe Danner , Dan Hedaya ) come to town - to atone , and to take care of a matter of life and death . 13 `` Hamming It Up '' Alex Reid Julie Kraut July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) 0.59 Jill and Vanessa - tired of being the last people on Earth not to have seen Hamilton - go on a desperate quest to get tickets in time for Lin Manuel Miranda 's last performance . Several of the Broadway show 's cast members appear in cameo roles . 14 `` Crushed '' Peter Lauer Will Graham July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) 0.50 Jill is pushed to get a drivers license . Brooke celebrates the opening of her store . 15 5 `` The O.D.D. Couple '' Peter Lauer Jill Kargman and Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky July 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) 0.73 A therapist ( Meredith Vieira ) diagnoses Miles with an attention disorder , forcing Jill and Andy to take sides . Brooke wrestles with her resurfacing feelings for Lex . 16 6 `` Knock of Shame '' Peter Lauer Max Werner July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) 0.56 Jill and Andy meet their dream neighbors ( Drew Barrymore , John Hodgman ) , but are immediately disillusioned with them . Brooke and Lex are trapped in the Waldorf during a blizzard . 17 7 `` Hanoi Jill '' Alex Reid Angie Day August 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) 0.66 In order to celebrate Brooke and Lex reuniting , Andy and Jill are invited to brunch at Candace 's . Andy and Jill are caught up in the doorman strike . 18 8 `` 40 Is the New 70 '' Michael LaHaie Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky August 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 15 ) 0.65 Jill , Andy , and Vanessa feel the sting of aging . Brooke and Lex invite Jill and Andy to an enlightening `` Dinner in the Dark '' . 19 9 `` The Hamptons '' Gail Lerner Jill Kargman and Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky August 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 22 ) 0.69 During a traffic jam on the way to the Hamptons , Jill has a nasty run - in with Joy Green ( Molly Ringwald ) , Brooke 's idol and author of `` The Joy Manifesto '' . Candace 's white party takes a sharp turn for Brooke . 20 10 `` Ode to Joy '' Gail Lerner Jill Kargman and Julie Rottenberg & Elisa Zuritsky August 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 29 ) 0.78 Jill struggles with telling Brooke that Joy Green is a monster . A sudden disaster shakes the family to its very core . Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Episodes two and three of season two were released online on June 20 , 2016 , the same day of the season two premiere . Season 3 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 21 `` Frisky Business '' Peter Lauer Jill Kargman & Lara Spotts July 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 12 ) 0.57 Jill and Andy are worried that Hazel has grown up overnight when they visit her at sleepaway camp . The residents of the Upper East Side deal with their new financial situations . 22 `` Candle in the Windbag '' Alex Reid Jill Kargman & Lara Spotts July 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 19 ) 0.58 Since Candace moved in with the Webers , Jill has been driven to her wit 's end . Vanessa tries to spice up her long distance relationship with Graham . 23 `` M.F.A. in B.S. '' Alex Reid Ally Musika July 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 26 ) 0.62 Jill adjusts to the new art scene at her show . Lex struggles to find out who he is after losing his job . 24 `` Children in the Corn Pudding '' Alex Reid Lindsey Stoddard August 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 02 ) 0.59 After spending a Thanksgiving in the suburbs with Brooke 's sisters Barrett ( Christine Taylor ) and Berkley ( Meredith Hagner ) , Jill realizes why Brooke is the way she is . Vanessa must tend to her building after accidentally revealing that she 's a doctor . 25 5 `` Jury Doody '' Michael LaHaie Jill Kargman & Lara Spotts August 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 09 ) 0.53 Jill is riddled with guilt after Candace returns from jury duty and tells the family the lurid details of her cruise ship murder trial . 26 6 `` Dadderall '' Michael LaHaie Ally Musika August 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 16 ) 0.54 27 7 `` Weber M.D. '' Alex Reid Jill Kargman & Lara Spotts August 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 23 ) 0.46 28 8 `` Star Grazing '' Peter Lauer Ally Musika August 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 30 ) 0.42 29 9 `` Homo Erectus '' Peter Lauer Lindsey Stoddart September 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 06 ) 0.40 30 10 `` Blood Bath '' Peter Lauer Jill Kargman & Lara Spotts September 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 13 ) N / A References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - odd mom out on bravo '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Odd Mom Out ' Gets Season 3 Renewal At Bravo '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Odd Mom Out Episode 1 : `` Wheels Up '' `` . Bravo Media . NBCUniversal . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' & Stanley Cup Final Win Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Odd Mom Out Episode 2 : `` Vons Have More Fun '' `` . Bravo Media . NBCUniversal . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 6.8. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . June 9 , 2015 . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 6.15. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . June 16 , 2015 . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 6.22. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . June 23 , 2015 . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 6.29. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . June 30 , 2015 . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , Shark Week , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 7.13. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . July 14 , 2015 . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' Tut ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 7.27. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . July 28 , 2015 . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' UnReal ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.20. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . June 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.27. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.bravotv.com/odd-mom-out/season-2/episode-3/videos/hamilton-hameos-on-odd-mom-out ^ Jump up to : `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.11. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . July 12 , 2016 . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.18. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . July 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.25. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.1. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . August 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.15. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . August 16 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.22. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . August 23 , 2016 . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.29. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . August 30 , 2016 . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.26. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.2. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.9. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.16. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.23. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.30. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.6. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Odd Mom Out episodes on IMDb List of Odd Mom Out episodes at TV Guide Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Odd_Mom_Out_episodes&oldid=800989158 '' Categories : Lists of American sitcom television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 00 : 23 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Odd%20Mom%20Out%20episodes	747
the modern english school and junior college koregaon tal koregaon dist satara			Koregaon	koregaon		This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) For other uses , see Koregaon ( disambiguation ) . Town in Maharashtra , India Koregaon Town Koregaon Location in Maharashtra , India Coordinates : 17 ° 41 ′ 53 '' N 74 ° 09 ′ 47 '' E / 17.698 ° N 74.163 ° E / 17.698 ; 74.163 Coordinates : 17 ° 41 ′ 53 '' N 74 ° 09 ′ 47 '' E / 17.698 ° N 74.163 ° E / 17.698 ; 74.163 Country India State Maharashtra District Satara Taluka Koregaon Government MP Udayanraje Bhosale MLA Shashikant Shinde ( NCP ) Population ( 2011 ) Total 23,539 Languages Official Marathi Time zone IST ( UTC + 5 : 30 ) PIN 415501 Telephone code ( + 91 ) 2163 Vehicle registration MH 11 ( Satara ) Nearest city Satara Lok Sabha constituency Satara Vidhan Sabha constituency Koregaon Literacy 88.55 % Sex ratio 969 ♀ / 1000 ♂ ( 2011 ) Koregaon is a census town and headquarters for the surrounding Koregaon Taluka in the Satara subdivision of Satara district in the Indian state of Maharashtra . It is situated on the Satara - Pandarpur road about 18 km east of Satara city , about 120 km from Pune and 267 km from Mumbai . The Koregaon railway station , situated on the Pune - Miraj line , is 2 kilometers outside the town . At a stone 's throw from the railway station is Koregaon Bus Station . Dr. B.R. Ambedkar writes about his childhood experience of travelling from Satara to Koregaon , and the discrimination they suffered , in his autobiographical book , Waiting for a Visa ( chapter 1 ) . Contents 1 Demographics 2 Kedareshwar Mandir 3 Education 4 Business and industry 5 Rivers 6 Politics 7 References 8 External links Demographics ( edit ) In the 2011 India census , the town of Koregaon had a population of 23,539 individuals . Kedareshwar Mandir ( edit ) In Koregaon there is a temple to Shiva , named Kedareshwar Mandir in Marathi . This place is large , and well known in all neighboring areas of Koregaon . Education ( edit ) Saraswati English Medium School and Jr . College , Koregaon . The Modern English School and Jr . College , Koregaon . Saraswati Vidyalaya , K.V. Bhandari Primary School Koregaon . Challenge Academy , Koregaon . Kanya . Madhymik Vidhylaya , Koregaon . DP Bhosale College Koregaon . Industrial Training Institute ( ITI ) Koregaon . Shri Mudhaidevi Shikshan Sanstha 's Shri Mudhaidevi Vidyamandir , Deur . Marutrao Krushnaji Mane Junior College , Deur . Prof. vSambhajirao Kadam College , Deur . Shri . Wangdev Vidyalaya & , Jr . College , Wathar Station . Yashwantrao Chavan Vidyalaya , Pimpode Bk . Business and industry ( edit ) The main attraction is the Koregaon ( Mini ) Industrial Area developed on the Koregaon - Rahimatpur Road . One of the main industries is the production of beans ( called ' Wagha Ghevada ' in Marathi and ' Rajma ' in Hindi language ) . Rivers ( edit ) There are two rivers in Koregaon ; one flows within the town and other is outside . The first river 's name is Tilaganga and other one 's name is Vasana . Politics ( edit ) Main article : Koregaon ( Vidhan Sabha constituency ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sixteenth Lok Sabha Members Bioprofile '' . Retrieved 25 April 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/563744-koregaon-maharashtra.html ^ Jump up to : `` NPR Report : Maharashtra : Satara : Koregaon '' . National Population Register , Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . 2011 . Jump up ^ Ambedkar , Dr. Bhimrao ( 1991 ) . Waiting for a Visa ( PDF ) . Mumbai : Dept. of education , Government of Maharashtra . pp. 4071 -- 4090 . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . External links ( edit ) Satara District Gazette : http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/SATARA/agri_holdings.html http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/SATARA/places_Koregaon.html Places adjacent to Koregaon Wai Lonand Phaltan Satara Koregaon Khatav Patan Karad Satara district topics History Sajjangad Ajinkyatara Kamalgad Kalyangad Kenjalgad Chandangad Jangali Jayagad Gunavantgad Prachitgad Pratapgad Pandavgad Bhairavgad Bhushangad Bhopalgad Makrandgad Machchindragad Mahimandangad Mahimangad Santoshgad Sundargad Vasota Vardhangad Vandangad Vasantgad Varugad Vairatgad Battles Battle of Pratapgarh Battle of Satara Rivers Koyna River Krishna River Venna River Savitri River Gayatri River Dams Koyna Dam Kanher Dam Dhom Dam Mhaswad Dam Morana Dam Morna Gureghar Dam Uttarmand Dam Yeralwadi Dam Lakes Shivsagar Lake Venna Lake Kas Lake Bamnoli Lake Ghats Khambatki Ghat Amba Ghat Caves Wai Caves Karad Caves Cities and towns Karad Khatav ₧ ₰ £ Khandala Saal Wai ₴ Koregaon Rahimatpur Mahabaleshwar Mhaswad Man Aundh Panchgani Patan Phaltan Khed Medha Koynanagar Villages Awlan Places to see Ajinkyatara Bhairavgad Chalkewadi - Wind Energy Project Char Bhinti Hutatma Smarak Kas plateau Menawali Kanher Dam Karad - Priti Sangam Koyna Dam Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary Kuraneshwar ( Khinditil Ganapati ) Maha Ganapati Temple , Wai Mahabaleshwar Mayani Bird Sanctuary Nandgiri or Kalyangad Fort Natraj Mandir Panchgani Pateshwar Hills Sajjangad Fort Sangam Mahuli Shikhar Shinganapur Temple Shri Bhavani Museum , Aundh Shri Chhatrapati Shivaji Museum Shri Ram Mandir , Chaphal Siddhanath Temple , Mhaswad Thoseghar Waterfalls Vajrai Waterfall Valmiki Table Land Yamai Devi Temple , Aundh Yevateshwar Temple Yuvteshwar Monuments Mandhradevi Transport NH - 4 Satara Junction Karad Airport Education Rayat Shikshan Sanstha Sainik School , Satara Lok Sabha constituencies Madha Satara Vidhan Sabha constituencies Satara Koregaon Wai Karad North Karad South Patan Phaltan Man Stadiums and Sports venues Shahu Stadium , Satara Chatrapati Shivaji Stadium , Karad Culture Satari Kandhi Pedhe Lavani Puran Poli State of Maharashtra Capital : Mumbai Second capital : Nagpur Topics History Geography Economy Tourism Highest point Marathi language Culture Marathi people Marathi literature Marathi cinema Maharashtrian cuisine Sports Regions Desh Khandesh Konkan Mumbai Metropolitan Region Marathwada Vidarbha Divisions and Districts Amravati division Akola Amravati Buldhana Washim Yavatmal Konkan division Mumbai Mumbai Suburban Palghar Raigad Ratnagiri Sindhudurg Thane Aurangabad division Aurangabad Beed Jalna Osmanabad Nanded Latur Parbhani Hingoli Nagpur division Bhandara Chandrapur Gadchiroli Gondia Nagpur Wardha Nashik division Ahmednagar Dhule Jalgaon Nandurbar Nashik Pune division Kolhapur Pune Sangli Satara Solapur Million - plus cities in Maharashtra Mumbai Pune Nagpur Aurangabad Nashik Solapur Thane Pimpri - Chinchwad Kalyan - Dombivali Vasai - Virar Navi Mumbai Other cities with municipal corporations Ahmednagar Akola Amravati Bhiwandi Chandrapur Dhule Jalgaon Kolhapur Latur Malegaon Mira - Bhayandar Nanded Panvel Parbhani Sangli Ulhasnagar Portal : Maharashtra Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koregaon&oldid=852894464 '' Categories : Cities and towns in Satara district Talukas in Maharashtra Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2018 Use Indian English from July 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles lacking in - text citations from April 2011 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Català Cebuano ગુજરાતી मराठी 日本語 Svenska اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2018 , at 02 : 33 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koregaon	748
how many chapters in ruth in the bible	The book is structured in four chapters :	four	Book of Ruth	book of ruth		Tanakh ( Judaism ) Torah ( Instruction ) ( show ) Genesis Bereishit Exodus Shemot Leviticus Wayiqra Numbers Bemidbar Deuteronomy Devarim Nevi'im ( Prophets ) ( show ) Former Joshua Yehoshua Judges Shofetim Samuel Shemuel Kings Melakhim Latter Isaiah Yeshayahu Jeremiah Yirmeyahu Ezekiel Yekhezqel Minor Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Ketuvim ( Writings ) ( hide ) Poetic Psalms Tehillim Proverbs Mishlei Job Iyov Five Megillot ( Scrolls ) Song of Songs Shir Hashirim Ruth Rut Lamentations Eikhah Ecclesiastes Qoheleth Esther Ester Historical Daniel Daniyyel Ezra -- Nehemiah Ezra Chronicles Divre Hayyamim Old Testament ( Christianity ) Pentateuch ( show ) Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Historical ( hide ) Joshua Judges Ruth 1 and 2 Samuel 1 and 2 Kings 1 and 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Wisdom ( show ) Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song of Songs Prophetic ( show ) Major prophets Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Minor prophets Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanonical ( show ) Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom of Solomon Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Orthodox Tewahedo 1 Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Bible portal The Book of Ruth ( Hebrew : מגילת רות ‎ , Ashkenazi pronunciation : ( məˈɡɪləs rus ) , Megilath Ruth , `` the Scroll of Ruth '' , one of the Five Megillot ) is included in the third division , or the Writings ( Ketuvim ) , of the Hebrew Bible ; in most Christian canons it is treated as a history book and placed between Judges and 1 Samuel , as it is set `` in the days when the judges judged '' , although the Syriac Christian tradition places it later , between Ecclesiastes and the Song of Songs . It is named after its central figure , Ruth the Moabitess , the great - grandmother of David . The book tells of Ruth 's accepting the God of the Israelites as her God and the Israelite people as her own . In Ruth 1 : 16 -- 17 , Ruth tells Naomi , her Israelite mother - in - law , `` Where you go I will go , and where you stay I will stay . Your people will be my people and your God my God . Where you die I will die , and there I will be buried . May the Lord deal with me , be it ever so severely , if even death separates you and me . '' The book is held in esteem by Jews who fall under the category of Jews - by - choice , as is evidenced by the considerable presence of Boaz in rabbinic literature . The Book of Ruth also functions liturgically , as it is read during the Jewish holiday of Shavuot ( `` Weeks '' ) . Contents 1 Structure 2 Summary 3 Composition 4 Themes and background 4.1 Levirate marriage and the `` redeemers '' 4.2 Mixed marriage 4.3 Contemporary interpretations 5 Genealogy : the descent of David from Ruth 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Structure ( edit ) The book is structured in four chapters : Act 1 : Prologue and Problem : Death and Emptiness ( 1 : 1 -- 22 ) Scene 1 : Setting the scene ( 1 : 1 -- 5 ) Scene 2 : Naomi returns home ( 1 : 6 -- 18 ) Scene 3 : Arrival of Naomi and Ruth in Bethlehem ( 1 : 19 -- 22 ) Act 2 : Ruth Meets Boaz , Naomi 's Relative , on the Harvest Field ( 2 : 1 -- 23 ) Scene 1 : Ruth in the field of Boaz ( 2 : 1 -- 17 ) Scene 2 : Ruth reports to Naomi ( 2 : 18 -- 23 ) Act 3 : Naomi Sends Ruth to Boaz on the Threshing Floor ( 3 : 1 -- 18 ) Scene 1 : Naomi Reveals Her Plan ( 3 : 1 -- 5 ) Scene 2 : Ruth at the threshing - floor of Boaz ( 3 : 6 -- 15 ) Scene 3 : Ruth reports to Naomi ( 3 : 16 -- 18 ) Act 4 : Resolution and Epilogue : Life and Fullness ( 4 : 1 -- 22 ) Scene 1 : Boaz with the men at the gate ( 4 : 1 -- 12 ) Scene 2 : A son is born to Ruth ( 4 : 13 -- 17 ) Genealogical appendix ( 4 : 18 -- 22 ) Summary ( edit ) Naomi entreating Ruth and Orpah to return to the land of Moab by William Blake , 1795 During the time of the Judges when there was a famine , an Israelite family from Bethlehem -- Elimelech , his wife Naomi , and their sons Mahlon and Chilion -- emigrated to the nearby country of Moab . Elimelech died , and the sons married two Moabite women : Mahlon married Ruth and Chilion married Orpah . After about ten years , the two sons of Naomi also died in Moab ( 1 : 4 ) . Naomi decided to return to Bethlehem . She told her daughters - in - law to return to their own mothers and remarry . Orpah reluctantly left ; however , Ruth said , `` Intreat me not to leave thee , ( or ) to return from following after thee : for whither thou goest , I will go ; and where thou lodgest , I will lodge : thy people ( shall be ) my people , and thy God my God : Where thou diest , will I die , and there will I be buried : the LORD do so to me , and more also , ( if aught ) but death part thee and me . '' ( Ruth 1 : 16 -- 17 KJV ) The two women returned to Bethlehem at the beginning of the barley harvest , and in order to support her mother - in - law and herself , Ruth went to the fields to glean . As it happened , the field she went to belonged to a man named Boaz , who was kind to her because he had heard of her loyalty to her mother - in - law . Ruth told Naomi of Boaz 's kindness , and she gleaned in his field through the remainder of barley and wheat harvest . Boaz was a close relative of Naomi 's husband 's family . He was therefore obliged by the Levirate law to marry Mahlon 's widow , Ruth , in order to carry on his family 's inheritance . Naomi sent Ruth to the threshing floor at night and told her to go where he slept , and `` uncover his feet , and lay thee down ; and he will tell thee what thou shalt do '' ( 3 : 4 ) . Ruth did so . Boaz asked her who she was , and she replied : `` I ( am ) Ruth thine handmaid : spread therefore thy skirt over thine handmaid ; for thou ( art ) a near kinsman . '' ( 3 : 9 ) Boaz blessed her and agreed to do all that is required , and he noted that , `` all the city of my people doth know that thou ( art ) a virtuous woman . '' ( 3 : 11 ) He then acknowledged that he was a close relative , but that there was one who was closer , and she remained in submission at his feet until she returned into the city in the morning . Early that day , Boaz went to the city gate to meet with the other male relative before the town elders . The relative is not named : Boaz addresses him as ploni almoni , literally `` so and so '' . The unnamed relative is unwilling to jeopardize the inheritance of his own estate by marrying Ruth , and so relinquished his right of redemption , thus allowing Boaz to marry Ruth . They transferred the property and redeemed it , ratified by the nearer kinsman taking off his shoe and handing it over to Boaz . Ruth 4 : 7 notes for later generations that : This was the custom in former times in Israel concerning redeeming and exchanging , to confirm anything : one man took off his sandal and gave it to the other , and this was a confirmation in Israel . Boaz and Ruth were then married and have a son . The women of the city celebrate Naomi 's joy , for Naomi found a redeemer for her family name , and Naomi takes the child and places it in her bosom . The child is named Obed , who we discover is `` the father of Jesse , the father of David '' ( Ruth 4 : 13 -- 17 ) , that is , the grandfather of King David . The book concludes with an appendix which traces the Davidic genealogy all the way back from Perez , `` whom Tamar bore to Judah '' , through to Obed , down to David . Composition ( edit ) The book does not name its author . It is traditionally ascribed to the prophet Samuel , but Ruth 's identity as a non-Israelite and the stress on the need for an inclusive attitude towards foreigners suggests an origin in the fifth century BCE , when intermarriage had become controversial ( as seen in Ezra 9 : 1 and Nehemiah 13 : 1 ) . A substantial number of scholars therefore date it to the Persian period ( 6th -- 4th centuries BC ) . The genealogy that concludes the book is believed to be a post-exilic Priestly addition , as it adds nothing to the plot ; nevertheless , it is carefully crafted and integrates the book into the history of Israel running from Genesis to Kings . Themes and Background ( edit ) Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld : `` Ruth in Boaz 's Field '' , 1828 Levirate marriage and the `` redeemers '' ( edit ) The Book of Ruth illustrates the difficulty of trying to use laws given in books such as Deuteronomy as evidence of actual practice . Naomi plans to provide security for herself and Ruth by arranging a Levirate marriage with Boaz . Her plan is overtly sexual : Ruth is to go to the threshing floor ( a place associated with sexual activity ) , wait until Boaz has finished eating and drinking ( a possible allusion to the story of Lot and his daughters , ancestors through incest of the Moabites ) , and to lie at his uncovered `` feet '' ( a euphemism for genitals ) . Since there was no heir to inherit Elimelech 's land , custom required a close relative ( usually the dead man 's brother ) to marry the widow of the deceased in order to continue his family line ( Deuteronomy 25 : 5 -- 10 ) . This relative was called the go'el , the `` kinsman - redeemer '' . As Boaz is not Elimelech 's brother , nor is Ruth his widow , scholars refer to the arrangement here as `` Levirate - like '' . A complication arises in the story : another man is a closer relative to Elimelech than Boaz and has first claim on Ruth . It is resolved through the custom that required land to stay in the family : a family could mortgage land to ward off poverty , but the law required a kinsman to purchase it back into the family ( Leviticus 25 : 25ff ) . Boaz meets the near kinsman at the city gate ( the place where contracts are settled ) ; the kinsman first says he will purchase Elimelech 's ( now Naomi 's ) land , but , upon hearing he must also take Ruth as his wife , withdraws his offer . Boaz thus becomes Ruth and Naomi 's `` kinsman - redeemer . '' Mixed marriage ( edit ) The book can be read as a political parable relating to issues around the time of Ezra and Nehemiah ( the 4th century BCE ) . The fictional nature of the story is established from the start through the names of the participants : the husband and father is Elimelech , meaning `` My God is King '' , and his wife is Naomi , `` Pleasing '' , but after the deaths of her sons Mahlon , `` Sickness '' , and Chilion , `` Wasting '' , she asks to be called Mara , `` Bitter '' . The reference to Moab raises questions , since in the rest of the biblical literature it is associated with hostility to Israel , sexual perversity , and idolatry , and Deuteronomy 23 : 3 -- 6 excluded an Ammonite or a Moabite from `` the congregation of the LORD ; even to their tenth generation '' . Despite this , Ruth the Moabitess married a Judahite and even after his death still regarded herself a member of his family ; she then married another Judahite and bore him a son who became an ancestor of David . Contrary to the message of Ezra - Nehemiah , where marriages between Jewish men and non-Jewish women were broken up , Ruth teaches that foreigners who convert to Judaism can become good Jews , foreign wives can become exemplary followers of Jewish law , and there is no reason to exclude them or their offspring from the community . Contemporary interpretations ( edit ) Scholars have increasingly explored Ruth in ways which allow it to address contemporary issues . Feminists , for example , have recast the story as one of the dignity of labour and female self - sufficiency , and even as a model for lesbian relations , while others have seen in it a celebration of the relationship between strong and resourceful women . Others have criticised it for its underlying , and potentially exploitative , acceptance of a system of patriarchy in which a woman 's worth can only be measured through marriage and child - bearing . Others again have seen it as a book that champions outcast and oppressed peoples . Genealogy : the descent of David from Ruth ( edit ) Elimelech Naomi Boaz Ruth Mahlon Orpah Chilion Obed Jesse David See also ( edit ) Goel Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For `` feet '' as a euphemism for genitals see , for example , Amy - Jill Levine , `` Ruth , '' in Newsom and Ringe ( eds . ) , The Women 's Bible Commentary , pp. 78 - 84 . The usual interpretation , as given here , is that Ruth is told to uncover Boaz 's genitals , but see Kirsten Nielsen , `` Other Writings , '' in McKenzie and Graham ( eds . ) , The Hebrew Bible Today , pp. 175 - 176 , where it is argued that Ruth is to uncover herself . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Coogan 2008 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Ruth 1 : 1 Jump up ^ New International Version Jump up ^ Atteridge 2006 , p. 383 . ^ Jump up to : West 2003 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Hubbard 1988 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Leith 2007 , p. 391 . ^ Jump up to : Grabbe 2004 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ West 2003 , p. 211 . Jump up ^ West 2003 , p. 210 . ^ Jump up to : Allen 1996 , p. 521 - 522 . ^ Jump up to : Grabbe 2004 , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Irwin 2008 , p. 699 . Bibliography ( edit ) Allen , Leslie C. ( 1996 ) . `` Ruth '' . In LaSor , William Sanford ; Hubbard , David Allan ; Bush , Frederic William ; et al. Old Testament Survey : The Message , Form , and Background of the Old Testament . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802837882 . Atteridge , Harold W. ( 2006 ) . The HarperCollins Study Bible . HarperCollins . Coogan , Michael D. ( 2008 ) . A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament : The Hebrew Bible in Its Context . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195332728 . Grabbe , Lester L. ( 2004 ) . The History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period , Volume 1 : Yehud , the Persian Province of Judah . Continuum . pp. 105 & 312 . ISBN 9780567089984 . Hubbard , Robert L. Jr. ( 1988 ) . The Book of Ruth . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802825261 . Irwin , B.P. ( 2008 ) . `` Ruth 4 : Person '' . In Longman , Tremper ; Enns , Peter . Dictionary of the Old Testament : Wisdom , Poetry & Writings . InterVarsity Press . ISBN 9780830817832 . Leith , Mary Joan Winn ( 2007 ) . `` Ruth '' . In Coogan , Michael D. ; Brettler , Marc Zvi ; Newsom , Carol Ann ; et al . The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal / Deuterocanonical Books : New Revised Standard Version . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195288803 . West , Gerald ( 2003 ) . `` Ruth '' . In Dunn , James D.G. ; Rogerson , John William . Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802837110 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Ruth ( Bible ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Book of Ruth . Jewish translations and study guides Ruth at Mechon Mamre -- ( Jewish Publication Society of America Version ) Jewish Virtual Library Jewish Encyclopedia Ruth -- English translation ( with Rashi commentary ) Christian translations and study guides The Kinsman Redeemer Online Bible -- GospelHall.org Biblegateway Bible Study on Cross-Cultural Love -- InterVarsity website Book of Ruth public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions Encyclopedic entries Catholic Encyclopedia Book of Ruth History books Preceded by Song of Songs Hebrew Bible Succeeded by Lamentations Preceded by Judges Christian Old Testament Succeeded by 1 -- 2 Samuel Book of Ruth Bible Ruth 1 Place Bethlehem , Judah Moab People Amminadab Boaz David Elimelech Hezron Jesse Judah Chilion Leah Mahlon Nahshon Naomi Obed Orpah Perez Rachel Ram Ruth Salmon Tamar Term Goel Judges Levirate marriage ( Yibbum ) Sources Hebrew Bible Septuagint Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Book of Judges ( chapter 21 ) Books of Samuel ( chapter 1 ) → Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book GND : 4076907 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Ruth&oldid=853173969 '' Categories : 6th - century BC books 5th - century BC books 4th - century BC books Book of Ruth Ketuvim Moab Shavuot Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2011 Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Afrikaans Aragonés Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia IsiZulu Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Gagana Samoa Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zeêuws 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 66 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 August 2018 , at 22 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book%20of%20Ruth	749
are there any major holidays or festivals in islam	Day Month Festival Muharram New Islamic Year First day of the Islamic calendar 12 Rabi ' al - awwal Eid - e-Milād - un-Nabī Birthday of the Prophet Muhammad 27 Rajab Miraj - un-Nabi Muhammad 's night journey 27 Ramadan Laylat al - Qadr The night when first verses of Quran were received by Muhammad 30 / 31 Ramadan Chaand Raat The last night of Ramadan celebrated on 29th or 30th depending on when the new moon is sighted Shawal Eid ul Fitr The celebration at the end of the fasting month ( Ramadan ) 10 Dhu al - Hijjah Eid al - Adha The celebration of Abraham 's sacrifice		List of festivals in Pakistan	list of festivals in pakistan	This is the list of festivals in Pakistan .	Contents ( hide ) 1 By region 2 Islamic 3 Public holidays in Pakistan 4 Festivals in Pakistan 5 Literary festivals in Pakistan 6 Film festivals in Pakistan 7 Music festivals in Pakistan 8 Local events 9 Fairs 10 See also 11 References By region ( edit ) Festivals in Lahore Festivals in Multan Punjabi festivals ( Pakistan ) Islamic ( edit ) Day Month Festival Muharram New Islamic Year First day of the Islamic calendar 12 Rabi ' al - awwal Eid - e-Milād - un-Nabī Birthday of the Prophet Muhammad 27 Rajab Miraj - un-Nabi Muhammad 's night journey 27 Ramadan Laylat al - Qadr The night when first verses of Quran were received by Muhammad 30 / 31 Ramadan Chaand Raat The last night of Ramadan celebrated on 29th or 30th depending on when the new moon is sighted Shawal Eid ul Fitr The celebration at the end of the fasting month ( Ramadan ) 10 Dhu al - Hijjah Eid al - Adha The celebration of Abraham 's sacrifice Public holidays in Pakistan ( edit ) Public holidays in Pakistan Festivals in Pakistan ( edit ) Main page : Category : Festivals in Pakistan This section needs expansion with : Category : Festivals in Pakistan . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2015 ) Chaand Raat Iqbal Day Quaid - e-Azam Day Pakistan Flower Show Yom - e Bab ul - Islam Literary festivals in Pakistan ( edit ) See also : Category : Literary festivals in Pakistan Islamabad Literature Festival Karachi Literature Festival Lahore Literary Festival Film festivals in Pakistan ( edit ) See also : Category : Film festivals in Pakistan Cinéaste One Student Film Festival Indus Telefilm Festival Kara Film Festival Music festivals in Pakistan ( edit ) See also : Category : Music festivals in Pakistan All Pakistan Music Conference Dosti Music Project Local events ( edit ) Day Month Festival 23 - 26 February Pakistan Flower Show Flower Show at Karachi February -- March Jashn - e-Baharaan The celebrations with the start of Spring season 23 March Pakistan Day Republic Day and to commemorate the Lahore Resolution 28 May Youm - e-Takbir Celebrated in commemoration of the first Nuclear test 14 August Independence Day 6 September Defence Day Celebrated in memory of those who were killed in the Indo - Pak war of 1965 7 September Air Force Day Celebrated to commend the role of Pakistan Air Force in the 1965 war with India 8 September Navy Day Celebrated to commend the role of Pakistan Navy in the 1965 war with India 9 November Iqbal Day Birthday of Muhammad Iqbal 25 December Quaid - e-Azam Day Birthday of Muhammad Ali Jinnah Fairs ( edit ) Mela Chiraghan , this fair is famous in Pakistan . Kalam summer festival See also ( edit ) Public holidays in Pakistan Culture of Pakistan References ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_festivals_in_Pakistan&oldid=794461191 '' Categories : Fairs in Pakistan Festivals in Pakistan Film festivals in Pakistan Lists of festivals by country Lists of festivals in Asia Lists of festivals in Pakistan Music festivals in Pakistan Pakistan - related lists Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Use dmy dates from February 2012 Articles to be expanded from November 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Add links This page was last edited on 8 August 2017 , at 05 : 10 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20festivals%20in%20Pakistan	750
a sect is a type of religious organization tha			Arya Samaj	arya samaj	Vedanta	Advaita Vishishtadvaita Dvaita Vedanta Bhedabheda Dvaitadvaita Achintya Bheda Abheda Shuddhadvaita Heterodox Charvaka Ājīvika Buddhism Jainism Other schools ( show ) Vaishnava Smarta Shakta Īśvara Shaiva : Pratyabhijña Pashupata Siddhanta Tantra Teachers ( Acharyas ) ( show ) Nyaya Akṣapāda Gotama Jayanta Bhatta Raghunatha Siromani Mīmāṃsā Jaimini Kumārila Bhaṭṭa Prabhākara Advaita Vedanta Gaudapada Adi Shankara Vācaspati Miśra Vidyaranya Sadananda Madhusūdana Sarasvatī Vijnanabhiksu Ramakrishna Vivekananda Ramana Maharshi Siddharudha Chinmayananda Nisargadatta Vishishtadvaita Nammalvar Alvars Yamunacharya Ramanuja Vedanta Desika Pillai Lokacharya Manavala Mamunigal Dvaita Madhvacharya Jayatirtha Vyasatirtha Sripadaraja Vadirajatirtha Vijayendra Tirtha Raghavendra Swami Padmanabha Tirtha Naraharitirtha Achintya Bheda Abheda Chaitanya Mahaprabhu Jiva Goswami Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Prabhupada Tantra Shakta Abhinavagupta Nigamananda Paramahansa Ramprasad Sen Bamakhepa Kamalakanta Bhattacharya Anandamayi Ma Others Samkhya Kapila Yoga Patanjali Vaisheshika Kanada , Prashastapada Dvaitadvaita Nimbarka Shuddhadvaita Vallabha Acharya Major texts ( show ) Sruti Smriti Vedas Rigveda Yajurveda Samaveda Atharvaveda Upanishads Principal Upanishads Minor Upanishads Other scriptures Bhagavat Gita Agama ( Hinduism ) Shastras and Sutras Brahma Sutras Samkhya Sutras Mimamsa Sutras Nyāya Sūtras Vaiśeṣika Sūtra Yoga Sutras Pramana Sutras Puranas Dharma Shastra Artha Śastra Kamasutra Tirumurai Shiva Samhita Hinduism Other Indian philosophies Arya Samaj ( Sanskrit : ārya samāja आर्य समाज `` Noble Society '' Hindi : आर्य समाज , Bengali : আর্য সমাজ , Punjabi : ਆਰੀਆ ਸਮਾਜ , Gujarati : આર્ય સમાજ ) is an Indian Hindu reform movement that promotes values and practices based on the belief in the infallible authority of the Vedas . The samaj was founded by the sannyasi ( ascetic ) Dayananda Saraswati on 7 April 1875 . Members of the Arya Samaj believe in one God and reject the worship of idols . Jawaharlal Nehru , the first prime minister of India in his book , The Discovery of India credits Arya Samaj in introducing proselytization in Hinduism Contents ( hide ) 1 Foundation 1.1 Vedic schools 1.2 Adi Brahmo Samaj 1.3 `` The Light of Truth '' lecture series 1.4 New samaj 1.5 Ahmedabad debates 1.6 Rajkot Arya Samaj 1.7 Bombay Arya Samaj 2 After Dayanand 2.1 Pandit Lekh Ram and Arya Samaj in Punjab 2.2 Arya Samaj in Gujarat 2.3 Reconversion in Malabar 2.4 Language issue 2.5 Humanitarian efforts 3 Contemporary Arya Samaj 3.1 Arya Samaj in India 3.2 Arya Samaj around the world 4 Core beliefs 5 Practices 5.1 Diwali 5.2 Holi 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Foundation ( edit ) The Arya Samaj was established in Bombay on 7 April 1875 by Dayananda Saraswati ( born `` Mool Shankar '' in Kathiawar , Gujarat 1824 -- died Ajmer , 1883 ) An alternative date for the foundation of the samaj is 24 June 1877 because it was then , in Lahore when the samaj became more than just a regional movement based in Punjab . Vedic schools ( edit ) Between 1869 and 1873 , Saraswati began his efforts to reform orthodox Hinduism in India . He established Gurukul ( Vedic schools ) which emphasised Vedic values , culture , Satya ( virtue ) and Sanatana Dharma ( the essence of living ) . The schools gave separate educations to boys and girls based on ancient Vedic principles . The Vedic school system was also to relieve Indians from the pattern of a British education . The first Vedic school was established at Farrukhabad in 1869 . Fifty students were enrolled in its first year . This success led to the founding of schools at Mirzapur ( 1870 ) , Kasganj ( 1870 ) , Chhalesar ( Aligarh ) ( 1870 ) and Varanasi ( 1873 ) . At the schools , students received all meals , lodging , clothing and books free of charge . Discipline was strict . Students were not allowed to perform murti puja ( worship of sculpted stone idols ) . Rather , they performed Sandhyavandanam ( meditative prayer using Vedic mantras with divine sound ) and agnihotra ( making a heated milk offering twice daily ) . The study of Sanskrit scriptural texts which accepted the authority of the Vedas were taught . They included the Vedas , Upanishads , Aranyaka , Kashika , Nirukta , Mahabhasya , Ashtadhyayi , Darshanas . The teaching was open to girls and to children who were not of the Brahmins class . Dayanand had difficulty finding qualified teachers who agreed with his views on religious reform . There were few textbooks which he considered suitable . Funding was sporadic , attendance fluctuated and students did not achieve desired standards and so some schools closed soon after opening . The last remaining school at Farrukhabad closed in 1876 . Adi Brahmo Samaj ( edit ) Main article : Adi Brahmo Samaj This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1872 and 1873 , Dayanand travelled and came to know some pro-Western Indian intellectuals including Navin Chandra Roy , Rajnarayan Basu , Debendranath Tagore and Hemendranath Tagore who were actively involved in the Brahmo Samaj . This reform organization , founded in 1828 , held many views similar to those of Dayanand . The organisation promoted monotheism and the eternality of the soul ; and the abolishment of the hereditary caste or varna system and uplifting people through education . Dayanand disagreed with the Brahmo Samaj about the proper position of the Vedas . Dayanand strongly held the Vedas to be divine revelation . `` The light of truth '' lecture series ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) After visiting Calcutta , Dayanand 's work changed . He began lecturing in Hindi rather than in Sanskrit . Although Sanskrit garnered respect , in Hindi , Dayanand reached a much larger audience . His ideas of reform began to reach the poorest people . In Varanasi , after hearing Dayanand speak , a local government official called Jaikishen Das encouraged Dayanand to publish a book about his ideas . From June to September 1874 , Dayanand dictated a series of lectures to his scribe , Bhimsen Sharma . The lectures recorded Dayanand 's views on a wide range of subjects . They were published in 1875 in Varanasi with the title Satyarth Prakash ( `` the light of truth '' ) . New Samaj ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) While his manuscript for Satyarth Prakash was being edited in Varanasi , Dayanand received an invitation to travel to Bombay . There , he was to debate representatives of the Vallabhacharya sect . On 20 October , 1874 , Dayanand arrived in Bombay . The debate , though well publicized , never took place . Nonetheless , two members of the Prarthana Samaj approached Dayanand and invited him to speak at one of their gatherings . He did so and was well received . They recognized Dayanand 's desire to uplift the Hindu community and protect Hindus from the pressures to convert to Christianity or Islam . Dayanand spent over one month in Bombay and attracted sixty people to his cause . They proposed founding a new samaj with Dayanand 's ideas as its spiritual and intellectual basis . Ahmedabad debates ( edit ) On 11 December 1874 , Dayanand arrived in Ahmedabad , Gujarat on the invitation of Gopal Hari Deshmukh . There , he debated with interested parties . Rajkot Arya Samaj ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On 31 December , 1874 , Dayanand arrived in Rajkot , Gujarat , on the invitation of Hargovind Das Dvarkadas , the secretary of the local Prarthana Samaj . He invited topics of discourse from the audience and spoke on eight . Again , Dayanand was well received and the Rajkot group elected to join his cause . The Samaj was renamed Arya Samaj ( Society of Nobles ) . Dayanand published a list of twenty - eight rules and regulations for the followers . After leaving Rajkot , Dayanand went to Ahmedabad but his audience at a meeting on 27 January , 1875 , did not elect to form a new Arya Samaj . Meanwhile , the Rajkot group had become in a political row . Bombay Arya Samaj ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A meeting of the Arya Samāj for investing boys with the sacred thread On his return to Bombay , Dayanand began a membership drive for a local Arya samaj and received one hundred enrolees . On 7 April 1875 , the Bombay Arya Samaj was established . Dayanand himself enrolled as a member rather than the leader of the Bombay group . The samaj began to grow . After Dayanand ( edit ) Dayanand died in 1883 . The Arya Samaj continued to grow , especially in Punjab . The early leaders of the samaj were Pandit Lekh Ram ( 1858 -- 1897 ) and Swami Shraddhanand ( Mahatma Munshi Ram Vij ) ( 1856 -- 1926 ) . In Punjab , the Arya Samaj was opposed by the Sikh dominated Singh Sabha , the forerunner of the Akali Dal . Some authors claim that the activities of the Samaj led to increased antagonism between Muslims and Hindus . Shraddhanand led the Shuddhi movement that aimed to bring Hindus who had converted to other religions back to Hinduism . In 1893 , the Arya Samaj members of Punjab were divided on the question of vegetarianism . The group that refrained from eating meat were called the `` Mahatma '' group and the other group , the `` Cultured Party '' . In the early 1900s , the samaj ( or organizations inspired by it such as Jat Pat Todak Mandal ) campaigned against caste discrimination . They also campaigned for widow remarriage and women 's education . The samaj also established chapters in British colonies with an Indian diaspora such as South Africa , Fiji , Mauritius , Suriname , Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago . Prominent Indian Nationalists such as Lala Lajpat Rai belonged to Arya Samaj and were active in its campaigning. The British colonial government in the early part of 20th century viewed the Samaj as a political body. Some samajist in government service were dismissed for belonging to the samaj In the 1930s , when the Hindu Nationalist group , the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh grew in prominence in Northern India , they found support in the Arya Samaj of Punjab . Pandit Lekh Ram and Arya Samaj in Punjab ( edit ) Pandit Lekh Ram ( 1858 -- 1897 ) was an Arya Samaj leader who was a contemporary of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad ( 1835 -- 1908 ) , the founder of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community . Ram contested Ahmad 's text , Barahin - e-Ahmadiyya in a work entitled Takzeeb e Barahin Ahmadiyya ( `` A falsification of the Barahin e Ahmadiyya '' ) . Ram was assassinated on 6 March 1897 . Members of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community claimed that this was in accordance with the prophecies of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad . Ian Talbot of the University of Southampton wrote , `` Relations grew particularly bad between the Aryas and the Muslims . Serious violence broke out in 1897 when Pandit Lekh Ram was assassinated . Lekh Ram 's greatest influence was in the north - west of Punjab . He had in fact joined the Peshawar Arya Samaj in 1880 and rose to prominence first as a missionary and then as editor of the Arya Gazette . At first he had limited his attacks to the Ahmadi movement of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad , but he increasingly attacked orthodox Muslims as well . His pamphlet , Risala - i - Jihad ya'ri Din - i - Muhammad ki Bunyad ( A treatise on waging holy war , or the foundation of the Muhammadan Religion ) caused a considerable outcry , when it was published in 1892 . Until his murder by a Muslim five years later , Lekh Ram continued to stir up animosity by his vituperative writings . '' Arya Samaj in Gujarat ( edit ) The Arya Samaj of Gujarat members were missionaries from Punjab who had been encouraged to move to Gujarat to carry out educational work amongst the untouchable castes by the maharaja , Sayajirao Gaekwad III . The Gujarat samaj opened orphanages . In 1915 , the samaj lost its following to Mahatma Gandhi . Reconversion in Malabar ( edit ) In 1921 , during a rebellion by the Muslim Moplah community of Malabar Indian newspapers reported that a number of Hindus were forcibly converted to Islam . The Arya Samaj extended its efforts to the region to reconvert these people back to Hinduism through Shuddhi ceremonies . Language issue ( edit ) Arya Samaj promoted the use of Hindi in Punjab and discouraged the use of Punjabi . This was a serious point of difference between the Sikhs , represented by the Shiromani Akali Dal group and the Arya Samaj . The difference was marked during the period immediately following the independence of India and the time of the Punjabi Suba movement ( demand for a Punjabi speaking state ) . Humanitarian efforts ( edit ) Arya Samaj was a charitable organisation . For example , donations were made to victims of the 1905 Kangra earthquake . The samaj campaigned for women 's right to vote , and for the protection of widows . Contemporary Arya Samaj ( edit ) Arya Samaj in India ( edit ) Arya Samaj schools and temples are still found in India . Some are authorised to conduct weddings . The samaj is associated with the Dayanand Anglo Vedic ( DAV ) schools which number over two hundred . The former Indian prime minister Charan Singh , as a young man , was a member of Arya Samaj in Ghaziabad . A branch of Arya Samaj was established inf 2015 in Angul district in the state of Odisha Arya Samaj around the world ( edit ) Arya Samaj is active in countries including Guyana , Suriname , Trinidad and Tobago , Fiji , Australia , South Africa , Kenya , Mauritius and other countries where a significant Hindu diaspora is present . Immigrants to Canada from East Africa and the Caribbean countries form Arya Samaj for their communities in many Canadian cities including Toronto . Most major metropolitan areas of United States have chapters of Arya Samaj . Core beliefs ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ओ३म् O3m ( Aum ) , considered by the Arya Samaj to be the highest and most proper name of God . Members of the Arya Samaj believe in one almighty creator known as Aum who is mentioned in the Yajur Veda ( 40 : 17 ) . They believe the Vedas is an infallible authority . The Arya Samaj members reject other Hindu religious texts because they are not `` revealed '' works . For instance , they believe books like the Ramayana and the Mahabharata are legends of historical figures , which secondarily have been used as reference to supreme beings and avatars . The members of Arya Samaj reject other scriptural works such as the Bible , and the Quran . They reject the worship of idols . The Arya Samaj promotes the equality of all human beings and the empowerment of women . Practices ( edit ) The Arya Samaj members recite the Gayatri Mantra , meditation and make offering to the holy fire ' ( ' havan ) . The havan can be performed without a priest in acts of personal worship . Members celebrate Holi ( the start of spring ) and Diwali ( a harvest festival and the victory of good over evil ) . Some members of the Arya Samaj are lacto - vegetarian and in general , the eating of beef is avoided . The cow is viewed with respect for its contribution to Indian civilization . After a death , Arya samaji will often conduct a havan and collect the ashes on the fourth day . Diwali ( edit ) Diya with one wick . Diya with four wicks , pointing in each direction ( N , W , S , E ) . The Arya Samaj celebration of Diwali is typified by the celebration in Suriname . The festival celebrates the victory of good over evil . A vegetarian fast is kept . The Gayatri mantra is spoken while oil lamps are lit . One Diya lamp , which is of a larger size has two wicks crossed to produce four lights , one in each direction and is lit first . The smaller lamp has one wick . The recitation of the Gayatri mantra occurs in front of a fire altar lit with sandalwood . A lamp is kept in every room except the bathroom and restroom . More lamps can be lit , which can be placed arbitrarily in the yard , living room and so on . Holi ( edit ) Holi is celebrated as the conclusion of winter and the start of spring to sow the land and hope for a good harvest . This day is marked by colors and song ( Chautal ) . It does not require specific prayer or fasting , however some people keep a vegetarian fast on this day . The Arya Samaj does not associate Holi with a particular deity such as Vishnu or Shiva and in comparison to some interpretations of the festival , the Arya Samaj version in more sober and is as per the 4 Vedas . See also ( edit ) Hinduism portal India portal Arya Samaj in Fiji Arya Samaj in Ghana Arya Samaj in Guyana Arya Samaj in Kenya Arya Samaj in Mauritius Arya Samaj in Mozambique Arya Samaj in Singapore Arya Samaj in South Africa Arya Samaj in Suriname Arya Samaj in Tanzania Arya Samaj in Trinidad and Tobago Arya Samaj in Thailand Arya Samaj in Uganda Hindu reform movements References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shvikarpathra Paropkarini Sabha website . Accessed 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Hastings J. and Selbi J. ( Ed . ) Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Kessinger 2003 part 3 . p. 57 . ISBN 0 - 7661 - 3671 - X Jump up ^ Thursby , G.R. ( 1975 ) . Hindu - Muslim relations in British India : a study of controversy , conflict , and communal movements in northern India 1923 -- 1928 . Leiden : Brill . p. 3 . ISBN 9789004043800 . Jump up ^ E News Aryasamaj website 2 March 2010 . Accessed 3 February 2017 Jump up ^ Dayanand Saraswati Himalaya publishing documents . Jump up ^ Sharma R. N and Sharma R.K. Problems of Education in India Atlantic 2006 p. 356 ISBN 817156612X Jump up ^ Saxena G.S. Arya Samaj movement in India , 1875 -- 1947 Commonwealth publishers 1990 p. 47 Jump up ^ Russell R.V. The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India 1916 vol. 1 Jump up ^ Jones K.W. Ham Hindū Nahīn * : Arya Sikh Relations , 1877 -- 1905 The Journal of Asian Studies May 1973 32 : 3 p. 457 -- 475 . JSTOR 2052684 Jump up ^ Barrier N. The Arya Samaj and Congress Politics in the Punjab , 1894 -- 1908 The Journal of Asian Studies May 1967 26 : 3 p. 363 -- 379 . doi : 10.2307 / 2051414 JSTOR 2051414 Accessed 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Nair N. Changing Homelands : Hindu Politics and the Partition of India Permanent Black , New Delhi 2011 p. 53 ISBN 9780674057791 Jump up ^ `` Punjab '' Imperial Gazetteer of India 1909 . vol. 20 p. 291 . Accessed 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Rajivlochan M. Coping with Exclusions the Non-Political Way in Judge P.S. Mapping Social Exclusion in India : Caste , Religion and Borderlands Cambridge University Press 2014 p. 82 -- 83 . ISBN 1107056098 Jump up ^ Kishwar M. `` Arya Samaj and Women 's Education : Kanya Mahavidyalaya , Jalandhar '' Economic and Political Weekly 26 April 1986 . 21 : 17 p. 9 JSTOR 4375593 doi : 10.2307 / 4375593 doi broken 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Vertovec S . The Hindu Diaspora : Comparative Patterns Routledge , London 2000 first edition p. 29 , 54 and 69 . ISBN 9780415238939 . Jump up ^ Rai L.L. The Arya Samaj : an Account of its Aims , Doctrine and Activities , with a Biographical Sketch of the Founder Longman , London 1915 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 85047 - 77 - 5 Jump up ^ Kumar , Raj ( editor ) ( 2004 ) . Essays on social reform movements . New Delhi : Discovery Pub . House . pp. 2 -- 4 . ISBN 9788171417926 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Jaffrelot C. The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics : 1925 to the 1990s Penguin Books , New Delhi 1999 . p. 67 and 68 . ISBN 9780140246025 . Jump up ^ Pandit Lekh Ram ( 1858 -- 1897 ) Quern organisation website . Accessed 3 February 2017 Jump up ^ Talbot I. Punjab and the Raj , 1849 -- 1947 Riverdale , 1988 . p. 72 and 73 . ISBN 0913215287 Jump up ^ Hardiman D. Purifying the nation , the Arya Samaj in Gujarat 1895 -- 1930 Indian Economic and Social History Review 2000 . 44 : 1 p. 41 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Thursby G.R. Hindu - Muslim relations in British India : a study of controversy , conflict , and communal movements in northern India 1923 -- 1928 Brill , Leiden , 1975 . ISBN 9789004043800 Jump up ^ Lamba K.G. Dynamics of Punjabi Suba Movement Deep and Deep 1999 . p. 90 ISBN 9788176291293 Accessed 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Chopra R. Love Is The Ultimate Winner Partridge , India 2013 . p. 9072 . ISBN 9781482800050 Accessed 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Grewal J.S. The Sikhs of the Punjab Cambridge University Press 1998 . p. 187 ISBN 9780521637640 Accessed 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Sharma S.C. Punjab , the Crucial Decade Atlantic 1987 . p. 133 . Jump up ^ Arya Samaj Arya Samaj website . Jump up ^ http://www.ordistricts.nic.in/district_home.php?did=an Jump up ^ Arya Samaj Queensland website . Accessed 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Lal V. and Vahed G. Hinduism in South Africa : Caste , Ethnicity , and Invented Traditions , 1860 -- Present J Sociology Soc Anth 2013 . 4 : 1 -- 2 p. 1 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Ombongi K.S. Hindu socio - religious organizations in Kenya : a case study of Arya Samaj , 1903 -- 1978 University of Nairobi 1993 . Jump up ^ Eisenlohr P. Little India : Diaspora , Time , and Ethnolinguistic Belonging in Hindu Mauritius University of California Press , Berkeley , California 2006 . p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24879 - 3 Jump up ^ Coward H. Hindus in Canada , the Third National Metropolis Conference Centre of Excellence for Research on Immigration and Integration in the Metropolis 1999 . Jump up ^ Arya Pratinidhi Sabha America Arya Samaj website . Accessed 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Naidoo T . The Arya Samaj movement in South Africa Motilal Banarsidass , Delhi 1992 first edition . p. 30 and 71 . ISBN 8120807693 Jump up ^ Morgan , Kenneth W. ( Editor ) ; Sharma , D.S. ; et al. ( 1987 ) . The Religion of the Hindus ( Reprint . ed . ) . Delhi : M. Banarsidass . p. 199 . ISBN 978 - 8120803879 . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Firth S. Dying , death and bereavement in a British Hindu community Peeters , Leuven 1997 . p. 89 . ISBN 9789068319767 Jump up ^ Arya Dharm : Hindu Consciousness in 19th - Century Punjab Paperback -- January 1 , 2006 Jones , Kenneth W. ( 1976 ) . Arya dharm : Hindu consciousness in 19th - century Punjab . New Delhi : Manohar . ISBN 978 - 8173047091 . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Dalal R . The Religions of India : A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths Penguin Books India , 2010 . p. 148 ISBN 0143415174 Jump up ^ Jones K.W. Arya Dharm : Hindu Consciousness in 19th - century Punjab University of California Press , 1976 . p. 95 . ISBN 0520029208 Further reading ( edit ) Chamupati M.A. ( 2001 ) Ten Commandments of Arya Samaj New Delhi : D.A.V. Publications . Jordens J.T.F. ( 1978 ) Dayanada Saraswati Oxford University Press , Delhi . Madhu Kishwar , `` The Daughters of Aryavarta : Women in the Arya Samaj movement , Punjab . '' Chapter in Women in Colonial India ; Essays on Survival , Work and the State , edited by J. Krishnamurthy , Oxford University Press , 1989 . Rai L. ( 1915 ) The Arya Samaj : an Account of its Aims , Doctrine and Activities , with a Biographical Sketch of the Founder D.A.V. College Managing Committee , New Delhi ISBN 978 - 81 - 85047 - 77 - 5 . Rai L. ( 1993 ) A History of the Arya Samaj New Delhi ISBN 81 - 215 - 0578 - X . Ruthven M. ( 2007 ) Fundamentalism : a Very Short Introduction Oxford University Press ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 921270 - 5 . Sharma J.M. ( 1998 ) Swami Dayanand : a Biography USB , India ISBN 81 - 7476 - 212 - 4 . Sethi R. `` Rashtra Pitamah Swami Dayanand Saraswati '' MR Sethi Educational Trust , Chandigarh . Upadhyaya G.P. ( 1954 ) The Origin , Scope and Mission of the Arya Samaj Arya Samaj . Shastri V. ( 1967 ) The Arya Samaj Sarvadeshik Arya Pratinidhi Sabha . Pandey D. ( 1972 ) The Arya Samaj and Indian Nationalism , 1875 -- 1920 S. Chand . Pandit S. ( 1975 ) A Critical Study of the Contribution of the Arya Samaj to Indian Education Sarvadeshik Arya , Pratinidhi Sabha . Vedalanker N. and Somera M. ( 1975 ) Arya Samaj and Indians Abroad Sarvadeshik Arya Pratinidhi Sabha . Vable D. ( 1983 ) The Arya Samaj : Hindu Without Hinduism Vikas ISBN 0 - 7069 - 2131 - 3 . Sharma S.K. ( 1985 ) Social Movements and Social Change : a Study of Arya Samaj and Untouchables in Punjab B.R. Publishing . Yadav K.C. and Arya K.S. ( 1988 ) Arya Samaj and the Freedom Movement : 1875 -- 1918 Manohar Publications . ISBN 81 - 85054 - 42 - 8 . Saxena G.S. ( 1990 ) Arya Samaj Movement in India , 1875 -- 1947 Commonwealth Publishers . ISBN 81 - 7169 - 045 - 9 . Sethi R. ( 2009 ) Rashtra Pitamah , Swami Dayanand Saraswati MR Sethi Educational Trust , Chandigarh Chopra R.M. ( 2009 ) Hinduism Today Jamnager A.S. and Pandya D. Aryasamaj Ke Stambh A.S. Jamnager 's website . Jones K. Arya Dharm : Hindu Consciousness in 19th - Century Punjab Dayananda , S. , & Bharadwaja , C. ( 1932 ) . Light of truth , or , An English translation of the Satyartha prakasha : The well - known work of Swami Dayananda Saraswati . Madras : Arya Samaj . Swami Shraddhananda , . ( 1926 ) . Hindu sangathan : Saviour of the dying race . Delhi : Shraddhananda . Swami Śraddhānanda , . ( 1984 ) . Inside the Congress : A collection of 26 articles . New Delhi : Dayanand Sansthan . External links ( edit ) Official website Aryasamaj Jamnagar Arya Samaj India Arya / Pratinidhi Sabha , America Arya / Arya Samaj Delhi Arya Samaj Pandit for Puja Services Arya Samaj by country Africa Ghana Kenya Mauritius Mozambique South Africa Tanzania Uganda Asia India Burma Malaysia Pakistan Singapore Thailand Caribbean Trinidad and Tobago Guyana Suriname Europe England Netherlands North America Canada United States Oceania Australia Fiji New Zealand Hindu reform movements Ayyavazhi Arya Samaj Brahma Kumaris BAPS Chinmaya Mission Divine Life Society ISKCON Ramakrishna Mission Sri Aurobindo Ashram Swadhyay Parivar Swaminarayan Sampraday YSS Topics Bhakti Brahmacharya Caste Persecution of Hindus Shuddhi Women in Hinduism Reformers and revivalist writers Arumuka Navalar Bal Gangadhar Tilak Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay Dayananda Saraswati Debendranath Tagore Keshub Chandra Sen Mahatma Gandhi Mirra Alfassa Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar Pandurang Shastri Athavale Ram Mohan Roy Ramakrishna Sister Nivedita Sivananda Saraswati Sri Aurobindo Swami Shraddhanand Swami Vipulananda Swaminarayan Vivekananda more Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arya_Samaj&oldid=827508032 '' Categories : Arya Samaj Hindu denominations Hindu movements and organisations Hindu new religious movements Monotheistic religions Religious organisations based in India Religious organizations established in 1875 1875 establishments in India Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Articles needing additional references from May 2013 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from June 2016 Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Sanskrit - language text Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles needing additional references from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch Español فارسی Français ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ Latina Lietuvių മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Русский संस्कृतम् سنڌي Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Українська اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 03 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arya%20Samaj	751
what are the 3 milks in tres leches cake	A tres leches cake ( Spanish : pastel de tres leches , torta de tres leches or bizcocho de tres leches ) , also known as pan tres leches ( `` three milks bread '' ) , is a sponge cake -- in some recipes , a butter cake -- soaked in three kinds of milk : evaporated milk , condensed milk , and heavy cream .	evaporated milk\|condensed milk\|heavy cream	Tres leches cake	tres leches cake	A tres leches cake ( Spanish : pastel de tres leches , torta de tres leches or bizcocho de tres leches ) , also known as pan tres leches ( `` three milks bread '' ) , is a sponge cake -- in some recipes , a butter cake -- soaked in three kinds of milk : evaporated milk , condensed milk , and heavy cream .	When butter is not used , the Tres Leches is a very light cake , with many air bubbles . This distinct texture is why it does not have a soggy consistency , despite being soaked in a mixture of three types of milk . Popularity and origins ( edit ) The idea for creating came from matican . a cake soaked in a liquid is likely of Medieval European origin , as similar cakes , such as British Trifle and rum cake , and tiramisu from Italy , use this method . Recipes for soaked - cake desserts were seen in Mexico as early as the 19th century , likely a result of the large cross-cultural transfer which took place between Europe and the Americas . Recipes appeared on Nestlé condensed milk can labels in the 1940s , which may explain the cake 's widely disseminated popularity throughout Latin America as the company had created subsidiaries in Argentina , Chile , Cuba , Colombia , Mexico and Venezuela in the 1930s . The cake is popular in Central and South America , North America and many parts of the Caribbean , Canary Islands , as well as in Albania , the Republic of Macedonia and some other parts of Europe . In recent years its popularity has increased in Turkey under the name of Trileçe . Variations ( edit ) A variety of tres leches known as trileçe has recently become popular in Turkey . One theory is that the popularity of Brazilian soap operas in Albania led local chefs to reverse - engineer the dessert , which then spread to Turkey . The Albanian / Turkish version is sometimes made literally with three milks : cow 's , goat 's and water buffalo 's , though more commonly a mixture of cow 's milk and cream is used . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Pack , MM ( 13 February 2004 ) . `` Got Milk ? On the trail of pastel de tres leches '' . Austin Chronicle . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Nestlé S.A. http://www.company-histories.com/Nestle-SA-Company-History.html Retrieved 19 February 2014 Jump up ^ Higuera McMahon , Jacqueline ( 8 August 2007 ) . `` Tres Leches cake goes one better '' . SFGate . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trileçe kazan dünya kepçe '' . Hürriyet. 1 March 2015 . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Dan Nosowitz / ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` How a South American Soap Opera Created a Turkish Dessert Craze '' . Atlas Obscura . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Cake List of cakes Butter cakes Devil 's food cake Gooey butter cake Pound cake Cheesecakes Fiadone Ostkaka Chocolate cakes Batik cake Black Forest cake Blackout cake Chantilly cake Chocolate brownie Flourless chocolate cake Fudge cake Garash cake German chocolate cake Hedgehog slice Joffre cake Kladdkaka Molten chocolate cake Sachertorte Torta caprese Fruitcakes Apple cake Avocado cake Banana cake Bánh chuối Black bun Bolo rei Cherry cake Clementine cake Dundee cake Fig cake Genoa cake Jewish apple cake Panforte Plum cake Raisin cake Layer cakes Angel cake Buckwheat gateau Crema de Fruta Dobos torte Esterházy torte Hot milk cake Maria Luisa cake Mille - feuille Cremeschnitte Napoleonka Šampita Tompouce Princess cake Prinzregententorte Rainbow cake Sarawak cake Smith Island Cake Spekkoek Torte Vínarterta Spit cakes Baumkuchen Kürtőskalács ( Chimney cake ) Šakotis Spettekaka Trdelník Sponge cakes Bánh bò Battenberg cake Boston cream pie Bundt cake Castella Charlotte Donauwelle Frankfurter Kranz French Fancy Frog cake Génoise Gugelhupf Lady Baltimore cake Ladyfinger Lamington Madeira cake Madeleine Mantecadas Marble cake Misérable cake Opera cake Pandan cake Paper wrapped cake Red velvet cake Rum cake Shortcake Spice cake Swiss roll Tres leches cake Upside - down cake Walnut and coffee cake Foam cakes and meringue Angel food cake Chiffon cake Dacquoise Kiev cake Pavlova Sans rival Spanische Windtorte Zuger Kirschtorte Yeast cakes Babka Banana bread Banbury cake Cacavellu Campanile Canestru Chorley cake Date and walnut loaf Flies ' graveyard Inuliata Pandoro Rum baba Streuselkuchen Sweetheart cake Welsh cake Special occasions Birthday cake Buccellato Bûche de Noël Christmas cake Doberge cake Groom 's cake Halloween cake King cake Rosca de reyes Kransekake Lekach Marry girl cake Mooncake Pan de Pascua Pop out cake Simnel cake Soul cake Stack cake Stollen Strenna Wedding cake Other Beer cake Better than sex cake Biscuit Bizcocho Bulla cake Cake balls Cake pop Carrot cake Coconut cake Coffee cake Croquembouche Cupcake Cupcone Gingerbread house man Heavy cake Ice cream cake Kuih Lolly cake Muffin Ontbijtkoek Pain d'épices Pancake Parkin Petit four Punschkrapfen Ruske kape Teacake Tiramisu Category Mexican cuisine List of Mexican dishes Soups and stews Birria Caldo de pollo Caldo de queso Caldo de siete mares Caldo tlalpeño Caldo Xóchitl Chileatole Clemole Cocido Lime soup Mancha manteles Menudo Mole de olla Pinole Pozole Sopa de fideo Sopa de nopal Tortilla soup Crema de nuez Rice dishes Arroz a la tumbada Arroz blanco Arroz negro Arroz poblano Arroz rojo Morisqueta Egg dishes Huevos a la mexicana Huevos al albañil Huevos divorciados Huevos motuleños Huevos rancheros Machacado con huevo Vegetable dishes Calabacitas con elote Chile relleno Chiles en escabeche Chiles en nogada Chipotle Elote Esquites Frijoles charros Frijoles negros Frijoles Puercos Guasanas Nopal asado Pepita Rajas con crema Refried beans Romeritos Poultry dishes Arroz con pollo Chicken feet Escabeche oriental Mole poblano Pollo motuleño Tinga de pollo Tlatonile Pork dishes Adobada Calabacitas con puerco Carne de chango Carnitas Chicharrón en salsa Chileajo de cerdo Chilorio Chorizo Cochinita pibil Cueritos Poc Chuc Beef dishes Alambre Aporreadillo Albóndigas al chipotle Beef brain Beef tongue Cabeza Carne a la tampiqueña Carne asada Carne seca Criadillas Machaca Milanesa Pachola Picadillo Puntas Salpicón Tinga de res Seafood dishes Aguachile Cahuamanta Camarones al ajillo Ceviche Huachinango a la Veracruzana Mixmole de pescado Mojarra frita Pan de cazón Pescadito Pescado al ajillo Pescado a la talla Pescado zarandeado Pulpo a la campechana Other protein dishes Al pastor Barbacoa Cabrito Chahuis Chapulines Discada Entomatada Escamoles Jumiles Maguey worm Mixiote Moronga Pastel azteca Relleno negro Tripas Cheese dishes Chicharrón de queso Queso en salsa Queso flameado Antojitos of corn dough Cazuelita Chalupa Chilaquiles Chimichanga Chochoyote Corn tortilla Corunda Doblada Duros Empalme Enchilada Gordita Guajolota Huarache Molote Nachos Panucho Papadzules Piedra Quesadilla Salbute Sope or Memela Taco Tamale Taquito Tlacoyo Tlayuda Tostada Totopo Antojitos of wheat dough Burrito Cemita Empalme Enchilada Gringas Guajolota Mollete Nachos Pambazo Paste Quesadilla Sincronizada Taco Taquito Torta Wheat tortilla Sauces and condiments Adobo Mole negro Mole blanco Mole poblano Mole sauce Mole verde Recado rojo Salsa Salsa roja cocida Salsa roja cruda Salsa verde cocida Salsa verde cruda Caldillo rojo Caldillo verde Salsa pasilla Salsa guajillo Desserts and sweets Alegría Arroz con leche Bionico Cajeta Capirotada Chongos zamoranos Churros Cocadas Coyotas Flan Fried ice cream Mango con chile Mazapán Nicuatole Panela Qurabiya Tres leches cake Salads Caesar salad Curtido Ensalada de nopalitos Guacamole Pico de gallo Breads Bolillo Buñuelo Cemita Cochinito de Piloncillo Cocol Concha Pan de muerto Pan dulce Rosca de reyes Beverages Agave nectar Agua de jamaica Beer Café de olla Chamoyada Champurrado Curado Horchata Mangonada Margarita Mexican tea culture Pópo Pozol Related topics Aztec cuisine Baja Med Comal Cuisine of Chiapas Cuisine of Veracruz Escuela de Gastronomía Mexicana Oaxacan cuisine Taco stand Tex - Mex Category Commons Cookbook Food portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tres_leches_cake&oldid=843246650 '' Categories : Cakes Costa Rican cuisine Cuban cuisine Albanian cuisine Latin American cuisine Mexican cuisine Mexican desserts Nicaraguan cuisine Puerto Rican cuisine Venezuelan cuisine Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara Français Հայերեն Македонски 日本語 Русский Shqip Türkçe 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 21 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tres%20leches%20cake	752
where was the film that'll be the day filmed	That 'll Be the Day is a 1973 British drama film directed by Claude Whatham , written by Ray Connolly , and starring David Essex , Rosemary Leach and Ringo Starr . It is set in the late 1950s / early 1960s and was partially filmed on the Isle of Wight .	Isle of Wight	That 'll be the Day ( film )	that'll be the day ( film )	That 'll Be the Day is a 1973 British drama film directed by Claude Whatham , written by Ray Connolly , and starring David Essex , Rosemary Leach and Ringo Starr . It is set in the late 1950s / early 1960s and was partially filmed on the Isle of Wight .	Contents 1 Plot summary 2 Characters 3 Cast 4 Reception and reputation 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical reception 5 Soundtrack 5.1 Chart positions 6 Award nominations 7 Spin - off 8 References 9 External links Plot summary ( edit ) Jim MacLaine ( David Essex ) was abandoned by his father when he was young . Later , as a suburban school dropout , Jim leaves home and drifts through a succession of dead - end jobs until he finds an outlet for his frustration in rock ' n ' roll . Tossing away the chance of a university education much to the consternation of his mother , alienated MacLaine becomes a lowly deckchair attendant before streetwise friend Mike ( Ringo Starr ) gets him a job firstly as a barman and then with the fun fair . The initially shy MacLaine quickly becomes a heartless fairground Romeo leaving a trail of broken hearts in his wake . Eventually MacLaine returns home to run the family store and marry his girlfriend , but despite the birth of a son , restless Jim feels the lure of rock ' n ' roll again . Characters ( edit ) The Liverpool days of the Quarrymen / the Beatles and Rory Storm & the Hurricanes were said to be the inspiration for the fictional group called `` Stray Cats '' in the film . Many of the characters were played by musicians who had lived through the era portrayed in the film including Ringo Starr of the Hurricanes and the Beatles , Billy Fury , Keith Moon of the Who and John Hawken of the Nashville Teens . The film was produced by David Puttnam and is loosely based on the Harry Nilsson song `` 1941 '' . Cast ( edit ) David Essex ... Jim Maclaine Ringo Starr ... Mike Rosemary Leach ... Mary Maclaine James Booth ... Mr. Maclaine Billy Fury ... Stormy Tempest Rosalind Ayres ... Jeanette Sutcliffe Keith Moon ... J.D. Clover Robert Lindsay ... Terry Sutcliffe Deborah Watling ... Sandra Brenda Bruce ... Doreen Beth Morris ... Jean Daphne Oxenford ... Mrs. Sutcliffe Kim Braden ... Charlotte Johnny Shannon ... Jack Karl Howman ... Johnny Sue Holderness ... Shirley Érin Geraghty ... Joan Sacha Puttnam ... Young Jim Maclaine Peter Turner ... Teddy Boy Reception and reputation ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The film was a hit at the box office ( by 1985 it had earned an estimated profit of £ 406,000 ) , leading to a sequel , Stardust , ( 1974 ) . Nat Cohen , who invested in the film , said it made more than 50 % its cost . Critical reception ( edit ) According to Anne Billson in the Time Out Film Guide , the film was a `` hugely overrated dip into the rock ' n ' roll nostalgia bucket , ... '' also commenting `` Youth culture my eye : they 're all at least a decade too old . But good tunes , and worth catching for Billy Fury 's gold lamé act . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) Buddy Holly and the Crickets - `` That 'll Be the Day '' Billy Fury - `` A Thousand Stars '' Billy Fury - `` Long Live Rock '' Billy Fury - `` Get Yourself Together '' Billy Fury - `` That 's Alright Mama '' Billy Fury - `` What Did I Say '' Wishful Thinking - `` It 'll Be Me '' Dion and the Belmonts - `` Runaround Sue '' The Everly Brothers - `` Bye Bye Love '' The Everly Brothers - `` Devoted To You '' The Everly Brothers - `` Till I Kissed You '' The Everly Brothers - `` Wake Up Little Suzy '' The Platters - `` Smoke Gets In Your Eyes '' Big Bopper - `` Chantilly Lace '' Jerry Lee Lewis - `` Great Balls of Fire '' Little Richard - `` Tutti Frutti '' Danny and the Juniors - `` At the Hop '' Frankie Lymon - `` Why Do Fools Fall In Love '' Johnny Tillotson - `` Poetry In Motion '' Jimmie Rodgers - `` Honeycomb '' Larry Williams - `` Bony Moronie '' Del Shannon - `` Runaway '' Ritchie Valens - `` Donna '' Eugene Wallace - `` Slow Down '' Jerry Lee Lewis - `` Great Balls of Fire '' Brian Hyland - `` Sealed With a Kiss '' Bobby Vee - `` Take Good Care of My Baby '' Del Shannon - `` Hats Off to Larry '' Bobby Darin - `` Dream Lover '' The Paris Sisters - `` I Love How You Love Me '' The Poni - Tails - `` Born Too Late '' Johnny and the Hurricanes - `` Red River Rock '' The Monotones - `` The Book of Love '' Bill Justis - `` Raunchy '' Johnny Preston - `` Running Bear '' The Diamonds - `` Little Darlin ' '' Ray Sharpe - `` Linda Lu '' Lloyd Price - `` ( You 've Got ) Personality '' Buddy Holly and the Crickets - `` Well All Right '' Dante and the Evergreens - `` Alley Oop '' Viv Stanshall - `` Real Leather Jacket '' Stormy Tempest ( Viv Stanshall ) - `` What in the World '' Wolverine Cubs Jazz Band - `` Weary Blues '' ( featured in the film but not on Soundtrack recording ) Chart positions ( edit ) Chart Year Peak position UK Albums Chart 1973 Preceded by Pure Gold by Various artists UK Albums Chart number - one album 30 June 1973 - 18 August 1973 Succeeded by We Can Make It by Peters and Lee Award nominations ( edit ) BAFTA Best Supporting Actress : Rosemary Leach . BAFTA Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles : David Essex . Spin - off ( edit ) An independent Radio Drama recording project was completed in 2008 entitled That 'll be the Stardust ! which continues the story of Jimmy Maclaine jr . ( son of Jim Maclaine ) . ( Also see external link below ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Alexander Walker , National Heroes : British Cinema in the Seventies and Eighties , Harrap , 1985 p 79 Jump up ^ Ooh , you are awful , film men tell Tories . David Blundy . The Sunday Times ( London , England ) , Sunday , 16 December 1973 ; pg. 5 ; Issue 7853 . ( 939 words ) Jump up ^ The TimeOut Film Guide , 3rd edition , 1993 , p. 706 Jump up ^ `` Number 1 Albums -- 1970s '' . The Official Charts Company . Archived from the original on 9 February 2008 . Retrieved 14 June 2011 . External links ( edit ) That 'll Be the Day on IMDb That 'll be the Stardust ! Radio Drama Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=That%27ll_Be_the_Day_(film)&oldid=862813066 '' Categories : 1973 films English - language films British drama films 1970s drama films Films about music and musicians Films set in the 1950s Rock music films Films set in the 1960s Films produced by David Puttnam Films produced by Sanford Lieberson Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Français Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2018 , at 21 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%2527ll%20Be%20the%20Day%20%28film%29	753
what are the windows on the iss made of			Cupola ( ISS module )	cupola ( iss module )	The Cupola is an ESA - built observatory module of the International Space Station ( ISS ) . Its name derives from the Italian word cupola , which means `` dome '' . Its seven windows are used to conduct experiments , dockings and observations of Earth . It was launched aboard Space Shuttle mission STS - 130 on 8 February 2010 and attached to the Tranquility ( Node 3 ) module . With the Cupola attached , ISS assembly reached 85 percent completion . The Cupola 's 80 cm ( 31 in ) window is the largest ever used in space .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Design and construction 3 Installation 4 Specifications 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Overview ( edit ) The Sahara viewed through the Cupola with its shutters open . Berthing operations within Cupola View of the station from Cupola The Cupola provides an observation and work area for the ISS crew giving visibility to support the control of the space station remote manipulator system and general external viewing of Earth , celestial objects and visiting vehicles . Its name derives from Italian word cupola , which means `` dome '' . The Cupola project was started by NASA and Boeing , but canceled due to budget cuts . A barter agreement between NASA and the ESA resulted in the Cupola 's development being resumed in 1998 by ESA . The existence of the Cupola is considered important to astronauts aboard the ISS , as previously they have been confined to looking out of small portholes or at best the 20 - inch ( 50 cm ) window in the US Destiny laboratory . The Cupola is berthed onto the Earth - facing port of Node 3 -- the final of three modules , including Node 1 and Node 2 . Because of its shape and multi window configuration the Cupola has been compared to the cockpit window of the Millennium Falcon . Design and construction ( edit ) The International Space Station Cupola was first conceived in 1987 by Space Station Man - Systems Architectural Control Manager Gary Kitmacher as a workstation for operating the station 's Canadarm2 robotic arm , maneuvering vehicles outside the station , and observing and supporting spacewalks . He likened the use as similar to that of the Shuttle Orbiter Aft Flight Deck . There were to have been two Cupolas , one on either end of the racetrack shape formed by the station modules and nodes . It was initially named the `` windowed workstation '' , to distinguish it from other computer - based workstations inside of the station and from which the crew could operate the station 's systems . Once the idea was initially accepted , a number of people went to work . Human factors specialist Frances Mount began to develop the rationale and operational scenarios for the Cupola , and got considerable support from Chief Astronaut John Young and Shuttle Commander Gordon Fullerton . Charles Wheelwright , who had defined the specifications for every window on every prior United States manned spacecraft , began to define the design specifications of the Cupola windows . Laurie Weaver , who had just started with NASA as a student intern ( `` Co-Op '' ) , began to work on a series of different configurations for the Cupola . She started with Kitmacher 's idea , based on the Shuttle Aft Flight Deck , in this case two Aft Flight Decks mounted back to back , placed atop a short cylinder . An inexpensive mock - up made of PVC tubes was built and tested underwater , where critical dimensions could be measured to ensure that two crew members in zero - g would have adequate access . Then she built a series of small cardboard models , looking at a variety of different alternative shapes . The different configurations and their positive and negative attributes were presented at a series of Crew Station Reviews over the next year in which participants rated each . The Cupola that evolved was octagonal in shape , with eight similar windows around the periphery , four quadrant windows overhead , and mounted on a cylinder . The module was designed to fully contain at least two crewmembers `` floating '' side by side in zero - g neutral body posture . About this time , Kitmacher and designer Jay Cory applied the term Cupola for the first time . Kitmacher wrote the requirements and the name into the Man - Systems Architectural Control Document and into the requests for proposals for Work Package 1 at MSFC and Work Package 2 at JSC . Later , Kitmacher went on to lead the Man - Systems group , leading the first lunar outpost and moonbase studies and the Cupola reappeared on several of his rover and module designs . Because of confusion between the responsibilities of the two contracts , both Boeing , which won Work Package 1 , and McDonnell Douglas , which won Work Package 2 , bid to build the Cupola . The McDonnell Douglas design was basically the same as NASA 's , but Boeing 's was smaller -- a hexagon , with a single large circular overhead window , and a much shorter cylinder . The Boeing design had been considered but previously discarded , because it was unable to accommodate two crew members completely , and would instead require the crew to dangle their legs and bodies in the Node to which the Cupola would be attached . This design was the one ultimately built . Components of the Cupola were initially fabricated in California , and the windows in New York in the late 1980s , but as budgets were cut , the Cupola was a favorite target . Several times it was fought back into the program only to be cut again as not technically required . More than once the responsibilities for fabrication were bartered to one international partner and then another in exchange for Shuttle launch services and resources that the United States would provide on board the station in orbit . The Cupola made the rounds to Brazil and then finally wound up with ESA and the Italians in 1998 , who completed it in 2003 . Even then , the launch of the Cupola was repeatedly delayed until it finally made it into orbit in February , 2010 . The delivery method also changed from the Cupola being mounted on a Spacelab pallet accompanying Kibo 's external facility to being mounted on the same European pallet with Node 3 . With final design and assembly by the Italian contractor Alenia Spazio ( now Thales Alenia Space ) , it is nearly 3 metres in diameter and 1.5 metres tall . It has six side windows and a top window , all of which are equipped with shutters to protect them from damage by micrometeoroids and orbital debris . It features a thermal control system , audio , video and MIL - STD - 1553 bus interfaces , as well as the connections needed for installing one of the two identical robotic workstations that control the Canadarm2 into it . The window shutters are manually controlled . Each window has a knob with a direct mechanical linkage to the outside shutter assembly . O - rings are used to prevent air leakage . Installation ( edit ) Cupola was launched aboard the Space Shuttle on mission STS - 130 , on February 8 , 2010 . It was berthed to the forward port of the Tranquility module for launch , and was later transferred to the nadir - facing port of Tranquility by the Canadarm2 , once Tranquility had been berthed to the Unity Module of the ISS . The installation of the Cupola , along with Tranquility , marks one of the last main components to be added to the International Space Station . Specifications ( edit ) Overall height : 1.5 - metre ( 4.9 ft ) Maximum diameter : 2.95 - metre ( 9.68 ft ) Launch mass : 1,805 - kilogram ( 3,979 lb ) On Orbit mass : 1,880 - kilogram ( 4,145 lb ) Dome : Forged Al 2219 - T851 Skirt : Al 2219 - T851 Windows : Fused silica and borosilicate glass MDPS shutters : DuPont Kevlar / 3M Nextel sheets Electrical power : Node 120 V Interface Top window : 80 - centimetre ( 31 in ) diameter Thermal control : goldised Kapton multi-layer insulation blanket Gallery ( edit ) Tracy Caldwell Dyson in the Cupola module of the International Space Station observing the Earth below Cupola above the darkened Earth Cupola being aligned with the Tranquility STS - 130 ISS approach closeup of Tranquility and Cupola See also ( edit ) Spaceflight portal NASA ESA Spacecraft Space Station Scientific research on the ISS References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20100726075315/http://www.thalesaleniaspace-issmodules.com/cupola Jump up ^ http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMHAL0XDYD_Life_0.html Jump up ^ `` First Photos : Space Station 's Observation Deck Unveiled '' . NationalGeographic.com. 18 February 2010 . Retrieved 26 November 2014 . Jump up ^ http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RoverB.jpg Jump up ^ http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/International_Space_Station/Cupola ESA > Our Activities > ... > Cupola , retrieved 16 August 2014 Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KSzuiqVjJg4 http://www.nasa.gov/missions/shuttle/f_cupola.html http://www.esa.int/esaHS/SEMDK0808BE_iss_2.html http://www.aerospace-technology.com/news/news70733.html External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cupola module . ESA Cupola specifications ESA Report about the Cupola ESA : Largest window for Space completed Thales Alenia Space page for Cupola Video Tour Components of the International Space Station Overview Assembly US Orbital Segment Russian Orbital Segment Expeditions Spacewalks Unmanned visits Program Scientific research Major incidents Orbiting Major components Zarya ( Functional Cargo Block ) Zvezda ( Service Module ) Destiny ( laboratory ) Columbus ( laboratory ) Kibō ( PM , ELM - PS , EF ) Unity ( Node 1 ) Harmony ( Node 2 ) Tranquility ( Node 3 ) Quest Joint Airlock Pirs ( docking module , airlock ) Rassvet ( MRM 1 ) Poisk ( MRM 2 ) Leonardo ( PMM ) Cupola Integrated Truss Structure ( ITS ) Bigelow Expandable Activity Module ( BEAM ) Subsystems Mobile Servicing System ( MSS ) Canadarm2 Dextre ( SPDM ) Boom Assembly Strela cranes Kibō Remote Manipulator System External Stowage Platforms ( ESPs ) ExPRESS Logistics Carriers ( ELCs ) 1 - 4 Pressurized Mating Adapters ( PMAs ) International Docking Adapters ( IDAs ) Electrical System Life Support System Experimental devices AMS - 02 CALET CATS HDEV MAXI NICER PK - 3 Plus SAGE III Future Planned Nauka ( Multipurpose Laboratory Module ) European Robotic Arm ( ERA ) Science Power Module Prichal ( Uzlovoy Module ) NanoRacks Airlock Module Proposed Node 4 XBASE Ixion Axiom Spare hardware Multi-Purpose Logistics Modules ( MPLMs ) Kibō ( ELM - ES ) ExPRESS Logistics Carrier ( ELC ) 5 Interim Control Module ( ICM ) Cancelled Propulsion Module Centrifuge Accommodations Module ( CAM ) Habitation Module Crew Return Vehicle ( CRV / ACRV ) Science Power Platform ( SPP ) Universal Docking Module ( UDM ) Russian Research Module ( RM ) Support vehicles Current Cygnus Dragon H - II Transfer Vehicle ( HTV ) Progress Soyuz Future CST - 100 Starliner Dragon 2 Dream Chaser Cargo System ( DCCS ) Federation ( PPTS ) Former Space Shuttle Automated Transfer Vehicle ( ATV ) Cancelled NASDA HOPE - X ESA Hermes Mission control MCC - H ( NASA ) TsUP ( RKA ) Col - CC ( ESA ) ATV - CC ( ESA ) JEM - CC ( JAXA ) HTV - CC ( JAXA ) MSS - CC ( CSA ) Administrative and legal Multilateral Coordination Board Book Category Portal European Space Agency Spaceports Guiana Space Centre Esrange Launch vehicles Ariane 5 Arianespace Soyuz Vega Facilities ESOC ESTEC ESRIN EAC ESAC ECSAT CDF ST - ECF Communications ESTRACK European Data Relay System Programmes Aurora Copernicus Sentinel Cosmic Vision CryoSat EGNOS ELIPS ExoMars FLPP Galileo LPP SSA Predecessors ELDO ESRO Related topics Arianespace ESA Television EUMETSAT European Space Camp GEWEX Planetary Science Archive ( hide ) Projects and missions Science Solar physics ISEE - 2 ( 1977 -- 87 ) Ulysses ( 1990 -- 2009 ) SOHO ( 1995 -- present ) Cluster II ( 2000 -- present ) Solar Orbiter ( 2019 ) Lagrange ( 2020s ) Planetary science Giotto ( 1985 -- 92 ) Huygens ( 1997 -- 2005 ) SMART - 1 ( 2003 -- 06 ) Mars Express ( 2003 -- present ) Rosetta / Philae ( 2004 -- 16 ) Venus Express ( 2005 -- 14 ) ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter ( 2016 -- present ) BepiColombo ( 2018 ) ExoMars rover ( 2020 ) Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer ( 2022 ) Astronomy and cosmology Cos - B ( 1975 -- 82 ) IUE ( 1978 -- 96 ) EXOSAT ( 1983 -- 86 ) Hipparcos ( 1989 -- 93 ) Hubble ( 1990 -- present ) Eureca ( 1992 -- 93 ) ISO ( 1995 -- 98 ) XMM - Newton ( 1999 -- present ) INTEGRAL ( 2002 -- present ) CoRoT ( 2006 -- 13 ) Planck ( 2009 -- 13 ) Herschel ( 2009 -- 13 ) Gaia ( 2013 -- present ) CHEOPS ( 2018 ) James Webb ( 2019 ) Euclid ( 2020 ) PLATO ( 2026 ) ARIEL ( 2028 ) ATHENA ( 2028 ) LISA ( 2034 ) Earth observation Meteosat First Generation ( 1977 -- 97 ) ERS - 1 ( 1991 -- 2000 ) ERS - 2 ( 1995 -- 2011 ) Meteosat Second Generation ( 2002 -- present ) Envisat ( 2002 -- 12 ) Double Star ( 2003 -- 07 ) MetOp ( 2006 -- present ) GOCE ( 2009 -- 13 ) SMOS ( 2009 -- present ) CryoSat - 2 ( 2010 -- present ) Swarm ( 2013 -- present ) Sentinel - 1 / 1A / 1B ( 2014 -- present ) Sentinel - 2 / 2A / 2B ( 2015 -- present ) Sentinel - 3 / 3A ( 2016 -- present ) Sentinel - 5 Precursor ( 2017 ) ADM - Aeolus ( 2018 ) EarthCARE ( 2019 ) Meteosat Third Generation ( Sentinel - 4 ) ( 2019 ) BIOMASS ( fr ) ( 2021 ) MetOp - SG - A ( 2021 ) SMILE ( 2021 ) MetOp - SG - B ( 2022 ) FLEX ( 2022 ) ISS spaceflight ISS contribution ( 1998 -- present ) Columbus ( 2008 -- present ) Jules Verne ( 2008 ) Cupola ( 2010 -- present ) Johannes Kepler ( 2011 ) Edoardo Amaldi ( 2012 ) Albert Einstein ( 2013 ) Georges Lemaître ( 2014 ) European Robotic Arm ( 2018 ) Telecommunications GEOS 2 ( 1978 ) Olympus - 1 ( 1989 -- 93 ) Artemis ( 2001 -- present ) GIOVE - A ( 2005 -- present ) GIOVE - B ( 2008 -- present ) HYLAS - 1 ( 2010 -- present ) Galileo IOV ( 2011 -- present ) Galileo FOC ( 2014 -- present ) European Data Relay System ( 2016 -- present ) Technology demonstrators ARD ( 1998 ) PROBA - 1 ( 2001 -- present ) YES2 ( 2007 ) PROBA - 2 ( 2009 -- present ) PROBA - V ( 2013 -- present ) IXV ( 2015 ) LISA Pathfinder ( 2015 -- 17 ) OPS - SAT ( 2018 ) Lunar Lander ( 2018 ) AIDA ( 2020 ) PROBA - 3 ( 2020 ) Cancelled and proposed ALTIUS Columbus Man - Tended Free Flyer CSTS Darwin Mission Don Quijote e. Deorbit EChO Eddington EXPERT Hermes Hopper LOFT Luna 27 Marco Polo MarcoPolo - R Mars sample return mission ODINUS PRIDE SPICA STE - QUEST THOR XIPE Failed Cluster CryoSat - 1 GEOS 1 Future missions in italics Category Commons Wikinews WikiProject ← 2009 Orbital launches in 2010 2011 → Compass - G1 Globus - 1M No. 12L Progress M - 04M STS - 130 ( Tranquility Cupola ) SDO Intelsat 16 Kosmos 2459 Kosmos 2460 Kosmos 2461 GOES 15 Yaogan 9A Yaogan 9B Yaogan 9C EchoStar XIV Soyuz TMA - 18 STS - 131 ( Leonardo MPLM ) CryoSat - 2 GSAT - 4 Kosmos 2462 USA - 212 SES - 1 Kosmos 2463 Progress M - 05M STS - 132 ( Rassvet ICC - VLD ) Akatsuki IKAROS ( DCAM - 1 DCAM - 2 ) Shin'en Waseda - SAT2 Hayato Negai ☆ ' ' Astra 3B COMSATBw - 2 USA - 213 SERVIS - 2 Compass - G3 Badr - 5 Dragon Spacecraft Qualification Unit STSAT - 2B Shijian XII Prisma Picard BPA - 1 Soyuz TMA - 19 TanDEM - X Ofek - 9 Arabsat - 5A Chollian Progress M - 06M EchoStar XV Cartosat - 2B AlSat - 2A StudSat AISSat - 1 TIsat - 1 Compass - IGSO1 Nilesat 201 RASCOM - QAF 1R Yaogan 10 USA - 214 Tian Hui 1 Kosmos 2464 Kosmos 2465 Kosmos 2466 Chinasat - 6A Gonets - M No. 2 Kosmos 2467 Kosmos 2468 Progress M - 07M Michibiki USA - 215 Yaogan 11 Zheda Pixing 1B Zheda Pixing 1C USA - 216 Kosmos 2469 Chang'e 2 Shijian 6G Shijian 6H Soyuz TMA - 01M XM - 5 Globalstar 73 Globalstar 74 Globalstar 75 Globalstar 76 Globalstar 77 Globalstar 79 Progress M - 08M Eutelsat W3B BSat 3B Compass - G4 Meridian 3 Feng Yun 3B COSMO - 4 SkyTerra - 1 STPSat - 2 RAX O / OREOS FASTSAT ( NanoSail - D2 ) FalconSat - 5 Sara - Lily Emma USA - 223 Chinasat - 20A Intelsat 17 Hylas 1 Glonass - M No. 39 Glonass - M No. 40 Glonass - M No. 41 Dragon C1 Mayflower SMDC - ONE 1 QbX - 1 QbX - 2 Perseus 000 Perseus 001 Perseus 002 Perseus 003 Soyuz TMA - 20 Compass - IGSO2 GSAT - 5P KA - SAT Alsat - 2A Payloads are separated by bullets ( ) , launches by pipes ( ) . Manned flights are indicated in bold text . Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics . Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in ( brackets ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cupola_(ISS_module)&oldid=808180440 '' Categories : Components of the International Space Station European Space Agency Spacecraft launched in 2010 Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from August 2011 All articles that may contain original research Articles containing Italian - language text All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2016 Interlanguage link template link number Use American English from January 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latviešu Limburgs Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 10 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupola%20%28ISS%20module%29	754
how many animals died in the lake nyos tragedy	On 21 August 1986 , a limnic eruption at Lake Nyos in northwestern Cameroon killed 1,746 people and 3,500 livestock .	3,500	Lake Nyos disaster	lake nyos disaster	On 21 August 1986 , a limnic eruption at Lake Nyos in northwestern Cameroon killed 1,746 people and 3,500 livestock .	The eruption triggered the sudden release of about 100,000 -- 300,000 tons ( 1.6 m tons , according to some sources ) of carbon dioxide ( CO ) . The gas cloud initially rose at nearly 100 kilometres per hour ( 62 mph ) and then , being heavier than air , descended onto nearby villages , displacing all the air and suffocating people and livestock within 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) of the lake . A degassing system has since been installed at the lake , with the aim of reducing the concentration of CO in deep waters and therefore the risk of further eruptions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Eruption and gas cloud 2 Effects on survivors 3 Aftermath 4 In popular culture 5 References 6 External links Eruption and gas cloud ( edit ) It is not known what triggered the catastrophic outgassing . Most geologists suspect a landslide , but some believe that a small volcanic eruption may have occurred on the bed of the lake . A third possibility is that cool rainwater falling on one side of the lake triggered the overturn . Others still believe there was a small earthquake , but as witnesses did not report feeling any tremors on the morning of the disaster , this hypothesis is unlikely . Whatever the cause , the event resulted in the supersaturated deep water rapidly mixing with the upper layers of the lake , where the reduced pressure allowed the stored CO to effervesce out of solution . It is believed that about 1.2 cubic kilometres ( 0.29 cu mi ) of gas was released . The normally blue waters of the lake turned a deep red after the outgassing , due to iron - rich water from the deep rising to the surface and being oxidised by the air . The level of the lake dropped by about a meter and trees near the lake were knocked down . Scientists concluded from evidence that a 100 m ( 330 ft ) column of water and foam formed at the surface of the lake , spawning a wave of at least 25 metres ( 82 ft ) that swept the shore on one side . Carbon dioxide , being about 1.5 times as dense as air , caused the cloud to `` hug '' the ground and move down the valleys , where there were various villages . The mass was about 50 meters ( 160 ft ) thick , and travelled downward at 20 -- 50 kilometres per hour ( 12 -- 31 mph ) . For roughly 23 kilometres ( 14 mi ) , the gas cloud was concentrated enough to suffocate many people in their sleep in the villages of Nyos , Kam , Cha , and Subum . About 4,000 inhabitants fled the area , and many of these developed respiratory problems , lesions , and paralysis as a result of the gas cloud . Effects on survivors ( edit ) Cattle suffocated by carbon dioxide from Lake Nyos One survivor , Joseph Nkwain from Subum , described himself when he awoke after the gases had struck : `` I could not speak . I became unconscious . I could not open my mouth because then I smelled something terrible ... I heard my daughter snoring in a terrible way , very abnormal ... When crossing to my daughter 's bed ... I collapsed and fell . I was there till nine o'clock in the ( Friday ) morning ... until a friend of mine came and knocked at my door ... I was surprised to see that my trousers were red , had some stains like honey . I saw some ... starchy mess on my body . My arms had some wounds ... I did n't really know how I got these wounds ... I opened the door ... I wanted to speak , my breath would not come out ... My daughter was already dead ... I went into my daughter 's bed , thinking that she was still sleeping . I slept till it was 4 : 30 p.m. in the afternoon ... on Friday . ( Then ) I managed to go over to my neighbors ' houses . They were all dead ... I decided to leave ... ( because ) most of my family was in Wum ... I got my motorcycle ... A friend whose father had died left with me ( for ) Wum ... As I rode ... through Nyos I did n't see any sign of any living thing ... ( When I got to Wum ) , I was unable to walk , even to talk ... my body was completely weak . '' Following the eruption , many survivors were treated at the main hospital in Yaoundé , the country 's capital . It was believed that many of the victims had been poisoned by a mixture of gases that included hydrogen and sulfur . Poisoning by these gases would lead to burning pains in the eyes and nose , coughing and signs of asphyxiation similar to being strangled . Aftermath ( edit ) The scale of the disaster led to much study on how a recurrence could be prevented . Several researchers proposed the installation of degassing columns from rafts in the middle of the lake . The principle is to slowly vent the CO by lifting heavily saturated water from the bottom of the lake through a pipe , initially by using a pump , but only until the release of gas inside the pipe naturally lifts the column of effervescing water , making the process self - sustaining . Starting from 1995 , feasibility studies were successfully conducted , and the first permanent degassing tube was installed at Lake Nyos in 2001 . Two additional pipes were installed in 2011 Following the Lake Nyos disaster , scientists investigated other African lakes to see if a similar phenomenon could happen elsewhere . Lake Kivu in the Democratic Republic of Congo , 2,000 times larger than Lake Nyos , was also found to be supersaturated , and geologists found evidence that outgassing events around the lake happened about every thousand years . In popular culture ( edit ) A Greek novel by Basileios Drolias focusing on the lake Nyos disaster and the degassing of the lake was published in 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Can We Bury Global Warming ? ( 2005 ) '' . Scientific American . 293 : 49 -- 55 . July 2018 . doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican0705 - 49 . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mathew Fomine , Forka Leypey ( 2011 ) . `` The Strange Lake Nyos CO2 Gas Disaster '' . Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies . Massey University . 2011 - 1 . ISSN 1174 - 4707 . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lake Nyos ( 1986 ) '' . San Diego State University . March 31 , 2006 . Retrieved December 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Smolowe , Jill ( September 8 , 1986 ) . `` Cameroon the Lake of Death '' . TIME. 128 ( 10 ) : 34 -- 37 . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2009 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cotel , Aline J ( March 1999 ) . `` A Trigger Mechanism for the Lake Nyos Disaster '' . Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research . 88 ( 4 ) : 343 -- 347 . doi : 10.1016 / s0377 - 0273 ( 99 ) 00017 - 7 . Jump up ^ Rouwet , Dmitri ; Tanyileke , Greg ; Costa , Antonio ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Cameroon 's Lake Nyos Gas Burst : 30 Years Later '' . Eos. 97 . doi : 10.1029 / 2016eo055627 . ^ Jump up to : BBC contributors ( August 21 , 1986 ) . `` 21 August : 1986 : Hundreds gassed in Cameroon lake disaster '' . BBC . Retrieved December 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rice , A ( April 2000 ) . `` Rollover in Volcanic Crater Lakes : A Possible Cause for Lake Nyos Type Disasters '' . Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research . 97 ( 1 - 4 ) : 233 -- 239 . doi : 10.1016 / s0377 - 0273 ( 99 ) 00179 - 1 . Jump up ^ Aka , FestusTongwa ( 2015 ) . `` Depth of Melt Segregation Below the Nyos Maar - Diatreme Volcano ( Cameroon , West Africa ) : Major - Trace Element Evidence and Their Bearing on the Origin of CO2 in Lake Nyos '' . Volcanic Lakes . Springer Berlin Heidelberg . pp. 467 -- 488 . ISBN 9783642368325 . Jump up ^ Kusakabe , Minoru ; Ohsumi , Takashi ; Aramaki , Shigeo ( November 1989 ) . `` The Lake Nyos Gas Disaster : Chemical and Isotopic Evidence in Waters and Dissolved Gases from Three Cameroonian Crater Lakes , Nyos , Monoun and Wum '' . Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research . 39 ( 2 - 3 ) : 167 -- 185 . doi : 10.1016 / 0377 - 0273 ( 89 ) 90056 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The Strangest Disaster of the 20th Century '' . Neatorama . May 21 , 2007 . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ David Brown ( February 1 , 2000 ) . `` Scientists hope to quiet Cameroon 's killer lakes '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lake Nyos disaster , Cameroon , 1986 : the medical effects of large scale emission of carbon dioxide ? , BMJ , Volume 298 , May 27 , 1989 , ( 1 ) Jump up ^ A. Scarth . USGS , 1999 . Jump up ^ Kling , G.W. ; Evans , W.C. ; Tanyileke , G. ; Kusakabe , M. ; Ohba , T. ; Yoshida , Y. ; Hell , J.V. ( 2005 ) . `` Degassing Lakes Nyos and Monoun : Defusing certain disaster '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 102 ( 40 ) : 14185 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0502274102 . PMC 1242283 . PMID 16186504 . Jump up ^ Halbwachs , Michel ; Sabroux , Jean - Christophe ( 20 April 2001 ) . `` Removing CO2 from Lake Nyos in Cameroon '' . Science . 292 ( 5516 ) : 438 -- 438 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 292.5516. 438a . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . Jump up ^ Schmid , Martin ; Halbwachs , Michel ; Wüest , Alfred ( 1 June 2006 ) . `` Simulation of CO2 Concentrations , Temperature , and Stratification in Lake Nyos for Different Degassing Scenarios '' . Geochemistry , Geophysics , Geosystems. 7 ( 6 ) . doi : 10.1029 / 2005GC001164 . ISSN 1525 - 2027 . Jump up ^ Degassing Lake Nyos project http://pagesperso-orange.fr/mhalb/nyos/nyos.htm Jump up ^ Degassing the `` Killer Lakes '' Expedition 2001 Jump up ^ `` Science Actualités -- Ressources -- Cité des sciences et de l'industrie -- Expositions , conférences , cinémas , activités culturelles et sorties touristiques pour les enfants , les parents , les familles -- Paris '' . Universcience.fr . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2012 . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Drolias , Basileios ( 2016 ) . `` Nyos '' . Kedros . Missing or empty url = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Google Earth view of the area around Lake Nyos Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Nyos_disaster&oldid=835201902 '' Categories : 1986 natural disasters 1986 in Cameroon History of Cameroon Natural disasters in Cameroon Volcanic events Gas explosions August 1986 events Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Cameroon articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 05 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Nyos%20disaster	755
how did the dissemination of news play a role in the american revolution			History of American newspapers	history of american newspapers	The history of American newspapers begins in the early 18th century with the publication of the first colonial newspapers . American newspapers began as modest affairs -- a sideline for printers . They became a political force in the campaign for American independence . Following independence the first article of U.S. Constitution guaranteed freedom of the press . The U.S. Postal Service Act of 1792 provided substantial subsidies : Newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny and beyond for 1.5 cents , when first class postage ranged from six cents to a quarter .	The American press grew rapidly during the First Party System ( 1790s - 1810s ) when both parties sponsored papers to reach their loyal partisans . From the 1830s onward , the Penny press began to play a major role in American journalism . Technological advancements such as the telegraph and faster printing presses in the 1840s also helped to expand the press of the nation as it experienced rapid economic and demographic growth . Editors typically became the local party spokesman , and hard - hitting editorials were widely reprinted . By 1900 major newspapers had become profitable powerhouses of advocacy , muckraking and sensationalism , along with serious , and objective news - gathering . During the early 20th century , prior to rise of television , the average American read several newspapers per - day . Starting in the 1920s changes in technology again morphed the nature of American journalism as radio and later , television , began to play increasingly important competitive roles . In the late 20th century , much of American journalism became housed in big media chains . With the coming of digital journalism in the 21st century , all newspapers faced a business crisis as readers turned to the Internet for sources and advertisers followed them . A selection of American newspapers from 1885 , with portraits of their publishers . First row : The Union and Advertiser ( William Purcell ) - The Omaha Daily Bee ( Edward Rosewater ) - The Boston Daily Globe ( Charles H. Taylor ) - Boston Morning Journal ( William Warland Clapp ) - The Kansas City Times ( Morrison Mumford ) - The Pittsburgh Dispatch ( Eugene M. O'Neill ) . Second row : Albany Evening Journal ( John A. Sleicher ) - The Milwaukee Sentinel ( Horace Rublee ) - The Philadelphia Record ( William M. Singerly ) - The New York Times ( George Jones ) - The Philadelphia Press ( Charles Emory Smith ) - The Daily Inter Ocean ( William Penn Nixon ) - The News and Courier ( Francis Warrington Dawson ) . Third row : Buffalo Express ( James Newson Matthews ) - The Daily Pioneer Press ( Joseph A. Wheelock ) - The Atlanta Constitution ( Henry W. Grady & Evan Howell ) - San Francisco Chronicle ( Michael H. de Young ) - The Washington Post ( Stilson Hutchins ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Colonial period 1.1 The New England Courant 1.2 The Virginia Gazette 1.3 Politics in the later newspapers 2 Revolutionary epoch and early national era : 1770 -- 1820 2.1 The Massachusetts Spy and the Patriotic Press 2.2 Partisan newspapers 2.3 Growth 3 The press in the Party System : 1820 -- 1890 3.1 Editorials 3.2 Penny Press 3.3 Specialty media 3.4 Rural papers 3.5 Newspapers of the Territories 3.6 Associated Press and impact of telegraphy 3.7 Great editors 3.8 Greeley 's New York Tribune 3.9 Henry Raymond and the New York Times 3.10 Postwar trends 4 Mass markets , yellow journalism and muckrakers , 1890 -- 1920 4.1 Muckrakers 4.1. 1 History of term muckraker 4.1. 2 Early muckrakers 4.1. 3 Contemporary muckrakers 4.1. 4 Yellow Journalism 4.1. 4.1 Origins : Pulitzer v. Hearst 4.2 New York 4.3 Spanish -- American War 4.4 After the War 4.5 In popular culture 5 Ethnic press 6 Chains and syndicates , 1900 -- 1960 7 Competition : television and Internet , 1970 -- present 7.1 Rapid decline in circulation 7.2 Corporate turmoil 7.3 Spanish and Asian language newspapers 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 10.1 General : scholarly secondary sources 10.2 Historiography 10.3 Colonial Origins , Revolution , New Nation 10.4 Penny Press , Telegraph and Party Politics 10.4. 1 Civil War to 1890 10.5 Yellow Journalism & Muckrakers : 1890 -- 1920 10.6 20th Century to present 10.7 Primary sources 11 External links Colonial period ( edit ) Merchants published mainly commercial papers . For example , The Boston Daily Advertiser was reported on ship arrivals and departures . Prior to the 1830s , a majority of US newspapers were aligned with a political party or platform . Political parties would sponsor anonymous political figures in The Federal Republican and Daily Gazette . This was called partisan press and was not unbiased in opinion . The first editors discovered readers loved it when they criticized the local governor ; the governors discovered they could shut down the newspapers . The most dramatic confrontation came in New York in 1734 , where the governor brought John Peter Zenger to trial for criminal libel after the publication of satirical attacks . The jury acquitted Zenger , who became the iconic American hero for freedom of the press . The result was an emerging tension between the media and the government . By the mid-1760s , there were 24 weekly newspapers in the 13 colonies ( only New Jersey was lacking one ) , and the satirical attack on government became common practice in American newspapers . The New England Courant ( edit ) The New England Courant It was James Franklin ( 1697 -- 1735 ) , Benjamin Franklin 's older brother , who first made a news sheet something more than a garbled mass of stale items , `` taken from the Gazette and other Public Prints of London '' some six months late . Instead , he launched a third newspaper , The New England Courant . '' His associates were known as the Hell - Fire Club ; they succeeded in publishing a distinctive newspaper that annoyed the New England elite while proving entertaining and establishing a kind of literary precedent . Instead of filling the first part of the Courant with the tedious conventionalities of governors ' addresses to provincial legislatures , James Franklin 's club wrote essays and satirical letters modeled on The Spectator , which first appeared in London ten years earlier . After the more formal introductory paper on some general topic , such as zeal or hypocrisy or honor or contentment , the facetious letters of imaginary correspondents commonly fill the remainder of the Courant 's first page . Timothy Turnstone addresses flippant jibes to Justice Nicholas Clodpate in the first extant number of the Courant . Tom Pen - Shallow quickly follows , with his mischievous little postscript : `` Pray inform me whether in your Province Criminals have the Privilege of a Jury . '' Tom Tram writes from the moon about rumors of a certain `` villainous Postmaster '' . ( The Courant was always perilously close to legal difficulties and had , besides , a lasting feud with the town postmaster . ) Ichabod Henroost complains of a gadding wife . Abigail Afterwit would like to know when the editor of the rival paper , the Gazette , `` intends to have done printing the Carolina Addresses to their Governor , and give his Readers Something in the Room of them , that will be more entertaining . '' Homespun Jack deplores the fashions in general and small waists in particular . Some of these papers represent native wit , with only a general approach to the model ; others are little more than paraphrases of The Spectator . And sometimes a Spectator paper is inserted bodily , with no attempt at paraphrase whatever . They also published poetry , histories , autobiographies , etc . Ben Franklin , journalist ( Benjamin Franklin ) saw the printing press as a device to instruct colonial Americans in moral virtue . Frasca argues he saw this as a service to God , because he understood moral virtue in terms of actions , thus , doing good provides a service to God . Despite his own moral lapses , Franklin saw himself as uniquely qualified to instruct Americans in morality . He tried to influence American moral life through the construction of a printing network based on a chain of partnerships from the Carolinas to New England . Franklin thereby invented the first newspaper chain , It was more than a business venture , for like many publishers since , he believed that the press had a public - service duty . When Franklin established himself in Philadelphia , shortly before 1730 , the town boasted three `` wretched little '' news sheets , Andrew Bradford 's American Mercury , and Samuel Keimer 's Universal Instructor in all Arts and Sciences and Pennsylvania Gazette . This instruction in all arts and sciences consisted of weekly extracts from Chambers 's Universal Dictionary . Franklin quickly did away with all this when he took over the Instructor , and made it The Pennsylvania Gazette . The Gazette soon became Franklin 's characteristic organ , which he freely used for satire , for the play of his wit , even for sheer excess of mischief or of fun . From the first he had a way of adapting his models to his own uses . The series of essays called `` The Busy - Body , '' which he wrote for Bradford 's American Mercury in 1729 , followed the general Addisonian form , already modified to suit homelier conditions . The thrifty Patience , in her busy little shop , complaining of the useless visitors who waste her valuable time , is related to the ladies who address Mr. Spectator . The Busy - Body himself is a true Censor Morum , as Isaac Bickerstaff had been in the Tatler . And a number of the fictitious characters , Ridentius , Eugenius , Cato , and Cretico , represent traditional 18th - century classicism . Even this Franklin could use for contemporary satire , since Cretico , the `` sowre Philosopher '' , is evidently a portrait of Franklin 's rival , Samuel Keimer . As time went on , Franklin depended less on his literary conventions , and more on his own native humor . In this there is a new spirit -- not suggested to him by the fine breeding of Addison , or the bitter irony of Swift , or the stinging completeness of Pope . The brilliant little pieces Franklin wrote for his Pennsylvania Gazette have an imperishable place in American literature . The Pennsylvania Gazette , like most other newspapers of the period was often poorly printed . Franklin was busy with a hundred matters outside of his printing office , and never seriously attempted to raise the mechanical standards of his trade . Nor did he ever properly edit or collate the chance medley of stale items that passed for news in the Gazette . His influence on the practical side of journalism was minimal . On the other hand , his advertisements of books show his very great interest in popularizing secular literature . Undoubtedly his paper contributed to the broader culture that distinguished Pennsylvania from her neighbors before the Revolution . Like many publishers , Franklin built up a book shop in his printing office ; he took the opportunity to read new books before selling them . Franklin had mixed success in his plan to establish an inter-colonial network of newspapers that would produce a profit for him and disseminate virtue . He began in Charleston , South Carolina in 1731 . After the second editor died his widow Elizabeth Timothy took over and made it a success , 1738 - 46 . She was one of colonial era 's first woman printers . For three decades Franklin maintained a close business relationship with her and her son Peter who took over in 1746 . The Gazette had a policy of impartiality in political debates , while creating the opportunity for public debate , which encouraged others to challenge authority . Editor Peter Timothy avoided blandness and crude bias , and after 1765 increasingly took a patriotic stand in the growing crisis with Great Britain . However , Franklin 's Connecticut Gazette ( 1755 -- 68 ) proved unsuccessful . The Virginia Gazette ( edit ) Early theatrical notices may also be followed in The Virginia Gazette , a paper of unusual excellence , edited by William Parks in Williamsburg , the old capital of Virginia . Here The Busy - Body , The Recruiting Officer , and The Beaux ' Stratagem were all performed , often by amateurs , though professionals were known as early as 1716 in Williamsburg . Life in Williamsburg in 1736 had a more cosmopolitan quality than in other towns . A sprightly essay - serial called The Monitor , which fills the first page of The Virginia Gazette for twenty - two numbers , probably reflects not only the social life of the capital , but also the newer fashion in such periodical work . It is dramatic in method , with vividly realized characters who gossip and chat over games of piquet or at the theatre . The Beaux ' Stratagem , which had been played in Williamsburg three weeks before , is mentioned as delightful enough to make one of the ladies commit the indiscretion of giggling . The Monitor represents a kind of light social satire unusual in the colonies . Politics in the later newspapers ( edit ) After 1750 , general news became accessible , and the newspapers show more and more interest in public affairs . The literary first page was no longer necessary , though occasionally used to cover a dull period . A new type of vigorous polemic gradually superseded the older essay . A few of the well - known conventions were retained , however . We still find the fictitious letter , with the fanciful signature , or a series of papers under a common title , such as The Virginia - Centinel , or Livingston 's Watch - Tower . The former is a flaming appeal to arms , running through The Virginia Gazette in 1756 , and copied into Northern papers to rouse patriotism against the French enemy . The expression of the sentiment , even thus early , seems national . Livingston 's well - known Watch - Tower , a continuation of his pamphlet - magazine The Independent Reflector , has already the keen edge of the Revolutionary writings of fifteen and twenty years later . The fifty - second number even has one of the popular phrases of the Revolution : `` Had I not sounded the Alarm , Bigotry would e'er now have triumphed over the natural Rights of British Subjects . '' ( Gaine 's Mercury in 1754 -- 1755 ) Revolutionary epoch and early national era : 1770 -- 1820 ( edit ) ( This section is based on Newspapers , 1775 -- 1860 by Frank W. Scott ) Massachusetts Spy , July 7 , 1774 Weekly newspapers in major cities and towns were strongholds of patriotism ( although there were a few Loyalist papers ) . They printed many pamphlets , announcements , patriotic letters and pronouncements . On the eve of Revolution Virginia had three separate weeklies at the same time named The Virginia Gazette -- they all kept up a heavy fire against the king and his governors . The Massachusetts Spy and the patriotic press ( edit ) Isaiah Thomas 's Massachusetts Spy , published in Boston and Worcester , was constantly on the verge of being suppressed , from the time of its establishment in 1770 to 1776 and during the American Revolution . In 1771 - 73 the Spy featured the essays of several anonymous political commentators who called themselves `` Centinel , '' `` Mucius Scaevola '' and `` Leonidas . '' They spoke in the same terms about similar issues , kept Patriot polemics on the front page , and supported each other against attacks in progovernment papers . Rhetorical combat was a Patriot tactic that explained the issues of the day and fostered cohesiveness without advocating outright rebellion . The columnists spoke to the colonists as an independent people tied to Britain only by voluntary legal compact . The Spy soon carried radicalism to its logical conclusion . When articles from the Spy were reprinted in other papers , as the country as a whole was ready for Tom Paine 's Common Sense ( in 1776 ) . The turbulent years between 1775 and 1783 were a time of great trial and disturbance among newspapers . Interruption , suppression , and lack of support checked their growth substantially . Although there were forty - three newspapers in the United States when the treaty of peace was signed ( 1783 ) , as compared with thirty - seven on the date of the battle of Lexington ( 1775 ) , only a dozen remained in continuous operation between the two events , and most of those had experienced delays and difficulties through lack of paper , type , and patronage . Not one newspaper in the principal cities , Boston , New York , and Philadelphia , continued publication throughout the war . When the colonial forces were in possession , royalist papers were suppressed , and at times of British occupation Revolutionary papers moved away , or were discontinued , or they became royalist , only to suffer at the next turn of military fortunes . Thus there was an exodus of papers from the cities along the coast to smaller inland places , where alone it was possible for them to continue without interruption . Scarcity of paper was acute ; type worn out could not be replaced . The appearance of the newspapers deteriorated , and issues sometimes failed to appear at all . Mail service , never good , was poorer than ever ; foreign newspapers , an important source of information , could be obtained but rarely ; many of the ablest writers who had filled the columns with dissertations upon colonial rights and government were now otherwise occupied . News from a distance was less full and regular than before ; yet when great events happened reports spread over the country with great rapidity , through messengers in the service of patriotic organizations . The quality of reporting was still imperfect . The Salem Gazette printed a full but colored account of the battle of Lexington , giving details of the burning , pillage , and barbarities charged to the British , and praising the militia who were filled with `` higher sentiments of humanity . '' The Declaration of Independence was published by Congress , 6 July 1776 , in the Philadelphia Evening Post , from which it was copied by most of the newspapers in the new nation ; but some of them did not mention it until two weeks later , and even then found room for only a synopsis . When they were permitted to do so , they printed fairly full accounts of the proceedings of provincial assemblies and of Congress , which were copied widely , as were all official reports and proclamations . On the whole , however , a relatively small proportion of such material and an inadequate account of the progress of the war is found in the contemporaneous newspapers . The general spirit of the time found fuller utterance in mottoes , editorials , letters , and poems . In the beginning both editorials and communications urged united resistance to oppression , praised patriotism , and denounced tyranny ; as events and public sentiment developed these grew more vigorous , often a little more radical than the populace . Later , the idea of independence took form , and theories of government were discussed . More interesting and valuable as specimens of literature than these discussions were the poems inspired by the stirring events of the time . Long narratives of battles and of heroic deaths were mingled with eulogies of departed heroes . Songs meant to inspire and thrill were not lacking . Humor , pathos , and satire sought to stir the feelings of the public . Much of the poetry of the Revolution is to be found in the columns of the newspapers , from the vivid and popular satires and narratives of Philip Freneau to the saddest effusions of the most commonplace schoolmaster . The newspapers of the Revolution were an effective force working towards the unification of sentiment , the awakening of a consciousness of a common purpose , interest , and destiny among the separate colonies , and of a determination to see the war through to a successful issue . They were more single - minded than the people themselves , and they bore no small share of the burden of arousing and supporting the often discouraged and indifferent public spirit . The New Jersey Journal became the second newspaper published in New Jersey . It was established by Shepard Kollock at his press during 1779 in the village of Chatham , New Jersey . This paper became a catalyst in the revolution . News of events came directly to the editor from Washington 's headquarters in nearby Morristown , boosting the morale of the troops and their families , and he conducted lively debates about the efforts for independence with those who opposed and supported the cause he championed . Kollock later relocated the paper twice , until 1785 , when he established his last publication location in Elizabeth under the same name . The Elizabeth Daily Journal ceased publication on January 2 , 1992 after having been in continuous publication for 212 years , the fourth oldest newspaper published continuously in the United States . Many of the papers , however , which were kept alive or brought to life during the war could not adapt themselves to the new conditions of peace . Perhaps only a dozen of the survivors held their own in the new time , notably the Boston Gazette , which declined rapidly in the following decade , The Connecticut Courant of Hartford , The Providence Gazette , and The Pennsylvania Packet of Philadelphia , to which may be added such representative papers as the Massachusetts Spy , Boston 's Independent Chronicle , the New York Journal and Packet , the Newport Mercury , the Maryland Gazette of Annapolis , the Pennsylvania Gazette and The Pennsylvania Journal , both of Philadelphia . Practically all were of four small pages , each of three or four columns , issued weekly . In 1783 , the Pennsylvania Evening Post became the first American daily . The next year , the Pennsylvania Packet was published three times a week , and the New York Journal twice a week , as were several of the papers begun in that year . There was a notable extension to new fields . In Vermont , where the first paper , established in 1781 , had soon died , another arose in 1783 ; in Maine , two were started in 1785 . In 1786 , the first one west of the Alleghenies appeared at Pittsburgh , and following the westward tide of immigration the Kentucky Gazette was begun at Lexington in 1787 . Conditions were hardly more favorable to newspapers than during the recent conflict . The sources of news were much the same ; the means of communication and the postal system were little improved . Newspapers were not carried in the mails but by favor of the postmen , and the money of one state was of dubious value in another . Consequently , circulations were small , rarely reaching a thousand ; subscribers were slow in paying ; and advertisements were not plentiful . Newspapers remained subject to provincial laws of libel , in accordance with the old common law , and were , as in Massachusetts for a short time in 1785 , subject to special state taxes on paper or on advertisements . But public sentiment was growing strongly against all legal restrictions , and in general the papers practiced freedom , not to say license , of utterance . With independence had come the consciousness of a great destiny . The collective spirit aroused by the war , though clouded by conflicting local difficulties , was intense , and the principal interest of the newspapers was to create a nation out of the loose confederation . Business and commerce were their next care ; but in an effort to be all things to all men , the small page included a little of whatever might `` interest , instruct , or amuse . '' Political intelligence occupied first place ; news , in the modern sense , was subordinated . A new idea , quite as much as a fire , a murder , or a prodigy , was a matter of news moment . There were always a few items of local interest , usually placed with paragraphs of editorial miscellany . Correspondents , in return for the paper , sent items ; private letters , often no doubt written with a view to such use , were a fruitful source of news ; but the chief resource was the newspapers that every office received as exchanges , carried in the post free of charge , and the newspapers from abroad . Partisan newspapers ( edit ) Newspapers became a form of public property after 1800 . Americans believed that as republican citizens they had a right to the information contained in newspapers without paying anything . To gain access readers subverted the subscription system by refusing to pay , borrowing , or stealing . Editors , however , tolerated these tactics because they wanted longer subscription lists . First , the more people read the newspaper , more attractive it would be to advertisers , who would purchase more ads and pay higher rates . A second advantage was that greater depth of coverage translated into political influence for partisan newspapers . Newspapers also became part of the public sphere when they became freely available at reading rooms , barbershops , taverns , hotels and coffeehouses . The editor , usually reflecting the sentiment of a group or a faction , began to emerge as a distinct power . He closely followed the drift of events and expressed vigorous opinions . But as yet the principal discussions were contributed not by the editors but by `` the master minds of the country . '' The growing importance of the newspaper was shown in the discussions preceding the Federal Convention , and notably in the countrywide debate on the adoption of the Constitution , in which the newspaper largely displaced the pamphlet . When Alexander Hamilton , James Madison , and John Jay united to produce the Federalist Essays , they chose to publish them in The Independent Journal and The Daily Advertiser , from which they were copied by practically every paper in America long before they were made into a book . When the first Congress assembled 4 March 1789 , the administration felt the need of a paper , and , under the influence of Hamilton , John Fenno issued at New York , 15 April , the first number of The Gazette of the United States , the earliest of a series of administration organs . The editorship of the Gazette later fell to Joseph Dennie , who had previously made a success of The Farmer 's Weekly Museum and would later found Port Folio , two of the most successful newspapers of the era . The seat of government became the journalistic center of the country , and as long as party politics remained the staple news interest the administration organs and their opponents were the chief sources of news for the papers of the country . Partisan bitterness increased during the last decade of the century as the First Party System took shape . The parties needed newspapers to communicate with their voters . New England papers were generally Federalist ; in Pennsylvania there was a balance ; in the West and South the Republican press predominated . Though the Federalists were vigorously supported by such able papers as Russell 's Columbian Centinel in Boston , Isaiah Thomas 's Massachusetts Spy , The Connecticut Courant , and , after 1793 , Noah Webster 's daily Minerva ( soon renamed Commercial Advertiser ) in New York , the Gazette of the United States , which in 1790 followed Congress and the capital to Philadelphia , was at the center of conflict , `` a paper of pure Toryism '' , as Thomas Jefferson said , `` disseminating the doctrines of monarchy , aristocracy , and the exclusion of the people . '' To offset the influence of this , Jefferson and Madison induced Philip Freneau , who had been editing The Daily Advertiser in New York , to set up a `` half weekly '' , to `` go through the states and furnish a Whig ( Republican ) vehicle of intelligence . '' Freneau 's National Gazette , which first appeared 31 October 1791 , soon became the most outspoken critic of the administration of Adams , Hamilton , and Washington , and an ardent advocate of the French Revolution . Fenno and Freneau , in the Gazette of the United States and the National Gazette , at once came to grips , and the campaign of personal and party abuse in partisan news reports , in virulent editorials , in poems and skits of every kind , was echoed from one end of the country to the other . The National Gazette closed in 1793 due to circulation problems and the political backlash against Jefferson and Madison 's financial involvement in founding the paper . The other Republican paper of primary importance was the Aurora General Advertiser , founded by Ben Franklin 's grandson and heir , Benjamin Franklin Bache , on October 2 , 1790 . The Aurora , published from Franklin Court in Philadelphia , was the most strident newspaper of its time , attacking John Adams ' anti-democratic policies on a daily basis . No paper is thought to have given Adams more trouble than the Aurora . His wife , Abigail , wrote frequent letters to her sister and others decrying what she considered the slander spewing forth from the Aurora . Jefferson credited the Aurora with averting a disastrous war with France , and laying the groundwork for his own election . Following Bache 's death ( the result of his staying in Philadelphia during a yellow fever epidemic , while he was awaiting trial under the Sedition Act ) , William Duane , an immigrant from Ireland , led the paper until 1822 ( and married Bache 's widow , following the death of his own wife in the same Yellow Fever epidemic ) . Like Freneau , Bache and Duane were involved in a daily back - and - forth with the Federalist editors , especially Fenno and Cobbett . Noah Webster , strapped for money , accepted an offer in late 1793 from Alexander Hamilton of $1,500 to move to New York City and edit a Federalist newspaper . In December he founded New York 's first daily newspaper , American Minerva ( later known as The Commercial Advertiser ) . He edited it for four years , writing the equivalent of 20 volumes of articles and editorials . He also published the semi-weekly publication , The Herald , A Gazette for the country ( later known as The New York Spectator ) . As a partisan he soon was denounced by the Jeffersonian Republicans as `` a pusillanimous , half - begotten , self - dubbed patriot '' , `` an incurable lunatic '' , and `` a deceitful newsmonge ... Pedagogue and Quack . '' Fellow Federalist Cobbett labeled him `` a traitor to the cause of Federalism '' , calling him `` a toad in the service of sans - culottism '' , `` a prostitute wretch '' , `` a great fool , and a barefaced liar '' , `` a spiteful viper '' , and `` a maniacal pedant . '' The master of words was distressed . Even the use of words like `` the people '' , `` democracy '' , and `` equality '' in public debate , bothered him for such words were `` metaphysical abstractions that either have no meaning , or at least none that mere mortals can comprehend . '' The first party newspapers were full of vituperation . As one historian comments , It was with the newspaper editors , however , on both sides that a climax of rancorous and venomous abuse was reached . Of the Federalist editors , the most voluminous masters of scurrility were William Cobbett of Porcupine 's Gazette and John Ward Fenno of the United States Gazette , at Philadelphia ; Noah Webster of the American Minerva , at New York ; and at Boston , Benjamin Russell of the Columbian Centinel , Thomas Paine of the Federal Orrery , and John Russell of the Boston Gazette . Chief of these was Cobbett , whose control of abusive epithet and invective may be judged from the following terms applied by him to his political foes , the Jacobins : `` refuse of nations '' ; `` yelper of the Democratic kennels '' ; `` vile old wretch '' ; `` tool of a baboon '' ; `` frog - eating , man - eating , blood - drinking cannibals '' ; `` I say , beware , ye under - strapping cut - throats who walk in rags and sleep amidst filth and vermin ; for if once the halter gets round your flea - bitten necks , howling and confessing will come too late . '' He wrote of the `` base and hellish calumnies '' propagated by the Jacobins , and of `` tearing the mask from the artful and ferocious villains who , owing to the infatuation of the poor , and the supineness of the rich , have made such fearful progress in the destruction of all that is amiable and good and sacred among men . '' Among the milder examples of his description of Jacobins was the following : `` Where the voice of the people has the most weight in public affairs , there it is most easy to introduce novel and subversive doctrines . In such States too , there generally , not to say always , exists a party who , from the long habit of hating those who administer the Government , become the enemies of the Government itself , and are ready to sell their treacherous services to the first bidder . To these descriptions of men , the sect of the Jacobins have attached themselves in every country they have been suffered to enter . They are a sort of flies , that naturally settle on the excremental and corrupted parts of the body politic ... The persons who composed this opposition , and who thence took the name of Anti-Federalists , were not equal to the Federalists , either in point of riches or respectability . They were in general , men of bad moral characters embarrassed in their private affairs , or the tools of such as were . Men of this caste naturally feared the operation of a Government imbued with sufficient strength to make itself respected , and with sufficient wisdom to exclude the ignorant and wicked from a share in its administration . '' This decade of violence was nevertheless one of development in both the quality and the power of newspapers . News reporting was extended to new fields of local affairs , and the intense rivalry of all too numerous competitors awoke the beginnings of that rush for the earliest reports , which was to become the dominant trait in American journalism . The editor evolved into a new type . As a man of literary skill , or a politician , or a lawyer with a gift for polemical writing , he began to supersede the contributors of essays as the strongest writer on the paper . Much of the best writing , and of the rankest scurrility , be it said , was produced by editors born and trained abroad , like Bache of the Aurora , Cobbett , Cooper , Gales , Cheetham , Callender , Lyon , and Holt . Of the whole number of papers in the country towards the end of the decade , more than one hundred and fifty , at least twenty opposed to the administration were conducted by aliens . The power wielded by these anti-administration editors impressed John Adams , who in 1801 wrote : `` If we had been blessed with common sense , we should not have been overthrown by Philip Freneau , Duane , Callender , Cooper , and Lyon , or their great patron and protector . A group of foreign liars encouraged by a few ambitious native gentlemen have discomfited the education , the talents , the virtues , and the prosperity of the country . '' The most obvious example of that Federalist lack of common sense was the passage of the Alien and Sedition laws in 1798 to protect the government from the libels of editors . The result was a dozen convictions and a storm of outraged public opinion that threw the party from power and gave the Jeffersonian Republican press renewed confidence and the material benefit of patronage when the Republicans took control of the government in 1800 . The Republican party was especially effective in building a network of newspapers in major cities to broadcast its statements and editorialize in its favor . Fisher Ames , a leading Federalist , blamed the newspapers for electing Jefferson : they were `` an overmatch for any Government ... The Jacobins owe their triumph to the unceasing use of this engine ; not so much to skill in use of it as by repetition . '' The newspapers continued primarily party organs ; the tone remained strongly partisan , though it gradually gained poise and attained a degree of literary excellence and professional dignity . The typical newspaper , a weekly , had a paid circulation of 500 . The growth of the postal system , with the free transportation of newspapers locally and statewide , allowed the emergence of powerful state newspapers that closely reflected , and shaped , party views . Growth ( edit ) Growth in newspapers The number and geographical distribution of newspapers grew apace . In 1800 there were between 150 and 200 ; by 1810 there were 366 , and during the next two decades the increase was at least equally rapid . With astonishing promptness the press followed the sparse population as it trickled westward and down the Ohio or penetrated the more northerly forests . By 1835 papers had spread to the Mississippi River and beyond , from Texas to St. Louis , throughout Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Michigan , and into Wisconsin . These pioneer papers , poorly written , poorly printed , and partisan often beyond all reason , served a greater than a merely local purpose in sending weekly to the seat of government their hundreds of messages of good and evil report , of politics and trade , of weather and crops , that helped immeasurably to bind the far - flung population into a nation . Every congressman wrote regularly to his own local paper ; other correspondents were called upon for like service , and in some instances the country editors established extensive and reliable lines of intelligence ; but most of them depended on the bundle of exchanges from Washington , Philadelphia , and New York , and reciprocally the city papers made good use of their country exchanges . Meanwhile , the daily newspapers were increasing in number . The first had appeared in Philadelphia and New York in 1784 and 1785 ; in 1796 one appeared in Boston . By 1810 there were twenty - seven in the country -- one in the city of Washington , five in Maryland , seven in New York , nine in Pennsylvania , three in South Carolina , and two in Louisiana . As early as 1835 the Detroit Free Press began its long career . The press in the party system : 1820 -- 1890 ( edit ) ( This section is based on Newspapers , 1775 -- 1860 by Frank W. Scott ) The political and journalistic situation made the administration organ one of the characteristic features of the period . Fenno 's Gazette had served the purpose for Washington and Adams ; but the first great example of the type was the National Intelligencer established in October , 1800 , by Samuel Harrison Smith , to support the administration of Jefferson and of successive presidents until after Jackson it was thrown into the opposition , and The United States Telegraph , edited by Duff Green , became the official paper . It was replaced at the close of 1830 by a new paper , The Globe , under the editorship of Francis P. Blair , one of the ablest of all ante - bellum political editors , who , with John P. Rives , conducted it until the changing standards and conditions in journalism rendered the administration organ obsolescent . The Globe was displaced in 1841 by another paper called The National Intelligencer , which in turn gave way to The Madisonian . Thomas Ritchie was in 1845 called from his long service on The Richmond Enquirer to found , on the remains of The Globe , the Washington Union , to speak for the Polk administration and to reconcile the factions of democracy . Neither the Union nor its successors , which maintained the semblance of official support until 1860 , ever occupied the commanding position held by the Telegraph and The Globe , but for forty years the administration organs had been the leaders when political journalism was dominant . Their influence was shared and increased by such political editors as M.M. Noah and James Watson Webb of the New York Courier and Enquirer , Solomon Southwick of the Albany Register , Edwin Croswell , who edited The Argus and who , supported by Martin Van Buren and others , formed what was known as the `` Albany Regency . '' The `` Regency '' , the Richmond `` Junta '' , which centered in the Enquirer , and the `` Kitchen Cabinet '' headed by the editor of The Globe , formed one of the most powerful political and journalistic cabals that the country has ever known . Their decline , in the late thirties , was coincident with great changes , both political and journalistic , and though successors arose , their kind was not again so prominent or influential . The newspaper of national scope was passing away , yielding to the influence of the telegraph and the railroad , which robbed the Washington press of its claim to prestige as the chief source of political news . At the same time politics was losing its predominating importance . The public had many other interests , and by a new spirit and type of journalism was being trained to make greater and more various demands upon the journalistic resources of its papers . The administration organ presents but one aspect of a tendency in which political newspapers generally gained in editorial individuality , and both the papers and their editors acquired greater personal and editorial influence . The beginnings of the era of personal journalism were to be found early in the 19th century . Even before Nathan Hale had shown the way to editorial responsibility , Thomas Ritchie , in the Richmond Enquirer in the second decade of the century , had combined with an effective development of the established use of anonymous letters on current questions a system of editorial discussion that soon extended his reputation and the influence of his newspaper far beyond the boundaries of Virginia . Washington Barrow and the Nashville Banner , Amos Kendall and The Argus of Western America , G.W. Kendall and the New Orleans Picayune , John M. Francis and the Troy Times , and Charles Hammond and the Cincinnati Gazette , to mention but a few among many , illustrate the rise of editors to individual power and prominence in the third and later decades . Notable among these political editors was John Moncure Daniel , who just before 1850 became editor of the Richmond Examiner and soon made it the leading newspaper of the South . Perhaps no better example need be sought of brilliant invective and literary pungency in American journalism just prior to and during the Civil War than in Daniel 's contributions to the Examiner . Though it could still be said that `` too many of our gazettes are in the hands of persons destitute at once of the urbanity of gentlemen , the information of scholars , and the principles of virtue '' , a fact due largely to the intensity of party spirit , the profession was by no means without editors who exhibited all these qualities , and put them into American journalism . William Coleman , for instance , who , encouraged by Alexander Hamilton , founded the New York Evening Post in 1801 , was a man of high purposes , good training , and noble ideals . The Evening Post , reflecting variously the fine qualities of the editor , exemplified the improvement in tone and illustrated the growing importance of editorial writing , as did a dozen or more papers in the early decades of the century . Indeed , the problem most seriously discussed at the earliest state meetings of editors and publishers , held in the thirties , was that of improving the tone of the press . They tried to attain by joint resolution a degree of editorial self - restraint , which few individual editors had as yet acquired . Under the influence of Thomas Ritchie , vigorous and unsparing political editor but always a gentleman , who presided at the first meeting of Virginia journalists , the newspaper men in one state after another resolved to `` abandon the infamous practice of pampering the vilest of appetites by violating the sanctity of private life , and indulging in gross personalities and indecorous language '' , and to `` conduct all controversies between themselves with decency , decorum , and moderation . '' Ritchie found in the low tone of the newspapers a reason why journalism in America did not occupy as high a place in public regard as it did in England and France . Editorials ( edit ) The editorial page was assuming something of its modern form . The editorial signed with a pseudonym gradually died , but unsigned editorial comment and leading articles did not become an established feature until after 1814 , when Nathan Hale made them a characteristic of the newly established Boston Daily Advertiser . From that time on they grew in importance until in the succeeding period of personal journalism they were the most vital part of the greater papers . Penny press ( edit ) In the 1830s new high speed presses allowed the cheap printing of tens of thousands of papers a day . The problem was to sell them to a mass audience , which required new business techniques ( such as rapid citywide delivery ) and a new style of journalism that would attract new audiences . Politics , scandal , and sensationalism worked . James Gordon Bennett , Sr. ( 1794 -- 1872 ) took the lead in New York . In a decade of unsuccessful effort as a political journalist he had become familiar with the increasing enterprise in news - gathering . He despised the upscale journalism of the day -- the seriousness of tone , the phlegmatic dignity , the party affiliations , the sense of responsibility . He believed journalists were fools to think that they could best serve their own purposes by serving the politicians . As Washington correspondent for the New York Enquirer , he wrote vivacious , gossipy prattle , full of insignificant and entertaining detail , to which he added keen characterization and deft allusions . Bennett saw a public who would not buy a serious paper at any price , who had a vast and indiscriminate curiosity better satisfied with gossip than discussion , with sensation rather than fact , who could be reached through their appetites and passions . The idea that he did much to develop rested on the success of the one - cent press created by the establishment of the New York Sun in 1833 . To pay at such a price these papers must have large circulations , sought among the public that had not been accustomed to buy papers , and gained by printing news of the street , shop , and factory . To reach this public Bennett began the New York Herald , a small paper , fresh , sprightly , terse , and `` newsy '' . `` In journalistic débuts of this kind '' , Bennett wrote , `` many talk of principle -- political principle , party principle -- as a sort of steel trap to catch the public . We ... disdain ... all principle , as it is called , all party , all politics . Our only guide shall be good , sound , practical common sense , applicable to the business and bosoms of men engaged in every - day life . '' News was but a commodity , the furnishing of which was a business transaction only , which ignored the social responsibility of the press , `` the grave importance of our vocation '' , prized of the elder journalists and of the still powerful six - cent papers . The Herald , like the Sun , was at once successful , and was remarkably influential in altering journalistic practices . The penny press expanded its coverage into `` personals '' -- short paid paragraphs by men and women looking for companionship . They revealed people 's intimate relationships to a public audience and allowed city folk to connect with and understand their neighbors in an increasingly anonymous metropolis . They included heavy doses of imagination and fiction , typically romantic , highly stylized . Sometimes the same person updated the paragraph regularly , making it like a serial short short story . Moralists were aghast , and warned of the ruin of young girls . ( Commenting on censorship of books in the 1920s , New York Mayor Jimmy Walker said he had seen many girls ruined , but never by reading . ) More worrisome to the elders they reflected a loss of community control over the city 's youth , suggesting to Protestant leaders the need for agencies like the YMCA to provide wholesome companionship . Personals are still included in many papers and magazines into the 21st century . Specialty media ( edit ) In a period of widespread unrest and change many specialized forms of journalism sprang up -- religious , educational , agricultural , and commercial , which there is no space here to discuss . Workingmen were questioning the justice of existing economic systems and raising a new labour problem ; the socialistic ideas of Cabet and Fourier were spreading ; Unitarianism and Transcendentalism were creating and expressing new spiritual values ; temperance , prohibition , and the political status of women were being discussed ; abolition was a general irritant and a nightmare to politicians . The subject of controversy most critically related to journalism was abolition . The abolitionist press , which began with The Emancipator of 1820 , and had its chief representative in William Lloyd Garrison 's Liberator , first issued 1 January 1831 , forced the slavery question upon the newspapers , and there ensued a struggle for the freedom of the press more acute than any since that caused by the Alien and Sedition laws . Many abolitionist papers were excluded from the mails ; their circulation was forcibly prevented in the South ; in Boston , New York , Baltimore , Cincinnati , Alton , and elsewhere , editors were assaulted , offices were attacked and destroyed ; rewards were offered in the South for the capture of Greeley and Garrison ; in a few instances editors , like Lovejoy at Alton , lost their lives at the hands of mobs . Rural papers ( edit ) Nearly every county seat , and most towns of more than 500 or 1000 population sponsored one or more weekly newspapers . Politics was of major interest , with the editor - owner typically deeply involved in local party organizations . However , the paper also contained local news , and presented literary columns and book excerpts that catered to an emerging middle class literate audience . A typical rural newspaper provided its readers with a substantial source of national and international news and political commentary , typically reprinted from metropolitan newspapers . Comparison of a subscriber list for 1849 with data from the 1850 census indicates a readership dominated by property owners but reflecting a cross-section of the population , with personal accounts suggesting the newspaper also reached a wider non-subscribing audience . In addition , the major metropolitan daily newspapers often prepared weekly editions for circulation to the countryside . Most famously the Weekly New York Tribune was jammed with political , economic and cultural news and features , and was a major resource for the Whig and Republican parties , as well as a window on the international world , and the New York and European cultural scenes . Newspapers of the territories ( edit ) The first newspaper to be published west of the Mississippi was the Missouri Gazette . Its starting issue was published on July 12 , 1808 by Joseph Charless an Irish printer . Swayed by Meriweather Lewis to leave his home in Kentucky and start a new paper for the Missouri Territory Charles was identified by the paper 's masthead as `` Printer to the Territory '' . The paper published advertisements for domestic help , notice for runaway slaves , public notices , and sales for merchandise like land plots or cattle . Newspapers like the Gazette were instrumental in the founding new territories and supporting their stability as they become states . With westward expansion other territories , like Nebraska , followed in Lewis and Missouri 's plan for territory stability and founded a newspaper alongside the opening of the Nebraska Territory in 1854 . The Nebraska Palladium was a rough newspaper that produced poetry and news from the East , ran advertisements , and created a space for emerging political editorials . that developed a sense of community and cultural influence in the territory . Produced during a time when pioneers were far removed from neighbors these early territorial papers brought a sense of community to the territories . Because of the information gap felt by new settlers of the territories such as Kansas , Michigan , Nebraska , and Oklahoma there was a mass startup numerous newspapers . It has been stated on the period that Wherever a town sprang up ... a printer with a rude press and a ' shirt - tail - full of type ' was sure to appear '' . Competition was intense between the large number of pop - up papers and often the newspapers would fail within a year or condense themselves with other publications . Associated press and impact of telegraphy ( edit ) This idea of news and the newspaper for its own sake , the unprecedented aggressiveness in news - gathering , and the blatant methods by which the cheap papers were popularized aroused the antagonism of the older papers , but created a competition that could not be ignored . Systems of more rapid news - gathering ( such as by `` pony express '' ) and distribution quickly appeared . Sporadic attempts at co-operation in obtaining news had already been made ; in 1848 the Journal of Commerce , Courier and Enquirer , Tribune , Herald , Sun , and Express formed the New York Associated Press to obtain news for the members jointly . Out of this idea grew other local , then state , and finally national associations . European news , which , thanks to steamship service , could now be obtained when but half as old as before , became an important feature . In the forties several papers sent correspondents abroad , and in the next decade this field was highly developed . The telegraph , invented in 1844 , quickly linked all major cities and most minor ones to a national network that provided news in a matter of minutes or hours rather than days or weeks . It transformed the news gathering business . Telegraphic columns became a leading feature . The Associated Press ( AP ) became the dominant factor in the distribution of news . The inland papers , in such cities as Chicago , Louisville , Cincinnati , St. Louis , and New Orleans , used AP dispatches to become became independent of papers in Washington and New York . In general , only one newspaper in each city had the Associated Press franchise , and it dominated the market for national and international news . United Press was formed in the 1880s to challenge the monopoly . The growing number of chains each set up their own internal dissemination system . Great editors ( edit ) Out of the period of restless change in the 1830s there emerged a few great editors whose force and ability gave them and their newspapers an influence hitherto unequalled , and made the period between 1840 and 1860 that of personal journalism . These few men not only interpreted and reflected the spirit of the time , but were of great influence in shaping and directing public opinion . Consequently , the scope , character , and influence of newspapers was in the period immensely widened and enriched , and rendered relatively free from the worst subjection to political control . Lincoln spins the news -- a Copperhead cartoon from 1862 ( note the horns ) Naturally , the outstanding feature of this personal journalism was the editorial . Rescued from the slough of ponderousness into which it had fallen in its abject and uninspired party service , the editorial was revived , invigorated , and endowed with a vitality that made it the center about which all other features of the newspaper were grouped . It was individual ; however large the staff of writers , the editorials were regarded as the utterance of the editor . `` Greeley says '' was the customary preface to quotations from the Tribune , and indeed many editorials were signed . James Gordon Bennett , Sr. , Samuel Bowles ( 1826 -- 78 ) , Horace Greeley ( 1811 -- 72 ) , and Henry J. Raymond ( 1820 -- 69 ) who were the outstanding figures of the period . Of Bennett 's influence something has already been said ; especially , he freed his paper from party control . His power was great , but it came from his genius in gathering and presenting news rather than from editorial discussion , for he had no great moral , social or political ideals , and his influence , always lawless and uncertain , can hardly be regarded as characteristic of the period . Of the others named , and many besides , it could be said with approximate truth that their ideal was `` a full presentation and a liberal discussion of all questions of public concernment , from an entirely independent position , and a faithful and impartial exhibition of all movements of interest at home and abroad . '' As all three were not only upright and independent , but in various measure gifted with the quality of statesmanship at once philosophical and practical , their newspapers were powerful molders of opinion at a critical period in the history of the nation . The news field was immeasurably broadened ; news style was improved ; interviews , newly introduced , lent the ease and freshness of dialogue and direct quotation . There was a notable improvement in the reporting of business , markets , and finance . In a few papers the literary department was conducted by staffs as able as any today . A foreign news service was developed that in intelligence , fidelity , and general excellence reached the highest standard yet attained in American journalism . A favorite feature was the series of letters from the editor or other member of the staff who traveled and wrote of what he heard or saw . Bowles , Olmsted , Greeley , Bayard Taylor , Bennett , and many others thus observed life and conditions at home or abroad ; and they wrote so entertainingly and to such purpose that the letters -- those of Olmsted and Taylor , for instance -- are still sources of entertainment or information . The growth of these papers meant the development of great staffs of workers that exceeded in numbers anything dreamed of in the preceding period . Although later journalism has far exceeded in this respect the time we are now considering , still the scope , complexity , and excellence of our modern metropolitan journalism in all its aspects were clearly begun between 1840 and 1860 . Greeley 's New York Tribune ( edit ) The New York Tribune under Horace Greeley exhibited the best features of the new and semi-independent personal journalism based upon political party supporters and inspired with an enthusiasm for service that is one of the fine characteristics of the period . In editing the New Yorker Greeley had acquired experience in literary journalism and in political news ; his Jeffersonian and Log Cabin , were popular Whig campaign papers , had brought him into contact with politicians and made his reputation as an insightful , vigorous journalist . He was a staunch party man , therefore he was chosen to manage a party organ when one was needed to support the Whig administration of Harrison . The prospectus of the New York Tribune appeared 3 April 1841 . Greeley 's ambition was to make the Tribune not only a good party paper , but also the first paper in America , and he succeeded by imparting to it a certain idealistic character with a practical appeal that no other journal possessed . His sound judgment appeared in the unusually able staff that he gathered about him . Almost from the first , the staff that made the Tribune represented a broad catholicity of interests and tastes , in the world of thought as well as in the world of action , and a solid excellence in ability and in organization , which were largely the result of the genius of Greeley and over which he was the master spirit . It included Henry J. Raymond , who later became Greeley 's rival on the Times , George M. Snow , George William Curtis , Charles A. Dana , Bayard Taylor , George Ripley , William H. Fry , Margaret Fuller , Edmund Quincy , and Charles T. Congdon . It is easy to understand how with such a group of writers the idea of the literary newspaper , which had been alive from the beginning of the century , should have advanced well - night to its greatest perfection . The great popular strength of the Tribune doubtless lay in its disinterested sympathy with all the ideals and sentiments that stirred the popular mind in the forties and fifties . `` We can not afford '' , Greeley wrote , `` to reject unexamined any idea which proposes to improve the moral , intellectual , or social condition of mankind . '' He pointed out that the proper course of an editor , in contrast to that of the time - server , was to have `` an ear open to the plaints of the wronged and suffering , though they can never repay advocacy , and those who mainly support newspapers will be annoyed and often exposed by it ; a heart as sensitive to oppression and degradation in the next street as if they were practiced in Brazil or Japan ; a pen as ready to expose and reprove the crimes whereby wealth is amassed and luxury enjoyed in our own country as if they had only been committed by Turks or Pagans in Asia some centuries ago . '' In conformity with these principles Greeley lent his support to all proposals for ameliorating the condition of the labouring men by industrial education , by improved methods of farming , or even by such radical means as the socialistic Fourier Association . He strongly advocated the protective tariff because he believed that it was for the advantage of the workingman ; and the same sympathy led him to give serious attention to the discussion of women 's rights with special reference to the equal economic status of women . There were besides many lesser causes in which the Tribune displayed its spirit of liberalism , such as temperance reform , capital punishment , the Irish repeals , and the liberation of Hungary . On the most important question of the time , the abolition of slavery , Greeley 's views were intimately connected with party policy . His antipathy to slavery , based on moral and economic grounds , placed him from the first among the mildly radical reformers . But his views underwent gradual intensification . Acknowledged the most influential Whig party editor in 1844 , he had by 1850 become the most influential anti-slavery editor -- the spokesman not of Whigs merely but of a great class of Northerners who were thoroughly antagonistic to slavery but who had not been satisfied with either the non-political war of Garrison or the one - plank political efforts of the Free Soil party . This influence was greatly increased between 1850 and 1854 by some of the most vigorous and trenchant editorial writing America has ever known . The circulation of the Tribune in 1850 was , all told , a little less than sixty thousand , two - thirds of which was the Weekly . In 1854 the Weekly alone had a circulation of 112,000 copies . But even this figure is not the measure of the Tribune 's peculiar influence , `` for it was pre-eminently the journal of the rural districts , and one copy did service for many readers . To the people in the Adirondack wilderness it was a political bible , and the well - known scarcity of Democrats there was attributed to it . Yet it was as freely read by the intelligent people living on the Western Reserve of Ohio '' , ( James Ford Rhodes ) and in Wisconsin and Illinois . The work of Greeley and his associates in these years gave a new strength and a new scope and outlook to American journalism . Greeley was a vigorous advocate of freedom of the press , especially in the 1830s and 1840s . He fought numerous libel lawsuits waged battles with the New York City postmaster , and shrugged off threats of duels and physical violence to his body . Greeley used his hard - hitting editorials to alert the public to dangers to press freedom . He would not tolerate any threats to freedom and democracy which curtailed the ability of the press to serve as a watchdog against corruption and a positive agency of social reform . After replacing Greeley Whitelaw Reid became the powerful long - time editor of the Tribune . He emphasized the importance of partisan newspapers in 1879 : The true statesman and the really influential editor are those who are able to control and guide parties ... There is an old question as to whether a newspaper controls public opinion or public opinion controls the newspaper . This at least is true : that editor best succeeds who best interprets the prevailing and the better tendencies of public opinion , and , who , whatever his personal views concerning it , does not get himself too far out of relations to it . He will understand that a party is not an end , but a means ; will use it if it lead to his end , -- will use some other if that serve better , but will never commit the folly of attempting to reach the end without the means ... Of all the puerile follies that have masqueraded before High Heaven in the guise of Reform , the most childish has been the idea that the editor could vindicate his independence only by sitting on the fence and throwing stones with impartial vigor alike at friend and foe . Henry Raymond and the New York Times ( edit ) Henry Jarvis Raymond , who began his journalistic career on the Tribune and gained further experience in editing the respectable , old - fashioned , political Courier and Enquirer , perceived that there was an opening for a type of newspaper that should stand midway between Greeley , the moralist and reformer , and Bennett , the cynical , non-moral news - monger . He was able to interest friends in raising the hundred thousand dollars that he thought essential to the success of his enterprise . This sum is significant of the development of American daily journalism , for Greeley had started the Tribune only ten years earlier with a capital of one thousand dollars , and Bennett had founded the Herald with nothing at all . On this sound financial basis , Raymond began the career of the New York Times with his business partner George Jones on September 18 , 1851 , and made it a success from the outset . He perfected his news - gathering forces and brought into play his intimate acquaintance with men of affairs to open up the sources of information . Above all he set a new standard for foreign service . The American public never had a more general and intelligent interest in European affairs than in the middle years of the 19th century . The leading papers directed their best efforts toward sustaining and improving their foreign service , and Raymond used a brief vacation in Europe to establish for his paper a system of correspondence as trustworthy , if not as inclusive , as that of the Herald or Tribune . If our newspapers today are immeasurably in advance of those of sixty years ago in almost every field of journalism , there is only here and there anything to compare in worth with the foreign correspondence of that time . The men who wrote from the news centers of Europe were persons of wide political knowledge and experience , and social consequence . They had time and ability to do their work thoroughly , carefully , and intelligently , innocent of superficial effort toward sensation , of the practices of inaccurate brevity and irresponsible haste , which began with the laying of the Atlantic cable . The Tribune spoke for the Republican party in 1864 The theory of journalism announced by Raymond in the Times marks another advance over the party principles of his predecessors . He thought that a newspaper might assume the rôle now of a party paper , now of an organ of non-partisan , independent thought , and still be regarded by the great body of its readers as steadily guided by principles of sincere public policy . An active ambition for political preferment prevented him from achieving this ideal . Although he professed conservatism only in those cases where conservatism was essential to the public good and radicalism in everything that might require radical treatment and radical reform , the spirit of opposition to the Tribune , as well as his temperamental leanings , carried him definitely to the conservative side . He was by nature inclined to accept the established order and make the best of it . Change , if it came , should come not through radical agitation and revolution , but by cautious and gradual evolution . The world needed brushing , not harrowing . Such ideas , as he applied them to journalism , appealed to moderate men , reflected the opinions of a large and influential class somewhere between the advanced thinkers and theorists and the mass of men more likely to be swayed by passions of approbation or protest than by reason . It was the tone of the Times that especially distinguished it from its contemporaries . In his first issue Raymond announced his purpose to write in temperate and measured language and to get into a passion as rarely as possible . `` There are few things in this world which it is worth while to get angry about ; and they are just the things anger will not improve . '' In controversy he meant to avoid abusive language . His style was gentle , candid , and decisive , and achieved its purpose by facility , clearness , and moderation rather than by powerful fervor and invective . His editorials were generally cautious , impersonal , and finished in form . With abundant self - respect and courtesy , he avoided , as one of his coadjutors said , vulgar abuse of individuals , unjust criticism , or narrow and personal ideas . He had that degree and kind of intelligence that enabled him to appreciate two principles of modern journalism -- the application of social ethics to editorial conduct and the maintenance of a comprehensive spirit . As he used them , these were positive , not negative virtues . Vile gossip and scandal spew from the press in the 1888 Puck cartoon Raymond 's contribution to journalism , then , was not the introduction of revolutionizing innovations in any department of the profession but a general improving and refining of its tone , a balancing of its parts , sensitizing it to discreet and cultivated popular taste . Taking The Times of London as his model , he tried to combine in his paper the English standard of trustworthiness , stability , inclusiveness , and exclusiveness , with the energy and news initiative of the best American journalism ; to preserve in it an integrity of motive and a decorum of conduct such as he possessed as a gentleman . Postwar trends ( edit ) Newspapers continued to play a major political role . In rural areas , the weekly newspaper published in the county seat played a major role . In the larger cities , different factions of the party have their own papers . During the Reconstruction era ( 1865 - 1877 ) , leading editors increasingly turned against corruption represented by President Grant and his Republican Party . They strongly supported the third - party Liberal Republican movement of 1872 , which nominated Horace Greeley for president . The Democratic Party endorsed Greeley officially , but many Democrats could not accept the idea of voting for the man who had been their fiercest enemy for decades ; he lost in a landslide . Most of the 430 Republican newspapers in the Reconstruction South were edited by scalawags ( Southern born white men ) -- only 20 percent were edited by carpetbaggers ( recent arrivals from the North who formed the opposing faction in the Republican Party . White businessmen generally boycotted Republican papers , which survived through government patronage . Newspapers were a major growth industry in the late nineteenth century . The number of daily papers grew from 971 to 2226 , 1880 to 1900 . Weekly newspapers were published in smaller towns , especially county seats , or for German , Swedish and other immigrant subscribers . They grew from 9,000 to 14,000 , and by 1900 the United States published more than half of the newspapers in the world , with two copies per capita . Out on the frontier , the first need for a boom town was a newspaper . The new states of North and South Dakota by 1900 had 25 daily papers , and 315 weeklies . Oklahoma was still not a state , but it could boast of nine dailies and nearly a hundred weeklies . In the largest cities the newspapers competed fiercely , for newsboys sold each copy and they did not rely on subscriptions . Financially , the major papers depended on advertising , which paid in proportion to the circulation base . By the 1890s in New York City , especially during the Spanish -- American War , circulations reached 1 million a day for Pulitzer 's World and Hearst 's Journal . While smaller papers relied on loyal Republican or Democratic readers who appreciated the intense partisanship of the editorials , the big - city papers realized they would lose half their potential audience by excessive partisanship , so they took a more ambiguous position , except at election time . The Chicago Daily News was a major daily 1876 - 1978 ; like most afternoon papers it could not compete with TV news and closed down After the Civil War , there were several transitions in the newspaper industry . Many of the main founders of the modern press died , including Greeley , Raymond , Bennett , Bowles. and Bryant . Their successors continued the basic policies and approaches , but were less innovative . The civil war put a premium on news reporting , rather than editorials , and the news columns became increasingly important , with speed of the essence as multiple newspapers competed on the city streets for customers . The major papers issued numerous editions the day each with blaring headlines to capture attention . Reporting became more prestigious . There was no newspaper that exerted the national influence of Greeley 's New York Tribune . Western cities , developed influential newspapers of their own in Chicago , San Francisco and St. Louis ; the Southern press went into eclipse as the region lost its political influence and talented young journalists headed North for their careers . The Associated Press became increasingly important and efficient , producing a vast quantity of reasonably accurate , factual reporting on state and national events that editors used to service the escalating demand for news . Circulation growth was facilitated by new technology , such as the stereotype , by which 10 or more high - speed presses could print the same pages . With the movement of thousands of people with the conclusion of the Civil War new territories and states experienced and influx of settlers . The growth of a state and territory could be measured by the growth of the areas newspapers . With settlers pushing westward communities were considered stable if they had a newspaper publishing . This was a form of communication for all of the settlers and pioneers that lived in the far , rural communities . Larger , more established towns would begin to grow multiple newspapers . One of the papers would promote a Democratic view and the other Republican . Mass markets , yellow journalism and muckrakers , 1890 -- 1920 ( edit ) Male Spanish officials strip search an American woman tourist in Cuba looking for messages from rebels ; front page `` yellow journalism '' from Hearst ( artist : Remington ) Muckrakers ( edit ) A muckraker is an American English term for a person who investigates and exposes issues of corruption . There were widely held values , such as political corruption , corporate crime , child labor , conditions in slums and prisons , unsanitary conditions in food processing plants ( such as meat ) , fraudulent claims by manufacturers of patent medicines , labor racketeering , and similar topics . In British English however the term is applied to sensationalist scandal - mongering journalist , not driven by any social ( original text missing ; `` journalist '' above likely should be `` journalism '' or `` a ... journalist . '' ) . The term muckraker is most usually associated in America with a group of American investigative reporters , novelists and critics in the Progressive Era from the 1890s to the 1920s . It also applies to post 1960 journalists who follow in the tradition of those from that period . See History of American newspapers for Muckrakers in the daily press . Muckrakers have most often sought , in the past , to serve the public interest by uncovering crime , corruption , waste , fraud and abuse in both the public and private sectors . In the early 1900s , muckrakers shed light on such issues by writing books and articles for popular magazines and newspapers such as Cosmopolitan , The Independent , Collier 's Weekly and McClure 's . Some of the most famous of the early muckrakers are Ida Tarbell , Lincoln Steffens , and Ray Stannard Baker . History of term muckraker ( edit ) President Theodore Roosevelt coined the term ' muckraker ' in a 1906 speech when he likened the muckrakers to the Man with the Muckrake , a character in John Bunyan 's Pilgrim 's Progress ( 1678 ) . Roosevelt disliked their relentless negativism . as he attacked them for stretching the truth : There are , in the body politic , economic and social , many and grave evils , and there is urgent necessity for the sternest war upon them . There should be relentless exposure of and attack upon every evil man whether politician or business man , every evil practice , whether in politics , in business , or in social life . I hail as a benefactor every writer or speaker , every man who , on the platform , or in book , magazine , or newspaper , with merciless severity makes such attack , provided always that he in his turn remembers that the attack is of use only if it is absolutely truthful . Early muckrakers ( edit ) Nellie Bly ( 1864 -- 1922 ) Ten Days in a Mad - House Thomas W. Lawson ( 1857 -- 1924 ) Frenzied Finance ( 1906 ) on Amalgamated Copper stock scandal Fremont Older ( 1856 -- 1935 ) San Francisco corruption and the case of Tom Mooney Lincoln Steffens ( 1866 -- 1936 ) The Shame of the Cities ( 1904 ) Charles Edward Russell ( 1860 -- 1941 ) -- investigated Beef Trust , Georgia 's prison ) Ida Minerva Tarbell ( 1857 -- 1944 ) expose , The History of the Standard Oil Company Burton J. Hendrick ( 1870 -- 1949 ) -- `` The Story of Life Insurance '' May -- November 1906 McClure 's magazine Westbrook Pegler ( 1894 -- 1969 ) -- exposed crime in labor unions in 1940s I.F. Stone ( 1907 -- 1989 ) -- McCarthyism and Vietnam War , published newsletter , I.F. Stone 's Weekly George Seldes ( 1890 -- 1995 ) -- Freedom of the Press ( 1935 ) and Lords of the Press ( 1938 ) , blacklisted during the 1950s period of McCarthyism Contemporary muckrakers ( edit ) Wayne Barrett -- investigative journalist , senior editor of the Village Voice ; wrote on mystique and misdeeds in Rudy Giuliani 's conduct as mayor of New York City , Grand Illusion : The Untold Story of Rudy Giuliani and 9 / 11 ( 2006 ) Richard Behar -- investigative journalist , two - time winner of the ' Jack Anderson Award ' . Anderson himself once praised Behar as `` one of the most dogged of our watchdogs '' Juan Gonzalez ( journalist ) -- investigative reporter , columnist in New York Daily News ; authored book on Rudy Giuliani and George W. Bush administration 's handling of the aftermath of the September 11 , 2001 attacks in New York City and illnesses from Ground Zero dust : Fallout : The Environmental Consequences of the World Trade Center Collapse ( 2004 ) John Howard Griffin ( 1920 -- 1980 ) -- white journalist who disguised himself as a black man to write about racial injustice in the south Seymour Hersh -- My Lai massacre , Israeli nuclear weapons program , Henry Kissinger , the Kennedys , 2003 invasion of Iraq , Abu Ghraib abuses Malcolm Johnson -- exposed organized crime on the New York waterfront Jonathan Kwitny ( 1941 -- 1998 ) -- wrote numerous investigative articles for The Wall Street Journal Jack Newfield -- muckraking columnist ; wrote for New York Post ; and wrote The Full Rudy : The Man , the Myth , the Mania ( about Rudy Giuliani ) ( 2003 ) and other titles Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein -- breakthrough journalists for Washington Post on the Watergate scandal ; authors of All the President 's Men , non-fiction account of the scandal Yellow journalism ( edit ) Yellow journalism is a pejorative reference to journalism that features scandal - mongering , sensationalism , jingoism or other unethical or unprofessional practices by news media organizations or individual journalists . The term originated during the circulation battles between Joseph Pulitzer 's New York World and William Randolph Hearst 's New York Journal from 1895 to about 1898 , and can refer specifically to this period . Both papers were accused by critics of sensationalizing the news in order to drive up circulation , although the newspapers did serious reporting as well . The New York Press coined the term `` Yellow Journalism '' in early 1897 to describe the papers of Pulitzer and Hearst . Origins : Pulitzer V. Hearst ( edit ) Joseph Pulitzer purchased the World in 1882 after making the St. Louis Post-Dispatch the dominant daily in that city . The publisher had gotten his start editing a German - language publication in St. Louis , and saw a great untapped market in the nation 's immigrant classes . Pulitzer strove to make The World an entertaining read , and filled his paper with pictures , games and contests that drew in readers , particularly those who used English as a second language . Crime stories filled many of the pages , with headlines like `` Was He A Suicide ? '' and `` Screaming for Mercy '' . Pulitzer provided a bargain : he only charged two cents per issue but gave readers eight and sometimes 12 pages of information ( the only other two - cent paper in the city never exceeded four pages ) . While there were many sensational stories in the World , they were by no means the only pieces , or even the dominant ones . Pulitzer believed that newspapers were public institutions with a duty to improve society , and he put the World in the service of social reform . During a heat wave in 1883 , World reporters went into the Manhattan 's tenements , writing stories about the appalling living conditions of immigrants and the toll the heat took on the children . Stories headlined `` How Babies Are Baked '' and `` Lines of Little Hearses '' spurred reform and drove up circulation . Just two years after Pulitzer took it over , the World became the highest circulation newspaper in New York , aided in part by its strong ties to the Democratic Party . Older publishers , envious of Pulitzer 's success , began criticizing the World , harping on its crime stories and stunts while ignoring its more serious reporting -- trends that influenced the popular perception of yellow journalism , both then and now . Charles Dana , editor of the New York Sun , attacked the World and said Pulitzer was `` deficient in judgment and in staying power . '' Pulitzer 's approach made an impression on William Randolph Hearst , a mining heir who acquired the San Francisco Examiner from his father in 1887 . Hearst read the World while studying at Harvard University and resolved to make the Examiner as bright as Pulitzer 's paper . Under his leadership , the Examiner devoted 24 percent of its space to crime , presenting the stories as morality plays , and sprinkled adultery and `` nudity '' ( by 19th century standards ) on the front page . A month after taking over the paper , the Examiner ran this headline about a hotel fire : HUNGRY , FRANTIC FLAMES . They Leap Madly Upon the Splendid Pleasure Palace by the Bay of Monterey , Encircling Del Monte in Their Ravenous Embrace From Pinnacle to Foundation . Leaping Higher , Higher , Higher , With Desperate Desire . Running Madly Riotous Through Cornice , Archway and Facade . Rushing in Upon the Trembling Guests with Savage Fury . Appalled and Panic - Striken the Breathless Fugitives Gaze Upon the Scene of Terror . The Magnificent Hotel and Its Rich Adornments Now a Smoldering heap of Ashes . The `` Examiner '' Sends a Special Train to Monterey to Gather Full Details of the Terrible Disaster . Arrival of the Unfortunate Victims on the Morning 's Train -- A History of Hotel del Monte -- The Plans for Rebuilding the Celebrated Hostelry -- Particulars and Supposed Origin of the Fire . Hearst could go overboard in his crime coverage ; one of his early pieces , regarding a `` band of murderers '' , attacked the police for forcing Examiner reporters to do their work for them . But while indulging in these stunts , the Examiner also increased its space for international news , and sent reporters out to uncover municipal corruption and inefficiency . In one celebrated story , Examiner reporter Winifred Black was admitted into a San Francisco hospital and discovered that indigent women were treated with `` gross cruelty '' . The entire hospital staff was fired the morning the piece appeared . New York ( edit ) With the Examiner 's success established by the early 1890s , Hearst began shopping for a New York newspaper . Hearst purchased the New York Journal in 1895 , a penny paper that Pulitzer 's brother Albert had sold to a Cincinnati publisher the year before . Metropolitan newspapers started going after department store advertising in the 1890s , and discovered the larger circulation base , the better . This drove Hearst ; following Pulitzer 's earlier strategy , he kept the Journal 's price at one cent ( compared to The Worlds two cent price ) while doubling the size to 16 pages . Crime news featured big bold headlines , and startling graphic art . The approach worked , and as the Journals circulation jumped to 150,000 , Pulitzer had to cut his price to a penny , hoping to drive his young competitor ( who was subsidized by his family 's fortune ) into bankruptcy . In a counterattack , Hearst raided the staff of the World in 1896 . In the 1880s Pulitzer had annoyed his rivals when he raided their staffs ; now it was his turn . Hearst picked off the best journalists , especially those who considered Pulitzer difficult man to work for . Although the competition between the World and the Journal was fierce , the papers were temperamentally alike . Both were Democratic , both were sympathetic to labor and immigrants ( a sharp contrast to publishers like the New York Tribune 's Whitelaw Reid , who blamed their poverty on moral defects ) , and both invested enormous resources in their Sunday publications , which functioned like weekly magazines , going beyond the normal scope of daily journalism . Their Sunday entertainment features included the first color comic strip pages , and some theorize that the term yellow journalism originated there , while as noted above the New York Press left the term it invented undefined . The Yellow Kid , a comic strip revolving around a bald child in a yellow nightshirt , became exceptionally popular when cartoonist Richard Outcault began drawing it in the World in early 1896 . When Hearst predictably hired Outcault away , Pulitzer asked artist George Luks to continue the strip with his characters , giving the city two Yellow Kids . The use of `` yellow journalism '' as a synonym for over-the - top sensationalism in the U.S. apparently started with more serious newspapers commenting on the excesses of `` the Yellow Kid papers '' . Spanish -- American war ( edit ) Pulitzer and Hearst are often credited ( or blamed ) for drawing the nation into the Spanish -- American War with sensationalist stories or outright lying . In fact , the vast majority of Americans did not live in New York City , and the decision makers who did live there probably relied more on staid newspapers like the Times , the Sun or the Post . The most famous example of the exaggeration is the apocryphal story that artist Frederic Remington telegrammed Hearst to tell him all was quiet in Cuba and `` There will be no war . '' Hearst responded `` Please remain . You furnish the pictures and I 'll furnish the war . '' The story ( a version of which appears in the Hearst - inspired Orson Welles ' film Citizen Kane ) first appeared in the memoirs of reporter James Creelman in 1901 , and there is no other source for it . But Hearst was a war hawk after a rebellion broke out in Cuba in 1895 . Stories of Cuban virtue and Spanish brutality soon dominated his front page . While the accounts were of dubious accuracy , the newspaper readers of the 19th century did not need , or necessarily want , his stories to be pure nonfiction . Historian Michael Robertson has said that `` Newspaper reporters and readers of the 1890s were much less concerned with distinguishing among fact - based reporting , opinion and literature . '' Pulitzer 's treatment in the World emphasizes horrible explosion Hearst 's treatment was more effective and focused on the enemy who set the bomb -- and offered a huge reward to readers Hearst 's treatment was more effective and focused on the enemy who set the bomb -- and offered a huge reward to readers . Pulitzer , though lacking Hearst 's resources , kept the story on his front page . The yellow press covered the revolution extensively and often inaccurately , but conditions on Cuba were horrific enough . The island was in a terrible economic depression , and Spanish general Valeriano Weyler , sent to crush the rebellion , herded Cuban peasants into concentration camps and caused hundreds of thousands of deaths . Having clamored for a fight for two years , Hearst took credit for the conflict when it came : A week after the United States declared war on Spain , he ran `` How do you like the Journal 's war ? '' on his front page . In fact , President William McKinley never read the Journal , and newspapers like the Tribune and the New York Evening Post , both staunchly Republican , demanded restraint . Moreover , journalism historians have noted that yellow journalism was largely confined to New York City , and that newspapers in the rest of the country did not follow their lead . The Journal and the World were not among the top ten sources of news in regional papers , and the stories simply did not make a splash outside Gotham . War came because public opinion was sickened by the bloodshed , and because conservative leaders like McKinley realized that Spain had lost control of Cuba . These factors weighed more on the president 's mind than the melodramas in the New York Journal . Hearst sailed directly to Cuba , when the invasion began , as a war correspondent , providing sober and accurate accounts of the fighting . Creelman later praised the work of the reporters for exposing the horrors of Spanish misrule , arguing , `` no true history of the war ... can be written without an acknowledgment that whatever of justice and freedom and progress was accomplished by the Spanish -- American War was due to the enterprise and tenacity of yellow journalists , many of whom lie in unremembered graves . '' After the war ( edit ) Hearst placed his newspapers at the service of the Democrats during the 1900 presidential election . He later campaigned for his party 's presidential nomination , but lost much of his personal prestige when columnist Ambrose Bierce and editor Arthur Brisbane published separate columns months apart that called for the assassination of McKinley . When McKinley was shot on September 6 , 1901 , the Republican press went livid , accusing Hearst of driving Leon Czolgosz to the deed . Hearst did not know of Bierce 's column and claimed to have pulled Brisbane 's after it ran in a first edition , but the incident would haunt him for the rest of his life and all but destroyed his presidential ambitions . Pulitzer , haunted by his `` yellow sins '' , returned the World to its crusading roots as the new century dawned . By the time of his death in 1911 , the World was a widely respected publication , and would remain a leading progressive paper until its demise in 1931 . In popular culture ( edit ) In many movies , sitcoms and other works of fiction , reporters often use yellow journalism against the main character , which typically works to set up the reporter character as an antagonist . This is done so often that it is sometimes considered to be a cliché . For instance in the Spider - Man franchise , publisher J. Jonah Jameson spitefully and constantly smears the superhero in his Daily Bugle despite having his suspicions repeatedly proven wrong . Likewise , in the 1997 James Bond movie Tomorrow Never Dies , the deranged media magnate and main antagonist Elliot Carver ( played by Jonathan Pryce ) tries to start a war between Great Britain and China via sensationalized news stories ; in the movie , he even alludes to Hearst 's role in the Spanish -- American War , using the apocryphal quote `` You provide the pictures and I 'll provide the war '' as an excuse to prove that his plot is not new . ( This quotation is also in Orson Welles ' classic film Citizen Kane . ) In Thomas Harris ' novel Red Dragon , from the Hannibal Lecter series , a sleazy yellow journalist named Freddy Lounds , who writes for the National Tattler tabloid , is tortured and set aflame for penning a negative article about serial killer Francis Dolarhyde . In the movie Bob Roberts , Senator Roberts characterises media investigations into his business dealings ( and particularly the links between his anti-drugs charity and CIA drug trafficking ) as `` yellow journalism '' . Ethnic press ( edit ) While the English language press served the general population , practically every ethnic group had its own newspapers in their own language . Many immigrant populations in the 19th century were drawn to the rich farmlands of the Great Plains states such as Minnesota , Nebraska , and Iowa . In small communities that drew large influxes of specific ethnic groups community newspapers became a place where political and religious interests could be promoted in familiar languages . Many of these papers also wanted to embody the spirit of American democracy within their readers . One paper committed to ensuring all Danish - American citizens took part and exercised their rights was the Den Danske Pionerr or The Danish Pioneer in translation . This paper was backed by Sophus F. Neble a Danish immigrant who had failed at dairy farming and instead set to typing and enhancing the paper in Omaha , Nebraska . Under Neble that paper rose to a circulation of 40,000 during World War I . German publishers were one of the most influential immigrant groups in developing the ethnic press . By 1890 there were 1,000 German - language newspapers published each year in the United States . Prior to World War I Germans were accepted as a reputable immigrant group with over five million immigrants moving to the country between 1820 and 1924 . However once America entered the conflict national opinion changed and German culture was no longer welcome in the country . A large amount of anger was focused at German newspapers which some American 's viewed as supporting Germany in the war effort . In October 1917 Congress passed legislation that sought to control foreign - language press . The laws stated that newspapers must translate all printed material concerning the war . The German papers nearly all folded in World War I , and after 1950 the other ethnic groups had largely dropped foreign language papers . This drop of foreign - press publications during World War I was not only felt by German - Americans . In 1915 the circulation of the daily Yiddish newspapers was half a million in New York City alone , and 600,000 nationally . In addition thousands more subscribed to the numerous weekly papers and the many magazines . Representative was the situation in Chicago , where the Polish Americans sustained diverse political cultures , each with its own newspaper . In 1920 the community had a choice of five daily papers - from the Socialist Dziennik Ludowy ( People 's daily ) ( 1907 -- 25 ) to the Polish Roman Catholic Union 's Dziennik Zjednoczenia ( Union daily ) ( 1921 -- 39 ) - all of which supported workers ' struggles for better working conditions and were part of a broader program of cultural and educational activities . The decision to subscribe to a particular paper reaffirmed a particular ideology or institutional network based on ethnicity and class , which lent itself to different alliances and different strategies . Most papers preached assimilation into middle class American values and supported Americanization programs , but still included news of the home country . After 1965 , there was a large surge of new immigration , especially from Asia . They set up few major papers . By the 21st century , over 10 percent of the population was Hispanic . They patronized Spanish - language radio and television , but outside large cities it was hard to find Spanish newspapers , books or magazines for sale . Chains and syndicates , 1900 -- 1960 ( edit ) Ad for the Hearst chain , 1923 E.W. Scripps founder of the first national newspaper chain in the United States , sought in the early years of the 20th century to create syndicated services based on product differentiation while appealing to the needs of his readers . Success , Scripps believed , depended on providing what competing newspapers did not . To achieve this end while controlling costs and centralizing management , Scripps developed a national wire service ( United Press ' , a news features service ( Newspaper Enterprise Association ) , and other services . Scripps successfully reached a large market at low costs in new and different ways and captured the interests of a wider range of readers , especially women who were more interested in features than in political news . However , the local editors lost a degree of autonomy and local news coverage diminished significantly . In part to aid in his political ambitions , Hearst opened newspapers in other cities , among them Chicago , Los Angeles and Boston . By the mid-1920s he had a nationwide string of 28 newspapers , among them the Los Angeles Examiner , the Boston American , the Chicago Examiner , the Detroit Times , the Seattle Post-Intelligencer and the Washington Times and Washington Herald and his flagship the San Francisco Examiner . In 1924 he opened the New York Daily Mirror , a racy tabloid frankly imitating the New York Daily News . Among his other holdings were the magazines Cosmopolitan , and Harper 's Bazaar ; two news services , Universal News and International News Service ; King Features Syndicate ; and a film company , Cosmopolitan Productions , as well as real estate . Hearst used his influence to help Franklin D. Roosevelt win the 1932 Democratic nomination . However he broke with Roosevelt in 1935 because Roosevelt did not want to fund the veterans ' bonus . After that the Hearst chain became the bitter enemy of the New Deal from the right . The other major chains likewise were hostile , and in 1936 Roosevelt had the support of only 10 % of the nation 's newspapers ( by circulation ) . Competition : television and Internet , 1970 -- present ( edit ) Main article : Decline of newspapers § United States A 2015 report from the Brookings Institution shows that the number of newspapers per hundred million population fell from 1,200 ( in 1945 ) to 400 in 2014 . Over that same period , circulation per capita declined from 35 percent in the mid-1940s to under 15 percent . The number of newspaper journalists has decreased from 43,000 in 1978 to 33,000 in 2015 . Other traditional news media have also suffered . Since 1980 the television networks have lost half their audience for evening newscasts ; the audience for radio news has shrunk by 40 % . Rapid decline in circulation ( edit ) The circulation of the nation 's daily newspapers plunged since 2006 , in one of the sharpest declines in recent history . The slide continues a decades - long trend and adds to the woes of a mature industry already struggling with layoffs and facing the potential sale of some of its flagships . In addition newsstand sales of magazines fell more than 4 percent , to about 48.7 million copies . Among domestic newsweeklies , Time magazine reported the biggest drop . Analysts pointed to the increased use of the Internet , noting that more people in 2006 read the New York Times online than on paper . Newspaper readership goes up with education , and education levels are rising . That favorable trend is offset by the choice of people in each age group to read fewer papers . The decline in readership and revenues continued into 2014 . American dailies lost 60 % of their ad revenue -- $30 billion -- between 2005 and 2014 . The typical response is a drastic cut in the employment of journalists . Their numbers also fell 60 % from about 50,000 in 2005 to 20,000 in 2014 . Corporate turmoil ( edit ) After 1950 newspaper readership grew slower than the population . After 1990 the number of readers started to decline . The number of papers also declined , especially as afternoon papers collapsed in the face of television news . However sales of advertising remained strong and profits were still high . In 2002 , newspapers reported advertising revenues of $44 billion . According to Morton Research , a market analysis firm , in 2003 , the 13 major publicly traded newspaper companies earned an average pretax profit margin of 19 percent . From 1987 to 2003 showed an industry in transition . Although 305 newspapers ceased daily publication during this period , 64 % of these newspapers continued to serve their markets as weeklies , merged dailies , or zoned editions . The 111 dailies that went out of business were offset by 63 dailies that started publication . In effect , the newspaper industry lost service in 48 markets during 17 years . After 2003 the process speeded up , as revenue from advertising fell and circulation declined , as more people relied on the internet for news . Spanish and Asian language newspapers ( edit ) The first Spanish - language newspapers in the United States were El Misisipí and El Mensagero Luisianés , which began publication in New Orleans in 1808 and 1809 . La Gaceta de Texas and El Mexicano , the first newspapers in what is now considered the Southwest , were written and typeset in Nacogdoches , Texas but printed in Natchitoches , Louisiana in 1813 . They supported the Mexican independence movement . The Latino Print Network estimated the combined circulation of all Hispanic newspapers in the United States at 16.2 million in 2003 . Mainstream ( English ) daily newspapers owned 46 Hispanic publications -- nearly all of them weeklies -- that have a combined circulation of 2.9 million . From 1990 to 2000 , the number of Hispanic newspapers alone nearly doubled from 355 to 652 In 1976 the Miami Herald started El Herald , a one - page Spanish insert that was reborn in 1987 as El Nuevo Herald , a daily supplement to the Miami Herald . El Nuevo Herald became independent of the Herald in 1998 and by 2003 had an average daily circulation of 90,300 . In 1981 , the Gannett chain entered daily Spanish publishing when it bought El Diario / La Prensa , a 52,000 - circulation New York City tabloid that is the nation 's oldest Spanish daily . The Tribune Co. , Belo Corp. and Knight Ridder launched daily Spanish - language papers in 2003 . Hispanic - oriented newspapers and magazines generated $1.3 billion in revenue in 2002 . By comparison , the operating revenue that year for Knight Ridder 's 32 papers was $2.8 billion . Readership remains small , however . New York City already had two Spanish - language dailies with a combined circulation of about 100,000 , as well as papers from Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic and a score of weeklies . But Louis Sito said their `` circulation levels were very , very minimal when compared to the population size . '' ( New York , population 8 million , is 27 percent Hispanic ; the Bronx , 1.3 million , is 48 percent Hispanic . ) Sito urged Newsday publisher Raymond A. Jansen to launch a daily instead of a weekly , and Hoy premiered on November 16 , 1998 , with a circulation of 25,000 . By 2003 , Hoy sold 91,000 copies a day in the New York metro area . The Dallas - Fort Worth market contains 1.3 million Latinos -- 22 percent of the population and growing ( estimated to reach 38 percent by 2006 ) . The Dallas Morning News developed Al Día to entice that audience . The Monday - through - Saturday paper debuted in September 2003 with a staff of 50 , an initial circulation of 40,000 and a newsstand price of 25 cents . Diario La Estrella began in 1994 as a dual - language insert of the Fort Worth Star - Telegram and first grew into an all - Spanish stand - alone paper with a twice - weekly total circulation of 75,000 copies distributed free via newsstands and selective home delivery . With the notable exception of Viet Mercury , a now - defunct , 35,000 - circulation weekly Vietnamese - language paper published by Knight Ridder 's San Jose Mercury News , U.S. media companies have generally eschewed the Asian market even though daily papers in Chinese , Korean or Vietnamese are thriving in New York , San Francisco , Los Angeles and other cities . The Mandarin - language World Journal , which distributes from San Francisco to Toronto and states a circulation ( unaudited ) of 350,000 . World Journal ; its biggest competitor , Sing Tao ( 181,000 circulation unaudited ) ; and Korea Times ( 254,000 , also unaudited ) are owned by international media giants based in Taiwan , Hong Kong and Seoul , respectively . In 2014 , Connecting Cleveland , a four - page paper with stories in English and Nepali was launched to serve Nepali - speaking Bhutanese families in the Cleveland , Ohio area . See also ( edit ) History of journalism History of newspaper publishing Irish American journalism Mass media and American politics Preservation ( library and archival science ) , for preservation of old copies References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pavlik , McIntosh , John V. , Shawn . Converging Media . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Alison Olson , `` The Zenger Case Revisited : Satire , Sedition and Political Debate in Eighteenth Century America . '' Early American Literature ( 2000 ) 35 # 3 pp : 223 - 245 . online Jump up ^ Williard Grosvenor Bleyer , `` The beginning of the Franklins ' New - England Courant . '' Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 4.2 ( 1927 ) : 1 + Jump up ^ Frasca , Ralph ( 1997 ) . `` Benjamin Franklin 's Journalism '' . Fides et Historia. 29 ( 1 ) : 60 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Ralph Frasca , Benjamin Franklin 's Printing Network : Disseminating Virtue in Early America ( 2006 ) excerpt and text search Jump up ^ Ira L. Baker , `` Elizabeth Timothy : America 's First Woman Editor , '' `` Journalism Quarterly ( 1977 ) 54 # 2 pp 280 - 285 . Jump up ^ Ralph Frasca , `` ' The Partnership at Carolina Having succeeded , was Encourag 'd to Engage in Others ' : The Genesis of Benjamin Franklin 's Printing Network , '' Southern Studies : An Interdisciplinary Journal of the South ( 2006 ) , Vol. 13 Issue 1 / 2 , pp 1 - 23 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jeffery A. ( 1993 ) . `` Impartiality and Revolutionary Ideology : Editorial Policies of the ' South - Carolina Gazette , ' 1732 - 1735 '' . Journal of Southern History . 49 ( 4 ) : 511 -- 526 . Jump up ^ Frasca , Ralph ( 2003 ) . `` ' I am now about to establish a small Printing Office ... at Newhaven '' : Benjamin Franklin and the First Newspaper in Connecticut `` . Connecticut History . 44 ( 1 ) : 77 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Robert Manson Myers , `` The Old Dominion Looks to London : A Study of English Literary Influences upon '' The Virginia Gazettte `` ( 1736 - 1766 ) . '' The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 54.3 ( 1946 ) : 195 - 217 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Carol Sue Humphrey , The American Revolution and the Press : The Promise of Independence ( Northwestern University Press ; 2013 ) Jump up ^ Stella F. Duff , `` The Case Against the King : The Virginia Gazettes Indict George III . '' William and Mary Quarterly 6 # 3 ( 1949 ) : 383-397.in JSTOR Jump up ^ York , Neil L. ( 1995 ) . `` Tag - Team Polemics : The ' Centinel ' and his Allies in the Massachusetts Spy '' . Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society . 107 : 85 -- 114 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Arthur M. ( 1954 ) . `` A Note on Songs as Patriot Propaganda 1765 - 1776 '' . William and Mary Quarterly . 11 ( 1 ) : 78 -- 88 . doi : 10.2307 / 1923150 . JSTOR 1923150 . Jump up ^ for full details see Gillian B. Anderson , Freedom 's Voice in Poetry and Song . Part 1 , An Inventory of Political and Patriotic Lyrics in Colonial American Newspapers , 1773 - 1783 . Part 2 , Song Book ( 1977 ) , 888pp Jump up ^ Staff . `` NEW JERSEY LOSES OLDEST PAPER '' , The Palm Beach Post , January 3 , 1992 . Accessed March 21 , 2012 . `` The Daily Journal , the state 's oldest newspaper , will close Friday after losing money for two years . Publisher Richard J. Vezza would n't say how much money the 212 - year - old newspaper had lost . Most of its 84 employees will be laid off . '' Jump up ^ `` Benjamin Towne : The Precarious Career of a Persistent Printer '' . Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 89 ( 3 ) . July 1965 . JSTOR 20089817 . Jump up ^ Charles G. Steffen , `` Newspapers for Free : The Economies of Newspaper Circulation in the Early Republic , '' Journal of the Early Republic , Fall 2003 , Vol. 23 Issue 3 , pp 381 - 419 Jump up ^ Lora , Ronald ( 1999 ) . The Conservative Press in Eighteenth - and Nineteenth - century America . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 103 -- 111 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 31043 - 2 . Jump up ^ Pasley , Jeffrey L. ( 2000 ) . `` The Two National Gazettes '' . Early American Literature. 35 ( 1 ) : 51 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Charles Warren , Jacobin and Junto , ( 1931 ) pp 90 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Noble Cunningham , The Jeffersonian Republicans : 1789 -- 1801 ( 1957 ) p 167 Jump up ^ citation needed Jump up ^ Brazeal , Donald K. ( 2005 ) . `` Precursor to Modern Media Hype : The 1830s Penny Press '' . Journal of American Culture . 28 ( 4 ) : 405 -- 414 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1542 - 734x. 2005.00243. x . Jump up ^ James L. Crouthamel , `` James Gordon Bennett , the '' New York Herald `` , and the Development of Newspaper Sensationalism . '' New York History ( 1973 ) : 294 - 316 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ James L. Crouthamel , Bennett 's New York Herald and the rise of the popular press ( 1989 ) in Google Jump up ^ Edwin H. Ford and Edwin Emery , eds. ( 1954 ) . Highlights in the History of the American Press : A Book of Readings . U of Minnesota Press . p. 153 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Epstein , Pamela ( 2012 ) . `` ' Villainous Little Paragraphs , ' '' . Media History . 18 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 32 . doi : 10.1080 / 13688804.2011. 632197 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Marshall , `` The Rural Newspaper and the Circulation of Information and Culture in New York and the Antebellum North , '' New York History , Spring 2007 , Vol. 88 Issue 2 , pp 133 - 151 , Jump up ^ O'Neil , Tim ( April 5 , 2104 ) . `` St. Louis gets its First Newspaper in 1808 '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . St. Louis Today . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Walter , Katherine . `` About Nebraska palladium '' . Nebraska Newspaper . University of Nebraska - Lincoln . Jump up ^ Mott , Frank Luther ( 1962 ) . American Journalism : A History , 1690 - 1960 . New York , NY : Macmillan . Jump up ^ Jonathan Silberstein - Loeb , `` Exclusivity and Cooperation in the Supply of News : The Example of the Associated Press , 1893 -- 1945 , '' Journal of Policy History ( 2012 ) 24 # 3 pp 466 - 498 Jump up ^ Victor Rosewater , History of Cooperative News Gathering in the United States ( 1930 ) Jump up ^ J. Steven Smethers , `` Pounding Brass for the Associated Press : Delivering News by Telegraph in a Pre-Teletype Era . '' American Journalism 19 # 2 ( 2002 ) : 13 - 30 . Jump up ^ Richard A. Schwarzlose , The Nation 's Newsbrokers . Vol. 1 : The Formative Years , from Pretelegraph to 1865 ( 1989 ) ; Nation 's Newsbrokers Volume 2 : The Rush to Institution : From 1865 to 1920 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Stewart , Daxton R. ( 2012 ) . `` Freedom 's Vanguard : Horace Greeley on Threats to Press Freedom in the Early Years of the Penny Press '' . American Journalism. 29 ( 1 ) : 60 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Whitelaw Reid , American and English Studies , Vol. II ( 1913 ) , pp. 258 - 60 Jump up ^ Mark Wahlgren Summers , The press gang : newspapers and politics , 1865 - 1878 ( 1994 ) online Jump up ^ Matthew T. Downey , `` Horace Greeley and the Politicians : The Liberal Republican Convention in 1872 . '' Journal of American History ( 1967 ) 53 # 4 pp : 727 - 750 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Stephen L. Vaughn , ed. , Encyclopedia of American journalism ( 2007 ) p 441 . Jump up ^ Richard H. Abbott , For Free Press and Equal Rights : Republican Newspapers in the Reconstruction South ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Arthur Meier Schlesinger , The Rise of the City : 1878 - 1898 ( 1933 ) pp 185 - 87 Jump up ^ Allan Nevins , The Emergence of Modern America : 1865 - 1878 ( 1927 ) pp 240 - 41 Jump up ^ Walter , Katherine . `` Publishing History of Newspapers in Nebraska '' . Nebraska Newspapers . University of Nebraska - Lincoln . Jump up ^ Mark Neuzil , `` Hearst , Roosevelt , and the Muckrake Speech of 1906 : A New Perspective . '' Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 73 # 1 ( 1996 ) pp : 29 - 39 . Jump up ^ W. Joseph Campbell , Yellow journalism : Puncturing the myths , defining the legacies ( Greenwood , 2001 ) Jump up ^ Gary S. Messinger ( 2011 ) . The Battle for the Mind : War and Peace in the Era of Mass Communication . U of Massachusetts Press . p. 5 . ISBN 1558498532 . Jump up ^ Christopher H. Sterling ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Journalism vol 4 . SAGE . p. 1343 . ISBN 9781452261522 . Jump up ^ Denis Brian ( 2002 ) . Pulitzer : A Life . Wiley . p. 70 . ISBN 9780471217336 . Jump up ^ David Nasaw ( 2001 ) . The Chief : The Life of William Randolph Hearst . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 77 . ISBN 0618154469 . Jump up ^ Ben Procter ( 1998 ) . William Randolph Hearst : The Early Years , 1863 - 1910 . Oxford UP . p. 49 . ISBN 9780195354584 . Jump up ^ Jean Marie Lutes ( 2007 ) . Front Page Girls : Women Journalists in American Culture and Fiction , 1880 - 1930 . Cornell UP . p. 33 . ISBN 0801474124 . Jump up ^ Nancy Frazier ( 1989 ) . William Randolph Hearst : Press Baron . Silver Burdett Press . p. 42 . ISBN 9780382095856 . Jump up ^ Robert Miraldi ( 2014 ) . The Pen Is Mightier : The Muckraking Life of Charles Edward Russell . St. Martin 's Press . p. 88 . ISBN 9781466886469 . Jump up ^ Joseph W. Campbell , The Year That Defined American Journalism : 1897 and the Clash of Paradigms ( Routledge , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ W. David Sloan ; Lisa Mullikin Parcell ( 2002 ) . American Journalism : History , Principles , Practices . McFarland . p. 345 . ISBN 9780786413713 . Jump up ^ Marion Tuttle , Marzolf ( 1987 ) . `` The Danish Press '' . In Miller , Sally M. The Ethnic Press in the United States : A Historical Analysis and Handbook . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . pp. 61 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Weinryb Grohsgal , Leah ( July 1 , 2104 ) . `` Chronicling America 's Historic German Newspapers and the Growth of the American Ethnic Press '' . National Endowment for the Humanities . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 01 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Valentin Josef Peter '' . Immigrant Entrepreneurship. 2016 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Susan Olzak and Elizabeth West . `` Ethnic conflict and the rise and fall of ethnic newspapers . '' American Sociological Review ( 1991 ) : 458 - 474 . in JSTOR ; Full text online Jump up ^ Yiddish is a dialect of German written in the Hebrew alphabet and based entirely in the Jewish population . Robert Moses Shapiro ( 2003 ) . Why Did n't the Press Shout ? : American & International Journalism During the Holocaust . KTAV . p. 18 . ISBN 9780881257755 . Jump up ^ Jon Bekken , `` Negotiating Class and Ethnicity : the Polish - language Press in Chicago . '' Polish American Studies 2000 57 ( 2 ) : 5 - 29 . ISSN 0032 - 2806 Jump up ^ Steven Hawson ( 2007 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to Intermediate Spanish , 2nd ed . DK Publishing . p. 62 . ISBN 9781440650550 . Jump up ^ Leara D. Rhodes , The Ethnic Press : Shaping the American Dream ( Peter Lang Publishing ; 2010 ) Jump up ^ Gerald J. Baldasty , `` Centralizing Control in Newspaper Chains : E.W. Scripps and the Newspaper Enterprise Association , 1902 -- 1908 , '' American Journalism , April 2001 , Vol. 18 Issue 2 , pp 13 -- 38 Jump up ^ Elaine C. Kamarck and Ashley Gabriele , `` The news today : 7 trends in old and new media '' Center for Effective Public Management at Brookings , November 10 , 2015 Jump up ^ Katharine Q. Seelye , `` Newspaper Circulation Falls Sharply '' , New York Times October 31 , 2006 . online and Journalism.org The State of the News Media 2004 ( 2005 ) online at ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Up against the paywall '' The Economist ( 21 Nov 2015 ) p 62 Jump up ^ see ( journalism.org ( 2005 ) ) Jump up ^ Hiromi Cho et al. , `` An Industry in Transition : Entry and Exit in Daily Newspaper Markets , 1987 - 2003 , '' Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly , Summer 2006 , Vol. 83 Issue 2 , pp. 381 -- 396 Jump up ^ Kanellos , Nicolas ( 2000 ) . Hispanic Periodicals in the United States , Origins to 1960 : A Brief History . Houston : Arte Publico Press . pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Tim Porter , `` Dismantling the Language Barrier '' American Journalism Review October / November 2003 online Jump up ^ Smith , Robert L ( 2014 - 07 - 24 ) . `` Nepali teen launches newspaper to guide his community in the Cleveland tradition '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 24 . this article copies from The Cambridge History of English and American Literature in 18 Volumes ( 1907 -- 21 ) . VOLUME XV . Colonial and Revolutionary Literature ; Early National Literature , Part I. Colonial Newspapers and Magazines , 1704 -- 1775 by Elizabeth Christine Cook ( 1917 ) and from ibid . Newspapers , 1775 -- 1860 by Frank W. Scott ( 1917 ) . This material is copyright - expired and is in the public domain Further reading ( edit ) General : scholarly secondary sources ( edit ) Barnhurst , Kevin G. , and John Nerone . The Form of News , A History ( 2001 ) Blanchard , Margaret A. , ed . History of the Mass Media in the United States , An Encyclopedia . ( 1998 ) Brennen , Bonnie and Hanno Hardt , eds . Picturing the Past : Media , History and Photography. ( 1999 ) Caswell , Lucy Shelton , ed . Guide to Sources in American Journalism History . ( 1989 ) Daly Christopher B. Covering America : A Narrative History of a Nation 's Journalism ( University of Massachusetts Press ; 2012 ) 544 pages ; identifies five distinct periods since the colonial era . Emery , Michael , Edwin Emery , and Nancy L. Roberts . The Press and America : An Interpretive History of the Mass Media 9th ed. ( 1999 ) , standard textbook ; best place to start . Kotler , Johathan and Miles Beller . American Datelines : Major News Stories from Colonial Times to the Present. ( 2003 ) Kuypers , Jim A. Partisan Journalism : A History of Media Bias in the United States . ( 2014 ) . ISBN 978 - 1442225930 McKerns , Joseph P. , ed . Biographical Dictionary of American Journalism. ( 1989 ) Marzolf , Marion . Up From the Footnote : A History of Women Journalists. ( 1977 ) Miller , Sally M. The Ethnic Press in the United States : A Historical Analysis and Handbook . ( 1987 ) Mott , Frank Luther . American Journalism : A History of Newspapers in the United States , 1690 -- 1960 ( 3rd ed. 1962 ) . major reference source and interpretive history . Nord , David Paul . Communities of Journalism : A History of American Newspapers and Their Readers . ( 2001 ) Pride , Armistead S. and Clint C. Wilson . A History of the Black Press . ( 1997 ) Schudson , Michael . Discovering the News : A Social History of American Newspapers. ( 1978 ) . Sloan , W. David and Lisa Mullikin Parcell , eds. ( 2002 ) . American Journalism : History , Principles , Practices . McFarland . ISBN 9780786451555 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Sloan , W. David , James G. Stovall , and James D. Startt . The Media in America : A History , 4th ed. ( 1999 ) Startt , James D. and W. David Sloan . Historical Methods in Mass Communication . ( 1989 ) Streitmatter , Rodger . Mightier Than the Sword : How the News Media Have Shaped American History ( 1997 ) Suggs Henry L. , ed . The Black Press in the South , 1865 -- 1979 ( 1983 ) Vaughn , Stephen L. , ed . Encyclopedia of American journalism ( Routledge , 2007 ) Historiography ( edit ) Brennen , Bonnie , and Hanno Hardt , eds . American Journalism History Reader ( 2010 ) 31 essays by specialists Conboy , Martin . `` The paradoxes of journalism history . '' Historical Journal of Film , Radio and Television ( 2010 ) 30 # 3 pp : 411 - 420 . online Daly , Chris . `` The Historiography of Journalism History : Part 1 : ' An Overview . ' . '' American Journalism 26 ( 2009 ) : 141 - 147 ; `` The Historiography of Journalism History : Part 2 : ' Toward a New Theory , ' '' American Journalism ( 2009 ) 26 # 1 pp 148 -- 155 , stresses the tension between the imperative form of business model and the dominating culture of news Hampton , Mark , and Martin Conboy . `` Journalism history -- a debate . '' Journalism Studies ( 2014 ) 15 # 2 ( 2014 ) pp : 154 - 171 . online Nevins , Alan . `` American Journalism and Its Historical Treatment , '' Journalism Quarterly ( 1959 ) 36 # 4 pp 411 -- 22 online , evaluates biographies of newspapers Schudson , Michael . `` Toward a troubleshooting manual for journalism history . '' Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly ( 1997 ) 74 # 3 pp : 463 - 476 . online Smith , Carol , and Carolyn Stewart Dyer . `` Taking stock , placing orders : A historiographic essay on the business history of the newspaper . '' ( 1989 ) . online Colonial Origins , Revolution , New nation ( edit ) Copeland , David A. Colonial American Newspapers : Character and Content ( 1997 ) Heyd , Uriel . Reading Newspapers : Press and Public in Eighteenth - Century Britain and America ( Oxford : Voltaire Foundation , 2012 ) 302 pp. online review Sloan , William David and Julie Hedgepeth Williams . The Early American Press , 1690 -- 1783 . ( 1994 ) Humphrey , Carol Sue . The Press of the Young Republic , 1783 -- 1833 ( 1993 ) Pasley . Jeffrey L. `` The Tyranny of Printers '' : Newspaper Politics in the Early Republic ( 2001 ) online review Rafferty , Anne Marie . American Journalism 1690 -- 1904 ( 2004 ) Rutland , Robert A. Newsmongers : Journalism in the Life of the Nation , 1690 -- 1972 ( 1973 ) . Stewart , Donald H. The Opposition Press of the Federalist Period ( 1969 ) Penny press , telegraph and party politics ( edit ) Ames , William E. A History of the National Intelligencer. ( 1972 ) Blondheim Menahem . News over the Wire : The Telegraph and the Flow of Public Information in America , 1844 -- 1897 ( 1994 ) Crouthamel James L. Bennett 's New York Herald and the Rise of the Popular Press ( 1989 ) Davis , Elmer . History of the New York Times , 1851 -- 1921 ( 1921 ) Dicken - Garcia , Hazel . Journalistic Standards in Nineteenth - Century America ( 1989 ) Douglas , George H. The Golden Age of the Newspaper ( 1999 ) online Elliott Robert N. , Jr . The Raleigh Register , 1799 -- 1863 ( 1955 ) Huntzicker , William E. and William David Sloan eds . The Popular Press , 1833 -- 1865 ( 1999 ) online Luxon Norval Neil . Niles ' Weekly Register : News Magazine of the Nineteenth Century ( 1947 ) Lyon , William H. The Pioneer Editor in Missouri 1808 -- 1860 . ( 1965 ) Martin Asa Earl . `` Pioneer Anti-Slavery Press '' , Mississippi Valley Historical Review 2 ( March 1916 ) , 509 -- 528 . online at JSTOR George S. Merriam , Life and Times of Samuel Bowles V. 1 ( 1885 ) Springfield ( Mass . ) Republican Nevins , Allan . The Evening Post : A Century of Journalism ( 1925 ) , New York City Rafferty , Anne Marie . American Journalism 1690 -- 1904 ( 2004 ) Schiller , Dan . Objectivity and the News : The Public and the Rise of Commercial Journalism ( 1981 ) Schwarzlose Richard A . The Nation 's Newsbrokers , vol. 1 , The Formative Years : From Pretelegraph to 1865 ( 1989 ) Shaw Donald Lewis . `` At the Crossroads : Change and Continuity in American Press News 1820 -- 1860 '' , Journalism History 8 : 2 ( Summer 1981 ) , 38 -- 50 . Smith Carol , and Carolyn Stewart Dyer . `` Taking Stock , Placing Orders : A Historiographic Essay on the Business History of the Newspaper '' , Journalism Monographs 132 ( April 1992 ) . Sloan , W. David and James D. Startt . The Gilded Age Press , 1865 -- 1900 ( 2003 ) Steele Janet E. The Sun Shines for All : Journalism and Ideology in the Life of Charles A. Dana . ( 1993 ) the New York Sun Stevens John D. Sensationalism and the New York Press ( 1991 ) Summers , Mark Wahlgren . The Press Gang : Newspapers and Politics , 1865 -- 1878 ( 1994 ) Thomas , Leonard . The Power of the Press : The Birth of American Political Reporting. ( 1986 ) Tucher , Andie . Froth and Scum : Truth , Beauty , Goodness , and the Ax - Murder in America 's First Mass Medium. ( 1994 ) Van Deusen , Glyndon G. ( 1953 ) . Horace Greeley , Nineteenth - Century Crusader . editor of New York Tribune ( 1840 -- 1872 ) Van Deusen , Glyndon G. Thurlow Weed , Wizard of the Lobby ( 1947 ) , Whig editor of Albany Journal Walsh Justin E. To Print the News and Raise Hell ! A Biography of Wilbur F. Storey. ( 1968 ) , Democratic editor Chicago Times Williams Harold A . The Baltimore Sun 1837 -- 1987 . ( 1987 ) Civil war to 1890 ( edit ) Andrews , J. Cutler . The North Reports the Civil War ( 1955 ) , the definitive study Andrews , J. Cutler . The South Reports the Civil War ( 1970 ) the definitive study Crozier , Emmet . Yankee Reporters 1861 -- 1865 ( 1956 ) Fermer Douglas . James Gordon Bennett and the New York Herald : A Study of Editorial Opinion in the Civil War Era 1854 -- 1867 ( 1986 ) Merrill Walter M. Against Wind and Tide : A Biography of William Lloyd Garrison ( 1963 ) Reynolds , Donald E. Editors Make War : Southern Newspapers in the Secession Crisis ( 1970 ) . Sachsman , David B. , et al. , eds . The Civil War and the Press . ( 2000 ) Sanger Donald Bridgman . `` The Chicago Times and the Civil War '' , Mississippi Valley Historical Review 17 ( 1931 ) , 557 -- 580 . A Copperhead newspaper ; online at JSTOR Strauss , Dafnah . `` Ideological closure in newspaper political language during the US 1872 election campaign . '' Journal of Historical Pragmatics 15.2 ( 2014 ) : 255 - 291 . DOI : 10.1075 / jhp. 15.2. 06str online Skidmore Joe . `` The Copperhead Press and the Civil War '' , Journalism Quarterly 16 : 4 ( December 1939 ) , 345 -- 355 . Starr , Louis M. Bohemian Brigade : Civil War Newsmen in Action ( 1954 ) Weisberger , Bernard A. Reporters for the Union ( 1953 ) Yellow journalism & muckrakers : 1890 -- 1920 ( edit ) Muckraker Yellow journalism Brian , Dennis . Pulitzer : A Life ( 2001 ) Campbell , W. Joseph . Yellow Journalism : Puncturing the Myths , Defining the Legacies ( 2003 ) , focus on 1898 Davis , Elmer . History of the New York Times , 1851 -- 1921 ( 1921 ) Filler , Louis . Crusaders for American Liberalism ( 1939 ) Richard Hooker , The Story of an Independent Newspaper ( 1924 ) Springfield Republican in Massachusetts Junger , Richard . Becoming the Second City : Chicago 's Mass News Media , 1833 - 1898 ( University of Illinois Press ; 2011 ) 235 pages ; Kaplan , Richard L. Politics and the American Press : The Rise of Objectivity , 1865 -- 1920 ( 2002 ) Kobre , Sidney . The Yellow Press , and Gilded Age Journalism ( 1964 ) Nasaw , David . The Chief The Life of William Randolph Hearst ( 2000 ) Procter , Ben . William Randolph Hearst : The Early Years , 1863 -- 1910 ( 1998 ) Procter , Ben . William Randolph Hearst : The Later Years , 1911 - 1951 ( 2007 ) . Weinberg , Arthur , and Lila Weinberg . The Muckrakers ( 1961 ) . Whyte , Kenneth . The Uncrowned King : The Sensational Rise of William Randolph Hearst ( 2009 ) . 20th century to present ( edit ) Diamond , Edwin . Behind the Times : Inside the New New York Times ( 1995 ) Fry , John . `` Good Farming -- Clear Thinking -- Right Living '' : Midwestern Farm Newspapers , Social Reform , and Rural Readers in the Early Twentieth Century . '' Agricultural History 78 # 1 ( 2004 ) : 34 - 49 . Gottlieb , Robert and Irene Wolt . Thinking Big : The Story of the Los Angeles Times , Its Publishers and Their Influence on Southern California . ( 1977 ) David Halberstam , The Powers That Be ( 2002 ) on 1970s Harnett , Richard M. and Billy G. Ferguson . Unipress : United Press International : Covering the 20th Century . ( 2001 ) ; it was the main competitor of the Associated press until the 1960s Kluger , Richard . The Paper : The Life and Death of the New York Herald Tribune . ( 1986 ) Liebling , A.J. The Press ( 1961 ) McDougal , Dennis . Privileged Son : Otis Chandler and the Rise and Fall of the L.A. Times Dynasty ( 2001 ) Merritt , Davis . Knightfall : Knight Ridder And How The Erosion Of Newspaper Journalism Is Putting Democracy At Risk ( 2005 ) Nasaw , David . The Chief The Life of William Randolph Hearst ( 2000 ) Scanlon , John J. The Passing of the Springfield Republican ( 1950 ) it folded after 1947 strike online Stacks , John F. Scotty : James B. Reston and the Rise and Fall of American Journalism. ( 2003 ) Wagner , Rob Leicester ( 2000 ) . Red Ink White Lies : The Rise and Fall of Los Angeles Newspapers 1920 - 1962 . Dragonflyer Press . ISBN 0 - 944933 - 80 - 7 . Primary sources ( edit ) Ayer Directory , Newspapers , Magazines and Trade Publications . 1921 . , Comprehensive listings , with circulation data ; 1335 pages . Ford , Edwin H. and Edwin Emery , eds. ( 1954 ) . Highlights in the History of the American Press : A Book of Readings . U of Minnesota Press . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) External links ( edit ) Subscription and Advertising Revenue for U.S. Newspapers , 1880 to 2007 Journalism.org The State of the News Media 2004 ( 2005 ) online Shedden , David . Journalism History Bibliography ( 2005 ) Chicago Foreign Language Press Survey : English translations of 120,000 pages of newspaper articles from Chicago 's foreign language press from 1855 to 1938 . United States Newspaper Program - created to locate , catalog , and preserve American newspapers on microfilm . National Digital Newspaper Program ( NDNP ) lists all papers ; many online for 1900 -- 1910 Collected works of 13 major historical journalists at The Archive of American Journalism University of Pennsylvania Libraries . `` Newspaper Circulation '' . History Research Guides . Current events portal Journalism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_American_newspapers&oldid=846243738 '' Categories : American media history History of mass media American journalism History of newspapers Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 errors : dates Articles that may contain original research from May 2018 All articles that may contain original research All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Slovenčina Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 11 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20American%20newspapers	756
who is the girl dancing with pitbull in timber	Kesha filmed her scenes on November 5 , 2013 while Pitbull filmed his scenes one week later on November 12 , 2013 . The video also features a cameo by Italian model Raffaella Modugno and The Bloody Jug Band , an Orlando - based Americana Group , who perform on stage as the bar 's house band . The beach scenes were filmed in Exuma islands , Bahamas .	Raffaella Modugno	Timber ( Pitbull song )	timber ( pitbull song )		`` Timber '' Single by Pitbull featuring Kesha from the album Meltdown Released October 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 07 ) Format CD single digital download Genre Dance - pop EDM folktronica Length 3 : 24 Label Polo Grounds RCA Mr. 305 Songwriter ( s ) Kesha Sebert Armando C. Pérez Lukasz Gottwald Aaron Davis Arnold Priscilla Hamilton Jamie Sanderson Breyan Stanley Isaac Henry Walter Pebe Sebert Lee Oskar Keri Oskar Greg Errico Steve Arrington Charles Carter Waung Hankerson Roger Parker Producer ( s ) Dr. Luke Cirkut Sermstyle Pitbull singles chronology `` FCK '' ( 2013 ) `` Timber '' ( 2013 ) `` I 'm a Freak '' ( 2014 ) `` FCK '' ( 2013 ) `` Timber '' ( 2013 ) `` I 'm a Freak '' ( 2014 ) Kesha singles chronology `` Crazy Kids '' ( 2013 ) Crazy Kids 2013 `` Timber '' ( 2013 ) Timber2013 `` True Colors '' ( 2016 ) True Colors 2016 `` Timber '' is a song by American rapper Pitbull featuring American recording artist Kesha . The song was released on October 7 , 2013 , as the lead single from Pitbull 's extended play ( EP ) Meltdown . The song was produced by Dr. Luke , Cirkut , and Sermstyle , with additional production by Nick Seeley . The song interpolates Lee Oskar 's 1978 single `` San Francisco Bay '' and features harmonica player Paul Harrington , who plays through the entire song and was told to emulate Oskar . The song peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 for three consecutive weeks and also topped the charts in many other countries , including Canada ( where it stood at No. 1 for eight consecutive weeks ) , Denmark , Germany , the Netherlands , and the United Kingdom . According to the IFPI , the song sold 12.6 million units worldwide in 2014 , including single - track downloads and track - equivalent streams , becoming the sixth best - selling song of that year . Contents 1 Background and composition 2 Chart performance 3 Music video 4 Controversy 5 Track listing 6 Credits and personnel 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 7.3 All - time charts 8 Certifications 9 Release history 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Background and composition ( edit ) Kesha had previously featured Pitbull on remixes of her songs `` Tik Tok '' and `` Crazy Kids '' , and Pitbull has featured Kesha on a 2009 song , `` Girls '' . In an interview in December 2013 , Pitbull said that Rihanna was originally meant to be the featured artist on `` Timber '' , but she had already been asked to be the featured artist on Shakira 's `` Ca n't Remember to Forget You '' and did not have time to record `` Timber '' . `` Timber '' is a dance - pop , EDM and folktronica song with elements of country . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Kobalt Music Publishing , the song is set in common time with a moderately fast tempo of 130 beats per minute . The song is written in the key of G ♯ minor and follows a chord sequence of G ♯ m -- B -- F ♯ -- E. Kesha 's vocals span from G ♯ to D ♯ . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Timber '' made its first chart appearance on October 7 , 2013 , in the Republic of Ireland , where it debuted at number 67 on the Irish Singles Chart . The following week , the song climbed to number 19 . In Austria , `` Timber '' debuted at number 69 on the Austrian Singles Chart on October 18 , 2013 and eventually crowned the chart at number 1 . In Germany , the song debuted at number 90 on October 18 , 2013 on the German Singles Chart and later peaked at number one . Timber debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 on October 26 , 2013 at number 49 , and it topped the chart on January 18 , 2014 , giving Kesha her third number - one single after `` Tik Tok '' and `` We R Who We R '' as well as earning Pitbull his second number - one single , after 2011 's `` Give Me Everything '' . Before topping the Hot 100 , it had been stuck at number 2 for 4 weeks , behind `` The Monster '' by Eminem featuring Rihanna . `` Timber '' is Kesha 's eleventh top 10 song on the Hot 100 chart . `` Timber '' peaked at number 1 on the US Hot Digital Songs , and is Pitbull 's first song to do so . `` Timber '' also peaked at number 1 on the US Rap Songs chart . It is the first # 1 single of 2014 in the US , and stood at number one for three consecutive weeks . It has spent four consecutive weeks at the number two , three consecutive weeks at the number one , then again at number two for one week . It reached its 4 million sales mark in the US in May 2014 . As of March 2016 , the song has sold 4.7 million copies in the US . In Canada , the song debuted at number seventeen on the Canadian Hot 100 as the week 's highest debut and climbed steadily to number one , where it has stood for eight consecutive weeks . In the United Kingdom , `` Timber '' debuted at the top of the UK Singles Chart on January 5 , 2014 ― for the week ending date January 11 , 2014 ― shifting 139,000 copies in its first week . This gave both artists their third chart - topping songs in Britain . By the end of 2014 , the song had sold 744,000 copies in the UK . In South Korea , `` Timber '' debuted at number sixteen on Gaon International Chart , but it debuted at number 13 on Gaon Download International Chart with 6,522 downloads . In its second week it reached number 2 on the International Chart . On the download chart , it jumped to number 3 , selling another 15,276 copies . `` Timber '' sold 68,321 copies during 2013 in South Korea . During January 2014 , the single sold another 16,515 copies , and during February sold 15,482 digital units . During March 2014 , another 13,975 units were sold in South Korea . Music Video ( edit ) Kesha filmed her scenes on November 5 , 2013 while Pitbull filmed his scenes one week later on November 12 , 2013 . The video also features a cameo by Italian model Raffaella Modugno and The Bloody Jug Band , an Orlando - based Americana Group , who perform on stage as the bar 's house band . The beach scenes were filmed in Exuma islands , Bahamas . The music video has over 1 billion views on YouTube as of January 2018 . Controversy ( edit ) On June 25 , 2014 , it was reported that songwriters Lee Oskar , Keri Oskar , and Greg Errico had filed a copyright infringement lawsuit against the makers of `` Timber '' , which features a harmonica melody that Oskar claims is `` identical '' to the melody used in his 1978 song `` San Francisco Bay '' . The songwriters are seeking $3 million USD in damages . The lawsuit alleges that while Sony Music may have obtained permission to use the sample , which is credited in the album notes for Meltdown , from a license holder , the label failed to obtain permission from the songwriters themselves . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download `` Timber '' ( featuring Kesha ) -- 3 : 24 CD single `` Timber '' ( featuring Kesha ) -- 3 : 24 `` Outta Nowhere '' ( featuring Danny Mercer ) -- 3 : 26 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Recording Engineered in Tokyo , Japan , and at APG Studios , Hollywood , California ; Conway Recording Studios , Hollywood , California ; Luke 's in the Boo , Malibu , California ; Jungle City Studios , New York City , New York , and Blackbird Recording Studios , Nashville , Tennessee Personnel Armando C. Pérez -- songwriter , vocals Kesha Sebert -- songwriter , vocals Dr. Luke -- songwriter , producer , instruments , programming Priscilla Hamilton -- songwriter Jamie Sanderson -- songwriter Breyan Stanley Isaac -- songwriter Cirkut -- songwriter , producer , instruments , programming Aaron `` AD '' Arnold -- songwriter Pebe Sebert -- songwriter Lee Oskar -- songwriter Keri Oskar -- songwriter Greg Errico -- songwriter Sermstyle -- producer Nick Seeley -- additional production Al Burna -- engineer Rachel Findlen -- engineer Clint Gibbs -- engineer Benny Steele - engineer Ryan Gladieux -- engineer Juan P. Negrete -- engineer Alan Da Fonseca -- engineer Ernesto Olivera -- engineer Eric Eylands -- assistant engineer Paul Harrington -- harmonica Serban Ghenea -- mixer John Hanes -- engineer for mix Credits adapted from the liner notes on BMI . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 -- 14 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium Dance ( Ultratop Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 6 Belgium Dance ( Ultratop Wallonia ) Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Hot 100 ) 29 Brazil Hot Pop Songs 6 Bulgaria ( IFPI ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 8 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) 7 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 16 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Netherlands ( Mega Top 50 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Poland ( Dance Top 50 ) Russia ( Tophit Weekly General Airplay ) 17 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) South Africa ( EMA ) South Korea ( GAON ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 11 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot Rap Songs ( Billboard ) US Latin Airplay ( Billboard ) 23 US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 9 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Venezuela Pop Rock General ( Record Report ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 31 Germany ( Media Control AG ) 40 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 43 Chart ( 2014 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 61 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 17 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 19 Italy ( FIMI ) 12 Ireland ( IRMA ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 23 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 8 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 9 US Billboard Hot 100 11 Venezuela Pop / Rock General ( Record Report ) All - time charts ( edit ) Chart Position Australia ( ARIA ) 166 Norway ( VG - lista ) 68 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 41 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 271 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 5 × Platinum 350,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 30,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 7 × Platinum 560,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 30,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 75,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 3 × Gold 600,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 3 × Platinum 150,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Gold 100,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Platinum + Gold 90,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 2 × Platinum 30,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) 15 × Platinum 150,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 30,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 6 × Platinum 4,700,000 Venezuela ( APFV ) Platinum 30,000 ^ Streaming Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 3 × Platinum 7,800,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Platinum 8,000,000 Summaries Worldwide ( IFPI ) None 9,600,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label ( s ) United States October 7 , 2013 Digital download Polo Grounds , RCA Records , Mr. 305 October 15 , 2013 Contemporary hit radio Italy October 7 , 2013 Digital download October 11 , 2013 Contemporary hit radio Germany October 7 , 2013 Digital download Spain Canada France Australia Germany November 15 , 2013 CD single United Kingdom December 29 , 2013 Digital download See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2014 List of number - one dance singles of 2014 ( U.S. ) List of number - one dance singles of 2014 ( Australia ) List of number - one singles of 2014 ( South Africa ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ BMI Repertoire Search . BMI.com . Retrieved 21 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Pitbull feat . Ke $ ha -- Timber '' . australian-charts.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Seacrest '' . KIIS FM . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Corcoran , Michael ( December 5 , 2013 ) , `` Local harmonica man Paul Harrington is the unlikely star of Pitbull and Ke $ ha 's `` Timber '' `` , GuideLive , Dallas Morning News , retrieved 8 December 2013 Jump up ^ `` IFPI publishes Digital Music Report 2015 '' . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . 14 April 2015 . p. 12 . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ EXCLUSIVE Pitpull backstage iHeartRadio Jingle Ball 2013 interview on YouTube Jump up ^ Lamb , Bill . `` Pitbull - `` Timber '' featuring Ke $ ha `` . About.com . IAC / InterActiveCorp . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved January 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hear Pitbull 's New Single : A Hoedown , With Ke $ ha -- Vulture '' . Vulture . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 2013 - 11 - 27 ) . `` Lorde 's ' Royals ' Rules Hot 100 For Ninth Week '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Musicnotes.com : Unsupported Browser or Operating System '' . musicnotes.com . Jump up ^ `` GFK Chart - Track '' . Chart-track.co.uk . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` Pitbull , Ke $ ha Take ' Timber ' to Top of Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Paul Grein ( January 8 , 2013 ) . `` Chart Watch : Pitbull & Kesha & Eminem & RiRi '' . Yahoo Music . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul . `` Chart Watch : Iggy Azalea 's Amazing Feat '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved 15 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( March 6 , 2016 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Rihanna 's Record Streak of Seven Studio Albums With Hot 100 No. 1s '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Timber ! Pitbull and Ke $ ha topple Pharrell from Number 1 '' . Official Charts Company . January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GAON DOWNLOAD CHART gaon music chart '' . Gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GAON DOWNLOAD CHART gaon music chart '' . Gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GAON DOWNLOAD CHART gaon music chart '' . Gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GAON DOWNLOAD CHART gaon music chart '' . Gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GAON DOWNLOAD CHART gaon music chart '' . Gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GAON DOWNLOAD CHART gaon music chart '' . Gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pitbull , Ke $ ha ' Timber ' Video Released ! Watch Racy Video Post AMAs To See Dancers In Daisy Duke Shorts ( VIDEO ) - International Design Times '' . Idesigntimes.com . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Most Viewed Videos of All Time ( Over 340 million views ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pitbull and Ke $ ha in multi-million dollar Timber lawsuit over ' identical ' harmonica riff from the 70s '' . The Independent . ^ Jump up to : `` iTunes - Music - Timber ( feat . Ke $ ha ) - Single by Pitbull '' . apple.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Pitbull feat . Ke $ ha - Timber - Sony Music Entertainment Germany GmbH '' . sonymusic.de . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Timber ( liner notes ) . Pitbull featuring Kesha . Polo Grounds , RCA Records , Mr. 305 . 2013 . 88843 01574 2 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Pitbull feat . Ke $ ha -- Timber '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Pitbull feat . Ke $ ha -- Timber '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Pitbull feat . Ke $ ha -- Timber '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Pitbull feat . Ke $ ha -- Timber '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop Dance . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Pitbull feat . Ke $ ha -- Timber '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Pitbull feat . Ke $ ha -- Timber '' ( in French ) . Ultratop Dance . ^ Jump up to : `` Hot 100 Billboard Brasil - weekly '' . Billboard Brasil . June 2014 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2015 . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 09.12. 2013 - 15.12. 2013 - Airplay Top 5 '' ( in Bulgarian ) . Bulgarian Association of the Music Producers . Archived from the original on 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pitbull Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert ( ( ( year ) ) ) ( ( ( week ) ) ) into search . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201419 into search . Retrieved July 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Pitbull feat . Ke $ ha -- Timber '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` Euro Digital Songs : January 18 , 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pitbull feat . Ke $ ha : Timber '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Pitbull feat . Ke $ ha -- Timber '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved September 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Pitbull feat . Ke $ ha -- Timber '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Dance Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 02 , 2014 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Pitbull feat , Kesha -- Timber Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Digital Download - Classifica settimanale WK 3 ( dal 13 - 01 - 2014 al 19 - 01 - 2014 ) '' . FIMI . January 19 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2014 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pitbull Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Pitbull feat . Ke $ ha '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Pitbull feat . Ke $ ha -- Timber '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ 3fm Mega Top 50 : 21 / 12 / 2013 ( in Dutch ) . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved 21 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Pitbull feat . Ke $ ha -- Timber '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Pitbull feat . Ke $ ha -- Timber '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Dance Top 50 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly General Airplay TopHit100 December 16 - 22 , 2013 '' . TopHit.ru . Archived from the original on 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201402 into search . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201429 into search . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' . SloTop50 . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Top 10 Airplay : Week Ending 2014 - 01 - 14 '' . Entertainment Monitoring Africa . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea Gaon International Chart ( Gaon Chart '' . Gaon Chart . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Pitbull feat . Ke $ ha -- Timber '' Canciones Top 50 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Pitbull feat . Ke $ ha -- Timber '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Pitbull feat . Ke $ ha -- Timber '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Pitbull Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pitbull Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pitbull Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pitbull Chart History ( Hot Rap Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pitbull Chart History ( Latin Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pitbull Chart History ( Latin Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pitbull Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pitbull Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 '' . Record Report ( in Spanish ) . R.R. Digital C.A. 2014 - 01 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` End Of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 2013 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2014 . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles Jahrescharts 2013 '' ( in German ) . VIVA . Viacom International Media Networks . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2013 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles 2014 '' . ARIA Charts . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Year End Charts -- Top Canadian Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WebCite query result '' . webcitation.org . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIMI - Classifiche Annuali 2014 `` TOP OF THE MUSIC '' FIMI - GfK : un anno di musica italiana '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA - Best of Singles '' . IRMA Charts . Irish Record Music Association . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2014 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official year end singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 100 Biggest Songs of 2014 revealed '' . Official Charts Company . December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs -- Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Resumen Anual 2014 '' . Record Report ( in Spanish ) . December 16 , 2014 . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best of All Time - Singles '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best of All Time - Singles '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best of All Time - Singles '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ewige Bestenliste - Singles '' . Hitparade ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 14 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2014 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Pitbull ( Ft . Ke $ ha ) -- Timber '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Pitbull ( Ft . Ke $ ha ) in the field Interpret . Enter Timber in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- singles 2014 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Pitbull -- Timber '' . Music Canada . ^ Jump up to : `` Danish single certifications -- Pitbull -- Timber '' . IFPI Denmark . Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Pitbull -- Timber '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Pitbull feat . Kesha ; ' Timber ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Pitbull -- Timber '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` July 2014 Report '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Retrieved June 2 , 2014 . Type Pitbull feat . Ke $ ha in the box under the ARTISTA column heading and Timber in the box under TÍTULO Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Pitbull ( Ft . Ke $ ha ) -- Timber '' . Recorded Music NZ . Jump up ^ `` IFPI '' . ifpi.no . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Type Pitbull ( Ft . Ke $ ha ) in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Timber and see certification . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Pitbull ( Ft . Ke $ ha ) ; ' Timber ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Pitbull ( Ft . Ke $ ha ) -- Timber '' . British Phonographic Industry . October 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter Timber in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Pitbull feat Ke $ ha -- Timber '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Venezuela : Disco De oro - Timber '' ( To access certification . ) ( in Spanish ) . Venezuela . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Streaming - Semana 26 : Del 23.06. 2014 Al 29.06. 2014 '' ( in Spanish ) . PROMUSICAE . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI publishes Digital Music Report 2015 '' . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . April 14 , 2015 . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases - Mainstream Hit Songs Being Released and Their Release Dates ... '' allaccess.com . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Musica - Timber ( feat . Ke $ ha ) - Single di Pitbull '' . iTunes . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PITBULL - Timber ( Sony ) - Radio Date 11 / 10 / 2013 '' . radioairplay.fm . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Musik -- `` Timber ( feat . Ke $ ha ) - Single '' von Pitbull `` . iTunes . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Música - Timber ( feat . Ke $ ha ) - Single de Pitbull '' . iTunes . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - Timber ( feat . Ke $ ha ) - Single by Pitbull '' . iTunes . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Musique - Timber ( feat . Ke $ ha ) - Single par Pitbull '' . iTunes . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - Timber ( feat . Ke $ ha ) - Single by Pitbull '' . iTunes . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pitbull ft . Ke $ ha : ' Timber ' review : ' Wonderfully trashy ' '' . Digital Spy . External links ( edit ) `` Timber '' ( Video ) on YouTube Timber on Spotify Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Pitbull songs Discography M.I.A.M.I. `` Culo '' `` That 's Nasty '' `` Back Up '' `` Toma '' `` Dammit Man '' Money Is Still a Major Issue `` Everybody Get Up '' El Mariel `` Bojangles '' `` Ay Chico ( Lengua Afuera ) '' `` Dime '' `` Be Quiet '' The Boatlift `` Secret Admirer '' `` The Anthem '' `` Go Girl '' `` Sticky Icky '' Rebelution `` Krazy '' `` I Know You Want Me ( Calle Ocho ) '' `` Hotel Room Service '' `` Shut It Down '' Armando `` Watagatapitusberry '' `` Maldito Alcohol '' `` Bon , Bon '' `` Tu Cuerpo '' `` Vida 23 '' Planet Pit `` Hey Baby ( Drop It to the Floor ) '' `` Give Me Everything '' `` Rain Over Me '' `` International Love '' `` Pause '' `` Shake Señora '' Global Warming `` Back in Time '' `` Get It Started '' `` Do n't Stop the Party '' `` Feel This Moment '' `` Echa Pa'lla ( Manos Pa'rriba ) '' `` Everybody Fucks '' `` Outta Nowhere '' Meltdown `` Timber '' Globalization `` Wild Wild Love '' `` We Are One ( Ole Ola ) '' `` Fireball '' `` Time of Our Lives '' `` Fun '' `` Drive You Crazy '' Dale `` Baddest Girl in Town '' Climate Change `` Messin ' Around '' `` Greenlight '' Collaborations `` Shake '' `` Holla at Me '' `` Born - N - Raised '' `` Crazy '' `` Move Shake Drop '' `` Swing '' `` Feel It '' `` Shooting Star ( Party Rock Mix ) '' `` Now I 'm That Bitch '' `` Outta Control '' `` Ni Rosas Ni Juguetes '' `` Fresh Out the Oven '' `` Now You See It ( Shake That Ass ) '' `` Egoísta '' `` Armada Latina '' `` All Night Long '' `` I Like It '' `` DJ Got Us Fallin ' in Love '' `` On the Floor '' `` Rabiosa '' `` Boomerang '' `` Suave ( Kiss Me ) '' `` Throw Your Hands Up ( Dancar Kuduro ) '' `` Pass at Me '' `` I Like How It Feels '' `` Bailando Por El Mundo '' `` U Know It Ai n't Love '' `` We Run the Night '' `` Rock the Boat '' `` Name of Love '' `` Dance Again '' `` There She Goes '' `` I 'm All Yours '' `` Beat on My Drum '' `` Sexy People ( The Fiat Song ) '' `` Crazy Kids '' `` Live It Up '' `` Exotic '' `` Ca n't Believe It '' `` Sopa de Caracol '' `` I 'm a Freak '' `` I Love You ... Te Quiero '' `` Booty '' `` Mmm Yeah '' `` Ca n't Get Enough '' `` Drink to That All Night '' ( remix ) `` Do n't Tell ' Em '' ( remix ) `` Turn Down for What '' ( remix ) `` Good Time '' `` Mr. Put It Down '' `` Back It Up '' `` Shake That '' `` Hey Ma '' `` Por Favor '' Other songs `` Nuestro Himno '' `` Pearly Gates '' `` I Like ( The Remix ) '' Kesha Discography Videography Songs Awards and nominations Studio albums Animal Warrior Rainbow Compilation albums I Am the Dance Commander + I Command You to Dance : The Remix Album Extended plays Cannibal Deconstructed Singles `` Tik Tok '' `` Blah Blah Blah '' `` Your Love Is My Drug '' `` Take It Off '' `` We R Who We R '' `` Blow '' `` Die Young '' `` C'Mon '' `` Crazy Kids '' `` True Colors '' `` Praying '' `` Learn to Let Go '' `` Woman '' Featured singles `` Right Round '' `` Dirty Picture '' `` My First Kiss '' `` Timber '' `` Good Old Days '' Promotional singles `` Sleazy '' `` Hymn '' `` This Is Me '' Other songs `` Stephen '' `` Dinosaur '' `` Old Flames Ca n't Hold a Candle to You '' Concert tours Get Sleazy Tour North American Tour 2013 Warrior Tour Kesha and the Creepies : Fuck the World Tour Rainbow Tour The Adventures of Kesha and Macklemore Related articles Pebe Sebert Kesha : My Crazy Beautiful Life My Crazy Beautiful Life Kesha v. Dr. Luke Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timber_(Pitbull_song)&oldid=853811893 '' Categories : 2013 singles 2013 songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Billboard Rap Songs number - one singles Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Compositions in G - sharp minor Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles Mega Top 50 number - one singles Folktronica songs Kesha songs Number - one singles in Austria Number - one singles in Denmark Number - one singles in Finland Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Scotland Number - one singles in Sweden Pitbull ( rapper ) songs Songs involved in plagiarism controversies RCA Records singles Record Report Pop Rock General number - one singles Song recordings produced by Cirkut ( record producer ) Song recordings produced by Dr. Luke Songs about sexuality Songs written by Breyan Isaac Songs written by Cirkut ( record producer ) Songs written by Dr. Luke Songs written by Kesha Songs written by Pebe Sebert Songs written by Pitbull ( rapper ) Songs written by Priscilla Renea South African Airplay Chart number - one singles UK R&B Singles Chart number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Bulgarian - language sources ( bg ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use mdy dates from December 2012 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Flanders Dance Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Wallonia Dance Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarydance Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Irish Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Polishdance Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for South Africa Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardrapsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi ไทย Türkçe 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 03 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber%20%28Pitbull%20song%29	757
when did felicia day and nathan fillion date			Felicia Day	felicia day		Felicia Day Day at the 2018 San Diego Comic - Con Huntsville , Alabama , U.S. Residence Los Angeles , California , U.S. Nationality American Occupation Actress producer singer writer Years active 2001 -- present Children Website feliciaday.com Felicia Day is an American actress , voice actress , singer , writer , and web series creator . She is the creator , star , writer , and producer of the original web series The Guild ( 2007 -- 2013 ) , a show loosely based on her life as a gamer . She also wrote and starred in the Dragon Age web series Dragon Age : Redemption ( 2011 ) . Day was a member of the board of directors of the International Academy of Web Television beginning December 2009 until the end of July 2012 . On television , she has played Vi in the series Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( 2003 ) and Dr. Holly Marten in Eureka ( 2011 ) , and had a recurring role as Charlie Bradbury on Supernatural ( 2012 -- 2015 , 2018 ) . She has also acted in movies such as Bring It On Again ( 2004 ) , as well as the Internet musical Dr. Horrible 's Sing - Along Blog ( 2008 ) . In April 2017 , she began appearing as Kinga Forrester in Mystery Science Theater 3000 . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early career 2.2 The Guild 2.3 Geek & Sundry 2.4 Other work 3 Awards 4 Personal life 5 Filmography and other works 5.1 Film 5.2 Television / web 5.3 Video games 5.4 Books 6 References 7 External links Early life Day was born in Huntsville , Alabama . She began her acting career at the age of 7 when she starred as Scout in a local production of To Kill a Mockingbird . She studied operatic singing and ballet professionally , performing at concerts and competitions nationwide . Home - schooled throughout much of her childhood , she began college at the age of 16 . She was a National Merit Scholar ( 1995 ) and graduated as valedictorian of her class . An accomplished violinist , Day was accepted to the Juilliard School of Music but chose to attend the University of Texas at Austin on a full scholarship in violin performance . She double majored in mathematics and music performance , and graduated at the age of 19 in the top 4 % of her class . She is also an avid player of a wide variety of video game genres . Much of her work on The Guild web series was based on her personal experience with video games , especially when she played World of Warcraft . Career Early career After graduation , Day moved to Los Angeles to pursue a career in acting . She landed several roles in various short and independent films as well as commercials and guest spots on television shows , including Undeclared and Maybe It 's Me . These parts propelled her to larger roles : a part in the film Bring It On Again , the starring role in June , and a recurring guest spot as potential Slayer Vi on television 's Buffy the Vampire Slayer , a recurring role that is still occasionally used in that show 's eighth season comic book series . In HBO 's 2005 biopic of Franklin D. Roosevelt , Warm Springs , Day 's singing was featured when her wheelchair - using character serenaded a dinner group with `` I Wo n't Dance '' . The Guild Main article : The Guild ( web series ) Felicia Day at the 2009 Streamy Awards Day is the creator , writer , and star of The Guild , a web series which aired from 2007 to 2013 and explored the MMORPG gaming subculture . The first season was primarily hosted on YouTube , where it garnered millions of views . Its second season premiered on Microsoft 's three major video channels , Xbox Live , MSN Video and The Zune Marketplace , after Microsoft made a deal with The Guild , allowing Day , her cast and her crew to be paid for their work . Day also created a song and music video called `` ( Do You Wanna Date My ) Avatar '' , featuring the cast dressed up as their in - game personae . The final moments of the music video itself also detailed that the release date for the third season of Day 's The Guild would be August 25 , 2009 . A second song and Bollywood style video `` Game On '' was released prior to the premiere of the fourth season of The Guild . A third and final music video , called `` I 'm the One That 's Cool '' , features the members of the cast in the guise of an alternative band performing at a local venue , intercut with scenes of the cast as younger versions of their characters experiencing bullying at the hands of `` cooler '' and more popular kids while at school . The Guild has won multiple awards , including the Greenlight Award for Best Original Digital Series Production at the South by Southwest festivals , several IAWTV Awards , including Best Comedy Series , the YouTube Video Award for Best Series , the Yahoo ! Video Award for Best Series , and 2009 Streamy Awards for Best Comedy Web Series , Best Female Actor in a Comedy Web Series , and Best Ensemble Cast in a Web Series . Felicia Day with The Guild co-star Wil Wheaton at w00tstock in 2011 Geek & Sundry Main article : Geek & Sundry In March 2012 , Day announced that she would be launching a premium YouTube channel , `` Geek & Sundry , '' on April 2 . Geek and Sundry took over production of The Guild for Season 6 . Day hosts several shows on Geek & Sundry , most notably The Flog , Vaginal Fantasy , Felicia 's Ark , and Co-Optitude ( which co-stars Felicia 's brother Ryon Day . ) In 2012 Day created the web series Tabletop with Wil Wheaton . She is an executive producer for the series and appears regularly as a guest . In August 2014 , Geek and Sundry was acquired by Legendary to produce content alongside of Chris Hardwick 's Nerdist Industries , with Day retaining creative control . Other work In July 2008 , Day starred as Penny in the three - part web - based musical Dr. Horrible 's Sing - Along Blog ( created by Joss Whedon , who also created Dollhouse and Buffy the Vampire Slayer , in which Day had parts ) . Day was featured as a patient in the episode `` Not Cancer '' of the medical drama House , and had a guest starring role in the sci - fi drama Dollhouse 's unaired episode `` Epitaph One '' , as well as its series finale `` Epitaph Two . '' Also in 2008 , Day was featured in a series of commercials for Sears Blue Crew . She also appeared in the first of the revitalized Cheetos commercials . Day promoting Con Man at the 2015 San Diego Comic - Con . In the series Lie to Me , on the episode called `` Tractor Man , '' airing December 14 , 2009 , Day sang a song called `` White Lie '' alongside Brendan Hines . Day starred with Kavan Smith in the Syfy film adaption of the Little Red Riding Hood saga , called Red , produced by Angela Mancuso . Day also played the continuing role of Dr. Holly Marten in the Syfy channel 's original series , Eureka , appearing in 18 episodes during the last two seasons of the show . Day has also played the role of ' Gorgol ' in the web series MyMusic directed by The Fine Brothers . In February 2011 , Day announced that she would be starring in a new web miniseries . Called Dragon Age : Redemption , it is based on the Dragon Age video games made by BioWare and aired on October 10 , 2011 . Day plays an elf named Tallis , and returns as the voice and model for the character in the Dragon Age II downloadable content `` Mark of the Assassin . '' In January 2012 , Day announced that she would be hosting a Google+ Hangout called Vaginal Fantasy . The Hangout features Day along with Kiala Kazebee , Veronica Belmont , and Bonnie Burton . Every month they discuss lady - leaning paranormal and historical adventure books . In February 2012 , Day guest starred in Sean `` Day ( 9 ) '' Plott 's online webcast featuring Kingdoms of Amalur : Reckoning . In April 2012 , it was announced that Day would host the 2012 IndieCade Awards Ceremony on October 4 , 2012 . Also in April of that year , Day appeared on the YouTube show MyMusic as a Norwegian Black Metal singer named Gorgol . She guest starred in the second season of the Jane Espenson scripted web series , Husbands . In October 2012 , she guest starred on The Game Station podcast and appeared in an episode of My Drunk Kitchen . In 2013 , Geek & Sundry and Atlas Games worked together to release a promotional pack for the card game Gloom for TableTop Day 2013 with a Felicia Day , Guild Goddess card . In 2014 , Alderac Entertainment Group included a Felicia Day card in the storage case expansion , The Big Geeky Box for their card game Smash Up . In 2015 , Plaid Hat Games released a Felicia Day character card for their board game Dead of Winter : A Cross Roads Game for Tabletop Day 2015 . On August 4 , 2015 , Day guest starred on Episode 9 of the Dear Hank & John podcast . On October 1 , 2016 , Day provided a guest voice for the Welcome to Night Vale podcast as Zookeeper Joanna Rey . In April 2017 , she began appearing as Kinga Forrester in Mystery Science Theater 3000 . In August 2017 , Day appeared as a guest in the My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic episode `` The Perfect Pear '' , voicing Pear `` Buttercup '' Butter , the presumed - deceased mother of one of the show 's main characters , Applejack . In the episode , she also performs a romantic ballad , titled `` You 're In My Head Like a Catchy Song '' . Day organised and hosted a Twitch.tv charity livestream on 30 June 2018 , in aid of Refugee and Immigrant Center for Education and Legal Services ( RAICES ) , a Texas nonprofit . The 12 hour livestream raised over $212,000 . Awards In September 2008 , TV Week included her in their list of Top 10 Web Video Creators . During the inaugural Streamy Awards held in Los Angeles on March 28 , 2009 , Day received the award for the `` Best Female Actor in a Comedy '' for her work as protagonist Cyd Sherman in The Guild , and won the same award again in 2010 . She was also recognized for her work on Dr. Horrible 's Sing - Along Blog in 2009 . Day was also nominated for the Best Guest Appearance Award for the 3rd Streamy Awards . In June 2018 , she won a Behind the Voice Actors Award in Best Female Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Guest Role for her role as Pear Butter in the episode `` The Perfect Pear '' . Year Award Show Work Result 2009 1st Streamy Awards Best Female Actor in a Comedy Web Series The Guild Won Best Ensemble Cast in a Web Series ( shared with the rest of the cast ) Won Best Writing in a Comedy Web Series Nominated 2nd Streamy Awards Best Female Actor in a Comedy Web Series Won Best Ensemble Cast in a Web Series ( shared with the rest of the cast ) Nominated Best Writing in a Comedy Web Series Nominated 2012 Inaugural IAWTV Awards Best Writing ( Comedy ) Won Best Female Performance ( Comedy ) Won 2013 2nd Annual IAWTV Awards Best Writing ( Non-Fiction ) The Flog Won 3rd Streamy Awards Best Writing -- Comedy The Guild Nominated Best Guest Appearance MyMusic Nominated 2017 Behind the Voice Actors Awards Best Female Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Guest Role My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic Won Personal life On January 3 , 2017 , Day announced on social media that she was pregnant and expecting a baby girl in a few weeks . She announced on January 30 , 2017 , that her daughter , Calliope Maeve , had been born . Filmography and other works Film Year Title Role Notes 2001 Strings 2003 Delusional 2003 Backslide Maddie The Mortician 's Hobby Tiffany Bring It On Again Penelope Final Sale Felicia 2005 Short Story Time Felicia 2006 God 's Waiting List Trixie 2007 Splitting Hairs Sugar Girl 2008 Prairie Fever Blue Dear Me Pipsy Red : Werewolf Hunter Virginia Sullivan 2011 Rock Jocks Alison 2014 Lust for Love Mary 2017 Chew Ameila Mintz ( voice ) Filming Television / web Year Title Role Notes 2001 Emeril Cherie Episode : `` Whose Life Is It Anyway ? '' 2002 Maybe It 's Me Cookie Episode : `` The Crazy - Girl Episode '' House Blend Pam TV movie They Shoot Divas , Do n't They ? Call Girl TV movie 2003 Buffy the Vampire Slayer Vi 8 episodes For the People Nicole Episode : `` Nexus '' Undeclared Sheila Episode : `` God Visits '' Century City Sheryl Episode : `` The Haunting '' Strong Medicine Jesse 's Friend Episode : `` Positive Results '' One on One Sarah Episode : `` We 'll Take Manhattan '' June June Marie Jacobs TV movie 2005 Warm Springs Eloise Hutchinson TV movie Mystery Woman : Vision of a Murder Emily TV movie Monk Heidi Gefsky Episode : `` Mr. Monk Gets Drunk '' 2006 Windfall Danielle Episodes : `` Changing Partners '' `` Crash Into You '' Love , Inc . Natalie Episode : `` Hello , Larry '' 2007 -- 2013 The Guild Cyd Sherman / Codex Web series Creator 2008 House Apple Episode : `` Not Cancer '' Retarded Policeman # 7.5 : Fish Herself Dr. Horrible 's Sing - Along Blog Penny Web series 2008 -- 2010 The Legend of Neil Fairy Web series 5 episodes 2009 Roommates Alyssa 3 episodes My Boys Heather Episode : `` Madder of Degrees '' Dollhouse Mag Episodes : `` Epitaph One '' `` Epitaph Two : Return '' IRrelevant Astronomy Felicia Day Episode : `` Behind the Scenes : When Galaxies Collide '' Lie to Me Ms. Angela Episode : `` Tractor Man '' Three Rivers Jeni Episode : `` A Roll of the Dice '' A Comicbook Orange Herself Episode : `` Felicia Day & Viking '' The Webventures of Justin and Alden Herself Episodes : `` The Streamys '' `` The Last Episode '' Generator Rex Annie Episode : `` Operation : Wingman '' 2011 Dragon Age : Redemption Tallis Writer & co-producer Generator Rex Annie Episode : `` Haunted '' The Big Chew Marjorie YouTube production Eureka Dr. Holly Marten 18 episodes 2012 Fish Hooks Angela Voice role Episodes : `` Send Me an Angel Fish '' `` Guys ' Night Out '' `` Oscar is a Playa '' `` Fish Prom '' MyMusic Gorgol Episode : `` INVISIBLE ! '' YouTube Internet series Dan Vs . The Boss Episode : `` Dan vs. The Boss '' The High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange Ginger / Peach Episodes : `` Sir Juice Alot '' `` Founding Fruits '' `` Fruit Plane '' `` Girls vs. Boys '' Husbands Sexy Pizza Girl Web series My Gimpy Life Felicia Episodes : `` Inspirational '' `` Crowd '' YouTube Internet series YOMYOMF Herself Episode : `` KevJumba Takes the SAT w / Felicia Day '' YouTube Internet series The Game Station Podcast Herself Episode : `` Episode 27 '' YouTube Internet series Rewind YouTube Style 2012 Carly Rae Jepsen Single video 2012 -- 2015 Tabletop Herself Episodes : `` Munchkin '' `` Elder Sign '' `` Last Night on Earth '' `` The Resistance '' `` Lords of Waterdeep '' `` Unspeakable Words '' `` Fortune and Glory '' `` Forbidden Desert '' `` Love Letter / Coup '' 2012 -- 2018 Supernatural Charlie Bradbury / Celeste Middleton Episodes : 7x20 : `` The Girl with the Dungeons and Dragons Tattoo '' 8x11 : `` LARP and the Real Girl '' 8x20 : `` Pac - Man Fever '' 9x04 : `` Slumber Party '' 10x11 : `` There 's No Place Like Home '' 10x18 : `` Book of the Damned '' 10x21 : `` Dark Dynasty '' 13x18 : `` Bring ' em Back Alive '' 2012 -- present The Flog Herself Weekly vlog on Geek & Sundry Vaginal Fantasy Herself Monthly hangout on Geek & Sundry 2013 Felicia 's Ark Herself Weekly series running from April 1 to May 13 . YouTube Internet series Co-Optitude Herself YouTube Internet series Spellslingers Herself Episodes : `` Day ( 9 ) vs. Felicia Day '' `` Day ( 9 ) vs. Alan Tudyk , Felicia Day , and Ryon Day '' YouTube Internet series Outlands 84 YouTube Internet series 2015 Critical Role Lyra Episodes 18 & 19 : `` Trial of the Take : Part 1 & 2 '' Rooster Teeth Podcast # 337 YouTube Web series 2015 -- 2017 Con Man Karen Webseries 5 episodes 2016 We Bare Bears Karla Voice role Episode : `` The Island '' The Librarians Charlotte Episode : `` And the Tears of a Clown '' 2017 Mystery Science Theater 3000 Kinga Forrester 14 episodes Adventure Time Betty Voice role TV series 7 episodes My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic Pear Butter Voice role TV series Episode : `` The Perfect Pear '' Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters Erika Voice role TV series The Game Awards Herself Presenter ; industry icon 2017 -- present Skylanders Academy Cynder Voice role Netflix series 2018 The Magicians Poppy Kline 3 episodes Robot Chicken Livewire / Jessica Rabbit Voice role TV series Episode : `` Never Forget '' Video games Year Title Role Other notes Rock of the Dead Mary Beth Fallout : New Vegas Veronica Santangelo 2011 Dragon Age II : Mark of the Assassin Tallis 2012 Guild Wars 2 Zojja 2014 Family Guy : The Quest for Stuff Herself 2015 Guild Wars 2 : Heart of Thorns Zojja Books Day is the author of the memoir You 're Never Weird on the Internet ( Almost ) , as well as numerous works relating to the Guild web series . References Jump up ^ Felicia 's College Resume , Archive of `` utexas.edu/ ~ felicia / personal. html '' Jump up ^ `` International Academy of Web Television Names Inaugural chairman and board of directors '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . IAWTV . December 14 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 26 , 2011 . Retrieved January 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` International Academy of Web Television Announces New Members of the board of directors '' ( Press release ) . IAWTV . July 27 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2012 . Retrieved August 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Felicia Day ( 19 April 2016 ) . You 're Never Weird on the Internet ( Almost ) : A Memoir . Simon and Schuster . pp. 83 -- 84 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4767 - 8566 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cover Girl Felicia Day ( Part I ) with Melissa A. Bartell '' . Retrieved October 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Scholars You May Know '' . National Merit Scholarship Corp . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2010 . Retrieved August 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Hryb , Larry ( January 25 , 2009 ) . `` Major Nelson : Show # 306 : Felicia Day , RE5 and enforcement on Xbox LIVE '' . Felicia Day interview . MajorNelson.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Trapani , Gina. `` How Dr. Horrible 's Felicia Day Gets Things Done '' , LifeHacker . August 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Degrees and Dates of Attendance '' . The University of Texas at Austin . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gaming Nexus Interview 2 / 18 / 2009 '' . Retrieved December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Felicia Day 's memoir is fun but shallow Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Monica Hesse ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` Felicia Day : A rising star for the Internet geek '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Jøn , A. Asbjørn ( 2010 ) . `` The Development of MMORPG Culture and The Guild '' . Australian Folklore : A Yearly Journal of Folklore Studies . 25 : 97 -- 112 . Jump up ^ Daisy Whitney ( March 2008 ) . `` Popular but Not Profitable '' Archived April 11 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... TelevisionWeek , 27 ( 8 ) , 3 , 28 . Retrieved November 5 , 2008 , from ABI / INFORM Global database . ( Document ID : 1454502881 ) . Jump up ^ Press Release . `` The Guild And `` Knock Off '' Take Top Honors At The Greenlight Awards '' Archived May 16 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , ON Networks Inc . March 11 , 2008 . Retrieved on November 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` IAWTV Awards - Past Winners '' . International Academy of Web Television . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ 2007 YouTube Video Awards , List of 2007 Winners . Retrieved on November 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Yahoo ! Video Awards : The Results ! '' Archived March 22 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Yahoo Video Blog . March 21 , 2008 . Retrieved on November 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 2009 Streamy Awards Archived January 23 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gaudiosi , John ( March 17 , 2012 ) . `` WonderCon 2012 : Felicia Day Launches Geek & Sundry YouTube Channel '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Legendary Acquires Felicia Day 's Geek & Sundry '' . Bleeding Cool . August 10 , 2014 . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caroline van Oosten de Boer , Milo Vermeulen . `` Comments on 15781 : Neil Patrick Harris working with Joss Whedon ? '' . Whedonesque . Jump up ^ House Episode 5.02 -- Not Cancer -- Press Release Archived December 27 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , FoxFlash . September 23 , 2008 . Retrieved on November 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 13 facts about ' Epitaph One , ' the ' lost ' episode of ' Dollhouse ' , The Watcher , Chicago Tribune , July 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Clacked by Annie Wu on ( October 17 , 2008 ) . `` Dr. Horrible 's Felicia Day moonlights for Sears CliqueClack TV '' . Cliqueclack.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` blue '' . YouTube . September 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ YouTube of Cheetos Commercial , November 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Felicia Day Sees Red When it Comes to Werewolves on Syfy '' . Dreadcentral.com . March 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Syfy Saturday Original Movie To Star Felicia Day ( '' The Guild `` , `` Dr. Horrible '' ) in Re-Imagining of `` Little Red Riding Hood '' `` . Tvbythenumbers.com . March 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Felicia Day Blog Archive : Dragon Age : Redemption '' . Feliciaday.com . February 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Late Night with Jimmy Fallon -- Dragon Age : Redemption Trailer '' . Latenightwithjimmyfallon.com . Jump up ^ `` Felicia Day Blog Archive : Vaginal Fantasy Book Hangout '' . Feliciaday.com . Jump up ^ `` Felicia Day and Day ( 9 ) : Kingdoms of Amalur : Reckoning ! Part 1 '' . Jump up ^ `` Gamasutra : Felicia Day to Host Fifth Annual IndieCade Red Carpet Awards Ceremony '' . Gamasutra. April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MyMusic : INVISIBLE ( Episode 3 ) '' . Youtube.com. April 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vary , Adam B ( June 28 , 2012 ) . `` ' Husbands ' : EP and star on season 2 of their gay - marriage web series -- EXCLUSIVE PHOTOS '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gloom : TableTop Promo Expansion '' . Board Game Geek . Retrieved 16 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Smash Up : The Big Geeky Box expansion '' . Board Game Geek . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dead of Winter : Felicia Day '' . Board Game Geek . Retrieved 16 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Podcasts - Dear Hank & John by Hank Green and John Green '' . iTunes . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Funny or Die Hosts Charity Livestream Featuring Felicia Day , Seth Green , Alan Tudyk , and More '' . Jump up ^ `` RAICES on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Poised to Leap '' Archived September 17 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... ( September 2008 ) . TelevisionWeek , 27 ( 23 ) , 1 , 25 -- 26 . Retrieved November 5 , 2008 , from ABI / INFORM Global database . ( Document ID : 1570740411 ) . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Winners -- The Streamy Awards '' . Streamys.org. 2010 . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 3RD ANNUAL NOMINEES '' . Streamys . Retrieved January 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BTVA Voice Acting Awards 2017 - Television Behind The Voice Actors '' . Behind The Voice Actors . June 15 , 2018 . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Felicia Day - She 's coming in about three weeks so I guess ... Facebook '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Felicia Day Jan 3 , 2017 at 9 : 29pm UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Felicia Day - Calliope Maeve has arrived ! She is currently ... Facebook '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Retarded Policeman # 7.5 : Fish -- with Felicia Day of The Guild '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` Alan Tudyk and Nathan Fillion launch Indiegogo Campaign for Con Man '' . IGN . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Guild Wars 2 -- Behind the Scenes : Giving Tyria a Voice ( YouTube ) . December 16 , 2009 . Event occurs at 2 : 03 . Jump up ^ Day , Felicia ( 2015 ) . You 're Never Weird on the Internet ( Almost ) . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 9781476785653 . OCLC 913517863 . Jump up ^ `` Felicia Day ( Author of The Guild ) '' . Goodreads . Goodreads . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . External links Find more aboutFelicia Dayat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Data from Wikidata Official website Felicia Day on IMDb Streamy Awards Winners for Best Acting Performance Comedy Felicia Day / Neil Patrick Harris ( 2009 ) Felicia Day / Zach Galifianakis ( 2010 ) Hannah Hart / Ken Marino ( 2013 ) Mamrie Hart / David Milchard ( 2014 ) Mamrie Hart ( 2017 ) Drama Rosario Dawson / Alessandro Juliani ( 2009 ) Rachael Hip - Flores / Mark Gantt ( 2010 ) Missy Peregrym / Xander Berkeley ( 2013 ) Ashley Clements / Joey Graceffa ( 2014 ) DeStorm Power ( 2017 ) General Colleen Ballinger / James Van Der Beek ( 2015 ) Jenn McAllister / Chris Kendall ( 2016 ) BIBSYS : 15038163 BNF : cb17155165d ( data ) GND : 1151887781 ISNI : 0000 0000 5912 122X LCCN : no2009057796 MusicBrainz : fc1faea4 - 9ce7 - 435b - 8494 - 2bc4412a473c NKC : xx0202893 VIAF : 86362971 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Felicia_Day&oldid=854272788 '' Categories : Living people 21st - century American actresses Actors from Huntsville , Alabama Actresses from Alabama American female singers American film actresses American television actresses American voice actresses American video game actresses American web series actresses American YouTubers Military brats Nerd culture Streamy Award winners University of Texas at Austin alumni Homeschooled people in the United States Web series producers Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from October 2014 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Year of birth missing ( living people ) Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Malagasy Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 04 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicia%20Day	758
the purpose of excels flash fill feature is to			Microsoft Excel	microsoft excel	Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet developed by Microsoft for Windows , macOS , Android and iOS . It features calculation , graphing tools , pivot tables , and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications . It has been a very widely applied spreadsheet for these platforms , especially since version 5 in 1993 , and it has replaced Lotus 1 - 2 - 3 as the industry standard for spreadsheets . Excel forms part of Microsoft Office .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Features 1.1 Basic operation 1.2 Macro programming 1.2. 1 VBA programming 1.2. 2 History 1.3 Charts 2 Data storage and communication 2.1 Number of rows and columns 2.2 File formats 2.2. 1 Binary 2.2. 2 XML Spreadsheet 2.2. 3 Current file extensions 2.2. 4 Old file extensions 2.3 Using other Windows applications 2.4 Using external data 2.5 Export and migration of spreadsheets 2.6 Password protection 3 Microsoft Excel Viewer 4 Quirks 4.1 Statistical functions 4.2 Excel MOD function error 4.3 Fictional leap day in the year 1900 4.4 Date range 4.5 Conversion problems 4.6 Filenames 4.7 Numeric precision 4.8 Content type auto - detection 5 Versions 5.1 Early history 5.2 Microsoft Windows 5.2. 1 Excel 2.0 ( 1987 ) 5.2. 2 Excel 3.0 ( 1990 ) 5.2. 3 Excel 4.0 ( 1992 ) 5.2. 4 Excel 5.0 ( 1993 ) 5.2. 5 Excel 95 ( v7. 0 ) 5.2. 6 Excel 97 ( v8. 0 ) 5.2. 7 Excel 2000 ( v9. 0 ) 5.2. 8 Excel 2002 ( v10. 0 ) 5.2. 9 Excel 2003 ( v11. 0 ) 5.2. 10 Excel 2007 ( v12. 0 ) 5.2. 11 Excel 2010 ( v14. 0 ) 5.2. 12 Excel 2013 ( v15. 0 ) 5.2. 13 Excel 2016 ( v16. 0 ) 5.3 Apple Macintosh 5.4 OS / 2 5.5 Summary 6 Impact 7 Security 8 See also 9 References 10 General references 11 External links Features Basic operation Main article : Spreadsheet Microsoft Excel has the basic features of all spreadsheets , using a grid of cells arranged in numbered rows and letter - named columns to organize data manipulations like arithmetic operations . It has a battery of supplied functions to answer statistical , engineering and financial needs . In addition , it can display data as line graphs , histograms and charts , and with a very limited three - dimensional graphical display . It allows sectioning of data to view its dependencies on various factors for different perspectives ( using pivot tables and the scenario manager ) . It has a programming aspect , Visual Basic for Applications , allowing the user to employ a wide variety of numerical methods , for example , for solving differential equations of mathematical physics , and then reporting the results back to the spreadsheet . It also has a variety of interactive features allowing user interfaces that can completely hide the spreadsheet from the user , so the spreadsheet presents itself as a so - called application , or decision support system ( DSS ) , via a custom - designed user interface , for example , a stock analyzer , or in general , as a design tool that asks the user questions and provides answers and reports . In a more elaborate realization , an Excel application can automatically poll external databases and measuring instruments using an update schedule , analyze the results , make a Word report or PowerPoint slide show , and e-mail these presentations on a regular basis to a list of participants . Excel was not designed to be used as a database . Use of a user - defined function sq ( x ) in Microsoft Excel . The named variables x & y are identified in the Name Manager . The function sq is introduced using the Visual Basic editor supplied with Excel . Subroutine in Excel calculates the square of named column variable x read from the spreadsheet , and writes it into the named column variable y . Graph made using Microsoft Excel Microsoft allows for a number of optional command - line switches to control the manner in which Excel starts . Macro programming VBA programming Main article : Visual Basic for Applications The Windows version of Excel supports programming through Microsoft 's Visual Basic for Applications ( VBA ) , which is a dialect of Visual Basic . Programming with VBA allows spreadsheet manipulation that is awkward or impossible with standard spreadsheet techniques . Programmers may write code directly using the Visual Basic Editor ( VBE ) , which includes a window for writing code , debugging code , and code module organization environment . The user can implement numerical methods as well as automating tasks such as formatting or data organization in VBA and guide the calculation using any desired intermediate results reported back to the spreadsheet . VBA was removed from Mac Excel 2008 , as the developers did not believe that a timely release would allow porting the VBA engine natively to Mac OS X . VBA was restored in the next version , Mac Excel 2011 , although the build lacks support for ActiveX objects , impacting some high level developer tools . A common and easy way to generate VBA code is by using the Macro Recorder . The Macro Recorder records actions of the user and generates VBA code in the form of a macro . These actions can then be repeated automatically by running the macro . The macros can also be linked to different trigger types like keyboard shortcuts , a command button or a graphic . The actions in the macro can be executed from these trigger types or from the generic toolbar options . The VBA code of the macro can also be edited in the VBE . Certain features such as loop functions and screen prompt by their own properties , and some graphical display items , can not be recorded but must be entered into the VBA module directly by the programmer . Advanced users can employ user prompts to create an interactive program , or react to events such as sheets being loaded or changed . Macro Recorded code may not be compatible with Excel versions . Some code that is used in Excel 2010 can not be used in Excel 2003 . Making a Macro that changes the cell colours and making changes to other aspects of cells may not be backward compatible . VBA code interacts with the spreadsheet through the Excel Object Model , a vocabulary identifying spreadsheet objects , and a set of supplied functions or methods that enable reading and writing to the spreadsheet and interaction with its users ( for example , through custom toolbars or command bars and message boxes ) . User - created VBA subroutines execute these actions and operate like macros generated using the macro recorder , but are more flexible and efficient . History From its first version Excel supported end user programming of macros ( automation of repetitive tasks ) and user defined functions ( extension of Excel 's built - in function library ) . In early versions of Excel these programs were written in a macro language whose statements had formula syntax and resided in the cells of special purpose macro sheets ( stored with file extension . XLM in Windows . ) XLM was the default macro language for Excel through Excel 4.0 . Beginning with version 5.0 Excel recorded macros in VBA by default but with version 5.0 XLM recording was still allowed as an option . After version 5.0 that option was discontinued . All versions of Excel , including Excel 2010 are capable of running an XLM macro , though Microsoft discourages their use . Charts Excel supports charts , graphs , or histograms generated from specified groups of cells . The generated graphic component can either be embedded within the current sheet , or added as a separate object . These displays are dynamically updated if the content of cells change . For example , suppose that the important design requirements are displayed visually ; then , in response to a user 's change in trial values for parameters , the curves describing the design change shape , and their points of intersection shift , assisting the selection of the best design . Data storage and communication Number of rows and columns Versions of Excel up to 7.0 had a limitation in the size of their data sets of 16K ( 2 = 7004163840000000000 ♠ 16 384 ) rows . Versions 8.0 through 11.0 could handle 64K ( 2 = 7004655360000000000 ♠ 65 536 ) rows and 256 columns ( 2 as label ' IV ' ) . Version 12.0 can handle 1M ( 2 = 7006104857600000000 ♠ 1048576 ) rows , and 7004163840000000000 ♠ 16 384 ( 2 as label ' XFD ' ) columns . File formats Excel Spreadsheet Filename extension . xls , (. xlsx , . xlsm , . xlsb - Excel 2007 ) Internet media type application / vnd. ms - excel Uniform Type Identifier ( UTI ) com. microsoft. excel. xls Developed by Microsoft Type of format Spreadsheet Microsoft Excel up until 2007 version used a proprietary binary file format called Excel Binary File Format (. XLS ) as its primary format . Excel 2007 uses Office Open XML as its primary file format , an XML - based format that followed after a previous XML - based format called `` XML Spreadsheet '' ( `` XMLSS '' ) , first introduced in Excel 2002 . Although supporting and encouraging the use of new XML - based formats as replacements , Excel 2007 remained backwards - compatible with the traditional , binary formats . In addition , most versions of Microsoft Excel can read CSV , DBF , SYLK , DIF , and other legacy formats . Support for some older file formats was removed in Excel 2007 . The file formats were mainly from DOS - based programs . Binary OpenOffice.org has created documentation of the Excel format . Since then Microsoft made the Excel binary format specification available to freely download . XML Spreadsheet Main article : Microsoft Office XML formats The XML Spreadsheet format introduced in Excel 2002 is a simple , XML based format missing some more advanced features like storage of VBA macros . Though the intended file extension for this format is . xml , the program also correctly handles XML files with . xls extension . This feature is widely used by third - party applications ( e.g. MySQL Query Browser ) to offer `` export to Excel '' capabilities without implementing binary file format . The following example will be correctly opened by Excel if saved either as Book1. xml or Book1. xls : Name Example Value 123 Current file extensions Main article : Office Open XML Microsoft Excel 2007 , along with the other products in the Microsoft Office 2007 suite , introduced new file formats . The first of these (. xlsx ) is defined in the Office Open XML ( OOXML ) specification . Excel 2007 formats Format Extension Description Excel Workbook . xlsx The default Excel 2007 and later workbook format . In reality a ZIP compressed archive with a directory structure of XML text documents . Functions as the primary replacement for the former binary . xls format , although it does not support Excel macros for security reasons . Excel Macro-enabled Workbook . xlsm As Excel Workbook , but with macro support . Excel Binary Workbook . xlsb As Excel Macro-enabled Workbook , but storing information in binary form rather than XML documents for opening and saving documents more quickly and efficiently . Intended especially for very large documents with tens of thousands of rows , and / or several hundreds of columns . Excel Macro-enabled Template . xltm A template document that forms a basis for actual workbooks , with macro support . The replacement for the old . xlt format . Excel Add - in . xlam Excel add - in to add extra functionality and tools . Inherent macro support because of the file purpose . Old file extensions Format Extension Description Spreadsheet . xls Main spreadsheet format which holds data in worksheets , charts , and macros Add - in ( VBA ) . xla Adds custom functionality ; written in VBA Toolbar . xlb The file extension where Microsoft Excel custom toolbar settings are stored . Chart . xlc A chart created with data from a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet that only saves the chart . To save the chart and spreadsheet save as . XLS . XLC is not supported in Excel 2007 or in any newer versions of Excel . Dialog . xld Used in older versions of Excel . Archive . xlk A backup of an Excel Spreadsheet Add - in ( DLL ) . xll Adds custom functionality ; written in C++ / C , Visual Basic , Fortran , etc. and compiled in to a special dynamic - link library Macro . xlm A macro is created by the user or pre-installed with Excel . Template . xlt A pre-formatted spreadsheet created by the user or by Microsoft Excel . Module . xlv A module is written in VBA ( Visual Basic for Applications ) for Microsoft Excel Library . DLL Code written in VBA may access functions in a DLL , typically this is used to access the Windows API Workspace . xlw Arrangement of the windows of multiple Workbooks Using other Windows applications Windows applications such as Microsoft Access and Microsoft Word , as well as Excel can communicate with each other and use each other 's capabilities . The most common are Dynamic Data Exchange : although strongly deprecated by Microsoft , this is a common method to send data between applications running on Windows , with official MS publications referring to it as `` the protocol from hell '' . As the name suggests , it allows applications to supply data to others for calculation and display . It is very common in financial markets , being used to connect to important financial data services such as Bloomberg and Reuters . OLE Object Linking and Embedding : allows a Windows application to control another to enable it to format or calculate data . This may take on the form of `` embedding '' where an application uses another to handle a task that it is more suited to , for example a PowerPoint presentation may be embedded in an Excel spreadsheet or vice versa . Using external data Excel users can access external data sources via Microsoft Office features such as ( for example ) . odc connections built with the Office Data Connection file format . Excel files themselves may be updated using a Microsoft supplied ODBC driver . Excel can accept data in real time through several programming interfaces , which allow it to communicate with many data sources such as Bloomberg and Reuters ( through addins such as Power Plus Pro ) . DDE : `` Dynamic Data Exchange '' uses the message passing mechanism in Windows to allow data to flow between Excel and other applications . Although it is easy for users to create such links , programming such links reliably is so difficult that Microsoft , the creators of the system , officially refer to it as `` the protocol from hell '' . In spite of its many issues DDE remains the most common way for data to reach traders in financial markets . Network DDE Extended the protocol to allow spreadsheets on different computers to exchange data . Starting with Windows Vista , Microsoft no longer supports the facility . Real Time Data : RTD although in many ways technically superior to DDE , has been slow to gain acceptance , since it requires non-trivial programming skills , and when first released was neither adequately documented nor supported by the major data vendors . Alternatively , Microsoft Query provides ODBC - based browsing within Microsoft Excel . Export and migration of spreadsheets Programmers have produced APIs to open Excel spreadsheets in a variety of applications and environments other than Microsoft Excel . These include opening Excel documents on the web using either ActiveX controls , or plugins like the Adobe Flash Player . The Apache POI opensource project provides Java libraries for reading and writing Excel spreadsheet files . ExcelPackage is another open - source project that provides server - side generation of Microsoft Excel 2007 spreadsheets . PHPExcel is a PHP library that converts Excel5 , Excel 2003 , and Excel 2007 formats into objects for reading and writing within a web application . Excel Services is a current . NET developer tool that can enhance Excel 's capabilities . Excel spreadsheets can be accessed from Python with xlrd and openpyxl . js - xlsx and js - xls can open Excel spreadsheets from JS . Password protection Main article : Microsoft Office password protection Microsoft Excel protection offers several types of passwords : Password to open a document Password to modify a document Password to unprotect worksheet Password to protect workbook Password to protect the sharing workbook All passwords except password to open a document can be removed instantly regardless of Microsoft Excel version used to create the document . These types of passwords are used primarily for shared work on a document . Such password - protected documents are not encrypted , and a data sources from a set password is saved in a document 's header . Password to protect workbook is an exception -- when it is set , a document is encrypted with the standard password `` VelvetSweatshop '' , but since it is known to public , it actually does not add any extra protection to the document . The only type of password that can prevent a trespasser from gaining access to a document is password to open a document . The cryptographic strength of this kind of protection depends strongly on the Microsoft Excel version that was used to create the document . In Microsoft Excel 95 and earlier versions , password to open is converted to a 16 - bit key that can be instantly cracked . In Excel 97 / 2000 the password is converted to a 40 - bit key , which can also be cracked very quickly using modern equipment . As regards services which use rainbow tables ( e.g. Password - Find ) , it takes up to several seconds to remove protection . In addition , password - cracking programs can brute - force attack passwords at a rate of hundreds of thousands of passwords a second , which not only lets them decrypt a document , but also find the original password . In Excel 2003 / XP the encryption is slightly better -- a user can choose any encryption algorithm that is available in the system ( see Cryptographic Service Provider ) . Due to the CSP , an Excel file ca n't be decrypted , and thus the password to open ca n't be removed , though the brute - force attack speed remains quite high . Nevertheless , the older Excel 97 / 2000 algorithm is set by the default . Therefore , users who did not changed the default settings lack reliable protection of their documents . The situation changed fundamentally in Excel 2007 , where the modern AES algorithm with a key of 128 bits started being used for decryption , and a 50,000-fold use of the hash function SHA1 reduced the speed of brute - force attacks down to hundreds of passwords per second . In Excel 2010 , the strength of the protection by the default was increased two times due to the use of a 100,000-fold SHA1 to convert a password to a key . Microsoft Excel Viewer Microsoft Excel Viewer is a freeware program for viewing and printing spreadsheet documents created by Excel . Excel Viewer is similar to Microsoft Word Viewer in functionality . ( There is not a current version for the Mac . ) Excel Viewer is available for Microsoft Windows and Windows CE handheld PCs , such as the NEC MobilePro . It is also possible to open Excel files using certain online tools and services . Online excel viewers do not require users to have Microsoft Excel installed . Quirks Further information : Spreadsheet § Shortcomings Other errors specific to Excel include misleading statistics functions , mod function errors , date limitations and the Excel 2007 error . Statistical functions The accuracy and convenience of statistical tools in Excel has been criticized , as mishandling missing data , as returning incorrect values due to inept handling of round - off and large numbers , as only selectively updating calculations on a spreadsheet when some cell values are changed , and as having a limited set of statistical tools . Microsoft has announced some of these issues are addressed in Excel 2010 . Excel MOD function error Excel has issues with modulo operations . In the case of excessively large results , Excel will return the error warning # NUM ! instead of an answer . Fictional leap day in the year 1900 Excel includes February 29 , 1900 , incorrectly treating 1900 as a leap year , even though e.g. 2100 is correctly treated as a regular year . The bug originated from Lotus 1 - 2 - 3 ( deliberately implemented to save computer memory ) , and was also purposely implemented in Excel , for the purpose of bug compatibility . This legacy has later been carried over into Office Open XML file format . Thus a ( not necessarily whole ) number greater than or equal to 61 interpreted as a date and time is the ( real ) number of days after December 30 , 1899 , 0 : 00 , a non-negative number less than 60 is the number of days after December 31 , 1899 , 0 : 00 , and numbers with whole part 60 represent the fictional day . Date range Excel supports dates with years in the range 1900 - 9999 , except that December 31 , 1899 can be entered as 0 and is displayed as 0 - jan - 1900 . Converting a fraction of a day into hours , minutes and days by treating it as a moment on the day January 1 , 1900 , does not work for a negative fraction . Conversion problems Entering text that happens to be in a form that is interpreted as a date , the text can be unintentionally changed to a standard date format . A similar problem occurs when a text happens to be in the form of a floating point notation of a number . In these cases the original exact text can not be recovered from the result . In the case of entering gene names this is a well known problem in the analysis of DNA , for example in bioinformatics . The problem was first described in 2004 . Filenames Microsoft Excel will not open two documents with the same name and instead will display the following error : A document with the name ' % s ' is already open . You can not open two documents with the same name , even if the documents are in different folders . To open the second document , either close the document that is currently open , or rename one of the documents . The reason is for calculation ambiguity with linked cells . If there is a cell = ' ( Book1. xlsx ) Sheet1 ' ! $ G $33 , and there are two books named `` Book1 '' open , there is no way to tell which one the user means . Numeric precision Main article : Numeric precision in Microsoft Excel Excel maintains 15 figures in its numbers , but they are not always accurate : the bottom line should be the same as the top line . Despite the use of 15 - figure precision , Excel can display many more figures ( up to thirty ) upon user request . But the displayed figures are not those actually used in its computations , and so , for example , the difference of two numbers may differ from the difference of their displayed values . Although such departures are usually beyond the 15th decimal , exceptions do occur , especially for very large or very small numbers . Serious errors can occur if decisions are made based upon automated comparisons of numbers ( for example , using the Excel If function ) , as equality of two numbers can be unpredictable . In the figure the fraction 1 / 9000 is displayed in Excel . Although this number has a decimal representation that is an infinite string of ones , Excel displays only the leading 15 figures . In the second line , the number one is added to the fraction , and again Excel displays only 15 figures . In the third line , one is subtracted from the sum using Excel . Because the sum in the second line has only eleven 1 's after the decimal , the difference when 1 is subtracted from this displayed value is three 0 's followed by a string of eleven 1 's . However , the difference reported by Excel in the third line is three 0 's followed by a string of thirteen 1 's and two extra erroneous digits . This is because Excel calculates with about half a digit more than it displays . Excel works with a modified 1985 version of the IEEE 754 specification . Excel 's implementation involves conversions between binary and decimal representations , leading to accuracy that is on average better than one would expect from simple fifteen digit precision , but that can be worse . See the main article for details . Besides accuracy in user computations , the question of accuracy in Excel - provided functions may be raised . Particularly in the arena of statistical functions , Excel has been criticized for sacrificing accuracy for speed of calculation . As many calculations in Excel are executed using VBA , an additional issue is the accuracy of VBA , which varies with variable type and user - requested precision . Content type auto - detection In 2004 scientists reported automatic ( and inadvertent ) conversion of gene nomenclature into dates . A follow - up study in 2016 found many peer reviewed scientific journal papers had been affected and that `` Of the selected journals , the proportion of published articles with Excel files containing gene lists that are affected by gene name errors is 19.6 % . Excel parses the copied and pasted data and sometimes changes them depending on what it thinks they are . For example , MARCH1 ( Membrane Associated Ring - CH - type finger 1 ) gets converted to the date March 1 ( 1 - Mar ) and SEPT2 ( Septin 2 ) is converted into September 2 ( 2 - Sep ) etc . While some secondary news sources reported this as a fault with Excel , the original authors of the 2016 paper placed the blame with the researchers mis - using Excel . Versions Early history Microsoft originally marketed a spreadsheet program called Multiplan in 1982 . Multiplan became very popular on CP / M systems , but on MS - DOS systems it lost popularity to Lotus 1 - 2 - 3 . Microsoft released the first version of Excel for the Macintosh on September 30 , 1985 , and the first Windows version was 2.05 ( to synchronize with the Macintosh version 2.2 ) in November 1987 . Lotus was slow to bring 1 - 2 - 3 to Windows and by the early 1990s Excel had started to outsell 1 - 2 - 3 and helped Microsoft achieve its position as a leading PC software developer . This accomplishment solidified Microsoft as a valid competitor and showed its future of developing GUI software . Microsoft maintained its advantage with regular new releases , every two years or so . Microsoft Windows Excel 2.0 is the first version of Excel for the Intel platform . Versions prior to 2.0 were only available on the Apple Macintosh . Excel 2.0 ( 1987 ) The first Windows version was labeled `` 2 '' to correspond to the Mac version . This included a run - time version of Windows . BYTE in 1989 listed Excel for Windows as among the `` Distinction '' winners of the BYTE Awards . The magazine stated that the port of the `` extraordinary '' Macintosh version `` shines '' , with a user interface as good as or better than the original . Excel 30 ( 1990 ) Included toolbars , drawing capabilities , outlining , add - in support , 3D charts , and many more new features . Excel 4.0 ( 1992 ) Introduced auto - fill . Also , an easter egg in Excel 4.0 reveals a hidden animation of a dancing set of numbers 1 through 3 , representing Lotus 1 - 2 - 3 , which was then crushed by an Excel logo . Excel 5.0 ( 1993 ) With version 5.0 , Excel has included Visual Basic for Applications ( VBA ) , a programming language based on Visual Basic which adds the ability to automate tasks in Excel and to provide user - defined functions ( UDF ) for use in worksheets . VBA is a powerful addition to the application and includes a fully featured integrated development environment ( IDE ) . Macro recording can produce VBA code replicating user actions , thus allowing simple automation of regular tasks . VBA allows the creation of forms and in ‐ worksheet controls to communicate with the user . The language supports use ( but not creation ) of ActiveX ( COM ) DLL 's ; later versions add support for class modules allowing the use of basic object - oriented programming techniques . The automation functionality provided by VBA made Excel a target for macro viruses . This caused serious problems until antivirus products began to detect these viruses . Microsoft belatedly took steps to prevent the misuse by adding the ability to disable macros completely , to enable macros when opening a workbook or to trust all macros signed using a trusted certificate . Versions 5.0 to 9.0 of Excel contain various Easter eggs , including a `` Hall of Tortured Souls '' , although since version 10 Microsoft has taken measures to eliminate such undocumented features from their products . 5.0 was released in a 16 - bit x86 version for Windows 3.1 and later in a 32 - bit version for NT 3.51 ( x86 / Alpha / PowerPC ) Excel 95 ( v7. 0 ) Microsoft Excel 95 Released in 1995 with Microsoft Office for Windows 95 , this is the first major version after Excel 5.0 , as there is no Excel 6.0 with all of the Office applications standardizing on the same major version number . Internal rewrite to 32 - bits . Almost no external changes , but faster and more stable . Excel 97 ( v8. 0 ) Included in Office 97 ( for x86 and Alpha ) . This was a major upgrade that introduced the paper clip office assistant and featured standard VBA used instead of internal Excel Basic . It introduced the now - removed Natural Language labels . This version of Excel includes a flight simulator as an Easter Egg . Excel 2000 ( v9. 0 ) Microsoft Excel 2000 Included in Office 2000 . This was a minor upgrade , but introduced an upgrade to the clipboard where it can hold multiple objects at once . The Office Assistant , whose frequent unsolicited appearance in Excel 97 had annoyed many users , became less intrusive . Excel 2002 ( v10. 0 ) Included in Office XP . Very minor enhancements . Excel 2003 ( v11. 0 ) Included in Office 2003 . Minor enhancements , most significant being the new Tables . Excel 2007 ( v12. 0 ) Microsoft Excel 2007 Included in Office 2007 . This release was a major upgrade from the previous version . Similar to other updated Office products , Excel in 2007 used the new Ribbon menu system . This was different from what users were used to , and was met with mixed reactions . One study reported fairly good acceptance by users except highly experienced users and users of word processing applications with a classical WIMP interface , but was less convinced in terms of efficiency and organisation . However , an online survey reported that a majority of respondents had a negative opinion of the change , with advanced users being `` somewhat more negative '' than intermediate users , and users reporting a self - estimated reduction in productivity . Added functionality included the SmartArt set of editable business diagrams . Also added was an improved management of named variables through the Name Manager , and much improved flexibility in formatting graphs , which allow ( x , y ) coordinate labeling and lines of arbitrary weight . Several improvements to pivot tables were introduced . Also like other office products , the Office Open XML file formats were introduced , including . xlsm for a workbook with macros and . xlsx for a workbook without macros . Specifically , many of the size limitations of previous versions were greatly increased . To illustrate , the number of rows was now 1,048,576 ( 2 ) and columns was 16,384 ( 2 ; the far - right column is XFD ) . This changes what is a valid A1 reference versus a named range . This version made more extensive use of multiple cores for the calculation of spreadsheets ; however , VBA macros are not handled in parallel and XLL add ‐ ins were only executed in parallel if they were thread - safe and this was indicated at registration . Excel 2010 ( v14. 0 ) Microsoft Excel 2010 running on Windows 7 Included in Office 2010 , this is the next major version after v12. 0 , as version number 13 was skipped . Minor enhancements and 64 - bit support , including the following : Multi-threading recalculation ( MTR ) for commonly used functions Improved pivot tables More conditional formatting options Additional image editing capabilities In - cell charts called sparklines Ability to preview before pasting Office 2010 backstage feature for document - related tasks Ability to customize the Ribbon Many new formulas , most highly specialized to improve accuracy Excel 2013 ( v15. 0 ) Included in Office 2013 , along with a lot of new tools included in this release : Improved Multi-threading and Memory Contention FlashFill Power View Power Pivot Timeline Slicer Windows App Inquire 50 new functions Excel 2016 ( v16. 0 ) Included in Office 2016 , along with a lot of new tools included in this release : Power Query integration Read - only mode for Excel Keyboard access for Pivot Tables and Slicers in Excel New Chart Types Quick data linking in Visio Excel forecasting functions Support for multi-selection of Slicer items using touch Time grouping and Pivot Chart Drill Down Excel data cards Apple Macintosh Microsoft Excel for Mac 2011 1985 Excel 1.0 1988 Excel 1.5 1989 Excel 2.2 1990 Excel 3.0 1992 Excel 4.0 1993 Excel 5.0 ( part of Office 4. x -- Final Motorola 680x0 version and first PowerPC version ) 1998 Excel 8.0 ( part of Office 98 ) 2000 Excel 9.0 ( part of Office 2001 ) 2001 Excel 10.0 ( part of Office v. X ) 2004 Excel 11.0 ( part of Office 2004 ) 2008 Excel 12.0 ( part of Office 2008 ) 2011 Excel 14.0 ( part of Office 2011 ) 2015 Excel 15.0 ( part of Office 2016 -- Office 2016 for Mac brings the Mac version much closer to parity with its Windows cousin , harmonizing many of the reporting and high - level developer functions , while bringing the ribbon and styling into line with its PC counterpart . ) OS / 2 1989 Excel 2.2 1990 Excel 2.3 1991 Excel 3.0 Summary Legend : Old version Older version , still supported Current stable version Latest preview version Future release Microsoft Excel for Windows release history Year Name Version Comments Excel 2 Old version , no longer supported : 2.0 Renumbered to 2 to correspond with contemporary Macintosh version 1990 Excel 3 Old version , no longer supported : 3.0 Added 3D graphing capabilities 1992 Excel 4 Old version , no longer supported : 4.0 Introduced auto - fill feature 1993 Excel 5 Old version , no longer supported : 5.0 Included Visual Basic for Applications ( VBA ) and various object - oriented options 1995 Excel 95 Old version , no longer supported : 7.0 Renumbered for contemporary Word version . Both programs were packaged in Microsoft Office by this time . Excel 97 Old version , no longer supported : 8.0 2000 Excel 2000 Old version , no longer supported : 9.0 Part of Microsoft Office 2000 , which was itself part of Windows Millennium ( also known as `` Windows ME '' ) . 2002 Excel 2002 Old version , no longer supported : 10.0 2003 Excel 2003 Old version , no longer supported : 11.0 Released only 1 year later to correspond better with the rest of Microsoft Office ( Word , PowerPoint , etc . ) . 2007 Excel 2007 Old version , no longer supported : 12.0 Excel 2010 Older version , yet still supported : 14.0 Due to superstitions surrounding the number 13 , Excel 13 was skipped in version counting . 2013 Excel 2013 Older version , yet still supported : 15.0 Introduced 50 more mathematical functions ( available as pre-packaged commands , rather than typing the formula manually ) . 2016 Excel 2016 Current stable version : 16.0 Part of Microsoft Office 2016 Microsoft Excel for Macintosh release history Year Name Version Comments 1985 Excel 1 Old version , no longer supported : 1.0 Initial version of Excel Excel 1.5 Old version , no longer supported : 1.5 1989 Excel 2 Old version , no longer supported : 2.2 1990 Excel 3 Old version , no longer supported : 3.0 1992 Excel 4 Old version , no longer supported : 4.0 1993 Excel 5 Old version , no longer supported : 5.0 Only available on PowerPC - based Macs . First PowerPC version . 1998 Excel 98 Old version , no longer supported : 8.0 Excel 6 and Excel 7 were skipped to correspond with the rest of Microsoft Office at the time . 2000 Excel 2000 Old version , no longer supported : 9.0 2001 Excel 2001 Old version , no longer supported : 10.0 Excel 2004 Old version , no longer supported : 11.0 2008 Excel 2008 Old version , no longer supported : 12.0 2011 Excel 2011 Old version , no longer supported : 14.0 As with the Windows version , version 13 was skipped for superstitious reasons . 2016 Excel 2016 Current stable version : 16.0 As with the rest of Microsoft Office , so it is for Excel : Future release dates for the Macintosh version are intended to correspond better to those for the Windows version , from 2016 onward . Microsoft Excel for OS / 2 release history Year Name Version Comments 1989 Excel 2.2 Old version , no longer supported : 2.2 Numbered in between Windows versions at the time 1990 Excel 2.3 Old version , no longer supported : 2.3 1991 Excel 3 Old version , no longer supported : 3.0 Last OS / 2 version . Discontinued subseries of Microsoft Excel , which is otherwise still an actively developed program . Impact Excel offers many user interface tweaks over the earliest electronic spreadsheets ; however , the essence remains the same as in the original spreadsheet software , VisiCalc : the program displays cells organized in rows and columns , and each cell may contain data or a formula , with relative or absolute references to other cells . Excel 2.0 for Windows , which was modeled after its Mac GUI - based counterpart , indirectly expanded the installed base of the then - nascent Windows environment . Excel 2.0 was released a month before Windows 2.0 , and the installed base of Windows was so low at that point in 1987 that Microsoft had to bundle a runtime version of Windows 1.0 with Excel 2.0 . Unlike Microsoft Word , there never was a DOS version of Excel . Excel became the first spreadsheet to allow the user to define the appearance of spreadsheets ( fonts , character attributes and cell appearance ) . It also introduced intelligent cell recomputation , where only cells dependent on the cell being modified are updated ( previous spreadsheet programs recomputed everything all the time or waited for a specific user command ) . Excel introduced auto - fill , the ability to drag and expand the selection box to automatically copy cell or row contents to adjacent cells or rows , adjusting the copies intelligently by automatically incrementing cell references or contents . Excel also introduced extensive graphing capabilities . Security Because Excel is widely used , it has been attacked by hackers . While Excel is not directly exposed to the Internet , if an attacker can get a victim to open a file in Excel , and there is an appropriate security bug in Excel , then the attacker can get control of the victim 's computer . UK 's GCHQ has a tool named TORNADO ALLEY with this purpose . See also Comparison of spreadsheet software Comparison of risk analysis Microsoft Excel add - ins Spreadmart Numbers ( spreadsheet ) - the iWork equivalent References Jump up ^ `` Office 365 client update branch releases '' . TechNet . Microsoft . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Office Excel 2010 '' . Download.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Release notes for Office 2016 for Mac '' . Microsoft . December 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harvey , Greg ( 2006 ) . Excel 2007 For Dummies . Wiley . ISBN 0 - 470 - 03737 - 7 . Jump up ^ Harvey , Greg ( 2007 ) . Excel 2007 Workbook for Dummies ( 2nd ed . ) . Wiley . p. 296 ff . ISBN 0 - 470 - 16937 - 0 . Jump up ^ de Levie , Robert ( 2004 ) . Advanced Excel for scientific data analysis . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515275 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bourg , David M. ( 2006 ) . Excel scientific and engineering cookbook . O'Reilly . ISBN 0 - 596 - 00879 - 1 . Jump up ^ Şeref , Michelle M.H. & Ahuja , Ravindra K. ( 2008 ) . `` § 4.2 A portfolio management and optimization spreadsheet DSS '' . In Burstein , Frad & Holsapple , Clyde W. Handbook on Decision Support Systems 1 : Basic Themes . Springer . ISBN 3 - 540 - 48712 - 3 . Jump up ^ Wells , Eric & Harshbarger , Steve ( 1997 ) . Microsoft Excel 97 Developer 's Handbook . Microsoft Press . ISBN 1 - 57231 - 359 - 5 . Excellent examples are developed that show just how applications can be designed . Jump up ^ Harnett , Donald L. & Horrell , James F. ( 1998 ) . Data , statistics , and decision models with Excel . Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 13398 - 1 . Jump up ^ Şeref , Michelle M.H. ; Ahuja , Ravindra K. & Winston , Wayne L. ( 2007 ) . Developing spreadsheet - based decision support systems : using Excel and VBA . Dynamic Ideas . ISBN 0 - 9759146 - 5 - 0 . Jump up ^ Some form of data acquisition hardware is required . See , for example , Austerlitz , Howard ( 2003 ) . Data acquisition techniques using PCs ( 2nd ed . ) . Academic Press . p. 281 ff . ISBN 0 - 12 - 068377 - 6 . Jump up ^ Good data is a good start Jump up ^ `` Description of the startup switches for Excel '' . Microsoft Help and Support . Microsoft Support . May 7 , 2007 . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . Microsoft Excel accepts a number of optional switches that you can use to control how the program starts . This article lists the switches and provides a description of each switch . Jump up ^ For example , by converting to Visual Basic the recipes in Press , William H. Press ; Teukolsky , Saul A. ; Vetterling , William T. & Flannery , Brian P. ( 2007 ) . Numerical recipes : the art of scientific computing ( 3rd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 88068 - 8 . Code conversion to Basic from Fortran probably is easier than from C++ , so the 2nd edition ( ISBN 0521437210 ) may be easier to use , or the Basic code implementation of the first edition : Sprott , Julien C. ( 1991 ) . Numerical recipes : routines and examples in BASIC . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 40689 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Excel '' . Office for Mac . OfficeforMacHelp.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Using Excel - PC or Mac ? Excel Lemon '' . www.excellemon.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ However an increasing proportion of Excel functionality is not captured by the Macro Recorder leading to largely useless macros . Compatibility among multiple versions of Excel is also a downfall of this method . A macro recorder in Excel 2010 may not work in Excel 2003 or older . This is most common when changing colours and formatting of cells . Walkenbach , John ( 2007 ) . `` Chapter 6 : Using the Excel macro recorder '' . Excel 2007 VBA Programming for Dummies ( Revised by Jan Karel Pieterse ed . ) . Wiley . p. 79 ff . ISBN 0 - 470 - 04674 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` More than 100 Excel Keyboard Shortcuts '' . AllTop9.com . Jump up ^ Walkenbach , John ( February 2 , 2007 ) . `` Chapter 4 : Introducing the Excel object model '' . cited work . p. 53 ff . ISBN 0 - 470 - 04674 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The Spreadsheet Page for Excel Users and Developers '' . J - Walk & Associates , Inc . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Working with Excel 4.0 macros '' . Microsoft Office Support . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The `` Big Grid '' and Increased Limits in Excel 2007 `` . microsoft.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mac Developer Library '' . Jump up ^ `` How to extract information from Office files by using Office file formats and schemas '' . Microsoft . February 26 , 2008 . Retrieved November 10 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` XML Spreadsheet Reference '' . Microsoft Excel 2002 Technical Articles . MSDN . August 2001 . Retrieved November 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Deprecated features for Excel 2007 '' . Microsoft -- David Gainer . August 24 , 2006 . Retrieved January 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` OpenOffice. org 's documentation of the Microsoft Excel File Format '' ( PDF ) . August 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Office Excel 97 - 2007 Binary File Format Specification ( *. xls 97 - 2007 format ) '' . Microsoft Corporation . 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Faking DDE with Private Servers '' . Jump up ^ Schmalz , Michael ( 2006 ) . `` Chapter 5 : Using Access VBA to automate Excel '' . Integrating Excel and Access . O'Reilly Media , Inc . ISBN 0 - 596 - 00973 - 9 . Schmalz , Michael ( 2006 ) . `` Chapter 5 : Using Access VBA to automate Excel '' . Integrating Excel and Access . O'Reilly Media , Inc . ISBN 0 - 596 - 00973 - 9 . Jump up ^ Cornell , Paul ( 2007 ) . `` Chapter 5 : Connect to other databases '' . Excel as Your Database . Apress . p. 117 ff . ISBN 1 - 59059 - 751 - 6 . Jump up ^ DeMarco , Jim ( 2008 ) . `` Excel 's data import tools '' . Pro Excel 2007 VBA . Apress . p. 43 ff . ISBN 1 - 59059 - 957 - 8 . Jump up ^ Harts , Doug ( 2007 ) . `` Importing Access data into Excel 2007 '' . Microsoft Office 2007 Business Intelligence : Reporting , Analysis , and Measurement from the Desktop . McGraw - Hill Professional . ISBN 0 - 07 - 149424 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` About Network DDE ( Windows ) '' . Jump up ^ How to set up RTD in Excel Jump up ^ DeMarco , Jim ( 2008 ) . Pro Excel 2007 VBA . Berkeley , CA : Apress . p. 225 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59059 - 957 - 0 . External data is accessed through a connection file , such as an Office Data Connection ( ODC ) file (. odc ) Jump up ^ Bullen , Stephen ; Bovey , Rob & Green , John ( 2009 ) . Professional Excel Development ( 2nd ed . ) . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Addison - Wesley . p. 665 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 50879 - 3 . To create a robust solution , we always have to include some VBA code ... Jump up ^ William , Wehrs ( 2000 ) . `` An Applied DSS Course Using Excel and VBA : IS and / or MS ? '' ( PDF ) . The Proceedings of ISECON ( Information System Educator Conference ) . p. 4 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 21 , 2010 . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . Microsoft Query is a data retrieval tool ( i.e. ODBC browser ) that can be employed within Excel 97 . It allows a user to create and save queries on external relational databases for which an ODBC driver is available . Jump up ^ Use Microsoft Query to retrieve external data Archived March 12 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Password protect documents , workbooks , and presentations - Word - Office.com '' . Office.microsoft.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Password protect documents , workbooks , and presentations - Word - Office.com '' . Office.microsoft.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Password protect worksheet or workbook elements - Excel - Office.com '' . Office.microsoft.com . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2013 . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How safe is Word encryption . Is it really secure ? '' . Oraxcel.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Description of the Excel Viewer ; Microsoft Support ; accessed April 2014 . Jump up ^ New Features in Windows CE . NET 4.1 ; Microsoft DN ; ; accessed April 2014 . Jump up ^ Fix of display error for a number from 65535.99999999995 to 65536 Jump up ^ McCullough , Bruce D. ; Wilson , Berry ( 2002 ) . `` On the accuracy of statistical procedures in Microsoft Excel 2000 and Excel XP '' . Computational Statistics & Data Analysis . 40 ( 4 ) : 713 -- 721 . doi : 10.1016 / S0167 - 9473 ( 02 ) 00095 - 6 . Jump up ^ McCullough , Bruce D. ; Heiser , David A. ( 2008 ) . `` On the accuracy of statistical procedures in Microsoft Excel 2007 '' . Computational Statistics & Data Analysis . 52 ( 10 ) : 4570 -- 4578 . doi : 10.1016 / j. csda. 2008.03. 004 . Jump up ^ Yalta , A. Talha ( 2008 ) . `` The accuracy of statistical distributions in Microsoft Excel 2007 '' . Computational Statistics & Data Analysis . 52 ( 10 ) : 4579 -- 4586 . doi : 10.1016 / j. csda. 2008.03. 005 . Jump up ^ Goldwater , Eva . `` Using Excel for Statistical Data Analysis -- Caveats '' . University of Massachusetts School of Public Health . Retrieved November 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Heiser , David A. ( 2008 ) . `` Microsoft Excel 2000 , 2003 and 2007 faults , problems , workarounds and fixes '' . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2010 . Retrieved April 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Function improvements in Excel 2010 Archived April 6 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Comments are provided from readers that may illuminate some remaining problems . Jump up ^ `` XL : MOD ( ) Function Returns # NUM ! Error Value '' . Microsoft . January 19 , 2007 . Retrieved November 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The MOD bug '' . Byg Software . Retrieved November 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Days of the week before March 1 , 1900 are incorrect in Excel '' . Microsoft . Retrieved November 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Excel 2000 incorrectly assumes that the year 1900 is a leap year '' . Microsoft . Retrieved November 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Spolsky , Joel ( June 16 , 2006 ) . `` My First BillG Review '' . Joel on Software . Retrieved November 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Contradictory Nature of OOXML '' . ConsortiumInfo.org . Jump up ^ `` Negative date and time value are displayed as pound signs ( # # # ) in Excel '' . Microsoft . Retrieved March 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Zeeberg , Barry R ; Riss , Joseph ; Kane , David W ; Bussey , Kimberly J ; Uchio , Edward ; Linehan , W Marston ; Barrett , J Carl ; Weinstein , John N ( 2004 ) . `` Mistaken Identifiers : Gene name errors can be introduced inadvertently when using Excel in bioinformatics '' . BMC Bioinformatics. 5 ( 1 ) : 80 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2105 - 5 - 80 . PMC 459209 . PMID 15214961 . ^ Jump up to : Ziemann , Mark ; Eren , Yotam ; El - Osta , Assam ( 2016 ) . `` Gene name errors are widespread in the scientific literature '' . Genome Biology . 17 ( 1 ) . doi : 10.1186 / s13059 - 016 - 1044 - 7 . PMC 4994289 . PMID 27552985 . Jump up ^ `` The Hindu Business Line : Trouble with macros '' . Jump up ^ Microsoft Excel - Why Ca n't I Open Two Files With the Same Name ? Archived July 29 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Microsoft 's overview is found at : `` Floating - point arithmetic may give inaccurate results in Excel '' . Revision 8.2 ; article ID : 78113 . Microsoft support . June 30 , 2010 . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Altman , Micah ; Gill , Jeff ; McDonald , Michael ( 2004 ) . `` § 2.1. 1 Revealing example : Computing the coefficient standard deviation '' . Numerical issues in statistical computing for the social scientist . Wiley - IEEE . p. 12 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 23633 - 0 . Jump up ^ de Levie , Robert ( 2004 ) . cited work . pp. 45 -- 46 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515275 - 1 . Jump up ^ Walkenbach , John ( 2010 ) . `` Defining data types '' . Excel 2010 Power Programming with VBA . Wiley . pp. 198 ff and Table 8 -- 1 . ISBN 0 - 470 - 47535 - 8 . Jump up ^ Anon ( 2016 ) . `` Microsoft Excel blamed for gene study errors '' . bbc.co.uk . London : BBC News . Jump up ^ Cimpanu , Catalin ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` One in Five Scientific Papers on Genes Contains Errors Because of Excel '' . Softpedia . SoftNews . Jump up ^ Ziemann , Mark ( 2016 ) . `` Genome Spot : My personal thoughts on gene name errors '' . genomespot.blogspot.co.uk . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Infoworld Media Group , Inc . ( July 7 , 1986 ) . InfoWorld First Look : Supercalc 4 challenging 1 - 2 - 3 with new tactic . ^ Jump up to : `` The Spreadsheet Page - John Walkenbach '' . Jump up ^ `` The BYTE Awards '' . BYTE . January 1989 . p. 327 . Jump up ^ Lewallen , Dale ( 1992 ) . PC / Computing guide to Excel 4.0 for Windows . Ziff Davis . p. 13 . ISBN 9781562760489 . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lake , Matt ( April 6 , 2009 ) . `` Easter Eggs we have loved : Excel 4 '' . crashreboot.blogspot.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Osterman , Larry ( October 21 , 2005 ) . `` Why no Easter Eggs ? '' . Larry Osterman 's WebLog . MSDN Blogs . Retrieved July 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Dostál , M ( December 9 , 2010 ) . User Acceptance of the Microsoft Ribbon User Interface ( PDF ) . Palacký University of Olomouc . ISBN 978 - 960 - 474 - 245 - 5 . ISSN 1792 - 6157 . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kyd , Charley ( May 2009 ) . `` Ribbon survey results '' . ExcelUser.com . ExcelUser . Jump up ^ Dodge , Mark ; Stinson , Craig ( 2007 ) . `` Chapter 1 : What 's new in Microsoft Office Excel 2007 '' . Microsoft Office Excel 2007 inside out . Microsoft Press . p. 1 ff . ISBN 0 - 7356 - 2321 - X . Jump up ^ `` What 's New in Excel 2010 - Excel '' . Jump up ^ Walkenbach , John ( 2010 ) . `` Some Essential Background '' . Excel 2010 Power Programming with VBA . Indianapolis , Indiana : Wiley Publishing , Inc. p. 20 . ISBN 9780470475355 . Jump up ^ Harris , Steven ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Excel 2013 - Flash Fill '' . Experts-Exchange.com . Experts Exchange . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What 's new in Excel 2013 '' . Office.com . Microsoft . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ K. , Gasper ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` Does a PowerPivot Pivot Table beat a regular Pivot Table '' . Experts-Exchange.com . Experts Exchange . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barresse , Zack ( October 3 , 2013 ) . `` Excel 2013 : Tables , PivotTables , Slicers , and Timelines '' . Experts-Exchange.com . Experts Exchange . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ K. , Gasper ( May 20 , 2013 ) . `` Inquire Add - In for Excel 2013 '' . Experts-Exchange.com . Experts Exchange . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New functions in Excel 2013 '' . Office.com . Microsoft . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What 's new in Office 2016 '' . Office.com . Microsoft . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Announces March Availability of Office 98 Macintosh Edition '' . Microsoft . January 6 , 1998 . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Office for Mac Is Finally a ' First - Class Citizen ' '' . Re / code . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perton , Marc ( November 20 , 2005 ) . `` Windows at 20 : 20 things you did n't know about Windows 1.0 '' . switched.com . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Keizer , Gregg . `` Attackers exploit unpatched Excel vulnerability '' . Jump up ^ `` JTRIG Tools and Techniques '' . The Intercept . July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` JTRIG Tools and Techniques '' . General references Bullen , Stephen ; Bovey , Rob ; Green , John ( 2009 ) . Professional Excel development : The definitive guide to developing applications using Microsoft Excel and VBA ( 2nd ed . ) . Addison Wesley . ISBN 0 - 321 - 50879 - 3 . Dodge , Mark ; Stinson , Craig ( 2007 ) . Microsoft Office Excel 2007 inside out . Microsoft Press . ISBN 0 - 7356 - 2321 - X . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Microsoft Excel . Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Excel Official website Spreadsheets Freeware Open source Calligra Sheets Gnumeric LibreOffice Calc NeoOffice Pyspread Siag Closed source Kingsoft Spreadsheets Retail Apple Numbers Microsoft Excel PlanMaker Quattro Pro Historical As - Easy - As Boeing Calc GNU Oleo Informix Wingz IBM Lotus Symphony KCells Lotus 1 - 2 - 3 Lotus Improv Microsoft Works Multiplan OpenOffice.org Calc StarOffice SuperCalc VisiCalc Category Comparison List Online spreadsheet Microsoft Office History Office suites Windows 3.0 95 97 2000 XP 2003 2007 2013 2016 2019 Mac 4.2 98 2001 X 2008 2011 2016 Others Office 365 Office Mobile Applications ( List ) Desktop Access Excel OneNote Outlook PowerPoint Project Publisher Skype for Business Teams Visio Word Server Skype for Business Server SharePoint Excel Services Project Server Search Server Mobile Outlook Groups Outlook Mobile Lens Remote Web Bookings Calendar Delve Forms People Office Online OneDrive Outlook.com Outlook on the web Planner Sway Tasks Teams Video Office tools Shared tools Ribbon Hero Ribbon Hero 2 Discontinued Discontinued shared tools Accounting Docs.com Entourage FrontPage InfoPath InterConnect Liquid Motion Lync Live Meeting Mail Classroom Office Assistant Office Live OneDrive Groups PerformancePoint Server Picture Manager PhotoDraw Photo Editor Project Portfolio Server Schedule+ SharePoint Designer SharePoint Workspace Snapshot Viewer for Access Vizact Word Viewer Technologies Information Bridge Framework Object Linking and Embedding Office Open XML Office XML formats Smart tags Visual Basic for Applications Other topics Microsoft Product Activation Office Genuine Advantage Office filename extensions Microsoft Office password protection Category Commons Book Wikiversity Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_Excel&oldid=838386741 '' Categories : Microsoft Office Classic Mac OS software Spreadsheet software for Windows Spreadsheet software for macOS 1985 software Computer - related introductions in 1985 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from April 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Articles with example code Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiversity Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語中文 58 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 17 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20Excel	759
who has won national championships in college football	School Claimed national championships Seasons Source Princeton 28 1869 , 1870 , 1872 , 1873 , 1874 , 1875 , 1877 , 1878 , 1879 , 1880 , 1881 , 1884 , 1885 , 1886 , 1889 , 1893 , 1894 , 1896 , 1898 , 1899 , 1903 , 1906 , 1911 , 1920 , 1922 , 1933 , 1935 , 1950 Yale 27 1872 , 1874 , 1876 , 1877 , 1879 , 1880 , 1881 , 1882 , 1883 , 1884 , 1886 , 1887 , 1888 , 1891 , 1892 , 1893 , 1894 , 1895 , 1897 , 1900 , 1901 , 1902 , 1905 , 1906 , 1907 , 1909 , 1927 Alabama 17 1925 , 1926 , 1930 , 1934 , 1941 , 1961 , 1964 , 1965 , 1973 , 1978 , 1979 , 1992 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 , 2017 Michigan 11 1901 , 1902 , 1903 , 1904 , 1918 , 1923 , 1932 , 1933 , 1947 , 1948 , 1997 Notre Dame 11 1924 , 1929 , 1930 , 1943 , 1946 , 1947 , 1949 , 1966 , 1973 , 1977 , 1988 USC 11 1928 , 1931 , 1932 , 1939 , 1962 , 1967 , 1972 , 1974 , 1978 , 2003 , 2004 Pittsburgh 9 1915 , 1916 , 1918 , 1929 , 1931 , 1934 , 1936 , 1937 , 1976 Ohio State 8 1942 , 1954 , 1957 , 1961 , 1968 , 1970 , 2002 , 2014 Harvard 7 1890 , 1898 , 1899 , 1910 , 1912 , 1913 , 1919 Minnesota 7 1904 , 1934 , 1935 , 1936 , 1940 , 1941 , 1960 Oklahoma 7 1950 , 1955 , 1956 , 1974 , 1975 , 1985 , 2000 Penn 7 1894 , 1895 , 1897 , 1904 , 1907 , 1908 , 1924 Michigan State 6 1951 , 1952 , 1955 , 1957 , 1965 , 1966 Tennessee 6 1938 , 1940 , 1950 , 1951 , 1967 , 1998 California 5 1920 , 1921 , 1922 , 1923 , 1937 Cornell 5 1915 , 1921 , 1922 , 1923 , 1939 Illinois 5 1914 , 1919 , 1923 , 1927 , 1951 Miami ( FL ) 5 1983 , 1987 , 1989 , 1991 , 2001 Nebraska 5 1970 , 1971 , 1994 , 1995 , 1997 Georgia Tech 1917 , 1928 , 1952 , 1990 Iowa 1921 , 1956 , 1958 , 1960 Texas 1963 , 1969 , 1970 , 2005 Washington 1960 , 1984 , 1990 , 1991 Army 1944 , 1945 , 1946 Florida 1996 , 2006 , 2008 Florida State 1993 , 1999 , 2013 Lafayette 1896 , 1921 , 1926 LSU 1958 , 2003 , 2007 Ole Miss 1959 , 1960 , 1962 SMU 1935 , 1981 , 1982 Texas A&M 1919 , 1927 , 1939 Auburn 1957 , 2010 Chicago 1905 , 1913 Clemson 1981 , 2016 Georgia 1942 , 1980 Penn State 1982 , 1986 TCU 1935 , 1938 Stanford 1926 , 1940 Arkansas 1964 Boston College 1940 BYU 1984 Centre 1921 Colorado 1990 Dartmouth 1925 Kentucky 1950 Maryland 1953 Navy 1926 Oklahoma State 1945 Rutgers 1869 Syracuse 1959 UCF 2017 UCLA 1954		College Football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS	college football national championships in ncaa division i fbs		National championships in NCAA Division I FBS National championship trophies AP ( since 1936 ) Grantland Rice ( 1954 -- 2013 ) MacArthur ( since 1959 ) AFCA ( since 1986 ) College Football Playoff ( since 2014 ) Longest continuous selector Associated Press ( 1936 -- present ) First season awarded 1869 Last completed season 2017 A national championship in the highest level of college football in the United States , currently the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , is a designation awarded annually by various organizations to their selection of the best college football team . Division I FBS football is the only National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) sport for which the NCAA does not sanction a yearly championship event . As such , it is sometimes unofficially referred to as a `` mythical national championship '' . Due to the lack of an official NCAA title , determining the nation 's top college football team has often engendered controversy . A championship team is independently declared by multiple individuals and organizations , often referred to as `` selectors '' . These choices are not always unanimous . In 1969 even the President of the United States Richard Nixon declared a national champion by announcing , ahead of the season - ending game between # 1 Texas and # 2 Arkansas , that the winner of that game would receive a plaque from the President himself , commemorating that team as the year 's national champion . Texas went on to win that game , 15 -- 14 . While the NCAA has never officially endorsed a championship team , it has documented the choices of some selectors in its official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records publication . In addition , various analysts have independently published their own choices for each season . These opinions can often diverge with others as well as individual schools ' claims to national titles , which may or may not correlate to the selections published elsewhere . Currently , two of the most widely recognized national champion selectors are the Associated Press , which conducts a poll of sportswriters , and the Coaches Poll , a survey of active members of the American Football Coaches Association . Since 1992 , various consortia of major bowl games have aimed to invite the top two teams at the end of the regular season ( as determined by internal rankings , or aggregates of the major polls and other statistics ) to compete in what is intended to be the de facto national championship game . The current iteration of this practice , the College Football Playoff , selects four teams to participate in national semi-finals hosted by two of six partner bowl games , with their winners advancing to the College Football Playoff National Championship . Contents 1 History 2 National championships in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision records 2.1 Major selectors 2.1. 1 Math 2.1. 2 Poll 2.1. 3 Research 2.1. 4 Hybrid 2.1. 5 Playoff 2.2 Yearly national championship selections from major selectors 2.3 Total championship selections from major selectors by school 3 National championship claims by school 4 College Football Data Warehouse recognized national champions ( 1869 -- 2009 ) 5 Poll era ( 1936 -- present ) 5.1 AP Poll 5.2 Coaches Poll 5.3 Poll era national championships by school ( 1936 -- present ) 6 BCS championships 6.1 BCS National Championships by school ( 1998 -- 2013 ) 7 College Football Playoff championships 7.1 CFP National Championships by school ( 2014 -- present ) 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References History The Sun was among the first to publish a year - end college football ranking , in 1901 . The concept of a national championship in college football dates to the early years of the sport in the late 19th century , and the earliest contemporaneous polls can be traced to Caspar Whitney , Charles Patterson , and The Sun in 1901 . Therefore , the concept of polls and national champions predated mathematical ranking systems , but it was Frank Dickinson 's math system that was one of the first to be widely popularized . His system named 10 -- 0 Stanford the national champion of 1926 , prior to their tie with Alabama in the Rose Bowl . A curious Knute Rockne , then coach of Notre Dame , had Dickinson backdate two seasons , which produced Notre Dame as the 1924 national champion and Dartmouth in 1925 . A number of other mathematical systems were born in the 1920s and 1930s and were the only organized methods selecting national champions until the Associated Press began polling sportswriters in 1936 to obtain rankings . Alan J. Gould , the creator of the AP Poll , named Minnesota , Princeton , and SMU co-champions in 1935 , and polled writers the following year , which resulted in a national championship for Minnesota . The AP 's main competition , United Press , created the first Coaches Poll in 1950 . For that year and the next three , the AP and UP agreed on the national champion . The first `` split '' championship occurred in 1954 , when the writers selected Ohio State and the coaches chose UCLA . The two polls also disagreed in 1957 , 1965 , 1970 , 1973 , 1974 , 1978 , 1990 , 1991 , 1997 , and 2003 . The Coaches Poll would stay with United Press ( UP ) when they merged with International News Service ( INS ) to form United Press International ( UPI ) but was acquired by USA Today and CNN in 1991 . The poll was in the hands of USA Today and ESPN from 1997 to 2005 before moving to sole ownership by USA Today . Beginning in 2014 , Amway became a joint sponsor with USA Today . Though some of the math systems selected champions after the bowl games , both of the major polls released their rankings after the end of the regular season until the AP polled writers after the bowls in 1965 , resulting in what was perceived at the time as a better championship selection ( Alabama ) than UPI 's ( Michigan State ) . After 1965 , the AP again voted before the bowls for two years , before permanently returning to a post-bowl vote in 1968 . The coaches did not conduct a vote after the bowls until 1974 , in the wake of awarding their 1973 championship to Alabama , who lost to the AP champion , undefeated Notre Dame , in the Sugar Bowl . The AP and Coaches polls remain the major rankings to this day . The Bowl Championship Series , famous for its use of math , was the successor of the Bowl Alliance ( 1995 -- 1997 ) , which was itself the successor of the Bowl Coalition ( 1992 -- 1994 ) . Besides the many adjustments it underwent during its tenure , including a large overhaul following the 2004 season that included the replacement of the AP Poll with the Harris poll , the BCS remained a mixture of math and human polls since its inception in 1998 , with the goal of matching the best two teams in the nation in a national championship bowl game which rotated yearly between the Sugar , Fiesta , Rose , and Orange Bowls from 1998 to 2005 , and later a standalone game titled the BCS National Championship Game ( 2006 to 2013 ) . The winner of the BCS Championship Game was awarded the national championship of the Coaches Poll thus winning the AFCA National Championship Trophy . The BCS winner also received the MacArthur Bowl from the National Football Foundation . Neither the AP Poll , nor other current selectors , had contractual obligations to select the BCS champion as their national champion . The BCS resulted in a number of controversies , most notably after the 2003 season , when the BCS championship game did not include eventual AP champion USC , the only time the two championships have diverged since the advent of the BCS . After many seasons of controversy , the BCS was replaced with the College Football Playoff , a Plus - One system aimed at reducing the controversy involved in which teams get to play in a championship game through use of a tournament . National championships in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records This section 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on Talk : College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . ( September 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The NCAA maintains an official records book of historical statistics and records for football . In the records book , with consultation from various college football historians , it has created and maintains a list of `` major selectors '' of national championships throughout the history of college football along with their championship picks for each season . Major selectors A variety of selectors have named national champions throughout the years . They generally can be divided into four categories : those determined by mathematical formula , human polls , historical research , and recently , playoffs . The selectors below are listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records as having been deemed to be `` major selectors '' for which the criteria is that the poll or selector be `` national in scope either through distribution in newspaper , television , radio and / or computer online '' . The former selectors , deemed instrumental in the sport of college football , and selectors that were included for the calculation of the BCS standing , are listed together . Math The mathematical system is the oldest systematic selector of college football national champions . Many of the math selectors were created during the `` championship rush '' of the 1920s and 1930s , beginning with Frank Dickinson 's system , or during the dawn of the computer age in the 1990s . Selectors are listed below with years selected retroactively in italics . Selector Name Seasons A&H Anderson & Hester 1997 -- present AS Alderson System 1994 -- 1998 B ( QPRS ) Berryman ( QPRS ) 1920 -- 1989 , 1990 -- 2011 BR Billingsley Report 1869 -- 1870 , 1872 -- 1969 , 1970 -- present BS Boand System 1919 -- 1929 , 1930 -- 1960 CCR Congrove Computer Rankings 1993 -- present CM Colley Matrix 1992 -- present CW Caspar Whitney 1905 -- 1907 DeS DeVold System 1939 -- 1944 , 1945 -- 2006 DiS Dickinson System 1924 -- 1925 , 1926 -- 1940 DuS Dunkel System 1929 -- present ERS Eck Ratings System 1987 -- 2005 HS Houlgate System 1885 , 1887 -- 1905 , 1907 -- 1926 , 1927 -- 1949 Litkenhous 1934 -- 1972 , 1974 , 1978 , 1981 -- 1984 MCFR Massey College Football Ratings 1995 -- present MGR Matthews Grid Ratings 1966 -- 1972 , 1974 -- 2006 NYT New York Times 1979 -- 2004 PS Poling System 1924 -- 1934 , 1935 -- 1955 , 1957 -- 1984 R ( FACT ) Rothman ( FACT ) 1968 -- 2006 SR Sagarin Ratings 1919 -- 1977 , 1978 -- present Wolfe 2001 -- present WS Williamson System 1931 , 1932 -- 1963 The Billingsley Report also provides an alternate selection that uses margin - of - victory in its calculation . The NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records book notes both selections in years where they disagree . Poll The poll has been the dominant national champion selector since the inception of the AP Poll in 1936 . It is notable that the NFF merged its poll with UPI from 1991 to 1992 , with USA Today from 1993 to 1996 , and with the FWAA from 2014 forward . Selectors are listed below with years selected retroactively in italics . For many years , the national champion of various polls were selected prior to the bowl games . The national champion was selected before bowl games as follows : AP ( 1936 -- 1964 and 1966 -- 1967 ) , Coaches Poll ( 1950 -- 1973 ) , FWAA ( 1954 ) , and NFF ( 1959 -- 1970 ) . In all other latter - day polls , champions were selected after bowl games . During the BCS era , the winner of the BCS Championship Game was automatically awarded the national championship of the Coaches Poll and the National Football Foundation . Selector Name Seasons AP Associated Press 1936 -- present Coaches BRC UP UPI USAT / CNN USAT / ESPN USAT USAT / AMWAY American Football Coaches Association AFCA Blue Ribbon Commission United Press United Press International USA Today / CNN USA Today / ESPN USA Today USA Today / Amway 1922 -- present 1922 -- 1949 1950 -- 1957 1958 -- 1990 1991 -- 1996 1997 -- 2004 2005 -- 2013 2014 -- present CFRA College Football Researchers Association 1919 -- 1935 , 1936 -- 1981 , 1982 -- 1992 , 2010 -- present FN Football News 1958 -- 2002 FWAA Football Writers Association of America 1954 -- 2013 FWAA / NFF FWAA - NFF Grantland Rice Super 16 2014 -- present HAF Helms Athletic Foundation 1883 -- 1935 , 1936 -- 1940 , 1941 -- 1982 INS International News Service 1952 -- 1957 NCF National Championship Foundation 1869 -- 1870 , 1872 -- 1935 , 1936 -- 1979 , 1980 -- 2000 NFF National Football Foundation 1959 -- 1990 , 1997 -- 2013 SN Sporting News 1975 -- 2006 UPI United Press International 1993 -- 1995 UPI / NFF United Press International / National Football Foundation 1991 -- 1992 USAT USA Today 1982 USAT / CNN USA Today / CNN 1983 -- 1990 USAT / NFF USA Today / National Football Foundation 1993 -- 1996 At the request of several schools , the AFCA established a `` Blue Ribbon Commission '' in 2016 to begin retroactively selecting Coaches ' Trophy winners from 1922 through 1949 . Served as the Coaches Poll during the designated years , but also conducted their own poll at different times . The Football Writers Association of America merged its poll with that of the National Football Foundation members beginning in 2014 ; as a result , the Grantland Trophy was retired and the FWAA / NFF national champion now receives the MacArthur Bowl . USA Today took over , from the UPI , the poll of the National Football Foundation 's members in 1993 , and its winner was designated by the NFF as its national champion and received the MacArthur Bowl . The poll was conducted by USA Today through the 1996 season , although national championship selections in the NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records do not distinguish the NFF from the USAT / NFF poll in 1995 and 1996 . Not to be confused with the USA Today / CNN Coaches Poll , which USA Today conducted separately . UPI conducted the Coaches Poll through the 1990 season , which was subsequently taken over by CNN / USA Today . UPI then conducted a poll of National Football Foundation members in 1991 and 1992 , the winner of which was designated by the NFF as its national champion and received the MacArthur Bowl . UPI conducted its own poll from 1993 to 1995 , after the National Football Foundation Poll was taken over by USA Today . USA Today conducted its own poll of college football sportswriters in 1982 , then joined with CNN to do their own joint poll until they took over the Coaches Poll starting with the 1991 season . Research College football historian Parke H. Davis is the only selector considered by the NCAA to have primarily used research in his selections . Davis did all of his work in 1933 , naming retroactive national champions for most of the years from 1869 to 1932 while naming Michigan and Princeton ( his alma mater ) co-champions at the end of the 1933 season . Selector Name Seasons PD Parke H. Davis 1869 -- 1870 , 1872 -- 1909 , 1911 -- 1916 , 1919 -- 1932 , 1933 Hybrid Main article : Bowl Championship Series The Bowl Championship Series used a mathematical system that combined polls ( Coaches and AP / Harris ) and multiple computer rankings ( including some individual selectors listed above ) to determine a season ending matchup between its top two ranked teams in the BCS Championship Game . The champion of that game was contractually awarded the Coaches Poll and National Football Foundation championships . Selector Name Seasons BCS Bowl Championship Series 1998 -- 2013 Playoff Main article : College Football Playoff Unlike all selectors prior to 2014 , the College Football Playoff does not use math , polls or research to select the participants . Rather , a 13 - member committee selects and seeds the teams . The playoff system marked the first time any championship selector arranged a bracket competition to determine whom it would declare to be its champion . Selector Name Seasons CFP College Football Playoff 2014 -- present Yearly national championship selections from major selectors Below is a list of the national champions of college football from 1869 to present ( with the exception of 1871 , in which no games were played ) deemed to be chosen by `` major selectors '' as listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records . Many teams did not have coaches as late as 1899 . `` Consensus '' selectors in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records correspond to the period from 1950 to present which began with the introduction of the two poll system upon the appearance of the Coaches Poll in 1950 . Selectors used to determine teams listed as `` Consensus National Champions '' in the NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records include the AP Poll , Coaches Poll , Football Writers Association of America , and the National Football Foundation / College Football Hall of Fame . The first contemporaneous poll to include teams across the country and selection of a national champions can be traced to Caspar Whitney in 1901 . The last retroactive selection was made by Clyde Berryman in 1989 ( Notre Dame ) . The tie was removed from college football in 1995 and the last consensus champion with a tie in its record was Georgia Tech in 1990 . The 1947 Michigan Wolverines are often credited with a national championship on the basis of a `` free poll '' conducted by an AP sportswriter after the 1948 Rose Bowl , though that poll was unofficial and it is not recognized in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records . Note that the Harris Interactive Poll ( 2005 -- 2013 ) was contracted by the BCS to help formulate its standings , and although its final ranking which occurs prior to the bowl games is listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records , it does not conduct a final poll or award or name a national champion on its own . As designated by the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records , the table below shows : Teams listed in italics indicate retroactively - applied championships . Teams listed in bold reflect the NCAA 's designation as `` Consensus National Champions '' by virtue of their selection from 1950 onward by one or more selectors from Associated Press , United Press / UPI , Football Writers Association of America , National Football Foundation / College Football Hall of Fame , and USA Today . A letter next to any season , team , record , coach or selector indicates a footnote that appears at the bottom of the table . Season Champion ( s ) Record Coach Selector ( s ) Source 1869 Princeton 1 -- 1 BR , NCF , PD Rutgers 1 -- 1 PD 1870 Princeton 1 -- 0 BR , NCF , PD 1871 None No games played 1872 Princeton 1 -- 0 BR , NCF , PD Yale 1 -- 0 PD 1873 Princeton 2 -- 0 BR , NCF , PD 1874 Harvard 1 -- 1 PD Princeton 2 -- 0 BR , PD Yale 3 -- 0 NCF , PD 1875 Columbia 3 -- 1 -- 1 PD Harvard 4 -- 0 NCF , PD Princeton 2 -- 0 BR , PD 1876 Yale 3 -- 0 BR , NCF , PD 1877 Princeton 2 -- 0 -- 1 BR , PD Yale 3 -- 0 -- 1 NCF , PD 1878 Princeton 6 -- 0 BR , NCF , PD 1879 Princeton 4 -- 0 -- 1 BR , NCF , PD Yale 3 -- 0 -- 2 PD 1880 Princeton 4 -- 0 -- 1 NCF , PD Yale 4 -- 0 -- 1 BR , NCF , PD 1881 Princeton 7 -- 0 -- 2 BR , PD Yale 5 -- 0 -- 1 NCF , PD 1882 Yale 8 -- 0 BR , NCF , PD 1883 Yale 9 -- 0 BR , HAF , NCF , PD 1884 Princeton 9 -- 0 -- 1 BR , PD Yale 8 -- 0 -- 1 HAF , NCF , PD 1885 Princeton 9 -- 0 BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1886 Princeton 7 -- 0 -- 1 BR , PD Yale 9 -- 0 -- 1 HAF , NCF , PD 1887 Yale 9 -- 0 BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1888 Yale 13 -- 0 Walter Camp BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1889 Princeton 10 -- 0 BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1890 Harvard 11 -- 0 George C. Adams , George A. Stewart BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1891 Yale 13 -- 0 Walter Camp BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1892 Yale 13 -- 0 Walter Camp BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1893 Princeton 11 -- 0 BR , HAF , HS , NCF Yale 10 -- 1 William Rhodes PD 1894 Penn 12 -- 0 George Washington Woodruff PD Princeton 8 -- 2 HS Yale 16 -- 0 William Rhodes BR , HAF , NCF , PD 1895 Penn 14 -- 0 George Washington Woodruff BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD Yale 13 -- 0 -- 2 John A. Hartwell PD 1896 Lafayette 11 -- 0 -- 1 Parke H. Davis NCF , PD Princeton 10 -- 0 -- 1 Franklin Morse BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1897 Penn 15 -- 0 George Washington Woodruff BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD Yale 9 -- 0 -- 2 Frank Butterworth PD 1898 Harvard 11 -- 0 William Forbes BR , HAF , HS , NCF Princeton 11 -- 0 -- 1 PD 1899 Harvard 10 -- 0 -- 1 Benjamin Dibblee HAF , HS , NCF Princeton 12 -- 1 BR , PD 1900 Yale 12 -- 0 Malcolm McBride BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1901 Harvard 12 -- 0 Bill Reid BR Michigan 11 -- 0 Fielding H. Yost HAF , HS , NCF Yale 11 -- 1 -- 1 George S. Stillman PD 1902 Michigan 11 -- 0 Fielding H. Yost BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD Yale 11 -- 0 -- 1 Joseph R. Swan PD 1903 Michigan 11 -- 0 -- 1 Fielding H. Yost NCF Princeton 11 -- 0 Art Hillebrand BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1904 Michigan 10 -- 0 Fielding H. Yost NCF Minnesota 13 -- 0 Henry Williams BR Penn 12 -- 0 Carl S. Williams HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1905 Chicago 10 -- 0 Amos Alonzo Stagg BR , HAF , HS , NCF Yale 10 -- 0 Jack Owsley CW , PD 1906 Princeton 9 -- 0 -- 1 William Roper HAF , NCF Yale 9 -- 0 -- 1 Foster Rockwell BR , CW , PD 1907 Yale 9 -- 0 -- 1 William F. Knox BR , CW , HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1908 Harvard 9 -- 0 -- 1 Percy Haughton BR LSU 10 -- 0 Edgar Wingard NCF Penn 11 -- 0 -- 1 Sol Metzger HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1909 Yale 10 -- 0 Howard Jones BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1910 Harvard 8 -- 0 -- 1 Percy Haughton BR , HAF , HS , NCF Pittsburgh 9 -- 0 Joseph Thompson NCF 1911 Minnesota 6 -- 0 -- 1 Henry L. Williams BR Penn State 8 -- 0 -- 1 Bill Hollenback NCF Princeton 8 -- 0 -- 2 William Roper BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1912 Harvard 9 -- 0 Percy Haughton BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD Penn State 8 -- 0 Bill Hollenback NCF 1913 Auburn 8 -- 0 Mike Donahue BR Chicago 7 -- 0 Amos Alonzo Stagg BR , PD Harvard 9 -- 0 Percy Haughton HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1914 Army 9 -- 0 Charles Daly HAF , HS , NCF , PD Illinois 7 -- 0 Robert Zuppke BR , PD Texas 8 -- 0 Dave Allerdice BR 1915 Cornell 9 -- 0 Albert Sharpe HAF , HS , NCF , PD Minnesota 6 -- 0 -- 1 Henry L. Williams BR Oklahoma 10 -- 0 Bennie Owen BR Pittsburgh 8 -- 0 Glenn `` Pop '' Warner PD 1916 Army 9 -- 0 Charles Daly PD Georgia Tech 8 -- 0 - 1 John Heisman BR Pittsburgh 8 -- 0 Glenn `` Pop '' Warner BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1917 Georgia Tech 9 -- 0 John Heisman BR , HAF , HS , NCF 1918 Michigan 5 -- 0 Fielding H. Yost BR , NCF Pittsburgh 4 -- 1 Glenn `` Pop '' Warner HAF , HS , NCF 1919 Centre 9 -- 0 Charley Moran SR Harvard 9 -- 0 -- 1 Bob Fisher CFRA , HAF , HS , NCF , PD Illinois 6 -- 1 Robert Zuppke BR , BS , CFRA , PD , SR Notre Dame 9 -- 0 Knute Rockne NCF , PD Texas A&M 10 -- 0 Dana X . Bible BR , NCF 1920 California 9 -- 0 Andy Smith CFRA , HAF , HS , NCF , SR Georgia 8 -- 0 -- 1 Herman Stegeman B ( QPRS ) Harvard 8 -- 0 -- 1 Bob Fisher BS Notre Dame 9 -- 0 Knute Rockne BR , PD Princeton 6 -- 0 -- 1 William Roper BS , PD 1921 California 9 -- 0 -- 1 Andy Smith BR , BS , CFRA , SR Cornell 8 -- 0 Gil Dobie HAF , HS , NCF , PD Iowa 7 -- 0 Howard Jones BR , PD Lafayette 9 -- 0 Jock Sutherland BS , PD Vanderbilt 7 -- 0 -- 1 Dan McGugin B ( QPRS ) Washington & Jefferson 10 -- 0 -- 1 Greasy Neale BS 1922 California 9 -- 0 Andy Smith BR , HS , NCF , SR Cornell 8 -- 0 Gil Dobie HAF , PD Iowa 7 -- 0 Howard Jones BR Princeton 8 -- 0 William Roper BS , CFRA , NCF , PD , SR Vanderbilt 8 -- 0 -- 1 Dan McGugin B ( QPRS ) 1923 California 9 -- 0 -- 1 Andy Smith HS Cornell 8 -- 0 Gil Dobie SR Illinois 8 -- 0 Robert Zuppke BS , CFRA , HAF , NCF , PD , SR , B ( QPRS ) Michigan 8 -- 0 Fielding H. Yost BR , NCF Yale 8 -- 0 Tad Jones B ( QPRS ) 1924 Notre Dame 10 -- 0 Knute Rockne BR , BS , CFRA , DiS , HAF , HS , NCF , PS , SR , B ( QPRS ) Penn 9 -- 1 -- 1 Lou Young PD 1925 Alabama 10 -- 0 Wallace Wade BR , BS , CFRA , HAF , HS , NCF , PS , SR , B ( QPRS ) Dartmouth 8 -- 0 Jesse Hawley DiS , PD Michigan 7 -- 1 Fielding H. Yost SR 1926 Alabama 9 -- 0 -- 1 Wallace Wade BR , CFRA , HAF , NCF , PS , B ( QPRS ) Lafayette 9 -- 0 Herb McCracken PD Michigan 7 -- 1 Fielding H. Yost SR Navy 9 -- 0 -- 1 Bill Ingram BS , HS Stanford 10 -- 0 -- 1 Glenn `` Pop '' Warner DiS , HAF , NCF , SR 1927 Georgia 9 -- 1 George Cecil Woodruff BS , PS , B ( QPRS ) Illinois 7 -- 0 -- 1 Robert Zuppke BR , DiS , HAF , NCF , PD Notre Dame 7 -- 1 -- 1 Knute Rockne HS Texas A&M 8 -- 0 -- 1 Dana X . Bible SR Yale 7 -- 1 Thomas Jones CFRA 1928 Detroit 9 -- 0 Gus Dorais PD Georgia Tech 10 -- 0 William Alexander BR , BS , CFRA , HAF , HS , NCF , PD , PS , SR , B ( QPRS ) USC 9 -- 0 -- 1 Howard Jones DiS , SR 1929 Notre Dame 9 -- 0 Knute Rockne BR , BS , CFRA , DiS , DuS , HAF , NCF , PS , SR Pittsburgh 9 -- 1 Jock Sutherland PD USC 10 -- 2 Howard Jones HS , SR , B ( QPRS ) 1930 Alabama 10 -- 0 Wallace Wade CFRA , PD , SR , B ( QPRS ) Notre Dame 10 -- 0 Knute Rockne BR , BS , DiS , DuS , HAF , HS , NCF , PD , PS 1931 Pittsburgh 8 -- 1 Jock Sutherland PD Purdue 9 -- 1 Noble Kizer PD USC 10 -- 1 Howard Jones BR , BS , CFRA , DiS , DuS , HAF , HS , NCF , PS , SR , WS , B ( QPRS ) 1932 Colgate 9 -- 0 Andrew Kerr PD Michigan 8 -- 0 Harry Kipke DiS , PD , SR USC 10 -- 0 Howard Jones BR , BS , CFRA , DuS , HAF , HS , NCF , PD , PS , SR , WS , B ( QPRS ) 1933 Michigan 7 -- 0 -- 1 Harry Kipke BR , BS , CFRA , DiS , HAF , HS , NCF , PD , PS , SR , B ( QPRS ) Ohio State 7 -- 1 Sam Willaman DuS Princeton 9 -- 0 Fritz Crisler PD USC 10 -- 1 -- 1 Howard Jones WS 1934 Alabama 10 -- 0 Frank Thomas DuS , HS , PS , WS , B ( QPRS ) Minnesota 8 -- 0 Bernie Bierman BR , BS , CFRA , DiS , HAF , L , NCF , SR 1935 LSU 9 -- 2 Bernie Moore WS Minnesota 8 -- 0 Bernie Bierman BR , BS , CFRA , HAF , L , NCF , PS Princeton 9 -- 0 Fritz Crisler DuS SMU 12 -- 1 Matty Bell DiS , HS , SR , B ( QPRS ) TCU 12 -- 1 Dutch Meyer WS 1936 Duke 9 -- 1 Wallace Wade B ( QPRS ) LSU 9 -- 1 -- 1 Bernie Moore SR , WS Minnesota 7 -- 1 Bernie Bierman AP , BR , DiS , DuS , HAF , L , NCF , PS Pittsburgh 8 -- 1 -- 1 Jock Sutherland BS , CFRA , HS 1937 California 10 -- 0 -- 1 Stub Allison DuS , HAF Pittsburgh 9 -- 0 -- 1 Jock Sutherland AP , BR , BS , CFRA , DiS , HS , L , NCF , PS , SR , WS , B ( QPRS ) 1938 Notre Dame 8 -- 1 Elmer Layden DiS TCU 11 -- 0 Dutch Meyer AP , HAF , NCF , WS Tennessee 11 -- 0 Robert Neyland BR , BS , CFRA , DuS , HS , L , PS , SR , B ( QPRS ) 1939 Cornell 8 -- 0 Carl Snavely L , SR Texas A&M 11 -- 0 Homer Norton AP , BR , BS , CFRA , DeS , DuS , HAF , HS , NCF , PS , SR , WS , B ( QPRS ) USC 8 -- 0 -- 2 Howard Jones DiS 1940 Minnesota 8 -- 0 Bernie Bierman AP , B ( QPRS ) , BS , CFRA , DeS , DiS , HS , L , NCF , SR Stanford 10 -- 0 Clark Shaughnessy BR , HAF , PS Tennessee 10 -- 1 Robert Neyland DuS , WS 1941 Alabama 9 -- 2 Frank Thomas HS Minnesota 8 -- 0 Bernie Bierman AP , BR , BS , CFRA , DeS , DuS , HAF , L , NCF , PS , SR Texas 8 -- 1 -- 1 Dana X . Bible B ( QPRS ) , WS 1942 Georgia 11 -- 1 Wally Butts B ( QPRS ) , BR , DeS , HS , L , PS , SR , WS Ohio State 9 -- 1 Paul Brown AP , BS , DuS , CFRA , NCF Wisconsin 8 -- 1 -- 1 Harry Stuhldreher HAF 1943 Notre Dame 9 -- 1 Frank Leahy AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , BS , CFRA , DeS , DuS , HAF , HS , L , NCF , PS , SR , WS 1944 Army 9 -- 0 Earl Blaik AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , BS , CFRA , DeS , DuS , HAF , HS , L , NCF , PS , SR , WS Ohio State 9 -- 0 Carroll Widdoes NCF , SR 1945 Alabama 10 -- 0 Frank Thomas NCF Army 9 -- 0 Earl Blaik AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , BS , CFRA , DeS , DuS , HAF , HS , L , NCF , PS , SR , WS Oklahoma A&M 9 -- 0 Jim Lookabaugh BRC 1946 Army 9 -- 0 -- 1 Earl Blaik BR , BS , CFRA , HAF , HS , PS Georgia 11 -- 0 Wally Butts WS Notre Dame 8 -- 0 -- 1 Frank Leahy AP , B ( QPRS ) , BS , DeS , DuS , HAF , L , NCF , PS , SR 1947 Michigan 10 -- 0 Fritz Crisler B ( QPRS ) , BR , BS , CFRA , DeS , DuS , HAF , HS , L , NCF , PS , SR Notre Dame 9 -- 0 Frank Leahy AP , HAF , WS 1948 Michigan 9 -- 0 Bennie Oosterbaan AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , BS , CFRA , DeS , DuS , HAF , HS , L , NCF , PS , SR , WS 1949 Notre Dame 10 -- 0 Frank Leahy AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , BS , DeS , DuS , HAF , HS , L , NCF , PS , SR , WS Oklahoma 11 -- 0 Bud Wilkinson CFRA 1950 Kentucky 11 -- 1 Paul `` Bear '' Bryant SR Oklahoma 10 -- 1 Bud Wilkinson AP , B ( QPRS ) , HAF , L , UP , WS Princeton 9 -- 0 Charley Caldwell BS , PS Tennessee 11 -- 1 Robert Neyland BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , NCF , SR 1951 Georgia Tech 11 -- 0 -- 1 Bobby Dodd B ( QPRS ) , BS Illinois 9 -- 0 -- 1 Ray Eliot BS Maryland 10 -- 0 Jim Tatum CFRA , DeS , DuS , NCF , SR Michigan State 9 -- 0 Biggie Munn BR , HAF , PS Tennessee 10 -- 1 Robert Neyland AP , L , UP , WS 1952 Georgia Tech 12 -- 0 Bobby Dodd B ( QPRS ) , BR , INS , PS , SR Michigan State 9 -- 0 Biggie Munn AP , BS , CFRA , DeS , DuS , HAF , L , NCF , SR , UP , WS 1953 Maryland 10 -- 1 Jim Tatum AP , INS , UP Notre Dame 9 -- 0 -- 1 Frank Leahy BR , BS , DeS , DuS , HAF , L , NCF , PS , SR , WS Oklahoma 9 -- 1 -- 1 Bud Wilkinson B ( QPRS ) , CFRA 1954 Ohio State 10 -- 0 Woody Hayes AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , BS , CFRA , DeS , HAF , INS , NCF , PS , SR , WS UCLA 9 -- 0 Henry Sanders CFRA , DuS , FWAA , HAF , L , NCF , UP 1955 Michigan State 9 -- 1 Duffy Daugherty BS Oklahoma 11 -- 0 Bud Wilkinson AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FWAA , HAF , INS , L , NCF , PS , SR , UP , WS 1956 Georgia Tech 10 -- 1 Bobby Dodd B ( QPRS ) , SR Iowa 9 -- 1 Forest Evashevski CFRA Oklahoma 10 -- 0 Bud Wilkinson AP , BR , BS , DeS , DuS , FWAA , HAF , INS , L , NCF , SR , UP , WS Tennessee 10 -- 1 Bowden Wyatt SR 1957 Auburn 10 -- 0 Ralph Jordan AP , BR , CFRA , HAF , NCF , PS , SR , WS Michigan State 8 -- 1 Duffy Daugherty DuS Ohio State 9 -- 1 Woody Hayes BS , DeS , FWAA , INS , L , UP Oklahoma 10 -- 1 Bud Wilkinson B ( QPRS ) 1958 Iowa 8 -- 1 -- 1 Forest Evashevski FWAA LSU 11 -- 0 Paul Dietzel AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , BS , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FN , HAF , L , NCF , PS , SR , UPI , WS 1959 Ole Miss 10 -- 1 Johnny Vaught B ( QPRS ) , DuS , SR Syracuse 11 -- 0 Ben Schwartzwalder AP , BR , BS , CFRA , DeS , FN , FWAA , HAF , L , NCF , NFF , PS , SR , UPI , WS 1960 Iowa 8 -- 1 Forest Evashevski B ( QPRS ) , BS , L , SR Minnesota 8 -- 2 Murray Warmath AP , FN , NFF , UPI Ole Miss 10 -- 0 -- 1 Johnny Vaught BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FWAA , NCF , WS Missouri 11 -- 0 * Dan Devine PS Washington 10 -- 1 Jim Owens HAF 1961 Alabama 11 -- 0 Paul `` Bear '' Bryant AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FN , HAF , L , NCF , NFF , SR , UPI , WS Ohio State 8 -- 0 -- 1 Woody Hayes FWAA , PS 1962 LSU 9 -- 1 -- 1 Charles McClendon B ( QPRS ) Ole Miss 10 -- 0 Johnny Vaught BR , L , SR USC 11 -- 0 John McKay AP , B ( QPRS ) , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , HAF , NCF , NFF , PS , UPI , WS 1963 Texas 11 -- 0 Darrell Royal AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , HAF , L , NCF , NFF , PS , SR , UPI , WS 1964 Alabama 10 -- 1 Paul `` Bear '' Bryant AP , B ( QPRS ) , L , UPI Arkansas 11 -- 0 Frank Broyles BR , CFRA , FWAA , HAF , NCF , PS , SR Michigan 9 -- 1 Bump Elliott DuS Notre Dame 9 -- 1 Ara Parseghian DeS , FN , NFF 1965 Alabama 9 -- 1 -- 1 Paul `` Bear '' Bryant AP , CFRA , FWAA , NCF Michigan State 10 -- 1 Duffy Daugherty B ( QPRS ) , BR , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , HAF , L , NFF , PS , SR , UPI 1966 Alabama 11 -- 0 Paul `` Bear '' Bryant B ( QPRS ) , SR Michigan State 9 -- 0 -- 1 Duffy Daugherty CFRA , HAF , NFF , PS Notre Dame 9 -- 0 -- 1 Ara Parseghian AP , BR , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , HAF , L , MGR , NCF , NFF , PS , SR , UPI 1967 Notre Dame 8 -- 2 Ara Parseghian DuS Oklahoma 10 -- 1 Chuck Fairbanks PS USC 10 -- 1 John McKay AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CFRA , DeS , FN , FWAA , HAF , MGR , NCF , NFF , SR , UPI Tennessee 9 -- 2 Doug Dickey 1968 Georgia 8 -- 1 -- 2 Vince Dooley Ohio State 10 -- 0 Woody Hayes AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CFRA , DuS , FN , FWAA , HAF , NCF , NFF , PS , R ( FACT ) , SR , UPI Texas 9 -- 1 -- 1 Darrell Royal DeS , MGR , SR 1969 Ohio State 8 -- 1 Woody Hayes MGR Penn State 11 -- 0 Joe Paterno R ( FACT ) , SR Texas 11 -- 0 Darrell Royal AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , HAF , L , NCF , NFF , PS , R ( FACT ) , SR , UPI 1970 Arizona State 11 -- 0 Frank Kush PS Nebraska 11 -- 0 -- 1 Bob Devaney AP , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , HAF , NCF , R ( FACT ) , SR Notre Dame 10 -- 1 Ara Parseghian MGR , R ( FACT ) , SR Ohio State 9 -- 1 Woody Hayes NFF Texas 10 -- 1 Darrell Royal B ( QPRS ) , L , NFF , R ( FACT ) , UPI 1971 Nebraska 13 -- 0 Bob Devaney AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , HAF , L , MGR , NCF , NFF , PS , R ( FACT ) , SR , UPI 1972 USC 12 -- 0 John McKay AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , HAF , L , MGR , NCF , NFF , PS , R ( FACT ) , SR , UPI 1973 Alabama 11 -- 1 Paul `` Bear '' Bryant B ( QPRS ) , UPI Michigan 10 -- 0 -- 1 Bo Schembechler NCF , PS Notre Dame 11 -- 0 Ara Parseghian AP , BR , FN , FWAA , HAF , NCF , NFF Ohio State 10 -- 0 -- 1 Woody Hayes NCF , PS , R ( FACT ) , SR Oklahoma 10 -- 0 -- 1 Barry Switzer CFRA , DeS , DuS , SR Ohio State 10 -- 2 Woody Hayes MGR Oklahoma 11 -- 0 Barry Switzer AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FN , HAF , L , NCF , PS , R ( FACT ) , SR USC 10 -- 1 -- 1 John McKay FWAA , HAF , NCF , NFF , UPI Alabama 11 -- 1 Paul `` Bear '' Bryant MGR Arizona State 12 -- 0 Frank Kush NCF , SN Ohio State 11 -- 1 Woody Hayes B ( QPRS ) , HAF , MGR , PS , R ( FACT ) Oklahoma 11 -- 1 Barry Switzer AP , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , HAF , NCF , NFF , R ( FACT ) , SR , UPI 1976 Pittsburgh 12 -- 0 Johnny Majors AP , BR , FN , FWAA , HAF , NCF , NFF , PS , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , UPI USC 11 -- 1 John Robinson B ( QPRS ) , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , MGR 1977 Alabama 11 -- 1 Paul `` Bear '' Bryant CFRA Arkansas 11 -- 1 Lou Holtz R ( FACT ) Notre Dame 11 -- 1 Dan Devine AP , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , HAF , MGR , NCF , NFF , PS , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , UPI Texas 11 -- 1 Fred Akers B ( QPRS ) , R ( FACT ) , SR 1978 Alabama 11 -- 1 Paul `` Bear '' Bryant AP , CFRA , FWAA , HAF , NCF , NFF , R ( FACT ) Oklahoma 11 -- 1 Barry Switzer DeS , DuS , HAF , L , MGR , PS , R ( FACT ) , SR USC 12 -- 1 John Robinson B ( QPRS ) , BR , FN , HAF , NCF , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , UPI 1979 Alabama 12 -- 0 Paul `` Bear '' Bryant AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , HAF , MGR , NCF , NFF , NYT , PS , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , UPI USC 11 -- 0 -- 1 John Robinson CFRA 1980 Florida State 10 -- 2 Bobby Bowden R ( FACT ) Georgia 12 -- 0 Vince Dooley AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , FN , FWAA , HAF , NCF , NFF , PS , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , UPI Nebraska 10 -- 2 Tom Osborne R ( FACT ) Oklahoma 10 -- 2 Barry Switzer DuS , MGR Pittsburgh 11 -- 1 Jackie Sherrill CFRA , DeS , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SR 1981 Clemson 12 -- 0 Danny Ford AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CFRA , DeS , FN , FWAA , HAF , L , MGR , NCF , NFF , NYT , PS , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , UPI Nebraska 9 -- 3 Tom Osborne NCF Penn State 10 -- 2 Joe Paterno DuS Pittsburgh 11 -- 1 Jackie Sherrill NCF SMU 10 -- 1 Ron Meyer NCF Texas 10 -- 1 -- 1 Fred Akers NCF 1982 Nebraska 12 -- 1 Tom Osborne B ( QPRS ) Penn State 11 -- 1 Joe Paterno AP , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , HAF , L , MGR , NCF , NFF , NYT , PS , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , UPI , USAT SMU 11 -- 0 -- 1 Bobby Collins HAF Auburn 11 -- 1 Pat Dye BR , CFRA , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SR Miami ( FL ) 11 -- 1 Howard Schnellenberger AP , DuS , FN , FWAA , NCF , NFF , SN , UPI , USAT / CNN Nebraska 12 -- 1 Tom Osborne B ( QPRS ) , DeS , L , MGR , PS , R ( FACT ) , SR 1984 BYU 13 -- 0 LaVell Edwards AP , BR , CFRA , FWAA , NCF , NFF , PS , SR , UPI , USAT / CNN Florida 9 -- 1 -- 1 Galen Hall DeS , DuS , MGR , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR Nebraska 10 -- 2 Tom Osborne Washington 11 -- 1 Don James B ( QPRS ) , FN , NCF 1985 Florida 9 -- 1 -- 1 Galen Hall SR Michigan 10 -- 1 -- 1 Bo Schembechler MGR Oklahoma 11 -- 1 Barry Switzer AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , NCF , NFF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SN , UPI , USAT / CNN 1986 Miami ( FL ) 11 -- 1 Jimmy Johnson R ( FACT ) Oklahoma 11 -- 1 Barry Switzer B ( QPRS ) , CFRA , DeS , DuS , NYT , SR Penn State 12 -- 0 Joe Paterno AP , BR , FN , FWAA , MGR , NCF , NFF , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , UPI , USAT / CNN Florida State 11 -- 1 Bobby Bowden B ( QPRS ) Miami ( FL ) 12 -- 0 Jimmy Johnson AP , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , ERS , FN , FWAA , MGR , NCF , NFF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , UPI , USAT / CNN 1988 Miami ( FL ) 11 -- 1 Jimmy Johnson B ( QPRS ) Notre Dame 12 -- 0 Lou Holtz AP , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , ERS , FN , FWAA , MGR , NCF , NFF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , UPI , USAT / CNN 1989 Miami ( FL ) 11 -- 1 Dennis Erickson AP , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , MGR , NCF , NFF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SN , UPI , USAT / CNN Notre Dame 12 -- 1 Lou Holtz B ( QPRS ) , ERS , R ( FACT ) , SR 1990 Colorado 11 -- 1 -- 1 Bill McCartney AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CFRA , DeS , FN , FWAA , MGR , NCF , NFF , R ( FACT ) , SN , USAT / CNN Georgia Tech 11 -- 0 -- 1 Bobby Ross DuS , NCF , R ( FACT ) , SR , UPI Miami ( FL ) 10 -- 2 Dennis Erickson ERS , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SR Washington 10 -- 2 Don James R ( FACT ) 1991 Miami ( FL ) 12 -- 0 Dennis Erickson AP , BR , CFRA , ERS , NCF , NYT , SN , SR Washington 12 -- 0 Don James B ( QPRS ) , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , MGR , NCF , R ( FACT ) , SR , UPI / NFF , USAT / CNN 1992 Alabama 13 -- 0 Gene Stallings AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , ERS , FN , FWAA , MGR , NCF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , UPI / NFF , USAT / CNN Florida State 11 -- 1 Bobby Bowden SR 1993 Auburn 11 -- 0 Terry Bowden NCF Florida State 12 -- 1 Bobby Bowden AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CCR , DeS , DuS , ERS , FN , FWAA , NCF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , UPI , USAT / CNN , USAT / NFF Nebraska 11 -- 1 Tom Osborne NCF Notre Dame 11 -- 1 Lou Holtz MGR , NCF 1994 Florida State 10 -- 1 -- 1 Bobby Bowden DuS Nebraska 13 -- 0 Tom Osborne AP , AS , B ( QPRS ) , BR , FN , FWAA , NCF , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , UPI , USAT / CNN , USAT / NFF Penn State 12 -- 0 Joe Paterno CCR , DeS , ERS , MGR , NCF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SR 1995 Nebraska 12 -- 0 Tom Osborne AP , AS , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CCR , DeS , DuS , ERS , FN , FWAA , MGR , NCF , NFF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , UPI , USAT / CNN Florida 12 -- 1 Steve Spurrier AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CCR , DeS , DuS , ERS , FN , FWAA , MGR , NCF , NFF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , USAT / CNN Florida State 11 -- 1 Bobby Bowden AS 1997 Michigan 12 -- 0 Lloyd Carr AP , BR , FN , FWAA , NCF , NFF , SN Nebraska 13 -- 0 Tom Osborne A&H , AS , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CCR , DeS , DuS , ERS , MGR , NCF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SR , USAT / ESPN 1998 Ohio State 11 -- 1 John Cooper SR Tennessee 13 -- 0 Phillip Fulmer A&H , AP , AS , B ( QPRS ) , BCS , BR , CCR , DeS , DuS , ERS , FN , FWAA , MGR , NCF , NFF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SN , USAT / ESPN 1999 Florida State 12 -- 0 Bobby Bowden A&H , AP , B ( QPRS ) , BCS , BR , CCR , DeS , DuS , ERS , FN , FWAA , MCFR , MGR , NCF , NFF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , USAT / ESPN 2000 Miami ( FL ) 11 -- 1 Butch Davis NYT Oklahoma 13 -- 0 Bob Stoops A&H , AP , B ( QPRS ) , BCS , BR , CCR , DeS , DuS , ERS , FN , FWAA , MCFR , MGR , NCF , NFF , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , USAT / ESPN 2001 Miami ( FL ) 12 -- 0 Larry Coker A&H , AP , B ( QPRS ) , BCS , BR , CCR , CM , DeS , DuS , ERS , FN , FWAA , MCFR , MGR , NFF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , USAT / ESPN , W 2002 Ohio State 14 -- 0 Jim Tressel A&H , AP , B ( QPRS ) , BCS , BR , CCR , CM , DeS , ERS , FN , FWAA , MCFR , NFF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , USAT / ESPN , W USC 11 -- 2 Pete Carroll DuS , MGR , SR 2003 LSU 13 -- 1 Nick Saban A&H , BCS , BR , CM , DeS , DuS , MCFR , NFF , R ( FACT ) , SR , USAT / ESPN , W Oklahoma 12 -- 2 Bob Stoops B ( QPRS ) USC 12 -- 1 Pete Carroll AP , CCR , ERS , FWAA , MGR , NYT , SN USC 11 -- 0 Pete Carroll A&H , AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CCR , CM , DeS , DuS , ERS , MCFR , MGR , NFF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , W Vacated : BCS , FWAA , USAT / ESPN 2005 Texas 13 -- 0 Mack Brown A&H , AP , B ( QPRS ) , BCS , BR , CCR , CM , DeS , DuS , ERS , FWAA , MCFR , MGR , NFF , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , USAT , W 2006 Florida 13 -- 1 Urban Meyer A&H , AP , B ( QPRS ) , BCS , BR , CCR , CM , DuS , FWAA , MCFR , MGR , NFF , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , USAT , W Ohio State 12 -- 1 Jim Tressel DeS , R ( FACT ) 2007 LSU 12 -- 2 Les Miles AP , B ( QPRS ) , BCS , BR , CCR , CM , FWAA , MCFR , NFF , SR , USAT , W Missouri 12 -- 2 Gary Pinkel A&H USC 11 -- 2 Pete Carroll DuS 2008 Florida 13 -- 1 Urban Meyer AP , B ( QPRS ) , BCS , BR , CCR , CM , DuS , FWAA , NFF , SR , USAT Utah 13 -- 0 Kyle Whittingham A&H , MCFR , W 2009 Alabama 14 -- 0 Nick Saban A&H , AP , B ( QPRS ) , BCS , BR , CCR , CFRA , CM , DuS , FWAA , MCFR , NFF , SR , USAT , W Auburn 14 -- 0 Gene Chizik A&H , AP , B ( QPRS ) , BCS , BR , CFRA , CM , DuS , FWAA , MCFR , NFF , SR , USAT , W TCU 13 -- 0 Gary Patterson CCR 2011 Alabama 12 -- 1 Nick Saban AP , B ( QPRS ) , BCS , BR , CFRA , DuS , FWAA , MCFR , NFF , SR , USAT , W LSU 13 -- 1 Les Miles A&H , CCR Oklahoma State 12 -- 1 Mike Gundy CM 2012 Alabama 13 -- 1 Nick Saban A&H , AP , BCS , BR , CCR , CFRA , DuS , FWAA , MCFR , NFF , SR , USAT , W Notre Dame 12 -- 1 Brian Kelly CM 2013 Florida State 14 -- 0 Jimbo Fisher A&H , AP , BCS , BR , CCR , CFRA , CM , DuS , FWAA , MCFR , NFF , SR , USAT , W 2014 Ohio State 14 -- 1 Urban Meyer A&H , AP , BR , CCR , CFP , CFRA , CM , DuS , FWAA / NFF , MCFR , SR , USAT / AMWAY , W 2015 Alabama 14 -- 1 Nick Saban A&H , AP , BR , CCR , CFP , CFRA , CM , DuS , FWAA / NFF , MCFR , SR , USAT / AMWAY , W 2016 Alabama 14 -- 1 Nick Saban CCR , CM , DuS Clemson 14 -- 1 Dabo Swinney A&H , AP , BR , CFP , CFRA , FWAA / NFF , MCFR , SR , USAT / AMWAY , W 2017 Alabama 13 -- 1 Nick Saban A&H , AP , BR , CCR , CFP , CFRA , DuS , FWAA / NFF , MCFR , SR , USAT / AMWAY , W UCF 13 -- 0 Scott Frost CM Parke Davis ' selection for 1901 , as published in the 1935 Spalding 's Foot Ball Guide ( which he himself edited until his death ) , was Harvard . The NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records book lists Sagarin as having selected Tennessee , while Sagarin 's official website gives Ohio State as its 1998 selection . The FWAA stripped USC of its 2004 Grantland Rice Trophy and vacated the selection of its national champion for 2004 . The BCS also vacated USC 's participation in the 2005 Orange Bowl and USC 's 2004 BCS National Championship , and the AFCA Coaches Poll Trophy was returned . Record does not count wins against UCLA , or against Oklahoma in the BCS Championship game on January 4 , 2005 , as they were vacated by the NCAA . The NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records book lists Dunkel as having selected LSU , while Dunkel 's official website gives USC as its 2007 selection . Total championship selections from major selectors by school The national title count listed below is a culmination of all championship awarded since 1869 , regardless of consensus or non-consensus status , as listed in the table above according to the selectors deemed to be major as listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records ( minus the Harris Interactive poll , 2005 -- 2013 , that is listed but does not conduct a final poll or award a championship ) . The totals can be said to be disputed . Individual schools may claim national championships not accounted for by the NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records or may not claim national championship selections that do appear in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records ( see National championship claims by school below ) . For an alternative independent view of national championship totals for each team , please see the College Football Data Warehouse recognized national champions or Poll era ( 1936 -- present ) selections in the tables below . School Championships Princeton 28 Yale 27 Alabama 22 Notre Dame 22 Oklahoma 17 USC 17 Michigan 16 Ohio State 16 Harvard 12 Nebraska 11 Pittsburgh 11 Miami ( FL ) 9 Minnesota 9 Texas 9 Florida State 8 LSU 8 Georgia Tech 7 Penn State 7 Tennessee 7 Georgia 6 Michigan State 6 Penn 6 Iowa 5 Army 5 Auburn 5 California 5 Cornell 5 Florida 5 Illinois 5 Washington Lafayette Ole Miss SMU TCU Texas A&M Arizona State Arkansas Chicago Clemson Maryland Missouri Oklahoma State Stanford BYU Centre Colgate Colorado Columbia Dartmouth Detroit Kentucky Navy Purdue Rutgers Syracuse UCF UCLA Utah Washington & Jefferson Wisconsin National championship claims by school Tennessee 's national championship claims , as posted in their Neyland Stadium The following is a table of known schools ' claims on national championships at the highest level of play in college football . Several of these schools no longer compete at the highest level , which is currently NCAA Division I FBS , but nonetheless maintain claims to titles from when they did compete at the highest level . Because there is no one governing or official body that regulates , recognizes , or awards national championships in college football , and because many independent selectors of championships exist , many of the claims by the schools listed below are shared , contradict each other , or are controversial . In addition , because there is no one body overseeing national championships , no standardized requirements exist in order for a school to make a claim on a national championship , as any particular institution is free to make any declaration it deems to be fit . However , all known national championship claims are for seasons in which a national championship , or share of a championship , was believed to be awarded to that particular school by at least one independent third - party selector . The majority of these claims , but not all , are based on championships awarded from selectors listed as `` major '' in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records . Not all championships awarded by third party selectors , nor those listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records , are necessarily claimed by each school . Therefore , these claims represent how each individual school sees their own history on the subject of national championships . This table below includes only national championship claims originating from each particular school and therefore represents the point - of - view of each individual institution . Each total number of championships , and the years for which they are claimed , are documented by the particular school on its official website , in its football media guide , or in other official publications or literature ( see Source ) . If a championship is not mentioned by a school for any particular season , regardless of whether it was awarded by a selector or listed in a third - party publication such as the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records , it is not considered to be claimed by that institution . School Claimed national championships Seasons Source Princeton 28 1869 , 1870 , 1872 , 1873 , 1874 , 1875 , 1877 , 1878 , 1879 , 1880 , 1881 , 1884 , 1885 , 1886 , 1889 , 1893 , 1894 , 1896 , 1898 , 1899 , 1903 , 1906 , 1911 , 1920 , 1922 , 1933 , 1935 , 1950 Yale 27 1872 , 1874 , 1876 , 1877 , 1879 , 1880 , 1881 , 1882 , 1883 , 1884 , 1886 , 1887 , 1888 , 1891 , 1892 , 1893 , 1894 , 1895 , 1897 , 1900 , 1901 , 1902 , 1905 , 1906 , 1907 , 1909 , 1927 Alabama 17 1925 , 1926 , 1930 , 1934 , 1941 , 1961 , 1964 , 1965 , 1973 , 1978 , 1979 , 1992 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 , 2017 Michigan 11 1901 , 1902 , 1903 , 1904 , 1918 , 1923 , 1932 , 1933 , 1947 , 1948 , 1997 Notre Dame 11 1924 , 1929 , 1930 , 1943 , 1946 , 1947 , 1949 , 1966 , 1973 , 1977 , 1988 USC 11 1928 , 1931 , 1932 , 1939 , 1962 , 1967 , 1972 , 1974 , 1978 , 2003 , 2004 Pittsburgh 9 1915 , 1916 , 1918 , 1929 , 1931 , 1934 , 1936 , 1937 , 1976 Ohio State 8 1942 , 1954 , 1957 , 1961 , 1968 , 1970 , 2002 , 2014 Harvard 7 1890 , 1898 , 1899 , 1910 , 1912 , 1913 , 1919 Minnesota 7 1904 , 1934 , 1935 , 1936 , 1940 , 1941 , 1960 Oklahoma 7 1950 , 1955 , 1956 , 1974 , 1975 , 1985 , 2000 Penn 7 1894 , 1895 , 1897 , 1904 , 1907 , 1908 , 1924 Michigan State 6 1951 , 1952 , 1955 , 1957 , 1965 , 1966 Tennessee 6 1938 , 1940 , 1950 , 1951 , 1967 , 1998 California 5 1920 , 1921 , 1922 , 1923 , 1937 Cornell 5 1915 , 1921 , 1922 , 1923 , 1939 Illinois 5 1914 , 1919 , 1923 , 1927 , 1951 Miami ( FL ) 5 1983 , 1987 , 1989 , 1991 , 2001 Nebraska 5 1970 , 1971 , 1994 , 1995 , 1997 Georgia Tech 1917 , 1928 , 1952 , 1990 Iowa 1921 , 1956 , 1958 , 1960 Texas 1963 , 1969 , 1970 , 2005 Washington 1960 , 1984 , 1990 , 1991 Army 1944 , 1945 , 1946 Florida 1996 , 2006 , 2008 Florida State 1993 , 1999 , 2013 Lafayette 1896 , 1921 , 1926 LSU 1958 , 2003 , 2007 Ole Miss 1959 , 1960 , 1962 SMU 1935 , 1981 , 1982 Texas A&M 1919 , 1927 , 1939 Auburn 1957 , 2010 Chicago 1905 , 1913 Clemson 1981 , 2016 Georgia 1942 , 1980 Penn State 1982 , 1986 TCU 1935 , 1938 Stanford 1926 , 1940 Arkansas 1964 Boston College 1940 BYU 1984 Centre 1921 Colorado 1990 Dartmouth 1925 Kentucky 1950 Maryland 1953 Navy 1926 Oklahoma State 1945 Rutgers 1869 Syracuse 1959 UCF 2017 UCLA 1954 USC 's January 4 , 2005 win over Oklahoma in the BCS Championship Game was vacated as mandated by the NCAA , its 2004 BCS National Championship vacated by the BCS , and its AFCA Coaches ' Trophy returned . NCAA sanctions mandate that `` any reference to the vacated results , including championships , shall be removed . '' USC still retains the 2004 Associated Press National Championship and has not abandoned its claim to a 2004 national championship . Iowa lists the awarding of the 1958 Grantland Rice National Championship in various publications , but describes championship selections from 3 other years as well in its annual media guide . Auburn 's 1913 , 1983 , and 1993 ( Auburn was disqualified from post-season play in 1993 and did not play in a bowl game ) championships are not recognized by the school . Georgia 's website has multiple pages which list national championships by sport and only callout two seasons for football ( 1942 and 1980 ) . The Georgia football media guide contains a year - by - year results section in which five seasons ( 1927 , 1942 , 1946 , 1968 , 1980 ) have `` National Champions # '' headers paired with selector callouts , but also a `` Championship History '' page which pairs 1942 and 1980 into a `` The Consensus National Champions '' section and groups 1927 , 1946 , and 1968 together without description as national champions beyond identification of those specific selectors . No major selectors chose Penn in 1907 . College Football Data Warehouse recognized national champions ( 1869 -- 2009 ) College Football Data Warehouse ( CFBDW ) is an online resource and database that has collected and researched information on college football and national championship selections . It provides a comprehensive list of national championship selectors and has itself recognized selectors that it has deemed to be the most acceptable throughout history . These include the National Championship Foundation ( 1869 -- 1882 ) , the Helms Athletic Foundation ( 1883 -- 1935 ) , the College Football Researchers Association ( 1919 -- 1935 ) , the Associated Press Poll ( 1936 -- 2009 ) , and the Coaches Poll ( 1950 -- 2009 ) . From its research , it has compiled a list of Recognized National Championships for each season . Some years include recognition of multiple teams for a particular season . Please note that the CFBDW list of Recognized Champions does not confer any additional legitimacy to the titles . In this regard , some universities claim championships not recognized by CFBDW or do not claim championships that are recognized by CFBDW . Please consult the above table of National championship claims by school or individual team articles and websites for possible additional or alternative national championship claims . Below is a list of all of the CFBDW recognized national championships from 1869 to 2009 . School Championships Seasons Princeton 26 1869 , 1870 , 1872 , 1873 , 1874 , 1875 , 1877 , 1878 , 1879 , 1880 , 1881 , 1884 , 1885 , 1886 , 1889 , 1893 , 1896 , 1898 , 1899 , 1903 , 1906 , 1911 , 1920 , 1922 , 1933 , 1935 Yale 18 1874 , 1876 , 1877 , 1880 , 1881 , 1882 , 1883 , 1884 , 1886 , 1887 , 1888 , 1891 , 1892 , 1894 , 1900 , 1907 , 1909 , 1927 Notre Dame 13 1919 , 1924 , 1929 , 1930 , 1943 , 1946 , 1947 , 1949 , 1964 , 1966 , 1973 , 1977 , 1988 Alabama 12 1925 , 1926 , 1930 , 1934 , 1961 , 1964 , 1965 , 1973 , 1978 , 1979 , 1992 , 2009 Michigan 11 1901 , 1902 , 1903 , 1904 , 1918 , 1923 , 1932 , 1933 , 1947 , 1948 , 1997 USC 10 1928 , 1931 , 1932 , 1962 , 1967 , 1972 , 1974 , 1978 , 2003 , 2004 Pittsburgh 9 1910 , 1915 , 1916 , 1918 , 1929 , 1931 , 1936 , 1937 , 1976 Harvard 8 1875 , 1890 , 1898 , 1899 , 1910 , 1912 , 1913 , 1919 Ohio State 7 1942 , 1954 , 1957 , 1961 , 1968 , 1970 , 2002 Oklahoma 7 1950 , 1955 , 1956 , 1974 , 1975 , 1985 , 2000 Minnesota 6 1934 , 1935 , 1936 , 1940 , 1941 , 1960 Penn 6 1894 , 1895 , 1897 , 1904 , 1907 , 1908 Army 5 1914 , 1916 , 1944 , 1945 , 1946 Miami ( FL ) 5 1983 , 1987 , 1989 , 1991 , 2001 Nebraska 5 1970 , 1971 , 1994 , 1995 , 1997 California 1920 , 1921 , 1922 , 1937 Georgia Tech 1917 , 1928 , 1952 , 1990 Illinois 1914 , 1919 , 1923 , 1927 LSU 1908 , 1958 , 2003 , 2007 Michigan State 1951 , 1952 , 1965 , 1966 Penn State 1911 , 1912 , 1982 , 1986 Tennessee 1938 , 1950 , 1951 , 1998 Texas 1963 , 1969 , 1970 , 2005 Cornell 1915 , 1921 , 1922 Florida 1996 , 2006 , 2008 Lafayette 1896 , 1921 , 1926 Auburn 1913 , 1957 Florida State 1993 , 1999 Georgia 1942 , 1980 Ole Miss 1960 , 1962 Texas A&M 1919 , 1939 TCU 1935 , 1938 Arkansas 1964 Boston College 1940 BYU 1984 Chicago 1905 Clemson 1981 Colorado 1990 Dartmouth 1925 Iowa 1958 Maryland 1953 SMU 1935 Stanford 1926 Syracuse 1959 UCLA 1954 Washington 1991 Poll era ( 1936 -- present ) The polling system first gained widespread consistency with the introduction of the AP poll in 1936 , followed by the Coaches Poll in 1950 . National championships are often popularly considered to be `` consensus '' when both of these polls are in agreement with their national championship selections , although other selectors exist and do make alternative selections . A more modern incarnation , the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) , was a consortium of college football conferences that uses a combination of various computer rankings and human polls to mathematically determine a post-season matchup between the two top teams as determined by its formula . The USA Today Coaches Poll was contractually obligated to name the BCS champion as its national champion . AP Poll Main article : AP Poll The AP college football poll has a long history . The news media began running their own polls of sports writers to determine who was , by popular opinion , the best football team in the country at the end of the season . One of the earliest such polls was the AP College Football Poll , first run in 1934 ( compiled and organized by Charles Woodroof , former SEC Assistant Director of Media Relations , but not recognized in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records ) and then continuously from 1936 . Due to the long - standing historical ties between individual college football conferences and high - paying bowl games like the Rose Bowl and Orange Bowl , the NCAA has never held a tournament or championship game to determine the champion of what is now the highest division , NCAA Division I , Football Bowl Subdivision ( the Division I , Football Championship Subdivision and lower divisions do hold championship tournaments ) . As a result , the public and the media began to take the leading vote - getter in the final AP Poll as the national champion for that season . While the AP Poll currently lists the Top 25 teams in the nation , from 1936 to 1961 the wire service only ranked 20 teams . And from 1962 to 1967 only 10 teams were recognized . From 1968 to 1988 , the AP again resumed its Top 20 before expanding to 25 teams in 1989 . Until the 1968 college football season , the final AP Poll of the season was released following the end of the regular season , with the exception of the 1965 season . In 1964 , Alabama was named the national champion in the final AP Poll following the completion of the regular season , but lost in the Orange Bowl to Texas , leaving Arkansas as the only undefeated , untied team after the Razorbacks defeated Nebraska in the Cotton Bowl Classic . In 1965 , the AP 's decision to wait to crown its champion paid off , as top - ranked Michigan State lost to UCLA in the Rose Bowl , number two Arkansas lost to LSU in the Cotton Bowl Classic , and fourth - ranked Alabama defeated third - ranked Nebraska in the Orange Bowl , vaulting the Crimson Tide to the top of the AP 's final poll . Michigan State was named national champion in the final United Press International poll of coaches , which did not conduct a post-bowl poll . At the end of the 1947 season , the AP released an unofficial post-bowl poll which differed from the regular season final poll . The AP national championship had been awarded before bowl games were played . Beginning in the 1968 season , a post bowl game poll was released and the AP championship reflected the bowl game results . The UPI did not follow suit with the Coaches Poll until the 1974 season . Coaches Poll Main article : Coaches Poll The AFCA National Championship Trophy The Coaches Poll began selecting the top 20 teams on a weekly basis during the 1950 -- 1951 college football season . It is conducted among selected members of the American Football Coaches Association . In 1990 the poll expanded to a top 25 , and it has retained this format since . The Coaches Poll took their final poll prior to the bowl games from 1950 -- 1973 , and since 1974 , has taken their final poll after bowl games . The Coaches Poll does not include teams on either NCAA or conference - sanction probation , which also differentiates it from the AP poll . The poll has been released through various media outlets and with differing sponsors over its history , and thus has taken a succession of different names , including United Press ( UP ) from 1950 thru 1957 , the United Press International ( UPI ) from 1958 thru 1990 , USA Today / CNN from 1991 thru 1996 , USA Today / ESPN from 1997 to 2004 , and USA Today from 2005 to present . During the era of the BCS , the Coaches Poll was under contractual obligation to award its national championship selection to the winner of the BCS Championship Game or its predecessors -- who was presented with the AFCA National Championship Trophy during a post-game presentation . The College Football Playoff is not tied to the Coaches Poll in this manner . Poll era national championships by school ( 1936 -- present ) The following table contains the national championships that have been recognized by the final AP or Coaches Poll . Originally both the AP and Coaches poll champions were crowned after the regular season , but since 1968 and 1974 , respectively , both polls crown their champions after the bowl games are completed . The BCS champion was automatically awarded the Coaches Poll championship . Of the current 120 + Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS , formerly Division I-A ) schools , only 30 have won at least a share of a national title by the AP or Coaches poll . Of these 30 teams , only 19 teams have won multiple titles . Of the 19 teams , only 7 have won five or more national titles : Alabama , Notre Dame , Oklahoma , USC , Miami ( FL ) , Nebraska , and Ohio State . The years listed in the table below indicate a national championship selection by the AP or Coaches Poll . The selections are noted with ( AP ) or ( Coaches ) when a national champion selection differed between the two polls for that particular season , which has occurred in twelve different seasons ( including 2004 , for which the coaches selection was rescinded ) since the polls first came to coexist in 1950 . School Championships Seasons Alabama 12 1961 , 1964 , 1965 ( AP ) , 1973 ( Coaches ) , 1978 ( AP ) , 1979 , 1992 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 , 2017 Notre Dame 8 1943 , 1946 , 1947 , 1949 , 1966 , 1973 ( AP ) , 1977 , 1988 Oklahoma 7 1950 , 1955 , 1956 , 1974 ( AP ) , 1975 , 1985 , 2000 USC 7 1962 , 1967 , 1972 , 1974 ( Coaches ) , 1978 ( Coaches ) , 2003 ( AP ) , 2004 ( AP ) † Ohio State 6 1942 , 1954 ( AP ) , 1957 ( Coaches ) , 1968 , 2002 , 2014 Miami ( FL ) 5 1983 , 1987 , 1989 , 1991 ( AP ) , 2001 Nebraska 5 1970 ( AP ) , 1971 , 1994 , 1995 , 1997 ( Coaches ) Minnesota 1936 , 1940 , 1941 , 1960 Texas 1963 , 1969 , 1970 ( Coaches ) , 2005 Florida 1996 , 2006 , 2008 Florida State 1993 , 1999 , 2013 LSU 1958 , 2003 ( Coaches ) , 2007 Army 1944 , 1945 ( AP ) Auburn 1957 ( AP ) , 2010 Clemson 1981 , 2016 Michigan 1948 , 1997 ( AP ) Michigan State 1952 , 1965 ( Coaches ) Penn State 1982 , 1986 Pittsburgh 1937 , 1976 Tennessee 1951 , 1998 BYU 1984 Colorado 1990 ( AP ) Georgia 1980 Georgia Tech 1990 ( Coaches ) Maryland 1953 Oklahoma State 1945 ( Coaches ) ‡ Syracuse 1959 TCU 1938 Texas A&M 1939 UCLA 1954 ( Coaches ) Washington 1991 ( Coaches ) † USC 's 2004 -- 2005 BCS National Championship was vacated by the BCS and the AFCA Coaches ' Trophy returned . ‡ Retroactively awarded in 2016 by AFCA Blue Ribbon Panel BCS championships The Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) was a selection system designed to give the top two teams in NCAA Division I-A ( now known as the FBS ) an opportunity to compete in a `` national championship game '' . This championship was intended as a surrogate for a playoff system since the NCAA does not formally determine a champion in this category . It began during the 1998 season , but a number of controversial selections spurred changes to the format over the years . Prior to the 2006 season , eight teams competed in four BCS Bowls ( the Orange , Sugar , Rose , and Fiesta ) . The BCS replaced the Bowl Alliance ( in place from 1995 -- 1997 ) , which itself followed the Bowl Coalition ( in place from 1992 -- 1994 ) . One of the main differences was that the Rose Bowl participated in the BCS ; previously , the Big Ten and Pac - 12 champions automatically played in the Rose Bowl regardless of their poll rankings . However , after the change , those teams played in the BCS National Championship Game if they finished # 1 or # 2 in the BCS standings . The BCS formula varied over the years , with the final version relying on a combination of the Coaches ' and Harris polls and an average of various computer rankings to determine relative team rankings , and to narrow the field to two teams to play in the BCS National Championship Game held after the other college bowl games . The winner of this game was crowned Coaches ' Poll national champion winning the AFCA National Championship Trophy and was also awarded the MacArthur Bowl by the National Football Foundation . BCS national championships by school ( 1998 -- 2013 ) School Championships Seasons Alabama 2009 , 2011 , 2012 Florida 2006 , 2008 Florida State 1999 , 2013 LSU 2003 , 2007 Auburn Miami ( FL ) 2001 Ohio State 2002 Oklahoma 2000 Tennessee 1998 Texas 2005 USC 0 † † USC 's victory in the 2005 Orange Bowl and subsequent 2004 -- 05 BCS National Championship was vacated by the BCS . College Football Playoff championships The College Football Playoff ( CFP ) was designed as a replacement for the BCS . While the NCAA still does not officially sanction the event , organizers sought to bring a playoff system similar to all other levels of NCAA football to the Football Bowl Subdivision . The College Football Playoff relies on a 13 - member selection committee to choose the top four teams to play in a two - round single - elimination playoff bracket . The winner of the final game is awarded the College Football Playoff National Championship Trophy . CFP National Championships by school ( 2014 -- present ) School Championships Seasons Alabama 2015 , 2017 Clemson 2016 Ohio State 2014 See also College football portal Coaches Poll List of NCAA college football rankings List of NCAA Division I FBS football programs Notes Jump up ^ The following schools either make no apparent statement or claim regarding national championships , or clearly state no claims on a national championship , despite the listing of a national championship for that school in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records : Arizona State , Colgate , Columbia , Detroit , Missouri , Purdue , Rutgers , Washington & Jefferson , and Wisconsin . Jump up ^ All National Championships listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records , as well as all additional selections compiled at College Football Data Warehouse , were checked for claims by the applicable schools . Although every care was taken to be thorough and accurate , it can not be assumed that there are no missing or misrepresented claims due to potential limitations of the available source material for any one institution . References Jump up ^ `` Syracuse and Cornell Still Top Gridders '' . The Reading Eagle . Reading , Pennsylvania . November 12 , 1923 . p. 12 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Viehman , Harold H. , ed. ( 1939 ) . The 1939 Owl . Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh . p. 276 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dodd , Dennis ( December 22 , 2004 ) . `` Subtracting AP poll leaves BCS again scrambling for legitimacy '' . CBSsports.com . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2013 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Bill ( November 5 , 2008 ) . `` UC Football in the Hunt for a Big East Crown and BCS Bid '' . Citybeat.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hooper , Matt ( October 10 , 2009 ) . Noel , Tex , ed . `` How many national titles can Alabama really lay claim to ? Better yet , why is there more than one answer ? ( republished with permission from the Birmingham Weekly ) '' ( PDF ) . The College Football Historian . Intercollegiate Football Researchers Association . 2 ( 9 ) . ISSN 2326 - 3628 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : 2017 NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records ( PDF ) . Indianapolis : The National Collegiate Athletic Association . July 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weinreb , Michael ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` Tricky Dick 's Trick Play '' . Grantland . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Doctors After the Indians '' . Baltimore American . 187 ( 34 , 129 ) . Baltimore , Maryland . October 31 , 1899 . p. 4 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Noel , Tex , ed . ( May 2009 ) . `` Three Actual Polls from the 1901 College Football Season '' ( PDF ) . The College Football Historian . Intercollegiate Football Researchers Association . 2 ( 4 ) . ISSN 2326 - 3628 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Walsh , Christopher J. ( 2007 ) . Who 's # 1 ? : 100 - Plus Years of Controversial National Champions in College Football . Taylor Trade Publications . pp. 13 -- 16 , 148 -- 149 . ISBN 9781461734765 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Year - by - Year FBS Coaches Final Polls '' . AFCA.com . American Football Coaches Association . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Billingsley , Richard ( 2001 ) . `` The road to the BCS has been a long one '' . ESPN College Football . ESPN . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The MacArthur Bowl '' . National Football Foundation . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wieberg , Steve . `` New Harris poll to replace AP in BCS formula '' . USA Today Sports . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` AFCA Recognizes Oklahoma State as 1945 National Champion '' . afca.com . American Football Coaches Association . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitley , David ( February 9 , 2013 ) . `` College football playoff selection committee members will need witness protection '' . AOL SportingNews.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bowl Championship Series '' . Harris Interactive News Room . Harris Interactive . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Amy Daughters ( May 4 , 2011 ) . `` College Football : The Top 25 Schools That Have Never Won a National Championship '' . Bleacher Report . Jump up ^ `` Mizzou Named National Champs By One BCS Computer Ranking '' . mutigers.com . Missouri Athletics . January 17 , 2008 . Retrieved September 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Missouri Edges Kansas and LSU to Finish # 1 '' . andersonsports.com . Anderson and Hester . Retrieved September 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : 2018 NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records ( PDF ) . Indianapolis : National Collegiate Athletic Association . August 2018 . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Guerra , Darren . `` AndersonSports : The Jeff Anderson & Chris Hester College Football Computer Rankings - Part of the BCS Rankings '' . andersonsports.com . Jump up ^ `` College Football Poll.com '' . collegefootballpoll.com . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Edges UCF for # 1 '' . AndersonSports . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` https://collegefootball.ap.org/poll '' . The Associated Press . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` FINAL BILLINGSLEY REPORT 2017 '' . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Congrove Computer Rankings '' . CollegeFootballPoll.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship '' . College Football Playoff . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Final CFRA Poll '' . The College Football Researchers Association . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2017 : Tide Turns '' . Dunkel Index . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ALABAMA RECOGNIZED AS 2017 NFF MACARTHUR BOWL RECIPIENT '' . THE NATIONAL FOOTBALL FOUNDATION AND COLLEGE HALL OF FAME , INC . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` College Football Ranking Composite '' . Kenneth Massey . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Final COLLEGE FOOTBALL 2017 through results of 2018 JANUARY 8 MONDAY - National Championship Game '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eddie Timanus . `` Alabama finishes No. 1 in final Amway Coaches Poll for fifth time in nine years '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Final Ratings of all NCAA and NAIA Teams '' . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` National champions : UCF Knights finish season ranked No. 1 in Colley Matrix '' . orlandosentinel.com . Orlando Sentinel . January 9 , 2018 . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . The Knights finished the 2017 football season as the No. 1 team in the Colley Bias Free Matrix Rankings , which were released late Tuesday . Jump up ^ Seeley , Andy ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` Knights Ranked No. 1 - UCF '' ( Press release ) . UCF Athletics . Jump up ^ Okeson , Walter R. , ed. ( 1935 ) . Spalding 's Official Foot Ball Guide 1935 . New York : American Sports Publishing Co . Jump up ^ Sagarin , Jeff . `` FINAL COLLEGE FOOTBALL 1998 Ratings thru results of MONDAY , JANUARY 3 , 1999 '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USC loses Grantland Rice Trophy '' . ESPN.com news services . ESPN . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BCS Group vacates USC 2004 - 05 national championship following NCAA denial of appeal '' . bcsfootball.org . Bowl Championship Series . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` University of Southern California Public Interactions Report '' ( PDF ) . USA Today . NCAA . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dunkel , Bob . `` Final 2007 : Trojans Finish Ranked No. 1 '' . NCAA Football Division 1 - A Rankings . The Dunkel Index . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : DeLassus , David . `` Recognized National Championships by Year '' . College Football Data Warehouse . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : DeLassus , David . `` Current National Championship Selectors '' . College Football Data Warehouse . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : DeLassus , David . `` Previous National Championship Selectors '' . College Football Data Warehouse . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( September 11 , 1967 ) , `` This Year The Fight Will Be in the Open '' , Sports Illustrated , Chicago , 27 ( 11 ) : 30 -- 33 , retrieved May 5 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Princeton Football National Championships '' . Go Princeton Tigers . Princeton University . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Conn , Steve ( 2009 ) . 2009 Yale Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . Yale University . pp. 106 -- 112 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yale Official Athletic Site -- Football by Year '' . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Purinton , Jeff ; Maxon , Josh ; Walker , Doug ; Paré , Jessica ; Thompson , Alex ( 2011 ) . 2015 Alabama Football Spring Media Guide . University of Alabama . p. 3 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eisendrath , Zach ; Satterfield , Derek , eds. ( 2014 ) . 2014 University of Michigan Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . University of Michigan . pp. 2 , 183 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bertsch , Michael ; Masters , Chris ; Torbin , Leigh ( 2014 ) . Notre Dame Football 2014 Media Guide . University of Notre Dame . pp. 2 , 157 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ USC Sports Information Office ( 2014 ) . 2014 USC Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . University of Southern California . p. 114 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Borghetti , E.J. ; Feeley , Ted ; Welsh , Celeste ; et al. , eds. ( 2014 ) . 2014 Pitt Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh . p. 130 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 2014 Ohio State Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . The Ohio State University Department of Athletics . 2014 . pp. 1 , 4 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio State Buckeyes - 2014 NCAA Football Champions '' . Ohio State Buckeyes . CBSi Advanced Media . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Media Center : Harvard Crimson Football -- National Championships '' . Official Website of Harvard Athletics . Harvard University . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GopherSports.com : University of Minnesota Athletics -- National Champions '' . University of Minnesota Athletics Department . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` OU History & Tradition -- 7 National Championships '' . SoonerSports.com . University of Oklahoma Department of Intercollegiate Athletics . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dolan , Eric ( August 1 , 2014 ) . 2014 Penn Football Fact Book ( PDF ) . University of Pennsylvania Office of Athletic Communications . pp. 6 , 78 -- 79 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lewandowski , John ; Phlegar , Ben ( 2014 ) . Michigan State 2014 Football Media Guide . Michigan State University Sports Information Department . p. 5 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stanton , Jimmy ; Yellin , Jason ; Kniffen , Mary - Carter , eds. ( 2014 ) . 2014 Tennessee Football Media Guide . University of Tennessee Department of Athletics . pp. 1 , 160 -- 174 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tennessee Official Athletic Site -- Football : National Champions '' . University of Tennessee Department of Athletics . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2012 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Benenson , Herb , ed. ( 2014 ) . 2014 California Golden Bears Football Information Guide ( PDF ) . Cal Media Relations Office . p. 146 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Over a Century of Tradition ( PDF ) . Cornell Athletics Communications Office . 2015 . p. 3 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , Kent , ed. ( 2014 ) . 2014 Illinois Football Record Book ( PDF ) . University of Illinois Division of Intercollegiate Athletics . p. 114 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricanes Football History & Records '' . University of Miami Athletics . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Huskers. com - Nebraska Athletics Official Web Site : Nebraska 's Five National Titles '' . University of Nebraska Athletic Department . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Tech Official Athletic Site -- Football : Titles Won '' . Georgia Tech Athletic Department . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Roe , Steve ; Wagner , Traci ; Walenta , Theresa , eds. ( 2014 ) . 2014 Iowa Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . University of Iowa Athletic Department . p. 104 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bianco , John ( 2014 ) . 2014 Texas Football AdvoCare V100 Texas Bowl Guide ( PDF ) . University of Texas at Austin . p. 120 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 2017 Husky Football Guide ( PDF ) . University of Washington Athletic Communications Office . 2017 . p. 86 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Faulkner , Matt , ed. ( 2014 ) . 2014 Army Football Media Guide . U.S. Military Academy Office of Athletic Communications . p. 126 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GatorZone.com : Gator Football History '' . University Athletic Association . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stipe , Zach ; Lonzo , Kerwin , eds. ( 2014 ) . 2014 FSU Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . Florida State University Department of Athletics . pp. 126 -- 128 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ LaBella , Phil ( 2014 ) . 2014 Lafayette Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . Lafayette Athletics Communications . p. 6 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bonnette , Michael , ed. ( 2014 ) . 2014 LSU Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . LSU Sports Information Office . pp. 16 -- 18 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Kyle ; Jones , Joey , eds. ( 2014 ) . `` 2014 Ole Miss Football Guide '' . University , Mississippi : University of Mississippi Athletics Media Relations Office . p. 104 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sutton , Brad ; Hudson , Herman ; Balside , Zach ; et al. , eds. ( 2014 ) . 2014 SMU Football Media Guide . Southern Methodist University Department of Athletics . pp. 1 , 80 -- 82 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . 12thman.com . Texas A&M Athletics . pp. 45 -- 47 . Retrieved October 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` National Championships '' . Auburn Tigers : The Official Website of Auburn Athletics . 2016 . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Feature Story : Chicago Football Eras '' . University of Chicago Campus and Student Life . October 8 , 2012 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 25th Anniversary of the 1981 National Championship Team ( PDF ) . Clemson University . 2006 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` National Champions ! '' . ClemsonTigers.com . Clemson University . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : http://georgiadogs.com/sports/2017/6/16/championships.aspx ^ Jump up to : 2017 Georgia Football Media Guide . University of Georgia Athletics Department . 2017 . pp. 161 -- 163 , 192 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Penn State official Athletic Site -- Traditions : National Champions '' . Pennsylvania State University Department of Athletics . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Mark ( 2014 ) . 2014 TCU Football Fact Book . TCU Athletics Media Relations Office . pp. 2 , 129 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stanford Football History '' . Stanford University Department of Athletics . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Young , Jim , ed. ( 2014 ) . 2014 Stanford Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . Stanford University Athletic Communications and Media Relations Department . pp. 172 , 180 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 11 , 2015 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Higbee , Zack ; Satterfield , Derek , eds. ( 2014 ) . University of Arkansas Razorbacks 2014 Football Media Guide . UA Media Relations Department . pp. 18 , 140 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Boston College Official Athletic Site : 1940 Football ' Team of Destiny ' -- National Champions '' . Boston College Athletics Department . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 National Championship '' . BYUCougars.com : The Official Site of Brigham Young Athletics . 2011 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( ? url = http://centrecolonels.com/sports/fball/index `` Centre Colonels '' ) Check archiveurl = value ( help ) . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2018 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( Archived by WebCite ® at ) Jump up ^ `` Colorado Football 1990 National Champions '' . CUBuffs.com -- Official Athletics Web site of the University of Colorado . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Championship Tradition '' . DartmouthSports.com -- Official Web Site of Dartmouth Varsity Athletics . August 30 , 2006 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Football Media Guide '' . University of Kentucky Athletics . p. 100 . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Terrapin Team Titles : University of Maryland National Championships '' . Maryland Athletics , University of Maryland . 2015 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 2014 Navy Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . Naval Academy Athletic Association . 2014 . pp. 8 -- 9 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brunt , Cliff ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` AFCA picks Oklahoma St as 1945 coaches ' national champion '' . USA Today . AP . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFCA Recognizes Oklahoma State as 1945 National Champion '' . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Baum , Jason , ed. ( 2014 ) . 2014 Rutgers Football Factbook . Rutgers University Office of Athletic Communications . p. 2 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Edson , Sue Cornelius , ed. ( 2014 ) . 2014 Syracuse University Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . Syracuse University Athletic Communications Department . pp. 6 , 107 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ UCF declares itself national champions , and is doing everything real champions do after winning . SBNation. 2018 . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Football Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . UCFKnights.com . UCF Athletics . p. 89 . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ 2014 UCLA Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . UCLA Sports Information Office . 2014 . pp. 90 , 108 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` BCS strips Southern California of 2004 national championship '' . USA Today . June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA University of Southern California Public Infractions Report '' ( PDF ) . Indianapolis : National Collegiate Athletic Association . June 10 , 2010 . p. 58 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://georgiadogs.com/sports/2017/6/16/championships-ncaa-sec.aspx Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20141007040543/http://www.georgiadogs.com/ot/geo-championships.html Jump up ^ DeLassus , David . `` National Championships '' . College Football Data Warehouse . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20170319084424/http://cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/national_championships/nchamps_year.php Jump up ^ Whittingham , Richard ( 2001 ) . Rites of Autumn : The Story of College Football . Simon and Schuster . p. 46 . ISBN 9780743222198 . Jump up ^ `` Amway Coaches ' Poll '' . American Football Coaches Association . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2015 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FBS coaches ' poll will continue every week despite BCS going away '' . Associated Press . January 13 , 2013 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BCS strips Southern California of 2004 national championship '' . USA Today . June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BCS Group vacates USC 2004 -- 05 national championship following NCAA denial of appeal '' ( Press release ) . Bowl Championship Series . June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Links to related articles NCAA Football Championship Games Division I FBS 2007 * 2008 * 2009 * 2010 * 2011 * 2012 * 2013 * 2014 * 2015 * 2016 * 2017 * 2018 * 2019 * I-A 1993 * 1994 * 1995 * 1996 * 1997 * 1998 * 1999 * 2000 * 2001 * 2002 * 2003 * 2004 * 2005 * 2006 * FCS 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 * 2012 * 2013 * 2014 * 2015 * 2016 * 2017 * 2018 * 2019 * I - AA 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 Division II 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Division III 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Games played in January are denoted by an asterisk College football national champions ( poll era ) 1936 -- 1949 1936 : Minnesota ( AP , DS ) / Pittsburgh ( HS ) 1937 : Pittsburgh ( AP , DS , HS ) / California 1938 : TCU ( AP ) / Tennessee ( HS ) / Notre Dame ( DS ) 1939 : Texas A&M ( AP , HS ) / USC ( DS ) 1940 : Minnesota ( AP , DS , HS ) / Stanford 1941 : Minnesota ( AP ) / Alabama ( HS ) 1942 : Ohio State ( AP ) / Georgia ( HS ) 1943 : Notre Dame 1944 : Army ( AP , HS ) / Ohio State 1945 : Army ( AP , HS ) / Oklahoma A&M ( AFCA ) 1946 : Notre Dame ( AP ) / Army ( HS ) 1947 : Notre Dame ( AP ) / Michigan HS ) 1948 : Michigan 1949 : Notre Dame 1950s 1950 : Oklahoma 1951 : Tennessee ( AP , Coaches ) / Michigan State / Maryland 1952 : Michigan State ( AP , Coaches ) / Georgia Tech ( INS ) 1953 : Maryland ( AP , Coaches , INS ) / Notre Dame ( BS ) 1954 : Ohio State ( AP , INS ) / UCLA ( FWAA , Coaches ) 1955 : Oklahoma 1956 : Oklahoma 1957 : Auburn ( AP ) / Ohio State ( Coaches , FWAA , INS ) 1958 : LSU ( AP , Coaches ) / Iowa ( FWAA ) 1959 : Syracuse 1960s 1960 : Minnesota ( AP , Coaches , NFF ) / Ole Miss ( FWAA ) 1961 : Alabama ( AP , Coaches , NFF ) / Ohio State ( FWAA ) 1962 : USC 1963 : Texas 1964 : Alabama ( AP , Coaches ) / Arkansas ( FWAA ) / Notre Dame ( NFF ) 1965 : Alabama ( AP , FWAA ) / Michigan State ( Coaches , FWAA , NFF ) 1966 : Notre Dame ( AP , Coaches , FWAA , NFF ) / Michigan State ( NFF ) 1967 : USC 1968 : Ohio State 1969 : Texas 1970s 1970 : Nebraska ( AP , FWAA ) / Texas ( NFF , Coaches ) / Ohio State ( NFF ) 1971 : Nebraska 1972 : USC 1973 : Notre Dame ( AP , FWAA , NFF ) / Alabama ( Coaches ) 1974 : Oklahoma ( AP ) / USC ( FWAA , NFF , Coaches ) 1975 : Oklahoma 1976 : Pittsburgh 1977 : Notre Dame 1978 : Alabama ( AP , FWAA , NFF ) / USC ( Coaches ) 1979 : Alabama 1980 -- 1991 1980 : Georgia 1981 : Clemson 1982 : Penn State 1983 : Miami ( FL ) 1984 : BYU 1985 : Oklahoma 1986 : Penn State 1987 : Miami ( FL ) 1988 : Notre Dame 1989 : Miami ( FL ) 1990 : Colorado ( AP , FWAA , NFF , USAT / CNN ) / Georgia Tech ( Coaches ) 1991 : Miami ( FL ) ( AP ) / Washington ( Coaches , FWAA , UPI / NFF ) College football national champions ( pre-AP Poll ) 1869 -- 1879 1869 : Princeton / Rutgers 1870 : Princeton 1872 : Princeton / Yale 1873 : Princeton 1874 : Harvard / Princeton / Yale 1875 : Columbia / Harvard / Princeton 1876 : Yale 1877 : Princeton / Yale 1878 : Princeton 1879 : Princeton 1880s 1880 : Princeton / Yale 1881 : Princeton / Yale 1882 : Yale 1883 : Yale 1884 : Princeton / Yale 1885 : Princeton 1886 : Princeton / Yale 1887 : Yale 1888 : Yale 1889 : Princeton 1890s 1890 : Harvard 1891 : Yale 1892 : Yale 1893 : Princeton / Yale 1894 : Penn / Princeton / Yale 1895 : Penn / Yale 1896 : Lafayette / Princeton 1897 : Penn / Yale 1898 : Harvard / Princeton 1899 : Harvard / Princeton 1900s 1900 : Yale 1901 : Harvard / Michigan / Yale 1902 : Michigan / Yale 1903 : Michigan / Princeton 1904 : Michigan / Minnesota / Penn 1905 : Chicago / Yale 1906 : Princeton / Yale 1907 : Yale 1908 : Harvard / LSU / Penn 1909 : Yale 1910s 1910 : Harvard / Pittsburgh 1911 : Penn State / Princeton 1912 : Harvard / Penn State 1913 : Auburn / Chicago / Harvard 1914 : Army / Illinois / Texas 1915 : Cornell / Minnesota / Oklahoma / Pittsburgh 1916 : Army / Georgia Tech / Pittsburgh 1917 : Georgia Tech 1918 : Michigan / Pittsburgh 1919 : Centre / Harvard / Illinois / Notre Dame / Texas A&M 1920s 1920 : California / Georgia / Harvard / Notre Dame / Princeton 1921 : California / Cornell / Iowa / Lafayette / Washington & Jefferson / Vanderbilt 1922 : California / Cornell / Princeton / Vanderbilt 1923 : Cal / Cornell / Illinois / Michigan / Yale 1924 : Notre Dame / Penn 1925 : Alabama / Dartmouth / Michigan 1926 : Alabama / Lafayette / Michigan / Navy / Stanford 1927 : Georgia / Illinois / Notre Dame / Texas A&M / Yale 1928 : Detroit / Georgia Tech / USC 1929 : Notre Dame / Pittsburgh / USC 1930s 1930 : Alabama / Notre Dame 1931 : Pittsburgh / Purdue / USC 1932 : Colgate / Michigan / USC 1933 : Michigan / Ohio State / Princeton / USC 1934 : Alabama / Minnesota 1935 : LSU / Minnesota / Princeton / SMU / TCU Systems used to determine college football national championships NCAA Division I-A / FBS Various polling systems ( 1869 -- present ) Bowl Coalition ( 1992 -- 1994 ) Bowl Alliance ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Bowl Championship Series ( 1998 -- 2013 ) College Football Playoff ( 2014 -- present ) NCAA Division I - AA / FCS NCAA Division I Football Championship ( 1978 -- present ) NCAA Division II NCAA Division II Football Championship ( 1973 -- present ) NCAA Division III NCAA Division III Football Championship ( 1973 -- present ) NAIA Divisions NAIA Football National Championship ( 1956 -- present ) NAIA Division II Football National Championship ( 1970 -- 1996 ) Additional systems Black college football national championship NCCAA Victory Bowl ( 1997 -- present ) National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA Awards Hall of Champions Conferences Division I Institutions Athletic directors Baseball Championship CWS Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football FBS FCS Golf Men Women Ice hockey Men Women Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Men Women Wrestling Championship Division II Institutions Baseball Championship Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football Championship Golf Men Women Gymnastics Men Women Ice hockey Men Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship / WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Women Wrestling Championship Division III Institutions Baseball Championship Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football Championship Golf Men Women Ice hockey Men Women Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship / WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Men Women Wrestling Championship Single - division sports and championships Beach volleyball Women Bowling Women Boxing Championship Fencing Championships Gymnastics Men Women Rifle Championship Skiing Championships Trampoline Championship Water polo Men Women Events listed in italics have been discontinued . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=College_football_national_championships_in_NCAA_Division_I_FBS&oldid=866506756 '' Categories : College football - related lists Lists of sports championships NCAA Division I championships NCAA Division I FBS football NCAA football championships Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 errors : external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages with URL errors CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from January 2018 Accuracy disputes from September 2018 All accuracy disputes Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Polski Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 19 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College%20football%20national%20championships%20in%20NCAA%20Division%20I%20FBS	760
who played kevin in we need to talk about kevin	Tilda Swinton as Eva Khatchadourian John C. Reilly as Franklin Plaskett Ezra Miller as Kevin Khatchadourian Jasper Newell as young Kevin Rocky Duer as infant Kevin Ashley Gerasimovich as Celia Khatchadourian Siobhan Fallon Hogan as Wanda Alex Manette as Colin	Ezra Miller	We Need to Talk About Kevin ( film )	we need to talk about kevin ( film )	We Need to Talk About Kevin is a 2011 British - American psychological thriller drama film directed by Lynne Ramsay , and adapted from Lionel Shriver 's novel of the same title . A long process of development and financing began in 2005 , with filming commencing in April 2010 .	Tilda Swinton stars as the mother of Kevin , struggling to come to terms with her son and the horrors he has committed . The film premiered at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival and was released in the United Kingdom on 21 October 2011 . Swinton was nominated for the Golden Globe Award , Screen Actors Guild , and the BAFTA for Best Actress in a Leading Role . It was given positive reviews by both critics and audiences alike . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Development 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Teenager Kevin Khatchadourian is in prison after committing a massacre at his high school . His mother , Eva , once a successful travel writer , lives alone in a rundown house and works in a travel agency near the prison , where she visits Kevin . She looks back at her memories of him growing up as she tries to cope with the hostility of her neighbors . Kevin is detached and difficult from childhood . He appears to loathe and deliberately antagonize Eva , and she has trouble bonding with him . As a baby , he cries incessantly , but only around her ; as a child , he resists toilet training , rebuffs Eva 's attempts at affection , and shows no interest in anything . He behaves like a happy , loving son when his father Franklin is watching . Eva 's frustration drives her to throw Kevin against the wall , breaking his arm . Kevin tells Franklin he fell , using the incident to blackmail Eva into doing what he wants . Franklin dismisses Eva 's concerns and makes excuses for Kevin 's behavior . When Kevin is confined to bed with a fever , Eva reads him a book about Robin Hood ; when Robin competes in Prince John 's archery contest , Kevin shows Eva affection for the first time . Franklin gives him a bow and arrow and teaches him archery . Eva and Franklin have a second child , Celia , who is lively and cheerful . However , Kevin is disdainful and jealous . A few years later , Celia 's pet guinea pig is killed and she is blinded in one eye by caustic cleaning fluid . Eva is suspicious , but Franklin insists that Kevin is not to blame . Eva 's suspicion ruins their marriage and she and Franklin divorce . Eva comes to fear her son , as she sees growing evidence of Kevin 's sadism . As a teenager , Kevin locks several students in the school gymnasium and murders them with his bow . When Eva arrives home , she finds Kevin has murdered Franklin and Celia . On the second anniversary of the massacre , Eva visits Kevin in prison . Eva asks him why he committed the murders . Kevin , who is about to be transferred to an adult prison , responds that he used to think he knew but is no longer sure . Eva hugs Kevin and walks away sadly . Cast ( edit ) Tilda Swinton as Eva Khatchadourian John C. Reilly as Franklin Plaskett Ezra Miller as Kevin Khatchadourian Jasper Newell as young Kevin Rocky Duer as infant Kevin Ashley Gerasimovich as Celia Khatchadourian Siobhan Fallon Hogan as Wanda Alex Manette as Colin Development ( edit ) In 2005 BBC Films acquired the rights to adapt the book as a film . Executive producers Paula Jalfon and Christine Langan took it through the development stage , and were joined by executive producer Steven Soderbergh . Lynne Ramsay , who became available after her involvement in the film adaptation of The Lovely Bones came to an end , signed on to direct , and was working on a script with In the Bedroom writer Robert Festinger by 2006 . Shriver was offered a consultative role in the production process but declined , stating she had `` had it up to ( her ) eyeballs with that book , '' though she did express concern for how the film would capture Eva 's role as the unreliable narrator . Production had not begun by 2007 , though BBC Films renewed the adaptation rights early in the year . In an interview with The Herald in September 2007 , Shriver stated that she had not been in contact with Ramsay about the film for over two years . Ramsay 's spokesperson told the newspaper that a new script draft was being prepared and , at the time the interview was published , had not been submitted to the producers . Michael Clayton producer Jennifer Fox joined the production team in 2008 ; the film was expected to begin shooting that year . The script appeared on the 2008 Brit List , a film - industry - compiled list of the best unproduced screenplays in British film . Ramsay 's partner Rory Stewart Kinnear also contributed to the final shooting script . Christine Langan told the London Evening Standard in February 2010 that the long delay in production had been caused by BBC Films having difficulty funding the high budget ; Ramsay rewrote the script so the film could be made for a lower cost . The UK Film Council awarded £ 18,510 to the production from its development fund in the same month . Financial backing was also provided by Footprint Investments LLP , Caemhan Partnership LLP and Lipsync Productions , and production is in association with Artina Films and Forward Films . Filming commenced on 19 April 2010 on location in Stamford , Connecticut , and concluded on 28 May 2010 . A key filming location was J.M. Wright Technical High School in Stamford . Jonny Greenwood of the band Radiohead composed the film 's score . Release ( edit ) In October 2009 , IFC Films picked up the rights to international sales , and made pre-sales at the American Film Market . Artificial Eye distributed the film in the UK from 21 October 2011 . Oscilloscope Laboratories distributed the film theatrically in North America in the winter of 2011 . The film premiered In Competition at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival , where it was met with praise from film critics . We Need to Talk About Kevin opened in a limited release in North America in a single theater and grossed $24,587 , ranking 53rd at the box office . The film ended up earning $1,738,692 in America , and $5,754,934 internationally , for a total of $7,493,626 . We Need to Talk About Kevin was released on Blu - ray and DVD on 29 May 2012 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) We Need to Talk About Kevin received positive reviews . The film currently holds an approval rating of 76 % on Rotten Tomatoes ; the site 's consensus reads , `` We Need to Talk About Kevin is a masterful blend of drama and horror , with fantastic performances across the board ( Tilda Swinton especially , delivering one of her very best ) . '' On Metacritic , the film received a score of 68 out of 100 based on 37 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' Chicago Sun - Times critic Roger Ebert gave it 4 out of 4 stars and said , `` As a portrait of a deteriorating state of mind , We Need to Talk About Kevin is a masterful film . '' British film critic Mark Kermode of BBC Radio 5 Live named We Need to Talk About Kevin as the Best Film of 2011 . Richard Brody , in The New Yorker , wrote that it `` masquerades as a psychological puzzle but is essentially a horror film full of decorous sensationalism . '' He opined that the film exploited but did not explore the fascination that `` bad seed '' children exert . Jake Martin , a Jesuit priest and movie critic , wrote in his review in Busted Halo that the film is not `` yet another installment in the pantheon of post-modern films intent upon assaulting the human desire to give meaning to the world . '' Instead , he says , `` We Need to Talk About Kevin in fact needs to be talked about , as what it is attempting to do by marrying the darkest , most nihilistic components of contemporary cinema with a redemptive message is groundbreaking . '' Tilda Swinton was nominated for a number of acting awards , including a Golden Globe Award , Screen Actors Guild and BAFTA for Best Actress in a leading role . Her acting also received praise by film critic David Thomson in a review of the film for The New Republic . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Nominee ( s ) Result Austin Film Critics Association Best Actress Tilda Swinton Won AACTA International Award 27 January 2012 Best Actress Nominated Best Direction Lynne Ramsay Best Film Jennifer Fox , Luc Roeg , Bob Salerno Best Screenplay Lynne Ramsay , Rory Stewart Kinnear BAFTA Award 12 February 2012 Best Director Lynne Ramsay Best Actress in a Leading Role Tilda Swinton Outstanding British Film Jennifer Fox , Rory Stewart Kinnear , Lynne Ramsay , Luc Roeg , Robert Salerno Bodil Award 16 March 2013 Best American Film Lynne Ramsay British Independent Film Award 4 December 2011 Best Director Won Best Actress Tilda Swinton Nominated Best British Independent Film Best Screenplay Lynne Ramsay , Rory Stewart Kinnear Best Supporting Actor Ezra Miller Best Technical Achievement ( for cinematography ) Seamus McGarvey Cannes Film Festival 11 -- 22 May 2011 Palme d'Or Lynne Ramsay Critics ' Choice Movie Awards 12 January 2012 Best Actress Tilda Swinton Best Young Actor / Actress Ezra Miller Dallas - Fort Worth Film Critics Association 16 December 2011 Russell Smith Award Lynne Ramsay Won Best Actress Tilda Swinton Nominated European Film Award 3 December 2011 Best Actress Won Evening Standard British Film Award Best Film Lynne Ramsay Best Actress Tilda Swinton Nominated Best Technical Achievement ( for sound design ) Paul Davies Flanders International Film Festival Ghent Canvas Audience Award Lynne Ramsay Won Grand Prix for Best Film Nominated Golden Globe Award 15 January 2012 Best Actress in a Motion Picture , Drama Tilda Swinton Irish Film & Television Awards 11 February 2012 Best Director of Photography ( Film / TV Drama ) Seamus McGarvey Won Best International Actress Tilda Swinton Nominated London Film Critics ' Circle 19 January 2012 British Film of the Year Won Actress of the Year Tilda Swinton Nominated British Actress of the Year Director of the Year Lynne Ramsay Technical Achievement ( for sound design ) Paul Davies London Film Festival Best Film Lynne Ramsay Won National Board of Review of Motion Pictures Best Actress Tilda Swinton Top Ten Independent Films Online Film Critics Society Award 2 January 2012 Best Actress Tilda Swinton Best Editing Joe Bini Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Lynne Ramsay , Rory Stewart Kinnear Rembrandt Award Best International Actress Tilda Swinton San Diego Film Critics Society 14 December 2011 Best Actress San Francisco Film Critics Circle Best Actress Won Screen Actors Guild Award 29 January 2012 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role Nominated Southeastern Film Critics Association 18 December 2011 Best Actress Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival Jury Prize : Best Director Lynne Ramsay Won Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association 5 December 2011 Best Actress Tilda Swinton Nominated Writers ' Guild of Great Britain Best Film Screenplay Lynne Ramsay , Rory Stewart Kinnear Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` We Need to Talk About Kevin ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` We Need to talk About Kevin running time , production dates , budget '' . MovieInsider.com . Retrieved 9 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` We Need to Talk About Kevin '' . The Numbers . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Phil ( 14 September 2007 ) . `` Why does this author need to talk about filming Kevin ? '' . The Herald . Jump up ^ McClintock , Paula ( 23 April 2010 ) . `` Ramsay rounds out ' Kevin ' cast '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Arendt , Paul ( 6 June 2006 ) . `` Ramsay needs to shoot a film about Kevin '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News & Media . p. 21 ( G2 supplement ) . Jump up ^ Kemp , Stuart ( 18 May 2008 ) . `` BBC Films has diverse slate '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Business Media . Retrieved 18 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Archie ( 3 October 2008 ) . `` Brit List brings scripts to light '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Jump up ^ Burgeson , John ( 30 March 2010 ) . `` In Stratford , sweet love drowns out sour weather '' . CT Post . Hearst Newspapers . Jump up ^ Curtis , Nick ( 19 February 2010 ) . `` The women behind the British film industry '' . London Evening Standard . ES London . p. 27 . Jump up ^ `` Awards Database : We Need to Talk About Kevin '' . UK Film Council . Retrieved 25 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 23 April 2010 ) . `` '' We Need to talk About Kevin '' starts filming this week `` . HollywoodNews.com . Retrieved 24 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Dawtrey , Adam ( 22 April 2010 ) . `` The welcome return of Lynne Ramsay '' . London : guardian.co.uk ( Guardian News & Media ) . Retrieved 22 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Dundas Wood , Mark ( 28 May 2010 ) . `` New York Production Listings '' . BackStage.com . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , A.J. ( 1 August 2010 ) . `` Hollywood East : On location in Connecticut '' . The Hour . The Hour Publishing Co . Retrieved 3 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Kemp , Stuart ( 14 February 2011 ) . `` Radiohead 's Johny Greenwood to Score ' We Need to Talk About Kevin ' ( Berlin ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 14 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Kay , Jeremy ( 22 October 2009 ) . `` Independent boards We Need To Talk About Kevin for AFM '' . ScreenDaily.com ( Emap Media ) . Retrieved 22 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` We Need to Talk About Kevin : world exclusive trailer - video '' ( includes video clip ) . The Guardian . London . 12 August 2011 . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cannes Showstopper ' We Need to Talk About Kevin ' Picked up By Oscilloscope / Film '' . Slashfilm.com. 2011 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes - From 16 to 27 may 2012 '' . Festival-cannes.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News - Cannes gets talking about British Kevin drama '' . bbc.co.uk. 2011 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ We Need to Talk About Kevin at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ `` We Need To Talk About Kevin Blu - Ray Gets A US Release Date '' . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ We Need to Talk About Kevin at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ `` We Need to Talk About Kevin ( 2011 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 7 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 25 January 2012 ) . `` We Need to Talk About Kevin Movie Review ( 2012 ) '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved 25 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Kermode , Mark ( 6 January 2012 ) . `` Eleven from Eleven '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 25 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Brody , Richard ( November 2011 ) . `` We Need to Talk About Kevin '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , Jake . `` We need to talk about We Need to Talk about Kevin '' . Busted Halo . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Thomson , David ( 8 March 2012 ) . `` Thomson on Film : A Movie About a School Shooting That Ignores the Shooter '' . The New Republic . Retrieved 25 May 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official website We Need to Talk About Kevin on IMDb We Need to Talk About Kevin at AllMovie We Need to Talk About Kevin at Box Office Mojo We Need to Talk About Kevin at Rotten Tomatoes We Need to Talk About Kevin at Metacritic Films directed by Lynne Ramsay Ratcatcher ( 1999 ) Morvern Callar ( 2002 ) We Need to Talk About Kevin ( 2011 ) You Were Never Really Here ( 2017 ) London Film Critics ' Circle British Film of the Year Life Is Sweet ( 1991 ) Howards End ( 1992 ) The Remains of the Day ( 1993 ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) The Madness of King George ( 1995 ) Secrets & Lies ( 1996 ) The Full Monty ( 1997 ) Lock , Stock and Two Smoking Barrels ( 1998 ) East Is East ( 1999 ) Billy Elliot ( 2000 ) Gosford Park ( 2001 ) All or Nothing ( 2002 ) The Magdalene Sisters ( 2003 ) Vera Drake ( 2004 ) The Constant Gardener ( 2005 ) The Queen ( 2006 ) Control ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) Fish Tank ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) We Need to Talk About Kevin ( 2011 ) Berberian Sound Studio ( 2012 ) The Selfish Giant ( 2013 ) Under the Skin ( 2014 ) 45 Years ( 2015 ) I , Daniel Blake ( 2016 ) Dunkirk ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We_Need_to_Talk_About_Kevin_(film)&oldid=835502481 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films 2010s drama films 2010s independent films 2010s psychological thriller films American films American independent films American thriller films American drama films British films British drama films British independent films British thriller films Films about psychopaths Films about dysfunctional families Films directed by Lynne Ramsay Patricide in fiction Sororicide in fiction Films based on American novels Films shot in Connecticut Films about school violence Best Film , London Film Festival winners Mass murder in films Films scored by Jonny Greenwood Hidden categories : EngvarB from May 2016 Use dmy dates from May 2016 Film articles using image size parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 02 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We%20Need%20to%20Talk%20About%20Kevin%20%28film%29	761
what do you mean by double entry system of accounting	Double - entry bookkeeping , in accounting , is a system of bookkeeping so named because every entry to an account requires a corresponding and opposite entry to a different account . For instance , recording earnings of $100 would require making two entries : a debit entry of $100 to an account named `` Cash '' and a credit entry of $100 to an account named `` Revenue . ''	every entry to an account requires a corresponding and opposite entry to a different account	Double - entry bookkeeping system	double - entry bookkeeping system	Double - entry bookkeeping , in accounting , is a system of bookkeeping so named because every entry to an account requires a corresponding and opposite entry to a different account . For instance , recording earnings of $100 would require making two entries : a debit entry of $100 to an account named `` Cash '' and a credit entry of $100 to an account named `` Revenue . ''	Deciding which account has to be debited and which account has to be credited is accomplished using the accounting equation which is expressed as , Assets = Equity + Liabilities ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( Assets ) ) = ( \ text ( Equity ) ) + ( \ text ( Liabilities ) ) ) . This equation serves as an error detection tool ; if at any point the sum of debits for all accounts does not equal the corresponding sum of credits for all accounts , an error has occurred . Double - entry bookkeeping is no guarantee that errors have not been made ; for example , the wrong ledger account may have been debited or credited , or the entries completely reversed . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Accounting entries 3 Approaches 3.1 The British approach 3.2 Accounting equation approach 4 Books of accounts 5 Debits and credits 6 Double entry example 6.1 Purchase invoice journal 6.2 Bank payments journal 6.3 Supplier ledger cards 6.3. 1 Sales / customers 6.3. 1.1 Sales daybook 6.3. 1.2 Customer ledger cards 6.3. 2 General ( nominal ) ledger 6.3. 2.1 Bank account 6.3. 2.2 Unadjusted trial balance 6.3. 2.3 Profit - and - loss statement and balance sheet 7 See also 8 Notes and references 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Main article : Accounting The oldest record of a complete double - entry system is the Messari ( Italian : Treasurer 's ) accounts of the Republic of Genoa in 1340 . The Messari accounts contain debits and credits journalised in a bilateral form , and include balances carried forward from the preceding year , and therefore enjoy general recognition as a double - entry system . By the end of the 15th century , the bankers and merchants of Florence , Genoa , Venice and Lübeck used this system widely . However , the double - entry accounting method was said to be developed independently earlier in Korea during the Goryeo dynasty ( 918 - 1392 ) when Kaesong was a center of trade and industry at that time . The Four - element bookkeeping system was said to be originated in the 11th or 12th century . The earliest extant accounting records that follow the modern double - entry system in Europe come from Amatino Manucci , a Florentine merchant at the end of the 13th century . Manucci was employed by the Farolfi firm and the firm 's ledger of 1299 - 1300 evidences full double - entry bookkeeping . Giovannino Farolfi & Company , a firm of Florentine merchants headquartered in Nîmes , acted as moneylenders to the Archbishop of Arles , their most important customer . Some sources suggest that Giovanni di Bicci de ' Medici introduced this method for the Medici bank in the 14th century . Ragusan economist Benedetto Cotrugli 's 1458 treatise Della mercatura e del mercante perfetto contained the earliest known description of a double - entry bookkeeping system , but his manuscript was not officially published until 1573 . Luca Pacioli , a Franciscan friar and collaborator of Leonardo da Vinci , first codified the system in his mathematics textbook Summa de arithmetica , geometria , proportioni et proportionalità published in Venice in 1494 . Pacioli is often called the `` father of accounting '' because he was the first to publish a detailed description of the double - entry system , thus enabling others to study and use it . In pre-modern Europe , double - entry bookkeeping had theological and cosmological connotations , recalling `` both the scales of justice and the symmetry of God 's world '' . Accounting entries ( edit ) In the double - entry accounting system , at least two accounting entries are required to record each financial transaction . These entries may occur in asset , liability , equity , expense , or revenue accounts . Recording of a debit amount to one or more accounts and an equal credit amount to one or more accounts results in total debits being equal to total credits for all accounts in the general ledger . If the accounting entries are recorded without error , the aggregate balance of all accounts having Debit balances will be equal to the aggregate balance of all accounts having Credit balances . Accounting entries that debit and credit related accounts typically include the same date and identifying code in both accounts , so that in case of error , each debit and credit can be traced back to a journal and transaction source document , thus preserving an audit trail . The rules for formulating accounting entries are known as `` Golden Rules of Accounting '' . The accounting entries are recorded in the `` Books of Accounts '' . Regardless of which accounts and how many are impacted by a given transaction , the fundamental accounting equation of assets equal liabilities plus capital will hold . Approaches ( edit ) There are two different ways to memorize the effects of debits and credits on accounts in the double entry system of bookkeeping . They are the Traditional Approach and the Accounting Equation Approach . Irrespective of the approach used , the effect on the books of accounts remains the same , with two aspects ( debit and credit ) in each of the transactions . The British approach ( edit ) Following the British approach ( also called the traditional approach ) accounts are classified as real , personal , and nominal accounts . Real accounts are accounts relating to assets and liabilities including the capital account of the owners . Personal accounts are accounts relating to persons or organisations with whom the business has transactions and will mainly consist of accounts of debtors and creditors . Nominal accounts are revenue , expenses , gains , and losses . Transactions are entered in the books of accounts by applying the following golden rules of accounting : Real account : Debit what comes in and credit what goes out Personal account : Debit the receiver and credit the giver Nominal account : Debit all expenses & losses and credit all incomes & gains Accounting equation approach ( edit ) This approach is also called the American approach . Under this approach transactions are recorded based on the accounting equation , i.e. , Assets = Liabilities + Capital . The accounting equation is a statement of equality between the debits and the credits . The rules of debit and credit depend on the nature of an account . For the purpose of the accounting equation approach , all the accounts are classified into the following five types : assets , liabilities , income / revenues , expenses , or capital gains / losses . If there is an increase or decrease in one account , there will be equal decrease or increase in another account . There may be equal increases to both accounts , depending on what kind of accounts they are . There may also be equal decreases to both accounts . Accordingly , the following rules of debit and credit in respect to the various categories of accounts can be obtained . The rules may be summarised as below : Assets Accounts : debit entry represents an increase in assets and a credit entry represents a decrease in assets Capital Account : credit entry represents an increase in capital and a debit entry represents a decrease in capital Liabilities Accounts : credit entry represents an increase in liabilities and a debit entry represents a decrease in liabilities Revenues or Incomes Accounts : credit entry represents an increase in incomes and gains , and debit entry represents a decrease in incomes and gains Expenses or Losses Accounts : debit entry represents an increase in expenses and losses , and credit entry represents a decrease in expenses and losses These five rules help learning about accounting entries and also are comparable with traditional ( British ) accounting rules . Books of accounts ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Each financial transaction is recorded in at least two different nominal ledger accounts within the financial accounting system , so that the total debits equals the total credits in the General Ledger , i.e. the accounts balance . This is a partial check that each and every transaction has been correctly recorded . The transaction is recorded as a `` debit entry '' ( Dr ) in one account , and a `` credit entry '' ( Cr ) in a second account . The debit entry will be recorded on the debit side ( left - hand side ) of a General ledger account , and the credit entry will be recorded on the credit side ( right - hand side ) of a General ledger account . If the total of the entries on the debit side of one account is greater than the total on the credit side of the same nominal account , that account is said to have a debit balance . Double entry is used only in nominal ledgers . It is not used in daybooks ( journals ) , which normally do not form part of the nominal ledger system . The information from the daybooks will be used in the nominal ledger and it is the nominal ledgers that will ensure the integrity of the resulting financial information created from the daybooks ( provided that the information recorded in the daybooks is correct ) . The reason for this is to limit the number of entries in the nominal ledger : entries in the daybooks can be totalled before they are entered in the nominal ledger . If there are only a relatively small number of transactions it may be simpler instead to treat the daybooks as an integral part of the nominal ledger and thus of the double - entry system . However , as can be seen from the examples of daybooks shown below , it is still necessary to check , within each daybook , that the postings from the daybook balance . The double entry system uses nominal ledger accounts . From these nominal ledger accounts a trial balance can be created . The trial balance lists all the nominal ledger account balances . The list is split into two columns , with debit balances placed in the left hand column and credit balances placed in the right hand column . Another column will contain the name of the nominal ledger account describing what each value is for . The total of the debit column must equal the total of the credit column . Debits and credits ( edit ) Main article : Debits and credits This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Double - entry bookkeeping is governed by the accounting equation . If revenue equals expenses , the following ( basic ) equation must be true : assets = liabilities + equity For the accounts to remain in balance , a change in one account must be matched with a change in another account . These changes are made by debits and credits to the accounts . Note that the usage of these terms in accounting is not identical to their everyday usage . Whether one uses a debit or credit to increase or decrease an account depends on the normal balance of the account . Assets , Expenses , and Drawings accounts ( on the left side of the equation ) have a normal balance of debit . Liability , Revenue , and Capital accounts ( on the right side of the equation ) have a normal balance of credit . On a general ledger , debits are recorded on the left side and credits on the right side for each account . Since the accounts must always balance , for each transaction there will be a debit made to one or several accounts and a credit made to one or several accounts . The sum of all debits made in each day 's transactions must equal the sum of all credits in those transactions . After a series of transactions , therefore , the sum of all the accounts with a debit balance will equal the sum of all the accounts with a credit balance . Debits and credits are numbers recorded as follows : Debits are recorded on the left side of a T account in a ledger . Debits increase balances in asset accounts and expense accounts and decrease balances in liability accounts , revenue accounts , and capital accounts . Credits are recorded on the right side of a T account in a ledger . Credits increase balances in liability accounts , revenue accounts , and capital accounts , and decrease balances in asset accounts and expense accounts . Debit accounts are asset and expense accounts that usually have debit balances , i.e. the total debits usually exceeds the total credits in each debit account . Credit accounts are revenue ( income , gains ) accounts and liability accounts that usually have credit balances . Debit Credit Asset Increase Decrease Liability Decrease Increase Income ( revenue ) Decrease Increase Expense Increase Decrease Capital Decrease Increase The mnemonic DEADCLIC is used to help remember the effect of debit or credit transactions on the relevant accounts . DEAD : Debit to increase Expense , Asset and Drawing accounts and CLIC : Credit to increase Liability , Income and Capital accounts . The account types are related as follows : current equity = sum of equity changes across time ( increases on the left side are debits , and increases on the right side are credits , and vice versa for decreases ) current equity = Assets - Liabilities sum of equity changes across time = owner 's investment ( Capital above ) + Revenues - Expenses Double entry example ( edit ) This section contains instructions , advice , or how - to content . The purpose of Wikipedia is to present facts , not to train . Please help improve this article either by rewriting the how - to content or by moving it to Wikiversity , Wikibooks or Wikivoyage . ( October 2014 ) In this example the following will be used : Books of prime entry ( Books of original entry ) , also known as journals Sales Invoice Journal ( records customer invoices ) Bank Receipts Journal ( records customer & non customer receipts ) Cash Journal / Sales Journal Return inwards Journal Return outwards Journal Purchase Invoice Journal ( records supplier invoices ) Bank Payments Journal ( records supplier & non supplier payments ) The books of prime entry are where transactions are first recorded . They are not part of the double - entry system , but may be expanded by the computer as a debit to one account and a credit to another account . For example , a cash receipts transaction may cause a debit ( increase ) to a cash account and a credit ( decrease ) to an accounts receivable account . Ledger Cards Customer Ledger Cards Supplier Ledger Cards General Ledger ( Nominal Ledger ) Bank Account Ledger Trade Creditors Ledger Trade Debtors Ledger Purchase invoice journal ( edit ) Purchase Invoice Journal Date Supplier Name Reference Amount Electricity Widgets 10 July 2014 Electricity Company 9005 1000 1000 12 July 2014 Widget Company 156 1600 1600 -- -- -- - -- -- -- - -- -- -- - Total 2600 1000 1600 = = = = = = = = = = = = Credit Debit Debit Trade Electricity Widgets control a / c a / c a / c Each individual line is posted as follows : The amount value is posted as a credit to the individual supplier 's ledger a / c ( a / c means `` Account Code '' ) The analysis amount is posted as a debit to the relevant general ledger a / c From example above : Line 1 -- Amount value 1000 is posted as a credit to the Supplier 's ledger a / c ELE01 - Electricity Company Line 2 -- Amount value 1600 is posted as a credit to the Supplier 's ledger a / c WID01 - Widget Company The totals of each column are posted as follows : Amount total value 2600 posted as a credit to the Trade creditors control a / c Electricity total value 1000 posted as a debit to the Electricity General Ledger a / c Widget total value 1600 posted as a debit to the Widgets General Ledger a / c Double - entry has been observed because Dr = 2600 and Cr = 2600 . Dr = 2600 and Cr = 2600 . Bank payments journal ( edit ) The payments book is not part of the double - entry system . Bank Payments Journal Date Supplier Name Reference Amount Suppliers Wages 17 July 2014 Electricity Company 701 1000 1000 19 July 2014 Widget Company 702 900 900 28 July 2014 Owner 's Wages 703 400 400 -- -- -- - -- -- -- - -- -- -- - Total 2300 1900 400 = = = = = = = = = = = = Credit Debit Debit Bank Trade Wages Account Creditors control a / c control a / c Keys : PI = Purchase Invoice , BP = Bank Payment Each individual line is posted as follows : The amount value is posted as a debit to the individual supplier 's ledger a / c . The analysis amount is posted as a credit to the relevant general ledger a / c . From example above : Line 1 -- Amount value 1000 is posted as a debit to the Supplier 's ledger a / c ELE01 - Electricity Company . Line 2 -- Amount value 900 is posted as a debit to the Supplier 's ledger a / c WID01 - Widget Company . The totals of each column are posted as follows : Amount total value 2300 posted as a credit to the Bank Account . Trade Creditors total value 1900 posted as a debit to the Trade creditors control a / c . Other total value 400 posted as a debit to the Wages control a / c . Double - entry has been observed because Dr = 2300 and Cr = 2300 . The daybooks are the key documents ( books ) to the double entry system . From these daybooks we create the ledger accounts . Each transaction will be recorded in at least two ledger accounts . Supplier ledger cards ( edit ) Supplier Ledger Cards A / c Code : ELE01 -- Electricity Company Date Details Reference Amount Date Details Reference Amount 17 July 2014 Bank Payment 701 BPDB1 1000 10 July 2014 Purchase Invoice 9005 PDB1 1000 31 July 2014 Balance c / d 0 -- -- -- - -- -- -- - 1000 1000 = = = = = = = = 1 August 2014 Balance b / d 0 A / c Code : WID01 -- Widget Company Date Details Reference Amount Date Details Reference Amount 19 July 2014 Bank Payment 702 BPDB1 900 12 July 2014 Purchase Invoice 156 PDB1 1600 31 July 2014 Balance c / d 700 -- -- -- - -- -- -- - 1600 1600 = = = = = = = = 1 August 2014 Balance b / d 700 Sales / customers ( edit ) Sales daybook ( edit ) Sales Invoice Daybook Date Customer Name Reference Amount Parts Service 2 July 2014 JJ Manufacturing SI1 2500 2500 29 July 2014 JJ Manufacturing SI2 3200 3200 -- -- -- - -- -- -- - -- -- -- - Total 5700 2500 3200 = = = = = = = = = = = = Debit Credit Credit Trade Sales Sales debtors Parts Service control a / c a / c a / c Each individual line is posted as follows : The amount value is posted as a debit to the individual customer 's ledger a / c . The analysis amount is posted as a credit to the relevant general ledger a / c . From example above : Line 1 -- Amount value 2500 is posted as a debit to the Customer 's ledger a / c JJM01 - JJ Manufacturing . Line 2 -- Amount value 3200 is posted as a debit to the Customer 's ledger a / c JJM01 - JJ Manufacturing . The totals of each column are posted as follows : Amount total value 5700 posted as a debit to the Trade debtors control a / c . Sales - parts total value 2500 posted as a credit to the Sales parts a / c . Sales - service total value 3200 posted as a credit to the Sales service a / c . Double - entry has been observed because Dr = 5700 and Cr = 5700 . Customer ledger cards ( edit ) Customer Ledger cards are not part of the Double - entry system . They are for memorandum purposes only . They allow you to know the total amount an individual customer owes you . CUSTOMER LEDGER CARDS A / c Code : JJM01 -- JJ Manufacturing Date Details Reference Amount Date Details Reference Amount 2 July 2014 Sales invoice daybook SI1 2500 20 July 2014 Bank receipts daybook BR1 2500 29 July 2014 Sales invoice daybook SI2 3200 31 July 2014 Balance c / d 3200 -- -- -- - -- -- -- - 5700 5700 = = = = = = = = 1 August 2014 Balance b / d 3200 General ( nominal ) ledger ( edit ) GENERAL ( NOMINAL ) LEDGER Sales parts Date Details Reference Amount Date Details Reference Amount 31 July 2014 Balance c / d 2500 31 July 2014 Sales invoice daybook SDB1 2500 -- -- -- - -- -- -- - 2500 2500 = = = = = = = = 1 August 2014 Balance b / d 2500 Sales service Date Details Reference Amount Date Details Reference Amount 31 July 2014 Balance c / d 3200 31 July 2014 Sales invoice daybook SDB1 3200 -- -- -- - -- -- -- - 3200 3200 = = = = = = = = 1 August 2014 Balance b / d 3200 Electricity Date Details Reference Amount Date Details Reference Amount 31 July 2014 Purchases Daybook PDB1 1000 31 July 2014 Balance c / d 1000 -- -- -- - -- -- -- - 1000 1000 = = = = = = = = 1 August 2014 Balance b / d 1000 Widgets Date Details Reference Amount Date Details Reference Amount 31 July 2014 Purchases Daybook PDB1 1600 31 July 2014 Balance c / d 1600 -- -- -- - -- -- -- - 1600 1600 = = = = = = = = 1 August 2014 Balance b / d 1600 Other a / c Date Details Reference Amount Date Details Reference Amount 31 July 2014 Bank payments daybook BPDB1 400 31 July 2014 Balance c / d 400 -- -- -- - -- -- -- - 400 400 = = = = = = = = 1 August 2014 Balance b / d 400 Bank Control A / c Date Details Reference Amount Date Details Reference Amount 31 July 2014 Bank receipts daybook BRDB1 2500 31 July 2014 Bank payments daybook BPDB1 2300 31 July 2014 Balance c / d 200 -- -- -- - -- -- -- - 2500 2500 = = = = = = = = 1 August 2014 Balance b / d 200 Trade Debtors Control A / c Date Details Reference Amount Date Details Reference Amount 1 July 2014 Balance b / d 0 31 July 2014 Bank receipts daybook BRDB1 2500 31 July 2014 Sales Invoice Daybook SDB1 5700 31 July 2014 Balance c / d 3200 -- -- -- - -- -- -- - 5700 5700 = = = = = = = = 1 August 2014 Balance b / d 3200 Trade Creditors Control A / c Date Details Reference Amount Date Details Reference Amount 31 July 2014 Bank Payments Daybook BPDB1 1900 1 July 2014 Balance b / d 0 31 July 2014 Balance c / d 700 31 July 2014 Purchase Daybook PDB1 2600 -- -- -- - -- -- -- - 2600 2600 = = = = = = = = 1 August 2014 Balance b / d 700 SDB1 ; Sales Invoices Daybook Page 1 PDB1 ; Purchase Invoices Daybook Page 1 BPDB1 ; Bank Payments Daybook Page 1 BRDB1 ; Bank Receipts Daybook Page 1 The customers ledger cards shows the breakdown of how the trade debtors control a / c is made up . The trade debtors control a / c is the total of outstanding debtors and the customer ledger cards shows the amount due for each individual customer . The total of each individual customer account added together should equal the total in the trade debtors control a / c . The supplier ledger cards shows the breakdown of how the trade creditors control a / c is made up . The trade creditors control a / c is the total of outstanding creditors and the suppliers ledger cards shows the amount due for each individual supplier . The total of each individual supplier account added together should equal the total in the trade creditors control a / c . Each Bank a / c shows all the total money in and out through a bank . If you have more than one bank account for your company you will have to maintain separate bank account ledgers in order to complete bank reconciliation statements and be able to see how much is left in each account . Bank account ( edit ) Bank A / c Date Details Reference Amount Date Details Reference Amount 31 July 2014 Bank Receipts Day Book BRDB1 2500 31 July 2014 Bank Payments Daybook BPDB1 2300 31 July 2014 Balance c / d 200 -- -- -- - -- -- -- - 2500 2500 = = = = = = = = 1 August 2014 Balance b / d 200 Unadjusted trial balance ( edit ) Trial balance as at 31 July 2016 A / c description Debit Credit Sales - parts 2500 Sales - service 3200 Widgets 1600 Electricity 1000 Other 400 Bank 200 Trade Debtors Control A / c 3200 Trade Creditors Control A / c 700 -- -- -- - -- -- -- - 6400 6400 = = = = = = = = = = Both sides must have the same overall total Debits = Credits . The individual customer accounts are not to be listed in the trial balance , as the Trade debtors control a / c is the summary of each individual customer a / c . The individual supplier accounts are not to be listed in the trial balance , as the Trade creditors control a / c is the summary of each individual supplier a / c . Important note : this example is designed to show double entry . There are methods of creating a trial balance that significantly reduce the time it takes to record entries in the general ledger and trial balance . Profit - and - loss statement and balance sheet ( edit ) Profit and loss statement for the month ending 31 July 2014 Dr x Sales x Sales - parts 2500 x Sales - service 3200 x -- -- -- - x 5700 x Less Cost of Widgets ( 1600 ) x -- -- -- - x Gross Profit 4100 x Expenses : x Electricity 1000 x Other 400 x -- -- -- - x Less expenses ( 1400 ) x -- -- -- - x Net Profit 2700 x = = = = Balance sheet as at 31 July 2014 Dr x Current Assets x Bank A / c 200 x Trade Debtors 3200 x -- -- -- - x Assets 3400 x Current Liabilities x Trade Creditors 700 x -- -- -- - x Less Liabilities ( 700 ) x -- -- -- - x Net Current Assets 2700 x = = = = x Capital & Reserves x Revenue Reserves a / c 2700 x -- -- -- - x 2700 x = = = = See also ( edit ) Nostro and vostro accounts Single - entry bookkeeping system Momentum accounting and triple - entry bookkeeping Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lauwers , Luc ; Willekens , Marleen ( 1994 ) . `` Five Hundred Years of Bookkeeping : A Portrait of Luca Pacioli '' ( PDF ) . Tijdschrift voor Economie en Management . Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. 39 ( 3 ) : 289 -- 304 ( p. 300 ) . ISSN 0772 - 7674 . Jump up ^ http://sjeas.skku.edu/upload/200707/87-114Owen%20Miller.PDF Jump up ^ Financial Reporting in the Pacific Asia Region edited by Ronald Ma Jump up ^ A Global History of Accounting , Financial Reporting and Public Policy : Asia ... By Gary John Previts , Peter Wolnizer Jump up ^ Lee , Geoffrey A. ( 1977 ) . `` The Coming of Age of Double Entry : The Giovanni Farolfi Ledger of 1299 - 1300 '' . Accounting Historians Journal . 4 ( 2 ) : 79 -- 95 . JSTOR 40697544 . Jump up ^ Lee ( 1977 ) , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Zubrinic , Darko . `` History of Croatian '' . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SIESC Croatia 2 '' . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Luca Pacioli : The Father of Accounting Archived 18 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Internet , televisie , vast bellen en mobiel met 4G netwerk - KPN '' . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Livio , Mario ( 2002 ) . The Golden Ratio . New York : Broadway Books . pp. 130 -- 131 . ISBN 0 - 7679 - 0816 - 3 . Jump up ^ Poovey , Mary ( 1998 ) . A History of the Modern Fact : Problems of Knowledge in the Sciences of Wealth and Society . University of Chicago Press . p. 54 . ISBN 9780226675268 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 07 . In the late sixteenth - century ( ... ) number still carried the pejorative connotations associated with necromancy ( ... ) . ( ... ) ( D ) ouble - entry bookkeeping helped confer cultural authority on numbers . It did so by means of the balance ( ... ) . For late sixteenth - century readers , the balance conjured up both the scales of justice and the symmetry of God 's world . Jump up ^ `` Three Golden Rules of Accounting with Examples '' . 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rajasekaran V. ( 1 September 2011 ) . Financial Accounting . Pearson Education India . pp. 54 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 317 - 3180 - 2 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Accountancy : Higher Secondary First Year ( PDF ) ( First ed . ) . Tamil Nadu Textbooks Corporation . 2004 . pp. 28 -- 34 . Retrieved 12 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Edward M. Hyans ( 1916 ) . Theory of accounts for accountant students . Universal Business Institute , Inc . pp. 17 -- . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Gleeson - White , Jane ( November 2011 ) . Double Entry . Allen & Unwin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74175 - 755 - 2 . Soll , Jacob ( April 2014 ) . The Reckoning : Financial Accountability and the Rise and Fall of Nations . Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 46503 - 152 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Accounting A Concise Explanation of the Accounting Equation A tutorial on Double - entry accounting and bookkeeping A double entry GnuCash How - to Bean Counter 's bookkeeping tutorial GnuCash data entry concepts , GnuCash website GND : 4113337 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Double-entry_bookkeeping_system&oldid=800390007 '' Categories : Accounting systems Italian inventions Accounting terminology History of accounting Economic history of Italy Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from December 2013 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2014 Articles needing additional references from October 2014 Articles needing cleanup from October 2014 All pages needing cleanup Articles containing how - to sections Use dmy dates from January 2011 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 文言中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 06 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-entry%20bookkeeping%20system	762
who made up the first estate in french society	The best known system is the French Ancien Régime ( Old Regime ) , a three - estate system used until the French Revolution ( 1789 -- 1799 ) . Monarchy was for the king and the queen and this system was made up of clergy ( the First Estate ) , nobles ( the Second Estate ) , and peasants and bourgeoisie ( the Third Estate ) . In some regions , notably Scandinavia and Russia , burghers ( the urban merchant class ) and rural commoners were split into separate estates , creating a four - estate system with rural commoners ranking the lowest as the Fourth Estate . Furthermore , the non-landowning poor could be left outside the estates , leaving them without political rights . In England , a two - estate system evolved that combined nobility and bishops into one lordly estate with `` commons '' as the second estate . This system produced the two houses of parliament , the House of Commons and the House of Lords . In southern Germany , a three - estate system of nobility ( princes and high clergy ) , ritters ( knights ) , and burghers was used .	clergy ( the First Estate )	Estates of the realm	estates of the realm	The estates of the realm , or three estates , were the broad orders of social hierarchy used in Christendom ( Christian Europe ) from the medieval period to early modern Europe . Different systems for dividing society members into estates developed and evolved over time .	The best known system is the French Ancien Régime ( Old Regime ) , a three - estate system used until the French Revolution ( 1789 -- 1799 ) . Monarchy was for the king and the queen and this system was made up of clergy ( the First Estate ) , nobles ( the Second Estate ) , and peasants and bourgeoisie ( the Third Estate ) . In some regions , notably Scandinavia and Russia , burghers ( the urban merchant class ) and rural commoners were split into separate estates , creating a four - estate system with rural commoners ranking the lowest as the Fourth Estate . Furthermore , the non-landowning poor could be left outside the estates , leaving them without political rights . In England , a two - estate system evolved that combined nobility and bishops into one lordly estate with `` commons '' as the second estate . This system produced the two houses of parliament , the House of Commons and the House of Lords . In southern Germany , a three - estate system of nobility ( princes and high clergy ) , ritters ( knights ) , and burghers was used . Today the terms three estates and estates of the realm may sometimes be re-interpreted to refer to the modern separation of powers in government into the legislature , administration , and the judiciary . Additionally the term fourth estate usually refers to forces outside the established power structure ( evoking medieval three - estate systems ) , most commonly in reference to the independent press or media . Historically , in Northern and Eastern Europe , the Fourth Estate meant rural commoners . Contents ( hide ) 1 Social immobility 2 Dynamics 3 Background 4 Kingdom of France 4.1 First Estate 4.2 Second Estate 4.3 Third Estate 4.4 Estates General 5 United Kingdom 5.1 Scotland 6 Sweden and Finland 7 Low Countries 8 Holy Roman Empire 9 Russian Empire 10 Catalonia 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References Social immobility ( edit ) During the Middle Ages , advancing to different social classes was uncommon and very difficult . The medieval Church was an institution where social mobility was most likely up to a certain level ( generally to that of vicar general or abbot / abbess for commoners ) . Typically , only nobility were appointed to the highest church positions ( bishops , archbishops , heads of religious orders , etc . ) , although low nobility could aspire to the highest church positions . Since clergy could not marry , such mobility was theoretically limited to one generation . Nepotism was common in this period . Another possible way to rise in social position was due to exceptional military or commercial success . Such families were rare and their rise to nobility required royal patronage at some point . However , because noble lines went extinct naturally , some number of ennoblements was necessary . Dynamics ( edit ) `` Medieval political speculation is imbued to the marrow with the idea of a structure of society based upon distinct orders , '' Johan Huizinga observes . The virtually synonymous terms estate and order designated a great variety of social realities , not at all limited to a class , Huizinga concluded applying to every social function , every trade , every recognisable grouping . There are , first of all , the estates of the realm , but there are also the trades , the state of matrimony and that of virginity , the state of sin . At court there are the ' four estates of the body and mouth ' : bread - masters , cup - bearers , carvers , and cooks . In the Church there are sacerdotal orders and monastic orders . Finally there are the different orders of chivalry . This static view of society was predicated on inherited positions . Commoners were universally considered the lowest order . The higher estates ' necessary dependency on the commoners ' production , however , often further divided the otherwise equal common people into burghers ( also known as bourgeoisie ) of the realm 's cities and towns , and the peasants and serfs of the realm 's surrounding lands and villages . A person 's estate and position within it were usually inherited from the father and his occupation , similar to a caste within that system . In many regions and realms there also existed population groups born outside these specifically defined resident estates . Legislative bodies or advisory bodies to a monarch were traditionally grouped along lines of these estates , with the monarch above all three estates . Meetings of the estates of the realm became early legislative and judicial parliaments . Monarchs often sought to legitimize their power by requiring oaths of fealty from the estates . Today , in most countries , the estates have lost all their legal privileges , and are mainly of historical interest . The nobility may be an exception , for instance due to legislation against false titles of nobility ; similarly British government well maintains the distinction - witness its House of Lords , and the House of Commons . One of the earliest political pamphlets to address these ideas was called `` What Is the Third Estate ? '' ( French : Qu'est - ce que le tiers - état ? ) It was written by Abbé Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès in January 1789 , shortly before the start of the French Revolution . Background ( edit ) After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , numerous geographic and ethnic kingdoms developed among the endemic peoples of Europe , affecting their day - to - day secular lives ; along with those , the growing influence of the Catholic Church and its Papacy affected the ethical , moral and religious lives and decisions of all . This led to mutual dependency between the secular and religious powers for guidance and protection , but over time and with the growing power of the kingdoms , competing secular realities increasingly diverged from religious idealism and Church decisions . The new lords of the land identified themselves primarily as warriors , but because new technologies of warfare were expensive , and the fighting men required substantial material resources and considerable leisure to train , these needs had to be filled . The economic and political transformation of the countryside in the period were filled by a large growth in population , agricultural production , technological innovations and urban centers ; movements of reform and renewal attempted to sharpen the distinction between clerical and lay status , and power , recognized by the Church also had their effect . In his book The Three Orders : Feudal Society Imagined , the French medievalist Georges Duby has shown that in the period 1023 - 1025 the first theorist who justified the division of European society into the three estates of the realm was Gerard of Florennes , the bishop of Cambrai . As a result of the Investiture Controversy of the late 11th and early 12th centuries , the powerful office of Holy Roman Emperor lost much of its religious character and retained a more nominal universal preeminence over other rulers , though it varied . The struggle over investiture and the reform movement also legitimized all secular authorities , partly on the grounds of their obligation to enforce discipline . In the 11th and 12th centuries thinkers argued that human society consisted of three orders : those who pray , those who fight , and those who labour . The structure of the first order , the clergy , was in place by 1200 and remained singly intact until the religious reformations of the 16th century . The very general category of those who labour ( specifically , those who were not knightly warriors or nobles ) diversified rapidly after the 11th century into the lively and energetic worlds of peasants , skilled artisans , merchants , financiers , lay professionals , and entrepreneurs , which together drove the European economy to its greatest achievements . The second order , those who fight , was the rank of the politically powerful , ambitious , and dangerous . Kings took pains to ensure that it did not resist their authority . By the 12th century , most European political thinkers agreed that monarchy was the ideal form of governance . This was because it imitated on earth the model set by God for the universe ; it was the form of government of the ancient Hebrews and the Christian Biblical basis , the later Roman Empire , and also the peoples who succeeded Rome after the 4th century . Kingdom of France ( edit ) Main article : Ancien Régime in France France under the Ancien Régime ( before the French Revolution ) divided society into three estates : the First Estate ( clergy ) ; the Second Estate ( nobility ) ; and the Third Estate ( commoners ) . The king was considered part of no estate . The First Estate ( Fr . premier état ) was the clergy . First Estate ( edit ) The First Estate comprised the entire clergy , traditionally divided into `` higher '' and `` lower '' clergy . Although there was no formal demarcation between the two categories , the upper clergy were , effectively , clerical nobility , from the families of the Second Estate . In the time of Louis XVI , every bishop in France was a nobleman , a situation that had not existed before the 18th century . At the other extreme , the `` lower clergy '' ( about equally divided between parish priests and monks and nuns ) constituted about 90 percent of the First Estate , which in 1789 numbered around 130,000 ( about 0.5 % of the population ) . Second Estate ( edit ) The Second Estate ( Fr . deuxieme état ) was the French nobility and ( technically , though not in common use ) royalty , other than the monarch himself , who stood outside of the system of estates . The Second Estate is traditionally divided into noblesse d'épée ( `` nobility of the sword '' ) , and noblesse de robe ( `` nobility of the robe '' ) , the magisterial class that administered royal justice and civil government . The Second Estate constituted approximately 1.5 % of France 's population . Under the ancien régime ( `` old rule / old government '' ) , the Second Estate were exempt from the corvée royale ( forced labour on the roads ) and from most other forms of taxation such as the gabelle ( salt tax ) and most important , the taille ( the oldest form of direct taxation ) . This exemption from paying taxes led to their reluctance to reform . Third Estate ( edit ) Kingdom of France Structure Estates of the realm Parlements French nobility Taille Gabelle Seigneurial system The Third Estate comprised all of those who were not members of the above and can be divided into two groups , urban and rural , together making up 98 % of France 's population . The urban included wage - labourers . The rural included free peasants ( who owned their own land ) who could be prosperous and villeins ( serfs , or peasants working on a noble 's land ) . The free peasants paid disproportionately high taxes compared to the other Estates and were unhappy because they wanted more rights . In addition , the First and Second Estates relied on the labour of the Third , which made the latter 's unequal status all the more glaring . There were an estimated 27 million people in the Third Estate when the French Revolution started . They had the hard life of physical labour and food shortages . Most were born within this group and died as a part of it , too . It was extremely rare for people of this ascribed status to make it out into another estate . Those who did so managed as a result of either being recognized for their extraordinary bravery in a battle or entering religious life . A few commoners were able to marry into the second estate , but this was a rare occurrence . Estates General ( edit ) Main articles : French Estates General and Estates General of 1789 The first Estates General ( not to be confused with a `` class of citizen '' ) was actually a general citizen assembly that was called by Philip IV in 1302 . In the period leading up to the Estates General of 1789 , France was in the grip of an unmanageable public debt ( nearly 3.56 million livres ) . In May 1776 , finance minister Turgot was dismissed , after failing to enact reforms . The next year , Jacques Necker , a foreigner , was appointed Comptroller - General of Finance . He could not be made an official minister because he was a Protestant . ) , terrible inflation and widespread food scarcity ( a huge famine in the winter of 1788 - 89 ) . This led to widespread popular discontent and produced a group of Third Estate representatives ( 612 exactly ) pressing a comparatively radical set of reforms , much of it in alignment with the goals of Finance Minister Jacques Necker , but very much against the wishes of Louis XVI 's court and many of the hereditary nobles forming his Second Estate allies ( at least allies against taking more taxes upon themselves and keeping the unequal taxation on the commoners ) . When he could not persuade them to rubber - stamp his ' ideal program ' , Louis XVI sought to dissolve the Estates - General , but the Third Estate held out for their right to representation . The lower clergy ( and some nobles and upper clergy ) eventually sided with the Third Estate , and the King was forced to yield . Thus , the Estate - General meeting was an invitation to revolution . By June , when continued impasses led to further deterioration in relations , the Estates - General was reconstituted first as the National Assembly ( June 17 , 1789 ) seeking a solution for the realm independent of the King 's management of the meetings of the Estates General which occasionally continued to meet . These self - organized meetings are today defined as the epoch event beginning the historical epoch ( era ) of the French Revolution , during which -- after several more weeks of civil unrest -- the body assumed a new status as a revolutionary legislature , the National Constituent Assembly ( July 9 , 1789 ) . This unitary body composed of the former representatives of the three estates stepping up to govern along with an emergency committee in the power vacuum existing after the Bourbon monarchy fled Paris . Among the Assembly was Maximilien de Robespierre , an influential member of the Jacobins who would years later become instrumental in the turbulent period of violence and political upheaval in France known as the Reign of Terror ( 5 September 1793 -- 28 July 1794 ) . United Kingdom ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Parliament of the United Kingdom . Whilst the estates were never formulated in a way that prevented social mobility , the English ( subsequently the British ) parliament was long based along the classic estate lines being composed on the `` Lords Spiritual and Temporal , and Commons '' . The tradition where the Lords Spiritual and Temporal sat separately from the Commons began during the reign of Edward III in the 14th century . Notwithstanding the House of Lords Act 1999 , the British Parliament still recognises the existence of the three estates : the Commons in the House of Commons , the nobility in the House of Lords , and the clergy in the form of the Church of England bishops also entitled to sit in the upper House as the Lords Spiritual . Scotland ( edit ) Main article : Parliament of Scotland The members of the Parliament of Scotland were collectively referred to as the Three Estates ( Older Scots : Thre Estaitis ) , also known as the community of the realm , and until 1690 composed of : the first estate of prelates ( bishops and abbots ) the second estate of lairds ( dukes , earls , parliamentary peers ( after 1437 ) and lay tenants - in - chief ) the third estate of burgh commissioners ( representatives chosen by the royal burghs ) The First Estate was overthrown during the Glorious Revolution and the accession of William III . The Second Estate was then split into two to retain the division into three . A Shire Commissioner was the closest equivalent of the English office of Member of Parliament , namely a commoner or member of the lower nobility . Because the Parliament of Scotland was unicameral , all members sat in the same chamber , as opposed to the separate English House of Lords and House of Commons . The Parliament also had University constituencies ( see Ancient universities of Scotland ) . The system was also adopted by the Parliament of England when James VI ascended to the English throne . It was believed that the universities were affected by the decisions of Parliament and ought therefore to have representation in it . This continued in the Parliament of Great Britain after 1707 and the Parliament of the United Kingdom until 1950 . Sweden and Finland ( edit ) The Estates in Sweden ( including Finland ) and later also Russia 's Grand Duchy of Finland were the two higher estates , nobility and clergy , and the two lower estates , burghers and land - owning peasants . Each were free men , and had specific rights and responsibilities , and the right to send representatives to the Riksdag of the Estates . The Riksdag , and later the Diet of Finland was tetracameral : at the Riksdag , each Estate voted as a single body . Since early 18th century , a bill needed the approval of at least three Estates to pass , and constitutional amendments required the approval of all Estates . Prior to the 18th century , the King had the right to cast a deciding vote if the Estates were split evenly . After Russia 's conquest of Finland in 1809 , the estates in Finland swore an oath to the Emperor in the Diet of Porvoo . A Finnish House of Nobility was codified in 1818 in accordance with the old Swedish law of 1723 . However , after the Diet of Porvoo , the Diet of Finland was reconvened only in 1863 . In the meantime , for a period of 54 years , the country was governed only administratively . There was also a population outside the estates . Unlike in other areas , people had no `` default '' estate , and were not peasants unless they came from a land - owner 's family . A summary of this division is : Nobility ( see Finnish nobility and Swedish nobility ) was exempt from tax , had an inherited rank and the right to keep a fief , and had a tradition of military service and government . Nobility was codified in 1280 with the Swedish king granting exemption from taxation ( frälse ) to land - owners that could equip a cavalryman ( or be one themselves ) for the king 's army . Around 1400 , letters patent were introduced , in 1561 the ranks of Count and Baron were added , and in 1625 the House of Nobility was codified as the First Estate of the land . Following Axel Oxenstierna 's reform , higher government offices were open only to nobles . However , the nobility still owned only their own property , not the peasants or their land as in much of Europe . Heads of the noble houses were hereditary members of the assembly of nobles . The Nobility is divided into titled nobility ( counts and barons ) and lower nobility . Until the 18th century the lower nobility was in turn was divided into Knights and Esquires such that each of the three classes would first vote internally , giving one vote per class in the assembly . This resulted in great political influence for the higher nobility . Clergy , or priests , were exempt from tax , and collected tithes for the church . After the Swedish Reformation , the church became Lutheran . In later centuries , the estate included teachers of universities and certain state schools . The estate was governed by the state church which consecrated its ministers and appointed them to positions with a vote in choosing diet representatives . Burghers were city - dwellers , tradesmen and craftsmen . Trade was allowed only in the cities when the mercantilistic ideology had got the upper hand , and the burghers had the exclusive right to conduct commerce within the framework of guilds . Entry to this Estate was controlled by the autonomy of the towns themselves . Peasants were allowed to sell their produce within the city limits , but any further trade , particularly foreign trade , was allowed only for burghers . In order for a settlement to become a city , a royal charter granting market right was required , and foreign trade required royally chartered staple port rights . After the annexation of Finland into Imperial Russia in 1809 , mill - owners and other proto - industrialists would gradually be included in this estate . Peasants were land - owners of land - taxed farms and their families , which represented the majority in medieval times . Since most of the population were independent farmer families until the 19th century , not serfs nor villeins , there is a remarkable difference in tradition compared to other European countries . Entry was controlled by ownership of farmland , which was not generally for sale but a hereditary property . After 1809 , Swedish tenants renting a large enough farm ( ten times larger than what was required of peasants owning their own farm ) were included as well as non-nobility owning tax - exempt land . To no estate belonged propertyless cottagers , villeins , tenants of farms owned by others , farmhands , servants , some lower administrative workers , rural craftsmen , travelling salesmen , vagrants , and propertyless and unemployed people ( who sometimes lived in strangers ' houses ) . To reflect how the people belonging to the estates saw them , the Finnish word for `` obscene '' , säädytön , has the literal meaning `` estateless '' . Their mobility was severely limited by the policy of `` legal protection '' ( Finnish : laillinen suojelu ) : every estateless person had to be employed by a taxed citizen from the estates , or they could be charged with vagrancy and sentenced to forced labor . In Finland , this policy lasted until 1883 . In Sweden , the Riksdag of the Estates existed until it was replaced with a bicameral Riksdag in 1866 , which gave political rights to anyone with a certain income or property . Nevertheless , many of the leading politicians of the 19th century continued to be drawn from the old estates , in that they were either noblemen themselves , or represented agricultural and urban interests . Ennoblements continued even after the estates had lost their political importance , with the last ennoblement of explorer Sven Hedin taking place in 1902 ; this practice was formally abolished with the adoption of the new Constitution January 1 , 1975 , while the status of the House of Nobility continued to be regulated in law until 2003 . In Finland , this legal division existed until 1906 , still drawing on the Swedish constitution of 1772 . However , at the start of the 20th century most of the population did not belong to any Estate and had no political representation . A particularly large class were the rent farmers , who did not own the land they cultivated but had to work in the land - owner 's farm to pay their rent ( unlike Russia , there were no slaves or serfs . ) Furthermore , the industrial workers living in the city were not represented by the four - estate system . The political system was reformed as a result of the Finnish general strike of 1905 , with the last Diet instituting a new constitutional law to create the modern parliamentary system , ending the political privileges of the estates . The post-independence constitution of 1919 forbade ennoblement , and all tax privileges were abolished in 1920 . The privileges of the estates were officially and finally abolished in 1995 , although in legal practice , the privileges had long been unenforceable . As in Sweden , the nobility has not been officially abolished and records of nobility are still voluntarily maintained by the Finnish House of Nobility . In Finland , it is still illegal and punishable by jail time ( up to one year ) to defraud into marriage by declaring a false name or estate ( Rikoslaki 18 luku § 1 / Strafflagen 18 kap. § 1 ) . Low countries ( edit ) The Low Countries , which until the late sixteenth century consisted of several counties , prince bishoprics , duchies etc. in the area that is now modern Belgium , Luxembourg and the Netherlands , had no States General until 1464 , when Duke Philip of Burgundy assembled the first States General in Bruges . Later in the 15th and 16th centuries Brussels became the place where the States General assembled . On these occasions deputies from the States of the various provinces ( as the counties , prince - bishoprics and duchies were called ) asked for more liberties . For this reason , the States General were not assembled very often . As a consequence of the Union of Utrecht in 1579 and the events that followed afterwards , the States General declared that they no longer obeyed King Philip II of Spain , who was also overlord of the Netherlands . After the reconquest of the southern Netherlands ( roughly Belgium and Luxemburg ) , the States General of the Dutch Republic first assembled permanently in Middelburg , and in The Hague from 1585 onward . Without a king to rule the country , the States General became the sovereign power . It was the level of government where all things were dealt with that were of concern to all the seven provinces that became part of the Republic of the United Netherlands . During that time the States General were formed by representatives of the States ( i.e. provincial parliaments ) of the seven provinces . In each States ( a plurale tantum ) sat representatives of the nobility and the cities ( the clergy were no longer represented ; in Friesland the peasants were indirectly represented by the Grietmannen ) . In the Southern Netherlands , the last meetings of the States General loyal to the Habsburgs took place in the Estates General of 1600 and the Estates General of 1632 . As a government , the States General of the Dutch Republic were abolished in 1795 . A new parliament was created , called Nationale Vergadering ( National Assembly ) . It no longer consisted of representatives of the States , let alone the Estates : all men were considered equal under the 1798 Constitution . Eventually , the Netherlands became part of the French Empire under Napoleon ( 1810 : La Hollande est reunie à l'Empire ) . After regaining independence in November 1813 , the name `` States General '' was resurrected for a legislature constituted in 1814 and elected by the States - Provincial . In 1815 , when the Netherlands were united with Belgium and Luxemburg , the States General were divided into two chambers : the First Chamber and the Second Chamber . The members of the First Chamber were appointed for life by the King , while the members of the Second Chamber were elected by the members of the States Provincial . The States General resided in The Hague and Brussels in alternate years until 1830 , when , as a result of the Belgian Revolution , The Hague became once again the sole residence of the States General , Brussels instead hosting the newly founded Belgian Parliament . From 1848 on , the Dutch Constitution provides that members of the Second Chamber be elected by the people ( at first only by a limited portion of the male population ; universal male and female suffrage exists since 1919 ) , while the members of the First Chamber are chosen by the members of the States Provincial . As a result , the Second Chamber became the most important . The First Chamber is also called Senate . This however , is not a term used in the Constitution . Occasionally the First and Second Chamber meet in a Verenigde Vergadering ( Joint Session ) , for instance on Prinsjesdag , the annual opening of the parliamentary year , and when a new king is inaugurated . Holy Roman Empire ( edit ) The Holy Roman Empire had the Imperial Diet ( Reichstag ) . The clergy was represented by the independent prince - bishops , prince - archbishops and prince - abbots of the many monasteries . The nobility consisted of independent aristocratic rulers : secular prince - electors , kings , dukes , margraves , counts and others . Burghers consisted of representatives of the independent imperial cities . Many peoples whose territories within the Holy Roman Empire had been independent for centuries had no representatives in the Imperial Diet , and this included the Imperial Knights and independent villages . The power of the Imperial Diet was limited , despite efforts of centralization . Large realms of the nobility or clergy had estates of their own that could wield great power in local affairs . Power struggles between ruler and estates were comparable to similar events in the history of the British and French parliaments . The Swabian League , a significant regional power in its part of Germany during the 15th Century , also had its own kind of Estates , a governing Federal Council comprising three Colleges : those of Princes , Cities , and Knights . Russian Empire ( edit ) Main article : Social estates in the Russian Empire In the late Russian Empire the estates were called sosloviyes . The four major estates were : nobility ( dvoryanstvo ) , clergy , rural dwellers , and urban dwellers , with a more detailed stratification therein . The division in estates was of mixed nature : traditional , occupational , as well as formal : for example , voting in Duma was carried out by estates . Russian Empire Census recorded the reported estate of a person . Catalonia ( edit ) Main article : Catalan Courts The Parliament of Catalonia was first established in 1283 as the Catalan Courts ( Corts Catalanes ) , according to American historian Thomas Bisson , and it has been considered by several historians as a model of medieval parliament . For instance , English historian of constitutionalism Charles Howard McIlwain wrote that the General Courts of Catalonia , during the 14th century , had a more defined organization and met more regularly than the parliaments of England or France . The roots of the parliament institution in Catalonia are in the Sanctuary and Truce Assemblies ( assemblees de pau i treva ) that started in the 11th century . The members of the parliament of Catalonia were organized in the Three Estates ( Catalan : Tres Estats ) : the `` military estate '' ( polígons militars ) with representatives of the feudal nobility the `` ecclesiastical estate '' ( eclesiàstica arrels ) with representatives of the religious hierarchy the `` royal estate '' ( real estate ) with representatives of the free municipalities under royal privilege The parliament institution was abolished in 1716 , together with the rest of institutions of Catalonia , after the War of the Spanish Succession . See also ( edit ) What Is the Third Estate ? Fourth Estate Fifth Estate Communalism before 1800 Trifunctional hypothesis Four occupations ( Asian equivalents ) Varna ( Hinduism ) Location specific : Prussian estates Estates of the Netherlands Antilles Estates of Brittany The Canterbury Tales ( the division of society into three estates is one of the key themes ) A Satire of the Three Estates General : Social class Caste Notes ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Estates of the realm . ^ Jump up to : Huizinga The Waning of the Middle Ages ( 1919 , 1924 : 47 ) . Jump up ^ Georges Duby , The Three Orders : Feudal Society Imagined , Part 1 ^ Jump up to : Encyclopædia Britannica , `` History of Europe -- Middle Ages -- From territorial principalities to territorial monarchies '' Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica , `` History of Europe -- Middle Ages -- From territorial principalities to territorial monarchies -- The three orders '' Jump up ^ R.R. Palmer , A History of the Modern World 1961 , p. 334 . ^ Jump up to : Henslin , James M. ( 2004 ) . `` 9 '' . Sociology : A Down - to - Earth Approach . Allyn & Bacon . p. 225 . ISBN 0205407358 . Jump up ^ `` France 's Financial Crisis : 1783 -- 1788 '' . Retrieved 26 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Hibbert , pp. 35 , 36 ^ Jump up to : `` Terror , Reign of '' ; Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ Kidd , Colin Subverting Scotland 's Past : Scottish Whig Historians and the Creation of an Anglo - British Identity 1689 -- 1830 Cambridge University Press ( 2003 ) pp133 Jump up ^ Mann , Alastair , `` A Brief History of an Ancient Institution : The Scottish Parliament '' , Scottish Parliamentary Review , Vol . I , No. 1 ( June , 2013 ) ( Edinburgh : Blacket Avenue Press ) Jump up ^ http://wiki.narc.fi/portti/index.php/Teema:_Irtolaisuus Jump up ^ Original Act 971 / 1995 Jump up ^ Joaquim Albareda , `` Estat i nació a l'Europa moderna '' References ( edit ) Steven Kreis lecture on `` The Origins of the French Revolution '' Notes on France and the Old Regime Giles Constable . `` The Orders of Society '' , chap. 3 of Three Studies in Medieval Religious and Social Thought . Cambridge -- New York : Cambridge University Press , 1995 , pp. 249 -- 360 . Bernhard Jussen , ed . Ordering Medieval Society : Perspectives on Intellectual and Practical Modes of Shaping Social Relations . Trans . by Pamela Selwyn . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press , 2001 . Jackson J. Spielvogel , Western Civilization , West Publishing Co . Minneapolis , 1994 for the English - language version of the quote from Abbé Sieyès , quoted at http://www.magnesium.net/~locutus/work/eurohist2.htm . http://vdaucourt.free.fr/Mothisto/Sieyes2/Sieyes2.htm for French - language original of this quotation . Michael P. Fitzsimmons , The Night the Old Regime Ended : August 4 , 1789 and the French Revolution , Pennsylvania State University Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 271 - 02233 - 7 , quoted and paraphrased at https://web.archive.org/web/20041204105931/http://www3.uakron.edu/hfrance/reviews/crubaugh.html . Social class Status Theories Gilbert model Marxian Mudsill theory New class Spoon class theory Weberian ( three - component ) Related topics Caste Chattering classes Class conflict Class discrimination Classicide Classless society Euthenics Nouveau riche / Parvenu Poverty Ranked society Snobbery Social exclusion Social mobility Social position Social stigma Subaltern By demographic By status Administrative detainee Alien illegal immigrant refugee Citizen dual or multiple native - born naturalized second - class Convicted Migrant worker Political prisoner Stateless By `` collar '' Blue Gold Green Grey Pink White By type Creative Bohemians Robber baron Russian oligarch Business magnate Overclass Superclass Middle Lower middle class Upper middle class Bourgeoisie Petite bourgeoisie Working Working poor Proletariat Lumpenproletariat Warrior Harii Kshatriya Yadav Nair Cossacks Hashashin Knight Vanniyar Samurai Cuāuh Ocēlōtl Spartiate Under Commoner Outcast Outlaw Peasant / Serf Slave Untouchable Upper Bourgeoisie Elite Gentry Global elite Nobility Old money Ruling Aristocracy Hanseaten Patrician Royal family Intellectual Clergy Knowledge worker By country or region United States Affluence American Dream Conflict Social class in American history Classes Lower Middle ( Mexican - American , Black ) Upper Under Income Household Inequality Personal Poverty Standard of living Educational attainment Homelessness Home ownership Wealth Other countries or regions Africa Cambodia China Colombia Ecuador France Haiti India Iran Italy New Zealand Romania Sri Lanka Tibet United Kingdom Historic Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Aztec Ottoman Empire Soviet Union Pre-industrial East Asia Pre-industrial Europe Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Estates_of_the_realm&oldid=818248827 '' Categories : Estates ( social groups ) Constitutional law Government institutions Kingdom of France Medieval society Political history of the Ancien Régime Religion and politics Social divisions Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles to be merged from September 2017 All articles to be merged Articles containing French - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Asturianu Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 13 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estates%20of%20the%20realm	193
when was the last time green bay packers won a superbowl	Green Bay Packers Current season Established August 11 , 1919 ; 98 years ago ( August 11 , 1919 ) First season : 1919 Play in and headquartered at Lambeau Field , Green Bay , Wisconsin Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations Independent ( 1919 -- 1920 ) National Football League ( 1921 -- present ) Western Division ( 1933 -- 1949 ) National Conference ( 1950 -- 1952 ) Western Conference ( 1953 -- 1966 ) Central Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) Central Division ( 1970 -- 2001 ) North Division ( 2002 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Dark Green , Gold , White Fight song `` Go ! You Packers Go ! '' Personnel Owner ( s ) Green Bay Packers , Inc. ( 360,760 stockholders -- governed by a Board of Directors ) Chairman Mark H. Murphy CEO Mark H. Murphy President Mark H. Murphy General manager Brian Gutekunst Head coach Mike McCarthy Team history Green Bay Packers ( 1919 -- present ) Team nicknames Indian Packers ( 1919 ) Blues ( 1922 ) Big Bay Blues ( 1920s ) Bays ( 1918 -- 1940s ) The Pack ( current ) The Green and Gold ( current ) Championships League championships ( 13 ) † NFL Championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 11 ) 1929 , 1930 , 1931 , 1936 , 1939 , 1944 , 1961 , 1962 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 AFL -- NFL Super Bowl championships ( 2 ) 1966 ( I ) , 1967 ( II ) Super Bowl championships ( 2 ) 1996 ( XXXI ) , 2010 ( XLV ) Conference championships ( 9 ) NFL Western : 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 NFC : 1996 , 1997 , 2010 Division championships ( 18 ) NFL West : 1936 , 1938 , 1939 , 1944 NFL Central : 1967 NFC Central : 1972 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 NFC North : 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 † - Does not include the AFL or NFL championships won during the same seasons as the AFL - NFL Super Bowl championships prior to the 1970 AFL - NFL Merger Playoff appearances ( 32 ) NFL : 1936 , 1938 , 1939 , 1941 , 1944 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 , 1972 , 1982 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 Home fields Hagemeister Park ( 1919 -- 1922 ) Bellevue Park ( 1923 -- 1924 ) City Stadium ( 1925 -- 1956 ) Borchert Field ( 1933 ) Wisconsin State Fair Park ( 1934 -- 1951 ) Marquette Stadium ( 1952 ) Milwaukee County Stadium ( 1953 -- 1994 ) Lambeau Field ( 1957 -- present )		Green Bay Packers	green bay packers	Independent ( 1919 -- 1920 ) National Football League ( 1921 -- present )	Western Division ( 1933 -- 1949 ) National Conference ( 1950 -- 1952 ) Western Conference ( 1953 -- 1966 ) Central Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) Central Division ( 1970 -- 2001 ) North Division ( 2002 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Dark Green , Gold , White Fight song `` Go ! You Packers Go ! '' Personnel Owner ( s ) Green Bay Packers , Inc. ( 360,760 stockholders -- governed by a Board of Directors ) Chairman Mark H. Murphy CEO Mark H. Murphy President Mark H. Murphy General manager Brian Gutekunst Head coach Mike McCarthy Team history Green Bay Packers ( 1919 -- present ) Team nicknames Indian Packers ( 1919 ) Blues ( 1922 ) Big Bay Blues ( 1920s ) Bays ( 1918 -- 1940s ) The Pack ( current ) The Green and Gold ( current ) Championships League championships ( 13 ) † NFL Championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 11 ) 1929 , 1930 , 1931 , 1936 , 1939 , 1944 , 1961 , 1962 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 AFL -- NFL Super Bowl championships ( 2 ) 1966 ( I ) , 1967 ( II ) Super Bowl championships ( 2 ) 1996 ( XXXI ) , 2010 ( XLV ) Conference championships ( 9 ) NFL Western : 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 NFC : 1996 , 1997 , 2010 Division championships ( 18 ) NFL West : 1936 , 1938 , 1939 , 1944 NFL Central : 1967 NFC Central : 1972 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 NFC North : 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 † - Does not include the AFL or NFL championships won during the same seasons as the AFL - NFL Super Bowl championships prior to the 1970 AFL - NFL Merger Playoff appearances ( 32 ) NFL : 1936 , 1938 , 1939 , 1941 , 1944 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 , 1972 , 1982 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 Home fields Hagemeister Park ( 1919 -- 1922 ) Bellevue Park ( 1923 -- 1924 ) City Stadium ( 1925 -- 1956 ) Borchert Field ( 1933 ) Wisconsin State Fair Park ( 1934 -- 1951 ) Marquette Stadium ( 1952 ) Milwaukee County Stadium ( 1953 -- 1994 ) Lambeau Field ( 1957 -- present ) The Green Bay Packers are a professional American football team based in Green Bay , Wisconsin . The Packers compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) North division . It is the third - oldest franchise in the NFL , dating back to 1919 , and is the only non-profit , community - owned major league professional sports team based in the United States . Home games have been played at Lambeau Field since 1957 . The Packers are the last of the `` small town teams '' which were common in the NFL during the 1920s and 30s . Founded in 1919 by Earl `` Curly '' Lambeau and George Whitney Calhoun , the franchise traces its lineage to other semi-professional teams in Green Bay dating back to 1896 . Between 1919 and 1920 , the Packers competed against other semi-pro clubs from around Wisconsin and the Midwest , before joining the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) , the forerunner of today 's NFL , in 1921 . Although Green Bay is by far the smallest major league professional sports market in North America , its local fan and media base extends 120 miles south into Milwaukee , where it played selected home games between 1933 and 1994 . And despite its small market , Forbes ranked the Packers as the world 's 26th most valuable sports franchise in 2016 , with a value of $2.35 billion . The Packers have won 13 league championships , the most in NFL history , with nine pre-Super Bowl NFL titles in addition to four Super Bowl victories . The Packers won the first two Super Bowls in 1967 and 1968 and were the only NFL team to defeat the American Football League ( AFL ) prior to the AFL -- NFL merger . The Vince Lombardi Trophy is named after the Packers ' coach Lombardi , who guided them to their first two Super Bowls . Their two additional Super Bowl wins came in 1997 and 2011 . The Packers are long - standing adversaries of the Chicago Bears , Minnesota Vikings , and Detroit Lions , who today comprise the NFL 's NFC North division , and were formerly members of the NFC Central Division . They have played over 100 games against each of those teams through history , and have a winning overall record against all of them ( only the Kansas City Chiefs and Dallas Cowboys have that distinction with their division rivals ) . The Bears -- Packers rivalry is one of the oldest in NFL history , dating back to 1921 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Founding 1.2 1929 -- 1931 : Lambeau 's team arrives 1.3 1935 -- 1945 : The Don Hutson era 1.4 1946 -- 1958 : Wilderness 1.5 1959 -- 1967 : The Lombardi era and the glory years 1.5. 1 1959 : Lombardi 's first season 1.5. 2 1960 1.5. 3 1961 1.5. 4 1962 1.5. 5 1965 1.5. 6 1966 : the first `` AFL - NFL World Championship Game '' 1.5. 7 1967 : Super Bowl II , and Lombardi 's departure 1.6 1968 -- 1991 : Post-Lombardi 1.7 1992 -- 2007 : Brett Favre era 1.7. 1 1996 : Super Bowl XXXI champions 1.7. 2 1997 : defeat in Super Bowl XXXII 1.7. 3 1998 : Holmgren 's last season 1.7. 4 1999 : Ray Rhodes ' one - year tenure 1.7. 4.1 2000 - 05 : Mike Sherman 's time head coach 1.7. 5 2006 - 07 : McCarthy arrives , Favre departs 1.8 2008 -- present : Aaron Rodgers era 1.8. 1 2008 : Transition 1.8. 2 2009 : Return to the playoffs 1.8. 3 2010 : Super Bowl XLV championship 1.8. 4 2011 : 15 -- 1 season 1.8. 5 2012 1.8. 6 2013 : injury to Rodgers 1.8. 7 2014 1.8. 8 2015 1.8. 9 2016 1.8. 10 2017 2 Community ownership 2.1 Board of Directors 2.2 Green Bay Packers Foundation 3 Fan base 4 Branding 4.1 Nickname 4.2 Team colors 4.3 Logo 4.4 Uniform variation 5 Stadium history 6 Statistics and records 6.1 Season - by - season results 6.2 Records 6.3 Playoff record 7 Championships 7.1 League Championships 7.1. 1 NFL Championship by standings 7.1. 2 Pre-Super Bowl NFL Championships 7.1. 3 Super Bowl Championships 7.2 NFC Championships 7.3 Division Championships 8 Notable players 8.1 Current roster 8.2 Pro Football Hall of Fame members 8.3 Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame 8.4 Retired numbers 9 Notable coaches 9.1 Current staff 9.2 Head coaches 9.3 CSVA Sports Film and Video Hall of Famers 10 Media 10.1 Radio 10.2 Television 11 In popular culture 12 See also 13 References 14 External links History Founding Main article : History of the Green Bay Packers Curly Lambeau , founder , player and first coach of the Packers . The Green Bay Packers were founded on August 11 , 1919 by former high - school football rivals Earl `` Curly '' Lambeau and George Whitney Calhoun . Lambeau solicited funds for uniforms from his employer , the Indian Packing Company . He was given $500 ( $7,100 today ) for uniforms and equipment , on the condition that the team be named for its sponsor . The Green Bay Packers have played in their original city longer than any other team in the NFL . On August 27 , 1921 , the Packers were granted a franchise in the new national pro football league that had been formed the previous year . Financial troubles plagued the team and the franchise was forfeited within the year before Lambeau found new financial backers and regained the franchise the next year . These backers , known as the `` Hungry Five '' , formed the Green Bay Football Corporation . 1929 -- 1931 : Lambeau 's team arrives After a near - miss in 1927 , Lambeau 's squad claimed the Packers ' first NFL title in 1929 with an undefeated 12 -- 0 -- 1 campaign , behind a stifling defense which registered eight shutouts . Green Bay would repeat as league champions in 1930 and 1931 , bettering teams from New York , Chicago and throughout the league , with all - time greats and future Hall of Famers Mike Michalske , Johnny ( Blood ) McNally , Cal Hubbard and Green Bay native Arnie Herber . Among the many impressive accomplishments of these years was the Packers ' streak of 29 consecutive home games without defeat , an NFL record which still stands . 1935 -- 1945 : the Don Hutson era Don Hutson with the Packers ; his jersey number was the first retired by the Packers ( 1951 ) The arrival of end Don Hutson from Alabama in 1935 gave Lambeau and the Packers the most - feared and dynamic offensive weapon in the game . Credited with inventing pass patterns , Hutson would lead the league in receptions eight seasons and spur the Packers to NFL championships in 1936 , 1939 and 1944 . An iron man , Hutson played both ways , leading the league in interceptions as a safety in 1940 . Hutson claimed 18 NFL records when he retired in 1945 , many of which still stand . In 1951 , his number 14 was the first to be retired by the Packers , and he was inducted as a charter member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1963 . 1946 -- 1958 : wilderness After Hutson 's retirement , Lambeau could not stop the Packers ' slide . He purchased a large lodge near Green Bay for team members and families to live . Rockwood Lodge was the home of the 1946 - 1949 Packers , though the 1947 and 1948 seasons produced a record of 12 - 10 - 1 , and 1949 was even worse at 3 - 9 . The lodge burned down on January 24 , 1950 , and the insurance money paid for many of the Packers ' debts . A 1950 depiction of Tony Canadeo , whose # 3 was retired by the Packers in 1952 Curly Lambeau departed after the 1949 season . Gene Ronzani and Lisle Blackbourn could not coach the Packers back to their former magic , even as a new stadium was unveiled in 1957 . The losing would descend to the disastrous 1958 campaign under coach Ray `` Scooter '' McLean , whose lone 1 -- 10 -- 1 year at the helm is the worst in Packers history . 1959 -- 1967 : the Lombardi era and the Glory years Vince Lombardi and Bart Starr Former New York Giants assistant Vince Lombardi was hired as Packers head coach and general manager on February 2 , 1959 . Few suspected the hiring represented the beginning of a remarkable , immediate turnaround . Under Lombardi , the Packers would become the team of the 1960s , winning five World Championships over a seven - year span , including victories in the first two Super Bowls . During the Lombardi era , the stars of the Packers ' offense included Bart Starr , Jim Taylor , Carroll Dale , Paul Hornung ( as halfback and placekicker ) , Forrest Gregg , and Jerry Kramer . The defense included Willie Davis , Henry Jordan , Willie Wood , Ray Nitschke , Dave Robinson , and Herb Adderley . 1959 : Lombardi 's first season Ray Nitschke - his # 66 jersey is one of six numbers retired by the Packers The Packers ' first regular season game under Lombardi was on September 27 , 1959 , a 9 -- 6 victory over the Chicago Bears in Green Bay . After winning their first three , the Packers lost the next five before finishing strong by sweeping their final four . The 7 -- 5 record represented the Packers ' first winning season since 1947 , enough to earn rookie head coach Lombardi the NFL Coach of the Year . 1960 The next year , the Packers , led by Paul Hornung 's 176 points , won the NFL West title and played in the NFL Championship against the Philadelphia Eagles at Philadelphia . In a see - saw game , the Packers trailed by only four points when All - Pro Eagle linebacker Chuck Bednarik tackled Jim Taylor just nine yards short of the goal line as time expired . 1961 The `` Golden Boy '' Paul Hornung , featured on a 1961 sports card The Packers returned to the NFL Championship game the following season and faced the New York Giants in the first league title game to be played in Green Bay . The Packers scored 24 second - quarter points , including a championship - record 19 by Paul Hornung , on special `` loan '' from the Army ( one touchdown , four extra-points and three field goals ) , powering the Packers to a 37 -- 0 rout of the Giants , their first NFL Championship since 1944 . It was in 1961 that Green Bay became known as `` Titletown . '' 1962 The Packers stormed back in the 1962 season , jumping out to a 10 -- 0 start , on their way to a 13 -- 1 season . This consistent level of success would lead to Lombardi 's Packers becoming one of the most prominent teams of their era , and to being featured as the face of the NFL on the cover of Time on December 21 , 1962 , as part of the magazine 's cover story on `` The Sport of the ' 60s '' . Shortly after Time 's article , the Packers faced the Giants in a much more brutal championship game than the previous year , but the Packers prevailed on the surprising foot of Jerry Kramer and the determined running of Jim Taylor . The Packers defeated the Giants in New York , 16 -- 7 . 1965 The Packers returned to the championship game in 1965 following a two - year absence when they defeated the Colts in a playoff for the Western Conference title . That game would be remembered for Don Chandler 's controversial tying field goal in which the ball allegedly went wide right , but the officials signaled `` good . '' The 13 -- 10 overtime win earned the Packers a trip to the NFL Championship game , where Hornung and Taylor ran through the defending champion Cleveland Browns , helping the Packers win , 23 -- 12 , to earn their third NFL Championship under Lombardi and ninth overall . Goalpost uprights would be made taller the next year . 1966 : the first `` AFL - NFL world Championship game '' Packers Willie Davis ( left ) and Henry Jordan tackling a Chiefs player in the first AFL - NFL Championship ( Super Bowl I ) . The 1966 season saw the Packers led to the first - ever Super Bowl by MVP quarterback Bart Starr . The team went 12 -- 2 , and as time wound down in the NFL Championship against the Dallas Cowboys , the Packers clung to a 34 -- 27 lead . Dallas had the ball on the Packers ' two - yard line , threatening to tie the ballgame . But on fourth down the Packers ' Tom Brown intercepted Don Meredith 's pass in the end zone to seal the win . The team crowned its season by rolling over the AFL champion Kansas City Chiefs 35 -- 10 in Super Bowl I . 1967 : Super Bowl II , and Lombardi 's departure The 1967 season was the last for Lombardi as the Packers ' head coach . The NFL Championship game , a rematch of the 1966 contest against Dallas , became indelibly known as the `` Ice Bowl '' as a result of the brutal conditions at Lambeau Field . Still , the coldest NFL game ever played , it remains one of the most famous football games at any level in the history of the sport . With 16 seconds left , Bart Starr 's touchdown on a quarterback sneak brought the Packers a 21 -- 17 victory and their still unequaled third straight NFL Championship . They then won Super Bowl II with a 33 -- 14 victory over the Oakland Raiders . Lombardi stepped down as head coach after the game , and Phil Bengtson was named his successor . Lombardi remained as general manager for one season but left in 1969 to become head coach and minority owner of the Washington Redskins . After Lombardi died unexpectedly on September 3 , 1970 , the NFL renamed the Super Bowl trophy the Vince Lombardi Trophy in recognition of his accomplishments with the Packers . The city of Green Bay renamed Highland Avenue in his honor in 1968 , placing Lambeau Field at 1265 Lombardi Avenue ever since . 1968 -- 1991 : post-Lombardi The Packers , pictured against Cardinals in the 1982 - 83 playoffs , only qualified for the postseason twice during the team 's post-Lombardi `` dark ages '' ( 1969 - 91 ) . For about a quarter - century after Lombardi 's departure , the Packers had relatively little on - field success . In the 24 seasons from 1968 to 1991 , they had only five seasons with a winning record , one being the shortened 1982 strike season . They appeared in the playoffs twice , with a 1 -- 2 record . The period saw five different head coaches -- Phil Bengtson , Dan Devine , Bart Starr , Forrest Gregg , and Lindy Infante -- two of whom , Starr and Gregg , were Lombardi 's era stars , while Bengtson was a former Packer coach . Each led the Packers to a worse record than his predecessor . Poor personnel decisions were rife , notoriously the 1974 trade by acting general manager Dan Devine which sent five 1975 or 1976 draft picks ( two first - rounders , two second - rounders and a third ) to the Los Angeles Rams for aging quarterback John Hadl , who would spend only 11⁄2 seasons in Green Bay . Another came in the 1989 NFL Draft , when offensive lineman Tony Mandarich was taken with the second overall pick ahead of Barry Sanders , Deion Sanders , and Derrick Thomas . Though rated highly by nearly every professional scout at the time , Mandarich 's performance failed to meet expectations , earning him ESPN 's ranking as the third `` biggest sports flop '' in the last 25 years . 1992 -- 2007 : Brett Favre era Packers great Brett Favre , who played for 16 years in Green Bay , and had his # 4 jersey retired by the Packers in 2015 The Packers ' performance in the 1970s , 1980s , and early 1990s led to a shakeup , with Ron Wolf hired as general manager and given full control of the team 's football operations to start the 1991 season . In 1992 , Wolf hired San Francisco 49ers offensive coordinator Mike Holmgren as the Packers ' new head coach . Soon afterward , Wolf acquired quarterback Brett Favre from the Atlanta Falcons for a first - round pick . Favre got the Packers their first win of the 1992 season , stepping in for injured quarterback Don Majkowski and leading a comeback over the Cincinnati Bengals . He started the following week , a win against the Pittsburgh Steelers , and never missed another start for Green Bay through the end of the 2007 season . He would go on to break the record for consecutive starts by an NFL quarterback , starting 297 consecutive games including stints with the New York Jets and Minnesota Vikings with the streak finally coming to an end late in the 2010 season . The Packers had a 9 -- 7 record in 1992 , and began to turn heads around the league when they signed perhaps the most prized free agent in NFL history in Reggie White on the defense in 1993 . White believed that Wolf , Holmgren , and Favre had the team heading in the right direction with a `` total commitment to winning . '' With White on board the Packers made it to the second round of the playoffs during both the 1993 and 1994 seasons but lost their 2nd - round matches to their playoff rival , the Dallas Cowboys , playing in Dallas on both occasions . In 1995 , the Packers won the NFC Central Division championship for the first time since 1972 . After a home playoff 37 -- 20 win against Favre 's former team , the Atlanta Falcons , the Packers defeated the defending Super Bowl champion San Francisco 49ers 27 -- 17 in San Francisco on the road to advance to the NFC Championship Game , where they lost again to the Dallas Cowboys 38 -- 27 . 1996 : Super Bowl XXXI champions Reggie White in 1998 . White is widely considered one of the greatest defensive players in NFL history , and had his number retired by the Packers in 2005 In 1996 , the Packers ' turnaround was complete . The team posted a league - best 13 -- 3 record in the regular season , dominating the competition and securing home - field advantage throughout the playoffs . They were ranked no . 1 in offense with Brett Favre leading the way , no . 1 in defense with Reggie White as the leader of the defense and no . 1 in special teams with former Heisman Trophy winner Desmond Howard returning punts and kickoffs for touchdowns . After relatively easy wins against the 49ers in a muddy 35 -- 14 beatdown and Carolina Panthers 30 -- 13 , the Packers advanced to the Super Bowl for the first time in 29 years . In Super Bowl XXXI , Green Bay defeated the New England Patriots 35 -- 21 to win their 12th world championship . Desmond Howard was named MVP of the game for his kickoff return for a touchdown that ended the Patriots ' bid for a comeback . Then - Packers president Bob Harlan credited Wolf , Holmgren , Favre , and White for ultimately changing the fortunes of the organization and turning the Green Bay Packers into a model NFL franchise . A 2007 panel of football experts at ESPN ranked the 1996 Packers the 6th - greatest team ever to play in the Super Bowl . 1997 : defeat in Super Bowl XXXII The following season the Packers recorded another 13 -- 3 record and won their second consecutive NFC championship . After defeating the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 21 -- 7 and San Francisco 49ers 23 -- 10 in the playoffs , the Packers returned to the Super Bowl as an 111⁄2 point favorite . The team ended up losing in an upset to John Elway and the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XXXII , by the score of 31 -- 24 . 1998 : Holmgren 's last season Holmgren , one of three Packer coaches to win a Super Bowl , pictured in 1998 In 1998 , the Packers went 11 -- 5 and met the San Francisco 49ers in the first - round of the NFC playoffs . It was the fourth consecutive year these teams had met in the playoffs and the sixth overall contest since the 1995 season . The Packers had won all previous games , and the media speculated that another 49ers loss would result in the dismissal of San Francisco head coach Steve Mariucci . Unlike the previous playoff matches , this game was hotly contested , with the teams frequently exchanging leads . With 4 : 19 left in the 4th quarter , Brett Favre and the Packers embarked on an 89 - yard drive , which concluded with a Favre touchdown pass to receiver Antonio Freeman . This play appeared to give Green Bay the victory . But San Francisco quarterback Steve Young led the 49ers on an improbable touchdown drive , which culminated when Terrell Owens caught Young 's pass between several defenders to give the 49ers a lead with three seconds remaining . Afterwards , the game was mired in controversy . Many argued that during the 49ers game - winning drive , Niners receiver Jerry Rice fumbled the ball but officials stated he was down by contact . Television replays appeared to confirm these sentiments , and the next season the NFL reinstituted an instant replay system . In the end , this game turned out to be the end of an era in Green Bay . Days later Mike Holmgren left the Packers to become vice president , general manager and head coach of the Seattle Seahawks . Much of Holmgren 's coaching staff went with him , and Reggie White also retired after the season ( but later played one season for the Carolina Panthers in 2000 ) . 1999 : Ray Rhodes ' one - year tenure In 1999 , the team struggled to find an identity after the departure of so many of the individuals responsible for their Super Bowl run . Ray Rhodes was hired in 1999 as the team 's new head coach . Rhodes had served around the league as a highly regarded defensive coordinator and more recently experienced moderate success as head coach of the Philadelphia Eagles from 1995 to 1998 . Ron Wolf believed that Rhodes ' experience and player - friendly demeanor would fit nicely in Green Bay 's veteran locker room , but Rhodes was fired after one 8 -- 8 season . Wolf visited team practice late in the 1999 season and believed that players had become too comfortable with Rhodes ' style , and said the atmosphere resembled a country club . 2000 - 05 : Mike Sherman 's time head coach Coach Mike Sherman , pictured in 2003 In 2000 , Wolf replaced Rhodes with Mike Sherman . Sherman had never been a head coach at any level of football and was relatively unknown in NFL circles . He had only coached in professional football for three years starting as the Packers ' tight ends coach in 1997 and 1998 . In 1999 , he followed Mike Holmgren to Seattle and became the Seahawks ' offensive coordinator , although Sherman did not call the plays during games . Despite Sherman 's apparent anonymity , Wolf was blown away in the interview process by the coach 's organizational skills and attention to detail . Sherman 's inaugural season started slowly , but the Packers won their final four games to achieve a 9 -- 7 record . Brett Favre praised the atmosphere Sherman had cultivated in Green Bay 's locker room and fans were optimistic about the team 's future . In the offseason , however , Wolf suddenly announced his own resignation as general manager to take effect after the April 2001 draft . Packers ' president Bob Harlan was surprised by Wolf 's decision and felt unsure of how to replace him . Harlan preferred the structure Green Bay had employed since 1991 ; a general manager who ran football operations and hired a subservient head coach . But with the momentum and locker room chemistry that was built during the 2000 season , Harlan was reluctant to bring in a new individual with a potentially different philosophy . Wolf recommended that Harlan give the job to Sherman . Though Harlan was wary of the structure in principle , he agreed with Wolf that it was the best solution . In 2001 , Sherman assumed the duties of both general manager and head coach . From 2001 to 2004 , Sherman coached the Packers to respectable regular - season success , led by the spectacular play of Brett Favre , Ahman Green , and a formidable offensive line . But Sherman 's teams faltered in the playoffs . Prior to 2003 , the Packers had never lost a home playoff game since the NFL instituted a post-season in 1933 ( they were 13 -- 0 , with 11 of the wins at Lambeau and two more in Milwaukee . ) . That ended January 4 , 2003 , when the Atlanta Falcons defeated the Packers 27 -- 7 in an NFC Wild Card game . The Packers would also lose at home in the playoffs to the Minnesota Vikings two years later . By the end of the 2004 season , the Packers team depth appeared to be diminishing . Sherman also seemed overworked and reportedly had trouble communicating with players on the practice field with whom he was also negotiating contracts . Harlan felt the dual roles were too much for one man to handle and removed Sherman from the general manager position in early 2005 while retaining him as a head coach . Harlan hired the Seattle Seahawks ' vice president of operations Ted Thompson as the new executive vice president , general manager and director of football operations . The relationship between Thompson and Sherman appeared strained , as Thompson immediately began rebuilding Green Bay 's roster . Following a dismal 4 -- 12 season , Thompson fired Sherman . 2006 - 07 : McCarthy arrives , Favre departs Former Packers wide - receiver Donald Driver In 2006 , Thompson hired Mike McCarthy , the former offensive coordinator for the San Francisco 49ers and New Orleans Saints as his new head coach . McCarthy had also previously served as the quarterbacks coach for the Packers in 1999 . After missing the playoffs in 2006 , Brett Favre announced that he would return for the 2007 season ; it would turn out to be one of his best . The Packers won 10 of their first 11 games and finished 13 -- 3 , earning a first - round bye in the playoffs . The Packers ' passing offense , led by Favre and a very skilled wide receiver group , finished second in the NFC , behind the Dallas Cowboys , and third overall in the league . Running back Ryan Grant , acquired for a sixth - round draft pick from the New York Giants , became the featured back in Green Bay and rushed for 956 yards and 8 touchdowns in the final 10 games of the regular season . In the divisional playoff round , in a heavy snowstorm , the Packers beat the Seattle Seahawks 42 -- 20 . Grant rushed for three touchdowns and over 200 yards , while Favre tossed three touchdown passes and one snowball to receiver Donald Driver in celebration . On January 20 , 2008 , Green Bay appeared in their first NFC Championship Game in 10 years facing the New York Giants in Green Bay . The game was lost 23 -- 20 on an overtime field goal by Lawrence Tynes . This would be Brett Favre 's final game as a Green Bay Packer with his final pass being an interception in overtime . Mike McCarthy coached the NFC team during the 2008 Pro Bowl in Hawaii . Al Harris and Aaron Kampman were also picked to play for the NFC Pro Bowl team as starters . Donald Driver was named as a third - string wideout on the Pro Bowl roster . Brett Favre was named the first - string quarterback for the NFC , but he declined to play in the Pro Bowl and was replaced on the roster by Tampa Bay Buccaneers ' quarterback Jeff Garcia . The Packers also had several first alternates , including Chad Clifton and Nick Barnett . In December 2007 , Ted Thompson was signed to a 5 - year contract extension with the Packers , while it was announced on February 5 , 2008 , that head coach Mike McCarthy signed a 5 - year contract extension as well . 2008 -- present : Aaron Rodgers era 2008 : transition Main article : 2008 Green Bay Packers season Quarterback Aaron Rodgers in 2008 . On March 4 , 2008 , Brett Favre tearfully announced his retirement . Within five months , however , he filed for reinstatement with the NFL on July 29 . Favre 's petition was granted by Commissioner Roger Goodell , effective August 4 , 2008 . On August 6 , 2008 , it was announced that Brett Favre was traded to the New York Jets for a conditional draft pick in 2009 . The Packers began their 2008 season with their 2005 first - round draft pick , quarterback Aaron Rodgers , under center , as the first QB other than Favre to start for the Packers in 16 years . Rodgers played well in his first year starting for the Packers , throwing for over 4,000 yards and 28 touchdowns . However , injuries plagued the Packers ' defense , as they lost 7 close games by 4 points or less , finishing with a 6 -- 10 record . After the season , eight assistant coaches were dismissed by McCarthy , including Bob Sanders , the team 's defensive coordinator , who was replaced by Dom Capers . 2009 : return to the playoffs Main article : 2009 Green Bay Packers season In March 2009 , the organization assured fans that Brett Favre 's jersey number would be retired , but not during the 2009 season . In April 2009 , the Packers selected defensive lineman B.J. Raji of Boston College as the team 's first pick in the draft . The team then traded three draft picks ( including the pick the Packers acquired from the Jets for Brett Favre ) for another first - round pick , selecting linebacker Clay Matthews III of the University of Southern California . During the 2009 NFL season , two match - ups between the franchise and its former quarterback Brett Favre were highly anticipated after Favre 's arrival with the division - rival Vikings in August . The first encounter took place in Week 4 , on a Monday Night Football game which broke several TV audience records . The scheduling of this game was made possible when Baseball Commissioner and Packer Board of Directors member Bud Selig forced baseball 's Minnesota Twins to play 2 games within a 12 - hour span . The Vikings won the game 30 -- 23 . Brett Favre threw 3 TDs , no interceptions , and had a passer rating of 135 . The teams met for a second time in Week 8 , Favre leading the Vikings to a second win , 38 -- 26 , in Green Bay . Rodgers was heavily pressured in both games , being sacked 14 times total , but still played well , throwing five touchdowns and only one interception . The next week , the Packers were upset by the win-less Tampa Bay Buccaneers . Following a players - only meeting , the team found some stability on the offensive line with the return of tackle Mark Tauscher bringing a minor halt to sacks to Rodgers and opening the running game to Ryan Grant and the other running backs . Green Bay finished the season strongly , winning 7 out of their last 8 games , including winning their 16th regular season finale in the past 17 seasons , and earning a NFC wild - card playoff bid with an 11 -- 5 regular - season record . The Packers defense was ranked No. 2 and the offense was ranked No. 6 with rookies Brad Jones and Clay Matthews III becoming sensations at linebacker and young players like James Jones , Brandon Jackson , Jermichael Finley and Jordy Nelson becoming threats on offense . Rodgers also became the first quarterback in NFL history to throw for at least 4,000 yards in each of his first two seasons as a starter . Also , cornerback Charles Woodson won NFL Defensive Player of the Year honors after recording 9 interceptions , forcing four fumbles , 3 touchdowns and registering 74 tackles and 2 sacks . In fact , Woodson 's 9 interceptions were more than the 8 collected by all Packer opponents that season . Though the defense was ranked high , injuries to Al Harris , Tramon Williams , Will Blackmon , Atari Bigby and Brandon Underwood severely limited the depth of the secondary and teams like the Minnesota Vikings and Pittsburgh Steelers used that to their advantage by unleashing aerial assaults against inexperienced players with the NFL 's best receivers . The season ended with an overtime loss in a wild card round shootout at the Arizona Cardinals , 51 -- 45 . 2010 : Super Bowl XLV Championship Main article : 2010 Green Bay Packers season Current Packers head coach Mike McCarthy After finishing the 2009 season with an 11 -- 5 record , the Packers began the 2010 NFL Draft holding the 23rd pick . They selected Offensive tackle Bryan Bulaga from Iowa ; with pick 2 -- 56 they selected Defensive end Mike Neal from Purdue . They then traded picks 3 -- 86 and 4 -- 122 to the Philadelphia Eagles for pick 3 -- 71 , choosing Safety Morgan Burnett from Georgia Tech . With pick 5 -- 154 they selected Tight end Andrew Quarless from Penn State . With their compensatory selection pick 5 -- 169 they chose Offensive guard Marshall Newhouse from Texas Christian . With pick 6 -- 193 they selected Running back James Starks from Buffalo . In their final selection , 7 -- 230 . they chose Defensive end C.J. Wilson of East Carolina . The team lost Johnny Jolly to a season - long suspension after he violated the NFL drug policy . Their running corps suffered a blow when RB Ryan Grant sustained a season - ending ankle injury in Week 1 . By the end of the season , the team had 16 people on injured reserve , including 7 starters : running back Ryan Grant , tight end Jermichael Finley , linebacker Nick Barnett , safety Morgan Burnett , linebacker Brandon Chillar , tackle Mark Tauscher , and linebacker Brad Jones . After finishing the regular season 10 -- 6 the Packers clinched the No. 6 seed in the NFC playoffs . They first faced No. 3 seeded Philadelphia , winning 21 -- 16 . In the Divisional round , they defeated No. 1 seeded Atlanta 48 -- 21 . They then played the Chicago Bears at Soldier Field in the NFC Championship Game -- only the second playoff meeting between the two storied rivals ( the other a 33 -- 14 Chicago victory which sent them to the 1941 NFL Championship Game ) . Green Bay won 21 -- 14 to move on to Super Bowl XLV . On February 6 , 2011 , they defeated the AFC champion Pittsburgh Steelers 31 -- 25 , becoming the first No. 6 seed from the NFC to win a Super Bowl . Aaron Rodgers was named Super Bowl MVP . 2011 : 15 -- 1 season Main article : 2011 Green Bay Packers season Clay Matthews ( 52 ) and Charles Woodson ( 21 ) , two defensive stars for the Packers under Coach Mike McCarthy In 2011 , coming off their victory in Super Bowl XLV , the Packers won their first 13 games , eventually finishing the season 15 - 1 . The 15 victories marked the franchise record for wins in a season , and tied for second most regular - season wins in NFL history , behind only the 2007 Patriots who went 16 -- 0 . Following the season , Aaron Rodgers would be named the NFL 's MVP , his first such award . Despite this success , the team faltered in the playoffs , losing their first game to the New York Giants 37 - 20 , following the Packer 's first round bye . 2012 Main article : 2012 Green Bay Packers season In 2012 , the Packers went 11 - 5 . They beat the Minnesota Vikings in the NFC Wildcard round 24 - 10 , and but lost in the divisional round of the playoffs to the eventual NFC Champion San Francisco 49ers by a score of 45 - 31 . The Packers offense finished the season fifth in points and eleventh in yards per game . The defense finished eleventh in points allowed and twenty - second in yards allowed per game . The Packers topped the first - ever AP Pro32 rankings , a new pro football version of the AP Top 25 college football and basketball polls . 2013 : injury to Rodgers Main article : 2013 Green Bay Packers season In 2013 , the Packers got to a 5 - 2 start , leading up to a Week 9 match - up against the Bears . It was in that game which the Packers lost Aaron Rodgers to a broken collarbone ; Rodgers would miss the next six games , during which the club would go 2 - 3 - 1 under three different quarterbacks : Seneca Wallace ( injured during first start ) , Scott Tolzien ( benched ) , and Matt Flynn . Despite having a 7 - 7 - 1 record , the Packers were still in a position to win the NFC North division , if they were able to win their final game . With Rodgers returning , the Packers managed to beat the Bears in a Week 9 rematch , 33 - 28 . Finishing at 8 - 7 - 1 , the Packers won their division and were awarded a home playoff game . However , despite Rodgers ' return , the Packers would lose to the San Francisco 49ers 20 - 23 in the first round of the playoffs . 2014 Main article : 2014 Green Bay Packers season The Packers recorded their 700th victory against the Bears in Week 4 . The team went undefeated in its home games , for the first time since the 2011 season ; they also led the league in scoring , with 486 points , the second-most in franchise history . The 2014 season also marked the first time since 2009 that the team had a 4,000 - yard passer , two 1,000 - yard receivers , and a 1,000 - yard rusher . Overall , the team went 12 - 4 , clinching the # 2 seed in the NFC and a fourth consecutive NFC North division title , making the playoffs for the sixth straight season , tying a franchise record . The Packers beat the Cowboys in the divisional round , advancing to the NFC Championship to face the Seattle Seahawks . After leading throughout most of regulation , the Packers lost 28 - 22 in a historic overtime rally by Seattle . Following the season , quarterback Aaron Rodgers was named the league 's Most Valuable Player for the second time . 2015 Main article : 2015 Green Bay Packers season Jordy Nelson , who tore his ACL in the 2015 preseason , and would go on to be the NFL Comeback Player of the Year the following 2016 season upon returning from his injury During Week 2 of the preseason against the Pittsburgh Steelers , wide receiver Jordy Nelson caught an eight - yard pass from Aaron Rodgers , but then fell to the turf without contact . A few days later , it was revealed that Nelson had torn his ACL . He would remain inactive for the rest of the 2015 season . Even without Nelson , the Packers managed to get off to a 6 - 0 start . But the Packers then lost 4 of their next 5 games , falling to 7 - 4 . On the December 3rd game against the Detroit Lions , the Packers quickly fell to a 20 - 0 deficit going into halftime . Green Bay started to make a comeback in the 2nd half thanks to a touchdown by Davante Adams and a 27 - yard touchdown run by Aaron Rodgers to bring the game within 2 points at 23 - 21 . The Packers then got the ball back in their possession with 23 seconds left in the game . While attempting a `` lateral '' play , Rodgers was sacked with no time remaining but then a flag was thrown for a facemask penalty on Detroit . The Packers now had one more un-timed play , which Aaron Rodgers threw a 61 - yard Hail Mary touchdown to tight end Richard Rodgers . It was the longest completed Hail Mary pass thrown in NFL history . Green Bay then finished the season 10 - 6 and 2nd in the NFC North behind the Minnesota Vikings . The Packers beat the Washington Redskins in the NFC Wild Card game to advance to the Divisional round with the Arizona Cardinals . A similar play to tie the game against the Cardinals happened between Aaron Rodgers and Jeff Janis . Janis caught a 41 - yard touchdown from Rodgers which sent the game into overtime . However , the Packers fell to the Cardinals 26 - 20 , ending their season . 2016 Main article : 2016 Green Bay Packers season After a 4 -- 6 start to the season , the Packers went on a six - game winning streak to finish the regular season with a 10 -- 6 record . The team clinched the NFC North for the fifth time in six years with their Week 17 win over the Detroit Lions . They routed the fifth - seeded New York Giants , 38 -- 13 , in the wild - card round of the playoffs and upset the top - seeded Dallas Cowboys , 34 -- 31 , in the divisional round of the playoffs , but their season came to an end when they were beaten by the second - seeded Atlanta Falcons in the NFC Championship Game , 44 -- 21 . 2017 Main article : 2017 Green Bay Packers season The Green Bay Packers began the 2017 regular season with a 4 -- 2 record . In a game against the Minnesota Vikings , Aaron Rodgers was driven to the ground after throwing a pass and suffered a broken collarbone . In week 11 of the regular season , the Packers lost to the Baltimore Ravens with a score of 23 -- 0 . This is the first shutout game in Lambeau Field since 2006 , where the Packers lost to the New England Patriots with a score of 35 -- 0 . The Packers would finish the season 7 - 9 , missing the playoffs for the first time since 2008 . Community ownership Main article : Green Bay Packers , Inc . The Don Hutson Center The Packers are the only community - owned franchise in American professional sports . Rather than being the property of an individual , partnership , or corporate entity , they are held in 2014 by 360,584 stockholders . No one is allowed to hold more than 200,000 shares , or approximately 4 % of the 5,011,557 shares currently outstanding . It is this broad - based community support and non-profit structure which has kept the team in Green Bay for nearly a century in spite of being the smallest market in all of North American professional sports . The city of Green Bay had a population of only 104,057 as of the 2010 census , and 600,000 in its television market , significantly less than the average NFL figures . The team , however , has long had an extended fan base throughout Wisconsin and parts of the Midwest , thanks in part to playing one pre-season and three regular - season home games each year in Milwaukee through 1995 . It was only when baseball - only Miller Park preempted football there that the Packers ' home slate became played entirely in Green Bay . There have been five stock sales to fund Packer operations over the team 's history , beginning with $5,000 being raised through 1,000 shares offered at $5 apiece in 1923 . Most recently , $64 million was raised in 2011 -- 2012 towards a $143 - million Lambeau Field expansion . Demand exceeded expectations , and the original 250,000 share limit had to be increased before some 250,000 new buyers from all 50 U.S. states and Canada purchased 269,000 shares at $250 apiece , approximately 99 % online . The original `` Articles of Incorporation for the Green Bay Football Corporation '' , enacted in 1923 , specified that should the franchise be sold , any post-expenses money would have gone to the Sullivan - Wallen Post of the American Legion to build `` a proper soldier 's memorial . '' This stipulation was included to ensure there could never be any financial inducement for shareholders to move the club from Green Bay . At the November 1997 annual meeting , shareholders voted to change the beneficiary from the Sullivan - Wallen Post to the Green Bay Packers Foundation , which makes donations to many charities and institutions throughout Wisconsin . Even though it is referred to as `` common stock '' in corporate offering documents , a share of Packers stock does not share the same rights traditionally associated with common or preferred stock . It does not include an equity interest , does not pay dividends , can not be traded , has no securities - law protection , and brings no season ticket purchase privileges . All shareholders receive are voting rights , an invitation to the corporation 's annual meeting , and an opportunity to purchase exclusive shareholder - only merchandise . Shares of stock can not be resold , except back to the team for a fraction of the original price . While new shares can be given as gifts , transfers are technically allowed only between immediate family members once ownership has been established . Green Bay is the only team with this form of ownership structure in the NFL , which does not comply with current league rules stipulating a maximum of 32 owners per team , with one holding a minimum 30 % stake . The Packers ' corporation was grandfathered when the NFL 's current ownership policy was established in the 1980s . As a publicly held nonprofit , the Packers are also the only American major - league sports franchise to release its financial balance sheet every year . Board of Directors Main article : Green Bay Packers Board of Directors Green Bay Packers , Inc. , is governed by a seven - member Executive Committee elected from a 45 - member board of directors . It consists of a president , vice president , treasurer , secretary and three members - at - large ; only the president is compensated . Responsibilities include directing corporate management , approving major capital expenditures , establishing broad policy , and monitoring management performance . The team 's elected president normally represents the Packers in NFL owners meetings . During his time as coach Vince Lombardi generally represented the team at league meetings in his role as general manager , except at owners - only meetings , where president Dominic Olejniczak appeared . Green Bay Packers Foundation The team created the Green Bay Packers Foundation in December 1986 . It assists in a wide variety of activities and programs benefiting education , civic affairs , health services , human services and youth - related programs . At the team 's 1997 annual stockholders meeting the foundation was designated in place of a Sullivan - Wallen Post soldiers memorial as recipient of any residual assets upon the team 's sale or dissolution . Fan base Main article : Cheesehead Annual postcard sent out by the organization to those currently on the waiting list for season tickets The Packers have an exceptionally loyal fan base . Regardless of team performance , every game played in Green Bay has been sold out since 1960 . Despite the Packers having by far the smallest local TV market , the team consistently ranks as one of the most popular in the NFL . They also have one of the longest season ticket waiting lists in professional sports : 86,000 names long , more than there are seats at Lambeau Field . The average wait is said to be over 30 years , but with only 90 or so tickets turned over annually it would be 955 years before the newest name on the list got theirs . As a result , season tickets are willed to next of kin and newborns placed optimistically on the waiting list . Further information : NFL season ticket waiting lists A cheesehead hat , commonly worn by many Packer fans Packers fans are often referred to as cheeseheads , a nickname for Wisconsin residents reflecting the state 's bountiful cheese production first leveled as an insult at a 1987 game between the Chicago White Sox and Milwaukee Brewers . Instead , it came to be a statewide source of pride , and particularly since 1994 has been embraced by Packers fans . Bright orange triangular cheesehead hats are a fixture wherever the team plays . During training camp in the summer months , held outside the Don Hutson Center , young Packers fans can bring their bikes and have their favorite players ride them from the locker room to practice at Ray Nitschke Field . This old tradition began around the time of Lambeau Field 's construction in 1957 . Gary Knafelc , a Packers end at the time , said , `` I think it was just that kids wanted us to ride their bikes . I can remember kids saying , ' Hey , ride my bike . ' '' Each new generation of Packer fan delights at the opportunity . The team holds an annual scrimmage called Family Night , typically an intra-squad affair , at Lambeau Field . During 2004 and 2005 sellout crowds of over 60,000 fans showed up , with an all - time mark of 62,492 set in 2005 when the Buffalo Bills appeared . In August 2008 , ESPN.com ranked Packers fans as second - best in the NFL . The team initially finished tied with the Pittsburgh Steelers ( who finished ahead of the Packers ) as having the best fans , but the tie was broken by ESPN 's own John Clayton , a Pittsburgh native . Branding Packers logo ( 1961 -- present ) Packers gold wordmark logo ( 1959 -- present ) Nickname The Packers ' first alternate uniform , a throwback first introduced in 2010 . Needing to outfit his new squad , team founder Curly Lambeau solicited funds from his employer , the Indian Packing Company . He was given $500 for uniforms and equipment in return for the team being named for its sponsor . An early newspaper article referred to the fledglings as `` the Indians '' , but by the time they played their first game `` Packers '' had taken hold . Indian Packing was purchased in 1920 by the Acme Packing Company . Acme continued to support the team , which played its first NFL season with `` ACME PACKERS '' emblazoned on its jerseys . Team colors Lambeau , a Notre Dame alumnus , borrowed its Irish 's navy blue and gold team colors , much as George Halas borrowed his Illinois alma mater 's for the Chicago Bears . As a result , the early Packers were often referred to as the `` Bays '' or the `` Blues '' ( and even occasionally as `` the Big Bay Blues '' ) . By 1950 , Green Bay had changed its colors to hunter green and gold . Navy blue was kept as a secondary color , seen primarily on sideline capes , but was quietly dropped on all official materials shortly thereafter . The team 's current uniform combination of forest green or white jerseys and metallic gold pants was adopted soon after Vince Lombardi arrived in 1959 . However , to celebrate the NFL 's 75th anniversary in 1994 , the Packers joined in a league - wide donning of `` throwback '' jerseys , back to navy blue and gold . The team would go throwback again for two Thanksgiving Day games against the Detroit Lions , in blue and gold 1930s - era uniforms in 2001 , and 1960s green and gold ( only slightly different from the current ones ) in 2003 . Logo The Green Bay Packers in their throwback navy blue uniforms in 2010 In 1951 , the team finally stopped wearing leather helmets , adopting the metallic gold plastic headgear it has used ever since . The oval `` G '' logo was added in 1961 when Lombardi asked Packers equipment manager Gerald `` Dad '' Braisher to design a logo . Braisher tasked his assistant , St. Norbert College art student John Gordon . Satisfied with a football - shaped letter `` G '' , the pair presented it to Lombardi , who then approved the addition . Tiki Barber falsely reported it to stand for `` greatness '' without a reliable source to back up his claims . Other reputable media outlets then published similar stories using Barber 's false claim as a source . The Packers ' Assistant Director of PR and Corporate Communications had the following to say : `` There 's nothing in our history that suggests there 's any truth to this . The Packers Hall of Fame archivist said the same thing . '' The team used a number of different logos prior to 1961 , but the `` G '' is the only logo that has ever appeared on the helmet . The Packers hold the trademark on the `` G '' logo , and have granted limited permission to other organizations to utilize a similar logo , such as the University of Georgia and Grambling State University , in addition to the city of Green Bay itself as part of its civic logo . Adopted in 1964 , the Georgia `` G '' , though different in design and color , was similar to the Packers ' `` G '' . Then - Georgia head coach Vince Dooley thought it best to clear the use of Georgia 's new emblem with the Packers . Uniform variation While several NFL teams choose to wear white jerseys at home early in the season due to white 's ability to reflect the late summer sun rays , the Packers have done so only twice , during the opening two games of the 1989 season . However , the team did wear an all - white uniform in 2016 versus the Chicago Bears during the two teams ' designated Color Rush game , in which Chicago wore all - navy uniforms . The Packers again wore an all - white uniform at Lambeau in the Color Rush game against the Bears ( who again wore all - navy uniforms ) in 2017 . Although alternate gold jerseys with green numbers are sold on a retail basis , the team currently has no plans to introduce such a jersey to be used in actual games . During the 2010 season , the Packers paid tribute to their historical brethren with a third jersey modeled after that worn by the club in 1929 , during its first world championship season . The jersey was navy blue , again making the Packers `` the Blues . '' Upon the NFL 's switch of uniform suppliers in 2012 to Nike from Reebok , the Packers refused any changes to their uniform in any way outside of the required supplier 's logo and new league uniform logos , declining all of Nike 's `` Elite 51 '' enhancements , including retaining the traditional striped collar of the jersey rather than Nike 's new collar design . Stadium history Main articles : List of Green Bay Packers stadiums and Lambeau Field Lambeau Field after its 2003 renovation After their early seasons at Bellevue Park and Hagemeister Park the Packers played home games in City Stadium from 1925 to 1956 . The team won its first six NFL world championships there . By the 1950s the wooden 25,000 seat arena was considered outmoded . The NFL threatened to move the franchise to Milwaukee full - time unless it got a better stadium . The city responded by building a new 32,150 seat City Stadium for the team , the first built exclusively for an NFL team , which opened in time for the 1957 season . It was renamed Lambeau Field in 1965 to honor Curly Lambeau , who had died earlier in the year . Expanded seven times before the end of the 1990s , Lambeau Field capacity reached 60,890 . In 2003 , it was extensively renovated to expand seating , modernize stadium facilities , and add an atrium area . Even with a current seating capacity of 72,928 , ticket demand far outpaces supply , as all Packers games have been sold out since 1960 . About 86,000 names are on the waiting list for season tickets . The Packers played part of their home slate in Milwaukee starting in 1933 , including two to three home games each year in Milwaukee 's County Stadium from 1953 to 1994 . Indeed , County Stadium had been built partly to entice the Packers to move to Milwaukee full - time . The Packers worked to capture their growing fan base in Milwaukee and the larger crowds . By the 1960s , threat of an American Football League franchise in Milwaukee prompted the Packers to stay , including scheduling a Western Conference Playoff in 1967 . County Stadium was built primarily as a baseball stadium and made only the bare minimum adjustments to accommodate football . At its height , it only seated 56,000 people , just barely above the NFL minimum ; many of those seats were badly obstructed . The field was just barely large enough to fit a football field . Both teams shared the same sideline ( separated by a piece of tape ) and the end zones extended onto the warning track . By 1994 , improvements and seating expansions at Lambeau , along with the Brewers preparing to campaign for their new stadium prompted the Packers to play their full slate in Green Bay for the first time in 62 years . Former season ticketholders for the Milwaukee package continue to receive preference for one pre-season and the second and fifth regular - season games at Lambeau Field each season , along with playoff games through a lottery under the `` Gold Package '' plan . The Packers have three practice facilities across the street from Lambeau Field : the Don Hutson Center , an indoor facility ; Ray Nitschke Field , an outdoor field with artificial FieldTurf ; and Clarke Hinkle Field , an outdoor field with natural grass . Statistics and records Main article : Green Bay Packers records Season - by - season results This is a partial list of the Packers ' last five completed seasons . For the full season - by - season franchise results , see List of Green Bay Packers seasons . Note : The Finish , Wins , Losses , and Ties columns list regular season results and exclude any postseason play . Super Bowl champions ( 1970 -- present ) Conference champions Division champions Wild Card berth As of December 31 , 2017 Season Team League Conference Division Regular season Postseason results Awards Finish Wins Losses Ties 2013 2013 NFL NFC North 1st 8 7 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( 49ers ) 20 -- 23 Eddie Lacy ( OROY ) 2014 2014 NFL NFC North 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Cowboys ) 26 -- 21 Lost Conference Championship ( Seahawks ) 28 -- 22 Aaron Rodgers ( MVP ) 2015 2015 NFL NFC North 2nd 10 6 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Redskins ) 35 -- 18 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Cardinals ) 26 -- 20 -- 2016 2016 NFL NFC North 1st 10 6 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Giants ) 38 -- 13 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Cowboys ) 34 -- 31 Lost Conference Championship ( Falcons ) 44 -- 21 Jordy Nelson ( CBPOY ) 2017 2017 NFL NFC North 3rd 7 9 0 -- -- Records All - Time Packers leaders Leader Player Record Number Years on Packers Passing Brett Favre 61,655 passing yards 1992 -- 2007 Rushing Ahman Green 8,322 rushing yards 2000 -- 2006 ; 2009 Receiving Donald Driver 10,137 receiving yards 1999 -- 2012 Coaching wins Curly Lambeau 209 wins 1919 -- 1949 Playoff record 1936 NFL Championship : Green Bay Packers 21 , Boston Braves 6 1938 NFL Championship : New York Giants 23 , Green Bay Packers 17 1939 NFL Championship : Green Bay Packers 27 , New York Giants 0 1941 Western Division Championship : Chicago Bears 33 , Green Bay Packers 14 1944 NFL Championship : Green Bay Packers 14 , New York Giants 7 1960 NFL Championship : Philadelphia Eagles 17 , Green Bay Packers 13 1961 NFL Championship : Green Bay Packers 37 , New York Giants 0 1962 NFL Championship : Green Bay Packers 16 , New York Giants 7 1965 Western Conference Championship : Green Bay Packers 13 , Baltimore Colts 10 ( OT ) 1965 NFL Championship : Green Bay Packers 23 , Cleveland Browns 12 1966 NFL Championship : Green Bay Packers 34 , Dallas Cowboys 27 Super Bowl I : Green Bay Packers 35 , Kansas City Chiefs 10 1967 Conference Championship : Green Bay Packers 28 , Los Angeles Rams 7 1967 NFL Championship : Green Bay Packers 21 , Dallas Cowboys 17 Super Bowl II : Green Bay Packers 33 , Oakland Raiders 14 1972 Divisional : Washington Redskins 16 , Green Bay Packers 3 1982 First Round : Green Bay Packers 41 , St. Louis Cardinals 16 1982 Second Round : Dallas Cowboys 37 , Green Bay Packers 26 1994 Wild Card : Green Bay Packers 16 , Detroit Lions 12 1994 Divisional : Dallas Cowboys 35 , Green Bay Packers 9 1995 Wild Card : Green Bay Packers 37 , Atlanta Falcons 20 1995 Divisional : Green Bay Packers 27 , San Francisco 49ers 17 1995 NFC Championship : Dallas Cowboys 38 , Green Bay Packers 27 1996 Divisional : Green Bay Packers 35 , San Francisco 49ers 14 1996 NFC Championship : Green Bay Packers 30 , Carolina Panthers 13 Super Bowl XXXI : Green Bay Packers 35 , New England Patriots 21 1997 Divisional : Green Bay Packers 21 , Tampa Bay Buccaneers 7 1997 NFC Championship : Green Bay Packers 23 , San Francisco 49ers 10 Super Bowl XXXII : Denver Broncos 31 , Green Bay Packers 24 1998 Wild Card : San Francisco 49ers 30 , Green Bay Packers 27 2001 NFC Wild Card : Green Bay Packers 25 , San Francisco 49ers 15 2001 Divisional : St. Louis Rams 45 , Green Bay Packers 17 2002 NFC Wild Card : Atlanta Falcons 27 , Green Bay Packers 7 2003 NFC Wild Card : Green Bay Packers 33 , Seattle Seahawks 27 ( OT ) 2003 Divisional : Philadelphia Eagles 20 , Green Bay Packers 17 ( OT ) 2004 NFC Wild Card : Minnesota Vikings 31 , Green Bay Packers 17 2007 Divisional : Green Bay Packers 42 , Seattle Seahawks 20 2007 NFC Championship : New York Giants 23 , Green Bay Packers 20 ( OT ) 2009 NFC Wild Card : Arizona Cardinals 51 , Green Bay Packers 45 ( OT ) 2010 NFC Wild Card : Green Bay Packers 21 , Philadelphia Eagles 16 2010 NFC Divisional : Green Bay Packers 48 , Atlanta Falcons 21 2010 NFC Championship : Green Bay Packers 21 , Chicago Bears 14 Super Bowl XLV : Green Bay Packers 31 , Pittsburgh Steelers 25 2011 NFC Divisional : New York Giants 37 , Green Bay Packers 20 2012 NFC Wild Card : Green Bay Packers 24 , Minnesota Vikings 10 2012 NFC Divisional : San Francisco 49ers 45 , Green Bay Packers 31 2013 NFC Wild Card : San Francisco 49ers 23 , Green Bay Packers 20 2014 NFC Divisional : Green Bay Packers 26 , Dallas Cowboys 21 2014 NFC Championship : Seattle Seahawks 28 , Green Bay Packers 22 ( OT ) 2015 NFC Wild Card : Green Bay Packers 35 , Washington Redskins 18 2015 NFC Divisional : Arizona Cardinals 26 , Green Bay Packers 20 ( OT ) 2016 NFC Wild Card : Green Bay Packers 38 , New York Giants 13 2016 NFC Divisional : Green Bay Packers 34 , Dallas Cowboys 31 2016 NFC Championship : Atlanta Falcons 44 , Green Bay Packers 21 Overall record 34 wins , 22 losses Championships League championships The Packers have been league champions a record 13 times , topping their nearest rival , the Chicago Bears , by four . The first three were decided by league standing , the next six by the NFL Title Game , and the final four by Super Bowl victories . The Packers are also the only team to win three consecutive NFL titles , having accomplished this twice -- from 1929 to 1931 under Lambeau , and from 1965 to 1967 under Lombardi . NFL Championship by Standings From 1920 to 1932 , the NFL championship was awarded based on standings , with no championship game taking place . The Packers won three such championships . Year Coach Record 1929 Curly Lambeau 12 -- 0 -- 1 1930 Curly Lambeau 10 -- 3 -- 1 1931 Curly Lambeau 12 -- 2 Total NFL championships by best record : 3 Pre-Super Bowl NFL championships From 1933 to 1969 , the NFL held a championship game to decide their champion . The Packers won 8 NFL Championship Games . From 1966 to 1969 , the NFL Championship Game was followed by the Super Bowl . Year Coach Location Opponent Score Record 1936 Curly Lambeau New York , NY Boston Redskins 21 -- 6 10 -- 1 -- 1 1939 Curly Lambeau Milwaukee , WI New York Giants 27 -- 0 9 -- 2 1944 Curly Lambeau New York , NY New York Giants 14 -- 7 8 -- 2 1961 Vince Lombardi Green Bay , WI New York Giants 37 -- 0 11 -- 3 1962 Vince Lombardi New York , NY New York Giants 16 -- 7 13 -- 1 1965 Vince Lombardi Green Bay , WI Cleveland Browns 23 -- 12 10 -- 3 -- 1 1966 Vince Lombardi Dallas , TX Dallas Cowboys 34 -- 27 12 -- 2 1967 Vince Lombardi Green Bay , WI Dallas Cowboys 21 -- 17 9 -- 4 -- 1 Total NFL championship games won : 8 Super Bowl championships Starting in 1966 , the NFL began holding the Super Bowl . The Packers have won four Super Bowls . Year Coach Super Bowl Location Opponent Score Record 1966 Vince Lombardi Los Angeles , CA Kansas City Chiefs 35 -- 10 12 -- 2 1967 Vince Lombardi II Miami , FL Oakland Raiders 33 -- 14 9 -- 4 -- 1 Mike Holmgren XXXI New Orleans , LA New England Patriots 35 -- 21 13 -- 3 Mike McCarthy XLV Arlington , TX Pittsburgh Steelers 31 -- 25 10 -- 6 Total Super Bowls won : 4 NFC championships The Packers have won three NFC Championship Games . NFC Championships did not exist until after the AFL - NFL merger in 1970 . Year Coach Location Opponent Score Record Mike Holmgren Green Bay , WI Carolina Panthers 30 -- 13 13 -- 3 1997 Mike Holmgren San Francisco , CA San Francisco 49ers 23 -- 10 13 -- 3 Mike McCarthy Chicago , Illinois Chicago Bears 21 -- 14 10 -- 6 Total NFC Championships won : 3 Division Championships The Packers have won 18 divisional championships . Year Coach Division Record 1936 Curly Lambeau NFL West 10 -- 1 -- 1 1938 Curly Lambeau NFL West 8 -- 3 1939 Curly Lambeau NFL West 9 -- 2 1944 Curly Lambeau NFL West 8 -- 2 1967 Vince Lombardi NFL Central 9 -- 4 -- 1 1972 Dan Devine NFC Central 10 -- 4 1995 Mike Holmgren NFC Central 11 -- 5 Mike Holmgren NFC Central 13 -- 3 1997 Mike Holmgren NFC Central 13 -- 3 2002 Mike Sherman NFC North 12 -- 4 2003 Mike Sherman NFC North 12 -- 4 Mike Sherman NFC North 10 -- 6 2007 Mike McCarthy NFC North 13 -- 3 2011 Mike McCarthy NFC North 15 -- 1 2012 Mike McCarthy NFC North 11 -- 5 2013 Mike McCarthy NFC North 8 -- 7 -- 1 2014 Mike McCarthy NFC North 12 -- 4 2016 Mike McCarthy NFC North 10 -- 6 Total NFC Divisional Championships won : 18 Notable players Main article : Green Bay Packers players Current roster Green Bay Packers roster view talk Quarterbacks 6 Joe Callahan 7 Brett Hundley 9 DeShone Kizer 12 Aaron Rodgers Running backs 34 Joel Bouagnon 33 Aaron Jones 40 Joe Kerridge FB 32 Devante Mays 88 Ty Montgomery 22 Aaron Ripkowski FB 30 Jamaal Williams Wide receivers 17 Davante Adams 81 Geronimo Allison 89 Michael Clark 18 Randall Cobb 11 Trevor Davis 16 Jake Kumerow 13 Colby Pearson 10 DeAngelo Yancey Tight ends 86 Emanuel Byrd 80 Jimmy Graham 84 Lance Kendricks 85 Robert Tonyan Offensive linemen 79 Kofi Amichia G 69 David Bakhtiari T 75 Bryan Bulaga T 54 Dillon Day C 63 Corey Linsley C 64 Justin McCray G 68 Kyle Murphy T 77 Adam Pankey G 62 Lucas Patrick G 78 Jason Spriggs T 65 Lane Taylor G Defensive linemen 90 Montravius Adams DE 97 Kenny Clark NT 76 Mike Daniels DE 94 Dean Lowry DE 96 Muhammad Wilkerson DE Linebackers 45 Vince Biegel OLB 51 Kyler Fackrell OLB 93 Reggie Gilbert OLB 50 Blake Martinez ILB 52 Clay Matthews III OLB 98 Chris Odom OLB 53 Nick Perry OLB 47 Jake Ryan ILB 56 Ahmad Thomas ILB Defensive backs 29 Kentrell Brice FS 44 Donatello Brown CB 21 Ha Ha Clinton - Dix FS 25 Marwin Evans SS 39 Demetri Goodson CB 28 Josh Hawkins CB 31 Davon House CB 27 Josh Jones SS 20 Kevin King CB 41 Lenzy Pipkins CB 24 Quinten Rollins CB 26 Herb Waters CB 35 Jermaine Whitehead FS 38 Tramon Williams CB Special teams 2 Mason Crosby K 57 Zach Triner LS 8 Justin Vogel P Reserve lists Currently vacant Rookies in italics Roster updated April 13 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 65 Active , 0 Inactive → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Pro Football Hall of Fame members Main article : List of Green Bay Packers in the Pro Football Hall of Fame The Packers have the second most members in the Pro Football Hall of Fame with 24 . They trail only the Chicago Bears ( with 27 ) . Green Bay Packers Pro Football Hall of Famers Players No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted 26 Herb Adderley CB 1961 -- 1969 1980 20 Earl ( Curly ) Lambeau HB Coach 1919 -- 1929 1930 -- 1949 1963 Tony Canadeo HB 1941 -- 1944 1946 -- 1952 80 James Lofton WR 1978 -- 1986 2003 87 Willie Davis DE 1960 -- 1969 1981 24 Johnny `` Blood '' McNally HB 1929 -- 1933 1935 -- 1936 1963 Brett Favre QB 1992 -- 2007 2016 Mike Michalske OG 1929 -- 1935 1937 1964 75 Forrest Gregg OT 1956 1958 -- 1970 1977 66 Ray Nitschke LB 1958 -- 1972 1978 38 Arnie Herber QB 1930 -- 1940 1966 51 Jim Ringo 1953 -- 1963 1981 30 Clarke Hinkle FB 1932 -- 1941 1964 89 Dave Robinson LB 1963 -- 1972 2013 5 Paul Hornung HB 1956 -- 1962 1964 -- 1966 1986 15 Bart Starr QB 1956 -- 1971 1977 36 Cal Hubbard OT 1929 -- 1933 1935 1963 31 Jim Taylor FB 1958 -- 1966 1976 14 Don Hutson 1935 -- 1945 1963 92 Reggie White DE 1993 -- 1998 2006 74 Henry Jordan DT 1959 -- 1969 1995 24 Willie Wood 1960 -- 1971 1989 Coaches and Executives Name Positions Seasons Inducted Vince Lombardi Coach 1959 -- 1967 1971 Ron Wolf General manager 1991 -- 2001 2015 Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame Main article : Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame Retired numbers Main article : List of Green Bay Packers retired numbers Retired numbers on display in the Lambeau Field 's north end zone in October 2007 In nearly nine decades of Packers football , the Packers have formally retired six numbers . All six Packers are members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame and their numbers and names are displayed on the green facade of Lambeau Field 's north endzone as well as in the Lambeau Field Atrium . Tony Canadeo HB , 1941 - 44 , 1946 - 52 Retired 1952 Brett Favre QB , 1992 - 2007 Retired 2015 Don Hutson WR / DB , 1935 - 45 Retired 1951 Bart Starr QB , 1956 - 71 Retired 1973 Ray Nitschke LB , 1958 - 72 Retired 1983 Reggie White DE , 1993 -- 98 Retired 2005 Notable coaches Current staff Green Bay Packers staff Front Office Executive Committee -- Board of Directors President / CEO -- Mark Murphy General Manager -- Brian Gutekunst Executive Vice President / Director of Football Operations -- Russ Ball Senior Advisor to Football Operations -- Ted Thompson Director of College Scouting -- Jon - Eric Sullivan Director of Pro Personnel -- John Wojciechowski Head Coaches Head Coach -- Mike McCarthy Associate Head Coach / Linebackers -- Winston Moss Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Joe Philbin Pass Game Coordinator - Jim Hostler Quarterbacks -- Frank Cignetti Jr . Running Backs -- Ben Sirmans Wide Receivers - David Raih Tight Ends -- Brian Angelichio Offensive Line / Run Game Coordinator -- James Campen Assistant Offensive Line - Jeff Blasko Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Mike Pettine Pass Game Coordinator - Joe Whitt Jr . Defensive Line -- Jerry Montgomery Inside Linebackers / Run Game Coordinator - Patrick Graham Secondary - Jason Simmons Defensive Assistant -- Scott McCurley Defensive Quality Conrol -- Ryan Downard Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Ron Zook Special Teams Assistant - Maurice Drayton Strength and Conditioning Strength and Conditioning Coordinator -- Mark Lovat Strength and Conditioning Assistant -- Chris Gizzi Strength and Conditioning Assistant -- Thadeus Jackson Strength and Conditioning Assistant -- Grant Thorne → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Head coaches Main article : List of Green Bay Packers head coaches Name Tenure Record Titles Earl ( Curly ) Lambeau 1919 -- 1949 231 108 21 6 Gene Ronzani 1950 -- 1953 14 31 Hugh Devore * 1953 0 0 Ray ( Scooter ) McLean * Lisle Blackbourn 1954 -- 1957 17 31 0 Ray ( Scooter ) McLean 1958 10 Vince Lombardi 1959 -- 1967 98 30 5 Phil Bengtson 1968 -- 1970 20 21 Dan Devine 1971 -- 1974 25 28 Bart Starr 1975 -- 1983 53 77 Forrest Gregg 1984 -- 1987 25 37 Lindy Infante 1988 -- 1991 24 40 0 Mike Holmgren 1992 -- 1998 73 36 0 Ray Rhodes 1999 8 8 0 Mike Sherman 2000 -- 2005 56 39 0 Mike McCarthy 2006 -- current 102 55 * Interim head coaches CSVA Sports Film and Video Hall of Famers Main article : Collegiate Sports Video Association Al Treml ( 2014 ) Media The Packers are unique in having their market area cover two media markets , both Green Bay and Milwaukee . NFL blackout restrictions for the team apply within both areas . However , Packers games have not been blacked out locally since 1972 ( the last year home game local telecasts were prohibited regardless of sellout status ) due to strong home attendance and popularity . As mentioned above , every Packers home game -- preseason , regular season and playoffs -- has been sold out since 1960 . Radio The flagship station of the Packers Radio Network is Scripps Radio 's WTMJ in Milwaukee , which was the former flagship of the Journal Broadcast Group before its merger with Scripps in April 2015 . WTMJ has aired Packers games since 1929 , the longest association between a radio station and an NFL team to date , and the only rights deal in American professional sports where a station outside of the team 's main metro area is the radio flagship . While this might be unusual , the station can be heard at city - grade strength at all hours in Green Bay proper . Games air in Green Bay on WTAQ ( 1360 / 97.5 ) and WIXX - FM ( 101.1 ) , and WAPL ( 105.7 ) and WHBY ( 1150 ) in Appleton and the Fox Cities . Wayne Larrivee is the play - by - play announcer and Larry McCarren is the color analyst . Larrivee joined the team after many years as the Chicago Bears ' announcer . Jim Irwin and Max McGee were the longtime radio announcers before Larrivee and McCarren . When victory is assured for the Packers , either a game - winning touchdown , interception or a crucial 4th down defensive stop , Larrivee 's trademark declaration of `` And there is your dagger ! '' signifies the event . In limited circumstances where the Milwaukee Brewers are in either playoff or post-season contention and their play - by - play takes priority , WTMJ 's sister FM station WKTI ( 94.5 ) currently airs Packer games to avert game conflicts . Television The TV rights for pre-season games , not nationally broadcast are held by Scripps television stations WGBA - TV ( Channel 26 ) in Green Bay and WTMJ - TV ( Channel 4 ) in Milwaukee , along with Quincy Media 's six ABC stations in the central , northern and western parts of the state , KQDS - TV ( Channel 21 ) in Duluth - Superior , and in Escanaba / Marquette , Michigan , WLUC - TV ( Channel 6 ) , along with their Fox subchannel . As such , these stations are authorized to use the tagline Your official Packers station in their market area by the team , and also carry two weeknight programs ; Packers Live on Tuesday evening , and the weekly coach 's show , The Mike McCarthy Show on Wednesday evenings at 6 : 30 pm throughout the football season . Until the end of the 2011 season , the team 's partner in Green Bay was WFRV - TV ( Channel 5 ) , and sister satellite WJMN - TV in Escanaba . As part of the 2012 deal , McCarren resigned his duties as sports director of WFRV to move to WTMJ / WGBA as a Packers analyst , becoming WGBA 's official sports director on April 1 , 2013 , as his non-compete clause to appear as a sports anchor in Green Bay expired , though he retired as sports director in March 2015 to focus full - time on his duties for the Packer radio and television networks . WFRV / WJMN still airs any Packers regular season home games against an AFC team . The 2012 TV rights deal expanded the team 's preseason network further across the Midwest . Additional stations include the Quad Cities region of Iowa / Illinois where game coverage is carried by KLJB ( Channel 18 ) in Davenport , Iowa and KGCW ( Channel 26 ) in Burlington , Iowa , both owned by Grant Broadcasting System II , KCWI - TV ( Channel 23 ) in Des Moines , KWWL ( Channel 7 ) in Waterloo , Iowa , and in Omaha , Nebraska , KMTV - TV ( Channel 3 ) , a sister Scripps station to WTMJ and WGBA . As part of a large package of preseason football from various team networks , KFVE ( Channel 9 ) in Honolulu , Hawaii also carried Packers state network games in the 2016 preseason . The network also added its first affiliate with Spanish language play - by - play , Milwaukee 's WYTU - LD ( Channel 63 / 49.4 ) , a Telemundo affiliate , which airs statewide on Spectrum systems . The Spanish broadcast is also simulcast by Scripps ' WACY - TV ( Channel 32 ) in the Green Bay / Appleton market ( WACY is an otherwise English - language MyNetworkTV affiliate ) . Pre-season coverage is produced by CBS , formerly using the NFL on CBS graphics package until the last contract ended as a remnant of WFRV 's former ownership by the CBS Corporation itself until 2007 . In 2012 , the pre-season coverage began to use the NBC Sports Sunday Night Football graphics package due to WTMJ / WGBA 's NBC affiliation . The TV play - by - play announcer , Kevin Harlan ( also on loan from CBS ) , is the son of former Packers president Bob Harlan , with Rich Gannon joining him as color commentator . Since the 2008 pre-season all Packers preseason games on the statewide network are produced and aired in high definition , with WTMJ - TV subcontracting the games to minor network affiliates in Milwaukee during Summer Olympics years due to mandatory non-preemption policies by their network , NBC ( this was not done in 2012 as the pre-season opener was a national ESPN game ) . In Green Bay , WACY carries preseason games in English if WGBA is unable to during Olympics years . ESPN Monday Night Football games , both pre-season and season , are broadcast over the air on Fox affiliate WLUK - TV in Green Bay and ABC affiliate WISN - TV ( Channel 12 ) in Milwaukee ( ABC affiliate WBAY - TV in Green Bay carried those games from 2006 until 2015 ; the 2016 season was first where that station has not carried a Packer game in its history ) , while the stations airing Packers games in the NFL Network Thursday Night Football package have varied over the years depending on arrangements for syndication or co-network productions and simulcasts with CBS or NBC . WBAY 's evening news anchor Bill Jartz also serves as the public address system announcer for Lambeau Field . The team 's intra-squad Lambeau scrimmage at the beginning of the season , marketed as Packers Family Night , was broadcast for over a decade by WITI ( Channel 6 ) in Milwaukee , and produced by WLUK - TV in Green Bay , both Fox affiliates which broadcast the bulk of the team 's regular - season games , along with the state 's other Fox affiliates until the 2016 season . In 2017 , Scripps and the Packers Television Network began to originate the Packers Family Night broadcast . In popular culture In 2015 , six members of the Green Bay Packers -- David Bakhtiari ; Don Barclay ; T.J. Lang ; Clay Matthews ; Jordan Rodgers and Josh Sitton -- made an appearance as an a cappella group in the musical comedy , Pitch Perfect 2 . See also American football portal National Football League portal List of fan - owned sports teams References ^ Jump up to : `` Birth of a Team and a Legend '' . Green Bay Packers . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Green Bay Packers . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Green Bay Packers Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2016 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . July 15 , 2016 . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shareholders '' . Green Bay Packers . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Packers Nickname Origin '' . Green Bay Packers . March 25 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2006 . Retrieved March 25 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Names , Larry D ( 1987 ) . `` The Myth '' . In Scott , Greg . The History of the Green Bay Packers : The Lambeau Years . 1 . Angel Press of WI . p. 30 . ISBN 0 - 939995 - 00 - X . Jump up ^ `` Chronology of Professional Football '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . January 22 , 2015 . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Green Bay Packers Team History '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Zirin , Dave ( January 25 , 2011 ) . `` Those Non-Profit Packers '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt . `` Full List : The World 's 50 Most Valuable Sports Teams 2017 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowls & Championships '' . Green Bay Packers . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambeau had played the 1918 season at Notre Dame under Knute Rockne and alongside George Gipp . He did not return to school the following year however due to illness which then led to the Packers birth . Names , Larry D ( 1987 ) . `` The Myth '' . In Scott , Greg . The History of the Green Bay Packers : The Lambeau Years . 1 . Angel Press of WI . pp. 27 -- 29 . ISBN 0 - 939995 - 00 - X . Jump up ^ `` Team Records : Games Won '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Don Hutson : Information from '' . Answers.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fleming , David ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` Blaze of Glory '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maraniss , David ( September 14 , 1999 ) . `` In throes of winter , a team in disarry is reborn '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Milwaukee , Wisconsin . p. 2B . Retrieved July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pennington , Bill ( January 16 , 2008 ) . `` NYTimes article of January 15 , 2008 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TIME Magazine Cover : Vince Lombardi - Coaches - Wisconsin '' . Time.com. 1962 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Old School Packers Archived February 18 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . from the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel website . Obtained February 5 , 2007 Jump up ^ The 25 Biggest Sports Flops ( 1979 -- 2004 ) Archived May 24 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . from ESPN25 . Obtained February 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` NFL grants Favre reinstatement ; sources say QB job is open '' . ESPN . August 3 , 2008 . Retrieved August 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jay Glazer ( August 6 , 2008 ) . `` Packers trade Favre to Jets '' . Fox Sports on MSN . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2008 . Retrieved August 6 , 2008 . The month - long saga has finally come to an end , with the Packers agreeing to trade their future Hall - of - Fame quarterback to the New York Jets , FOXSports.com has learned . Jump up ^ `` Brett Favre : Game Logs at '' . NFL . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jets ' Jenkins and Packers ' Grant are both out for the season -- Associated Press Archived September 19 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLV , Packers Beat Steelers , 31 -- 25 '' . New York Times . February 7 , 2011 . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Farmer , Sam ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` Ending is cheddar - perfect for Packers in Super Bowl XLV victory over Steelers '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Green Bay Packers Schedule & Game Results '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Wilner , Barry ( July 31 , 2012 ) . `` Packers top first - ever AP Pro32 rankings '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ketchman , Vic ( September 28 , 2014 ) . `` Win over Bears feels like season saver '' . Green Bay Packers . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( August 23 , 2015 ) . `` Jordy Nelson out for 2015 season with knee injury '' . National Football League . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Green Bay Packers 2015 Regular Season Schedule - NFL.com '' . www.nfl.com . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Packers stun Lions on Aaron Rodgers ' Hail Mary TD '' . National Football League . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 NFL Regular Season Standings - Nation Football League '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boren , Cindy ( October 15 , 2017 ) . `` Aaron Rodgers could be out for the season , a sobering possibility for the Packers '' . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 -- via www.WashingtonPost.com . Jump up ^ `` Green Bay Packers shut out for first time in more than a decade '' . MontrosePress.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Committee And Board Of Directors '' . Green Bay Packers . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hruby , Patrick . `` The right way ? The Green Bay way '' . espn.go.com . ESPN . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shareholder History & Financial History '' ( PDF ) . Green Bay Packers . January 22 , 2015 . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Saunders , Laura ( 13 January 2012 ) . `` Are the Green Bay Packers the Worst Stock in America ? '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census '' . US Census Bureau . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Packers plan fifth stock sale '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 1 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . SportsBusiness Journal . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fans keep their eyes on the ball in Green Bay ( Dallas Morning News ) '' . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harris Interactive Poll , Packers ranked No. 4 in 2006 , No. 1 in 2005 , No. 1 in 2004 , No. 1 in 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Gary D'Amato ( January 19 , 2011 ) . `` Packers season tickets worth the wait -- 955 years for some on the list '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ File : Waitlist Postcard. jpg Jump up ^ `` SI.com -- Be the 74,659 th In Line ! -- Oct 9 , 2007 '' . CNN . October 9 , 2007 . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2010 . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` David Morris and Daniel Kraker . `` Rooting the Home Team : Why the Packers Wo n't Leave -- and Why the Browns Did '' . The American Prospect , no . 40 ( September -- October 1998 ) , pp. 38 -- 43 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Big Cheese : Cheesehead inventor profits from insults '' . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Letters to Lee Remmel , August 25 , 2004 '' . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Packers Training Camp -- Family Night '' . Jump up ^ Mosley , Matt ( August 29 , 2008 ) . `` NFL 's best fans ? We got ta hand it to Steelers ( barely ) '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Packers Logo History Archived April 21 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Packers ' alternate jersey a real throwback '' . Host.madison.com. 2010 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Packers Uniform History , 1921 -- 2004 from Packers.com . Obtained February 5 , 2007 . Archived April 21 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Packers uniform database Obtained February 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Thomas ; Hurly , Jim ( 2011 ) . Green Bay : A City and Its Team . Hurly Investments . ISBN 978 - 0 - 615 - 44464 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` What Does the ' G ' in the Packers Logo Stand for ? ( VIDEO ) '' . Blippitt.com . February 2 , 2011 . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cheap Seats '' . Sioux City Journal . February 3 , 2011 . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` G still stands for gullible '' . Packersuniforms.blogspot.com. 2011 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Packers Fan Clubs from Packers.com . Obtained February 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Green Bay Packers Logo -- Design and History '' . Dinesh.com . August 25 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2010 . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oval G is a Green Bay Packers trademark '' . ESPN . May 25 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` There 's No Service Like Wire Service , Vol. 6 '' . Retrieved February 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Packers in blue jerseys ? '' . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2010 . Retrieved February 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Siefert , Kevin ( April 4 , 2012 ) . `` New unis : Packers reject all changes '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Green & Gold Package Scheduling '' . Packers.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Complete Playoff Standings '' . profootballhof.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breakdown of Hall of Famers by Team from profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ Retired Numbers from Packers.com . Obtained April 3 , 2009 . Archived April 3 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ CSVA ( @ CSVA ) ( 23 May 2014 ) . `` Henry Kunttu presenting Al Treml of the @ packers to the Sports Film and Video Hall of Fame # CSVA2014 t.co/kKASUtNHzL '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Packers Radio Station Listing '' . Packers.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Packers Radio Network '' . Packers.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wolfley , Bob ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` Packers and Journal Broadcast Group announce partnership deal '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FOX 11 to air Hall of Fame Game , Packers MNF games '' . WLUK - TV . 6 July 2016 . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Green Bay Packers TV Broadcast Partners '' . Packers.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pitch Perfect 2 '' . IMDb . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Rich , Katey . `` How the Green Bay Packers Cameo in Pitch Perfect 2 Happened '' . HWD . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 03 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Green Bay Packers . Official website Green Bay Packers at the National Football League official website Green Bay Packers at the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel Green Bay Packers at the Green Bay Press - Gazette Works by or about Green Bay Packers in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) Green Bay Packers Founded in 1919 Based and headquartered in Green Bay , Wisconsin Franchise Franchise Team history Green Bay Packers , Inc . Board of Directors Records Seasons Coaches Players A -- D E -- K L -- R S -- Z Starting quarterbacks Pro Football Hall of Famers Retired numbers First - round draft picks Records Pro Bowlers Stadiums Draft history Stadiums Hagemeister Park Bellevue Park City Stadium Borchert Field Wisconsin State Fair Park Marquette Stadium Milwaukee County Stadium Lambeau Field Training facilities Don Hutson Center Clarke Hinkle Field Ray Nitschke Field St. Norbert College ( training camp ) Rockwood Lodge ( former ) Culture Cheesehead Lambeau Leap Hall of Fame Packers Fan Hall of Fame `` Bang the Drum All Day '' Cheerleaders Fight song Lumberjack Band Pigskin Champions Vernon Biever Hungry Five George Whitney Calhoun The Dope Sheet Curly Lambeau Vince Lombardi Ron Wolf Receiver Statue Lombardi Pitch Perfect 2 Packers Heritage Trail Packers Pro Shop Lore Dolly Gray impostor The Ice Bowl The Snow Bowl The Mud Bowl 4th and 26 Fail Mary Miracle in Motown Rivalries Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Minnesota Vikings Dallas Cowboys Division championships ( 18 ) 1936 1938 1939 1944 1967 1972 1995 1997 2002 2003 2007 2011 2012 2013 2014 2016 Conference championships ( 9 ) 1960 1961 1962 1965 1966 1967 1997 League championships ( 13 ) 1929 1930 1931 1936 1939 1944 1961 1962 1965 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 2010 ( XLV ) does not include 1966 or 1967 NFL championships Retired numbers 14 15 66 92 Media Broadcasters Radio : Packers Radio Network WTMJ WKTI - HD2 WIXX WTAQ Television ( pre-season & official in - season team programming ) : WGBA - TV WTMJ - TV Personnel : Wayne Larrivee ( play - by - play ) Larry McCarren ( color / analysis ) Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1921 -- present ) Conference : National Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 99 ) 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network NFL RedZone Radio NFL Films Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Color Rush Sports teams based in Wisconsin Baseball MLB Milwaukee Brewers MWL Beloit Snappers Wisconsin Timber Rattlers NWL Eau Claire Express Fond du Lac Dock Spiders Green Bay Bullfrogs Kenosha Kingfish La Crosse Loggers Lakeshore Chinooks Madison Mallards Wisconsin Woodchucks Wisconsin Rapids Rafters Basketball NBA Milwaukee Bucks G League Wisconsin Herd IBA Kenosha Ballers Milwaukee Falcons Football NFL Green Bay Packers IFL Green Bay Blizzard WFA Madison Blaze MSFL Racine Raiders GFL Brew City Bulldogs Madison Wolves Waukesha Raiders Wisconsin Wolfpack Hockey AHL Milwaukee Admirals USHL Green Bay Gamblers Madison Capitols NAHL Coulee Region Chill Janesville Jets NA3HL La Crosse Freeze Wisconsin Whalers Soccer MASL Milwaukee Wave NPSL Aris SC Milwaukee Torrent PLA Croatian Eagles SC Milwaukee Bavarians Madison 56ers Australian rules football MAAFL Milwaukee Bombers Ultimate AUDL Madison Radicals Roller derby WFTDA Brewcity Bruisers Fox Cities Roller Derby Mad Rollin ' Dolls Mid-State Sisters of Skate MRDA Green Bay Smackers Milwaukee Blitzdkrieg USARS Root River Rollers College athletics NCAA Div . I Green Bay Phoenix Marquette Golden Eagles Milwaukee Panthers Wisconsin Badgers Div. II Wisconsin -- Parkside Rangers Div . III Alverno Inferno Beloit Buccaneers Carroll Pioneers Carthage Red Men Concordia Falcons Edgewood Eagles Lakeland Muskies Lawrence Vikings Maranatha Baptist Crusaders Marian Sabres MSOE Raiders Northland LumberJacks Ripon Red Hawks St. Norbert Green Knights Wisconsin -- Eau Claire Blugolds Wisconsin -- La Crosse Eagles Wisconsin -- Oshkosh Titans Wisconsin -- Platteville Pioneers Wisconsin -- River Falls Falcons Wisconsin -- Stevens Point Pointers Wisconsin -- Stout Blue Devils Wisconsin -- Superior Yellowjackets Wisconsin -- Whitewater Warhawks Wisconsin Lutheran Warriors NAIA Cardinal Stritch Wolves Viterbo V - Hawks Category : Sports teams in Wisconsin Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_Bay_Packers&oldid=837073511 '' Categories : Green Bay Packers 1919 establishments in Wisconsin Fan - owned sports teams National Football League teams Publicly traded sports companies Sports clubs established in 1919 Sports in Green Bay , Wisconsin Tourist attractions in Brown County , Wisconsin Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from November 2013 Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 15 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20Bay%20Packers	763
who plays rafael barba on law and order	Raúl Eduardo Esparza ( born October 24 , 1970 ) is an American stage and television actor , singer , and voice artist , best known for his role as Rafael Barba in Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . He has received Tony nominations for his role as Philip Salon in the Boy George musical Taboo in 2004 ; Robert , an empty man devoid of connection in the musical comedy Company in 2006 ; a lazy and snarky man in Harold Pinter 's The Homecoming ; and an aggressive volatile movie producer in David Mamet 's Speed the Plow . He played the role of Riff Raff on Broadway in the revival of The Rocky Horror Show and the role of Caractacus Potts in the Broadway musical Chitty Chitty Bang Bang .	Raúl Eduardo Esparza	Raul Esparza	raul esparza	Raúl Eduardo Esparza ( born October 24 , 1970 ) is an American stage and television actor , singer , and voice artist , best known for his role as Rafael Barba in Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . He has received Tony nominations for his role as Philip Salon in the Boy George musical Taboo in 2004 ; Robert , an empty man devoid of connection in the musical comedy Company in 2006 ; a lazy and snarky man in Harold Pinter 's The Homecoming ; and an aggressive volatile movie producer in David Mamet 's Speed the Plow . He played the role of Riff Raff on Broadway in the revival of The Rocky Horror Show and the role of Caractacus Potts in the Broadway musical Chitty Chitty Bang Bang .	Esparza has been nominated in all Tony categories for which an actor is eligible . He is widely regarded for his versatility on stage , having performed musicals by Andrew Lloyd Webber , Stephen Sondheim , Kander and Ebb , Boy George , and the Sherman Brothers and plays by Mamet , Pinter , William Shakespeare , Tom Stoppard , and more . His film work includes Sidney Lumet 's Find Me Guilty and Wes Craven 's My Soul to Take and his television credits include roles on Medium , Hannibal , Pushing Daisies , and Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . He narrated the audiobook for Stephen King 's Under the Dome , as well as several others , and sings in concerts all over the country . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Theatre 2.1 Broadway theatre 2.2 Other theatre 3 Other work 3.1 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit 4 Personal life 5 Filmography 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Born in Wilmington , Delaware , to Cuban American parents , and raised in Miami , Florida , Esparza graduated from Belen Jesuit in 1988 and won a Silver Knight Award in Drama that same year . In 1992 , Esparza received a Bachelor of Fine Arts in Drama and a Bachelor 's degree in English from New York University 's Tisch School of the Arts . Theatre ( edit ) Broadway Theatre ( edit ) Esparza first drew attention with his performance in the 2000 Broadway revival of The Rocky Horror Show , which won him the Theatre World Award . Additional Broadway credits include Cabaret ( 2001 ) , Taboo ( 2003 ) , Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 2005 ) and Sondheim 's Company ( 2006 ) . He received a Tony Award nomination for Best Featured Actor in a Musical and a Drama Desk Award for his performance in the musical Taboo . His performance in Company earned him a second Tony nomination , this time for Best Actor in a Musical , as well as his second Drama Desk award . Beginning in November 2007 , he appeared in Harold Pinter 's play The Homecoming and was Tony - nominated for Best Featured Actor in a Play . In 2008 , he played Charlie Fox in the revival of David Mamet 's Speed - the - Plow co-starring Jeremy Piven and Elisabeth Moss on Broadway . His performance in Speed - the - Plow earned him a Tony nomination for Best Actor in a Play , making him the second performer ( after Boyd Gaines ) to be nominated in all four acting categories a performer is eligible for at the Tonys , although he has yet to win one . Esparza appeared on Broadway in a limited - engagement revival of Tom Stoppard 's Arcadia , which began previews at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre on February 25 , 2011 and opened on March 17 , 2011 . Esparza appeared in the musical Leap of Faith in the role of the `` Reverend '' Jonas Nightingale . He was involved in the workshop in 2008 , the out - of - town tryout at the Ahmanson Theatre ( Los Angeles ) in 2010 , and the Broadway production in 2012 , for which he received a 2012 Drama Desk Award nomination for Outstanding Actor in a Musical . Other Theatre ( edit ) In 1999 , Esparza portrayed Che in the national tour of Evita , opposite Natalie Toro . The tour was intended to open on Broadway , but failed to do so . In 2001 , he appeared Off - Broadway in tick , tick ... BOOM ! by Jonathan Larson , garnering a Drama Desk Award nomination as Outstanding Actor in a Musical . He appeared in two Stephen Sondheim musicals , Sunday in the Park with George and Merrily We Roll Along at the 2002 Kennedy Center Sondheim Celebration . He also appeared as The Arbiter in the Actors Fund of America concert of Sir Tim Rice 's Chess in September 2003 . In 2009 , Esparza starred in a production of Shakespeare 's Twelfth Night at the Delacorte Theater ( New York ) with Anne Hathaway , from June 25 through July 12 . He starred as Hapgood in the City Center Encores ! staged concert production of Anyone Can Whistle from April 8 to 11 , 2010 , opposite Sutton Foster as Fay and Donna Murphy as the Mayoress . Other work ( edit ) In 2007 , Esparza had a recurring role on the TV show Pushing Daisies as traveling salesman Alfredo Aldarisio , a role originally given to Paul Reubens . In 2009 , he recorded the audiobook Under the Dome by Stephen King . He has done previous narration for The House of the Scorpion by Nancy Farmer , and The Book of Unholy Mischief by Elle Newmark . In January 2010 , Esparza performed opposite Lucie Arnaz , Desi Arnaz Jr. and Valarie Pettiford at the 92Y 's Lyrics and Lyricist event honoring Desi Arnaz and his Orchestra , `` Babalu : The American Songbook Goes Latin '' . In 2010 , Esparza appeared as Abel Plenkov in Wes Craven 's My Soul to Take . From 2013 to 2015 , Esparza appeared in the recurring role of Dr. Frederick Chilton in Hannibal . He appeared in the 2016 film Custody , written and directed by James Lapine , as an Administration for Children 's Services agent . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( edit ) In 2012 , Esparza became a recurring character on the long - running NBC drama series Law & Order : Special Victims Unit as Manhattan Assistant District Attorney Rafael Barba , starting in the third episode of the show 's 14th season , `` Twenty - Five Acts '' . He appeared in 11 episodes of the show 's 14th season . On July 17 , 2013 , he was upgraded to series regular for the show 's 15th season . His character became the first series regular ADA since Stephanie March in the 11th season and the first regular male ADA in series history . His role on SVU was not his first Law & Order role , however , as he had previously portrayed an ADA in a 2009 episode of Law & Order : Criminal Intent , and a suspect in a 2010 episode of the original Law & Order . Personal life ( edit ) Esparza married Michele Marie Perez , his high school girlfriend , in 1994 but divorced in 2008 . Esparza was the subject of a New York Times profile in 2006 , in which he revealed that he is bisexual . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 2006 Find Me Guilty Tony Compagna My Soul to Take Abel Plenkov 2011 Trouble in the Heights Nevada Ramirez 2016 Custody Luis Sanjuro 2017 Ferdinand Moreno ( voice ) Post-production Television Year Title Role Notes Spin City Reporter Episode : `` In the Heat of the Day '' 2007 Pushing Daisies Alfredo Aldarisio 2 episodes 2009 Law & Order : Criminal Intent ADA Kevin Mulrooney Episode : `` Lady 's Man '' Law & Order Dennis Di Palma Episode : `` Blackmail '' Medium David Ostrowski Episode : `` Blood on the Tracks '' 2011 Gifted Man , AA Gifted Man Phillip Romero 2 episodes 2012 -- present Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ADA Rafael Barba Recurring ( season 14 ) , Main cast ( season 15 -- present ) 100 episodes 2012 666 Park Avenue Phillip Perez Episode : `` Hypnos '' 2013 -- 2015 Hannibal Dr. Frederick Chilton 12 episodes 2014 Dora and Friends : Into the City ! Big Bad Wolf ( voice ) Episode : `` Puppet Theater '' 2016 - 2017 BoJack Horseman Ralph Stilton ( voice ) 7 episodes Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Project Award Result 2000 The Rocky Horror Show Theatre World Awards Outstanding New York Debut Won 2001 tick , tick ... BOOM ! Obie Awards Outstanding Actor in a Musical Won 2001 tick , tick ... BOOM ! Drama Desk Awards Outstanding Actor in a Musical Nominated 2002 Sunday in the Park with George Helen Hayes Awards Outstanding Actor in a Musical Nominated 2003 Green Violin Barrymore Awards Outstanding Actor in a Musical Won Taboo Tony Awards Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical Nominated Taboo Drama Desk Awards Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Won 2005 N / A HOLA José Ferrer Tespis Awards N / A Won 2005 Chitty Chitty Bang Bang Outer Critics Circle Award Outstanding Lead Actor in a Musical Nominated 2006 Company at Cincinnati Playhouse in the Park Enquirer Acclaim Awards Outstanding Musical Lead Performance Won 2006 Company at Cincinnati Playhouse in the Park Cincinnati Entertainment Awards Outstanding Acting Performance by a Visiting Actor Won 2007 Company on Broadway Tony Awards Best Actor in a Musical Nominated 2007 Company on Broadway Drama Desk Awards Outstanding Actor in a Musical Won 2007 Company on Broadway Outer Circle Critics Awards Outstanding Actor in a Musical Won 2008 The Homecoming Tony Awards Best Featured Actor in a Play Nominated 2008 The Homecoming Drama Desk Awards Outstanding Ensemblr Performance Won 2009 Speed - the - Plow Tony Awards Best Actor in a Play Nominated 2009 Speed - the - Plow Drama Desk Awards Outstanding Actor in a Play Nominated 2011 Leap of Faith at the Ahmanson Theatre Ovation Awards Lead Actor in a Musical Won 2012 Leap of Faith on Broadway Drama Desk Awards Outstanding Actor in a Musical Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The International Jesuit Alumni Directory Belen ( Forum Press Inc. , 1994 ) Jump up ^ `` Grad Acting Alumnus Raúl Esparza on Shakespeare in the Park '' . tisch.nyu.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( December 22 , 2008 ) . `` ' Entourage ' Star Bashed For Being Diva '' . Fox News Channel . Retrieved January 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ BroadwayWorld.com `` Arcadia '' broadwayworld.com , December 12 , 2012 Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth . `` Leap of Faith , With Raúl Esparza at the Musical Pulpit , Opens on Broadway '' playbill.com , April 26 , 2012 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) theatermania.com , April 27 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Guide to Sondheim Shows '' sondheimguide.com , accessed July 10 , 2009 Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew. `` Julia and Josh Dazzle in All - Star ' Chess ' '' playbill.com , September 23 , 2003 Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . `` Hathaway , McDonald , White and Esparza Open ' Twelfth Night ' in Central Park June 25 '' , playbill.com , June 25 , 2009 Jump up ^ Healy , Patrick . `` Raúl Esparza Joins Anyone Can Whistle '' , The New York Times , March 17 , 2010 ; accessed May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The House of the Scorpion '' . Simon & Schuster . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Book Of Unholy Mischief '' . Simon & Schuster . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lyrics & Lyricists -- Babalu : The American Songbook Goes Latin '' . `` 92Y.org '' . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wes Craven 's 25 / 8 Becomes My Soul To Take '' . Collider.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Raul Esparza Makes Debut on Hannibal tonight '' . broadwayworld.com . May 2 , 2013 . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DeFore , John . `` ' Custody ' : Tribeca Review '' Hollywood Reporter , April 18 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Raul Esparza Set to Appear on Law & Order : SVU '' . broadwayworld.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Raul Esparza Upped To Regular On Law & Order : SVU '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lady 's Man '' . Law & Order : Criminal Intent . Season 8 . Episode 11 . 28 June 2009 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Blackmail '' . Law & Order . Season 20 . Episode 12 . 15 January 2010 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Sondheim 's `` Company '' reviewed for The Advocate by Don Shewey `` . Jump up ^ `` 9 Bisexual & Sexually Open Celebrities '' . Latina . Jump up ^ `` Raul Esparza biography '' . odssf.com . Jump up ^ Interview with New York Times , November 26 , 2006 ; accessed May 16 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website Raúl Esparza at the Internet Broadway Database Raúl Esparza on IMDb Raúl Esparza at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Video interview in which Esparza discusses his relationship to Catholicism Interview in which Esparza discusses his stage and film work Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Ted Ross ( 1975 ) George Rose ( 1976 ) Ken Bichel / Michael Mark / John Miller / Joseph Saulter ( 1977 ) Kevin Kline ( 1978 ) Ken Jennings ( 1979 ) Bob Gunton ( 1980 ) Tony Azito ( 1981 ) Cleavant Derricks ( 1982 ) Charles Coles ( 1983 ) Martin Vidnovic ( 1984 ) René Auberjonois ( 1985 ) Michael Rupert ( 1986 ) Michael Maguire ( 1987 ) Robert Westenberg ( 1988 ) Michael Jeter ( 1990 ) Bruce Adler ( 1991 ) Scott Waara ( 1992 ) Mark Michael Hutchinson ( 1993 ) Jarrod Emick ( 1994 ) Wilson Jermaine Heredia ( 1996 ) Joel Grey ( 1997 ) Gregg Edelman ( 1998 ) Roger Bart ( 1999 ) Stephen Spinella ( 2000 ) Gary Beach ( 2001 ) Shuler Hensley ( 2002 ) Dick Latessa ( 2003 ) Raúl Esparza ( 2004 ) Denis O'Hare ( 2005 ) Jim Dale ( 2006 ) Gavin Lee ( 2007 ) Boyd Gaines ( 2008 ) Gregory Jbara ( 2009 ) Christopher Fitzgerald ( 2010 ) John Larroquette ( 2011 ) Michael McGrath ( 2012 ) Bertie Carvel ( 2013 ) James Monroe Iglehart ( 2014 ) Christian Borle ( 2015 ) Christopher Fitzgerald ( 2016 ) Gavin Creel ( 2017 ) Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Musical John Cullum ( 1975 ) Ian Richardson ( 1976 ) Lenny Baker ( 1977 ) Ken Page ( 1978 ) Len Cariou ( 1979 ) Jim Dale ( 1980 ) Kevin Kline ( 1981 ) George Hearn ( 1984 ) Ron Richardson ( 1985 ) George Rose ( 1986 ) Robert Lindsay ( 1987 ) Michael Crawford ( 1988 ) Jason Alexander ( 1989 ) James Naughton ( 1990 ) Jonathan Pryce ( 1991 ) Gregory Hines / Nathan Lane ( 1992 ) Brent Carver ( 1993 ) Boyd Gaines ( 1994 ) Vernel Bagneris ( 1995 ) Nathan Lane ( 1996 ) Robert Cuccioli ( 1997 ) Alan Cumming ( 1998 ) Brent Carver ( 1999 ) Brian Stokes Mitchell ( 2000 ) Nathan Lane ( 2001 ) John Lithgow ( 2002 ) Antonio Banderas / Harvey Fierstein ( 2003 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2004 ) Norbert Leo Butz ( 2005 ) John Lloyd Young ( 2006 ) Raúl Esparza ( 2007 ) Paulo Szot ( 2008 ) Brian d'Arcy James ( 2009 ) Douglas Hodge ( 2010 ) Norbert Leo Butz ( 2011 ) Danny Burstein ( 2012 ) Billy Porter ( 2013 ) Neil Patrick Harris / Jefferson Mays ( 2014 ) Robert Fairchild ( 2015 ) Danny Burstein ( 2016 ) Andy Karl ( 2017 ) VIAF : 34107258 LCCN : no2001051779 ISNI : 0000 0000 4622 246X GND : 1020257849 IATH : w6fj49vt Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Raúl_Esparza&oldid = 803423682 '' Categories : 1970 births 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American male film actors American male stage actors American male musical theatre actors American male Shakespearean actors American male television actors American entertainers of Cuban descent American tenors Bisexual male actors Bisexual men Drama Desk Award winners Hispanic and Latino American male actors LGBT Hispanic and Latino American people LGBT entertainers from the United States LGBT people from Delaware Living people Male actors from Miami Male actors from Wilmington , Delaware Tisch School of the Arts alumni Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 13 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%25C3%25BAl%20Esparza	764
who does in season 8 of the walking dead	No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 100 `` Mercy '' Greg Nicotero Scott M. Gimple October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 11.44 Rick , Maggie , and Ezekiel rally their communities together to take down Negan . Gregory attempts to have the Hilltop residents side with Negan , but they all firmly stand behind Maggie . The group attacks the Sanctuary , taking down its fences and flooding the compound with walkers . With the Sanctuary defaced , everyone leaves except Gabriel , who reluctantly stays to save Gregory , but is left behind when Gregory abandons him . Surrounded by walkers , Gabriel hides in a trailer , where he is trapped inside with Negan . 101 `` The Damned '' Rosemary Rodriguez Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell October 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) 8.92 Rick 's forces split into separate parties to attack several of the Saviors ' outposts , during which many members of the group are killed ; Eric is critically injured and rushed away by Aaron . Jesus stops Tara and Morgan from executing a group of surrendered Saviors . While clearing an outpost with Daryl , Rick is confronted and held at gunpoint by Morales , a survivor he met in the initial Atlanta camp , who is now with the Saviors . 102 `` Monsters '' Greg Nicotero Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) 8.52 Daryl finds Morales threatening Rick and kills him ; the duo then pursue a group of Saviors who are transporting weapons to another outpost . Gregory returns to Hilltop , and after a heated argument , Maggie ultimately allows him back in the community . Eric dies from his injuries , leaving Aaron distraught . Despite Tara and Morgan 's objections , Jesus leads the group of surrendered Saviors to Hilltop . Ezekiel 's group attacks another Savior compound , during which Kingdom fighters are annihilated while protecting Ezekiel . 103 `` Some Guy '' Dan Liu David Leslie Johnson November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) 8.69 Ezekiel 's group is overwhelmed by the Saviors , who kill all of them except for Ezekiel himself and Jerry . Carol clears the inside of the compound , killing all but two Saviors , who almost escape but are eventually caught by Rick and Daryl . En route to the Kingdom , Ezekiel , Jerry , and Carol are surrounded by walkers , but Shiva sacrifices herself to save them . The trio returns to the Kingdom , where Ezekiel 's confidence in himself as a leader has diminished . 104 5 `` The Big Scary U '' Michael E. Satrazemis Story by : Scott M. Gimple & David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang Teleplay by : David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang November 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) 7.85 After confessing their sins to each other , Gabriel and Negan manage to escape from the trailer . Simon and the other lieutenants grow suspicious of each other , knowing that Rick 's forces must have inside information . The workers in the Sanctuary become increasingly frustrated with their living conditions , and a riot nearly ensues , until Negan returns and restores order . Gabriel is locked in a cell , where Eugene discovers him sick and suffering . Meanwhile , Rick and Daryl argue over how to take out the Saviors , leading Daryl to abandon Rick . 105 6 `` The King , the Widow , and Rick '' John Polson Angela Kang & Corey Reed November 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 26 ) 8.28 Rick visits Jadis in hopes of convincing her to turn against Negan ; Jadis refuses , and locks Rick in a shipping container . Carl encounters Siddiq in the woods and recruits him to Alexandria . Daryl and Tara plot to deviate from Rick 's plans by destroying the Sanctuary . Ezekiel isolates himself at the Kingdom , where Carol tries to encourage him to be the leader his people need . Maggie has the group of captured Saviors placed in a holding area and forces Gregory to join them as punishment for betraying Hilltop . 106 7 `` Time for After '' Larry Teng Matthew Negrete & Corey Reed December 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 03 ) 7.47 After learning of Dwight 's association with Rick 's group , Eugene affirms his loyalty to Negan and outlines a plan to get rid of the walkers surrounding the Sanctuary . With help from Morgan and Tara , Daryl drives a truck through the Sanctuary 's walls , flooding its interior with walkers , killing many Saviors . Rick finally convinces Jadis and the Scavengers to align with him , and they plan to force the Saviors to surrender . However , when they arrive at the Sanctuary , Rick is horrified to see the breached walls and no sign of the walker herd . 107 8 `` How It 's Gotta Be '' Michael E. Satrazemis David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang December 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) 7.89 Eugene 's plan allows the Saviors to escape the Sanctuary , and separately , the Saviors waylay the Alexandria , Hilltop , and Kingdom forces . The Scavengers abandon Rick , after which he returns to Alexandria . Aaron and Enid are ambushed by Oceanside soldiers , leading Enid to kill Natania . Ezekiel ensures that the Kingdom residents are able to escape before locking himself in the community with the Saviors . Eugene aids Gabriel and Doctor Carson in escaping the Sanctuary in order to ease his conscience . Negan attacks Alexandria , but Carl devises a plan to allow the Alexandria residents to escape into the sewers . Carl reveals he was bitten by a walker while escorting Siddiq to Alexandria . 108 9 `` Honor '' Greg Nicotero Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell February 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 25 ) 8.28 Realizing his time alive is limited , Carl writes several letters to his loved ones . After the Saviors leave Alexandria , the survivors make for the Hilltop while Rick and Michonne stay behind to say their final goodbyes to a dying Carl , who pleads with Rick to build a better future alongside the Saviors . Morgan and Carol launch a rescue mission for Ezekiel and successfully retake the Kingdom from the invading Saviors ; their lieutenant , Gavin , is killed by Benjamin 's vengeful younger brother , Henry . 109 10 `` The Lost and the Plunderers '' David Boyd Angela Kang & Channing Powell & Corey Reed March 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 04 ) 6.82 Aaron and Enid try to convince Oceanside to join the fight against the Saviors , but they refuse ; Enid returns to Hilltop while Aaron opts to stay at Oceanside until he can convince them to join . Upon learning of the Scavenger 's siding with Rick , Negan orders Simon to kill only one of Jadis ' people . Rick and Michonne travel to the junkyard to warn Jadis of the Saviors ' impending attack , but they are too late ; Simon had ordered the Saviors to slaughter the entire group ; Jadis , who managed to escape lures her reanimated comrades into a waste shredder to protect herself . 110 11 `` Dead or Alive Or '' Michael E. Satrazemis Eddie Guzelian March 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 11 ) 6.60 The Saviors hunt the surviving Alexandrians as they make their way to the Hilltop ; Dwight affirms his loyalty to Rick 's group as he distracts the Saviors and helps lead the group to safety . Eugene leads a crew of Saviors in crafting bullets at a new outpost while Negan plans to taint the Saviors ' weapons with walker blood , in order to make the others `` turn '' instead of killing them . Doctor Carson tries to help a feverish and nearly blind Gabriel to safety , but the Saviors eventually catch up , killing Carson and recapturing Gabriel . 111 12 `` The Key '' Greg Nicotero Corey Reed & Channing Powell March 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 18 ) 6.66 Maggie , Enid , Michonne and Rosita encounter a seemingly benevolent woman named Georgie , who gives them food and documents in exchange for phonograph records ; Georgie claims the documents to be `` a key to the future '' . Negan leads the Saviors to the Hilltop to send a warning via their newly tainted weapons ; Rick pursues the Saviors and chases Negan into a building . Negan eventually escapes , only to be captured at gunpoint by Jadis . Unable to find Negan , Simon instructs the Saviors to attack the Hilltop and `` expunge '' the community for good . 112 13 `` Do Not Send Us Astray '' Jeffrey F. January Angela Kang & Matthew Negrete March 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 25 ) 6.77 The Saviors attack the Hilltop with their tainted weapons , leading to a battle in which both sides suffer heavy casualties . Tara is non-fatally shot by Dwight in an effort to prevent Simon from killing her . Overnight , the injured die from their tainted wounds and attack the sleeping survivors after reanimating . Henry tries to take revenge for the murder of his brother , leading to the breakout of the Savior prisoners and the disappearance of Henry . Having seen the Saviors ' callous attitude for themselves , Alden and several other Saviors choose to remain at the Hilltop rather than return to the Saviors . 113 14 `` Still Gotta Mean Something '' Michael E. Satrazemis Eddie Guzelian April 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 01 ) 6.30 Carol and Morgan search for Henry while Rick hunts the escaped Savior prisoners ; Morgan abandons Carol and joins Rick , and together , they find and kill the prisoners . Jadis tortures Negan until he informs her that he had nothing to do with Simon massacring her people ; a helicopter flies nearby , but Jadis fails to catch its attention . Daryl and Rosita plot to stop Eugene from crafting ammunition for the Saviors . Carol finds Henry alive in the woods and they return to Hilltop . Upon Rick and Morgan 's return , Michonne encourages Rick to read Carl 's letter to him . 114 15 `` Worth '' Michael Slovis David Leslie Johnson - McGoldrick & Corey Reed April 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) 6.67 Negan returns to the Sanctuary and regains control of the Saviors . Dwight secretly prepares notes to Rick about Negan 's plans , and later sends Gregory to deliver the notes . Daryl and Rosita capture Eugene from his outpost , but he manages to escape and continues pushing his workers to craft bullets . Dwight lures Simon into a meeting where Negan accosts him for going against his orders with the Scavengers , and kills him in a fist fight . Negan then reveals that Laura informed him of Dwight 's siding with Rick , and that his planning was a ruse upon knowing of Dwight 's disloyalty . Negan is contacted by Michonne - who reads Carl 's letter to him at the request of making peace ; Negan remains intent on killing Rick and his allies once and for all . 115 16 `` Wrath '' Greg Nicotero Scott M. Gimple & Angela Kang & Matthew Negrete April 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 15 ) 7.92 Rick 's group follows the false plans given to them by Gregory , leading them into a trap . As the Saviors fire , their weapons backfire due to their ammo being sabotaged by Eugene . The surviving Saviors surrender , while Rick chases down Negan ; the two brawl and Rick manages to slice Negan 's neck , but immediately has Siddiq tend to the wound , knowing that Carl wanted Negan to survive . Meanwhile , an attack at the Hilltop is stopped with help from Aaron and the Oceanside soldiers . The survivors regroup and rebuild their communities , but Rick 's decision to spare Negan angers Maggie and she vows to take action against Rick in the future .		The Walking Dead ( season 8 )	the walking dead ( season 8 )	The eighth season of The Walking Dead , an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC , premiered on October 22 , 2017 , and concluded on April 15 , 2018 , consisting of 16 episodes . Developed for television by Frank Darabont , the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman , Tony Moore , and Charlie Adlard . The executive producers are Kirkman , David Alpert , Scott M. Gimple , Greg Nicotero , Tom Luse , and Gale Anne Hurd , with Gimple as showrunner for his fifth and final season . The eighth season received positive reviews from critics . It was nominated for multiple awards and won two , including Best Horror Television Series for the third consecutive year , at the 44th Saturn Awards .	This season adapts material from issues # 115 -- 126 of the comic book series and focuses on Rick Grimes ( Andrew Lincoln ) , his group of survivors and everyone at the Alexandria Safe - Zone , the Hilltop , the Kingdom , and later the Scavengers going to war with Negan ( Jeffrey Dean Morgan ) and the Saviors . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.1. 1 Starring 1.1. 2 Also starring 1.2 Supporting cast 1.2. 1 Alexandria Safe - Zone 1.2. 2 The Hilltop 1.2. 3 The Saviors 1.2. 4 The Kingdom 1.2. 5 Oceanside 1.2. 6 The Scavengers 1.2. 7 Miscellaneous 2 Production 3 Episodes 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Accolades 5.3 Ratings 6 Home media 7 References 8 External links Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Walking Dead ( TV series ) characters Main cast ( edit ) The primary characters of the eighth season include ( from left to right ) : Rick , Carol , Morgan , Daryl , Carl , Enid , Rosita , Tara , Michonne , Gabriel , Aaron , Maggie , Jesus , Gregory , Shiva , Ezekiel , Jadis , Eugene , Simon , Dwight , and Negan The eighth season features twenty series regulars overall . For this season , Katelyn Nacon , Khary Payton , Steven Ogg , and Pollyanna McIntosh were promoted to series regular status , after previously having recurring roles , while Seth Gilliam and Ross Marquand were added to the opening credits . This is the first season not to include Steven Yeun , Michael Cudlitz , Austin Nichols and Sonequa Martin - Green ( since their first appearance on the show ) , who were all credited as either a series regular or main cast member in previous seasons . Starring ( edit ) Andrew Lincoln as Rick Grimes , the series ' protagonist , a former sheriff and the leader of Alexandria , who is leading a new alliance to fight Negan and the Saviors . Norman Reedus as Daryl Dixon , Rick 's right - hand man , the group 's primary hunter and a recruiter for Alexandria . Lauren Cohan as Maggie Rhee , the pregnant widow of Glenn and a leading figure of the Hilltop . Chandler Riggs as Carl Grimes , Rick 's bold and courageous teenage son . Danai Gurira as Michonne , Rick 's katana - wielding girlfriend , who acts as a mother figure to Carl and Judith . Melissa McBride as Carol Peletier , a fierce survivor who is spurred into fighting the Saviors as revenge for the deaths of her friends . Lennie James as Morgan Jones , the first survivor Rick had ever encountered , who now resides in the Kingdom and fights for his sanity . Alanna Masterson as Tara Chambler , a caring , witty member of the group and supply runner for Alexandria who serves as a liaison with Oceanside . Josh McDermitt as Eugene Porter , a timorous former member of the group whose resourcefulness leads Negan to take him under his wing . Christian Serratos as Rosita Espinosa , an impulsive member of the group , who is motivated to avenge her ex-boyfriend Spencer and Abraham 's death . Seth Gilliam as Gabriel Stokes , a priest who has become hardened from his experiences with Rick 's group . Ross Marquand as Aaron , an Alexandrian recruiter who brought Rick 's group to Alexandria and is currently in the fight against the Saviors . Jeffrey Dean Morgan as Negan , the leader of the Saviors who serves as the season 's primary antagonist . Also Starring ( edit ) Austin Amelio as Dwight , a former subordinate of Negan who now works for Rick as a double agent against the Saviors . Tom Payne as Paul `` Jesus '' Rovia , a scout for the Hilltop . Xander Berkeley as Gregory , the selfish and hypocritical leader of the Hilltop whose influence diminished with Maggie 's prominence . Khary Payton as Ezekiel , the charismatic leader of the Kingdom who allies with Rick against the Saviors . Steven Ogg as Simon , a former mortgage broker and Negan 's second - in - command , he does not hide his intentions to overthrow Negan . Katelyn Nacon as Enid , a former member of Alexandria who moved to Hilltop to be with Maggie , and has formed a relationship with Carl . Pollyanna McIntosh as Jadis / Anne , the deceptive leader of the Scavengers who betrayed Rick 's group , and maintains a neutral stance in the war . Supporting cast ( edit ) Alexandria Safe - Zone ( edit ) Jason Douglas as Tobin , the foreman of Alexandria 's construction crew and member of Rick 's militia . Jordan Woods - Robinson as Eric Raleigh , Aaron 's boyfriend and his former recruiting partner , who is now a member of Rick 's militia . Kenric Green as Scott , a supply runner in Alexandria and member of Rick 's militia . Dahlia Legault as Francine , a member of Alexandria 's construction crew and member of Rick 's militia . Mandi Christine Kerr as Barbara , resident of Alexandria . Ted Huckabee as Bruce , resident and member of Alexandria 's construction and member of Rick 's militia . The Hilltop ( edit ) James Chen as Kal , a guard of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop 's militia . Peter Zimmerman as Eduardo , a guard of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop 's militia . Karen Ceesay as Bertie , a resident of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop 's militia . Jeremy Palko as Andy , a resident of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop 's militia . Brett Gentile as Freddie , a resident of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop 's militia . R. Keith Harris as Harlan Carson , is the doctor of the Hilltop , who was captured by Simon in the previous season . The Saviors ( edit ) Jayson Warner Smith as Gavin , one of Negan 's top lieutenants , who leads the weapons base . Traci Dinwiddie as Regina , one of Negan 's top lieutenants . Elizabeth Ludlow as Arat , one of Negan 's top lieutenants . Mike Seal as Gary , one of Negan 's top lieutenants and accomplice of Simon in his plans to overthrow Negan . Lindsley Register as Laura , one of Negan 's top lieutenants . Juan Pareja as Morales , a survivor from Rick 's original Atlanta camp who joined the Saviors . Joshua Mikel as Jared , Benjamin 's killer , and a hostile member of the Saviors who antagonizes Morgan . Callan McAuliffe as Alden , a member of the Saviors who surrenders to Jesus at the satellite station outpost . Lindsey Garrett as Mara , a Savior who guards one of many outposts . Lee Norris as Todd , a timid member of the Saviors who works at the same outpost as Mara . Whitmer Thomas as Gunther , a member of the Saviors who tortures Ezekiel . Charles Halford as Yago , a Savior who manages Gavin 's weapons base . Ciera L. Payton as Zia , a Savior whom Rosita and Michonne encounter at a supply warehouse . Adam Cronan as Leo , a Savior whom Rosita and Michonne encounter at a supply warehouse . Chloe Aktas as Tanya , one of Negan 's wives . Elyse Dufour as Frankie , one of Negan 's wives . Adam Fristoe as Dean , a Savior who tried to kill Jesus . The Kingdom ( edit ) Cooper Andrews as Jerry , Ezekiel 's loyal and good - natured bodyguard . Kerry Cahill as Dianne , one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers and a skilled archer . Daniel Newman as Daniel , one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers . Carlos Navarro as Alvaro , one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers . Macsen Lintz as Henry , a resident of the Kingdom and younger brother of the deceased Benjamin , who wants revenge on the saviors for the death of his brother . Jason Burkey as Kevin , a resident of the Kingdom . Nadine Marissa as Nabila , a resident and gardener of the Kingdom . Oceanside ( edit ) Deborah May as Natania , the vigilant leader of Oceanside . Sydney Park as Cyndie , Natania 's granddaughter . Briana Venskus as Beatrice , one of Oceanside 's top soldiers . Nicole Barré as Kathy , one of Oceanside 's top soldiers . Mimi Kirkland as Rachel , an aggressive young member of Oceanside . The Scavengers ( edit ) Sabrina Gennarino as Tamiel , a leading member of the Scavengers . Thomas Francis Murphy as Brion , a leading member of the Scavengers . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Avi Nash as Siddiq , a mysterious vagabond survivor who befriends Carl . Jayne Atkinson as Georgie , the leader of a mysterious humanitarian group . Production ( edit ) The Walking Dead was renewed by AMC for a 16 - episode eighth season on October 16 , 2016 . Production began on April 25 , 2017 , in Atlanta , Georgia . On July 12 , 2017 , production was shut down after stuntman John Bernecker was killed , after falling more than 20 feet onto a concrete floor . Production resumed on July 17 . The season premiere , which also serves as the series ' milestone 100th episode , was directed by executive producer Greg Nicotero . In November 2017 , it was announced that Lennie James who portrays Morgan Jones , would be leaving The Walking Dead after the conclusion of this season , and he will join the cast of the spin - off series Fear the Walking Dead . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Walking Dead episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 100 `` Mercy '' Greg Nicotero Scott M. Gimple October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 11.44 Rick , Maggie , and Ezekiel rally their communities together to take down Negan . Gregory attempts to have the Hilltop residents side with Negan , but they all firmly stand behind Maggie . The group attacks the Sanctuary , taking down its fences and flooding the compound with walkers . With the Sanctuary defaced , everyone leaves except Gabriel , who reluctantly stays to save Gregory , but is left behind when Gregory abandons him . Surrounded by walkers , Gabriel hides in a trailer , where he is trapped inside with Negan . 101 `` The Damned '' Rosemary Rodriguez Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell October 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) 8.92 Rick 's forces split into separate parties to attack several of the Saviors ' outposts , during which many members of the group are killed ; Eric is critically injured and rushed away by Aaron . Jesus stops Tara and Morgan from executing a group of surrendered Saviors . While clearing an outpost with Daryl , Rick is confronted and held at gunpoint by Morales , a survivor he met in the initial Atlanta camp , who is now with the Saviors . 102 `` Monsters '' Greg Nicotero Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) 8.52 Daryl finds Morales threatening Rick and kills him ; the duo then pursue a group of Saviors who are transporting weapons to another outpost . Gregory returns to Hilltop , and after a heated argument , Maggie ultimately allows him back in the community . Eric dies from his injuries , leaving Aaron distraught . Despite Tara and Morgan 's objections , Jesus leads the group of surrendered Saviors to Hilltop . Ezekiel 's group attacks another Savior compound , during which Kingdom fighters are annihilated while protecting Ezekiel . 103 `` Some Guy '' Dan Liu David Leslie Johnson November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) 8.69 Ezekiel 's group is overwhelmed by the Saviors , who kill all of them except for Ezekiel himself and Jerry . Carol clears the inside of the compound , killing all but two Saviors , who almost escape but are eventually caught by Rick and Daryl . En route to the Kingdom , Ezekiel , Jerry , and Carol are surrounded by walkers , but Shiva sacrifices herself to save them . The trio returns to the Kingdom , where Ezekiel 's confidence in himself as a leader has diminished . 104 5 `` The Big Scary U '' Michael E. Satrazemis Story by : Scott M. Gimple & David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang Teleplay by : David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang November 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) 7.85 After confessing their sins to each other , Gabriel and Negan manage to escape from the trailer . Simon and the other lieutenants grow suspicious of each other , knowing that Rick 's forces must have inside information . The workers in the Sanctuary become increasingly frustrated with their living conditions , and a riot nearly ensues , until Negan returns and restores order . Gabriel is locked in a cell , where Eugene discovers him sick and suffering . Meanwhile , Rick and Daryl argue over how to take out the Saviors , leading Daryl to abandon Rick . 105 6 `` The King , the Widow , and Rick '' John Polson Angela Kang & Corey Reed November 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 26 ) 8.28 Rick visits Jadis in hopes of convincing her to turn against Negan ; Jadis refuses , and locks Rick in a shipping container . Carl encounters Siddiq in the woods and recruits him to Alexandria . Daryl and Tara plot to deviate from Rick 's plans by destroying the Sanctuary . Ezekiel isolates himself at the Kingdom , where Carol tries to encourage him to be the leader his people need . Maggie has the group of captured Saviors placed in a holding area and forces Gregory to join them as punishment for betraying Hilltop . 106 7 `` Time for After '' Larry Teng Matthew Negrete & Corey Reed December 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 03 ) 7.47 After learning of Dwight 's association with Rick 's group , Eugene affirms his loyalty to Negan and outlines a plan to get rid of the walkers surrounding the Sanctuary . With help from Morgan and Tara , Daryl drives a truck through the Sanctuary 's walls , flooding its interior with walkers , killing many Saviors . Rick finally convinces Jadis and the Scavengers to align with him , and they plan to force the Saviors to surrender . However , when they arrive at the Sanctuary , Rick is horrified to see the breached walls and no sign of the walker herd . 107 8 `` How It 's Gotta Be '' Michael E. Satrazemis David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang December 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) 7.89 Eugene 's plan allows the Saviors to escape the Sanctuary , and separately , the Saviors waylay the Alexandria , Hilltop , and Kingdom forces . The Scavengers abandon Rick , after which he returns to Alexandria . Aaron and Enid are ambushed by Oceanside soldiers , leading Enid to kill Natania . Ezekiel ensures that the Kingdom residents are able to escape before locking himself in the community with the Saviors . Eugene aids Gabriel and Doctor Carson in escaping the Sanctuary in order to ease his conscience . Negan attacks Alexandria , but Carl devises a plan to allow the Alexandria residents to escape into the sewers . Carl reveals he was bitten by a walker while escorting Siddiq to Alexandria . 108 9 `` Honor '' Greg Nicotero Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell February 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 25 ) 8.28 Realizing his time alive is limited , Carl writes several letters to his loved ones . After the Saviors leave Alexandria , the survivors make for the Hilltop while Rick and Michonne stay behind to say their final goodbyes to a dying Carl , who pleads with Rick to build a better future alongside the Saviors . Morgan and Carol launch a rescue mission for Ezekiel and successfully retake the Kingdom from the invading Saviors ; their lieutenant , Gavin , is killed by Benjamin 's vengeful younger brother , Henry . 109 10 `` The Lost and the Plunderers '' David Boyd Angela Kang & Channing Powell & Corey Reed March 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 04 ) 6.82 Aaron and Enid try to convince Oceanside to join the fight against the Saviors , but they refuse ; Enid returns to Hilltop while Aaron opts to stay at Oceanside until he can convince them to join . Upon learning of the Scavenger 's siding with Rick , Negan orders Simon to kill only one of Jadis ' people . Rick and Michonne travel to the junkyard to warn Jadis of the Saviors ' impending attack , but they are too late ; Simon had ordered the Saviors to slaughter the entire group ; Jadis , who managed to escape lures her reanimated comrades into a waste shredder to protect herself . 110 11 `` Dead or Alive Or '' Michael E. Satrazemis Eddie Guzelian March 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 11 ) 6.60 The Saviors hunt the surviving Alexandrians as they make their way to the Hilltop ; Dwight affirms his loyalty to Rick 's group as he distracts the Saviors and helps lead the group to safety . Eugene leads a crew of Saviors in crafting bullets at a new outpost while Negan plans to taint the Saviors ' weapons with walker blood , in order to make the others `` turn '' instead of killing them . Doctor Carson tries to help a feverish and nearly blind Gabriel to safety , but the Saviors eventually catch up , killing Carson and recapturing Gabriel . 111 12 `` The Key '' Greg Nicotero Corey Reed & Channing Powell March 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 18 ) 6.66 Maggie , Enid , Michonne and Rosita encounter a seemingly benevolent woman named Georgie , who gives them food and documents in exchange for phonograph records ; Georgie claims the documents to be `` a key to the future '' . Negan leads the Saviors to the Hilltop to send a warning via their newly tainted weapons ; Rick pursues the Saviors and chases Negan into a building . Negan eventually escapes , only to be captured at gunpoint by Jadis . Unable to find Negan , Simon instructs the Saviors to attack the Hilltop and `` expunge '' the community for good . 112 13 `` Do Not Send Us Astray '' Jeffrey F. January Angela Kang & Matthew Negrete March 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 25 ) 6.77 The Saviors attack the Hilltop with their tainted weapons , leading to a battle in which both sides suffer heavy casualties . Tara is non-fatally shot by Dwight in an effort to prevent Simon from killing her . Overnight , the injured die from their tainted wounds and attack the sleeping survivors after reanimating . Henry tries to take revenge for the murder of his brother , leading to the breakout of the Savior prisoners and the disappearance of Henry . Having seen the Saviors ' callous attitude for themselves , Alden and several other Saviors choose to remain at the Hilltop rather than return to the Saviors . 113 14 `` Still Gotta Mean Something '' Michael E. Satrazemis Eddie Guzelian April 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 01 ) 6.30 Carol and Morgan search for Henry while Rick hunts the escaped Savior prisoners ; Morgan abandons Carol and joins Rick , and together , they find and kill the prisoners . Jadis tortures Negan until he informs her that he had nothing to do with Simon massacring her people ; a helicopter flies nearby , but Jadis fails to catch its attention . Daryl and Rosita plot to stop Eugene from crafting ammunition for the Saviors . Carol finds Henry alive in the woods and they return to Hilltop . Upon Rick and Morgan 's return , Michonne encourages Rick to read Carl 's letter to him . 114 15 `` Worth '' Michael Slovis David Leslie Johnson - McGoldrick & Corey Reed April 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) 6.67 Negan returns to the Sanctuary and regains control of the Saviors . Dwight secretly prepares notes to Rick about Negan 's plans , and later sends Gregory to deliver the notes . Daryl and Rosita capture Eugene from his outpost , but he manages to escape and continues pushing his workers to craft bullets . Dwight lures Simon into a meeting where Negan accosts him for going against his orders with the Scavengers , and kills him in a fist fight . Negan then reveals that Laura informed him of Dwight 's siding with Rick , and that his planning was a ruse upon knowing of Dwight 's disloyalty . Negan is contacted by Michonne - who reads Carl 's letter to him at the request of making peace ; Negan remains intent on killing Rick and his allies once and for all . 115 16 `` Wrath '' Greg Nicotero Scott M. Gimple & Angela Kang & Matthew Negrete April 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 15 ) 7.92 Rick 's group follows the false plans given to them by Gregory , leading them into a trap . As the Saviors fire , their weapons backfire due to their ammo being sabotaged by Eugene . The surviving Saviors surrender , while Rick chases down Negan ; the two brawl and Rick manages to slice Negan 's neck , but immediately has Siddiq tend to the wound , knowing that Carl wanted Negan to survive . Meanwhile , an attack at the Hilltop is stopped with help from Aaron and the Oceanside soldiers . The survivors regroup and rebuild their communities , but Rick 's decision to spare Negan angers Maggie and she vows to take action against Rick in the future . Release ( edit ) The first trailer for the season was released on July 21 , 2017 at the San Diego Comic - Con . The second trailer was released on February 1 , 2018 for the second part of the season . On March 15 , 2018 , it was announced that the season finale and the fourth season premiere of Fear the Walking Dead would be screened at AMC , Regal , and Cinemark theaters across the United States on April 15 , the same day as the TV airing , for `` Survival Sunday : The Walking Dead & Fear the Walking Dead '' . The episodes marked the first crossover between the two series . The cinema screening also included an extra half - hour of exclusive bonus content . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The eighth season of The Walking Dead has received mixed reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season holds a score of 67 % with an average rating of 6.68 out of 10 , based on 15 reviews , and an average episode score 72 % . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` The Walking Dead 's eighth season energizes its characters with some much - needed angst and action , though it 's still occasionally choppy and lacking forward - moving plot progression . '' The Walking Dead ( season 8 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 8 ( 2017 -- 18 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Accolades ( edit ) See also : List of awards and nominations received by The Walking Dead For the 44th Saturn Awards , the eight season of The Walking Dead received seven nominations , winning two . It won Best Horror Television Series and Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series ( Chandler Riggs ) . The nominations were for Best Actor on Television ( Andrew Lincoln ) , Best Supporting Actor on Television ( Khary Payton ) , Best Supporting Actress on Television ( Danai Gurira and Melissa McBride ) , and Best Guest Starring Role on Television ( Jeffrey Dean Morgan ) . The first half of the season was nominated for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series at the 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Mercy '' October 22 , 2017 5.0 11.44 2.2 4.28 7.2 15.74 `` The Damned '' October 29 , 2017 4.0 8.92 2.0 4.16 6.0 13.10 `` Monsters '' November 5 , 2017 3.8 8.52 2.2 4.47 6.0 13.01 `` Some Guy '' November 12 , 2017 3.9 8.69 1.8 3.66 5.7 12.36 5 `` The Big Scary U '' November 19 , 2017 3.4 7.85 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` The King , the Widow , and Rick '' November 26 , 2017 3.6 8.28 4.44 5.7 12.73 7 `` Time for After '' December 3 , 2017 3.3 7.47 1.9 4.15 5.2 11.63 8 `` How It 's Gotta Be '' December 10 , 2017 3.4 7.89 2.0 4.23 5.4 12.13 9 `` Honor '' February 25 , 2018 3.6 8.28 N / A N / A N / A N / A 10 `` The Lost and the Plunderers '' March 4 , 2018 2.9 6.82 1.7 3.80 4.6 10.63 11 `` Dead or Alive Or '' March 11 , 2018 2.8 6.60 1.6 3.44 4.4 10.06 12 `` The Key '' March 18 , 2018 2.8 6.66 1.7 3.76 4.5 10.44 13 `` Do Not Send Us Astray '' March 25 , 2018 3.0 6.77 1.7 3.82 4.7 10.62 14 `` Still Gotta Mean Something '' April 1 , 2018 2.6 6.30 1.8 3.68 4.4 9.99 15 `` Worth '' April 8 , 2018 2.8 6.67 1.7 3.64 4.5 10.32 16 `` Wrath '' April 15 , 2018 3.4 7.92 1.6 3.30 5.0 11.24 ^ 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . Home media ( edit ) The eighth season was released on Blu - ray and DVD on August 21 , 2018 . The set includes three audio commentaries and three featurettes . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Reigns at Saturn Awards , ' Better Call Saul ' and ' Twin Peaks ' Top TV Field '' . Variety . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' Promotes Trio to Series Regular for Season 8 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead Promotes 3 Actors to Series Regular Ahead of Season 8 '' . TV Line . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( October 16 , 2016 ) . `` Walking Dead gets early season 8 renewal '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead Cast And Crew Assemble For Season 8 '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' Stuntman Dies After On - Set Accident '' . Variety . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' Production Resumes After Stuntman 's Death '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Greg Nicotero To Direct The Walking Dead Episode 100 , Season 8 Premiere '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ross , Dalton ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead : Lennie James will cross over to Fear The Walking Dead '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' has lowest - rated premiere since Season 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' stumbles to 5 - year low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Shameless ' has its best premiere in 4 - plus years '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' improves , ' Shameless ' dips in week 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : 6 - year low for ' The Walking Dead ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : Hallmark 's ' Switched for Christmas ' hits a high , ' Walking Dead ' rebounds some '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' goes low again '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Walking Dead ' fall finale ticks up , Season 8 still way down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' returns a little higher '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' at lowest point since Season 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' goes even lower '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' levels off '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Terror ' gets decent start behind ' The Walking Dead ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' falls , NCAA women 's championship off a little '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Walking Dead , ' ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' improve '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' opens higher '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead season 8 trailer teases surprise flash - forward '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nyren , Erin ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' Finale and ' Fear ' Premiere to Screen in Theaters '' . Variety . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Walking Dead : Season 8 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards : NOMINEES AND RECIPIENTS '' . Screen Actors Guild . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' premiere grows a lot , still trails Season 7 debut by a lot : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 16 - 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead , ' ' AHS : Cult ' way above everything else in cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 23 - 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Cult ' triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 30 - Nov. 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' keeps pace in cable Live + 3 ratings for Nov. 6 - 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' laps the field in cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 20 - 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' outpaces everything else in cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 27 - Dec. 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Top Chef ' premiere more than doubles in cable Live + 7 ratings for Dec. 4 - 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' stays atop the cable Live + 7 ratings for Feb. 26 - March 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Atlanta ' and ' The Alienist ' make more solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 5 - 11 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Fosters ' finale doubles in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 12 - 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Krypton ' premiere makes solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 19 - 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Siren ' premiere doubles in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 26 - April 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fixer Upper ' finale goes out strong : Cable Live + 7 ratings for April 2 - 8 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Last O.G. ' scores for TBS in cable Live + 7 ratings for April 9 - 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead : The Complete Eighth Season Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . June 20 , 2018 . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Horror fiction portal Television portal Official website List of The Walking Dead episodes on IMDb List of The Walking Dead episodes at TV.com The Walking Dead Robert Kirkman Tony Moore Charlie Adlard Comic books The Walking Dead Television series The Walking Dead Episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 9 Accolades Soundtrack Vol. 1 Talking Dead Fear the Walking Dead Episodes season 1 Web series The Walking Dead Torn Apart Cold Storage Fear the Walking Dead Flight 462 Miscellaneous Video games Season One `` 400 Days '' Two Michonne Three : A New Frontier Four : The Final Season Other games Survival Instinct Road to Survival Overkill Tekken 7 Rides The Walking Dead : The Ride Novels Rise of the Governor The Road to Woodbury The Fall of the Governor Descent Invasion Search and Destroy Return to Woodbury Characters Lists Comic book series Television series Aaron Alden Amy Jessie Anderson Andrea Tara Chambler Madison Clark ( Fear the Walking Dead ) Clementine ( video game ) Daryl Dixon Merle Dixon Dwight Rosita Espinosa Lee Everett ( video game ) King Ezekiel Abraham Ford Gareth The Governor Gregory Beth Greene Hershel Greene Maggie Greene Carl Grimes Lori Grimes Rick Grimes Dale Horvath Jadis Morgan Jones Milton Mamet Caesar Martinez Deanna Monroe Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe Spencer Monroe Morales Michonne Negan Olivia The Prisoners Carol Peletier Sophia Peletier Eugene Porter Glenn Rhee Lizzie and Mika Samuels Siddiq Simon Gabriel Stokes Bob Stookey T - Dog Shane Walsh Sasha Williams Tyreese Williams Category The Walking Dead episodes Season 1 `` Days Gone Bye '' `` Guts '' `` Tell It to the Frogs '' `` Vatos '' `` Wildfire '' `` TS - 19 '' Season 2 `` What Lies Ahead '' `` Bloodletting '' `` Save the Last One '' `` Cherokee Rose '' `` Chupacabra '' `` Secrets '' `` Pretty Much Dead Already '' `` Nebraska '' `` Triggerfinger '' `` 18 Miles Out '' `` Judge , Jury , Executioner '' `` Better Angels '' `` Beside the Dying Fire '' Season 3 `` Seed '' `` Sick '' `` Walk with Me '' `` Killer Within '' `` Say the Word '' `` Hounded '' `` When the Dead Come Knocking '' `` Made to Suffer '' `` The Suicide King '' `` Home '' `` I Ai n't a Judas '' `` Clear '' `` Arrow on the Doorpost '' `` Prey '' `` This Sorrowful Life '' `` Welcome to the Tombs '' Season 4 `` 30 Days Without an Accident '' `` Infected '' `` Isolation '' `` Indifference '' `` Internment '' `` Live Bait '' `` Dead Weight '' `` Too Far Gone '' `` After '' `` Inmates '' `` Claimed '' `` Still '' `` Alone '' `` The Grove '' `` Us '' `` A '' Season 5 `` No Sanctuary '' `` Strangers '' `` Four Walls and a Roof '' `` Slabtown '' `` Self Help '' `` Consumed '' `` Crossed '' `` Coda '' `` What Happened and What 's Going On '' `` Them '' `` The Distance '' `` Remember '' `` Forget '' `` Spend '' `` Try '' `` Conquer '' Season 6 `` First Time Again '' `` JSS '' `` Thank You '' `` Here 's Not Here '' `` Now '' `` Always Accountable '' `` Heads Up '' `` Start to Finish '' `` No Way Out '' `` The Next World '' `` Knots Untie '' `` Not Tomorrow Yet '' `` The Same Boat '' `` Twice as Far '' `` East '' `` Last Day on Earth '' Season 7 `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' `` The Well '' `` The Cell '' `` Service '' `` Go Getters '' `` Swear '' `` Sing Me a Song '' `` Hearts Still Beating '' `` Rock in the Road '' `` New Best Friends '' `` Hostiles and Calamities '' `` Say Yes '' `` Bury Me Here '' `` The Other Side '' `` Something They Need '' `` The First Day of the Rest of Your Life '' Season 8 `` Mercy '' `` The Damned '' `` Monsters '' `` Some Guy '' `` The Big Scary U '' `` The King , the Widow , and Rick '' `` Time for After '' `` How It 's Gotta Be '' `` Honor '' `` The Lost and the Plunderers '' `` Dead or Alive Or '' `` The Key '' `` Do Not Send Us Astray '' `` Still Gotta Mean Something '' `` Worth '' `` Wrath '' Season 9 Webisodes Torn Apart Cold Storage Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Walking_Dead_(season_8)&oldid=856114830 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons The Walking Dead ( TV series ) episodes Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Articles with short description Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Português Русский Tiếng Việt 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 00 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Walking%20Dead%20%28season%208%29	765
when was the lovesong of j alfred prufrock published	`` The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock '' , commonly known as `` Prufrock '' , is the first professionally published poem by American - born , British poet T.S. Eliot ( 1888 -- 1965 ) . Eliot began writing `` Prufrock '' in February 1910 , and it was first published in the June 1915 issue of Poetry : A Magazine of Verse at the instigation of Ezra Pound ( 1885 -- 1972 ) . It was later printed as part of a twelve - poem pamphlet ( or chapbook ) titled Prufrock and Other Observations in 1917 . At the time of its publication , Prufrock was considered outlandish , but is now seen as heralding a paradigmatic cultural shift from late 19th - century Romantic verse and Georgian lyrics to Modernism .	June 1915	The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock	the love song of j. alfred prufrock	`` The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock '' , commonly known as `` Prufrock '' , is the first professionally published poem by American - born , British poet T.S. Eliot ( 1888 -- 1965 ) . Eliot began writing `` Prufrock '' in February 1910 , and it was first published in the June 1915 issue of Poetry : A Magazine of Verse at the instigation of Ezra Pound ( 1885 -- 1972 ) . It was later printed as part of a twelve - poem pamphlet ( or chapbook ) titled Prufrock and Other Observations in 1917 . At the time of its publication , Prufrock was considered outlandish , but is now seen as heralding a paradigmatic cultural shift from late 19th - century Romantic verse and Georgian lyrics to Modernism .	The poem 's structure was heavily influenced by Eliot 's extensive reading of Dante Alighieri and makes several references to the Bible and other literary works -- including William Shakespeare 's plays Henry IV Part II , Twelfth Night , and Hamlet , the poetry of seventeenth - century metaphysical poet Andrew Marvell , and the nineteenth - century French Symbolists . Eliot narrates the experience of Prufrock using the stream of consciousness technique developed by his fellow Modernist writers . The poem , described as a `` drama of literary anguish '' , is a dramatic interior monologue of an urban man , stricken with feelings of isolation and an incapability for decisive action that is said `` to epitomize frustration and impotence of the modern individual '' and `` represent thwarted desires and modern disillusionment '' . Prufrock laments his physical and intellectual inertia , the lost opportunities in his life and lack of spiritual progress , and he is haunted by reminders of unattained carnal love . With visceral feelings of weariness , regret , embarrassment , longing , emasculation , sexual frustration , a sense of decay , and an awareness of mortality , `` Prufrock '' has become one of the most recognised voices in modern literature . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition and publication history 1.1 Writing and first publication 1.2 Prufrock 's Pervigilium 1.3 Critical reception 2 Description 2.1 Title 2.2 Epigraph 2.3 Themes and interpretation 2.4 Use of allusion 3 Notes 4 Further reading 5 External links Composition and publication History ( edit ) T.S. Eliot in 1923 , photographed by Lady Ottoline Morrell Writing and first publication ( edit ) Eliot wrote `` The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock '' between February 1910 and July or August 1911 . Shortly after arriving in England to attend Merton College , Oxford , Eliot was introduced to American expatriate poet Ezra Pound , who instantly deemed Eliot `` worth watching '' and aided the start of Eliot 's career . Pound served as the overseas editor of Poetry : A Magazine of Verse and recommended to the magazine 's founder , Harriet Monroe , that Poetry publish `` The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock '' , extolling that Eliot and his work embodied a new and unique phenomenon among contemporary writers . Pound claimed that Eliot `` has actually trained himself AND modernized himself ON HIS OWN . The rest of the promising young have done one or the other , but never both . '' The poem was first published by the magazine in its June 1915 issue . In November 1915 `` The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock '' -- along with Eliot 's poems `` Portrait of a Lady , '' `` The Boston Evening Transcript , '' `` Hysteria , '' and `` Miss Helen Slingsby '' -- was included in Catholic Anthology 1914 -- 1915 edited by Ezra Pound and printed by Elkin Mathews in London . In June 1917 The Egoist , a small publishing firm run by Dora Marsden , published a pamphlet entitled Prufrock and Other Observations ( London ) , containing twelve poems by Eliot . `` The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock '' was the first in the volume . Also Eliot was appointed assistant editor of the Egoist in June 1917 . Prufrock 's Pervigilium ( edit ) According to Eliot biographer Lyndall Gordon , when Eliot was writing the first drafts of Prufrock in his notebook in 1910 -- 1911 , he intentionally kept four pages blank in the middle section of the poem . According to the notebooks , now in the collection of the New York Public Library , Eliot finished the poem that was originally published sometime in July and August 1911 -- when he was 22 years old . In 1912 , Eliot revised the poem and included a 38 - line section now called `` Prufrock 's Pervigilium '' which was inserted on those blank pages , and intended as a middle section for the poem . However , Eliot removed this section soon after seeking the advice of his fellow Harvard acquaintance and poet Conrad Aiken . This section would not be included in the original publication of Eliot 's poem but was included when published posthumously in the 1996 collection of Eliot 's early , unpublished drafts in Inventions of the March Hare : Poems 1909 -- 1917 . This Pervigilium section describes the `` vigil '' of Prufrock through an evening and night described by one reviewer as an `` erotic foray into the narrow streets of a social and emotional underworld '' that portray `` in clammy detail Prufrock 's tramping ' through certain half - deserted streets ' and the context of his ' muttering retreats / Of restless nights in one - night cheap hotels . ' '' Critical reception ( edit ) Its reception in London can be gauged from an unsigned review in The Times Literary Supplement on 21 June 1917 . `` The fact that these things occurred to the mind of Mr. Eliot is surely of the very smallest importance to anyone , even to himself . They certainly have no relation to poetry . '' The Harvard Vocarium at Harvard College recorded Eliot 's reading of Prufrock and other poems in 1947 , as part of their ongoing series of poetry readings by their authors . Description ( edit ) Title ( edit ) In his early drafts , Eliot gave the poem the subtitle `` Prufrock among the Women . '' This subtitle was apparently discarded before publication . Eliot called the poem a `` love song '' in reference to Rudyard Kipling 's poem `` The Love Song of Har Dyal , '' first published in Kipling 's collection Plain Tales from the Hills ( 1888 ) . In 1959 , Eliot addressed a meeting of the Kipling Society and discussed the influence of Kipling upon his own poetry : Traces of Kipling appear in my own mature verse where no diligent scholarly sleuth has yet observed them , but which I am myself prepared to disclose . I once wrote a poem called `` The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock '' : I am convinced that it would never have been called `` Love Song '' but for a title of Kipling 's that stuck obstinately in my head : `` The Love Song of Har Dyal '' . However , the origin of the name Prufrock is not certain , and Eliot never remarked on its origin other than to claim he was unsure of how he came upon the name . Many scholars and indeed Eliot himself have pointed towards the autobiographical elements in the character of Prufrock , and Eliot at the time of writing the poem was in the habit of rendering his name as `` T. Stearns Eliot , '' very similar in form to that of J. Alfred Prufrock . It is suggested that the name `` Prufrock '' came from Eliot 's youth in St. Louis , Missouri , where the Prufrock - Litton Company , a large furniture store , occupied one city block downtown at 420 -- 422 North Fourth Street . In a 1950 letter , Eliot said , `` I did not have , at the time of writing the poem , and have not yet recovered , any recollection of having acquired this name in any way , but I think that it must be assumed that I did , and that the memory has been obliterated . '' Epigraph ( edit ) The draft version of the poem 's epigraph comes from Dante 's Purgatorio ( XXVI , 147 -- 148 ) : ' sovegna vos a temps de ma dolor ' . Poi s'ascose nel foco che gli affina . ' be mindful in due time of my pain ' . Then dived he back into that fire which refines them . He finally decided not to use this , but eventually used the quotation in the closing lines of his 1922 poem The Waste Land . The quotation that Eliot did choose comes from Dante also . Inferno ( XXVII , 61 -- 66 ) reads : S ` io credesse che mia risposta fosse A persona che mai tornasse al mondo , Questa fiamma staria senza piu scosse . Ma perciocchè giammai di questo fondo Non tornò vivo alcun , s'i'odo il vero , Senza tema d'infamia ti rispondo . If I but thought that my response were made to one perhaps returning to the world , this tongue of flame would cease to flicker . But since , up from these depths , no one has yet returned alive , if what I hear is true , I answer without fear of being shamed . In context , the epigraph refers to a meeting between Dante and Guido da Montefeltro , who was condemned to the eighth circle of Hell for providing counsel to Pope Boniface VIII , who wished to use Guido 's advice for a nefarious undertaking . This encounter follows Dante 's meeting with Ulysses , who himself is also condemned to the circle of the Fraudulent . According to Ron Banerjee , the epigraph serves to cast ironic light on Prufrock 's intent . Like Guido , Prufrock had never intended his story to be told , and so by quoting Guido , Eliot reveals his view of Prufrock 's love song . Frederick Locke contends that Prufrock himself is suffering from multiple personalities of sorts , and that he embodies both Guido and Dante in the Inferno analogy . One is the storyteller ; the other the listener who later reveals the story to the world . He posits , alternatively , that the role of Guido in the analogy is indeed filled by Prufrock , but that the role of Dante is filled by you , the reader , as in `` Let us go then , you and I , '' ( 1 ) . In that , the reader is granted the power to do as he pleases with Prufrock 's love song . Themes and interpretation ( edit ) Because the poem is concerned primarily with the irregular musings of the narrator , it can be difficult to interpret . Laurence Perrine wrote , `` ( the poem ) presents the apparently random thoughts going through a person 's head within a certain time interval , in which the transitional links are psychological rather than logical '' . This stylistic choice makes it difficult to determine exactly what is literal and what is symbolic . On the surface , `` The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock '' relays the thoughts of a sexually frustrated middle - aged man who wants to say something but is afraid to do so , and ultimately does not . The dispute , however , lies in to whom Prufrock is speaking , whether he is actually going anywhere , what he wants to say , and to what the various images refer . The intended audience is not evident . Some believe that Prufrock is talking to another person or directly to the reader , while others believe Prufrock 's monologue is internal . Perrine writes `` The ' you and I ' of the first line are divided parts of Prufrock 's own nature '' , while Mutlu Konuk Blasing suggests that the `` you and I '' refers to the relationship between the dilemmas of the character and the author . Similarly , critics dispute whether Prufrock is going somewhere during the course of the poem . In the first half of the poem , Prufrock uses various outdoor images ( the sky , streets , cheap restaurants and hotels , fog ) , and talks about how there will be time for various things before `` the taking of a toast and tea '' , and `` time to turn back and descend the stair . '' This has led many to believe that Prufrock is on his way to an afternoon tea , where he is preparing to ask this `` overwhelming question '' . Others , however , believe that Prufrock is not physically going anywhere , but rather , is playing through it in his mind . Perhaps the most significant dispute lies over the `` overwhelming question '' that Prufrock is trying to ask . Many believe that Prufrock is trying to tell a woman of his romantic interest in her , pointing to the various images of women 's arms and clothing and the final few lines in which Prufrock laments that the mermaids will not sing to him . Others , however , believe that Prufrock is trying to express some deeper philosophical insight or disillusionment with society , but fears rejection , pointing to statements that express a disillusionment with society , such as `` I have measured out my life with coffee spoons '' ( line 51 ) . Many believe that the poem is a criticism of Edwardian society and Prufrock 's dilemma represents the inability to live a meaningful existence in the modern world . McCoy and Harlan wrote `` For many readers in the 1920s , Prufrock seemed to epitomize the frustration and impotence of the modern individual . He seemed to represent thwarted desires and modern disillusionment . '' In general , Eliot uses imagery which is indicative of Prufrock 's character , representing ageing and decay . For example , `` When the evening is spread out against the sky / Like a patient etherized upon a table '' ( lines 2 -- 3 ) , the `` sawdust restaurants '' and `` cheap hotels , '' the yellow fog , and the afternoon `` Asleep ... tired ... or it malingers '' ( line 77 ) , are reminiscent of languor and decay , while Prufrock 's various concerns about his hair and teeth , as well as the mermaids `` Combing the white hair of the waves blown back / When the wind blows the water white and black , '' show his concern over aging . Use of allusion ( edit ) Like many of Eliot 's poems , `` The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock '' makes numerous allusions to other works , which are often symbolic themselves . In `` Time for all the works and days of hands '' ( 29 ) the phrase ' works and days ' is the title of a long poem -- a description of agricultural life and a call to toil -- by the early Greek poet Hesiod . `` I know the voices dying with a dying fall '' ( 52 ) echoes Orsino 's first lines in Shakespeare 's Twelfth Night . The prophet of `` Though I have seen my head ( grown slightly bald ) brought in upon a platter / I am no prophet -- and here 's no great matter '' ( 81 -- 2 ) is John the Baptist , whose head was delivered to Salome by Herod as a reward for her dancing ( Matthew 14 : 1 -- 11 , and Oscar Wilde 's play Salome ) . `` To have squeezed the universe into a ball '' ( 92 ) and `` indeed there will be time '' ( 23 ) echo the closing lines of Marvell 's ' To His Coy Mistress ' . Other phrases such as , `` there will be time '' and `` there is time '' are reminiscent of the opening line of that poem : `` Had we but world enough and time '' . Marvell 's words in turn echo the General Prologue of Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales , `` whil I have tyme and space '' . `` ' I am Lazarus , come from the dead ' '' ( 94 ) may be either the beggar Lazarus ( of Luke 16 ) returning for the rich man who was not permitted to return from the dead to warn the brothers of a rich man about Hell , or the Lazarus ( of John 11 ) whom Christ raised from the dead , or both . `` Full of high sentence '' ( 117 ) echoes Chaucer 's description of the Clerk of Oxford in the General Prologue to The Canterbury Tales . `` There will be time to murder and create '' is a biblical allusion to Ecclesiastes 3 . In the final section of the poem , Prufrock rejects the idea that he is Prince Hamlet , suggesting that he is merely `` an attendant lord '' ( 112 ) whose purpose is to `` advise the prince '' ( 114 ) , a likely allusion to Polonius -- Polonius being also `` almost , at times , the Fool . '' `` Among some talk of you and me '' may be a reference to Quatrain 32 of Edward FitzGerald 's translation of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam ( `` There was a Door to which I found no Key / There was a Veil past which I could not see / Some little Talk awhile of Me and Thee / There seemed -- and then no more of Thee and Me . '' ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Eliot , T.S. Prufrock and Other Observations ( London : The Egoist , Ltd. , 1917 ) , 9 -- 16 . ^ Jump up to : Eliot , T.S. `` The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock '' in Monroe , Harriet ( editor ) , Poetry : A Magazine of Verse ( June 1915 ) , 130 -- 135 . Jump up ^ Eliot , T.S. ( 21 December 2010 ) . The Waste Land and Other Poems . Broadview Press . p. 133 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 77048 - 267 - 8 . Retrieved 9 July 2017 . ( citing an unsigned review in Literary Review . 5 July 1917 , vol . lxxxiii , 107 . ) Jump up ^ Hollahan , Eugene ( March 1970 ) . `` A Structural Dantean Parallel in Eliot 's ' The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock ' '' . American Literature. 1 . 42 : 91 -- 93 . doi : 10.2307 / 2924384 . ISSN 0002 - 9831 . Jump up ^ McCoy , Kathleen , and Harlan , Judith . English Literature From 1785 ( New York : HarperCollins , 1992 ) , 265 -- 66 . ISBN 006467150X Jump up ^ Bercovitch , Sacvan . The Cambridge History of American Literature . Volume 5 . ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2003 ) , 99 . ISBN 0521497310 Jump up ^ Capitalization and italics original . Quoted in Mertens , Richard . `` Letter By Letter '' in The University of Chicago Magazine ( August 2001 ) . Retrieved 23 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Southam , B.C. A Guide to the Selected Poems of T.S. Eliot . ( New York : Harcourt , Brace & Company , 1994 ) , 45 . ISBN 057117082X ^ Jump up to : Miller , James Edward . T.S. Eliot : The Making of an American poet , 1888 -- 1922 . ( State College , Pennsylvania : Pennsylvania State University Press , 2005 ) ISBN 0271026812 ^ Jump up to : Gordon , Lyndall . Eliot 's New Life . ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1988 ) , 45 . ^ Jump up to : Eliot , T.S. , and Ricks , Christopher B. ( editor ) . Inventions of the March Hare : Poems 1909 -- 1917 Ed . Christopher B. Ricks . ( New York : Harcourt , 1996 ) . Jump up ^ Mayer , Nicholas B ( 2011 ) . `` Catalyzing Prufrock '' . Journal of Modern Literature. 34 ( 3 ) : 182 . doi : 10.2979 / jmodelite. 34.3. 182 . JSTOR 10.2979 / jmodelite. 34.3. 182 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Nicholas . `` More American Than We Knew : Nerves , exhaustion and madness were at the core of Eliot 's early imaginative thinking '' in The New York Times ( 20 April 1997 ) . This is a 1997 book review of Inventions of the March Hare : Poems 1909 -- 1917 , vide supra . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Waugh , Arthur . The New Poetry , Quarterly Review , October 1916 , citing the Times Literary Supplement 21 June 1917 , no . 805 , 299 ; Wagner , Erica ( 2001 ) `` An eruption of fury '' , The Guardian , letters to the editor , 4 September 2001 . Wagner omits the word `` very '' from the quote . Jump up ^ Woodberry Poetry Room ( Harvard College Library ) . Poetry Readings : Guide ^ Jump up to : Eliot , T.S. `` The Unfading Genius of Rudyard Kipling '' in Kipling Journal ( March 1959 ) , 9 . Jump up ^ Eliot , T.S. The Letters of T.S. Eliot . ( New York : Harcourt , Brace Jovanovich , 1988 ) . 1 : 135 . Jump up ^ Montesi , Al , and Deposki , Richard . Downtown St. Louis ( Arcadia Publishing , 2001 ) , 65 . ISBN 0 - 7385 - 0816 - 0 Jump up ^ Christine H. The Daily Postcard : Prufrock - Litton -- St. Louis , Missouri . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Missouri History Museum . Lighting fixture in front of Prufrock - Litton Furniture Company . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Stepanchev , Stephen . `` The Origin of J. Alfred Prufrock '' in Modern Language Notes . ( 1951 ) , 66 : 400 -- 401 . JSTOR 2909497 Jump up ^ Eliot provided this translation in his essay `` Dante '' ( 1929 ) . Jump up ^ Dante Alighieri , and Hollander Robert and Hollander , Jean ( translators ) , The Inferno . ( Princeton : Princeton Dante Project ) . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Banerjee , Ron D.K. `` The Dantean Overview : The Epigraph to ' Prufrock ' '' in Comparative Literature. ( 1972 ) 87 : 962 -- 966 . JSTOR 2907793 Jump up ^ Locke , Frederick W. `` Dante and T.S. Eliot 's Prufrock . '' in Modern Language Notes . ( 1963 ) 78 : 51 -- 59 . JSTOR 3042942 ^ Jump up to : Perrine , Laurence . Literature : Structure , Sound , and Sense , 1st edition . ( New York : Harcourt , Brace & World , 1956 ) , 798 . Jump up ^ On ' The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock ' ( accessed 14 June 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Headings , Philip R. T.S. Eliot . ( Boston : Twayne Publishers , 1982 ) , 24 -- 25 . ^ Jump up to : Hecimovich , Gred A ( editor ) . English 151 - 3 ; T.S. Eliot `` The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock '' notes ( accessed 14 June 2006 ) , from McCoy , Kathleen ; Harlan , Judith . English Literature from 1785 . ( New York : HarperCollins , 1992 ) . ^ Jump up to : Blasing , Mutlu Konuk , `` On ' The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock ' '' , in American Poetry : The Rhetoric of Its Forms ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 1987 ) . ISBN 0300037937 Jump up ^ Mitchell , Roger . `` On ' The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock ' '' , in Myers , Jack and Wojahan , David ( editors ) . A Profile of Twentieth - Century American Poetry . ( Carbondale , Illinois : Southern Illinois University Press , 1991 ) . ISBN 0809313480 Jump up ^ Schimanski , Johan Annotasjoner til T.S. Eliot , `` The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufock '' ( at Universitetet i Tromsø ) . Retrieved 8 August 2006 . Further reading ( edit ) Drew , Elizabeth . T.S. Eliot : The Design of His Poetry ( New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1949 ) . Gallup , Donald . T.S. Eliot : A Bibliography ( A Revised and Extended Edition ) ( New York : Harcourt Brace & World , 1969 ) , 23 , 196 . Luthy , Melvin J. `` The Case of Prufrock 's Grammar '' in College English ( 1978 ) 39 : 841 -- 853 . JSTOR 375710 Soles , Derek . `` The Prufrock Makeover '' in The English Journal ( 1999 ) , 88 : 59 -- 61 . JSTOR 822420 Sorum , Eve . `` Masochistic Modernisms : A Reading of Eliot and Woolf . '' Journal of Modern Literature. 28 ( 3 ) , ( Spring 2005 ) 25 -- 43 . doi : 10.1353 / jml. 2005.0044 Sinha , Arun Kumar and Vikram , Kumar . `` ' The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock ' ( Critical Essay with Detailed Annotations ) '' in T.S. Eliot : An Intensive Study of Selected Poems ( New Delhi : Spectrum Books Pvt. Ltd , 2005 ) . Walcutt , Charles Child . `` Eliot 's `` The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock '' in College English ( 1957 ) 19 : 71 -- 72 . JSTOR 372706 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Original text from Poetry magazine June 1915 Text and extended audio discussion of the poem The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock at the British Library Prufrock and Other Observations at Project Gutenberg Annotated hypertext version of the poem Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock public domain audiobook at LibriVox ( hide ) T.S. Eliot Bibliography Early poems `` The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock '' `` Portrait of a Lady '' `` Preludes '' `` Whispers of Immortality '' `` Gerontion '' The Waste Land `` The Hollow Men '' Ash Wednesday Ariel Poems Journey of the Magi A Song for Simeon Later poems Old Possum 's Book of Practical Cats `` Bustopher Jones '' `` Gus : The Theatre Cat '' `` Growltiger 's Last Stand '' Burnt Norton East Coker The Dry Salvages Little Gidding Four Quartets Plays Sweeney Agonistes The Rock Murder in the Cathedral The Family Reunion The Cocktail Party The Confidential Clerk The Elder Statesman Prose Selected Essays , 1917 - 1932 `` Hamlet and His Problems '' `` Tradition and the Individual Talent '' The Sacred Wood A Choice of Kipling 's Verse ( 1941 ) `` The Frontiers of Criticism '' Adaptations CATS ( 1981 musical , 1998 film ) Publishing The Criterion Faber and Faber T.S. Eliot Prize T.S. Eliot Prize ( Truman State University ) Related Tom & Viv ( 1994 film ) People Eliot family Vivienne Haigh - Wood Eliot ( first wife ) Valerie Eliot ( second wife ) Henry Ware Eliot ( father ) Charlotte Champe Stearns ( mother ) William Greenleaf Eliot ( grandfather ) E. Martin Browne John Davy Hayward Ezra Pound Jean Jules Verdenal William Butler Yeats Commons Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikisource texts Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Love_Song_of_J._Alfred_Prufrock&oldid=840530127 '' Categories : Modernist poems Poetry by T.S. Eliot 1915 poems Works originally published in Poetry ( magazine ) Chapbooks Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles that link to Wikisource Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Frysk Italiano Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 10 May 2018 , at 13 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Love%20Song%20of%20J.%20Alfred%20Prufrock	766
where is the hallmark series good witch filmed	Although set in `` Middleton , USA '' , it was filmed in Hamilton and Niagara on the Lake , Ontario . In the sequel , The Good Witch 's Charm , the map on the wall in the police station shows Middleton north and west of Chicago , in the vicinity of DuPage County . The names of the suburbs and interstates that are west of Chicago can be clearly seen .	Hamilton and Niagara on the Lake , Ontario	The Good Witch	the good witch	The Good Witch is a television film that aired on the Hallmark Channel on January 19 , 2008 . It stars Catherine Bell as Cassandra Nightingale and Chris Potter as Chief of Police Jake Russell . The film has spawned six sequels and a television series .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Promotion 4 Production 5 Reception 6 Home media 7 Sequels 8 Television series 9 Characters 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) A mysterious , darkly beautiful woman , who claims to be named `` Cassandra Nightingale '' , moves into an old , abandoned house which is reputed to be haunted by its original owner , `` The Grey Lady . '' The small community is divided in their opinion of her : some want her to stay , especially widowed police chief Jake Russell and his two children , while others want her to leave , especially Martha Tinsdale . Through the course of the story , seemingly magical things happen , and the community attributes these occurrences to her . Everyone begins to wonder if she is really a witch . Cast ( edit ) Catherine Bell as Cassandra Nightingale ( Aka Sue - Ellen Brock ) Chris Potter as Chief of Police Jake Russell Matthew Knight as Brandon Russell Hannah Endicott - Douglas as Lori Russell Nathan McLeod as Michael Jesse Bostick as Kyle Paula Boudrea as Nancy Noah Cappe as Deputy Derek Sanders Catherine Disher as Martha Tinsdale Peter MacNeill as George O'Hanrahan Promotion ( edit ) On January 15 , 2008 , Hallmark Channel and Limbo , the mobile entertainment community , teamed up to create and launch the cable network 's first - ever mobile interactive initiative . The campaign `` enhanced viewers ' experience of the premiere of the network 's original movie ... through ' Limbo Unique ' -- a game played via cell phone or online '' . The grand prize was $2,000 and a portrait of the `` Grey Lady '' that was featured in the movie . Production ( edit ) Although set in `` Middleton , USA '' , it was filmed in Hamilton and Niagara on the Lake , Ontario . In the sequel , The Good Witch 's Charm , the map on the wall in the police station shows Middleton north and west of Chicago , in the vicinity of DuPage County . The names of the suburbs and interstates that are west of Chicago can be clearly seen . Reception ( edit ) The movie had great success on Hallmark Channel on the night of its premiere , making it the second - highest - rated original movie to that date . It premiered with a 3.8 HH ( household ) rating and was in nearly 3.2 million homes . It also was # 1 in its time period , propelling the channel to the # 4 spot in weekly ranking . Home media ( edit ) The Good Witch ( Region 1 ) DVD was released on January 5 , 2010 . The Good Witch Collection ( Region 1 ) DVD was released October 14 , 2014 . Sequels ( edit ) On February 7 , 2009 , the Hallmark Channel aired a sequel , The Good Witch 's Garden . The third installment , The Good Witch 's Gift , aired on November 13 , 2010 , on Hallmark . The fourth installment , The Good Witch 's Family , aired on October 29 , 2011 . The fifth installment The Good Witch 's Charm premiered on October 27 , 2012 . The Good Witch 's Destiny sixth installment premiered on October 26 , 2013 . A seventh installment , The Good Witch 's Wonder , aired October 25 , 2014 . Television series ( edit ) Main article : Good Witch ( TV series ) In February 2014 , the Hallmark Channel announced that Good Witch had been green - lighted for a ten - episode series , starring Catherine Bell , to premiere on February 28 , 2015 . Production for the first season began on October 29 , 2014 , in Toronto , with Sue Tenney as showrunner . Bailee Madison and James Denton also star . Characters ( edit ) A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the film . Character Title The Good Witch Garden Gift Family Charm Destiny Wonder Season 1 Halloween Season 2 Secrets of Grey House Season 3 Spellbound Cassie Nightingale Catherine Bell Jake Russell Chris Potter Martha Tinsdale Catherine Disher George Peter MacNeill Peter MacNeill Brandon Russell Matthew Knight Dan Jeannotte Dan Jeannotte Lori Russell Hannah Endicott - Douglas Derek Noah Cappe Tom Tinsdale Paul Miller Paul Miller Paul Miller Paul Miller Michael Tinsdale Nathan McLeod Edward Ruttle Edward Ruttle Gwen Elizabeth Lennie Elizabeth Lennie Abigail Pershing Sarah Power Sarah Power Tara Ashley Leggat Rebecca Dalton Rebecca Dalton Grace Russell uncredited uncredited Lily - Fay Mowbray Bailee Madison Jarod Randal Edwards Randal Edwards Randal Edwards Sam James Denton Ryan Anthony Lemke Anthony Lemke Stephanie Kylee Evans Nick Rhys Matthew Bond Anthony Shane Harte Linda Gabrielle Miller Ben Jefferson Brown Eve Kate Corbett John Dover Dan Payne Courtney Alanna Bale Liam Seann Gallagher Noah James Swalm References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hallmark Channel Press Site : Company Milestones Archived December 22 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - Catherine Bell and Chris Potter to Star in Sequel to `` The Good Witch , '' Hallmark Channel 's Second - Highest - Rated Original Movie Ever - TheFutonCritic.com `` . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Hallmark Channel Press Release 1 / 23 / 2008 Archived October 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : The Good Witch Collection ( The Good Witch 's Garden / Good Witch 's Gift / The Good Witch 's Family / The Good Witch 's Charm ) ( Hallmark ) : Catherine Bell , Craig Pryce : Movies & TV '' . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Hallmark Channel Press Release 12 / 8 / 2008 Jump up ^ The Good Witch 's Garden Archived March 23 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . at Hallmark Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - Hallmark Channel 2010 Fall TV Preview - TheFutonCritic.com '' . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - Catherine Bell and Chris Potter Reteam for the Spell - Binding Seventh Installment in `` The Good Witch '' Series - TheFutonCritic.com `` . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Hallmark Channel 's Good Witch Movies To Spawn Drama Series Starring Catherine Bell Jump up ^ Join Us Saturday , February 28 8 / 7c for the Two - Hour World Premiere Event of Good Witch , A Hallmark Channel Original Primetime Series ^ Jump up to : James Denton to Star in Hallmark Channel 's ' The Good Witch ' Archived October 27 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Details '' . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . External links ( edit ) The Good Witch at Hallmark Channel The Good Witch Movies on Hallmark Channel The Good Witch on IMDb ( hide ) The Good Witch Films The Good Witch ( 2008 ) The Good Witch 's Garden ( 2009 ) The Good Witch 's Gift ( 2010 ) The Good Witch 's Family ( 2011 ) The Good Witch 's Charm ( 2012 ) The Good Witch 's Destiny ( 2013 ) The Good Witch 's Wonder ( 2014 ) Television Good Witch ( episodes ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Good_Witch&oldid=818451296 '' Categories : 2008 television films American fantasy films American television films Canadian fantasy films Canadian television films English - language films Films shot in Hamilton , Ontario Hallmark Channel original films American films Witchcraft in film Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2014 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Magyar Português Edit links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 17 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Good%20Witch	767
who was the original singer of personal jesus	`` Personal Jesus '' is a song by the English electronic band Depeche Mode , released on 28 August 1989 as the lead single from their seventh album , Violator ( 1990 ) . It reached No. 13 on the UK Singles Chart and No. 28 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The single was their first to make the US Top 40 since 1984 's `` People Are People '' , and was their first gold - certified single in the US ( quickly followed by its successor , `` Enjoy the Silence '' ) .	Depeche Mode	Personal Jesus	personal jesus		`` Personal Jesus '' Single by Depeche Mode from the album Violator B - side `` Dangerous '' Released 28 August 1989 Format 7 - inch single 12 - inch single Cassette single CD single Recorded May 1989 Studio Puk Studios , Denmark Logic Studios , Milan , Italy Genre Synthrock blues rock Length 4 : 56 ( album version ) 3 : 44 ( edit ) Label Mute Songwriter ( s ) Martin Gore Producer ( s ) Depeche Mode Flood Depeche Mode singles chronology `` Everything Counts ( live ) '' ( 1989 ) `` Personal Jesus '' ( 1989 ) `` Enjoy the Silence '' ( 1990 ) Music video `` Personal Jesus '' on YouTube `` Personal Jesus '' is a song by the English electronic band Depeche Mode , released on 28 August 1989 as the lead single from their seventh album , Violator ( 1990 ) . It reached No. 13 on the UK Singles Chart and No. 28 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The single was their first to make the US Top 40 since 1984 's `` People Are People '' , and was their first gold - certified single in the US ( quickly followed by its successor , `` Enjoy the Silence '' ) . In Germany , `` Personal Jesus '' is one of the band 's longest - charting songs , staying on the singles chart for 23 weeks . In 2004 , `` Personal Jesus '' was ranked No. 368 in Rolling Stone 's list of `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' , and in September 2006 it was voted as one of the `` 100 Greatest Songs Ever '' in Q magazine . `` Personal Jesus '' was rereleased as a single on 30 May 2011 for the Depeche Mode remix album Remixes 2 : 81 -- 11 , with the leading remix by the production team Stargate . The song has been covered by numerous artists , including Johnny Cash , Marilyn Manson and Sammy Hagar . `` I was never a huge fan of synth music in the eighties , '' Hagar remarked , `` but that song has a badass groove and a cool lyric . '' Contents 1 Inspiration 2 Composition 3 Background 4 Track listings 5 Mixes 6 Charts 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year -- end charts 6.3 Certifications 7 Personal Jesus 2011 7.1 Track listings 7.2 Charts 8 Johnny Cash cover 9 Marilyn Manson cover 9.1 Formats and track listings 9.2 Charts 10 References 11 External links Inspiration ( Edit ) The song was inspired by the book Elvis and Me by Priscilla Presley . According to songwriter Martin Gore : It 's a song about being a Jesus for somebody else , someone to give you hope and care . It 's about how Elvis Presley was her man and her mentor and how often that happens in love relationships ; how everybody 's heart is like a god in some way , and that 's not a very balanced view of someone , is it ? Composition ( edit ) `` Personal Jesus '' is written in the key of F ♯ minor with a tempo of 130 beats per minute in time . Background ( Edit ) In mid-1989 , the band began recording in Milan with record producer Flood . The result of this session was the single `` Personal Jesus '' , which featured a catchy bluesy riff and drum - based sound , radically different from anything the band had released thus far . The song became a big hit across the world , and is one of Depeche Mode 's most successful songs , along with the single `` Enjoy the Silence '' . Although not the first Depeche Mode song to feature guitar parts ( `` Behind the Wheel '' and their cover of `` Route 66 '' featured a guitar ; `` Love , in Itself '' and `` And Then ... '' from Construction Time Again and `` Here is the House '' from `` Black Celebration '' featured an acoustic guitar ) , it was the first time a guitar was used as a dominant instrument in a Depeche Mode song . Prior to its release , advertisements were placed in the personal columns of regional newspapers in the UK with the words `` Your own personal Jesus . '' Later , the ads included a phone number one could dial to hear the song . The ensuing controversy helped propel the single to No. 13 on the UK charts , becoming one of Depeche Mode 's biggest sellers . The single was particularly successful commercially thanks to the fact that it was released six months prior to the album it would later appear on . Up to that point , it was the best selling 12 '' single in Warner Brothers history . `` Personal Jesus '' had a plethora of remixes , almost unprecedented for Depeche Mode at the time . While most other Depeche Mode singles prior to `` Personal Jesus '' usually had band - made extended mixes , Depeche Mode started to invite more DJs and mixers to the fold , which would become the mainstay for all future Depeche Mode singles . François Kevorkian ( who did the mixing for the Violator album , in general ) mixed the single version , the `` Holier Than Thou Approach '' , the `` Pump Mix '' , and the lesser - known `` Kazan Cathedral Mix '' ( which was not available on any of the singles ) , while producer Flood mixed the `` Acoustic '' version and the `` Telephone Stomp Mix '' as well as the single version and `` Sensual Mix '' of the single 's B - side `` Dangerous '' , a more disco - electronic track . The `` Hazchemix '' and `` Hazchemix Edit '' of `` Dangerous '' were mixed by Daniel Miller . The back - cover of `` Personal Jesus '' features one of the band members and the back - side of a naked woman . The band member she is with depends on whether it is the 7 '' Vinyl ( Martin Gore ) , the 12 '' Vinyl ( Dave Gahan ) , the Cassette ( Andy Fletcher ) , or the original CD ( Alan Wilder ) . On some copies she does not appear at all , such as the 2004 CD re-release , and on promo copies . On some limited releases , like the GBong17 , all four photos are available plus one photo of the full group ( Martin is hugging the woman ) . The Anton Corbijn - directed music video for `` Personal Jesus '' is his first Depeche Mode video in colour , and features the band in a ranch ( suggested to appear as a brothel ) , placed in the Tabernas Desert of Almería , in Spain . MTV edited out some suggestive mouth movements of Martin Gore during the bridge and replaced it with some other footage from the video . Track listings ( edit ) All songs written by Martin Gore . 7 `` , Cassette Mute / Bong17 , CBong17 ( UK ) `` Personal Jesus '' -- 3 : 44 `` Dangerous '' -- 4 : 20 7 '' Mute / GBong17 ( UK ) `` Personal Jesus '' -- 3 : 44 `` Dangerous ( Hazchemix Edit ) '' -- 3 : 01 `` Personal Jesus ( Acoustic ) '' -- 3 : 26 12 `` , mini-CD Mute / 12Bong17 , CDBong17 ( UK ) `` Personal Jesus ( Holier Than Thou Approach ) '' -- 5 : 51 `` Dangerous ( Sensual Mix ) '' -- 5 : 24 `` Personal Jesus ( Acoustic ) '' -- 3 : 26 Limited 12 `` , mini-CD Mute / L12Bong17 , LCDBong17 ( UK ) `` Personal Jesus ( Pump Mix ) '' -- 7 : 47 `` Personal Jesus ( Telephone Stomp Mix ) '' -- 5 : 32 `` Dangerous ( Hazchemix ) '' -- 5 : 34 CD Mute / CDBong17X ( EU ) `` Personal Jesus '' -- 3 : 44 `` Dangerous '' -- 4 : 20 `` Personal Jesus ( Acoustic ) '' -- 3 : 26 `` Dangerous ( Hazchemix Edit ) '' -- 3 : 01 `` Personal Jesus ( Holier Than Thou Approach ) '' -- 5 : 51 `` Dangerous ( Sensual Mix ) '' -- 5 : 24 `` Personal Jesus ( Pump Mix ) '' -- 7 : 47 `` Personal Jesus ( Telephone Stomp Mix ) '' -- 5 : 32 `` Dangerous ( Hazchemix ) '' -- 5 : 34 This CD is the 2004 re-release CD Sire / Reprise / 21328 - 2 ( US ) `` Personal Jesus '' -- 3 : 44 `` Personal Jesus ( Holier Than Thou Approach ) '' -- 5 : 51 `` Dangerous ( Hazchemix ) '' -- 5 : 34 `` Personal Jesus ( Pump Mix ) '' -- 7 : 47 `` Personal Jesus ( Acoustic ) '' -- 3 : 26 `` Dangerous ( Sensual Mix ) '' -- 5 : 24 `` Personal Jesus ( Telephone Stomp Mix ) '' -- 5 : 32 `` Dangerous '' -- 4 : 20 US single released 19 September 1989 Mixes ( edit ) Francois Kevorkian Personal Jesus ( Single / 7 '' Version ) Personal Jesus ( Holier Than Thou Approach / 12 '' version ) Personal Jesus ( Pump Mix ) Personal Jesus ( Kazan Cathedral Mix ) ( only available on the limited 4 - disc edition of Remixes 81 -- 04 and Just Say Da ( Volume IV of the `` Just Say Yes '' series ) ) Personal Jesus ( Album Version ) Flood Personal Jesus ( Telephone Stomp Mix ) Dangerous ( Single Version ) Dangerous ( Sensual Mix ) Daniel Miller Dangerous ( Hazchemix ) Dangerous ( Hazchemix Edit ) Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 134 Canada Dance / Urban ( RPM ) 14 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 44 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 9 France ( SNEP ) 27 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) 7 Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 62 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 14 Spain ( AFYVE ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 17 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 13 US Billboard Hot 100 28 US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play 12 US Billboard Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales 9 US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks US Cash Box 31 Chart ( 2007 ) Peak position Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 15 Chart ( 2011 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 91 Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 114 Year -- end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 ) Position Italy ( FIMI ) 12 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Personal Jesus 2011 ( Edit ) `` Personal Jesus 2011 '' Single by Depeche Mode from the album Remixes 2 : 81 -- 11 B - side `` Suffer Well ( M83 Remix ) '' `` Slowblow ( Darren Price Mix ) '' Released 2011 Format Single maxi single Length 3 : 56 Label Mute Songwriter ( s ) Martin Gore Producer ( s ) Stargate Depeche Mode singles chronology `` Fragile Tension / Hole to Feed '' ( 2009 ) `` Personal Jesus 2011 '' ( 2011 ) `` Heaven '' ( 2013 ) `` Personal Jesus 2011 '' is the remixed version of the single , released on 30 May 2011 . The digital single was released in the UK on 18 April 2011 . It was released a day later in the US . Track listings ( edit ) CD ( Bong43 ) `` Personal Jesus '' ( The Stargate Mix ) -- 3 : 57 `` Personal Jesus '' ( Alex Metric Remix ) -- 5 : 57 `` Personal Jesus '' ( Eric Prydz Remix ) -- 7 : 26 `` Personal Jesus '' ( M.A.N. Remix ) -- 5 : 24 `` Personal Jesus '' ( Sie Medway - Smith Remix ) -- 6 : 25 12 '' vinyl `` Personal Jesus '' ( Alex Metric Remix ) -- 5 : 54 `` Personal Jesus '' ( M.A.N. Remix ) -- 5 : 22 `` Personal Jesus '' ( The Stargate Mix ) -- 3 : 56 `` Personal Jesus '' ( Eric Prydz Remix ) -- 7 : 25 `` Personal Jesus '' ( Sie Medway - Smith Remix ) -- 6 : 25 Digital Download `` Personal Jesus '' ( The Stargate Mix ) -- 3 : 56 `` Personal Jesus '' ( Alex Metric Remix Edit ) -- 3 : 27 Beatport Exclusive Digital Download `` Personal Jesus '' ( Eric Prydz Remix ) -- 7 : 26 `` Never Let Me Down Again '' ( Eric Prydz Remix ) -- 7 : 01 Promo CD ( PCDBong43 ) `` Personal Jesus '' ( The Stargate Mix ) -- 3 : 57 `` Personal Jesus '' ( Alex Metric Remix Edit ) -- 3 : 27 `` Personal Jesus '' ( Alex Metric Remix ) -- 5 : 57 `` Personal Jesus '' ( Eric Prydz Remix ) -- 7 : 26 `` Personal Jesus '' ( M.A.N. Remix ) -- 5 : 24 `` Personal Jesus '' ( Sie Medway - Smith Remix ) -- 6 : 25 iTunes Store `` Personal Jesus '' ( Alex Metric Remix ) -- 5 : 57 `` Personal Jesus '' ( Eric Prydz Remix ) -- 7 : 26 `` Personal Jesus '' ( M.A.N. Remix ) -- 5 : 24 `` Personal Jesus '' ( Sie Medway - Smith Remix ) -- 5 : 56 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2011 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 73 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders Dance ) 32 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 43 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia Dance ) 43 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 62 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 5 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 71 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 73 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 119 Johnny Cash cover ( Edit ) In 2002 , American country singer Johnny Cash covered `` Personal Jesus '' for his album American IV : The Man Comes Around . The idea to cover the song was suggested by record producer Rick Rubin . Cash called it `` probably the most evangelical gospel song I ever recorded '' . Marilyn Manson cover ( Edit ) `` Personal Jesus '' Single by Marilyn Manson from the album Lest We Forget : The Best Of Released 28 September 2004 Format 7 '' 10 '' CD DL Length 3 : 19 ( radio edit ) 4 : 06 ( album version ) Label Interscope Nothing Songwriter ( s ) Gore Producer ( s ) Marilyn Manson Tim Sköld Marilyn Manson singles chronology `` This Is the New Shit '' ( 2003 ) `` Personal Jesus '' ( 2004 ) `` The Nobodies : 2005 Against All Gods Remix '' ( 2005 ) Audio sample file help Marilyn Manson released their cover version of the track as the only previously unreleased recording included on their 2004 greatest hits album Lest We Forget : The Best Of . The band 's eponymous vocalist explained to MTV that he decided to cover `` Personal Jesus '' as : `` I thought if I had to write a song , ( the lyrics of ' Personal Jesus ' are ) exactly what I would say ... I think it takes a little more of an ironic tone when you put it in context with what 's going on today . '' He additionally described the original song and Depeche Mode 's music in general as hypnotic , sexy and inspirational . Its music video was directed by Manson and Nathan Cox . The song won an award in the ' pop ' category of the 2005 BMI Awards , while its music video received two nominations at the 2005 Music Video Production Awards . Formats and track listings ( edit ) European 7 '' and United States 10 '' singles `` Personal Jesus '' -- 4 : 06 `` Personal Jesus '' ( Rude Photo Motor Remix ) -- 5 : 50 CD single `` Personal Jesus '' -- 4 : 06 `` This Is the New Shit '' ( Remix by Sergio Galoyan ) -- 4 : 28 International maxi single `` Personal Jesus '' -- 4 : 06 `` Mobscene Replet '' ( Mea Culpa Mix by Bitteren Ende ) -- 4 : 35 `` Personal Jesus '' ( Rude Photo Motor Remix ) -- 5 : 50 `` Personal Jesus '' ( Enhanced Video ) UK maxi single `` Personal Jesus '' -- 4 : 06 `` New Shit Invective '' ( Obiter Dictum Mix by Bitteren Ende ) -- 4 : 25 `` Mobscene Replet '' ( Mea Culpa Mix by Bitteren Ende ) -- 4 : 35 `` Personal Jesus '' ( Enhanced Video ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 30 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 10 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 10 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 38 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 8 Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) 12 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 20 France ( SNEP ) 62 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 11 Ireland ( IRMA ) 11 Italy ( FIMI ) 10 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 89 Norway ( VG - lista ) 15 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 39 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 13 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 13 US Hot Dance Club Play 35 US Modern Rock Tracks 12 Felix da Housecat mix References ( Edit ) Jump up ^ Cranna , Ian ( April 1990 ) . `` Insidious '' . Q : 77 . Jump up ^ Buckley , Peter ( 2003 ) . The Rough Guide to Rock . Rough Guides . p. 286 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 8435 - 3105 - 0 . Given that , by now . Depeche Mode had become a stadium phenomenon in the States . Violator seemed an oddly introspective way to sell six million units ( the synth - rock single `` Personal Jesus '' was the exception to the rule ) . Jump up ^ Michaud , Sébastien ( 2001 ) . Depeche Mode : Éthique synthétique ( in French ) . Camion Blanc . p. 244 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 9101 - 9626 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Depeche Mode -- Awards '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Giles , Jeff ( 12 -- 26 July 1990 ) . `` Depeche Mode Interview '' . Rolling Stone ( 582 -- 583 ) : 60 -- 65 . Jump up ^ `` Depeche Mode -- Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Musicline.de . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time ( 1 - 500 ) '' . Archived from the original on 20 August 2006 ... Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Elliott , Paul ( October 2013 ) . `` What do you do with $80 million ? Anything you want ! '' . Classic Rock . No. 189 . p. 48 . Jump up ^ Fox , Marisa ( 4 July 1990 ) . `` Pop a la Mode '' . Spin. 6 ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ `` BPM for ' personal ' by depeche '' . Songbpm . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Personal Jesus By Depeche Mode -- Digital Sheet Music '' . EMI Music Publishing . Musicnotes . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Macleod , Duncan ( 26 July 2007 ) . `` Depeche Mode Personal Jesus '' . The Inspiration Room . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Raggett , Ned . `` Depeche Mode -- Personal Jesus '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fw : ARIA Charts Peak '' . Imgur.com. 5 June 2015 . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Dance / Urban : Issue 6614 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 9210 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo ( 2006 ) . Sisältää hitin - levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 ( in Finnish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Helsinki : Tammi . ISBN 978 - 951 - 1 - 21053 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lescharts.com -- Depeche Mode -- Personal Jesus '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Depeche Mode -- Personal Jesus '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Personal Jesus '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` I singoli più venduti del 1989 '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Creative Commons . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Depeche Mode -- Personal Jesus '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Depeche Mode -- Personal Jesus '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( in Spanish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Depeche Mode -- Personal Jesus '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Depeche Mode -- Personal Jesus '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Singles '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Vol. 102 no . 9 . 3 March 1990 . p. 74 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Dance Music '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Vol. 101 no . 48 . 2 December 1989 . p. 24 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Dance Music '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Vol. 101 no . 47 . 25 November 1989 . p. 30 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Modern Rock Tracks '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Vol. 101 no . 44 . 4 November 1989 . p. 20 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Pop Singles -- Week ending MARCH 3 , 1990 '' . Cash Box . Archived from the original on 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Depeche Mode -- Personal Jesus '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Depeche Mode -- Personal Jesus '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Depeche Mode -- Personal Jesus '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ mOEnias ( 1 April 2011 ) . `` News ... Depeche Mode -- Personal Jesus ' 11 ( Bong 43 ) `` 2011 '' '' ( in Spanish ) . Ondasynthpop.blogspot.com . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Depeche Mode -- `` Personal Jesus 2011 '' `` . Archived from the original on 26 April 2011 ... Shout.ru. 5 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Depeche Mode -- Personal Jesus 2011 '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop 50 Dance -- 04 / 06 / 2011 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Depeche Mode -- Personal Jesus 2011 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop 50 Dance -- 07 / 05 / 2011 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201123 into search . Retrieved 3 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201122 into search . Retrieved 4 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Depeche Mode -- Personal Jesus 2011 '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zac . `` Johnny Cash -- American IV : The Man Comes Around '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Horner , Al . `` How Johnny Cash 's ' American IV : The Man Comes Around ' Helped Define the Country Crooner 's Legacy '' . NME . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Personal Jesus -- Single '' . iTunes. 28 September 2004 . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Singles '' . Billboard . Vol. 116 no . 39 . 25 September 2004 . p. 55 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ Abowitz , Richard ( 11 November 2004 ) . `` Marilyn Manson : Lest We Forget -- The Best Of '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( 22 September 2004 ) . `` Marilyn Manson Calls Lest We Forget ' A Farewell Compilation ' '' . MTV . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Grow , Kory ( 11 August 2015 ) . `` Are Depeche Mode Metal 's Biggest Secret Influence ? '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Personal Jesus '' . MTV Networks . 20 August 2004 . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` BMI Honors Top European Writers , Publishers at 2005 London Awards ; Steve Winwood Named a BMI Icon '' . Broadcast Music , Inc. 28 November 2005 . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Gottlieb , Steven ( 18 March 2005 ) . `` News : MVPA Award Nominees Announced ( Updated ) '' . VideoStatic . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Personal Jesus ( European 7 '' vinyl single ) . Marilyn Manson . Interscope Records . 2004 . 9864167 . Jump up ^ Personal Jesus ( United States 10 '' vinyl single ) . Marilyn Manson . Nothing Records , Interscope Records . 2004 . B0003642 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Personal Jesus ( CD single ) . Marilyn Manson . Interscope Records . 2004 . 0602498641149 . Jump up ^ Personal Jesus ( Australian and European maxi single ) . Marilyn Manson . Interscope Records . 2004 . 9864113 . Jump up ^ Personal Jesus ( United Kingdom maxi CD single ) . Marilyn Manson . Interscope Records . 2004 . 9864166 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Marilyn Manson -- Personal Jesus '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Marilyn Manson -- Personal Jesus '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Marilyn Manson -- Personal Jesus '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Marilyn Manson -- Personal Jesus '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Marilyn Manson -- Personal Jesus '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' . Billboard . Vol. 116 no . 43 . 23 October 2004 . p. 59 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Marilyn Manson : Personal Jesus '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Marilyn Manson -- Personal Jesus '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Marilyn Manson -- Personal Jesus '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 40 , 2004 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Marilyn Manson -- Personal Jesus '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Marilyn Manson -- Personal Jesus '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Marilyn Manson -- Personal Jesus '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Marilyn Manson -- Personal Jesus '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Marilyn Manson -- Personal Jesus '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Dance Club Play '' . Billboard . Vol. 116 no . 47 . 20 November 2004 . p. 60 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Modern Rock '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Vol. 116 no . 50 . 11 December 2004 . p. 68 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . External links ( Edit ) `` Personal Jesus '' single information from the official Depeche Mode web site `` Personal Jesus 2011 '' single information from the official Depeche Mode web site Personal Jesus review at AllMusic Personal Jesus 2011 review at AllMusic Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The music video by Depeche Mode on YouTube The music video by Marilyn Manson on YouTube Depeche Mode Andy Fletcher Dave Gahan Martin Gore Vince Clarke Alan Wilder Studio albums Speak & Spell A Broken Frame Construction Time Again Some Great Reward Black Celebration Music for the Masses Violator Songs of Faith and Devotion Ultra Exciter Playing the Angel Sounds of the Universe Delta Machine Spirit Compilation albums People Are People The Singles 81 → 85 Catching Up with Depeche Mode Greatest Hits The Singles 86 -- 98 Remixes 81 -- 04 The Best of Depeche Mode Volume 1 Remixes 2 : 81 -- 11 Live albums 101 Songs of Faith and Devotion Live Recording the Angel Recording the Universe Video albums The World We Live In and Live in Hamburg Some Great Videos Strange 101 Strange Too Devotional The Videos 86 -- 98 One Night in Paris Touring the Angel : Live in Milan The Best of Videos Volume 1 Tour of the Universe : Barcelona 20 / 21.11. 09 Live in Berlin Video Singles Collection Singles `` Dreaming of Me '' `` New Life '' `` Just Ca n't Get Enough '' `` See You '' `` The Meaning of Love '' `` Leave in Silence '' `` Get the Balance Right ! '' `` Everything Counts '' `` Love , in Itself '' `` People Are People '' `` Master and Servant '' `` Blasphemous Rumours '' / `` Somebody '' `` Shake the Disease '' `` It 's Called a Heart '' `` Stripped '' `` A Question of Lust '' `` A Question of Time '' `` Strangelove '' `` Never Let Me Down Again '' `` Behind the Wheel '' `` Little 15 '' `` Personal Jesus '' `` Enjoy the Silence '' `` Policy of Truth '' `` World in My Eyes '' `` I Feel You '' `` Walking in My Shoes '' `` Condemnation '' `` In Your Room '' `` Barrel of a Gun '' `` It 's No Good '' `` Home '' `` Useless '' `` Only When I Lose Myself '' `` Dream On '' `` I Feel Loved '' `` Freelove '' `` Goodnight Lovers '' `` Enjoy the Silence 04 '' `` Precious '' `` A Pain That I 'm Used To '' `` Suffer Well '' `` John the Revelator '' / `` Lilian '' `` Martyr '' `` Wrong '' `` Peace '' `` Fragile Tension '' / `` Hole to Feed '' `` Heaven '' `` Soothe My Soul '' `` Should Be Higher '' `` Where 's the Revolution '' `` Going Backwards '' `` Cover Me '' Tours 1980 Tour 1981 Tour See You Tour Broken Frame Tour Construction Time Again Tour Some Great Reward Tour Black Celebration Tour Music for the Masses Tour World Violation Tour Devotional Tour Exotic Tour / Summer Tour ' 94 The Singles Tour Exciter Tour Touring the Angel Tour of the Universe Delta Machine Tour Global Spirit Tour Tribute albums I Sometimes Wish I Was Famous For the Masses Color Theory Presents Depeche Mode Related Articles Discography Videography Tours Awards and nominations Christian Eigner Peter Gordeno Bands Yazoo The Assembly Erasure Recoil VCMG Soulsavers Albums Counterfeit e.p. Counterfeit2 MG Paper Monsters Hourglass The Light the Dead See Angels & Ghosts Marilyn Manson Marilyn Manson Gil Sharone Paul Wiley Tyler Bates Juan Alderete Zsa Zsa Speck Olivia Newton Bundy Gidget Gein Sara Lee Lucas Daisy Berkowitz Zim Zum John 5 Madonna Wayne Gacy Tim Sköld Ginger Fish Chris Vrenna Fred Sablan Twiggy Ramirez Studio albums Portrait of an American Family Antichrist Superstar Mechanical Animals Holy Wood ( In the Shadow of the Valley of Death ) The Golden Age of Grotesque Eat Me , Drink Me The High End of Low Born Villain The Pale Emperor Heaven Upside Down Live albums The Last Tour on Earth Compilations Lunch Boxes & Choklit Cows Lest We Forget : The Best Of Lost & Found Extended plays Smells Like Children Remix & Repent Singles Commercial `` Get Your Gunn '' `` Lunchbox '' `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' `` The Beautiful People '' `` Tourniquet '' `` Long Hard Road Out of Hell '' `` The Dope Show '' `` I Do n't Like the Drugs ( But the Drugs Like Me ) '' `` Rock Is Dead '' `` Disposable Teens '' `` The Fight Song '' `` The Nobodies '' `` Tainted Love '' `` Mobscene '' `` This Is the New Shit '' `` Personal Jesus '' `` Heart - Shaped Glasses ( When the Heart Guides the Hand ) '' `` Putting Holes in Happiness '' `` Arma - goddamn - motherfuckin - geddon '' `` No Reflection '' `` Slo - Mo - Tion '' `` Third Day of a Seven Day Binge '' `` Deep Six '' `` Cupid Carries a Gun '' `` We Know Where You Fucking Live '' `` Kill4Me '' `` Cry Little Sister '' Promotional `` Dope Hat '' `` Antichrist Superstar '' `` Man That You Fear '' `` Coma White '' `` Astonishing Panorama of the Endtimes '' `` You and Me and the Devil Makes 3 '' `` We 're from America '' `` The Mephistopheles of Los Angeles '' `` The Devil Beneath My Feet '' `` Tattooed in Reverse '' Other songs `` Apple of Sodom '' `` This Is Halloween '' `` If I Was Your Vampire '' `` Running to the Edge of the World '' `` Wow '' `` Killing Strangers '' `` Say10 '' Video albums Dead to the World God Is in the T.V. Guns , God and Government Books The Long Hard Road Out of Hell Holy Wood Genealogies of Pain Campaign Films Doppelherz Born Villain Concert tours Independent touring Portrait of an American Family Tour Smells Like Children Tour Dead to the World Tour Mechanical Animals Tour Beautiful Monsters Tour Rock Is Dead Tour Guns , God and Government Tour Grotesk Burlesk Tour Against All Gods Tour Rape of the World Tour The High End of Low Tour Hey Cruel World ... Tour Twins of Evil Tour Masters of Madness Tour The Hell Not Hallelujah Tour The End Times Tour Heaven Upside Down Tour Twins of Evil : The Second Coming Tour Related Articles Discography Awards and nominations Band members The Manson Family Album MarilynManson.com Posthuman Records Hell , etc . Marilyn Manson -- Columbine High School massacre controversy Bands Alice Cooper gODHEAD Goon Moon Jack Off Jill Loser Nine Inch Nails Rob Zombie Slipknot The Smashing Pumpkins Book Nina Hagen Discography Filmography Studio albums Nina Hagen Band ( 1978 ) Unbehagen ( 1979 ) NunSexMonkRock ( 1982 ) Fearless / Angstlos ( 1983 ) Nina Hagen in Ekstasy / In Ekstase ( 1985 ) Nina Hagen ( 1989 ) Street ( 1991 ) Revolution Ballroom ( 1993 ) FreuD euch ( 1995 ) BeeHappy ( 1996 ) Om Namah Shivay ( 1999 ) Return of the Mother ( 2000 ) Big Band Explosion ( 2003 ) Irgendwo auf der Welt ( 2006 ) Personal Jesus ( 2010 ) Volksbeat ( 2011 ) Extended plays Nina Hagen Band ( 1980 ) Punk Wedding ( 1987 ) Compilations The Very Best of Nina Hagen ( 1990 ) Rock aus Deutschland : Nina Hagen ( 1992 ) Definitive Collection ( 1995 ) 14 Friendly Abductions ( 1996 ) Prima Nina in Ekstasy ( 2000 ) Sternenmädchen ( 2001 ) Rangeh'n -- Das Beste von Nina Hagen ( 2004 ) Was Denn : Hits ' 74 -- ' 95 ( 2004 ) Heiß ( 2005 ) Soundtracks Cha Cha ( 1979 ) Live releases Live in Krefeld ( 2001 ) Singles `` Du hast den Farbfilm vergessen '' `` Hatschi - Waldera '' `` TV - Glotzer '' `` My Way '' `` Smack Jack '' `` Zarah '' `` New York New York '' `` Universal Radio '' `` Fieber '' `` Total Eclipse / Die schwarze Witwe '' `` Seemann '' `` Personal Jesus '' Related articles Eva - Maria Hagen Wolf Biermann Cosma Shiva Hagen Book Gravity Kills Jeff Scheel Matt Dudenhoffer Doug Firley Kurt Kerns Brad Booker Studio albums Gravity Kills Perversion Superstarved Remix albums Manipulated Singles `` Guilty '' `` Falling '' `` Personal Jesus '' Related Acts Pitchshifter Stabbing Westward KMFDM Sex Pistols Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Personal_Jesus&oldid=856718371 '' Categories : 1989 singles 1989 songs 2004 singles 2011 singles Depeche Mode songs Interscope Records singles Johnny Cash songs Marilyn Manson ( band ) songs Music videos directed by Anton Corbijn Mute Records singles Nothing Records singles Song recordings produced by Flood ( producer ) Songs written by Martin Gore Songs about Elvis Presley Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Use British English from September 2012 Use dmy dates from September 2012 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadadance Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Norway Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Italiano ქართული Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 03 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal%20Jesus	768
who plays mrs davis in iron man 3	Year Title Role Notes 1995 The Incredibly True Adventure of Two Girls in Love Regina 1995 Running Wild Judith 1995 The Journey of August King Jenny Prison of Secrets Lynn 's friend 2000 Sordid Lives Glyndora 2001 The Pledge Strom 2005 Our Very Own Skillet 2005 Domino Edna Fender 2006 Nichts als Gespenster Annie 2008 Trailer Park of Terror Daryl 2008 Dark Canvas Wilma 2008 Changeling Patient 2008 Leaving Barstow Linda 2009 A Perfect Getaway Earth Momma Winter 's Bone Merab Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female Gotham Independent Film Award for Best Ensemble Performance Southeastern Film Critics Association Award for Best Ensemble ( 2nd place ) Nominated -- San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actress Nominated -- San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Ensemble Performance 2011 Child of the Desert Elia 2011 Super 8 Edie 2011 Pirates of the Caribbean : Tales of the Code : Wedlocked Oona 2012 Evidence Katrina Fleishman 2012 Blues for Willadean Rayleen Hobbs 2012 Tales of Everyday Magic Maggie 2012 The Happiest Person in America Meg 2012 Being Flynn Marie 2012 The Yellow Wallpaper Jennie Gilman 2012 The Man Who Shook the Hand of Vicente Fernandez Denise 2012 The Guilt Trip Tammy 2012 Lost on Purpose Retta Lee 2012 9 Full Moons Billie 2013 C.O.G. Debbie 2013 The Trials of Cate McCall Mrs. Stubbs 2013 Teddy Bears Lori 2013 Iron Man 3 Mrs. Davis 2013 Southern Baptist Sissies Odette 2014 What Lola Wants Mama 2014 Dark Around the Stars Rita 2014 White Bird in a Blizzard Mrs. Hillman 2014 The Possession of Michael King Beverly 2014 San Patricios Colleen Donnelly 2015 Regression Rose Gray 2015 Waffle Street Crazy Kathy 2015 Blood Father Cherise 2016 Hell or High Water Elsie 2016 Message from the King Mrs. Lazlo 2017 Small Town Crime Leslie 2018 Leave No Trace Dale		Dale Dickey	dale dickey	Dale Dickey ( born September 29 , 1961 ) is an American character actress who has worked in theater , film , and television . Dickey won the Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female for her performance as Merab in the 2010 independent drama film Winter 's Bone . She is also known for her character roles in a number of mainstream and independent films as of the early 2000s , and for recurring performances in television shows such as My Name Is Earl , Breaking Bad , True Blood and Justified . She also appeared on the television series Vice Principals on HBO .	Contents 1 Life and career 2 Filmography 2.1 Film 2.2 Television 3 References 4 External links Life and career ( edit ) Diana Dale Dickey was born in Knoxville , Tennessee and attended Bearden High School . She played several roles in High School productions , notably as Emily in Our Town . She later attended the University of Tennessee from 1979 to 1984 , but left to pursue her acting career . On December 10 , 2015 , she returned to the University of Tennessee as a guest speaker , where she gave the commencement speech to fall graduates and was awarded an honorary Master of Fine Arts degree from the university . Dickey has been working as a character actress in both mainstream and independent films since the 1990s . She is known for her recurring roles as Nash on the hit HBO series Vice Principals and as Patty on NBC comedy series My Name Is Earl and as Opal McHone in CBS historical drama Christy . Dickey has had several roles in films such as The Pledge , Our Very Own , Domino , Super 8 , Being Flynn and The Guilt Trip . She performed on many Broadway productions , like The Merchant of Venice ( 1989 ) and A Streetcar Named Desire ( 2009 ) . Dickey has appeared in guest roles on numerous television series , including The X-Files , Frasier , CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , Gilmore Girls , The Closer , Grey 's Anatomy and Breaking Bad . Dickey received critical praise for her performance as Merab in 2010 independent drama film Winter 's Bone opposite Jennifer Lawrence , winning the Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female in February 2011 . In 2012 she plays Martha Bozeman in the fifth and sixth seasons of the HBO series True Blood . Dickey appeared in the superhero film Iron Man 3 , directed by Shane Black in 2013 . She also was cast in Bonnie and Clyde : Dead and Alive miniseries in 2013 . In 2014 , she had a recurring role in the FX series Justified . In 2015 Dickey portrayed Rose Gray in the Spanish - American thriller film Regression , in which she co-stars with Ethan Hawke and Emma Watson . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1995 The Incredibly True Adventure of Two Girls in Love Regina 1995 Running Wild Judith 1995 The Journey of August King Jenny Prison of Secrets Lynn 's friend 2000 Sordid Lives Glyndora 2001 The Pledge Strom 2005 Our Very Own Skillet 2005 Domino Edna Fender 2006 Nichts als Gespenster Annie 2008 Trailer Park of Terror Daryl 2008 Dark Canvas Wilma 2008 Changeling Patient 2008 Leaving Barstow Linda 2009 A Perfect Getaway Earth Momma Winter 's Bone Merab Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female Gotham Independent Film Award for Best Ensemble Performance Southeastern Film Critics Association Award for Best Ensemble ( 2nd place ) Nominated -- San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actress Nominated -- San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Ensemble Performance 2011 Child of the Desert Elia 2011 Super 8 Edie 2011 Pirates of the Caribbean : Tales of the Code : Wedlocked Oona 2012 Evidence Katrina Fleishman 2012 Blues for Willadean Rayleen Hobbs 2012 Tales of Everyday Magic Maggie 2012 The Happiest Person in America Meg 2012 Being Flynn Marie 2012 The Yellow Wallpaper Jennie Gilman 2012 The Man Who Shook the Hand of Vicente Fernandez Denise 2012 The Guilt Trip Tammy 2012 Lost on Purpose Retta Lee 2012 9 Full Moons Billie 2013 C.O.G. Debbie 2013 The Trials of Cate McCall Mrs. Stubbs 2013 Teddy Bears Lori 2013 Iron Man 3 Mrs. Davis 2013 Southern Baptist Sissies Odette 2014 What Lola Wants Mama 2014 Dark Around the Stars Rita 2014 White Bird in a Blizzard Mrs. Hillman 2014 The Possession of Michael King Beverly 2014 San Patricios Colleen Donnelly 2015 Regression Rose Gray 2015 Waffle Street Crazy Kathy 2015 Blood Father Cherise 2016 Hell or High Water Elsie 2016 Message from the King Mrs. Lazlo 2017 Small Town Crime Leslie 2018 Leave No Trace Dale Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1995 Cagney & Lacey : Together Again Gloria TV movie 1994 -- 1995 Christy Opal McHone 4 episodes 2000 City of Angels Rose Odalee Greenup Episode : `` The High Cost of Living '' 2000 Christy : The Movie Opal McHone TV movie 2001 Christy , Choices of the Heart , Part II : A New Beginning Opal McHone TV mini-series ; 2 episodes 2001 The X-Files Game Warden Episode : `` Existence '' 2003 Frasier Mrs. Grant Episode : `` Some Assembly Required '' CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Cassie Episode : `` Bad to the Bone '' ER Mrs. Price Episode : `` Twas the Night '' 2005 Numb3rs Karen Episode : `` Counterfeit Reality '' 2006 Gilmore Girls Ruthie 2 episodes 2006 Cold Case Reba Dautry Episode : `` Joseph '' 2006 The Closer Anna Larson Episode : `` Out of Focus '' 2007 Shark Nancy Padget Episode : `` Porn Free '' 2007 Ugly Betty Sugar Free Shirley Episode : `` East Side Story '' 2008 Sordid Lives : The Series Glyndora Roberts 6 episodes 2005 -- 2009 My Name Is Earl Patty , the daytime hooker 19 episodes 2009 Princess Protection Program Helen TV movie 2009 Breaking Bad Spooge 's Lady 2 episodes All Signs of Death Thea TV Pilot Bones Marsha Vinton Episode : `` The X in the File '' Criminal Minds Carol Episode : `` Exit Wounds '' Weeds Sugarpop Episode : `` Gentle Puppies '' 2011 2 Broke Girls Elena Episode : `` And the Pop - Up Sale '' 2013 Grey 's Anatomy Gasoline Episode : `` Things We Said Today '' 2012 -- 2013 Raising Hope Patty 2 episodes 2013 Southland Maureen Episode : `` Heroes '' 2012 -- 2013 True Blood Martha Bozeman 12 episodes 2013 Last Man Standing Doris Episode : `` Shoveling Snow '' 2013 Bonnie and Clyde : Dead and Alive Cummie Barrow TV mini-series ; 2 episodes 2014 Justified Judith 4 episodes 2014 The Middle Sandy Episode : `` Orlando '' 2014 Dinner with Friends with Brett Gelman and Friends Herself TV Special 2014 Sons of Anarchy Renee O'Leary Egan Episode : `` The Separation of Crows '' 2015 Backstrom Judge Nunn Episode : `` Rock Bottom '' 2015 Documentary Now ! Joelle Fellweather Episode : `` The Eye Does n't Lie '' 2016 Better Things Jace Episode : `` Sam / Pilot '' 2017 Claws Juanda Husser 6 episodes 2017 Vice Principals Nash 9 episodes 2017 Shameless Aunt Ronnie Episode : `` Fuck Paying It Forward '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Dale Dickey - Biography '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Dale Dickey on IMDB '' . IMDB.com . Retrieved 8 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` An honor : Actress Dale Dickey speaks at UT commencement , receives honorary degree '' . Knoxville News Sentinel . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Spirit Awards : Dale Dickey wins best supporting female , Los Angeles Times , ( February 26 , 2011 ) Jump up ^ ' True Blood ' adds Dale Dickey for fifth season Jump up ^ ' Iron Man 3 ' casts ' True Blood ' actress Dale Dickey Jump up ^ `` First Look at Lifetime / History 's ' Bonnie and Clyde ' Miniseries ( Photos ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 22 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ http://www.knoxville.com/news/2014/mar/05/knoxville-celebrities-dale-dickey-justified/ Jump up ^ English - Language Regression arrives External links ( edit ) Dale Dickey on IMDb Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female Anjelica Huston ( 1987 ) Rosanna DeSoto ( 1988 ) Laura San Giacomo ( 1989 ) Sheryl Lee Ralph ( 1990 ) Diane Ladd ( 1991 ) Alfre Woodard ( 1992 ) Lili Taylor ( 1993 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1994 ) Mare Winningham ( 1995 ) Elizabeth Peña ( 1996 ) Debbi Morgan ( 1997 ) Lynn Redgrave ( 1998 ) Chloë Sevigny ( 1999 ) Zhang Ziyi ( 2000 ) Carrie - Anne Moss ( 2001 ) Emily Mortimer ( 2002 ) Shohreh Aghdashloo ( 2003 ) Virginia Madsen ( 2004 ) Amy Adams ( 2005 ) Frances McDormand ( 2006 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2007 ) Penélope Cruz ( 2008 ) Mo'Nique ( 2009 ) Dale Dickey ( 2010 ) Shailene Woodley ( 2011 ) Helen Hunt ( 2012 ) Lupita Nyong'o ( 2013 ) Patricia Arquette ( 2014 ) Mya Taylor ( 2015 ) Molly Shannon ( 2016 ) Allison Janney ( 2017 ) BNF : cb15030659s ( data ) GND : 1034789740 ISNI : 0000 0000 1116 8635 LCCN : no2010177303 SUDOC : 154739146 VIAF : 17504972 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dale_Dickey&oldid=851372447 '' Categories : 1961 births Living people 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Tennessee American film actresses American stage actresses American television actresses Independent Spirit Award winners People from Knoxville , Tennessee University of Tennessee alumni Hidden categories : Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Русский Tagalog Türkçe 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 July 2018 , at 20 : 56 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale%20Dickey	769
what is the blue guys name from guardians of the galaxy	Michael Rooker as Yondu Udonta : A blue - skinned bandit who is the leader of the Ravagers and a paternal figure to Quill . Yondu helps Quill to steal the orb before Quill betrays him , leaving Yondu and the Ravagers to chase the Guardians . On the character , Rooker said , he has `` some interesting issues -- not a good guy , not a bad guy . There 's hope and there 's a heart inside Yondu . '' Gunn created the film 's version of the character specifically with Rooker in mind , while borrowing the character 's mohawk and use of a whistle - controlled arrow from the comics . Rooker fully committed to the role once he knew his role on the TV series The Walking Dead would be ending . Rooker 's makeup took approximately four hours to apply .	Yondu Udonta	Guardians of the Galaxy ( film )	guardians of the galaxy ( film )	Guardians of the Galaxy ( retroactively referred to as Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 1 ) is a 2014 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team of the same name , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the tenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . The film was directed by James Gunn , who wrote the screenplay with Nicole Perlman , and features an ensemble cast including Chris Pratt , Zoe Saldana , Dave Bautista , Vin Diesel , Bradley Cooper , Lee Pace , Michael Rooker , Karen Gillan , Djimon Hounsou , John C. Reilly , Glenn Close , and Benicio del Toro . In Guardians of the Galaxy , Peter Quill forms an uneasy alliance with a group of extraterrestrial misfits who are fleeing after stealing a powerful artifact .	Perlman began working on the screenplay in 2009 . Producer Kevin Feige first publicly mentioned Guardians of the Galaxy as a potential film in 2010 and Marvel Studios announced it was in active development at the San Diego Comic - Con International in July 2012 . Gunn was hired to write and direct the film that September . In February 2013 , Pratt was hired to play Peter Quill / Star - Lord , and the supporting cast members were subsequently confirmed . Principal photography began in July 2013 at Shepperton Studios in England , with filming continuing in London before wrapping up in October 2013 . Post-production was finished on July 7 , 2014 . The film premiered in Hollywood on July 21 , 2014 . It was released in theaters on August 1 , 2014 in the United States in the 3D and IMAX 3D formats . The film became a critical and commercial success , grossing $773.3 million worldwide and becoming the highest - grossing superhero film of 2014 , as well as the third highest - grossing film of 2014 . The film garnered praise for its humor , action , soundtrack , visual effects , direction , musical score , and acting . A sequel , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , was released on May 5 , 2017 , with a third film , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 , scheduled to be released in 2020 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.1. 1 Writing 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 3.4. 1 Visual effects 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.1. 1 Merchandise 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 North America 6.1. 2 Outside North America 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequels 7.1 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 7.2 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1988 , following his mother 's death , a young Peter Quill is abducted from Earth by the Ravagers , a group of space pirates led by Yondu Udonta . Twenty - six years later on the planet Morag , Quill steals an orb but is attacked by Korath , a subordinate to the fanatical Kree , Ronan . Although Quill escapes with the orb , Yondu discovers his theft and issues a bounty for his capture , while Ronan sends the assassin Gamora after the orb . When Quill attempts to sell the orb on Xandar , capital of the Nova Empire , Gamora ambushes him and steals it . A fight ensues , drawing in a pair of bounty hunters : the genetically and cybernetically modified raccoon Rocket , and the tree - like humanoid Groot . Nova Corps officers capture the four , detaining them in the Kyln . A powerful inmate there , Drax , attempts to kill Gamora due to her association with Ronan , who killed his family . Quill convinces Drax that Gamora can bring Ronan to him , though Gamora reveals that she has betrayed Ronan , unwilling to let him use the orb 's power . Learning that Gamora has a buyer for the orb , Quill , Rocket , Groot , and Drax work with her to escape the Kyln in Quill 's ship , the Milano . Ronan meets with Gamora 's adoptive father , Thanos , to discuss her betrayal . Quill 's group flee to Knowhere , a remote criminal outpost in space built in the giant severed head of a Celestial . A drunken Drax summons Ronan while the rest of the group meet Gamora 's contact , the collector Taneleer Tivan . Tivan opens the orb , revealing an Infinity Stone , an item of immeasurable power that destroys all but the most powerful beings who wield it . Tivan 's tormented assistant Carina grabs the Stone , triggering an explosion that engulfs Tivan 's archive . Ronan arrives and easily defeats Drax , while the others flee by ship , pursued by Ronan 's followers and Gamora 's adoptive sister Nebula . Nebula destroys Gamora 's ship , leaving her floating in space , and Ronan 's fighters capture the orb . Quill contacts Yondu before following Gamora into space , giving her his helmet to survive ; Yondu arrives and retrieves the pair . Rocket , Drax , and Groot threaten to attack Yondu 's ship to rescue them , but Quill negotiates a truce , promising the orb to Yondu . Quill 's group agrees that facing Ronan means certain death , but that they can not let him use the Infinity Stone to destroy the galaxy . On Ronan 's flagship , the Dark Aster , Ronan embeds the Stone in his warhammer , taking its power for himself . He contacts Thanos , threatening to kill him after first destroying Xandar ; hateful of her adoptive father , Nebula allies with Ronan . The Ravagers and Quill 's group join with the Nova Corps to confront the Dark Aster at Xandar , with Quill 's group breaching the Dark Aster with the Milano . Ronan uses his empowered warhammer to destroy the Nova Corps fleet . Gamora fights and defeats Nebula , who then escapes , but the group find themselves outmatched by Ronan 's power until Rocket crashes a Ravager ship through the Dark Aster . The damaged Dark Aster crash - lands on Xandar , with Groot sacrificing himself to shield the group . Ronan emerges from the wreck and prepares to destroy Xandar , but Quill distracts him , allowing Drax and Rocket to destroy Ronan 's warhammer . Quill grabs the freed Stone , and with Gamora , Drax , and Rocket sharing its burden , they use it to destroy Ronan . In the aftermath , Quill tricks Yondu into taking a container supposedly containing the Stone , and gives the real Stone to the Nova Corps . As the Ravagers leave Xandar , Yondu remarks that it turned out well that they did not deliver Quill to his father per their contract . Quill 's group , now known as the Guardians of the Galaxy , have their criminal records expunged , and Quill learns that he is only half - human , his father being part of an ancient , unknown species . Quill finally opens the last present he received from his mother : a cassette tape filled with her favorite songs . The Guardians leave in the rebuilt Milano along with a sapling cut from Groot . In a post-credits scene , Tivan sits in his destroyed archive with two of his living exhibits : a canine cosmonaut and an anthropomorphic duck . Cast ( edit ) The cast of Guardians of the Galaxy promoting the film at the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International . From top to bottom : Pratt , Saldana , Bautista , Pace , Rooker , Gillan , Hounsou , and del Toro . ( Scrollable image ) Chris Pratt as Peter Quill / Star - Lord : The half - human , half - alien leader of the Guardians who was abducted from Missouri as a child in 1988 and raised by a group of alien thieves and smugglers called the Ravagers . About the character , Pratt said , `` He had a hard time as a kid , and now he goes around space , making out with hot alien girls and just being a rogue and a bit of a jerk , and through teaming up with these guys , finds a higher purpose for himself . '' He also added that the character is a mix of Han Solo and Marty McFly . Pratt , who was mostly known for playing supporting characters , including Andy Dwyer on the television series Parks and Recreation , initially turned down the role . Pratt had lost weight to portray fit characters in films such as Moneyball and Zero Dark Thirty , and had given up ambitions to play the lead role in action films after humbling auditions for Star Trek and Avatar . Casting director Sarah Finn suggested Pratt to Gunn , who dismissed the idea despite struggling to cast that role . Despite this , Finn arranged for a meeting between the two , at which point Gunn was immediately convinced that Pratt was perfect for the role . Pratt also won over Feige , despite having gained weight again for Delivery Man . Prior to filming , Pratt underwent a strict diet and training regimen to lose 60 lb ( 27 kg ) in six months . Pratt signed a multi-film contract with Marvel , and was granted a temporary leave from his work on Parks and Recreation in order to accommodate his participation in the film . Wyatt Oleff portrays a young Quill . Zoe Saldana as Gamora : An orphan from an alien world who seeks redemption for her past crimes . She was trained by Thanos to be his personal assassin . Saldana said that she became Gamora through make - up rather than computer generated imagery ( CGI ) or performance capture . On taking the role , Saldana said , `` I was just excited to be asked to join by James Gunn and to also play someone green . I 've been blue before ( in Avatar ) . '' Saldana described Gamora as `` ... a warrior , she 's an assassin and she 's very lethal but what saves her is the same thing that can doom her . She has a sense of righteousness . She 's a very righteous individual . '' Dave Bautista as Drax the Destroyer : A warrior who seeks to avenge his family 's death at the hands of Ronan . On relating to the character , Bautista said , `` I can just relate to Drax so much it 's not even funny . Just the simple things that we have in common . Simple things like the tattoos , the tragedy -- because you know , I had a bit of tragedy in my life as well . So it 's really easy for me to pull from that . '' Bautista also said that there was `` a lot of comic relief to Drax '' , but the character was not aware of it . Bautista stated that he did not do much preparation for the role , because `` Luckily , for me , I 'm a lifelong athlete and I adapted real quick . '' Bautista 's makeup took approximately four hours to apply , though it could be removed in just 90 minutes . Drax has various scarring patterns on his body , which replace the simple tattoos from the comics , each having a specific story . Additionally , his skin tone was changed from the bright green in the comics to a muddier grey , to avoid visual similarities to the Hulk . Vin Diesel as Groot : A tree - like humanoid who is the accomplice of Rocket . Diesel stated that he provided the voice and motion capture for Groot , after originally being in talks to star in a new Phase Three Marvel film . Diesel also provided Groot 's voice for several foreign - language releases of the film . Krystian Godlewski portrayed the character on set , though his acting was not used in the final character CGI . On the character , which Gunn based on his dog , Gunn said , `` All the Guardians start out the movie as bastards -- except Groot . He 's an innocent . He 's a hundred percent deadly and a hundred percent sweet . He 's caught up in Rocket 's life , really . '' Gunn added that the design and movement of Groot took `` the better part of a year '' to create . Gunn added , `` The ways in which Vin Diesel says , ' I am Groot , ' I am astounded . All of the ' I am Groots ' that were earlier voices did n't sound very good at all ... Vin came in and in one day , laid down all these ' I am Groot ' tracks , and he 's a perfectionist . He made me explain to him with ever ( sic ) ' I am Groot , ' exactly what he was saying ... It was amazing when we first put that voice in there how much the character changed and how much he influenced the character . '' Regarding the limited words used by Groot , Diesel said in many ways this was , `` ... the most challenging thing to ask an actor to do . '' Diesel found an emotional note in his performance , invoking the death of his friend and Fast and Furious co-star Paul Walker , saying , `` This was in December ( 2013 ) , and the first time I came back to dealing with human beings after dealing with death , so playing a character who celebrates life in the way Groot does was very nice . '' Groot 's form and size - changing abilities are seen , with Gunn stating that he has the ability to grow in the film . Bradley Cooper as Rocket : A genetically engineered raccoon - like bounty hunter and mercenary who is a master of weapons and battle tactics . Gunn worked with live raccoons to get the correct feel for the character , and to make sure it was `` not a cartoon character '' , saying , `` It 's not Bugs Bunny in the middle of the Avengers , it 's a real , little , somewhat mangled beast that 's alone . There 's no one else in the universe quite like him , he 's been created by these guys to be a mean - ass fighting machine . '' Gunn also based the character on himself . Describing Rocket in relation to the rest of the Guardians , Cooper said , `` I think Rocket is dynamic . He 's the sort of Joe Pesci in Goodfellas guy . '' Cooper voiced Rocket , while Sean Gunn ( James ' younger brother ) stood in for the character during filming . James Gunn said that for the role of Rocket , some physical movement from Cooper , including facial expressions and hand movements , was recorded as potential reference for the animators , though much of Sean Gunn 's acting is used throughout the film . Before Cooper was cast , James Gunn said that it was a challenge finding a voice for Rocket , that he was looking for someone that could balance `` the fast - talking speech patterns that Rocket has , but also can be funny , because he is really funny . But also has the heart that Rocket has . Because there are actually some pretty dramatic scenes with Rocket . '' Lee Pace as Ronan the Accuser : A Kree radical who agrees to retrieve an artifact for Thanos in exchange for eradicating his mortal enemies , the Xandarians . Ronan and his Sakaaran army hunt down the Guardians when they interfere with his goals . Describing Ronan , Gunn said , `` He is the primary villain , and he is a really twisted guy , he has a really religious bent in this film . He has a very sick and twisted view of what morality is ; strength is virtue and weakness is sin and that is what he lives by , and I think he is very scary because of his beliefs , which are real to him . '' Pace , who originally auditioned for Peter Quill , described Ronan as a `` psycho '' and a `` monster '' . Michael Rooker as Yondu Udonta : A blue - skinned bandit who is the leader of the Ravagers and a paternal figure to Quill . Yondu helps Quill to steal the orb before Quill betrays him , leaving Yondu and the Ravagers to chase the Guardians . On the character , Rooker said , he has `` some interesting issues -- not a good guy , not a bad guy . There 's hope and there 's a heart inside Yondu . '' Gunn created the film 's version of the character specifically with Rooker in mind , while borrowing the character 's mohawk and use of a whistle - controlled arrow from the comics . Rooker fully committed to the role once he knew his role on the TV series The Walking Dead would be ending . Rooker 's makeup took approximately four hours to apply . Karen Gillan as Nebula : An adopted daughter of Thanos who was raised with Gamora as siblings and is a loyal lieutenant in the employ of Ronan and Thanos . About the character , Gillan said , `` She is the female villain of the film ... She is very sadistic and evil , but I like to think for a very valid reason . '' She also added , `` I think she 's a really interesting character . What I like to play around with is how jealous she is . She 's Gamora 's sister , and there 's a lot of sibling rivalry . That 's the most interesting aspect to me , because jealousy can consume you and turn you bitter , and ugly . And she 's a total sadist , so that 's fun too . '' Gillan researched the ancient Spartans , shaved off her hair , and trained for two months for the role . The character 's makeup took approximately four and a half hours to be applied . Djimon Hounsou as Korath : A Kree ally of Ronan who is a feared intergalactic hunter . As to why he took the role Hounsou said , `` I have a four - year old son who loves superheroes from Spider - Man to Iron Man to Batman . He 's got all the costumes . One day he looks at me and says ' Dad , I want to be light - skinned so I could be Spider - Man . Spider - Man has light skin . ' That was sort of a shock . This is why I am excited to be a part of the Marvel Universe , so I could hopefully provide that diversity in the role of the superhero . '' John C. Reilly as Rhomann Dey : A corpsman in the Nova Corps , the Nova Empire 's military and police force . Glenn Close as Irani Rael : The leader of the Nova Corps , known as Nova Prime , whose mission is to protect the citizens of the Nova Empire and keep peace . Close stated that she `` had always wanted to be in a movie like ( Guardians of the Galaxy ) , and that it would be `` the most fun to play something like the Judi Dench ( as M or ) Samuel L. Jackson ( as Nick Fury ) role '' . She said that she took the role because she `` love ( s ) to do stuff that 's different '' and wanted to show that she `` ( has ) always been up for anything . '' She also stated that her contract has `` several '' films on it , and that she would be open to working on other Marvel Studios films in addition to returning for Guardians sequels . Benicio del Toro as Taneleer Tivan / The Collector : An obsessive keeper of the largest collection of interstellar fauna , relics , and species in the galaxy who operates out of a place in space named Knowhere . Describing del Toro 's performance , Gunn said , `` He 's like an outer - space Liberace . That 's what it says in the script , which he 's kind of doing . '' On bringing the character to life , del Toro said , `` What James ( Gunn ) wanted , that I found out little by little as I was doing it , is that he wanted me to explore and just keep pushing the character and keep creating ( him ) as I was in front of the camera . '' Additionally , Josh Brolin appears , uncredited , as Thanos through voice acting and performance capture . Sean Gunn stood in for Thanos during filming and portrays Kraglin , Yondu 's first mate in the Ravagers . Alexis Denisof reprises his role as Thanos 's vizier , `` The Other '' , from The Avengers . Ophelia Lovibond plays Carina , the Collector 's slave ; Peter Serafinowicz plays Denarian Garthan Saal , a Nova Corps officer ; Gregg Henry plays Quill 's grandfather ; Laura Haddock plays Quill 's mother , Meredith ; Melia Kreiling plays Bereet ; Christopher Fairbank plays The Broker ; Mikaela Hoover plays Nova Prime 's assistant ; Marama Corlett plays a pit boss at the bar , The Boot ; Emmett J. Scanlan plays a Nova riot guard ; Alexis Rodney plays Moloka Dar ; Tom Proctor plays Horuz , a Ravager ; and Spencer Wilding plays a prison guard who confiscates Quill 's Walkman . Canine actor Fred appears as Cosmo . Stephen Blackehart had a supporting role . Naomi Ryan also had a supporting role in the film , though it was cut in the final version . Cameos in the film include : James Gunn as a Sakaaran ; Stan Lee as a Xandarian Ladies ' Man ; Lloyd Kaufman as an inmate ; Nathan Fillion as the voice of an inmate ; Rob Zombie as the voice of the Ravager Navigator ; composer Tyler Bates as a Ravager pilot ; and Seth Green as the voice of Howard the Duck . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) `` I think anybody ... who would have said that this would make a great main movie would have been laughed off . It 's such an unlikely thing to do . So I think it 's lovely to work on something and expose its potential to the point where a company like Marvel will say , ' Yes , this makes sense . ' '' -- Dan Abnett , co-writer of the 2008 Guardians of the Galaxy relaunch , on the project Marvel Studios President Kevin Feige first mentioned Guardians of the Galaxy as a potential film at the 2010 San Diego Comic - Con International , stating , `` There are some obscure titles , too , like Guardians of the Galaxy . I think they 've been revamped recently in a fun way in the ( comic ) book . '' Feige reiterated that sentiment in a September 2011 issue of Entertainment Weekly , saying , `` There 's an opportunity to do a big space epic , which Thor sort of hints at , in the cosmic side '' of the Marvel Cinematic Universe . Feige added , should the film be made , it would feature an ensemble of characters , similar to X-Men and The Avengers . Feige announced that the film was in active development at the 2012 San Diego Comic - Con International during the Marvel Studios panel , with an intended release date of August 1 , 2014 . He stated that the film 's titular team would consist of the characters Star - Lord , Drax the Destroyer , Gamora , Groot , and Rocket Raccoon . Two pieces of concept art were also displayed , one of Rocket Raccoon , and one featuring the entire team . In August 2012 , James Gunn entered talks to direct the film , beating out other contenders , including Peyton Reed and the duo Ryan Fleck and Anna Boden . The Avengers director Joss Whedon , who signed a deal to creatively consult on all of the films leading up to The Avengers sequel , was enthusiastic about the selection of Gunn to direct , saying `` James ( Gunn ) is what makes me think it will work ... He is so off the wall , and so crazy , but so smart , such a craftsman and he builds from his heart . He loves the raccoon . Needs the raccoon ... He has a very twisted take on it , but it all comes from a real love for the material . It 's going to be hard for ( the human characters ) to keep up . '' Writing ( edit ) Nicole Perlman , who was enrolled in Marvel 's screenwriting program in 2009 , was offered several of their lesser known properties to base a screenplay on . Out of those , Perlman chose Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning 's Guardians of the Galaxy , due to her interest in space and science fiction , adding , `` I think ( Marvel ) were a little taken aback when I chose Guardians , because there were ones that would make a lot more sense if you were a romantic - comedy writer or something like that . '' Perlman spent two years writing a draft , immersing herself in the Guardians universe , and was asked in late 2011 to create another draft , before Gunn was brought in in early 2012 to contribute to the script . Gunn eventually rewrote the script entirely because `` it did n't work '' for him ; he would use the film The Dirty Dozen as a reference to convey his ideas of the film to Marvel . Gunn later explained that Perlman 's draft was very different from the script he used during filming , including a different story , character arcs and no Walkman ; he stated , `` In Nicole 's script everything is pretty different ... it 's not about the same stuff . But that 's how the WGA works . They like first writers an awful lot . '' In August 2012 , Marvel Studios hired writer Chris McCoy to rewrite Perlman 's script , however , it is unclear what contribution he had to the final script , since he did not receive production credit . Gunn revealed that character introductions were the `` hardest scenes to crack '' , with Thanos ' introduction being the most difficult . He felt that `` having Thanos be in that scene was more helpful to the ( MCU ) than it was to Guardians of the Galaxy , '' yet he still wanted Thanos in the film , without `` ( belittling ) the actual antagonist of the film , which is Ronan . '' To solve his dilemma , Gunn chose to have Ronan kill `` The Other '' , Thanos ' vizier , saying , `` I thought that was interesting , because we 've had the Other , who 's obviously very powerful even in comparison to Loki , and then we see Ronan wipe his ass with him . So that I liked , but even that was sort of difficult , because it played as funnier when I first wrote it , and the humor did n't work so much . '' Pre-production ( edit ) In September 2012 , Gunn confirmed that he had signed on to direct the film and rewrite the script . By the end of November , Joel Edgerton , Jack Huston , Jim Sturgess , and Eddie Redmayne signed deals to test for the role of Peter Quill , as did Lee Pace , which he confirmed a week later in early December . Other actors who were considered for the role included Thor : The Dark World 's Zachary Levi , Joseph Gordon - Levitt , Michael Rosenbaum , and John Gallagher Jr . Chris Pratt was cast in the role in February 2013 , as part of a multi-film deal that he signed with Marvel . Gunn promoting the film at 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International In January 2013 , filming was scheduled to take place at Shepperton Studios in London , United Kingdom , and Marvel Studios announced that the film would be released in 3D . Victoria Alonso , an executive producer on the film , said that filming would begin in June . She also said that both Rocket Raccoon and Groot would be created through a combination of CGI and motion capture , going on to say that `` You ca n't do any motion capture with a raccoon -- they wo n't let you put the suit on . But we will do rotomation , probably , for some of the behavior ... we definitely will have performers to emulate what James Gunn will lead to be , the behavior and the performance . He 's very clear on where he wants to take the characters . '' In March 2013 , Feige discussed Guardians of the Galaxy in relation to the Marvel Cinematic Universe , saying , `` It 's much more of a standalone film . It takes place in the same universe . And when we 've been on the other side of that universe in other movies , you might see those characteristics in Guardians , but the Avengers are not involved with what 's happening out there at this time . '' Feige also stated that 95 % of the film would take place in space . In mid-March , Dave Bautista was signed to play Drax the Destroyer . Other actors who had been considered for the role included Isaiah Mustafa , Brian Patrick Wade and Jason Momoa . By the following week , sculptor Brian Muir , who sculpted Darth Vader 's mask for the Star Wars films , was revealed to be working on the film . In early April 2013 , Zoe Saldana entered into negotiations to star as Gamora in the film , and it was confirmed she had been cast later that month . Also in April , Michael Rooker joined the film 's cast as Yondu , and it was announced that Ophelia Lovibond had been cast in a supporting role . By this point in time , Lee Pace was in final negotiations to play the villain of the film . In May , Marvel offered John C. Reilly the role of Rhomann Dey . At the same time , it was disclosed that filmmakers were looking at actors including Hugh Laurie , Alan Rickman , and Ken Watanabe , for another role , and that Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely were providing finishing touches to the script . A few days later , Glenn Close was cast as the head of the Nova Corps in the film , followed shortly by the casting of Karen Gillan as the film 's lead female villain . By June 2013 , Benicio del Toro was cast in the film , as part of a multi-film deal with Marvel Studios . Later in the month , it was confirmed that Reilly had been cast as Rhomann Dey . Special effects makeup designer David White took head and body casts of actors , such as Bautista , to experiment with materials used to create the characters . White said , `` James always pushed for practical and makeup effects . He wanted , like me , to see the real deal there on set . '' White was careful not to use `` modern '' creature designs to ensure they did not fall short in Gunn 's uniquely envisioned world . White and his team created upwards of 1,000 prosthetic makeup applications and 2,000 molds of different colored aliens . For the specific aesthetic look to the film , Gunn wanted to create `` a colorful science - fiction world '' , and include elements of 1950s and 60s pulp movies , citing the Ravagers ' spaceships , which he compared to muscle cars , as an example of the latter . Science fiction artist Chris Foss inspired and helped design the final look of some of the spacecrafts that appear in the film . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began around July 6 , 2013 in London , United Kingdom , under the working title of Full Tilt . Filming took place at Shepperton Studios and Longcross Studios . Later in July , Gunn and the film 's cast flew from London to attend San Diego Comic - Con International , where it was revealed that Pace would play Ronan the Accuser , Gillan would be Nebula , del Toro as The Collector , and that Djimon Hounsou had been cast as Korath . Close was later revealed to play Nova Prime Irani Rael . Also at San Diego Comic - Con , Feige stated that Thanos would be a part of the film as the `` mastermind '' . On August 11 , 2013 , filming began at London 's Millennium Bridge , which was selected as a double for Xandar . In August 2013 , Marvel announced that Bradley Cooper would voice Rocket . On September 3 , 2013 , Gunn said that filming was `` a little over half ( way ) '' complete . Also in September , Vin Diesel stated that he was voicing Groot . However , Marvel did not confirm Diesel 's involvement in the film at the time . On October 12 , 2013 , Gunn announced on social media that filming had completed . Director of photography Ben Davis used Arri Alexa XT cameras for the film , saying , `` I 'm traditionally a photochemical fan , but going with the digital format was the right way for this movie ... the Alexa ( provided ) the right look for this particular film . '' During the opening scenes in the 1980s , Davis chose JDC Cooke Xtal ( Crystal ) Express anamorphic prime lenses because they `` had more anamorphic artifacts and aberrations , which ( he ) felt added something . '' Davis used spherical Panavision Primos for the rest of the film . Additionally , Davis worked closely with production designer Charles Wood in order to achieve the correct lighting looks for each scene . Dealing with two fully CGI characters forced Davis to shoot scenes multiple times , usually once with the references for the characters and once without them in the shot . Gunn revealed that his brother , Sean Gunn , took on multiple roles during the filming process , such as standing in for Rocket , which he noted was beneficial for the other actors , including Saldana , Pratt , and Bautista , who responded positively to Sean and his on - set performances . Special effects makeup designer David White made two life - size versions of Rocket and a bust of Groot as aids for visual effects , with White saying , `` it gives ( the filmmakers ) a good indication of where visual effects needs to pick up and whether Rocket can actually reach certain things or use certain devices . '' These busts were also used to see how the on - set lighting would affect the characters , to assist with the visual effects lighting process . In January 2015 , Disney revealed that the film came in `` slightly over the agreed budget '' at $232.3 million , with Disney receiving a rebate of $36.4 million from the British government . It was previously estimated to have had a $170 million budget . Post-production ( edit ) In November 2013 , Gunn stated that he attempted to use as many practical effects as possible while filming to aid the use of CGI and motion capture during post-production , saying , `` Our sets are enormous . We have a prison that is 350,000 pounds of steel . Anybody who knows me knows I love the mix of practical and CGI effects ... I ca n't wait for people to see it , because it 's astonishingly beautiful . '' After the release of Thor : The Dark World , Feige stated that the Infinity Stones would be a focus in the film , as well as going forward into the Phase Three slate of films within the MCU . In a separate interview for The Dark World in November , Feige added that a third , unknown Infinity Stone would be seen in the film , referred to as the `` Power Stone '' by the Collector . The mid-credits scene in The Dark World revealed Lovibond 's role as the Collector 's aide , later named Carina . In December 2013 , Marvel confirmed that Diesel would voice Groot . A few weeks of additional filming , involving the film 's main cast and crew , occurred in March 2014 at Walt Disney Studios in Burbank , California . In April 2014 , Gunn described Thanos as the `` head of the snake '' in the film , and confirmed he would appear via performance capture . In May 2014 , Gunn stated that the film features an `` enormous '' amount of smaller and minor characters from the Marvel Universe , adding that he felt the film had the most characters overall of any Marvel Studios film to date . Costume supervisor Dan Grace added to this by saying , `` We really , really get the feeling of the scale and scope of the galaxy . We visit five planets , we see a hundred different races . '' The film introduces the alien race Sakaaran , who act as Ronan 's mercenaries , as a replacement to the Badoon , as the Badoon film rights belonged to 20th Century Fox . By the end of May , Josh Brolin was revealed as the voice of Thanos , with Feige confirming in July that Brolin also provided the performance capture for the character . Thanos communicates via hologram for much of the film , though he does appear in a scene with Ronan and Nebula . In June 2014 , Feige added that Thanos and his followers are `` the biggest piece of connective tissue that will eventually lead us back into Avengers films in the future . '' On casting Brolin , Feige said , We reached out to him and it was one of those things that does not happen all the time but when it does it 's very nice , where he was totally intrigued . He was a fan of what we did , he met with Jeremy Latcham in a hotel in London and learned about the characters a little bit . I spoke to him on the phone a few times . We ran it by James who loved it , ran it by Joss ( Whedon ) who loved it because Thanos is in this universe because of Avengers . Then we shot him and recorded for it . On July 7 , 2014 , Gunn announced on social media that he had completed work on the film . In August , regarding the post-credit scene , Gunn revealed that the scene did not involve Howard the Duck when it was originally filmed , rather he was added during post-production , a decision made by `` some combination of ( Gunn ) and the editor Fred Raskin '' . As the decision to add the character was made late in the post-production process , he had to be designed that day , before being handed off to Sony Pictures Imageworks to animate . Also in August , regarding the pre-credit scene of Groot dancing , Gunn stated that he himself danced to provide motion reference for the animators , and that the decision was made to place the scene before the credits , rather than during or after them , because of positive responses from a test audience , which made Marvel and Gunn feel that they did not want `` people walking out and missing this thing '' . Marvel used design firm Sarofsky once again for the film 's title sequences , after liking their work for Captain America : The Winter Soldier . Sarofsky developed a custom typeface based on the font used in the teaser posters for the opening credits , which was tinted orange to offer a better contrast to the film 's blue and grey imagery . One of the typography solutions offered before the final product wound up being repurposed as the locator cards seen throughout the film . Visual effects ( edit ) The Gardens by the Bay ( top ) in Singapore helped inspire the look of the planet Xandar ( bottom ) . The film featured 2,750 visual effects shots , which make up approximately 90 % of the film . The visual effects were created by : Moving Picture Company ( MPC ) , who worked on creating Groot , as well as Morag , Xandar , the Dark Aster and the final battle on Xandar ; Framestore , who worked on creating Rocket , extending the Kyln prison set and constructing Knowhere ; Luma Pictures , who worked on Thanos ; Method Studios , who worked on creating the Orb opening and revealing its powers , as well as the holographic displays at the Nova Corps command center ; Lola VFX ; Cantina Creative ; Sony Pictures Imageworks , who worked on Howard the Duck and creating the Dark Aster shots with MPC ; CoSA VFX ; Secret Lab ; Rise Visual Effects Studios ; and Technicolor VFX . Pre - and post-visualizations were done by Proof and The Third Floor , with Proof also contributing to the creation of Rocket and Groot . Producer Nik Korda noted how helpful it was to have Sean Gunn and Krystian Godlewski portray Rocket and Groot on set , as it provided references for lighting and on - set performances to the animators . When creating Groot , MPC realized early on that his eyes would be essential in maintaining the character 's human qualities , as his face could n't move in the way that humans ' do . MPC visual effects supervisor Nicolas Aithadi explained that , `` When you look at humans what makes the eyes interesting is the imperfections -- trying to make these two irises not aimed at the same place -- trying to make them strange and look more human . '' Textures for Groot came from a number of sources , including inspiration from a botanical garden in London , and the character was modeled as individual branches , rigged individually , to simulate a muscle system for the character . One of the major challenges for Framestore in creating Rocket was his fur . Framestore 's Rachel Williams explained that , since `` raccoon fur is made up from a layer of short fine hair and a layer of longer thicker hairs '' , these layers were separated and animated individually , removing the need to use `` guide hairs '' to control the movements of thick sections of fur . Framestore and MPC worked closely sharing assets , to ensure shots of Rocket at MPC would match the Rocket created by Framestore , and vice versa for when Groot was needed by the other studio . In order to give Thanos `` the performance and the weight that he deserved '' , Luma Pictures created a new facial animation system to re-create Josh Brolin as a fully CG character , using his `` eyes , some of his cheek , how his muscles move when he talks '' . The character 's large jaw , and the deep groves that run down his face , had `` to be carefully planned out with the movement of his face . '' Music ( edit ) Main article : Guardians of the Galaxy ( soundtrack ) In August 2013 , Gunn revealed that Tyler Bates would be composing the film 's score . Gunn stated that Bates would write some of the score first so that he can film to the music , as opposed to scoring to the film . In February 2014 , Gunn revealed that the film would incorporate songs from the 1960s and 1970s , such as `` Hooked on a Feeling '' , on a mixtape in Quill 's Walkman , which acts as a way for him to stay connected to the Earth , home , and family he lost . In May 2014 , Gunn added that using the songs from the 60s and 70s were `` cultural reference points '' , saying , `` It 's striking the balance throughout the whole movie , through something that is very unique , but also something that is easily accessible to people at the same time . The music and the Earth stuff is one of those touchstones that we have to remind us that , yeah , ( Quill ) is a real person from planet Earth who 's just like you and me . Except that he 's in this big outer space adventure . '' When choosing the songs , Gunn revealed he `` started the process by reading the Billboard charts for all of the top hits of the ' 70s '' , downloading `` a few hundred '' songs that were `` semi-familiar -- ones you recognize but might not be able to name off the top of your head '' and creating a playlist for all the songs that would fit the film tonally . He added that he `` would listen to the playlist on my speakers around the house -- sometimes I would be inspired to create a scene around a song , and other times I had a scene that needed music and I would listen through the playlist , visualizing various songs , figuring out which would work the best . '' Most of the songs were played on set to help `` the actors and the camera operators find the perfect groove for the shot '' , with David Bowie 's `` Moonage Daydream '' the only song chosen and added during post-production . Gunn also said that the opening scenes were designed with `` Hooked on a Feeling '' in mind ; however once Gunn discovered `` Come and Get Your Love '' , the song used in the sequence , Gunn felt it was a `` better fit . '' Three albums were released by Hollywood Records on July 29 , 2014 : The film 's score , Guardians of the Galaxy ( Original Score ) , which features the music composed by Bates for the film ; Guardians of the Galaxy : Awesome Mix Vol. 1 ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) , which comprises the twelve songs from Quill 's mixtape ; and a deluxe edition featuring both albums . By August 2014 , the album which mirrored Quill 's mixtape had reached the top of the Billboard 200 chart , becoming the first soundtrack album in history consisting entirely of previously released songs to top the chart . Hollywood Records also released a cassette version of the Awesome Mix Vol. 1 soundtrack on November 28 , 2014 , as an exclusive to Record Store Day participants . The cassette , which is the first cassette Disney Music Group has released since 2003 , comes with a digital download version of the album . Release ( edit ) Karen Gillan at the London premiere of Guardians of the Galaxy . The world premiere of Guardians of the Galaxy was held on July 21 , 2014 , at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood . The film was released theatrically in the United Kingdom on July 31 , 2014 , and in the United States on August 1 , in 3D and IMAX 3D . The film was released in 4,080 theaters in the United States , making it the widest August release , breaking the five year record held by G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra ( 4,007 theatres ) . The breakdown of venues was : 354 IMAX screens , 3,200 3D screens , 350 large format screens and 240 D - Box screens . In its sixth weekend , Guardians of the Galaxy was playing in 69 territories , its most . In June 2014 , Gunn stated that the film had always been planned as a 3D film , and `` Unlike many directors , I 've been actively involved with converting every shot to 3D , making sure it works perfectly for the story and the film , making sure it 's spectacular and immersive without being silly , distracting , or overly showy . '' Gunn also revealed that the IMAX 3D version would include shifting aspect ratios , to make the viewing experience `` even fuller and more encompassing . I 've personally chosen all the places where the changes occur ... The changing aspect ratios in this case are actually a part of the storytelling . '' In July 2014 , Gunn revealed that there were multiple scenes he had cut from the film , and he was investigating how to release them , either in an extended cut of the film , or as bonus features on the film 's home media release . Marketing ( edit ) The cast and crew of Guardians of the Galaxy at the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International . ( L-R : producer Kevin Feige , Bautista , director James Gunn , del Toro , Saldana , Hounsou , Pace , Rooker , Gillan , and Pratt ) At Disney 's D23 Expo in August 2013 , Feige presented footage first revealed at the San Diego Comic - Con in July 2013 . The first trailer for the film debuted on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! on February 18 , 2014 , with a special introduction by Chris Pratt . The Los Angeles Times said the trailer delivered `` some spirited alien action , with exploding spaceships and muscled bad guys , not to mention a few purely comedic moments , '' while spotlighting `` a number of the offbeat characters . '' Total Film noted the similarity of the trailer 's opening clip to the 1981 film , Raiders of the Lost Ark , which Gunn stated was a big influence for Guardians , and made note of the `` edgy '' humor used throughout . Total Film also noted the similarity of the trailer to the one debuted at Comic - Con and D23 , with a few new shots featuring Nebula and the Collector . Social media response to the trailer was strong , with 88,000 mentions across Twitter , Facebook and various blogs in a 12 - hour period . Those numbers were comparable to trailers for other superhero films like Man of Steel and The Amazing Spider - Man 2 , and noteworthy for the late night time period in which it premiered . The trailer received 22.8 million views in the 24 hours after it debuted . After the debut of the trailer , Blue Swede 's version of `` Hooked on a Feeling '' , which was prominently used throughout the trailer , went up 700 % in sales the following day . The line from Serafinowicz 's character , `` What a bunch of A-holes . '' , was only intended to be featured in the trailers , but due to its positive reception , was included in the final cut of the film . Gunn noted that a different teaser was almost released `` that was very cheesy ( and ) sold the movie as something different than what it was '' , as it tested better than the version that was ultimately released . Gunn credited the marketing teams at Marvel and Disney for having faith in the latter version , despite how it tested , over choosing the version that would have mis - marketed the film . In March 2014 , the Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episode `` T.A.H.I.T.I. '' introduced the Kree race to the MCU , which began a storyline that recurs throughout the series and involves finding a hidden Kree city . Also in March , ABC aired a one - hour television special titled , Marvel Studios : Assembling a Universe , which included a sneak peek of Guardians of the Galaxy . Starting in April 2014 , a two - part comic was released , titled Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy Prelude . Written by Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning , with art by Wellington Alves , the first issue focused on the background of Nebula and her bond with Thanos ; the second issue featured the adventures of Rocket and Groot before they join forces with the other Guardians . In June 2014 , Mike Pasciullo , senior VP of Marvel Studios , described the marketing approach for Guardians of the Galaxy by saying that Marvel had `` built a robust marketing program for the theatrical release that carefully integrates traditional advertising , social media , digital marketing , strategic promotional partnerships , organic entertainment integrations ( and ) publicity . '' In July 2014 , Marvel launched a viral marketing campaign for the film called `` Galaxy Getaways '' , a fictional travel website that allows users to book passage to some of the planets depicted in the film , including Xandar , Morag , and Knowhere . Beginning July 4 , 2014 , a sneak peek of the film was presented at Disneyland and Disney 's Hollywood Studios in the Magic Eye and ABC Sound Studio theaters , respectively . Approximately 14 minutes of the film was screened on July 7 , 2014 , in IMAX 3D in the United States , and 3D theaters and IMAX 3D in Canada , along with two trailers . The screening was met with positive reviews , praising the humor , the 3D and IMAX conversion , and Cooper 's portrayal of Rocket . However , it was criticized for beginning partway through the film , not allowing viewers to easily acclimate to the film 's tone , and for how the general audience might respond to a film within the MCU without established characters making appearances . On July 12 , 2014 , Gunn and the actors from the film promoted Guardians of the Galaxy at the Lido 8 Cineplex in Singapore . On July 17 , 2014 , Disney Interactive released an action RPG video game titled Guardians of the Galaxy : The Universal Weapon for iOS , Android and Windows devices . The game 's original story was written by Dan Abnett , and was meant to complement the film . On July 21 , Pratt , Saldana , Bautista , Diesel and Cooper appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! to promote the film and debut some additional exclusive content . On July 29 , Pratt and Saldana rang the opening bell of the New York Stock Exchange as part of the film 's marketing strategy . On August 14 , Marvel released the scene of Groot dancing , which was shortly followed by an announcement from Funko that they were releasing a toy `` Dancing Groot '' . The Hollywood Reporter noted that the quick release of the scene from Marvel two weeks after the film 's theatrical release , along with the rush announcement from Funko , indicated the popularity of both the character and the scene . The scene also produced the word `` grooting '' , coined by Michael Rooker , in which a person dances similar to Groot , with the word entering the social media lexicon . Also in August , Marvel held a special screening of the film at Children 's Hospital Los Angeles , where Pratt dressed as Star - Lord to entertain the patients . Merchandise ( edit ) In June 2012 , Marvel filed eleven trademark applications for Guardians of the Galaxy , covering a variety of consumer products , from video games to cosmetics . Disney Consumer Products partnered with Mad Engine , C - Life , New Era , Hasbro , Disguise , Rubies , Sideshow Collectibles , Lego , KIDdesigns , iHome , Funko , Freeze , Fast Forward , and Innovative Designs to produce merchandise for the film , with releases starting in June 2014 . Mad Engine and C - Life were partnered as the core apparel outfitters , producing a line of T - shirts and fleece jackets , while New Era produced headwear and hats . Hasbro produced toys for the film ; Disguise and Rubies produced the costumes ; and Sideshow Collectibles was given charge of the collectibles . Lego announced three toy sets based on scenes from the film , while iHome created character speakers , Funko made vinyl bobble heads , Freeze crafted 1980s - inspired apparel , and backpacks and stationery were made by Fast Forward and Innovative Designs . Despite first films in a potential new franchise usually being off - limits to licensees , Marvel used Iron Man 's success as evidence of unknown characters becoming hits with audiences to attract partnerships . Licensees embraced Rocket as the film 's potential breakout character , with Drax and Gamora being used for older demographics ; Star - Lord 's obsession with 1980s nostalgia , including his `` Awesome Mix Vo. 1 '' cassette , has also served as a basis for tie - in products . In August 2014 , Funko announced a toy based on `` Dancing Groot '' , while in October 2014 , Marvel and KID designs announced a replica of dancing Groot , for release in December 2014 . In December 2014 , Disney made a second marketing push , to coincide with the film 's home media release with additional merchandise . Merchandise partners included : KID designs with its replica dancing Groot ; Funko 's Fabrikations line with a plush Rocket ; Mattel 's Hot Wheels character cars ; C - Life , Hybrid - Jem Sportswear , Freeze , MZ Berger , Accutime , AME and Her Universe with apparel ; ThinkGeek with jewelry and watches ; American Greetings with cards ; Jay Franco with homegoods ; and Vandor with drinkware . Additional partners included Mad Engine , Just Play and Dragon Models . Paul Gitter , senior vice president of Marvel licensing at Disney Consumer Products said , `` The demand for Guardians of the Galaxy merchandise has been truly out of this world . Our merchandising and retail partners are doing a tremendous job of providing creative and innovative ways for fans to continue interacting with these popular characters and showcase their fandom year round . '' Home media ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy was released for digital download by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on November 18 , 2014 and on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , and DVD on November 24 , 2014 , in the United Kingdom and on December 9 in the United States . The digital and Blu - ray releases include behind - the - scenes featurettes , audio commentary , deleted scenes , a blooper reel , and an exclusive preview of Avengers : Age of Ultron . As of October 4 , 2015 , the film has earned over $118 million in sales in the US . The film was also included in the 13 - disc box set , titled `` Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection '' , which includes all of the Phase Two films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . It was released on December 8 , 2015 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy earned $333.2 million in North America and an estimated $440.2 million in other countries , for a worldwide total of $773.3 million . The film became the third highest - grossing film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , behind The Avengers and Iron Man 3 . It was the third highest - grossing 2014 film ( behind Transformers : Age of Extinction and The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ) and the highest - grossing superhero film of 2014 . It had a worldwide opening weekend of $160.7 million . Deadline.com calculated the net profit for the film to be $204.2 million , when factoring together `` production budgets , P&A , talent participations and other costs , with box office grosses , and ancillary revenues from VOD to DVD and TV , '' placing it fifth on their list of 2014 's `` Most Valuable Blockbusters '' . North America ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy earned $11.2 million on its Thursday night pre-opening , surpassing Captain America : The Winter Soldier 's gross ( $10.2 million ) for the biggest Thursday evening start for a movie in 2014 . IMAX accounted for 17 % of the total gross ( $1.9 million ) , which was the biggest August pre-release in IMAX format . On its opening day , the film earned $37.8 million , including the Thursday night earnings . Guardians of the Galaxy was the number one movie during its opening weekend and grossed $94.3 million , setting an August weekend record . During the opening weekend , IMAX earnings amounted to $11.7 million and 3 - D showings accounted for 45 % of ticket sales . The film 's success was partially attributed to its appeal to both genders : the opening weekend audience was 44 % female , which is the biggest proportion ever for a MCU film ; 55 % of the opening - weekend audience was over the age of 25 . Although the film fell to second place in its second and third weekends , behind Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , the film was number one in its fourth , fifth and sixth weekend . By doing so , it became the first film in 2014 to top the domestic box office in non-consecutive weeks , the first film of the summer ( May -- August ) to be the number one film in three weekends and the first MCU film to be the top film for four weeks , surpassing Captain America : The Winter Soldier and The Avengers , both of which were number one for three weeks , and tied The Dark Knight for the most weeks at number one among comic book - based films . Phil Contrino , vice president and chief analyst of BoxOffice.com felt Guardians success was `` unconventional '' and was `` shattering expectations '' . The film remained in the top 10 for ten weekends . The film was the top grossing film of summer 2014 ( ahead of Transformers : Age of Extinction ) , first of 2014 to pass $300 million for its domestic gross , and was the third highest - grossing domestic film of 2014 ( behind American Sniper and The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 ) . The film was said to have `` injected life '' into an otherwise lower than normal summer box office . Outside North America ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy was released in 42 international markets and grossed $66.4 million on its opening weekend . The biggest debuts came from Russia ( $13 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $10.8 million ) , Mexico ( $6.5 million ) , Brazil ( $6.5 million ) and South Korea ( $4.7 million ) . The film topped the weekend box office two times , in its first and second weekends . In its eleventh weekend , the film opened in China , earning $29.8 million , its largest , and became the third highest opening in the country for any Disney release , behind Iron Man 3 and Captain America : The Winter Soldier , and was an all - time industry record opening in October . The following weekend saw an additional $21.3 million from China , making China the highest grossing market with $69 million . The film 's three biggest markets in total earnings were : China ( $96.5 million ) ; the UK ( $47.4 million ) ; and Russia ( $37.5 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 91 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.8 / 10 based on 288 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` Guardians of the Galaxy is just as irreverent as fans of the frequently zany Marvel comic would expect -- as well as funny , thrilling , full of heart , and packed with visual splendor . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 76 out of 100 , based on 52 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . CinemaScore audiences gave Guardians of the Galaxy an `` A '' grade rating on an A+ to F scale , while earning an `` A + '' among under - 18 and 25 - to 34 - year - old viewers . Scott Foundas of Variety said `` James Gunn 's presumptive franchise - starter is overlong , overstuffed and sometimes too eager to please , but the cheeky comic tone keeps things buoyant -- as does Chris Pratt 's winning performance '' , and praised the film 's look created by cinematographer Ben Davis , production designer Charles Wood , and special effects makeup designer David White . Justin Lowe of The Hollywood Reporter also praised the film 's look , and felt `` A well - matched ensemble rises to the challenge of launching a heroic origin film with distinctive style , abundant thrills and no shortage of humor . '' The Daily Telegraph 's Robbie Collin said , `` A brand new summer family blockbuster this may be , but it plays by old , half - forgotten rules ; trimming out the clutter and cross-referencing for snappy , streamlined , Saturday - cartoon fun '' . Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times said , `` Blessed with a loose , anarchic B - picture soul that encourages you to enjoy yourself even when you 're not quite sure what 's going on , the scruffy Guardians is irreverent in a way that can bring the first Star Wars to mind , in part because it has some of the most unconventional heroes this side of the Mos Eisley Cantina . '' Manohla Dargis of The New York Times said , `` While Guardians takes you down one after another crazy narrative turn , it also pulls you into -- and , for the most part , keeps you in -- a fully realized other world . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times said , `` Guardians of the Galaxy is a late summer treat -- a mostly lighthearted and self - referential comic - book movie with loads of whiz - bang action , some laugh - out - loud moments and a couple of surprisingly beautiful and touching scenes as well , '' calling it `` a refreshing confection of entertainment . '' Jim Starlin , creator of Drax the Destroyer , Gamora , and Thanos , said it `` might be Marvel 's best movie yet '' . Jake Coyle of the Associated Press was more critical of the film , calling it `` terribly overstuffed and many of the jokes get drowned out by the special effects ... The pervasive movie references detract from the stab at freshness , and Guardians depends all too much on the whimsy of ' 70s anthems for an original beat . '' He also felt that Close , Reilly and del Toro were underused in the film . Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle said , `` In place of wit , Guardians offers a sort of generalized willingness to be amusing , an atmosphere of high spirits that feels like lots of people pumping air into a tire that has a hole in it . Everyone is clearly working , but nothing is really happening -- and yet the effort is so evident that there 's an impulse to reward it . '' Kyle Smith of the New York Post also had a negative response to the film , comparing it to Howard the Duck and Green Lantern , and criticizing the dialogue , villains , soundtrack , lack of suspense , and the characters of Quill , Rocket , and Drax . The film received mixed reviews in China , where viewers complained that the film 's `` poor subtitle translation not only spoiled the fun of watching it , but also made it difficult to understand its humor . '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Award / Film Festival Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) 2014 CinemaCon Awards Breakthrough Performer of the Year Chris Pratt Won Detroit Film Critics Society Best Ensemble Guardians of the Galaxy Won Hollywood Film Awards Hollywood Blockbuster Award Guardians of the Galaxy Won Young Hollywood Awards Super Superhero Chris Pratt Nominated 2015 Critics ' Choice Movie Awards Best Action Movie Guardians of the Galaxy Won Best Actor in an Action Movie Chris Pratt Nominated Best Actress in an Action Movie Zoe Saldana Nominated Best Makeup David White Won Best Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti Nominated Empire Awards Best Female Newcomer Karen Gillan Won Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Grammy Awards Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media Guardians of the Galaxy : Awesome Mix Vol. 1 Nominated Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards Best Contemporary Hair Styling in Feature Length Motion Picture Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou Nominated Best Contemporary Make - Up in Feature Length Motion Picture Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou Won Best Special Make - Up Effects in Feature Length Motion Picture David White Won People 's Choice Awards Favorite Movie Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Favorite Action Movie Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Favorite Action Movie Actress Zoe Saldana Nominated MTV Movie Awards Movie of the Year Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Best Male Performance Chris Pratt Nominated Best On - Screen Duo Bradley Cooper and Vin Diesel Nominated Best Shirtless Performance Chris Pratt Nominated Best Musical Moment Chris Pratt Nominated Best Comedic Performance Chris Pratt Nominated Best On - Screen Transformation Zoe Saldana Nominated Best Hero Chris Pratt Nominated Satellite Awards Best Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti Nominated Phoenix Film Critics Society Top 10 Films of the Year Guardians of the Galaxy Won Best Ensemble Acting Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Best Live Action Family Film Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Best Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti Nominated Houston Film Critics Society Awards Best Picture Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Best Poster Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Art Directors Guild Awards Excellence in Production Design for a Fantasy Film Charles Wood Won Writers Guild of America Awards Best Adapted Screenplay James Gunn and Nicole Perlman Nominated British Academy Film Awards Best Special Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti , Paul Corbould , Jonathan Fawkner , Nicolas Aithadi Nominated Best Makeup and Hair Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou and David White Nominated Academy Awards Best Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti , Nicolas Aithadi , Jonathan Fawkner and Paul Corbould Nominated Best Makeup and Hairstyling Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou and David White Nominated Saturn Awards Best Comic - to - Film Motion Picture Guardians of the Galaxy Won Best Director James Gunn Won Best Writing James Gunn and Nicole Perlman Nominated Best Actor Chris Pratt Won Best Editing Fred Raskin , Craig Wood and Hughes Winborne Nominated Best Production Design Charles Wood Nominated Best Costume Alexandra Byrne Nominated Best Make - up David White and Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou Won Best Special Effects Stephane Ceretti , Nicolas Aithadi , Jonathan Fawkner and Paul Corbould Nominated Hugo Awards ( Science Fiction Achievement Awards ) Best Dramatic Presentation ( Long Form ) James Gunn ( director , screenplay ) , Nicole Perlman ( screenplay ) Won Sequels ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( edit ) Main article : Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 was released on May 5 , 2017 , again written and directed by James Gunn . Pratt , Saldana , Bautista , Diesel , Cooper , Rooker , Gillan , and Sean Gunn all reprise their roles in the film , and are joined by Pom Klementieff as Mantis , Elizabeth Debicki as Ayesha , Chris Sullivan as Taserface , and Kurt Russell as Quill 's father Ego . Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 ( edit ) In April 2017 , Gunn announced he would return to write and direct Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 . It is scheduled to be released in 2020 . See also ( edit ) List of films featuring extraterrestrials Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Identified offscreen as Cosmo the Spacedog and Howard the Duck . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy ( IMAX ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sylt , Christian ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Reveals Guardians Of The Galaxy Was Over Budget At $232 Million '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2015 . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` James Gunn Reveals Why Taserface Is In Guardians Of The Galaxy Vol. 2 '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Marston , George ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Star - Lord 's Father Revealed ... James Gunn Explains in Detail '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Cameos , Hints at MCU 's Future ( Heavy Spoilers ) '' . Stitch Kingdom . July 16 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Webb , Charles ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Who Was That Voice In The Guardians of The Galaxy End Credits Scene ? ( Massive Spoilers ) '' . Nerdist . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : From the Set of the Marvel Studios Adaptation '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Official Character Descriptions ( minor spoilers ) '' . Stitch Kingdom . May 15 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2014 . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Truitt , Brian ( February 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' crew comes down to Earth '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2014 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of The Galaxy ' Connects to ' Avengers 3 ; ' Plus New Image '' . / Film . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Clark , Noelene ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` Comic - Con : Marvel 's ' Age of Ultron , ' ' Guardians of the Galaxy , ' more '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( July 18 , 2014 ) . `` The Next Movie Star '' . Entertainment Weekly : 24 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Christopher ( June 19 , 2014 ) . `` How Chris Pratt Dropped 60 Pounds in Six Months '' . Men 's Fitness . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Mike ( November 18 , 2013 ) . `` Chris Pratt on Heartbreak , ' Delivery Man ' And Gearing Up For ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` Why Are Rob Lowe And Rashida Jones Leaving ' Parks And Rec ' ? EP Mike Schur Says Decision Was Mutual '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Review : Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy : The Expendables In Outer Space '' . Time . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Vespe , Eric ( July 21 , 2013 ) . `` Quint describes the funny and awesomely weird first footage from Marvel 's GUARDIANS OF THE GALAXY ! Comic - Con 2013 ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Plumb , Ali ( August 30 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Marvel Chief Kevin Feige On Guardians Of The Galaxy '' . Empire . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maytum , Matt ( May 3 , 2013 ) . `` Zoe Saldana updates on Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2013 . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ White , Brett ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Exclusive : Zoe Saldana Gets Honest About Gamora 's Look '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2013 . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Dave Bautista Talks Fight Scenes and Finding The Humor in Drax on the Set of Guardians Of The Galaxy '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( May 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy Q&A Highlights : James Gunn 's Influences , the Soundtrack , the Sequel , Avengers Crossovers , and More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2014 . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hunt , James ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` '' Guardians Of The Galaxy '' Set Visit Puts Concerns To Rest `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Read the Official Synopsis For Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Marvel . January 3 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2014 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( August 27 , 2013 ) . `` Vin Diesel Reveals Details of His Marvel Meetings for ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( August 11 , 2013 ) . `` Vin Diesel in Talks To Join ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2013 . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : conversationsMM ( September 5 , 2013 ) . Vin Diesel Conversations with Maria Menounos September 4 , 2013 . YouTube . Event occurs at 1 : 00 : 35 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Puchko , Kristy ( July 30 , 2014 ) . `` Listen To Vin Diesel Voice Groot In Five Other Languages '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dietsch , TJ ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn Reveals His Brother 's Roles in ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Acuna , Kristen ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` Here 's How Groot And Rocket Raccoon Look Without Visual Effects In ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Will ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn says Groot was inspired by his dog '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2016 . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : Dawww , Groot '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Larson , Jared ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` What Can Fans Expect from Vin Diesel 's Groot ? '' . IGN . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leyland , Nick ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` Interview : Vine Diesel talks ' Guardians ' and playing Groot '' . The Movie Network . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McLauchlin , Jim ( July 21 , 2014 ) . `` ' Liberating ' Guardians Of The Galaxy Not in the Regular ' Marvel Scheme of Things ' '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2014 . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : From the Set of the Marvel Studios Adaptation '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official : Bradley Cooper to Voice Rocket Raccoon in Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Marvel.com . August 30 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 22 , 2013 ) . `` Bradley Cooper in Talks to Voice Rocket Raccoon in Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Director James Gunn Explains Rocket Raccoon as a `` Mangled Little Beast '' `` . / Film . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin P. ( December 9 , 2013 ) . `` Why ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Reminds Bradley Cooper Of ' Goodfellas ' '' . MTV . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Kevin P. ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` Vin Diesel on Stilts Is n't Even The Weirdest Thing About This Video '' . MTV . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Kevin P ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' : Latest on Vin , Bradley and the Scene Everyone 's Talking About '' . MTV . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tilly , Chris ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Why The Success Of Guardians Of The Galaxy Depends On A Talking Raccoon '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2014 . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : From the Set of the Marvel Studios Adaptation '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ AMC Theatres ( July 24 , 2013 ) . Comic Con ' 13 -- Guardians of the Galaxy Cast Chats with AMC . YouTube . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dibdin , Emma ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn : Guardians of the Galaxy are Rolling Stones to Avengers ' Beatles '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2014 . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Lee Pace Confirms He 's Auditioning For ' Guardians of the Galaxy ; ' Says Script Is ' Great ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2013 . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Daniel ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` Lee Pace on His Guardians of the Galaxy Character -- ' He 's af * * king psycho ! ' '' . Click . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Rooker Joins ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Deadline.com. April 16 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Michael Rooker 's feeling blue as ' Guardians ' alien Yondu '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McCabe , Joseph ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Actor Michael Rooker Talks Yondu And The Future of Guardians Of The Galaxy ! '' . Nerdist . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2015 . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IAR VIDEO : Director James Gunn and Karen Gillan Talk ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . IAmRogue . November 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hunt , James ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Gillan Discusses `` Guardians Of The Galaxy '' Nebula , Ronan 's Intimidation Factor `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Lucas ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` SDCC ' 13 : Marvel Reveals Avengers : Age of Ultron , Guardians Cast , More '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ibarra , Sabina ( July 21 , 2013 ) . `` Comic - Con 2013 : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Cast Talk Rocket Raccoon and Playing Badasses '' . ScreenCrave . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( June 14 , 2013 ) . `` John C. Reilly Firmed For Rhomann Dey , leader of the Nova Corps , In ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2013 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel Studios Begins Production on Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Marvel.com . July 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2013 . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Glenn Close Is Head Cop in Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Buchanan , Kyle ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Glenn Close on Donning ' Full Drag ' for Guardians of the Galaxy '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2014 . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Serious actress ' Glenn Close embraces ' Guardians ' fun '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2014 . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( June 3 , 2013 ) . `` Benicio Del Toro Takes Lead Role in Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Benicio del Toro Talks Guardians Of The Galaxy , Playing the Collector , His Marvel Contract , Inherent Vice , Paradise Lost LOST , and More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` Josh Brolin to Play Thanos in Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2014 . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` Josh Brolin Voicing Thanos in ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2014 . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , Steve ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Kevin Feige Talks GUARDIANS OF THE GALAXY , THOR 3 , CAPTAIN AMERICA 3 , DOCTOR STRANGE , Casting Josh Brolin as Thanos , Comic - Con Plans , and More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Alyssa Milano , Howard the Duck , and Other Secrets of ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Adds One More to Cast ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2013 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sunu , Steve ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Comic Reel : `` Justice League '' Movie Confirmed ; New Look At `` Guardians of the Galaxy 's '' Nebula `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2014 . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Serafinowicz , Peter ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Re Guardians , I 'm a Nova Corps Officer with John C Reilly . '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas , Edward ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wakeman , Gregory ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` The Original Guardians Of The Galaxy Ending Was Removed For Being Too Sad '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2017 . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Diabolique Magazine ( November 28 , 2013 ) . NYCC 2013 : Laura Haddock on Da Vinci 's Demons , Season 2 . YouTube . Event occurs at 2 : 37 . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( July 2014 ) . `` # gotgpicoftheday Posting this one as I land in Singapore . It 's @ meliakreiling as Bereet and @ prattprattpratt as I think you know by now . Thanks for all your kind messages about the 17 minute preview . Glad you all enjoyed it ! # guardiansofthegalaxy # gotg '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Knight , Chris ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy , reviewed : Marvel 's new film franchise is off to a promising start '' . National Post . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( July 2014 ) . `` # gotgpicoftheday Happy Birthday to one of my very best friends ( and Nova Prime 's assistant ) @ mikaelahoover ! Love you lots , Mikaela ! Follow her ! # guardiansofthegalaxy # gotg '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Plumb , Ali . `` James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy 's Secrets -- Plenty Had To Be Removed From The Final Cut '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scanlan , Emmett J. ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Myself & the brilliant @ KarenGillan2 in @ JamesGunn AWESOME LOOKING # GuardiansOfTheGalaxy '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sunu , Steve ( September 5 , 2014 ) . `` '' Constantine '' Brings Jim Corrigan To Television `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gunn , James ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` Also # FF AMAZING # gotg supporting cast @ Thejudgegunn @ MaramaCorlett @ AlexisRodney @ Melia_Kreiling @ GreggHenry88 @ BigSpenWilding '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rodney , Alexis ( August 30 , 2014 ) . `` Great unseen image from Guardians of the Galaxy featuring myself as ( Moloka Dar ) . From the dude himself ... '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians Tom Headshot '' . TomProctor.com . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bussey , Ben ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn Teases Deleted Guardians Of The Galaxy Musical Scene '' . Yahoo ! UK . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2014 . Retrieved September 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( September 5 , 2013 ) . `` Filming a scene with my old pal @ blackehart , who is unfortunately about to tangle with Drax the Destroyer @ DaveBautista . # gotg '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stedman , Alex ( April 27 , 2014 ) . `` Stan Lee Says He Will Cameo in ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2014 . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( May 28 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive Cannes Interview : Lloyd Kaufman on Nuke ' Em High '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2013 . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( July 2014 ) . `` # gotgpicoftheday I was grateful when my old boss , the president of Troma Entertainment , @ lloydkaufman , came to London to do a cameo in the film -- as a prisoner in the Kyln . Lloyd taught me more than anyone else about making films . One of the things that keeps me sane in this business is staying true to my roots -- whether with friends , family , or co-workers . As the world around me changes it 's nice to have some consistency in my personal life ( even if that consistency is as crazy as @ michael_rooker ) . Have a great day , folks ! # guardiansofthegalaxy # gotgFollow '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ D'Orazio , Dante ( June 22 , 2014 ) . `` Nathan Fillion to make cameo in ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2014 . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marvel Entertainment ( July 21 , 2014 ) . Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy Red Carpet Premiere . YouTube . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Phegley , Kiel ( August 21 , 2012 ) . `` Abnett & Lanning : A cosmic odyssey from `` Legion '' to `` Guardians '' `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2012 . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( August 6 , 2010 ) . `` Marvel Considering ' Iron Fist ' & ' S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Movies , ' Black Panther ' & ' Guardians of the Galaxy , ' Too ! '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith ( September 30 , 2011 ) . `` Marvel 's next 5 movies after The Avengers could include some weird surprises '' . io9 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( July 14 , 2012 ) . `` Comic - Con 2012 : Marvel Names ' Avengers ' Follow - Ups ; Robert Downey Jr . Makes Surprise Appearance '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Anders , Charlie ( July 14 , 2012 ) . `` The Marvel Panel : Ant - Man Smackdown , Iron Man 's Downfall , and Rocket Raccoon ! '' . io9 . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2012 . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 18 , 2012 ) . `` James Gunn in Talks to Direct Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2012 . Retrieved August 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( August 7 , 2012 ) . `` Joss Whedon will return for ' The Avengers 2 ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2012 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( September 10 , 2012 ) . `` ' Avengers ' Mastermind Believes In ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Director '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2012 . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shetty , Sharan ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` Who Deserves Credit for Guardians of the Galaxy 's Great Script ? '' . Slate . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Mark ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` Nicole Perlman Writes the Galaxy '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Lily ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` How Nicole Perlman Became the First Woman to Write a Marvel Movie '' . Time . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Faraci , Devin ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` The Badass Interview : James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy '' . Badass Digest . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Madison , Charles ( July 26 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn on Guardians of the Galaxy 2 -- the promise of Nebula , Yondu and Peter Quill 's father '' . Film Divider . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 2 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel Hires Three - Time Black List Writer for ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2012 . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ; Buchanan , Kyle ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` The Toughest Scene I Wrote : James Gunn on Writing Thanos Into Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Vulture . New York Magazine . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2014 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` James Gunn Confirmed to Direct and Rewrite Guardians of the Galaxy '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2012 . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel Testing Short List of Actors For ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Leader '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' tests male leads '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2012 . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( January 2 , 2013 ) . `` Joseph Gordon - Levitt Joins ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Race '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2013 . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Max ( January 3 , 2013 ) . `` Smallville 's Michael Rosenbaum Up for Guardians of the Galaxy '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2013 . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schager , Nick ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` James Gunn on ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' : ' It 's a Richer , More Emotional Film ' '' . The Daily Beast . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Chris Pratt Getting ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Lead '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wiseman , Andreas ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy due to land at Shepperton '' . Screen International . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2013 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Captain America & Guardians Coming in 3D '' . Marvel.com . January 14 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( February 12 , 2013 ) . `` How The Avengers Made A Motion Capture Hulk And Snagged An Oscar Nomination '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2013 . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McCabe , Joseph ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` SFX 233 Preview : Marvel Boss On Phase 2 '' . SFX . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel Signs WWE 's Dave Bautista for ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2013 . Retrieved March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Brendon ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` The Man Who Carved Darth Vader 's Mask Is Busy on the Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 3 , 2013 ) . `` Zoe Saldana in Talks to Star in Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2013 . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Lee Pace in Final Negotiations to Play Villain in ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McWeeny , Drew ( May 25 , 2013 ) . `` Will John C. Reilly join the Marvel Universe for ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ? '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` ' Doctor Who ' Star Joins Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2013 . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Scott ( August 6 , 2014 ) . `` Under the Skin of `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' With Makeup FX Wizard David White `` . Fast Company Co. Create . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2014 . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn on why ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' is n't weird ( and the sequel he 'd like to make ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Chris Foss Designed Spaceships For Guardians of the Galaxy ! '' . io9 . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bankston , Douglas ( September 2014 ) . `` Ben Davis , BSC , blasts off for the space adventure Guardians of the Galaxy . '' . American Society of Cinematographers . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marvel Head Talks Thanos & Ultron -- Comic - Con 2013 . IGN . July 20 , 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shahid , Sharnaz ( August 11 , 2013 ) . `` PHOTOS : Guardians Of The Galaxy Cast Get Physical In London Shoot '' . Entertainmentwise . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ White , Brett ( September 3 , 2013 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Filming Schedule Passes Halfway Mark '' . MTV . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel 's Kevin Feige Says Vin Diesel 's ' Guardians ' Role Is ' Close ' '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( October 12 , 2013 ) . `` And after our last shot with @ DaveBautista that 's a full wrap on # GotG ! It 's been a long strange wonderful trip ! '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bankston , Douglas ( September 2014 ) . `` Ben Davis , BSC , blasts off for the space adventure Guardians of the Galaxy . '' . American Society of Cinematographers . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Todd ( July 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Tracking for $60 Million Opening '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Matt ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` James Gunn on Guardians : Thanos , SFX & More '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibbiani , William ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Kevin Feige on Thor and Marvel 's Future '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` / Film Interview : ' Thor : The Dark World ' Producer Kevin Feige '' . / Film . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Buchanan , Kyle ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` How Much Thanos Will You See in Guardians of the Galaxy ? '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2014 . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Diente , Tanya ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Spoilers : Thanos , Gamora And The Infinity Stones '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official : Vin Diesel to Voice Groot in Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Marvel.com . December 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( March 13 , 2014 ) . `` Dwarves at Twilight . Disney lot , additional shooting , early as hell . '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2014 . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` Wrapping additional photography on # GotG with @ prattprattpratt @ Michael_Rooker & @ Thejudgegunn -- 3 dudes I love working with . '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2014 . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Saldana , Zoe ( March 22 , 2014 ) . `` Seriously , do you guys like @ Guardians trailer ? We shot some more stuff last weekend . @ JamesGunn @ prattprattpratt @ DaveBautista @ KarenGillan2 '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2014 . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tilly , Chris ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` 15 Reasons To Get Excited About Guardians Of The Galaxy '' . IGN . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2014 . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maytum , Matt ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's Kevin Feige updates on Guardians Of The Galaxy , Thanos , Ant - Man , TV shows and Doctor Strange '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2014 . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn Just Finished Work on ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' : Benicio Del Toro may not know he 's in a scene with you - know - who '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Plumb , Ali . `` James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy 's Secrets -- The Story Behind Howard The Duck 's Credit Sting '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Plumb , Ali . `` James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy 's Secrets -- The Pre-Credits Dancing Was Performed By James Gunn Himself '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Frei , Vincent ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy : Erin Sarofsky -- President , Owner And Executive Creative Director -- Sarofsky '' . Art of VFX . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2015 . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Failes , Ian ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` The VFX of Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Fxguide . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( October 18 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Exec Talks ' Avengers 2 ' and Why the Studio `` Wants to Make Movies in L.A. '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` SHH 's Exclusive Interview with James Gunn on Guardians of the Galaxy '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Foundas , Scott ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Film Review : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Holman , Jordyn ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Method Studios Taps VFX Veteran Marc Weigert to Spearhead Growth '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Sandy ( August 2013 ) . `` James Gunn On ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Composer Tyler Bates ' Approach '' . ScreenRant . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2013 . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : Star Lord 's Walkman '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Suskind , Alex ( August 8 , 2014 ) . `` Director James Gunn on How He Chose the Music in Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Vulture . New York . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2014 . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy : Original Score '' . Soundtrack.net . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Records And Marvel Set To Release Marvel 's Guardians Of The Galaxy Deluxe Soundtrack , Marvel 's Guardians Of The Galaxy Awesome Mix Vol. 1 And Marvel 's Guardians Of The Galaxy Digital Score Soundtrack '' . Digital Journal via PR Newswire . July 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gilman , Greg ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Becomes First Soundtrack in History Without New Songs to Land No. 1 Spot '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2014 . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Guardians ' Soundtrack To Be Released On Cassette Tape '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryder , Taryn ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` On the Red Carpet at the ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Premiere '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on July 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Hilary ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Cast to Appear on ' Jimmy Kimmel Live ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2014 . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy An IMAX 3D Experience '' . IMAX . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2014 . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office Friday : Summer Savior As ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' $92.2 M to $95.5 M ; ' Get On Up ' Down Low With $14.7 M '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( September 7 , 2014 ) . `` Update : Intl Box Office : ' Lucy ' Tops Chart ; ' Expendables 3 ′ In China ; Pics From Korea , Spain , Argentina Get A Look - In ; More '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` First `` Guardians Of The Galaxy '' TV Spot Released , Gunn Hypes 3D Experience `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2014 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( August 10 , 2013 ) . `` D23 : Disney Brings Out Angelina Jolie for ' Maleficent , ' Screens New Footage of ' Saving Mr. Banks ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2013 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Clark , Noelene ; McIntyre , Gina ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' trailer : Marvel unveils cosmic action comedy '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : Indiana Jones ' Influence '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : Edgy Humour '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : Nebula 's introduction '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : The Collector '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Trailer a Social Media Smash , Bigger Than ' Man of Steel ' '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2014 . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` Despite leak , ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' trailer breaks Marvel record '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Trailer Sends ' Hooked On a Feeling ' Sales Through the Roof '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Plumb , Ali . `` James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy 's Secrets -- ' What A Bunch Of A-Holes ' Was Originally Only Meant For The Trailer '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` James Gunn on Trailer Pressures and Nearly Shelving the First ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Teaser '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Blue Alien Confirmed As Kree '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` It 's All Connected : Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's Alien Revealed '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` ABC to air Marvel special with ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' sneak peek -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2014 . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Arrant , Chris ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` Abnett & Lanning Put the Band Back Together for Guardians of the Galaxy Movie Prequel '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Graser , Marc ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Does n't Scare Licensing Partners '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2014 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Jason ( July 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Offers Fans Interstellar Travel Via Galaxy Getaways '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2014 . Retrieved July 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Slater , Shawn ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Sneak Peek Landing in Disney Parks July 4 '' . DisneyParks Blog . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2014 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Get an Early Look at Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy in IMAX July 7 '' . Marvel.com . June 27 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2014 . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Lucas ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Missed Guardians Of The Galaxy Sneak Peek ? Here 's a New Trailer ! '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dickson , Evan ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy Footage Review : Evan 's Reaction to Marvel Screening 17 Minutes of Footage '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Screened 17 Minutes Of Guardians Of The Galaxy And This Is What We Saw '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Huver , Scott ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Hooked On A Preview : `` Guardians '' Sneak Preview Footage Is Deliriously Fun `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` 17 Minute ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' IMAX 3D Presentation Elicits Cheers And Some Confusion ; Watch An Extended Clip '' . / Film . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leong , John ( July 12 , 2014 ) . `` '' Guardians of the Galaxy '' cast thrill fans in Singapore `` . Channel NewsAsia . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Play Guardians of the Galaxy : The Universal Weapon '' . Marvel . July 17 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zalben , Alex ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' Mobile Game ? You 're Welcome '' . MTV . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Pratt and Zoe Saldana Join Marvel Entertainment Executives To Ring The Opening Bell at the NYSE to Promote the Highly - Anticipated Summer Film , Marvel s Guardians of the Galaxy '' . New York Stock Exchange . July 29 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Polowy , Kevin ( August 14 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Here 's That Clip of Dancing Baby Groot in All Its Galactic Glory '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on August 23 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McMillan , Graeme ( August 22 , 2014 ) . `` It 's Official : Dancing Groot Is the Breakout Character of Summer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Melrose , Kevin ( August 28 , 2014 ) . `` ' Grooting ' has entered the lexicon '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( August 21 , 2014 ) . `` Chris Pratt Visits Children 's Hospital Los Angeles in Costume as Star - Lord From Guardians of the Galaxy '' . E !. Archived from the original on August 22 , 2014 . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Rich ( June 25 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel Ramps Up Guardians of the Galaxy Trademarks '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Graser , Marc ( August 16 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel Rallies New Merchandise Partners Around ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Krupa , Daniel ( January 22 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy LEGO Toy Sets Coming Soon '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Krupa , Daniel ( June 2 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy Lego Sets Officially Unveiled '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2014 . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` Dancing Baby Groot of ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' to Hit Shelves in December '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` New Wave of ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Merchandise Launches Around Homevideo Release '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marvel UK ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's # GuardiansOfTheGalaxy comes to 3D / 2D Blu - ray & DVD in the UK November 24 '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2014 . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guardians of the Galaxy ' on Blu - Ray 12 / 9 with Deleted Scenes , Audio Commentary and More ; Digital HD in November '' . Stitch Kingdom . October 3 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2014 . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy - DVD and Blu - ray Sales '' . The Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection ' Unveiled ; Contains First Look at Phase 3 '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Int'l Box Office Final : ' Guardians ' Now 3rd Biggest Marvel Movie Ever ; ' Dracula Untold ' , ' Gone Girl ' , ' Annabelle ' Hold Well ; Action In France , Mexico ; More '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2014 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` Int'l Box Office FINAL : ' Happy New Year ' Uncorks Record Bollywood Bow ; ' Annabelle ' Still A Doll With $26.2 M ; ' Lucy ' Outmuscles ' Hercules ' In China ; More '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( October 25 , 2014 ) . `` Intl Box Office Final : Milestones For ' Godzilla ' , ' 22 Jump Street ' , ' Transformers ' + ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' Rockets To $67.4 M ; Local Pics Make Waves In Asia ; More '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2014 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` No. 5 ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' -- 2014 Most Valuable Blockbuster Movie Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2015 . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy ' Soars to Biggest Thursday Box Office Opening of the Year '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( August 2 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' Rockets To $37.8 M Friday '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Suber , Ray ( August 3 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Obliterates August Record '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( August 10 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Nets $65 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Mark ( August 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Ninja Turtles ' tops ' Expendables 3 , ' ' Let 's Be Cops ' at box office '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lang , Brett ( August 24 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Back on Top , ' Sin City 2 ′ Flops '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lang , Brent ( September 1 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy ' Tops Weak Labor Day Box Office , Summer Stumbles to Close '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( September 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Wins Cold U.S. Box Office with $10.2 Million , ' The Identical ' Tanks '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Blackmon , Joe ( August 31 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy Becomes Only Summer Movie To Top Box Office For Three Weekends '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Among Marvel Titles , ' Guardians ' Has The Most No. 1 Weekends '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bowles , Scott ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' Gone Girl ' Edges Out ' Annabelle ' In Race That Energizes Box Office : Monday Actuals '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2014 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( August 24 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Guardians ' Becomes Biggest Movie of the Summer '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( August 31 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office End of Summer : Some Profitable Hits In An Overall Blah Season '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( September 13 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Hits $600 Million Worldwide '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2014 . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2014 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Coyle , Jake ( August 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' retakes box office , passes ' Transformers ' for summer 's top film '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 -- via U.S. News & World Report . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` Intl Box Office Final : ' Turtles ' Kicks In $29 M Opening ; ' Guardians ' At $313 M WW ; ' Maleficent ' Tops $500 M ; ' InBetweeners 2 ′ Smashes UK Records '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` Int'l Box Office Final : ' Annabelle ' Wins Over ' Gone Girl ' At Overseas Box Office In Hair - Pulling Race ; ' Dracula ' Drinks Up $34 M+ ; ' Guardians ' Strong In China ; More -- Int'l B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy - International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( August 2 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Zooms to $37.8 M Friday for Likely $92 M Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( August 3 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' Zooms To $94 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Justin ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy , review : ' a pop - culture gem ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Turran , Kenneth ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` Review : ' Guardians of the Galaxy 's ' heroes are n't what you 'd expect '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Yee - Ha ! Space Cowboy Rides to the Rescue '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( July 30 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' : A giddy space oddity makes the summer sunnier '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wakeman , Greg ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy Is Marvel 's Best Movie Yet '' . Yahoo ! UK . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Coyle , Jake ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Film Review : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' relaxes Marvel 's seriousness , but not enough '' . Associated Press via Star Tribune . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2014 . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' review : Space jaunt no marvel '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Kyle ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' is space junk '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Poor subtitles may deal blow to superhero film '' . China Daily . October 17 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaCon honour for Chris Pratt '' . Screen Daily . March 20 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 2014 Detroit Film Critics Society Awards '' . Detroit Film Critics Society . December 15 , 2014 . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Blake , Emily ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Hollywood Film Awards 2014 : And the winners are ... '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2014 . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` YHA Nominees list '' . Young Hollywood Awards . June 28 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards : ' Boyhood ' Wins Best Picture ; ' Birdman ' Leads With 7 Nods '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Jameson Empire Awards 2015 Live Blog '' . empireonline.com . Jump up ^ O'Mally , Zach ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` Grammy Nominees 2015 : The Full List '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grand Budapest ' , ' Guardians ' , ' AHS : Freak Show ' Top Make - Up & Hair Stylists Awards '' . Deadline.com . Deadline Hollywood . February 14 , 2015 . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moraski , Lauren ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards 2015 hosts , nominees announced '' . CBS News . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2014 . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2015 MTV Movie Awards Nominees '' . MTV News . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' Birdman ' Leads Satellite Awards Nominations '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Film Critics Society 2014 Awards '' . Phoenix Film Critics Society . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Film Critics Announce Nominees '' . AwardsDaily . December 16 , 2014 . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Birdman ' , ' Foxcatcher ' Among Art Directors Guild Nominees '' . Deadline.com . January 5 , 2015 . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Writers Guild Awards Nominations : ' Whiplash ' , ' Gone Girl ' , ' Guardians ' On Diverse List '' . Deadline.com . January 7 , 2015 . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA Nominations : ' Grand Budapest Hotel ' Leads With 11 -- Full List '' . Deadline.com . January 8 , 2015 . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Nominations Unveiled -- Full List '' . Deadline.com . January 15 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2015 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards : List of 2015 nominations '' . March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Sequel Gets Title '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2015 . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel Studios Begins Production on Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' '' . Marvel.com . February 17 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Compton 's Neil Brown Jr . Signs On For ' Sand Castle ' ; Pom Klementieff Joins ' Guardians Of The Galaxy 2 ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2015 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy 3 ' : James Gunn Returning to Write and Direct '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marston , George ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 Coming In 2020 , According To Gunn '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) . Official website Guardians of the Galaxy on IMDb Guardians of the Galaxy at AllMovie Guardians of the Galaxy Guardians of the Galaxy Creators Stan Lee Arnold Drake Roy Thomas Dan Abnett Andy Lanning Members 1969 team members Charlie - 27 Martinex T'Naga Nikki Starhawk Talon Vance Astro / Major Victory Yondu Udonta 2008 team members Adam Warlock Bug Cosmo the Spacedog Drax the Destroyer Gamora Groot Jack Flag Mantis Moondragon Quasar ( Phyla - Vell ) Rocket Raccoon Star - Lord Supporting characters Annihilators Beta Ray Bill Gladiator Quasar Ronan the Accuser Silver Surfer Avengers Kismet Nova Corps Richard Rider Sam Alexander Starjammers Antagonists Annihilus Badoon Blastaar Brood Ego the Living Planet Galactus Hala the Accuser J'son Korvac Magus Nebula Shi'ar Empire Vulcan Skrull Thanos Titus Universal Church of Truth Storylines Annihilation Annihilation : Conquest War of Kings Realm of Kings The Thanos Imperative The Black Vortex In other media Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) soundtrack Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 soundtrack Guardians of the Galaxy ( TV series ) Guardians of the Galaxy : The Telltale Series Related articles Cosmic entities Knowhere Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! Guardians of the Galaxy ( Epcot Attraction ) Marvel Cinematic Universe Feature films Phase One Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers accolades Phase Two Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Phase Three Captain America : Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther Avengers : Infinity War production Ant - Man and the Wasp Untitled Avengers film production Television series ABC Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes season 1 5 characters Agent Carter season 1 characters Inhumans `` Behold ... The Inhumans '' `` Those Who Would Destroy Us '' Netflix Daredevil season 1 characters Jessica Jones season 1 characters Luke Cage season 1 characters Iron Fist season 1 characters The Defenders The Punisher Hulu Runaways Freeform Cloak & Dagger Other Most Wanted New Warriors Other Short films Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King Digital series WHIH Newsfront Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Slingshot Tie - in comics Fury 's Big Week Cast and characters Film cast Television series cast Phil Coulson Erik Selvig Trevor Slattery Claire Temple Music Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Captain America : Civil War Luke Cage Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok MCU - inspired media Video games Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor : God of Thunder Captain America : Super Soldier Iron Man 3 Lego Marvel 's Avengers Attraction Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! Book Category Portal Live - action theatrical films based on Marvel Comics Franchises Ant - Man Ant - Man Ant - Man and the Wasp Avengers The Avengers Avengers : Age of Ultron Avengers : Infinity War Untitled Avengers film production Blade Blade Blade II Blade : Trinity Captain America Captain America ( serial ) Captain America ( 1990 ) Captain America : The First Avenger Captain America : The Winter Soldier Captain America : Civil War Daredevil Daredevil Elektra Deadpool Deadpool Deadpool 2 Fantastic Four The Fantastic Four ( 1994 ) Fantastic Four ( 2005 ) Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer Fantastic Four ( 2015 ) Ghost Rider Ghost Rider Ghost Rider : Spirit of Vengeance Guardians of the Galaxy Guardians of the Galaxy Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Hulk Hulk The Incredible Hulk Iron Man Iron Man Iron Man 2 Iron Man 3 Punisher The Punisher ( 1989 ) The Punisher ( 2004 ) Punisher : War Zone Spider - Man Spider - Man Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man 3 The Amazing Spider - Man The Amazing Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor Thor Thor : The Dark World Thor : Ragnarok Wolverine X-Men Origins : Wolverine The Wolverine Logan X-Men X-Men X2 X-Men : The Last Stand X-Men : First Class X-Men : Days of Future Past X-Men : Apocalypse X-Men : Dark Phoenix Single films Howard the Duck Red Sonja Man - Thing Doctor Strange Black Panther The New Mutants Venom Franchises from Marvel Comics imprints Kick - Ass Kick - Ass Kick - Ass 2 Kingsman Kingsman : The Secret Service Kingsman : The Golden Circle Men in Black Men in Black Men in Black II Men in Black 3 See also Marvel Studios Marvel Cinematic Universe films Marvel One - Shots Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King No Good Deed James Gunn Films written and directed Slither ( 2006 ) Super ( 2010 ) Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) Films written Tromeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) The Specials ( 2000 ) Scooby - Doo ( 2002 ) Scooby - Doo 2 : Monsters Unleashed ( 2004 ) Dawn of the Dead ( 2004 ) LolliLove ( 2004 ) The Belko Experiment ( 2017 ) TV and web series created The Tromaville Cafe ( 1997 -- 2000 ) James Gunn 's PG Porn ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Other All I Need to Know about Filmmaking I Learned from the Toxic Avenger Lollipop Chainsaw Movie 43 ( 2013 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Action Movie The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) Inception ( 2010 ) Drive ( 2011 ) Skyfall ( 2012 ) Lone Survivor ( 2013 ) Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) Hacksaw Ridge ( 2016 ) Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , Long Form The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) The Incredibles ( 2005 ) Serenity ( 2006 ) Pan 's Labyrinth ( 2007 ) Stardust ( 2008 ) WALL - E ( 2009 ) Moon ( 2010 ) Inception ( 2011 ) Game of Thrones ( season 1 ) ( 2012 ) The Avengers ( 2013 ) Gravity ( 2014 ) Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2015 ) The Martian ( 2016 ) Arrival ( 2017 ) Nebula Award for Best Script / Ray Bradbury Award Nebula Award for Best Script Soylent Green -- Stanley R. Greenberg ( 1973 ) Sleeper -- Woody Allen ( 1974 ) Young Frankenstein -- Mel Brooks and Gene Wilder ( 1975 ) Star Wars -- George Lucas ( 1977 ) The Sixth Sense -- M. Night Shyamalan ( 1999 ) Galaxy Quest -- David Howard and Robert Gordon ( 2000 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon James Schamus , Kuo Jung Tsai , and Hui - Ling Wang ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring -- Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , and Peter Jackson ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers -- Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , Stephen Sinclair , and Peter Jackson ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King -- Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , and Peter Jackson ( 2004 ) Serenity -- Joss Whedon ( 2005 ) Howl 's Moving Castle -- Hayao Miyazaki , Cindy Davis Hewitt , and Donald H. Hewitt ( 2006 ) Pan 's Labyrinth -- Guillermo del Toro ( 2007 ) WALL - E -- Andrew Stanton , Jim Reardon , and Pete Docter ( 2008 ) Ray Bradbury Award for Outstanding Dramatic Presentation Terminator 2 : Judgment Day -- James Cameron ( 1992 ) Babylon 5 -- J. Michael Straczynski ( 1999 ) 2000X -- Tales of the Next Millennia -- Yuri Rasovsky and Harlan Ellison ( 2001 ) Joss Whedon ( 2008 ) District 9 -- Neill Blomkamp and Terri Tatchell ( 2009 ) Inception -- Christopher Nolan ( 2010 ) Doctor Who : `` The Doctor 's Wife '' -- Richard Clark and Neil Gaiman ( 2011 ) Beasts of the Southern Wild -- Benh Zeitlin , Lucy Alibar ( 2012 ) Gravity -- Alfonso Cuarón and Jonás Cuarón ( 2013 ) Guardians of the Galaxy -- James Gunn and Nicole Perlman ( 2014 ) Mad Max : Fury Road -- George Miller , Brendan McCarthy , and Nico Lathouris ( 2015 ) Arrival -- Eric Heisserer ( 2016 ) Saturn Award for Best Comic - to - Film Motion Picture Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) Ant - Man ( 2015 ) Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) Marvel Cinematic Universe portal Film in the United States portal Superhero fiction portal Comics portal 2010s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_(film)&oldid=808614017 '' Categories : 2014 films English - language films 2010s action films 2010s adventure films 2010s comedy films 2010s science fiction films 2010s superhero films 2014 3D films Alien abduction films American comedy science fiction films American action comedy films American adventure comedy films American films American science fiction action films American space adventure films Film scores by Tyler Bates Films directed by James Gunn Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films featuring Howard the Duck Films set in 1988 Films set in 2014 Films set in Missouri Films set in prison Films set on fictional planets Films shot at Longcross Studios Films shot at Shepperton Studios Films shot in London Films shot in Los Angeles Films using computer - generated imagery Guardians of the Galaxy films Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , Long Form winning works IMAX films Marvel Cinematic Universe films Performance capture in film Rotoscoped films Screenplays by James Gunn Superhero comedy films Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Good articles Use mdy dates from July 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Перем Коми Polski Português Română Русский Scots Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 23 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians%20of%20the%20Galaxy%20%28film%29	770
when did rosario from will and grace die			Shelley Morrison	shelley morrison	Shelley Morrison ( born Rachel Mitrani ; October 26 , 1936 ) is an American actress . Early in her career , she was sometimes credited as Rachel Domínguez . Morrison has been a theater and television actress since the early 1960s , predominantly as a character actress in ethnic roles . Her most recognizable role has been as the maid Rosario Salazar in the NBC comedy television series Will & Grace , which she played from 1999 to 2006 . She was a regular performer on the sitcom The Flying Nun playing Sister Sixto , a nun known mostly for mangling the English language ; and she continued in television guest roles until securing a recurring role in the soap opera General Hospital in 1982 .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Cancer 4 Activism 5 Personal life 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Morrison was born in New York City , the only daughter of Sephardic Jewish ( specifically , Spanish Jewish ) parents , originally surnamed Mitrani . She was raised in the Bronx , New York , and her first language was Spanish . Her father , Maurice Morris , was a clothing manufacturer . Morrison moved to California with her parents in 1946 . Career ( edit ) Morrison went on to study acting at Los Angeles City College and landed early film roles in Divorce American Style and How to Save a Marriage ( And Ruin Your Life ) . From 1965 to 1967 , she appeared four times as an American Indian , Linda Little Trees , in the NBC western television series Laredo ( in the episodes `` Yahoo '' , `` Jinx '' , `` No Bugles , One Drum '' , and `` Split the Difference . '' ) In 1967 , she capitalized on her own experiences learning English to play the Puerto Rican nun , Sister Sixto , who had trouble with English in Sally Field 's show The Flying Nun . She would keep this role until the show was cancelled in 1970 . Morrison 's most widely recognizable recent role has been as the Salvadoran maid Rosario Inés Consuelo Yolanda Salazar on the NBC sitcom Will & Grace . She appeared in 68 episodes from 1999 to 2006 ( as well as a brief cameo appearance on the September 2016 Will & Grace webisode in support of Hillary Clinton 's presidential campaign ) . The role was originally created for a brief one - episode appearance , but Rosario was so popular with viewers that she became a recurring character . In addition to sparring with her libertine and very spoiled employer , Karen Walker ( Megan Mullally ) , Rosario married Karen 's gay friend Jack McFarland ( Sean Hayes ) to prevent her impending deportation . Among approximately 25 film appearances and 200 television appearances , Morrison has portrayed a maid or housekeeper on 32 separate occasions . Morrison had just informed her agent not to offer her any more `` maid parts '' when the call came for Will & Grace . In 2017 , NBC revived Will & Grace for a new series of episodes . On August 3 , 2017 , co-creator Max Mutchnick announced to reporters that Morrison had been asked to reprise her role as Salazar on the show , but that she had ultimately decided to retire completely from acting . Although her last official acting role was a voiceover in the 2012 animated film Foodfight ! , her final appearance as an actress was the 2016 election - themed webisode of Will & Grace . Cancer ( edit ) Morrison underwent a lumpectomy for breast cancer in 1988 , followed by a full mastectomy when the cancer recurred in 1998 . She had lung cancer and underwent surgery to remove the upper third of her right lung . Morrison 's lung cancer went into remission , but her breast cancer returned after the treatment in 1988 and 1998 . Activism ( edit ) Morrison endorsed U.S. Congressman Dennis Kucinich for President in 2008 , actively fundraising , contributing to his campaign , and seeking votes for him . Personal Life ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Morrison lives with her husband of many years , Walter Domínguez , a Mexican - American , in a three - story apartment in Los Angeles -- the same apartment in which her father had settled the family five decades earlier . Morrison and Dominguez adopted three sons and three daughters ( adopted through a traditional Native American ceremony ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Fretts , Bruce ; Roush , Matt . `` The Greatest Shows on Earth '' . TV Guide . 61 ( 3194 - 3195 ) : 16 -- 19 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Sheridan , Patricia ( August 23 , 2004 ) . `` Shelley Morrison '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Shelley Morrison '' . Internet Movie Data Base . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shelley Morrison '' , IMDb and `` The Flying Nun '' , IMDb Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ; Goldberg , Lesley ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' : Why Shelley Morrison 's Rosario wo n't return for the revival '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Shelley Morrison on IMDb VIAF : 68651172 LCCN : no2004106384 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shelley_Morrison&oldid=811177829 '' Categories : 1936 births American film actresses American television actresses Jewish American actresses Actresses from New York City Living people American people of Spanish - Jewish descent American Sephardic Jews Los Angeles City College alumni Lung cancer survivors People from the Bronx People from the Greater Los Angeles Area 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL BLP articles lacking sources from May 2012 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands Português Suomi اردو 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 November 2017 , at 00 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelley%20Morrison	771
what are the citizens of louisiana dissolving themselves of			Louisiana secession	louisiana secession	The state of Louisiana seceded from the United States on January 26 , 1861 . It then joined the Confederate States of America . Louisiana was the sixth state to secede .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Ordinance of secession 2 Civil War era 2.1 Road to war 2.2 Election of 1860 2.3 Secession 2.4 Building an army 2.5 Gathering supplies 3 First governor of independent Louisiana 4 New Orleans 5 Notable Civil War leaders 6 References 7 Further reading Ordinance of secession ( edit ) History of Louisiana By year Pre-statehood U.S. Civil War Post-Civil War Topics : Cities - Politics Louisiana portal AN ORDINANCE to dissolve the union between the State of Louisiana and other States united with her under the compact entitled `` The Constitution of the United States of America . '' We , the people of the State of Louisiana , in convention assembled , do declare and ordain , and it is hereby declared and ordained , That the ordinance passed by us in convention on the November 22 , in the year eighteen hundred and eleven , whereby the Constitution of the United States of America and the amendments of the said Constitution were adopted , and all laws and ordinances by which the State of Louisiana became a member of the Federal Union , be , and the same are hereby , repealed and abrogated ; and that the union now subsisting between Louisiana and other States under the name of `` The United States of America '' is hereby dissolved . We do further declare and ordain , That the State of Louisiana hereby resumes all rights and powers heretofore delegated to the Government of the United States of America ; that her citizens are absolved from all allegiance to said Government ; and that she is in full possession and exercise of all those rights of sovereignty which appertain to a free and independent State . We do further declare and ordain , That all rights acquired and vested under the Constitution of the United States , or any act of Congress , or treaty , or under any law of this State , and not incompatible with this ordinance , shall remain in force and have the same effect as if this ordinance had not been passed . Adopted in convention at Baton Rouge this January 26 , 1861 . Civil war era ( edit ) Road to war ( edit ) The Civil War came after years of struggle over the issues of slavery and states ' rights . People who believed in the doctrine of states ' rights believed that the states could nullify federal laws . Some supporters of states ' rights also believed that states had the right to leave the Union . Louisiana 's political leaders hoped the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850 would protect slavery and preserve the Union . But the state 's planters saw the increasing pressure from abolitionists as an economic threat . Louisiana , like the other states , could not see the desolation that lay ahead when it entered a war expected to last only a few weeks . Election of 1860 ( edit ) The pressure of the slavery issue split the Democratic Party convention wide open and led to a presidential election in 1860 with four candidates . Northern delegates to the Democratic Party convention supported Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois , but the southern Democrats disagreed with his position on slavery . The extremists among the southern Democrats , labeled `` fire - eats '' because of their strong speeches , led a walkout at the convention . They then held their own convention and named John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky as their candidate . Another faction of southerners , which included many former Whigs , hopes to preserve the Union . They formed the Constitutional Union Party and nominated John C. Bell of Tennessee as a moderate compromise candidate . The split among the Democrats handed the Republicans victory . To southerners , a Republican was the enemy and a threat to their way of life . The Republican Party did not even exist in Louisiana , so Lincoln 's name was not on the ballot . The new president of the United States had not received one vote in the state . Lincoln 's election brought immediate reaction . One New Orleans newspaper said the Republican Party opposed the `` dignity , interest , and well - being of Louisiana . '' Another predicted , `` You might as well try to breathe life into a mummy of Ancient Egypt as to expect the Union to be preserved . '' The South was filled with talk of secession . The cry for secession spread as quickly as a yellow fever epidemic , and the results were just as deadly . But in 1860 Louisianians could not see what lay ahead . They heard speeches loaded with words like honor , self - respect , and principle . They heard Lincoln labeled a `` black Republican Abolitionist '' who would end their way of life . In St. Charles Parish , a man was ordered to leave because he cheered Lincoln . A Boston piano manufacturer in Shreveport was advised to leave town because he was a known Lincoln supporter . Secession ( edit ) Flag of Louisiana ( February 1861 ) On January 26 , 1861 , the Secession Convention voted 113 to 17 to adopt the Ordinance of Secession . Judge James G. Taliaferro of Catahoula Parish was the most outspoken opponent . He warned the secession threatened the interests and destiny of Louisiana , He predicted war , ruin , and decline . His opinion , however , was not included in the official record of the proceedings . Most of the state 's citizens celebrated secession . Pine torches lighted a night parade in New Orleans . The governor called for homes and businesses to put lights in their windows to show their support . People cheered in the streets as fireworks exploded and cannons fired . The sound of cannon fire would soon create a very difficult emotion in a city under attack . Louisiana called itself a country for less than two weeks . On February 4 , 1861 , the State of Louisiana joined the Confederate States of America , the new nation formed by the southern states that seceded . The newly formed Confederate government gained the political skills of Louisiana 's former United States senators . Judah P. Benjamin , called the `` brains of the Confederacy '' , served in Confederate President Jefferson Davis 's cabinet . John Slidell spent most of the war trying to persuade European nations to support the Confederacy . Louisiana also contributed four key generals to the Confederate army -- Braxton Bragg , Leonidas Polk , Richard Taylor , and P.G.T. Beauregard . Building an army ( edit ) The Confederacy needed an army . Louisiana responded immediately with 5,000 volunteers . Around the state , they organized themselves into companies . They chose names like the Louisiana Swamp Rangers , Crescent City Guards , Vienna Rifles , Irish Brigade , Carondelet Invincibles , Franklin Sharpshooters , and Caddo Greys . These names and their colorful uniforms seemed suitable for the short and glorious war southerners expected . They would `` teach the Yankee a lesson ... and settle matters within 60 days . '' The spirited soldiers drilled to `` save the South . '' Camp Walker , located at the Metairie Race Track , became the first training site . The last horse race was run there on April 9 , 1861 . Soon afterward the grounds were covered with marching soldiers preparing for a very different contest . The camp , although close to New Orleans , was soon abandoned . Surrounded by swamp and with no safe drinking water , the camp was a poor location for an army . An area to the north of Lake Pontchartrain attracted the Confederate commanders to a site with hills , tall pines , and good water . Camp Moore became the main training location for Louisiana 's soldiers . But life in any training camp was difficult . Providing adequate food and supplies was a constant problem . Diseases spread quickly through the troops . Epidemics such as measles killed many soldiers before they ever left the camp . Once war became the ugly reality of blood and death , fewer men wanted to enlist . When the first soldiers left home , they expected to return quickly . Instead , the war dragged on and families suffered . To encourage enlistment , the Confederate government paid a bounty and some local governments paid additional bounties . The bounty was a one - time reward for enlisting . Finally , the Confederacy did not have enough volunteers . A draft or conscription required all men of a certain age to enlist in the army . The conscription law included a substitution clause , which allowed men to pay someone else to take his place . Newspapers carried the names of men who were willing to serve as substitutes . The Confederate draft also exempted anyone owning twenty or more slaves . This exemption and the right to pay a substitute seemed to aim the conscription law at the poor man . Soldiers on both sides called the Civil War `` a rich man 's war and a poor man 's fight . '' Gathering supplies ( edit ) In 1861 , Louisiana was ready for war in only attitude . Both motivation alone was not enough . The focus shifted fanatically to equipment and supplies . In the early days of the war , equipment and supplies were furnished by parish governments , wealthy individuals , or the soldiers themselves . Although Louisiana imported most finished goods , some manufacturing did exist . A New Orleans factory switched from making clothing for plantations to making uniforms . Converted factories made weapons from scrap iron collected by citizens . Ranches in southwest Louisiana and Texas supplied the cattle for a slaughterhouse south of Alexandria . The beef was preserved by salting it . This method left the meat tough and very salty , and the soldiers had to boil the meat for hours before they could eat it . They learned to ignore the bugs floating on the water . The salt for preserving the beef came from several salt deposits around the state . Brine was pumped out of the ground and boiled down in kettles to get the salt . Discovering the extensive salt deposits at Avery Island gave the Confederates a valuable source . The women of Louisiana also helped `` The Cause . '' Ladies ' sewing circles made uniforms and cartridge bags . Their new sewing machines became part of assembly lines . But too soon the ladies stopped designing battle flags and began making bandages . Monogrammed linen pillow cases became sandbags at Port Hudson , and treasured carpets became blankets for freezing soldiers . First governor of independent Louisiana ( edit ) Thomas Overton Moore was elected Democratic governor of Louisiana in November 1859 . He took the oath of office on January 23 , 1860 . In his inaugural address , Moore told the legislators and visitors at the Capitol that a powerful party in the North threatened the existence of the slave - holding states : `` So bitter is this hostility felt toward slavery , which these fifteen states regard as a great social and political blessing , that it exhibits itself in legislation for the avowed purpose of destroying the rights of slaveholders guaranteed by the Constitution and protected by the Acts of Congress ... ( in ) the North , a widespread sympathy with felons has deepened the distrust in the permanent Federal Government , and awakened sentiments favorable to a separation of states . '' On January 8 , 1861 , Governor Moore ordered the Louisiana militia to occupy the Federal arsenal at Baton Rouge and the Federal forts guarding New Orleans , Jackson and St. Philip . A wealthy planter and slave holder , Moore acted aggressively to engineer the secession of Louisiana from the Union by a convention on January 23 . After the ordinance of secession passed the convention on January 26 , 1861 , Moore placed Colonel Braxton Bragg in command of the state military . Governor Moore held office from 1860 through early 1864 . When war erupted , he unsuccessfully lobbied the Confederate government in Richmond for a strong defense of New Orleans . Two days before the city surrendered in April 1862 , Moore and the legislature abandoned Baton Rouge as the state capital , relocating to Opelousas in May 1 , 1862 . Governor Moore began to organize military resistance at the state level , ordered the burning of cotton , cessation of trade with the Union forces , and heavily recruited troops for the state militia . However , despite a brief check at Baton Rouge , Union forces continued to advance into Louisiana and up the Mississippi , and the capital was moved again to Shreveport . New Orleans ( edit ) New Orleans , Louisiana , the largest city in the entire South , was strategically important as a port city due to its location along the Mississippi River and its access to the Gulf of Mexico , and the United States War Department very early on planned on its capture . It was taken by Federal troops on April 25 , 1862 . Because a large part of the population had Union sympathies ( or compatible commercial interests ) , the Federal government took the unusual step of designating the areas of Louisiana then under Federal control as a state within the Union , with its own elected representatives to the U.S. Congress . For the latter part of the war , both the Union and the Confederacy recognized their own distinct Louisiana governors . Notable Civil War leaders ( edit ) Gen . P.G.T. Beauregard Gen . Braxton Bragg Lt. Gen . Richard Taylor Brig. Gen. and Gov . Henry W. Allen Brig. Gen . Randall L. Gibson Brig. Gen . Harry T. Hays Brig. Gen . Alfred Mouton References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ordinances Of Secession : Louisiana '' . gen.1starnet.com. 1999 . Retrieved 17 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Winters ( 1963 ) , p. 4 Jump up ^ Hearn ( 1995 ) , pp. 2 -- 31 Jump up ^ Hearn ( 1995 ) , pp. 2 -- 3 Jump up ^ Hearn ( 1995 ) Further reading ( edit ) Campbell , Anne ( 2007 ) . Louisiana : The History of an American State . Clairmont Press . ISBN 978 - 1567331356 . Dew , Charles B. `` Who Won the Secession Election in Louisiana ? . '' Journal of Southern History ( 1970 ) : 18 - 32 . in JSTOR Dew , Charles B . `` The Long Lost Returns : The Candidates and Their Totals in Louisiana 's Secession Election . '' Louisiana History ( 1969 ) : 353 - 369 . in JSTOR Hearn , Chester G. ( 1995 ) . The Capture of New Orleans 1862 . Louisiana State University Press . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 1945 - 8 . Lathrop , Barnes F. `` The Lafourche District in 1861 - 1862 : A Problem in Local Defense . '' Louisiana History ( 1960 ) 1 # 2 pp : 99 - 129 . in JSTOR Pierson , Michael D. Mutiny at Fort Jackson : The Untold Story of the Fall of New Orleans ( Univ of North Carolina Press , 2008 ) Sledge , Christopher L. `` The Union 's Naval War in Louisiana , 1861 - 1863 '' ( Army Command and General Staff College , 2006 ) online Winters , John D. ( 1963 ) . The Civil War in Louisiana . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 0834 - 0 . Wooster , Ralph . `` The Louisiana Secession Convention . '' Louisiana Historical Quarterly ( 1951 ) 34 # 1 pp : 103 - 133 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louisiana_secession&oldid=808423738 '' Categories : Louisiana in the American Civil War 1861 in Louisiana Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 19 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana%20secession	772
attack ships on fire off the shoulder of orion			Tears in rain monologue	tears in rain monologue	`` Tears in rain '' ( also known as the `` C - Beams Speech '' ) is a monologue delivered by character Roy Batty ( portrayed by Rutger Hauer ) in the 1982 Ridley Scott film Blade Runner . Altered from the scripted lines and improvised by Hauer the night before filming , the monologue is frequently quoted ; critic Mark Rowlands described it as `` perhaps the most moving death soliloquy in cinematic history '' . The speech appears as the last track on the film 's soundtrack album .	Contents 1 Script and improvisation 2 Critical reception 3 Tannhäuser Gate 4 References in other media 5 References Script and improvisation ( edit ) The dying replicant Roy Batty delivers the speech to Rick Deckard , moments after Batty saved his life despite Deckard being sent to terminate him . The scene occurs during a heavy downpour of rain , moments before Batty 's own death . Reflecting on his experiences and imminent mortality he says ( with dramatic pauses between each statement ) : I 've seen things you people would n't believe . Attack ships on fire off the shoulder of Orion . I watched C - beams glitter in the dark near the Tannhäuser Gate . All those moments will be lost in time , like tears in rain . Time to die . In the documentary Dangerous Days : Making Blade Runner , Hauer , director Ridley Scott , and screenwriter David Peoples confirm that Hauer largely wrote the `` Tears in Rain '' speech . Earlier versions in Peoples ' draft screenplays included the sentence , `` I rode on the back decks of a blinker and watched C - beams glitter in the dark , near the Tannhäuser Gate . '' In his autobiography , Hauer said he merely cut the original scripted speech by several lines , adding only , `` All those moments will be lost in time , like tears in rain '' , although the original script , displayed during the documentary , before Hauer 's rewrite , does not mention `` Tannhäuser Gate '' : I have known adventures , seen places you people will never see , I 've been Offworld and back ... frontiers ! I 've stood on the back deck of a blinker bound for the Plutition Camps with sweat in my eyes watching the stars fight on the shoulder of Orion . I 've felt wind in my hair , riding test boats off the black galaxies and seen an attack fleet burn like a match and disappear . I 've seen it ... felt it ! Hauer described this as `` opera talk '' and `` hi - tech speech '' with no bearing on the rest of the film , so he `` put a knife in it '' the night before filming , without Scott 's knowledge . In an interview with Dan Jolin , Hauer said that these final lines showed that Batty wanted to `` make his mark on existence ... the replicant in the final scene , by dying , shows Deckard what a real man is made of '' . When Hauer performed the scene , the film crew applauded , and some even cried . Critical reception ( edit ) Sidney Perkowitz , writing in Hollywood science , praised the speech : `` If there 's a great speech in science fiction cinema , it 's Batty 's final words . '' He says that it `` underlines the replicant 's humanlike characteristics mixed with its artificial capabilities '' . Jason Vest , writing in Future Imperfect : Philip K. Dick at the Movies , praised the delivery of the speech : `` Hauer 's deft performance is heartbreaking in its gentle evocation of the memories , experiences , and passions that have driven Batty 's short life '' . The Guardian writer Michael Newton noted that `` in one of the film 's most brilliant sequences , Roy and Deckard pursue each other through a murky apartment , playing a vicious child 's game of hide and seek . As they do so , the similarities between them grow stronger -- both are hunter and hunted , both are in pain , both struggle with a hurt , claw - like hand . If the film suggests a connection here that Deckard himself might still at this point deny , at the very end doubt falls away . Roy 's life closes with an act of pity , one that raises him morally over the commercial institutions that would kill him . If Deckard can not see himself in the other , Roy can . The white dove that implausibly flies up from Roy at the moment of his death perhaps stretches belief with its symbolism ; but for me at least the movie has earned that moment , suggesting that in the replicant , as in the replicated technology of film itself , there remains a place for something human . '' Tannhäuser Gate ( edit ) The place name Tannhäuser Gate ( also written `` Tannhauser Gate '' and `` Tanhauser Gate '' ) is not explained in the film . It possibly derives from Richard Wagner 's operatic adaptation of the legend of the medieval German knight and poet Tannhäuser . The term has since been reused in other science fiction sub-genres . Joanne Taylor , in an article discussing film noir and its epistemology , remarks on the relation between Wagner 's opera and Batty 's reference , and suggests that Batty aligns himself with Wagner 's Tannhäuser , a character who has fallen from grace with men and with God . Both man and God , as she claims , are characters whose fate is beyond their own control . References in other media ( edit ) The monologue 's influence can be noted in various references and tributes . Tad Williams paid homage in 1998 to the Batty monologue in River of Blue Fire ( the second book of the Otherland series ) : `` I 've seen things you people would n't believe ( ... ) Attack ships on the fire off the shores of the Nonestic Ocean . I watched magic blunderbusses flash and glitter in the dark near Glinda 's palace . All those moments will be lost in time like tears in rain . '' Rosa Montero and Lilit Zekulin Thwaites 's science fiction novel Tears in Rain ( 2012 ) is set in a future where self - aware androids live among humans . The main character , Bruna Husky , is aware of her mortality in the same way that Roy Batty and his crew were , and Bruna often thinks about the significance of Batty 's monologue . The androids in the novel , like those of Blade Runner , are known as replicants . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Blade Runner : The Final Cut ( Commentary Track ) . Ridley Scott . Warner Bros. 2007 ( 1982 ) . Jump up ^ Huw Fullerton ( 2017 ) , Interview with Rutger Hauer Jump up ^ Ridley Scott ; Paul Sammon ( 2005 ) , Ridley Scott : interviews , University Press of Mississippi , p. 103 Jump up ^ Jim Krause ( 2006 ) , Type Idea Index , p. 204 , ISBN 9781581808063 Jump up ^ Mark Brake ; Neil Hook ( 2008 ) , `` Different engines '' , Scientific American , Palgrave Macmillan , 259 ( 6 ) : 163 , Bibcode : 1988SciAm. 259f. 111E , doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican1288 - 111 , ISBN 9780230553972 Jump up ^ Mark Rowlands ( 2003 ) , The Philosopher at the End of the Universe , pp. 234 -- 235 , Roy then dies , and in perhaps the most moving death soliloquy in cinematic history ... Jump up ^ Hampton Fancher & David Peoples ( 23 February 1981 ) . `` Blade Runner Screenplay '' . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Rutger Hauer & Patrick Quinlan ( 2007 ) , All Those Moments : Stories of Heroes , Villains , Replicants and Blade Runners , HarperEntertainment , ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 113389 - 3 Jump up ^ 105 minutes into the Channel 4 documentary On the Edge of Blade Runner . Jump up ^ Laurence Raw ( 2009 ) , The Ridley Scott encyclopedia , p. 159 , ISBN 9780810869523 Jump up ^ `` The top 10 film moments - 6 : Blade Runner -- Batty 's dying speech in the rain '' , The Observer , 6 February 2000 , retrieved 6 October 2014 Jump up ^ S. Perkowitz ( 2007 ) , Hollywood science , Columbia University Press , p. 203 , ISBN 9780231142809 Jump up ^ Jason P. Vest ( 2009 ) , Future Imperfect , University of Nebraska Press , p. 24 , ISBN 0803218605 Jump up ^ Newton , Michael ( 14 March 2015 ) . `` Tears in rain ? Why Blade Runner is timeless '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Joanne ( 2006 ) , `` ' Here 's to Plain Speaking ' : The Condition ( s ) of Knowing and Speaking in Film Noir '' , Florida Atlantic Comparative Studies , 48 : 29 -- 54 , ISBN 9781581129618 Jump up ^ Hicham Lasri , Static , ISBN 978 - 9954 - 1 - 0261 - 9 , ff 255 Jump up ^ Williams , Tad ( 1998 ) . Otherland : River of Blue Fire . NY , USA : DAW Books . p. 303 . ISBN 0 - 88677 - 777 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kross , Karin L. `` Cyberpunk is the New Retro : Rosa Montero 's Tears in Rain '' . Tor.com . Tor Books . Retrieved 28 May 2015 . Blade Runner Adaptation of a work by Philip K. Dick Novels Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? The Edge of Human Replicant Night Eye and Talon Feature films Blade Runner themes versions soundtrack tears in rain monologue Blade Runner 2049 soundtrack Short films 2036 : Nexus Dawn 2048 : Nowhere to Run Blade Runner Black Out 2022 Video games Blade Runner ( 1985 ) Blade Runner ( 1997 ) Comics A Marvel Comics Super Special : Blade Runner Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? ( comic book ) Dust to Dust Characters Rick Deckard Replicants Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tears_in_rain_monologue&oldid=862318485 '' Categories : Blade Runner Fictional battles Monologues Film scenes Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Euskara Français Galego Italiano עברית Português Slovenščina 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2018 , at 16 : 14 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tears%20in%20rain%20monologue	773
a cinderella story once upon a song katie and luke kiss	Luke wants to find the girl who sang for him . In the music room , he sees Bev lip - syncing to Katie 's voice ( `` Make You Believe '' ) . Jumping to the obvious - but - wrong conclusion , Luke falls for Bev and invites her to write more songs with him . Much to Bev 's horror , he treats her out to a restaurant that evening . Luke is amazed by Bev 's musical aptitude , unaware that Katie is texting to her what she should say ( because Bev forced her to help ) . The next day , Luke drops by Bev 's house and hits it off with Victor , to whom he gives guitar lessons . Katie also reconnects with Luke , who does n't like it when she has to head out again -- this time , to throw away Gail 's prized portrait , which Victor has ruined by cutting out her face . Bev cuts in on Luke , whom she then forces Victor to help her deceive by using miniature electronic - communication devices , so that Katie can coach her through another date . Katie puts together a song on the spot ( `` Possibilities '' ) , which Luke sings , thinking it 's Bev 's . She and Luke kiss , which breaks Katie 's heart . Victor takes notice of Katie 's distress and sympathizes with her .		A Cinderella Story : Once Upon a song	a cinderella story : once upon a song	A Cinderella Story : Once Upon a Song is a 2011 American teen musical comedy film , directed by Damon Santostefano and starring Lucy Hale , Freddie Stroma , Megan Park , Manu Narayan and Missi Pyle . It is a sequel to Another Cinderella Story ( 2008 ) and the third installment in A Cinderella Story series . The film was released on DVD on September 6 , 2011 .	The film was followed by A Cinderella Story : If the Shoe Fits ( 2016 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Soundtrack 4 Critical reception 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 17 - year - old aspiring singer Katie Gibbs ( Lucy Hale ) is over-worked , bullied , and constantly harassed by her stepfamily -- mother Gail ( Missi Pyle ) , teenage sister Bev ( Megan Park ) , and young brother Victor ( Matthew Lintz ) . Despite how badly they treat her , Katie does their bidding with no complaints in fear that they might put her in foster care and is only putting up their emotional abuse until she turns 18 and graduates from High School . In a dream , Katie performs a music video for her hit single ( `` Run This Town '' ) . Then Victor wakes her up , demanding breakfast . At the Wellesley Academy of the Arts , of which Gail is headmistress , Guy Morgan ( Dikran Tulaine ) -- president of Massive Records , Inc. -- enrolls his son Luke ( Freddie Stroma ) . Katie , wanting to change her life for the better , sneaks her demo CD into Guy 's briefcase . Guy wants Luke to produce an upcoming showcase at the Academy ; Luke , however , is less than excited about following in his dad 's footsteps . Back at home , Bev ( Megan Park ) wants to win a recording contract with Guy . Bev , however , is a terrible singer ; the more she practices , the worse she sounds . Guy calls Gail , who is shocked to hear that he loves Katie 's demo . Gail lies , claiming it was Bev 's demo and that Katie stole it . Meanwhile , Victor steals Katie 's clothes and towel while she showers , locking her out of the house naked . Unable to get back inside , Katie trips over a visiting Luke ; thinking fast , she covers herself up using the WELCOME mat . Amused by the situation , Luke gives her his jacket . While Bev welcomes Luke , Gail barges into Katie 's room and forces her to sing . Then , after shoving Luke out of the house , Gail plans to get Bev a record deal by using Katie 's voice . Bev is reluctant , but goes along with this in order to win Luke 's affections . At school , Katie and her best friend Angela ( Jessalyn Wanlim ) hear Luke singing . The entranced Katie writes a song of her own , for him , and admits that she likes him . Angela urges Katie to sing for him at the Bollywood Ball that night , and gives her a costume to wear . Then Gail barges in . Gail orders Katie to babysit Victor tonight , since she wants Bev to win Luke over at the Ball . Katie pleads with Tony ( Manu Narayan ) , Gail 's guru ( who is no real guru but just a method actor from New Jersey who needed the work ) to watch Victor while she goes to the Ball . There Katie leads Luke outside and sings ( `` Extra Ordinary '' ) . He is entranced by her voice . Angela challenges Gail to a Bollywood dance - off ( `` Oh Mere Dilruba '' ) . Gail loses and then leaves the Ball . Katie tries to beat Gail home , but with no success . Now it 's Katie 's turn to get blackmailed : Gail vows to expel Angela from the Academy -- which will ruin her chances of getting into Juilliard -- unless Katie sings for Bev . To save Angela 's dance career , Katie goes along with Gail . Luke wants to find the girl who sang for him . In the music room , he sees Bev lip - syncing to Katie 's voice ( `` Make You Believe '' ) . Jumping to the obvious - but - wrong conclusion , Luke falls for Bev and invites her to write more songs with him . Much to Bev 's horror , he treats her out to a restaurant that evening . Luke is amazed by Bev 's musical aptitude , unaware that Katie is texting to her what she should say ( because Bev forced her to help ) . The next day , Luke drops by Bev 's house and hits it off with Victor , to whom he gives guitar lessons . Katie also reconnects with Luke , who does n't like it when she has to head out again -- this time , to throw away Gail 's prized portrait , which Victor has ruined by cutting out her face . Bev cuts in on Luke , whom she then forces Victor to help her deceive by using miniature electronic - communication devices , so that Katie can coach her through another date . Katie puts together a song on the spot ( `` Possibilities '' ) , which Luke sings , thinking it 's Bev 's . She and Luke kiss , which breaks Katie 's heart . Victor takes notice of Katie 's distress and sympathizes with her . Luke falls in love with Bev , unaware that her singing and songwriting talents are actually Katie 's . Later , Gail reveals that she has access to the savings account opened by Katie 's late father ; ergo , if Katie does n't submit to her stepfamily 's will , she 'll be cut off without a cent . Victor also discovers that his family 's money is rightfully Katie 's . As it turns out , Victor himself is frequently mistreated by Bev and their mom ; he shares no more affection with them than Katie does and he only went along with their mistreatment of Katie because he was afraid of his Mother and older sister and he was afraid of what they would do to him if he did not go along with it . Feeling guilty over not having had a better relationship with Katie over the years -- among other things , she 's the only one who remembers his birthday -- Victor agrees to help expose the fraud perpetrated by his family . At the showcase , Victor sabotages Bev 's performance of ( `` Make You Believe '' ) by destroying her iPhone , on which is Katie 's recorded singing voice . After threatening to drown Victor in the kitchen sink for what he 's just done , Gail forces Katie to sing live backstage . Luke trips over what 's happening ; he realizes at last that Bev is a fake , and that beautiful voice is actually Katie 's . During Bev 's second performance , Luke steals a videocamera and films Katie singing backstage , thus exposing the whole charade . Gail tries to stop Luke , but Tony stops her first . Victor and Angela bring Katie onstage to perform another song ( `` Bless Myself '' ) . Katie and Luke admit their feelings for each other . Guy also loves Katie 's performance , and green - lights Luke to produce an album for her . He even agrees to help Angela get into Juilliard . In a mid-credits scene , Guy vows to tell the school board what he thinks of Gail , who is removed as headmistress of Wellesley Academy . Even Bev is delighted to be rid of her mom , being no stranger herself to Gail 's manipulative ways . Gail soon finds herself back to where she started decades before : singing ( horribly ) at a ranch , where she is bombarded with fruit and booed off the stage . Cast ( edit ) Lucy Hale as Katie Gibbs Freddie Stroma as Luke Morgan Missi Pyle as Gail Van Ravensway Megan Park as Beverly `` Bev '' Van Ravensway Matthew Lintz as Victor Van Ravensway Jessalyn Wanlim as Angela Manu Narayan as Ravi / Tony Gupta Titus Makin Jr. as Mickey O ' Malley Dikran Tulaine as Guy Morgan Lucy Davenport as Ms. Plumberg Onira Tares as Crazy Girl Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : A Cinderella Story : Once Upon a Song ( soundtrack ) Critical reception ( edit ) The film received mixed reviews although it did not get criticized by Metacritic . It achieved 50 % on Rotten Tomatoes . Rotten audience also rate the film 3.3 / 5 with the 254 users . Mike McGranaghan of The Aisle Seat scored the film one and ⁄ out of four , said : `` A Cinderella Story : Once Upon a Song is like a movie version of iCarly or Victorious or any of those other tween girl shows that combine broad physical humor , mild expressions of pubescent sexuality and fantasies of becoming famous '' . The DVD Sleuth gave the film 1 out of 2 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.dvdsleuth.com/CinderellaStoryReview/ Jump up ^ http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/a_cinderella_story_once_upon_a_song/#want_to_see Jump up ^ http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/a_cinderella_story_once_upon_a_song/#want_to_see Jump up ^ http://aisleseat.com/cinderellastory2.htm External links ( edit ) A Cinderella Story : Once Upon a Song on IMDb A Cinderella Story Films A Cinderella Story ( 2004 ) Another Cinderella Story ( 2008 ) A Cinderella Story : Once Upon a Song ( 2011 ) A Cinderella Story : If the Shoe Fits ( 2016 ) Soundtracks A Cinderella Story : Original Soundtrack Another Cinderella Story A Cinderella Story : Once Upon a Song Songs `` Our Lips Are Sealed '' `` Tell Me Something I Do n't Know '' Films directed by Damon Santostefano Fright Show ( 1985 ) Severed Ties ( 1992 ) Three to Tango ( 1999 ) Last Man Running ( 2003 ) Bring It On Again ( 2004 ) Another Cinderella Story ( 2008 ) Best Player ( 2011 ) A Cinderella Story : Once Upon a Song ( 2011 ) Pure Country : Pure Heart ( 2017 ) Cinderella by Charles Perrault and the Brothers Grimm Characters Buttons Cinderella Ugly sisters Fairy godmother Wicked stepmother Prince Charming Films Cinderella ( 1899 ) Cinderella or the Glass Slipper ( 1912 ) Cinderella ( 1914 ) A Lowland Cinderella ( 1921 ) A Kiss for Cinderella ( 1925 film ) Ella Cinders ( 1926 ) The Magic Shoes ( 1935 ) First Love ( 1939 ) Cinderella ( 1947 ) The Glass Slipper ( 1955 ) Cinderella ( 1955 ) Cinderfella ( 1960 ) Stop ! Look ! and Laugh ( 1960 ) More Than a Miracle ( 1967 ) Tři oříšky pro Popelku ( 1973 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1976 ) Cinderella ( 1979 ) Cinderella ' 80 ( 1984 ) Maid to Order ( 1987 ) If the Shoe Fits ( 1990 ) Ever After ( 1998 ) Ella Enchanted ( 2004 ) Cinderella ( 2006 ) Elle : A Modern Cinderella Tale ( 2010 ) Cinderella ( 2015 ) A Cinderella Story series A Cinderella Story ( 2004 ) Another Cinderella Story ( 2008 ) Once Upon a Song ( 2011 ) If the Shoe Fits ( 2016 ) Animation Cinderella Blues ( 1931 ) Poor Cinderella ( 1934 ) Cinderella Meets Fella ( 1938 ) Swing Shift Cinderella ( 1945 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Señorella and the Glass Huarache ( 1964 ) Cinderella ( 1979 ) The Tender Tale of Cinderella Penguin ( 1981 ) The Magic Riddle ( 1991 ) Cinderella ( 1994 ) Happily N'Ever After ( 2007 ) Year of the Fish ( 2008 ) Cinderella the Cat ( 2017 ) Charming ( 2018 ) Sequels Princess Cinderella ( 1941 ) Cinderella II : Dreams Come True ( 2002 ) Cinderella III : A Twist in Time ( 2007 ) Television Hey , Cinderella ! ( 1968 ) Cindy ( 1978 ) Cinderella Monogatari ( 1996 ) Cinderella ( 1997 ) CinderElmo ( 1999 ) Cinderella ( 2000 ) La Cenicienta ( 2003 ) Bawang Merah Bawang Putih ( 2004 ) Floricienta ( 2004 ) Floribella ( 2005 Brazil ) Floribella ( 2006 Portugal ) Grazilda ( 2010 ) Rags ( 2012 ) Aik Nayee Cinderella ( 2012 ) Literary adaptations Celestina ( 1791 ) Cinderella , or the Little Glass Slipper ( 1954 ) Nine Coaches Waiting ( 1958 ) Carrie ( 1974 ) The Coachman Rat ( 1989 ) Witches Abroad ( 1991 ) Ella Enchanted ( 1997 ) I Was a Rat ! or The Scarlet Slippers ( 1999 ) Just Ella ( 1999 ) Confessions of an Ugly Stepsister ( 1999 ) Chinese Cinderella ( 1999 ) The Fairy Godmother ( 2004 ) Phoenix and Ashes ( 2004 ) Bella at Midnight ( 2006 ) Ash ( 2009 ) Princess of Glass ( 2010 ) Cinder ( 2012 ) Opera Cendrillon ( 1810 Isouard ) La Cenerentola ( 1817 Rossini ) Cendrillon ( 1899 Massenet ) Cendrillon ( 1904 Viardot ) La Cenicienta ( 1966 Hen ) Ballet Cinderella ( 1893 Fitinhof - Schell ) Aschenbrödel ( 1900 Strauss - Bayer ) Cinderella ( 1945 Prokofiev ) Cinderella ( 1948 Ashton ) Musicals Cinderella and the Prince , or The Castle of Heart 's Desire ( 1904 ) Stubborn Cinderella ( 1909 ) Mr. Cinders ( 1929 ) Cinderella ( 1957 ) Cindy ( 1964 ) The Penny Friend ( 1966 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1984 ) Soho Cinders ( 2008 ) Cinderella ( 2013 ) Other Plays A Kiss for Cinderella ( 1916 ) Comics Cinderella : From Fabletown with Love Cinderalla Games Cinders Songs `` Spread a Little Happiness '' ( 1929 ) `` Bibbidi - Bobbidi - Boo '' ( 1949 ) `` A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes '' ( 1950 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 1987 ) `` Hey Cinderella '' ( 1993 ) `` It 's Midnight Cinderella '' ( 1996 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 2001 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 2002 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 2003 ) `` Stealing Cinderella '' ( 2007 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 2007 ) `` C \ C ( Cinderella \ Complex ) '' ( 2008 ) Albums A Cinderella Story ( 2004 soundtrack ) Disney 's Princess Favorites ( 2002 ) Sociology Cinderella complex Cinderella effect The Cinderella Movement Commercials A Coach for Cinderella A Ride for Cinderella Adult Cinder Ellen up too Late Cinderella ( 1977 ) Naughty Cinderella National variation Bawang Merah Bawang Putih ( Malay and Indonesian ) Beauty and Pock Face ( Chinese ) Chūjō - hime ( Japanese ) Fair , Brown and Trembling ( Irish ) Finette Cendron ( French ) The Green Knight ( Danish ) Katie Woodencloak ( Norwegian ) Kongji and Patzzi ( Korean ) Ochikubo Monogatari ( Japanese ) `` Rhodopis '' ( Greek ) Rushen Coatie ( Scottish ) The Sharp Grey Sheep ( Scottish ) The Story of Tam and Cam ( Vietnamese ) Sumiyoshi Monogatari ( Japanese ) The True Bride ( German ) The Wonderful Birch ( Russian ) Ye Xian ( Chinese ) Related Catskin Into the Woods Into the Woods ( 2014 film ) Politically Correct Bedtime Stories Disney 's characters Stop ! Look ! and Laugh Waltz Suite Black Cinderella Two Goes East Cinderella Monogatari Cinderella 's Sister Cinderella ( sports ) Lying to Be Perfect Cinderella 's Eyes ( 2011 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Cinderella_Story:_Once_Upon_a_Song&oldid=843643784 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films 2010s musical comedy films 2010s sequel films 2010s teen comedy films 2011 direct - to - video films American dance films American films American musical comedy films American sequel films American teen comedy films American teen musical films Direct - to - video comedy films Direct - to - video sequel films Films directed by Damon Santostefano Films based on Cinderella Films set in 1989 Films set in 2011 Films shot in North Carolina Warner Bros. direct - to - video films Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from March 2015 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Polski Português Русский Suomi 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 13 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Cinderella%20Story%3A%20Once%20Upon%20a%20Song	774
is the state of indiana democrat or republican			Politics of Indiana	politics of indiana	Indiana has long been considered to be a Republican stronghold and is rated R + 7 on the Cook Partisan Voting Index . The current governor of Indiana is Republican Eric Holcomb , and Republicans hold supermajorities in both chambers of the Indiana General Assembly . It has only supported a Democrat for president five times since 1900 -- in 1912 , 1932 , 1936 , 1964 and 2008 . Nonetheless , half of Indiana 's governors in the 20th century were Democrats .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Governor 2 Federal elections 2.1 Presidential elections 2.2 Congress 2.2. 1 Senate 2.2. 2 House of Representatives 3 See also 4 References Governor ( edit ) Main article : Governor of Indiana While only five Democratic presidential nominees have carried Indiana since 1900 , 11 Democrats were elected governor during that time . Before Mitch Daniels became governor in 2005 , Democrats had held the office for 16 consecutive years . The current governor of Indiana is Eric Holcomb . Federal elections ( edit ) Presidential elections ( edit ) Former governor and U.S. Senator Evan Bayh announced in 2006 his plans for a presidential exploratory committee . His father was a three - term senator who was turned out of office in the 1980 Reagan Revolution by conservative Republican ( and future Vice-President ) Dan Quayle , a native of Huntington in the northeastern part of the state . However , Bayh announced that he would not be seeking the Presidency on December 16 , 2006 . In the U.S. Presidential election , 2008 , Barack Obama carried the state by 0.9 % , which was the first time in many years that a Democrat won Indiana 's electoral votes . Congress ( edit ) Seven of the districts favor the Republican Party according to the CPVI rankings ; there are currently seven Republicans serving as representatives and two Democrats . Historically , Republicans have been strongest in the eastern and central portions of the state , while Democrats have been strongest in the northwestern part of the state . Occasionally , certain counties in the southern part of the state will vote Democratic . Marion County , Indiana 's most populated county , supported the Republican candidates from 1968 to 2000 , before backing the Democrats in the 2004 and 2008 elections . Indiana 's second most populated county , Lake County , is a strong supporter of the Democratic party that has not voted for a Republican since 1972 . Senate ( edit ) The state 's U.S. Senators are junior Sen. Todd Young ( Republican ) and senior Sen. Joe Donnelly ( Democrat ) . In 2006 , then - senior Sen. Richard Lugar ( Republican ) won reelection to a sixth term with 87 % of the vote against no major - party opposition . In 2010 , Sen. Coats won reelection to a third non-consecutive term with 55 % of the vote against Democratic Congressman Brad Ellsworth and Libertarian business owner and teacher Rebecca Sink - Burris . Senator Lugar lost in the 2012 Republican primary to the state treasurer of Indiana , Richard Mourdock , who had been favored by the Tea Party movement . Mr. Donnelly defeated Mr. Mourdock in the general election . House of representatives ( edit ) Indiana 's delegation to the United States House of Representatives is not completely Republican either . Instead , it has generally served as a bellwether for the political movement of the nation . For instance , Democrats held the majority of seats until the 1994 Republican Revolution , when Republicans took a majority . This continued until 2006 , when three Republican congressmen were defeated in Indiana ; ( Chris Chocola , John Hostettler and Mike Sodrel ) , giving the Democrats a majority of the delegation again . Historically , Republicans have been strongest in the eastern and central portions of the state , as well as the suburbs of the state 's major cities . Democrats have been strongest in the northwestern and southern parts of the state along with the major cities . However , outside of Indianapolis , the Chicago suburbs , and Bloomington , the state 's Democrats tend to be somewhat more conservative than their counterparts in the rest of the country , especially on social issues . See also ( edit ) Governor of Indiana Indiana General Assembly Indiana Supreme Court Constitution of Indiana Political party strength in Indiana References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Officials : Bayh to take first step in 2008 bid next week '' . CNN.com . Archived from the original on 2006 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ USA Today . 2008 - 11 - 05 https://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/election2008/in.htm . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Presidential General Election Map Comparison '' . uselectionatlas.org . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Davey , Monica ( 2012 - 05 - 08 ) . `` Lugar Loses Primary Challenge in Indiana '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Wald , Matthew L. ( 2012 - 11 - 06 ) . `` Donnelly Wins Indiana Senate Race Over Mourdock '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Democrats Take House by a Wide Margin '' . NPR . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 11 . State of Indiana Indianapolis ( capital ) Topics Index Geography Government Governor ( List ) Congressional districts ( Delegations ) History City Nicknames National Historic Landmarks State parks Symbols Transportation Tourist Attractions Index of Indiana - related articles Outline Society Hoosiers Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Party strength Sports Regions Central Indiana East Central Indiana Wabash Valley Northern Indiana Northeast Indiana Northwest Indiana Michiana Southern Indiana Indiana Uplands Kentuckiana Southwestern Indiana Largest cities Anderson Bloomington Carmel Columbus Elkhart Evansville Fishers Fort Wayne Gary Goshen Greenwood Hammond Indianapolis Jeffersonville Kokomo Lafayette Lawrence Michigan City Mishawaka Muncie New Albany Noblesville Portage Richmond South Bend Terre Haute Valparaiso Westfield Largest towns Brownsburg Clarksville Highland Merrillville Munster Plainfield Schererville Counties Adams Allen Bartholomew Benton Blackford Boone Brown Carroll Cass Clark Clay Clinton Crawford Daviess Dearborn Decatur DeKalb Delaware Dubois Elkhart Fayette Floyd Fountain Franklin Fulton Gibson Grant Greene Hamilton Hancock Harrison Hendricks Henry Howard Huntington Jackson Jasper Jay Jefferson Jennings Johnson Knox Kosciusko LaGrange Lake LaPorte Lawrence Madison Marion Marshall Martin Miami Monroe Montgomery Morgan Newton Noble Ohio Orange Owen Parke Perry Pike Porter Posey Pulaski Putnam Randolph Ripley Rush Saint Joseph Scott Shelby Spencer Starke Steuben Sullivan Switzerland Tippecanoe Tipton Union Vanderburgh Vermillion Vigo Wabash Warren Warrick Washington Wayne Wells White Whitley Politics of the United States by polity States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa The Marianas Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Indiana&oldid=799542596 '' Categories : Politics of Indiana Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 10 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics%20of%20Indiana	775
who is the most followed user in instagram	This list contains the top 25 accounts with the most followers on the social photo - sharing platform Instagram . As of May 2018 , the most followed user is Instagram 's own account , with over 235 million followers . Selena Gomez is the most followed individual , with over 137 million followers . Ten accounts have exceeded 100 million followers on the site .	Instagram 's own account	List of most - followed Instagram accounts	list of most - followed instagram accounts	This list contains the top 25 accounts with the most followers on the social photo - sharing platform Instagram . As of May 2018 , the most followed user is Instagram 's own account , with over 235 million followers . Selena Gomez is the most followed individual , with over 137 million followers . Ten accounts have exceeded 100 million followers on the site .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Top accounts 1.1 All - time 1.2 By country 2 See also 3 References Top accounts All - time The following table lists the top 25 most followed accounts on Instagram , with each total rounded to the nearest million followers , as well as the profession of each user and country of origin . Rank Chg Account name Owner Followers ( millions ) Profession Country 1 . @ instagram Instagram 235 Social media platform USA 2 . @ selenagomez Selena Gomez 137 Musician and actress USA 3 . @ cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 126 Footballer POR 4 . @ arianagrande Ariana Grande 119 Musician and actress USA 5 . @ beyonce Beyoncé 115 Musician and actress USA 6 . @ kimkardashian Kim Kardashian 111 Reality TV personality USA 7 . @ kyliejenner Kylie Jenner 109 Reality TV personality USA 8 . @ taylorswift Taylor Swift 108 Musician and actress USA 9 . @ therock Dwayne Johnson 107 Actor and professional wrestler USA 10 . @ justinbieber Justin Bieber 100 Musician CAN 11 . @ neymarjr Neymar 93 Footballer BRA 12 . @ leomessi Lionel Messi 91 Footballer ARG 13 . @ kendalljenner Kendall Jenner 90 Model USA 14 . @ natgeo National Geographic 88 Magazine USA 15 . @ nickiminaj Nicki Minaj 86 Musician TRI 16 . @ nike Nike 77 Sportswear multinational corporation USA 17 . @ khloekardashian Khloé Kardashian 76 Reality TV personality USA 18 . @ mileycyrus Miley Cyrus 75 Musician and actress USA 19 . @ jlo Jennifer Lopez 75 Musician and actress USA 20 . @ katyperry Katy Perry 69 Musician USA 21 . @ ddlovato Demi Lovato 67 Musician and actress USA 22 . @ kourtneykardash Kourtney Kardashian 63 Reality TV personality USA 23 . @ badgalriri Rihanna 62 Musician BAR 24 . @ victoriassecret Victoria 's Secret 59 Lingerie retailer USA 25 . @ kevinhart4real Kevin Hart 59 Comedian USA As of May 13 , 2018 By country The following table lists the top 14 most followed accounts on Instagram by country of origin , with each total rounded to the nearest million followers , as well as the profession of each user . Rank Chg Country Account name Owner Followers ( millions ) Profession 1 . United States @ instagram Instagram 235 Social media platform 2 . Portugal @ cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 126 Footballer 3 . Canada @ justinbieber Justin Bieber 99 Musician 4 . Brazil @ neymarjr Neymar 93 Footballer 5 . Argentina @ leomessi Lionel Messi 91 Footballer 6 . Trinidad and Tobago @ nickiminaj Nicki Minaj 86 Musician 7 . Barbados @ badgalriri Rihanna 61 Musician 8 . Spain @ realmadrid Real Madrid C.F. 58 Football club 9 . Colombia @ shakira Shakira 47 Musician 10 . United Kingdom @ emmawatson Emma Watson 46 Actress 11 . Hong Kong @ 9gag 9GAG 44 Social media platform 12 . Sweden @ iamzlatanibrahimovic Zlatan Ibrahimović 32 Footballer 13 . France @ chanelofficial Chanel 27 Clothing retailer 14 . Indonesia @ raffinagita1717 Raffi Ahmad & Nagita Slavina 22 Presenter and musician As of May 13 , 2018 See also List of most - liked Instagram pictures List of most - followed Twitter accounts List of most - subscribed YouTube channels List of most - viewed YouTube videos List of most streamed artists on Spotify List of most streamed songs on Spotify References ^ Jump up to : `` Top 100 Instagram Users by Followers - Socialblade Instagram Stats - Instagram Statistics '' . Socialblade . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lenker , Maureen Lee ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Selena Gomez holds on to Instagram crown with most followers in 2017 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` @ chanelofficial '' . Instagram . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` @ raffinagita1717 '' . Instagram . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Facebook Website Features Beacon Bluetooth Beacon Credits EdgeRank Graph Search Instant Articles Like button Live facebookcorewwwi. onion Platform Safety Check Stories Watch ( List of original programs ) Zero Other products Current Atlas Solutions Express Wi - Fi Free Basics Instagram Hyperlapse List of most liked pictures Messenger MSQRD Oculus Rift Onavo tbh WhatsApp Workplace Former Camera FriendFeed Home HTC First M ( virtual assistant ) Paper Poke ( app ) Riff Slingshot Wirehog People Founders Mark Zuckerberg ( 28 % equity ) Dustin Moskovitz ( 7 % ) Eduardo Saverin ( 5 % , formerly ) Chris Hughes ( 1 % , formerly ) Andrew McCollum Board Mark Zuckerberg Jim Breyer ( 11 % ) Peter Thiel ( 2 % ) Sheryl Sandberg Marc Andreessen Erskine Bowles Susan Desmond - Hellmann Donald E. Graham Reed Hastings Executive officers Current Mark Zuckerberg ( Chairman and CEO ) Sheryl Sandberg ( COO ) David Wehner ( CFO ) Mike Schroepfer ( CTO ) Former Sean Parker ( 4 % , formerly ) Owen Van Natta Gideon Yu Adam D'Angelo Chris Kelly Bret Taylor David Ebersman Notable employees Current Chris Cox ( VP of Product ) Elliot Schrage ( VP of Global Communications , Marketing and Public Policy ) Lars Rasmussen ( Graph Search director ) John Carmack ( CTO of Oculus VR ) Hugo Barra ( VP of Oculus VR ) Naomi Gleit ( VP of social good ) Caryn Marooney ( VP of Communications ) Former Blake Ross ( Director of Product ) Ted Ullyot ( VP , General Counsel , and Secretary ) Matt Cohler Charlie Cheever Randi Zuckerberg Yishan Wong George Hotz Joe Lockhart Andrei Alexandrescu ( research scientist ) Open source Apache Cassandra Apache Hive Apache Thrift Buck FQL Hack HHVM HipHop for PHP MyRocks Open Compute Project Phabricator React RocksDB Scribe Tornado ( web server ) Mass media The Facebook Effect The Accidental Billionaires The Social Network Concepts Activity stream Social graph Friending and following Reblogging Fan - gating Facebook diplomacy Facebook like button Business History Timeline Acquisitions f8 conference IPO Censorship Criticism Cambridge Analytica data scandal Litigation Divisions Facebook AI Research Facebook Creative Labs Related Priscilla Chan ( wife of Mark Zuckerberg ) Chan Zuckerberg Initiative Aquila Internet relay drone Willow Village Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most-followed_Instagram_accounts&oldid=843654586 '' Categories : 21st century - related lists Lists of Internet - related superlatives Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from January 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 15 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20most-followed%20Instagram%20accounts	92
when was smoking in pubs banned in uk	A smoking ban in England , making it illegal to smoke in all enclosed work places in England , came into force on 1 July 2007 as a consequence of the Health Act 2006 . Similar bans had already been introduced by the rest of the United Kingdom : in Scotland on 26 March 2006 , Wales on 2 April 2007 and Northern Ireland on 30 April 2007 .	1 July 2007	Smoking ban in England	smoking ban in england	A smoking ban in England , making it illegal to smoke in all enclosed work places in England , came into force on 1 July 2007 as a consequence of the Health Act 2006 . Similar bans had already been introduced by the rest of the United Kingdom : in Scotland on 26 March 2006 , Wales on 2 April 2007 and Northern Ireland on 30 April 2007 .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Before the smoking ban 2 Passage of the law 3 Following the passing of the law 4 Exemptions from the law 5 Public transport 6 Policing of the ban 7 Opposition to the ban 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Before the smoking ban ( edit ) Before the ban many businesses voluntarily introduced bans on smoking mainly as a result of public feedback . The pub chain Wetherspoons was the first major chain to introduce a complete ban on indoor smoking . Tobacco advertising had been banned in England gradually starting with a ban on Television Advertising of cigarettes in 1965 to a complete ban on all Tobacco Advertising in 2005 . Passage of the law ( edit ) On 16 November 2004 a Public Health white paper proposed a smoking ban in almost all public places in England and Wales . Smoking restrictions would be phased in , with a ban on smoking in NHS and government buildings by 2006 , in enclosed public places by 2007 , and pubs , bars and restaurants ( except pubs not serving food ) by the end of 2008 . On 26 October 2005 , after external challenge and debates within the Cabinet , the government announced that it would continue with its plans . All workplaces , including restaurants and pubs selling food , would have to comply by summer 2007 However , there was widespread criticism from all sides of the argument on this , with a number of MPs threatening to try to overturn the bill . Many representatives of the licensed trade told the Government that only a total ban would work , and over 90 MPs signed a motion demanding this , with over 100 signing a petition for a free vote on the issue . It was reported on 24 November that Chief Medical Officer Liam Donaldson nearly quit over the partial ban , but decided to stay to champion a total ban . On the same day , the government released the results of the public consultation , after Cancer Research UK demanded them under the Freedom of Information Act , which revealed that nearly 9 out of 10 respondents wanted a total ban . On 11 January 2006 , the government further announced that it would give MPs a free vote on an amendment to the Health Bill , submitted by the Health select committee , to instigate a comprehensive smoke - free workplace regulations . Health Secretary Patricia Hewitt voted in favour of the amendment and , in so doing , voted against her own Department 's then publicly stated policy ( i.e. the proposed partial regulations ) . All other parties had offered free votes on the issue which was debated on 14 February , with three options : the present compromise , a total ban , or an exemption for members ' clubs only . On 14 February 2006 , the House of Commons first voted on the amendment to the original compromise plan , to extend the ban to all enclosed public places except private members ' clubs . The amendment was carried with a large majority . MPs then voted on a further amendment to ban smoking in all enclosed public places including private members ' clubs . Again this amendment gained significant support and was carried with a large majority . This therefore replaced the earlier successful amendment which would have allowed smoking only in private members ' clubs . The legislation was passed by the House of Lords , allowing a total smoking ban in enclosed public places to come into force in England . Political opposition did not entirely disappear at this point , the House of Lords Economic Affairs Committee accused the Government of overreacting to the threat posed by passive smoking and said that the smoking ban was symptomatic of MPs ' failure to understand risk on 7 June 2006 . The ban came into force on 1 July 2007 , as announced on 30 November 2006 by former Secretary of State for Health Patricia Hewitt , who called it `` a huge step forward for public health '' . Following the passing of the law ( edit ) Many pubs provide smoking areas outdoors , where smoking remains generally permitted . A smoking shelter outside an office building in England . Since 2007 such shelters have become commonplace at workplaces . On 30 June 2010 , the recently formed Coalition Government announced that it would not be reviewing the ban . An attempt in October 2010 by Conservative MP David Nuttall to amend the law to exempt private members ' clubs and pubs from the smoking ban was defeated in the House of Commons on its first reading . Exemptions from the law ( edit ) While the ban affects almost all indoor workplaces , some exemptions were provided : designated hotel rooms designated rooms in nursing homes designated rooms in prisons designated rooms in offshore oil rigs designated rooms in mental health units ( until 1 July 2008 ) specialist tobacconists in relation to sampling cigars and / or pipe tobacco . An exemption was also theoretically possible within the Palace of Westminster , as for other Royal Palaces , although members of the House of Commons and the House of Lords agreed to observe the spirit of the ban and restrict any smoking within the grounds of Parliament to four designated outside areas . Smoking is permitted in a private residence , although not in areas used as a shared work - space . In flats with communal entrances or shared corridors , these must be smoke - free . University halls of residence presented some dilemmas in practice as regards defining what is public and private . Several universities have imposed a blanket ban on smoking including halls of residence . Public transport ( edit ) As part of the implementation of the smoking ban , Transport for London announced that smoking would be no longer permitted on taxis , private hire vehicles and all London Buses premises , including all bus stop shelters . The Association of Train Operating Companies and Network Rail introduced an extended ban on smoking covering all railway property including all National Rail station platforms whether enclosed or not . The ban has since been extended to cover the use of Electronic cigarettes . Smoking on board trains was banned in 2005 when both GNER and First Caledonian Sleeper withdrew smoking accommodation from their services . The Tyne and Wear Metro was the first public transport system to ban in its entirety which has been enforced since the system first opened in 1980 . Policing of the ban ( edit ) The ban is enforced by Environmental Health Officers in England , who issue warnings and offer advice before resorting to punitive measures and have had to issue a low frequency of fines since the law came into force . However , there were some objectors who generated higher - profile legal cases , for instance Hugh Howitt , also known as Hamish Howitt , the landlord of the Happy Scots Bar in Blackpool who was the first landlord to be prosecuted for permitting smoking in a smoke - free place under his control . On 2 August 2007 , Howitt appeared before Blackpool Magistrates ' Court and pleaded not guilty to 12 counts of failing to stop people smoking in his pub . On 2 December 2008 , Howitt effectively had his premises licence revoked , after an appeal by Blackpool Council was upheld ; he was not allowed to appeal , and Howitt had to close the Delboys Bar following the decision . There have been some incidents of violence perpetrated by people refusing to obey the ban , in one of which a former heavyweight boxer , James Oyebola , was shot in the head after he asked a customer at a nightclub to stop smoking and later died of his injuries . However , the view of enforcement authorities is that the smoke - free workplace regulations are simple to understand , popular , and as a result largely ' self - policing ' . For a short while , bars in the UK that offered shisha ( the smoking of flavoured tobacco through a pipe ) were still allowed to provide their services inside the establishment , however the ban covered this area in late 2007 leading to a rapid decline in shisha bars . A legal blunder by Stoke - on - Trent City Council meant that , while the smoking ban still applied in the city , the council were unable to issue fines to people caught flouting the law until 16 July 2007 . The blunder caused the city to briefly be dubbed Smoke - on - Trent . Opposition to the ban ( edit ) A group calling themselves `` Freedom To Choose '' , launched a campaign for a judicial review of the smoke - free workplace regulations claiming a breach of the Human Rights Act 1998 , as it does not respect the right to privacy of people who wish to smoke in public . Supporters of the regulations put forward counter-arguments positing that the rights of smokers to indulge in their habit cease as soon as it negatively affects other people in the vicinity . In 2010 pub landlord Nick Hogan was jailed for an offence related to the smoking ban . In 2012 it was reported that `` Five years after the introduction of the smoking ban in England , almost seven out of 10 licensees want the legislation amended to allow for separate smoking rooms in pubs '' . See also ( edit ) Smoking in the United Kingdom List of smoking bans Smokeasy FOREST Action on Smoking and Health References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Wetherspoon pubs ban smoking '' . BBC Online . BBC News . 24 January 2005 . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Smoking ban proposed for England '' . BBC News . 16 November 2004 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Smoke ban bill details released '' . BBC News . 27 October 2005 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chief medic considered quitting '' . BBC News . 24 November 2005 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.webcitation.org/5tkNlefMT?url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/health/article672477.ece Jump up ^ `` BBC News - ' No plans ' for smoking ban review '' . Bbc.co.uk. 1 July 2010 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Smoking ban exemptions bid defeated News '' . Thisislondon.co.uk . Archived from the original on 25 December 2010 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Smoke - free ( Premises and Enforcement ) Regulations 2006 '' . Opsi.gov.uk. 16 July 2010 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Smoke - free ( Exemptions and Vehicles ) Regulations 2007 '' . Opsi.gov.uk. 16 July 2010 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Parliamentary Privilege First Report '' . The Stationery Office . 4 September 2007 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 4 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` MPs ' smoking in Commons toilets ' '' . BBC News . 5 July 2007 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Part 3B Section 13.1 '' ... warwick.ac.uk . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Smoking ban : impact on London 's transport network '' . tfl.gov.uk . Transport for London . 6 June 2007 . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Smoke Free Law and Vehicles '' . Smoke Free England . Smoke Free England . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Saul , Heather ( 12 August 2015 ) . `` Rail companies ban e-cigarettes from trains and stations '' . Independent . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` End of the line for train smoking '' . BBC News ( London ) . BBC News . 29 August 2005 . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First ScotRail withdraws smoking on Caledonian Sleeper service ahead of £ 1million refurbishment '' . First Scotrail . First Group . 28 August 2005 . Archived from the original on 15 March 2015 . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How Metro was built '' . Tyne and Wear Metro . Nexus . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilmore , James ( 2 December 2008 ) . `` Blackpool smoke ban rebel loses licence '' . The Publican . Retrieved 5 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Fielding , Paul ( 5 December 2008 ) . `` Bar shuts as smoking rebel loses court fight '' . Blackpool Gazette . Retrieved 5 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Boxer shot over club smoking row '' . BBC News . 24 July 2007 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Boxer shot in smoking row dies '' . BBC News . 27 July 2007 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Council error stubs out smoke ban '' . BBC . BBC News . 11 July 2007 . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Kathryn ( 11 July 2007 ) . `` Smoke - on - Trent reignites debate '' . BBC . BBC Stoke . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Freedom To Choose '' . Freedom2choose.info. 12 October 2010 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Swindon Advertiser ( 19 June 2007 ) . `` Non-smoking landlord braced for High Court ban battle '' . Retrieved 2 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Chris Melville ( 1 July 2007 ) . `` Smoking ban : why did we have to wait for so long ? '' . eurosong.net . Retrieved 2 July 2007 . Jump up ^ The Daily Mail ( 27 February 2010 ) . `` Pub landlord is first person in Britain to be jailed over smoking ban '' . Retrieved 14 April 2012 . Jump up ^ The Publican 's Morning Advertiser ( 3 July 2012 ) . `` Smoking ban : Majority of licensees want smoking legislation amended for pubs '' . Retrieved 7 September 2012 . External links ( edit ) NHS Smokefree website ( focused on Quiting ) Archived NHS Smokefree website ( Contains signage , and more legal info than the current site ) Video clips Discussing the ban with TV GP Dr Chris Steel David Cameron discussing the ban Smokefree England TV advert England articles History Overviews Timeline Education Local government Maritime Military Social Chronology Prehistoric Roman Britain Lloegyr Anglo - Saxon England Heptarchy Kingdom of England Norman conquest Angevin Empire Wars of the Roses Tudor period Stuart period English Renaissance English Reformation Elizabethan era Jacobean era Civil War Union with Scotland Georgian era Regency Victorian era Edwardian period The Blitz Geography Counties Districts Gardens Islands Parishes Places Regions Towns Politics Economy Middle Ages Elizabethan government Independence Monarchy Parliament Culture Afternoon Tea Anglophilia Castles Country clothing Cuisine Demographics Education Folklore Fête Landscape garden Identity Innovations and discoveries English language in England Middle England Museums People list Religion Church of England Science education Sport Cricket national team Football The Football Association national team Rugby league Rugby Football League national team Rugby union Rugby Football Union national team Wimbledon Symbols Coat of arms Flags national flag Heraldry Oak tree Royal Standards Royal Supporters St. George St George 's Day Tudor Rose Outline Book Category Portal Smoking Country and region Albania Argentina Brazil Canada China Colombia East Timor Ecuador Egypt Finland France Germany Greece Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iraq Iran Ireland Italy Japan Korea North South Macau Malaysia New Zealand Nigeria Norway Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sweden Syria Taiwan Tokelau Turkey United Kingdom United States Uruguay Vietnam Religion Smoking in Jewish law Tobacco fatwa Ceremonial pipe Chanunpa Kinnikinnick Pipe bag Health Health effects of tobacco ( Nicotine poisoning Nicotine withdrawal ) Passive smoking Third - hand smoke Prevalence of tobacco consumption Schizophrenia and smoking Sidestream smoke Smokeless tobacco keratosis Smoker 's face Smoker 's melanosis Stomatitis nicotina Smoking age Smoking and male infertility Smoking cessation Tobacco - Free Pharmacies Tobacco packaging warning messages WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products World No Tobacco Day Youth smoking Women and smoking Breastfeeding difficulties Breast cancer Cervical cancer Menopause Ptosis of the breast Smoking and female infertility Smoking and pregnancy Smoking ban Inflight smoking List of smoking bans Smoking bans in private vehicles Tobacco - Free College Campuses Country and region Australia United States Other Chain smoking Cigarette consumption per capita History of smoking Smokeasy Smoking fetishism Tobacco advertising Tobacco bowdlerization Tobacco industry Tobacco smoking Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smoking_ban_in_England&oldid=842323832 '' Categories : Governance of England Smoking in the United Kingdom 2007 establishments in England 2007 in politics Tobacco control Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 18 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking%20ban%20in%20England	776
what other movies did linda hunt play in			The Deer Hunter	the deer hunter	The Deer Hunter is a 1978 American epic war drama film co-written and directed by Michael Cimino about a trio of Russian American steelworkers whose lives are changed forever after they fought in the Vietnam War . The three soldiers are played by Robert De Niro , Christopher Walken , and John Savage , with John Cazale ( in his final role ) , Meryl Streep , and George Dzundza playing supporting roles . The story takes place in Clairton , Pennsylvania , a small working class town on the Monongahela River south of Pittsburgh , and in Vietnam .	The film was based in part on an unproduced screenplay called The Man Who Came to Play by Louis Garfinkle and Quinn K. Redeker , about Las Vegas and Russian roulette . Producer Michael Deeley , who bought the script , hired writer / director Michael Cimino who , with Deric Washburn , rewrote the script , taking the Russian roulette element and placing it in the Vietnam War . The film went over-budget and over-schedule , and ended up costing $15 million . The scenes depicting Russian roulette were highly controversial after the film 's release . The film won five Academy Awards , including Best Picture , Best Director for Michael Cimino , and Best Supporting Actor for Christopher Walken , and marked Meryl Streep 's first Academy Award nomination ( for Best Supporting Actress ) ; she would go on to become the most nominated actor in history . In 1996 it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' , and was named the 53rd greatest American film of all time by the American Film Institute in 2007 in their 10th Anniversary Edition of the AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies list . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Pre-production 3.1 Development 3.2 Screenplay 3.2. 1 Cimino 's claim 3.2. 2 Washburn 's claim 3.2. 3 Deeley 's reaction to the revised script 4 Filming 4.1 The wedding scenes 4.2 The bar and the steel mill 4.3 Hunting the deer 4.4 Vietnam and the Russian roulette scenes 4.5 Filming locations 5 Post-production 5.1 Sound design 5.2 Previews 6 Soundtrack 6.1 Selected tracks 7 Release 8 Analysis 8.1 Controversy over Russian roulette 8.1. 1 Critics ' response 8.1. 2 Cast and crew response 8.2 Director Cimino 's autobiographical intent 8.3 Homosocial bonding 8.4 Coda of `` God Bless America '' 9 Reception 9.1 Top - ten lists 9.2 Revisionism following Heaven 's Gate 10 Awards 10.1 Lead - up to awards season 10.2 51st Academy Awards 10.3 Golden Globes 10.4 Complete list of awards 11 Legacy 11.1 Honors and recognition 12 Home media 13 See also 14 References 14.1 Annotations 14.2 Notes 14.3 Bibliography 14.4 Further reading 15 External links Plot ( edit ) In the small working class town of Clairton , Pennsylvania , in late 1967 , steel workers Mike Vronsky , Steven Pushkov , and Nick Chevotarevich , with the support of their friends and co-workers Stan and Peter `` Axel '' Axelrod and local bar owner and friend John Welsh , prepare for two rites of passage : marriage and military service . Mike is a serious but unassuming leader ; Steven the groom - to - be , pecked - at by his mother ; and Nick the introspective man who loves deer hunting . Before the trio ships out , Steven and his girlfriend Angela marry in a Russian Orthodox wedding . Mike works to control his feelings for Nick 's girlfriend Linda . At the wedding reception held at the local VFW hall , the guys drink , dance , sing , and enjoy the festivities , but then notice a soldier in a U.S. Army Special Forces uniform . Mike attempts to ask what Vietnam is like , but the soldier ignores him . After Mike explains that he , Steven , and Nick are going to Vietnam , the Green Beret raises his glass and says `` fuck it '' . After being restrained from starting a fight , Mike goes back to the bar and raises his glass and toasts him with `` fuck it '' . The soldier glances over at Mike and grins . Later , Steven and Angela drink from conjoined goblets , a traditional part of the Orthodox wedding ceremony . It is believed that if they drink without spilling any wine , they will have good luck for life . Two drops of blood - red wine unknowingly spill on her wedding gown . After Linda catches the bride 's bouquet , Nick asks her to marry him , and she agrees . Later that night , a drunken Mike runs through the town , stripping himself naked along the way . After Nick chases him down , he begs Mike not to leave him `` over there '' if anything happens in combat . The next day , Mike , Nick , Stan , John , and Axel go deer hunting one last time . Mike is exasperated by his friends , especially Stan , who drinks and clowns , showing little respect for the ritual of hunting , which to Mike is a nearly sacred experience . Only Nick understands Mike 's attitude , but he is more indulgent toward his friends . Mike goes hunting afterwards and kills a deer with one clean shot . The friends return to Welsh 's bar , with Michael 's deer strapped to the hood of the car . They enter rambunctiously , spraying beers over each other and singing loudly . Welsh then makes his way to the piano and begins playing Chopin 's Nocturne No. 6 Op. 15 - 3 . In Vietnam , U.S. helicopters attack a village . An unconscious Mike ( now a Staff Sergeant in the Special Forces ) wakes up to see an NVA soldier shoot a woman carrying a baby . Mike kills him with a flamethrower . Meanwhile , a unit of UH - 1 `` Huey '' helicopters drops off several U.S. infantrymen , Nick and Steven among them . Mike , Steven , and Nick unexpectedly find each other just before they are captured and held in a prisoner of war camp . For entertainment , the guards force the prisoners to play Russian roulette and gamble on the outcome . All three friends are forced to play . Steven plays against Mike , who offers moral support , but Steven breaks down and points the gun upwards whilst pulling the trigger , grazing himself with the bullet when it discharges . As punishment , the guards put him into an underwater cage full of rats and dead bodies . Mike and Nick hatch a plan to escape by playing against each other , with Mike convincing the guards to let them play Russian roulette with three bullets in the gun . After a tense match , they kill their captors and escape . After killing the guards , Mike rescues Steven . The three float downriver on a tree limb . An American helicopter finds them , but only Nick is able to climb aboard . The weakened Steven falls back into the water , and Mike plunges in the water to rescue him . Mike helps Steven to reach the river bank , but Steven 's legs are broken , so Mike carries him through the jungle to friendly lines . Approaching a caravan of locals escaping the war zone , Mike stops a South Vietnamese military truck and places the wounded Steven on it , asking the soldiers to take care of him . Nick recuperates in a military hospital in Saigon with no knowledge of his friends . After being released , he goes AWOL and aimlessly stumbles through the red - light district at night . He encounters Julien Grinda , a Frenchman , outside a gambling den where men play Russian roulette for money . Grinda entices the reluctant Nick to participate and leads him into the den . Mike is present in the den , watching the game , but the two friends do not notice each other at first . When Mike does see Nick , he is unable to get his attention . When Nick is introduced into the game , he grabs the gun , fires it at the current contestant , and then again at his own temple , causing the audience to riot in protest . Grinda hustles Nick outside to his car to escape the angry mob . Mike can not catch up with them as they speed away . Back in the U.S. , Mike maintains a low profile . He tells a cab driver to drive past the house where all his friends are waiting , as he is embarrassed by the fuss Linda and the others have made . He visits Linda the following day and grows close to her , but only because of the friend they both think they have lost . Mike goes to visit Angela at Steven 's mother 's home . Angela is barely responsive . When asked by Mike about Steven 's whereabouts , she writes a phone number on a scrap of paper , which leads Mike to the local VA hospital where Steven has been for several months . Mike goes hunting with Axel , John , and Stan one more time , and after tracking a deer across the woods , fires into the air . He then sits on a rock escarpment and yells out , `` OK ? '' , which echoes back at him . He also berates Stan for carrying around a small revolver and waving it around , not realizing it is loaded . Mike visits Steven , who has lost both of his legs and is partially paralyzed . Steven reveals that someone in Saigon has been mailing large amounts of money to him , and Mike is convinced that it is Nick . Mike brings a reluctant Steven home to Angela and then travels to Saigon just before its fall in 1975 . He tracks down Grinda , who has made a lot of money from the Russian roulette - playing Nick . He finds Nick in a crowded gambling club , but Nick appears to have no recollection of his friends or his home . Mike enters the game of Russian roulette against Nick , hoping to jog his memory and persuade him to come home , but Nick 's mind is gone . To keep him from taking another turn , Mike grabs Nick 's arms , which are covered in scars . At the last moment , after Mike reminds Nick of their hunting trips together , Nick recognizes Mike and smiles . Nick raises the gun to his temple , and pulls the trigger , killing himself . Mike tries reviving him , but to no avail . Back home in 1975 , the friends have gathered for Nick 's funeral , whom Mike has brought home , staying good to his promise . Mike toasts in Nick 's honor . Cast ( edit ) Robert De Niro as SSG Michael `` Mike '' Vronsky . Producer Deeley pursued De Niro for The Deer Hunter because he felt that he needed De Niro 's star power to sell a film with a `` gruesome - sounding storyline and a barely known director '' . `` I liked the script , and ( Cimino ) had done a lot of prep , '' said De Niro . `` I was impressed . '' De Niro prepared by socializing with steelworkers in local bars and by visiting their homes . Cimino introduced De Niro as his agent , Harry Ufland . No one recognized him . De Niro claims this was his most physically exhausting film . He explained that the scene where Mike visits Steven in the hospital for the first time was the most emotional scene that he was ever involved with . De Niro was a last - minute replacement for Roy Scheider , who dropped out of the production two weeks before the start of filming due to `` creative differences '' ; Universal managed to keep Scheider to his three - picture contract by forcing him into doing Jaws 2 ( 1978 ) . Christopher Walken as Cpl . Nikanor `` Nick '' Chevotarevich . His performance garnered his first Academy Award , for Best Supporting Actor . John Savage as Cpl . Steven Pushkov . John Cazale as Stan ( `` Stosh '' ) . All scenes involving Cazale , who had terminal cancer , were filmed first . Because of his illness , the studio initially wanted to fire him , but Streep , with whom he was in a relationship , and Cimino threatened to walk away if they did . He was also uninsurable , and according to Streep , De Niro paid for his insurance because he wanted Cazale in the film . This was Cazale 's last film , as he died shortly after filming wrapped . Cazale never saw the finished film . Meryl Streep as Linda . Prior to The Deer Hunter , Streep was seen briefly in Fred Zinnemann 's Julia ( 1977 ) and the eight - hour miniseries Holocaust ( 1978 ) . In the screenplay , Streep 's role was negligible . Cimino explained the set - up to Streep and suggested that she write her own lines . George Dzundza as John Welsh Pierre Segui as Julien Grinda Shirley Stoler as Steven 's mother Chuck Aspegren as Peter `` Axel '' Axelrod . Aspegren was not an actor ; he was the foreman at an East Chicago steelworks visited early in pre-production by De Niro and Cimino . They were so impressed with him that they offered him the role . He was the second person to be cast in the film , after De Niro . Rutanya Alda as Angela Ludhjduravic - Pushkov Amy Wright as Bridesmaid Joe Grifasi as Bandleader While producer Deeley was pleased with the revised script , he was still concerned about being able to sell the film . `` We still had to get millions out of a major studio , '' wrote Deeley , `` as well as convince our markets around the world that they should buy it before it was finished . I needed someone with the caliber of Robert De Niro . '' De Niro was one of the biggest stars at that time , coming off Mean Streets ( 1973 ) , The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) , and Taxi Driver ( 1976 ) . In addition to attracting buyers , Deeley felt De Niro was `` the right age , apparently tough as hell , and immensely talented . '' Hiring De Niro turned out to be a casting coup because he knew so many actors in New York . De Niro brought Meryl Streep to the attention of Cimino and Deeley . With Streep came John Cazale . De Niro also accompanied Cimino to scout locations for the steel mill sequence as well as rehearsed with the actors to use the workshops as a bonding process . Each of the six principal male characters carried a photo in their back pocket depicting them all together as children , to enhance the sense of camaraderie amongst them . Additionally , director Cimino instructed the props department to fashion complete Pennsylvania IDs for each of them , including driver 's licenses , medical cards , and various other pieces of paraphernalia , in order to enhance each actor 's sense of his character . Pre-production ( edit ) There has been considerable debate , controversy , and conflicting stories about how The Deer Hunter was initially developed and written . Director and co-writer Michael Cimino , writer Deric Washburn , and producers Barry Spikings and Michael Deeley all have different versions of how the film came to be . Development ( edit ) In 1968 , the record company EMI formed a new company called EMI Films , headed by producers Barry Spikings and Michael Deeley . Deeley purchased the first draft of a spec script called The Man Who Came to Play , written by Louis Garfinkle and Quinn K. Redeker , for $19,000 . The spec script was about people who go to Las Vegas to play Russian roulette . `` The screenplay had struck me as brilliant , '' wrote Deeley , `` but it was n't complete . The trick would be to find a way to turn a very clever piece of writing into a practical , realizable film . '' When the movie was being planned during the mid-1970s , Vietnam was still a taboo subject with all major Hollywood studios . According to producer Michael Deeley , the standard response was `` no American would want to see a picture about Vietnam '' . After consulting various Hollywood agents , Deeley found writer - director Michael Cimino , represented by Stan Kamen at the William Morris Agency . Deeley was impressed by Cimino 's TV commercial work and crime film Thunderbolt and Lightfoot ( 1974 ) . Cimino himself was confident that he could further develop the principal characters of The Man Who Came to Play without losing the essence of the original . After Cimino was hired , he was called into a meeting with Garfinkle and Redeker at the EMI office . According to Deeley , Cimino questioned the need for the Russian roulette element of the script , and Redeker made such a passionate case for it that he ended up literally on his knees . Over the course of further meetings , Cimino and Deeley discussed the work needed at the front of the script , and Cimino believed he could develop the stories of the main characters in the first 20 minutes of film . Screenplay ( edit ) Cimino worked for six weeks with Deric Washburn on the script . Cimino and Washburn had previously collaborated with Stephen Bochco on the screenplay for Silent Running ( 1972 ) . According to producer Spikings , Cimino said he wanted to work again with Washburn . According to producer Deeley , he only heard from office rumor that Washburn was contracted by Cimino to work on the script . `` Whether Cimino hired Washburn as his sub-contractor or as a co-writer was constantly being obfuscated , '' wrote Deeley , `` and there were some harsh words between them later on , or so I was told . '' Cimino 's claim ( edit ) According to Cimino , he would call Washburn while on the road scouting for locations and feed him notes on dialogue and story . Upon reviewing Washburn 's draft , Cimino said , `` I came back , and read it and I just could not believe what I read . It was like it was written by somebody who was ... mentally deranged . '' Cimino confronted Washburn at the Sunset Marquis in LA about the draft , and Washburn supposedly replied that he could n't take the pressure and had to go home . Cimino then fired Washburn . Cimino later claimed to have written the entire screenplay himself . Washburn 's response to Cimino 's comments were , `` It 's all nonsense . It 's lies . I did n't have a single drink the entire time I was working on the script . '' Washburn 's claim ( edit ) According to Washburn , he and Cimino spent three days together in Los Angeles at the Sunset Marquis , hammering out the plot . The script eventually went through several drafts , evolving into a story with three distinct acts . Washburn did not interview any veterans to write The Deer Hunter nor do any research . `` I had a month , that was it , '' he explains . `` The clock was ticking . Write the fucking script ! But all I had to do was watch TV . Those combat cameramen in Vietnam were out there in the field with the guys . I mean , they had stuff that you would n't dream of seeing about Iraq . '' When Washburn was finished , he says , Cimino and Joann Carelli , an associate producer on The Deer Hunter who went on to produce two more of Cimino 's later films , took him to dinner at a cheap restaurant off the Sunset Strip . He recalls , `` We finished , and Joann looks at me across the table , and she says , ' Well , Deric , it 's fuck - off time . ' I was fired . It was a classic case : you get a dummy , get him to write the goddamn thing , tell him to go fuck himself , put your name on the thing , and he 'll go away . I was so tired , I did n't care . I 'd been working 20 hours a day for a month . I got on the plane the next day , and I went back to Manhattan and my carpenter job . '' Deeley 's reaction to the revised script ( edit ) Deeley felt the revised script , now called The Deer Hunter , broke fresh ground for the project . The protagonist in the Redeker / Garfinkle script , Merle , was an individual who sustained a bad injury in active service and was damaged psychologically by his violent experiences , but was nevertheless a tough character with strong nerves and guts . Cimino and Washburn 's revised script distilled the three aspects of Merle 's personality and separated them out into three distinct characters . They became three old friends who grew up in the same small industrial town and worked in the same steel mill , and in due course were drafted together to Vietnam . In the original script , the roles of Merle ( later renamed Mike ) and Nick were reversed in the last half of the film . Nick returns home to Linda , while Mike remains in Vietnam , sends money home to help Steven , and meets his tragic fate at the Russian roulette table . A Writers ' Guild arbitration process awarded Washburn sole `` Screenplay by '' credit . Garfinkle and Redeker were given a shared `` Story by '' credit with Cimino and Washburn . Deeley felt the story credits for Garfinkle and Redeker `` did them less than justice . '' Cimino contested the results of the arbitration . `` In their Nazi wisdom , '' added Cimino , `` ( they ) did n't give me the credit because I would be producer , director and writer . '' All four writers -- Cimino , Washburn , Garfinkle , and Redeker -- received an Oscar nomination for Best Original Screenplay for the film . Filming ( edit ) The Deer Hunter began principal photography on June 20 , 1977 . This was the first feature film depicting the Vietnam War to be filmed on location in Thailand . All scenes were shot on location ( no sound stages ) . `` There was discussion about shooting the film on a back lot , but the material demanded more realism , '' says Spikings . The cast and crew viewed large amounts of news footage from the war to ensure authenticity . The film was shot over a period of six months . The Clairton scenes comprise footage shot in eight different towns in four states : West Virginia , Pennsylvania , Washington , and Ohio . The initial budget of the film was $8.5 million . Meryl Streep accepted the role of the `` vague , stock girlfriend '' , in order to remain for the duration of filming with John Cazale , who had been diagnosed with lung cancer . De Niro had spotted Streep in her stage production of The Cherry Orchard and had suggested that she play his girlfriend Linda . Before the beginning of principal photography , Deeley had a meeting with the film 's appointed line producer Robert Relyea . Deeley hired Relyea after meeting him on the set of Bullitt ( 1968 ) and was impressed with his experience . However , Relyea declined the job , refusing to disclose his reason why . Deeley suspected that Relyea sensed in director Cimino something that would have made production difficult . As a result , Cimino was acting without the day - to - day supervision of a producer . Because Deeley was busy overseeing in the production of Sam Peckinpah 's Convoy ( 1978 ) , he hired John Peverall to oversee Cimino 's shoot . Peverall 's expertise with budgeting and scheduling made him a natural successor to Relyea , and Peverall knew enough about the picture to be elevated to producer status . `` John is a straightforward Cornishman who had worked his way up to become a production supervisor , '' wrote Deeley , `` and we employed him as EMI 's watchman on certain pictures . '' The wedding scenes ( edit ) St. Theodosius Russian Orthodox Cathedral in Cleveland , Ohio . Site of the wedding scene . The wedding scenes were filmed at the historic St. Theodosius Russian Orthodox Cathedral in the Tremont neighborhood of Cleveland , Ohio . The wedding took five days to film . St. Theodosius ' Father Stephen Kopestonsky was cast as the priest at the wedding . The reception scene was filmed at nearby Lemko Hall . The amateur extras lined up for the crowded wedding - dance sequences drank real liquor and beer . The scenes were filmed in the summer , but were set in the fall . To accomplish a look of fall , individual leaves were removed from deciduous trees . Zsigmond also had to desaturate the colors of the exterior shots , partly in camera and in the laboratory processing . The production manager asked each of the Russian immigrant extras to bring to the location a gift - wrapped box to double for wedding presents . The manager figured if the extras did this , not only would the production save time and money , but the gifts would also look more authentic . Once the unit wrapped and the extras disappeared , the crew discovered to their amusement that the boxes were n't empty but filled with real presents , from china to silverware . `` Who got to keep all these wonderful offerings , '' wrote Deeley `` is a mystery I never quite fathomed . '' Cimino originally claimed that the wedding scene would take up 21 minutes of screen time . In the end , it took 51 minutes . Deeley believes that Cimino always planned to make this prologue last for an hour , and `` the plan was to be advanced by stealth rather than straight dealing . '' At this point in the production , nearly halfway through principal photography , Cimino was already over budget , and producer Spikings could tell from the script that shooting the extended scene could sink the project . The bar and the steel mill ( edit ) The bar was specially constructed in an empty storefront in Mingo Junction , Ohio for $25,000 ; it later became an actual saloon for local steel mill workers . U.S. Steel allowed filming inside its Cleveland mill , including placing the actors around the furnace floor , only after securing a $5 million insurance policy . Other filming took place in Pittsburgh . Hunting the Deer ( edit ) The first deer to be shot was depicted in a `` gruesome close - up '' , although he was hit with a tranquilizer dart . The stag that Michael lets escape was the same one later used on TV commercials for the Connecticut Life Insurance Company . Vietnam and the Russian roulette scenes ( edit ) The Viet Cong Russian roulette scenes were shot in real circumstances , with real rats and mosquitoes , as the three principals ( De Niro , Walken , and Savage ) were tied up in bamboo cages erected along the River Kwai . The woman who was given the task of casting the extras in Thailand had much difficulty finding a local to play the vicious - looking individual who runs the game . The first actor hired turned out to be incapable of slapping De Niro in the face . The caster then found a local Thai man with a particular dislike of Americans , and cast him accordingly . De Niro suggested that Walken be slapped for real by one of the guards without any warning . The reaction on Walken 's face was genuine . Producer Deeley has said that Cimino shot the brutal Vietcong Russian roulette scenes brilliantly and more efficiently than any other part of the film . De Niro and Savage performed their own stunts in the fall into the river , filming the 30 foot drop 15 times in two days . During the helicopter stunt , the runners caught on the rope bridge as the helicopter rose , which threatened to seriously injure De Niro and Savage . The actors gestured and yelled furiously to the crew in the helicopter to warn them . Footage of this is included in the film . According to Cimino , De Niro requested a live cartridge in the revolver for the scene in which he subjects John Cazale 's character to an impromptu game of Russian roulette , to heighten the intensity of the situation . Cazale agreed without protest , but obsessively rechecked the gun before each take to make sure that the live round was n't next in the chamber . While appearing later in the film , the first scenes shot upon arrival in Thailand were the hospital sequences between Walken and the military doctor . Deeley believed that this scene was `` the spur that would earn him an Academy Award . '' In the final scene in the gambling den between Mike and Nick , Cimino had Walken and De Niro improvise in one take . His direction to his actors : `` You put the gun to your head , Chris , you shoot , you fall over and Bobby cradles your head . '' Filming locations ( edit ) Lemko Hall St. Theodosius Russian Orthodox Cathedral , in the Tremont neighborhood of Cleveland , Ohio . The name plaque is clearly visible in one scene . Lemko Hall , Cleveland , Ohio . Also located in Tremont , the wedding banquet was filmed here . The name is clearly visible in one scene . U.S. Steel Central Furnaces in Cleveland , Ohio . Opening sequence steel mill scenes . Patpong , Bangkok , Thailand , the area used to represent Saigon 's red light district . Sai Yok , Kanchanaburi Province , Thailand Mount Baker - Snoqualmie National Forest and Nooksack Falls in the North Cascades range of , Washington , deer hunting scenes . Steubenville , Ohio , for some mill and neighborhood shots . Struthers , Ohio , for external house and long - range road shots . Also including , the town 's bowling alley is the Bowladrome Lanes , located at 56 State Street , Struthers , Ohio . Weirton , West Virginia , for mill and trailer shots . River Kwai , Thailand , Prison camp and initial Russian roulette scene . Post-production ( edit ) By this point , The Deer Hunter had cost $13 million and the film still had to go through an arduous post-production . Film editor Peter Zinner was given 600,000 feet of printed film to edit , a monumental task at the time . Producers Spikings and Deeley were pleased with the first cut , which ran for three and a half hours . `` We were thrilled by what we saw , '' wrote Deeley , `` and knew that within the three and a half hours we watched there was a riveting film . '' Executives from Universal , including Lew Wasserman and Sid Sheinberg , were not very enthusiastic . `` I think they were shocked , '' recalled Spikings . `` What really upset them was ' God Bless America ' . Sheinberg thought it was anti-American . He was vehement . He said something like ' You 're poking a stick in the eye of America . ' They really did n't like the movie . And they certainly did n't like it at three hours and two minutes . '' Deeley was n't surprised by the Universal response : `` The Deer Hunter was a United Artists sort of picture , whereas Convoy was more in the style of Universal . I 'd muddled and sold the wrong picture to each studio . '' Deeley did agree with Universal that the film needed to be shorter , not just because of pacing but also to ensure commercial success . `` A picture under two and a half hours can scrape three shows a day , '' wrote Deeley , `` but at three hours you 've lost one third of your screenings and one third of your income for the cinemas , distributors , and profit participants . '' Thom Mount , president of Universal at the time , said , `` This was just a ... continuing nightmare from the day Michael finished the picture to the day we released it . That was simply because he was wedded to everything he shot . The movie was endless . It was The Deer Hunter and the Hunter and the Hunter . The wedding sequence was a cinematic event all unto its own . '' Mount says he turned to Verna Fields , Universal 's then - head of post-production . `` I sicked Verna on Cimino , '' Mount says . `` Verna was no slouch . She started to turn the heat up on Michael , and he started screeching and yelling . '' Zinner eventually cut the film down to 18,000 feet . Cimino later fired Zinner when he discovered that Zinner was editing down the wedding scenes . Zinner eventually won Best Editing Oscar for The Deer Hunter . Regarding the clashes between him and Cimino , Zinner stated : `` Michael Cimino and I had our differences at the end , but he kissed me when we both got Academy Awards . '' Cimino later commented in The New York Observer , `` ( Zinner ) was a moron ... I cut Deer Hunter myself . '' Sound design ( edit ) The Deer Hunter was Cimino 's first film to use Dolby noise - reduction system . `` What Dolby does , '' replied Cimino , `` is to give you the ability to create a density of detail of sound -- a richness so you can demolish the wall separating the viewer from the film . You can come close to demolishing the screen . '' It took five months to mix the soundtrack . One short battle sequence -- 200 feet of film in the final cut -- took five days to dub . Another sequence recreated the 1975 American evacuation of Saigon ; Cimino brought the film 's composer , Stanley Myers , out to the location to listen to the auto , tank , and jeep horns as the sequence was being photographed . The result , according to Cimino : Myers composed the music for that scene in the same key as the horn sounds , so the music and the sound effects would blend with the images to create one jarring , desolate experience . Previews ( edit ) Both the long and short versions were previewed to Midwestern audiences , although there are different accounts among Cimino , Deeley , and Spikings as to how the previews panned out . Director Cimino claims he bribed the projectionist to interrupt the shorter version , in order to obtain better reviews of the longer one . According to producer Spikings , Wasserman let EMI 's CEO Bernard Delfont decide between the two and chose Cimino 's longer cut . Deeley claims that the two - and - a-half hour version tested had a better response . Soundtrack ( edit ) The Deer Hunter Soundtrack album by Stanley Myers Released Recorded 1978 Genre Film score Label Capitol The soundtrack to The Deer Hunter was released on audio CD on October 25 , 1990 . Selected tracks ( edit ) Stanley Myers ' `` Cavatina '' ( also known as `` He Was Beautiful '' ) , performed by classical guitarist John Williams , is commonly known as `` The Theme from The Deer Hunter '' . According to producer Deeley , he discovered that the song was originally written for a film called The Walking Stick ( 1970 ) and , as a result , had to pay the original purchaser an undisclosed sum . `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' , a 1967 hit song , sung by Frankie Valli . It is played in John 's bar when all of the friends sing along and at the wedding reception . According to Cimino , the actors sang along to a recording of the song as it was played instead of singing to a beat track , a standard filmmaking practice . Cimino felt that would make the sing - along seem more real . During the wedding ceremonies and party , the Eastern Orthodox Church songs such as `` Slava '' , and Russian folk songs such as `` Korobushka '' and `` Katyusha '' , are played . Russian Orthodox funeral music is also employed during Nick 's funeral scene , mainly `` Vechnaya Pamyat '' , which means `` eternal memory '' . Release ( edit ) The Deer Hunter debuted at one theater each in New York and Los Angeles for a week on December 8 , 1978 . The release strategy was to qualify the film for Oscar consideration and close after a week to build interest . After the Oscar nominations , Universal widened the distribution to include major cities , building up to a full - scale release on February 23 , 1979 , just following the Oscars . This film was important for helping release patterns for so - called prestige pictures that screen only at the end of the year to qualify for Academy Award recognition . The film eventually grossed $48.9 million at the US box office . CBS paid $3.5 million for three runs of the film . The network later cancelled the acquisition on the contractually permitted grounds of the film containing too much violence for US network transmission . Analysis ( edit ) Controversy over Russian roulette ( edit ) Robert De Niro pulls the trigger in the game of Russian roulette that takes place in the Viet Cong prison scene . One of the most talked - about sequences in the film , the Vietcong 's use of Russian roulette with POWs , was criticized as being contrived and unrealistic since there were no documented cases of Russian roulette in the Vietnam War . Associated Press reporter Peter Arnett , who won a Pulitzer Prize for his coverage of the war , wrote in the Los Angeles Times , `` In its 20 years of war , there was not a single recorded case of Russian roulette ... The central metaphor of the movie is simply a bloody lie . '' Director Cimino was also criticized for one - sidedly portraying all the North Vietnamese as sadistic racists and killers . Cimino countered that his film was not political , polemical , literally accurate , or posturing for any particular point of view . He further defended his position by saying that he had news clippings from Singapore that confirm Russian roulette was used during the war ( without specifying which article ) . During the 29th Berlin International Film Festival in 1979 , the Soviet delegation expressed its indignation with the film which , in their opinion , insulted the Vietnamese people in numerous scenes . Other socialist states also voiced their solidarity with the `` heroic people of Vietnam '' . They protested against the screening of the film and insisted that it violated the statutes of the festival , since it in no way contributed to the `` improvement of mutual understanding between the peoples of the world '' . The ensuing domino effect led to the walk - outs of the Cubans , East Germans , Bulgarians , Poles and Czechoslovakians , and two members of the jury resigned in sympathy . Critics ' response ( edit ) In his review , Roger Ebert defended the artistic license of Russian roulette , arguing `` it is the organizing symbol of the film : Anything you can believe about the game , about its deliberately random violence , about how it touches the sanity of men forced to play it , will apply to the war as a whole . It is a brilliant symbol because , in the context of this story , it makes any ideological statement about the war superfluous . '' Film critic and biographer David Thomson also agrees that the film works despite the controversy : `` There were complaints that the North Vietnamese had not employed Russian roulette . It was said that the scenes in Saigon were fanciful or imagined . It was also suggested that De Niro , Christopher Walken , and John Savage were too old to have enlisted for Vietnam ( Savage , the youngest of the three , was 28 ) . Three decades later , ' imagination ' seems to have stilled those worries ... and The Deer Hunter is one of the great American films . '' In her review , Pauline Kael wrote , `` The Vietcong are treated in the standard inscrutable - evil Oriental style of the Japanese in the Second World War movies ... The impression a viewer gets is that if we did some bad things there we did them ruthlessly but impersonally ; the Vietcong were cruel and sadistic . '' In his Vanity Fair article `` The Vietnam Oscars '' , Peter Biskind wrote that the political agenda of The Deer Hunter was something of a mystery : `` It may have been more a by - product of Hollywood myopia , the demands of the war - film genre , garden - variety American parochialism , and simple ignorance than it was the pre-meditated right - wing road map it seemed to many . '' Cast and crew response ( edit ) According to Christopher Walken , the historical context was not paramount : `` In the making of it , I do n't remember anyone ever mentioning Vietnam ! '' De Niro added to this sentiment : `` Whether ( the film 's vision of the war ) actually happened or not , it 's something you could imagine very easily happening . Maybe it did . I do n't know . All 's fair in love and war . '' Producer Spikings , while proud of the film , regrets the way the Vietnamese were portrayed . `` I do n't think any of us meant it to be exploitive , '' Spikings said . `` But I think we were ... ignorant . I ca n't think of a better word for it . I did n't realize how badly we 'd behaved to the Vietnamese people ... '' Producer Deeley , on the other hand , was quick to defend Cimino 's comments on the nature and motives of the film : `` The Deer Hunter was n't really ' about ' Vietnam . It was something very different . It was n't about drugs or the collapse of the morale of the soldiers . It was about how individuals respond to pressure : different men reacting quite differently . The film was about three steel workers in extraordinary circumstances . Apocalypse Now is surreal . The Deer Hunter is a parable ... Men who fight and lose an unworthy war face some obvious and unpalatable choices . They can blame their leaders ... or they can blame themselves . Self - blame has been a great burden for many war veterans . So how does a soldier come to terms with his defeat and yet still retain his self - respect ? One way is to present the conquering enemy as so inhuman , and the battle between the good guys ( us ) and the bad guys ( them ) so uneven , as to render defeat irrelevant . Inhumanity was the theme of The Deer Hunter 's portrayal of the North Vietnamese prison guards forcing American POWs to play Russian roulette . The audience 's sympathy with prisoners who ( quite understandably ) cracked thus completes the chain . Accordingly , some veterans who suffered in that war found the Russian roulette a valid allegory . '' Director Cimino 's autobiographical intent ( edit ) Cimino frequently referred to The Deer Hunter as a `` personal '' and `` autobiographical '' film , although later investigation by journalists like Tom Buckley of Harper 's revealed inaccuracies in Cimino 's accounts and reported background . Homosocial bonding ( edit ) In 1986 , critic Robin Wood examined what he viewed as the film 's homosexual subtext . In the film 's central `` male love affair '' Mike supposedly represents the powers of control and repression , whereas Nick stands for release and liberation . According to Wood , `` Nick both is and knows himself to be in love with Mike and Mike reciprocates that love but ca n't admit it , even to himself '' . In the end , Wood argues that Nick shoots himself because `` he has recognized that Mike offers nothing but a return to repression '' . Coda of `` God Bless America '' ( edit ) The final scene in which all the main characters gather and sing `` God Bless America '' became a subject of heated debate among critics when the film was released . It raised the question of whether this conclusion was meant ironically or not -- `` as a critique of patriotism or a paean to it '' . Reception ( edit ) The film 's initial reviews were largely positive . It was hailed by many critics as the best American epic since Francis Ford Coppola 's The Godfather . The film was praised for its depiction of realistic working class settings and environment ; Cimino 's direction ; the performances of De Niro , Walken , Streep , Savage , Dzundza and Cazale ; the symphonic shifts of tone and pacing in moving from America to Vietnam ; the tension during the Russian roulette scenes ; and the themes of American disillusionment . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film four stars and called it `` one of the most emotionally shattering films ever made . '' Gene Siskel from the Chicago Tribune praised the film , saying , `` This is a big film , dealing with big issues , made on a grand scale . Much of it , including some casting decisions , suggest inspiration by The Godfather . '' Leonard Maltin also gave the film four stars , calling it a `` sensitive , painful , evocative work '' . Vincent Canby of the New York Times called The Deer Hunter `` a big , awkward , crazily ambitious motion picture that comes as close to being a popular epic as any movie about this country since The Godfather . Its vision is that of an original , major new filmmaker . '' David Denby of New York called it `` an epic '' with `` qualities that we almost never see any more -- range and power and breadth of experience . '' Jack Kroll of Time asserted it put director Cimino `` right at the center of film culture . '' Stephen Farber pronounced the film in New West magazine as `` the greatest anti-war movie since La Grande Illusion . '' However , The Deer Hunter was not without critical backlash . Pauline Kael of The New Yorker wrote a positive review with some reservations : `` ( It is ) a small minded film with greatness in it ... with an enraptured view of common life ... ( but ) enraging , because , despite its ambitiousness and scale , it has no more moral intelligence than the Eastwood action pictures . '' Andrew Sarris wrote that the film was `` massively vague , tediously elliptical , and mysteriously hysterical ... It is perhaps significant that the actors remain more interesting than the characters they play . '' Jonathan Rosenbaum disparaged The Deer Hunter as an `` Oscar - laden weepie about macho buddies '' and `` a disgusting account of what the evil Vietnamese did to poor , innocent Americans '' . John Simon of New York wrote : `` For all its pretensions to something newer and better , this film is only an extension of the old Hollywood war - movie lie . The enemy is still bestial and stupid , and no match for our purity and heroism ; only we no longer wipe up the floor with him -- rather , we litter it with his guts . '' Author Karina Longworth notes that Streep `` made a case for female empowerment by playing a woman to whom empowerment was a foreign concept -- a normal lady from an average American small town , for whom subservience was the only thing she knew '' . She states that The Deer Hunter `` evokes a version of dominant masculinity in which male friendship is a powerful force '' . It has a `` credibly humanist message '' , and that the `` slow study of the men in blissfully ignorant homeland machismo is crucial to it '' . The film holds a metascore of 73 on Metacritic , based on seven reviews , and 93 % fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes , based on 48 reviews . The RT summary reads : Its greatness is blunted by its length and one - sided point of view , but the film 's weaknesses are overpowered by Michael Cimino 's sympathetic direction and a series of heartbreaking performances from Robert De Niro , Meryl Streep , and Christopher Walken . Top - Ten Lists ( edit ) 3rd -- Roger Ebert , Chicago Sun - Times . Ebert also placed Deer Hunter on his list of the best films of the 1970s . 3rd -- Gene Siskel , Chicago Tribune Academy Award - winning film director Miloš Forman and Academy Award - nominated actor Mickey Rourke consider The Deer Hunter to be one of the greatest films of all time . Revisionism following Heaven 's Gate ( edit ) Cimino 's next film , Heaven 's Gate ( 1980 ) , debuted to lacerating reviews and took in only $3 million in ticket sales , effectively leaving United Artists bankrupt . The failure of Heaven 's Gate led several critics to revise their positions on The Deer Hunter . Canby said in his famous review of Heaven 's Gate , `` ( The film ) fails so completely that you might suspect Mr. Cimino sold his soul to the Devil to obtain the success of The Deer Hunter , and the Devil has just come around to collect . '' Andrew Sarris wrote in his review of Heaven 's Gate , `` I 'm a little surprised that many of the same critics who lionized Cimino for The Deer Hunter have now thrown him to the wolves with equal enthusiasm . '' Sarris added , `` I was never taken in ... Hence , the stupidity and incoherence in Heaven 's Gate came as no surprise since very much the same stupidity and incoherence had been amply evident in The Deer Hunter . '' In his book Final Cut : Dreams and Disaster in the Making of Heaven 's Gate , Steven Bach wrote , `` critics seemed to feel obliged to go on the record about The Deer Hunter , to demonstrate that their critical credentials were un-besmirched by having been , as Sarris put it , ' taken in . ' '' More recently , British film critic Mark Kermode challenged the film 's status : `` At the risk of being thrown out of the ' respectable film critics ' circle , may I take this opportunity to declare officially that in my opinion The Deer Hunter is one of the worst films ever made , a rambling self indulgent , self aggrandizing barf-fest steeped in manipulatively racist emotion , and notable primarily for its farcically melodramatic tone which is pitched somewhere between shrieking hysteria and somnambulist sombreness . '' However , many critics , including David Thomson and A.O. Scott. , maintain that The Deer Hunter is still a great film , the power of which has n't since diminished . Awards ( edit ) Academy Awards record 1 . Best Supporting Actor , Christopher Walken 2 . Best Director , Michael Cimino 3 . Best Editing , Peter Zinner 4 . Best Picture , Barry Spikings , Michael Deeley , Michael Cimino , John Peverall 5 . Best Sound , Richard Portman , William L. McCaughey , Aaron Rochin , C. Darin Knight Golden Globe Awards record 1 . Best Director , Michael Cimino BAFTA Awards record 1 . Best Cinematography , Vilmos Zsigmond 2 . Best Editing , Peter Zinner Lead - up to Awards season ( edit ) Film producer and `` old - fashioned mogul '' Allan Carr used his networking abilities to promote The Deer Hunter . `` Exactly how Allan Carr came into The Deer Hunter 's orbit I can no longer remember , '' recalled producer Deeley , `` but the picture became a crusade to him . He nagged , charmed , threw parties , he created word - of - mouth -- everything that could be done in Hollywood to promote a project . Because he had no apparent motive for this promotion , it had an added power and legitimacy and it finally did start to penetrate the minds of the Universal 's sales people that they actually had in their hands something a bit more significant than the usual . '' Deeley added that Carr 's promotion of the film was influential in positioning The Deer Hunter for Oscar nominations . On the Sneak Previews special `` Oscar Preview for 1978 '' , Roger Ebert correctly predicted that The Deer Hunter would win for Best Picture while Gene Siskel predicted that Coming Home would win . However , Ebert incorrectly guessed that Robert De Niro would win for Best Actor for Deer Hunter and Jill Clayburgh would win for Best Actress for An Unmarried Woman while Siskel called the wins for Jon Voight as Best Actor and Jane Fonda as Best Actress , both for Coming Home . Both Ebert and Siskel called the win for Christopher Walken receiving the Oscar for Best Supporting Actor . According to producer Deeley , orchestrated lobbying against The Deer Hunter was led by Warren Beatty , whose own picture Heaven Can Wait had multiple nominations . Beatty also used ex-girlfriends in his campaign : Julie Christie , serving on the jury at the Berlin Film Festival where Deer Hunter was screened , joined the walkout of the film by the Russian jury members . Jane Fonda also criticized The Deer Hunter in public . Deeley suggested that her criticisms partly stemmed from the competition between her film Coming Home vying with The Deer Hunter for Best Picture . According to Deeley , he planted a friend of his in the Oscar press area behind the stage to ask Fonda if she had seen The Deer Hunter . Fonda replied she had not seen the film , and to this day she still has not . As the Oscars drew near , the backlash against The Deer Hunter gathered strength . When the limos pulled up to the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion on April 9 , 1979 , they were met by demonstrators , mostly from the Los Angeles chapter of Vietnam Veterans Against the War . The demonstrators waved placards covered with slogans that read `` No Oscars for racism '' and `` The Deer Hunter a bloody lie '' and thrust pamphlets berating Deer Hunter into long lines of limousine windows . Washburn , nominated for Best Original Screenplay , claims his limousine was pelted with stones . According to Variety , `` Police and The Deer Hunter protesters clashed in a brief but bloody battle that resulted in 13 arrests . '' De Niro was so anxious that he did not attend the Oscars ceremony . He asked the Academy to sit out the show backstage , but when the Academy refused , De Niro stayed home in New York . Producer Deeley made a deal with fellow producer David Puttnam , whose film Midnight Express was nominated , that each would take $500 to the ceremony so if one of them won , the winner would give the loser the $500 to `` drown his sorrows in style . '' 51st Academy Awards ( edit ) The Deer Hunter won five Oscars at the 51st Academy Awards in 1979 : Best Picture -- Barry Spikings , Michael Deeley , Michael Cimino and John Peverall ( John Wayne 's final public appearance was to present the award ) Best Director -- Michael Cimino Best Actor in a Supporting Role -- Christopher Walken Best Film Editing -- Peter Zinner Best Sound -- Richard Portman , William McCaughey , Aaron Rochin and Darin Knight . In addition , the film was nominated in four other categories : Best Actor in a Leading Role -- Robert De Niro ( lost to Jon Voight for Coming Home ) Best Actress in a Supporting Role -- Meryl Streep ( lost to Maggie Smith for California Suite ) Best Cinematography -- Vilmos Zsigmond ( lost to Néstor Almendros for Days of Heaven ) Best Writing , Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen -- Michael Cimino , Deric Washburn , Louis Garfinkle and Quinn Redeker ( lost to Robert C. Jones , Waldo Salt and Nancy Dowd for Coming Home ) Golden globes ( edit ) Cimino won the film 's only Golden Globe Award for Best Director . Other nominations the film included Best Motion Picture -- Drama , De Niro for Best Motion Picture Actor -- Drama , Walken for Best Motion Picture Actor in a Supporting Role , Streep for Best Motion Picture Actress in a Supporting Role , and Washburn for Best Screenplay -- Motion Picture . Complete list of awards ( edit ) Award Recipients and nominees Result 51st Academy Awards Academy Award for Best Picture Barry Spikings , Michael Deeley , Michael Cimino and John Peverall Won Academy Award for Best Director Michael Cimino Won Academy Award for Best Actor Robert De Niro Nominated Academy Award for Best Writing ( Original Screenplay ) Deric Washburn , Michael Cimino , Louis Garfinkle and Quinn K. Redeker Nominated Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor Christopher Walken Won Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress Meryl Streep Nominated Academy Award for Best Cinematography Vilmos Zsigmond Nominated Academy Award for Best Film Editing Peter Zinner Won Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing Richard Portman , William McCaughey , Aaron Rochin and Darin Knight Won American Cinema Editors American Cinema Editors Award for Best Edited Feature Film -- Dramatic Peter Zinner Won American Movie Awards Best Film Nominated Best Director Michael Cimino Won Best Actor Robert De Niro Nominated Best Supporting Actor Christopher Walken Nominated Best Supporting Actress Meryl Streep Won 33rd British Academy Film Awards BAFTA Award for Best Film Barry Spikings , Michael Deeley , Michael Cimino , John Peverall Nominated BAFTA Award for Best Direction Michael Cimino Nominated BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role Robert De Niro Nominated BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role Meryl Streep Nominated BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay Deric Washburn , Michael Cimino , Louis Garfinkle , Quinn K. Redeker Nominated BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role Christopher Walken Nominated BAFTA Award for Best Editing Peter Zinner Won BAFTA Award for Best Cinematography Vilmos Zsigmond Won BAFTA Award for Best Sound Richard Portman , William McCaughey , Aaron Rochin , Darin Knight Nominated Directors Guild of America Awards 1978 Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing -- Feature Film Michael Cimino Won 36th Golden Globe Awards Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Drama Barry Spikings Nominated Golden Globe Award for Best Director Michael Cimino Won Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama Robert De Niro Nominated Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay Deric Washburn Nominated Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture Christopher Walken Nominated Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture Meryl Streep Nominated Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards 1978 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Director Michael Cimino Won National Society of Film Critics Awards 1978 National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Film 2nd place National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor Christopher Walken 3rd place National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress Meryl Streep Won 1978 New York Film Critics Circle Awards New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Film Won New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor Robert De Niro 3rd place New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor Christopher Walken Won New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress Meryl Streep 3rd place Writers Guild of America Award Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay Deric Washburn , Michael Cimino , Louis Garfinkle , Quinn K. Redeker Nominated Legacy ( edit ) The Deer Hunter was one of the first , and most controversial , major theatrical films to be critical of the American involvement in Vietnam following 1975 when the war officially ended . While the film opened the same year as Hal Ashby 's Coming Home , Sidney Furie 's The Boys in Company C , and Ted Post 's Go Tell the Spartans , it was the first film about Vietnam to reach a wide audience and critical acclaim , culminating in the winning of the Oscar for Best Picture . Other films released in the late 1970s and 1980s that illustrated the ' hellish ' , futile conditions of bloody Vietnam War combat included : Francis Ford Coppola 's Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) Oliver Stone 's Platoon ( 1986 ) Stanley Kubrick 's Full Metal Jacket ( 1987 ) John Irvin 's Hamburger Hill ( 1987 ) Oliver Stone 's Born on the Fourth of July ( 1989 ) Brian De Palma 's Casualties of War ( 1989 ) Oliver Stone 's Heaven & Earth ( 1993 ) Robert Zemeckis ' Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Randall Wallace 's We Were Soldiers ( 2002 ) David Thomson wrote in an article titled `` The Deer Hunter : Story of a scene '' that the film changed the way war - time battles were portrayed on film : `` The terror and the blast of firepower changed the war film , even if it only used a revolver . More or less before the late 1970s , the movies had lived by a Second World War code in which battle scenes might be fierce but always rigorously controlled . The Deer Hunter unleashed a new , raw dynamic in combat and action , paving the way for Platoon , Saving Private Ryan and Clint Eastwood 's Iwo Jima films . '' In a 2011 interview with Rotten Tomatoes , actor William Fichtner retrospectively stated that he and his partner were silenced after seeing the film , stating that `` the human experience was just so pointed ; their journeys were so difficult , as life is sometimes . I remember after seeing it , walking down the street -- I actually went with a girl on a date and saw The Deer Hunter , and we left the theater and walked for like an hour and nobody said anything ; we were just kind of stunned about that . '' The deaths of approximately twenty - five people who died playing Russian roulette were reported as having been influenced by scenes in the movie . Honors and recognition ( edit ) In 1996 , The Deer Hunter was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . American Film Institute included the film as # 79 in AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies , # 30 in AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills , and # 53 in AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) . The film ranks 467th in the Empire magazine 's 2008 list of the 500 greatest movies of all time , noting : Cimino 's bold , powerful ' Nam epic goes from blue - collar macho rituals to a fiery , South East Asian hell and back to a ragged singalong of America the Beautiful ( sic ) . De Niro holds it together , but Christopher Walken , Meryl Streep and John Savage are unforgettable . Jan Scruggs , a Vietnam veteran who became a counselor with the U.S. Department of Labor , thought of the idea of building a National Memorial for Vietnam Veterans after seeing a screening of the film in March 1979 , and he established and operated the memorial fund which paid for it . Director Cimino was invited to the memorial 's opening . Home media ( edit ) The Deer Hunter has twice been released on DVD in America . The first 1998 issue was by Universal , with no extra features and a non-anamorphic transfer , and has since been discontinued . A second version , part of the `` Legacy Series '' , was released as a two - disc set on September 6 , 2005 , with an anamorphic transfer of the film . The set features a cinematographer 's commentary by Vilmos Zsigmond , deleted and extended scenes , and production notes . The Region 2 version of The Deer Hunter , released in the UK and Japan , features a commentary track from director Michael Cimino . The film was released on HD DVD on December 26 , 2006 . StudioCanal released the film on the Blu - ray format in countries other than the United States on March 11 , 2009 . It was released on Blu - ray in the U.S. on March 6 , 2012 . See also ( edit ) The Deer Hunter ( novel ) ( 1978 ) The Last Hunter ( 1980 ) , an Italian film originally made as an unofficial sequel References ( edit ) Annotations ( edit ) Jump up ^ A clip from the scene between Walken and the military doctor was shown on a Sneak Previews special `` Oscar Preview for 1978 , '' in which critics Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert correctly predicted that Walken would win the Oscar for Best Supporting Actor . Jump up ^ While featured prominently in the film , `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' does not appear on The Deer Hunter 's soundtrack . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE DEER HUNTER ( X ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 1978 - 11 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Deer Hunter , Box Office Information '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Films Selected to The National Film Registry 1989 -- 2008 '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 168 ^ Jump up to : Biskind , Peter ( March 2008 ) . `` The Vietnam Oscars '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Realizing The Deer Hunter : An Interview with Michael Cimino . Blue Underground . Interview on The Deer Hunter UK Region 2 DVD and the StudioCanal Blu - Ray . First half of video on YouTube Jump up ^ De Niro , Robert ( actor ) ( June 12 , 2003 ) . AFI Life Achievement Award : A Tribute to Robert De Niro . ( Television Production ) American Film Institute . Jump up ^ Kachmar 2002 , p. 73 ^ Jump up to : Parker , p. 129 Jump up ^ `` Richard Shepard Talks John Cazale Doc , Plus The Trailer For ' I Knew It Was You ' '' . The Playlist . June 1 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 170 ^ Jump up to : Parker , p. 128 Jump up ^ Deeley , p. 167 ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 171 ^ Jump up to : DVD commentary by director Michael Cimino and film critic F.X. Feeney . Included on The Deer Hunter UK region 2 DVD release and the StudioCanal Blu - Ray . ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 2 ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 163 ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 164 Jump up ^ Deeley , p. 166 Jump up ^ Wasburn , Deric The Deer Hunter script ( Unspecified draft ) . DailyScript.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Griffin , Nancy ( February 10 , 2002 ) . `` Last Typhoon Cimino Is Back '' . The New York Observer 16 ( 6 ) : pp. 1 + 15 + 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` All the Oscars : 1979 -- 51st Annual Academy Awards '' . theOscarSite.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Longworth 2013 , pp. 19 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Longworth 2013 , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 172 ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 174 ^ Jump up to : Shooting The Deer Hunter : An interview with Vilmos Zsigmond . Blue Underground . Interview with the cinematographer , located on The Deer Hunter UK Region 2 DVD and StudioCanal Blu - Ray . First half of video on YouTube . ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 177 ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 178 ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 173 Jump up ^ `` City Lands Good Share of Movies '' . The Vindicator . Youngstown . Associated Press . December 10 , 1995 . p . B5 . Jump up ^ Deeley , p. 175 Jump up ^ Playing The Deer Hunter : An interview with John Savage . Blue Underground . Interview with the actor Savage , located on the UK Region 2 DVD and StudioCanal Blu - Ray . First half of video on YouTube Jump up ^ Deeley , p. 176 ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger & Siskel , Gene ( hosts ) ; Flaum , Thea & Solley , Ray ( producers ) ; Denny , Patterson ( director ) . ( 1979 ) . Sneak Previews : Oscar Preview for 1978 . ( Television Production ) . Chicago , IL : WTTW . ^ Jump up to : The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) -- Filming locations Jump up ^ `` Lemko Hall '' . The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History . May 24 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` 7 Movie Locations in Bangkok - Bangkok.com Magazine '' . Bangkok.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Nam , Suzanne ( 2012 ) . Moon Thailand . Avalon Travel . p. 320 . ISBN 9781598809695 . Jump up ^ Krause , Mariella ( 2013 ) . Lonely Planet Pacific Northwest 's Best Trips . Lonely Planet . p. 118 . ISBN 1741798159 . Jump up ^ `` The Deer Hunter film locations ( 1978 ) '' . Movie-locations.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Randy Fox Writer and photographer ( 2012 - 05 - 05 ) . `` ' The Deer Hunter ' And ' Reckless ' : Hollywood Briefly Comes To The Factory Valleys ( PHOTOS ) '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` History - Struthers , Ohio '' . Strutherscommunity.weebly.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Youngstown News , Bowladrome Lanes owners reflect on 40 years in the business '' . Vindy.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Sterling , Joe ( July 5 , 1077 ) . `` '' Deer Hunter '' Filming Under Way `` . Weirton Daily Times . West Virginia Division of Culture and History . Jump up ^ `` The Deer Hunter film locations '' . The Worldwide Guide To Movie Locations . September 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McLellan , Dennis ( November 16 , 2007 ) . `` Peter Zinner , 88 ; film editor won Oscar for ' The Deer Hunter ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 179 ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 192 ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 4 Jump up ^ Schreger , Charles ( April 15 , 1985 ) . `` Altman , Dolby , and the Second Sound Revolution '' . In Belton , John ; Weis , Elisabeth . Film Sound : Theory and Practice ( Paperback ed . ) . New York , NY : Columbia University Press . p. 351 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 05637 - 0 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Deeley , p. 193 ^ Jump up to : `` The Deer Hunter : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 195 Jump up ^ `` An Eastern Orthodox Approach to the Brothers Karamazov by Donald Sheehan '' Archived 2014 - 09 - 26 at the Wayback Machine ... Dartmouth.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Bach , p. 166 ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 196 Jump up ^ Chaffin - Quiray , Garrett ( writer ) ; Schnider , Steven Jay ( general editor ) ( 2003 ) . 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die ( 2003 ed . ) . London , England : Quintet Publishing . p. 642 . ISBN 0 - 7641 - 5701 - 9 . Jump up ^ Deeley , p. 181 ^ Jump up to : Dirks , Tim . `` The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) '' . Greatest Films . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Auster , Albert ; Quart , Leonard ( 2002 ) . `` The seventies '' . American film and society since 1945 . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 120 -- 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 96742 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` 1979 Yearbook '' . Berlin International Film Festival . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( March 9 , 1979 ) . `` The Deer Hunter '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Thomson , David ( October 14 , 2008 ) . `` Have You Seen ... ? '' : A Personal Introduction to 1,000 Films . New York , NY : Random House . p. 209 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26461 - 9 . Jump up ^ Deeley , p. 198 ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 197 Jump up ^ Wood , Robin . Hollywood from Vietnam to Reagan and Beyond . Columbia University Press , 2003 . ISBN 9780231129664 . P. 260 - 270 . ^ Jump up to : Canby , Vincent ( December 15 , 1978 ) . `` Movie Review : The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Thomson , David ( October 26 , 2010 ) . The New Biographical Dictionary of Film : Fifth Edition , Completely Updated and Expanded ( Hardcover ed . ) . Knopf . p. 178 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 27174 - 7 . Jump up ^ Siskel , Gene ( March 9 , 1979 ) . `` The Deer Hunter '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( August 2008 ) . Leonard Maltin 's Movie Guide ( 2009 ed . ) . New York , NY : Penguin Group p. 338 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 452 - 28978 - 9 . Jump up ^ Bach , p. 167 ^ Jump up to : Bach , p. 168 Jump up ^ Rosenbaum , Jonathan . `` The Deer Hunter '' . The Reader . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Simon , John ( February 16 , 1979 ) . New York . Anthologized in the collection Reverse Angle ( 1982 ) . Jump up ^ Longworth 2013 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( December 15 , 2004 ) . `` Ebert 's 10 Best Lists : 1967 - present '' Archived September 8 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine ... RogerEbert.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( host ) ; Siskel , Gene ( host ) ( December 20 , 1979 ) Sneak Previews : Best Films of the 1970s . ( Television Production ) Chicago , IL : WTTW . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Siskel and Ebert Top Ten Lists ( 1969 -- 1998 ) '' . Innermind.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Top Ten Poll 2002 -- Milos Forman '' . Sight & Sound . `` 5 . The Deer Hunter ( Cimino ) '' . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Presentation of the film by Mickey Rourke . Video located on The Deer Hunter Blu - ray . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( November 19 , 1980 ) . `` ' Heaven 's Gate , ' A Western by Cimino '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Bach , p. 370 Jump up ^ Critics ' Picks : The Deer Hunter on YouTube by New York Times film critic A.O. Scott on YouTube . ^ Jump up to : Deeley , p. 3 Jump up ^ Deeley , p. 1 Jump up ^ `` The 51st Academy Awards ( 1979 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Thomson , David ( October 19 , 2010 ) . `` The Deer Hunter : Story of a scene '' . The Guardian . Guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Goodsell , Luke ( February 25 , 2011 ) . `` Five Favorite Films with William Fichtner '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Jump up ^ `` The Deer Hunter and Suicides '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies '' . American Film Institute . `` 79 . The Deer Hunter 1978 '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills '' . American Film Institute . `` 30 . The Deer Hunter 1978 '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 'S 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- 10th Anniversary Edition '' . American Film Institute . `` 53 . The Deer Hunter 1978 '' . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 500 Greatest Movies Of All Time '' . Empire . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Scruggs , Jan C. ; Swerdlow , Joel L. ( April 1985 ) . To Heal a Nation : The Vietnam Veterans Memorial . New York , NY : Harpercollins . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 015404 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) -- DVD details '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Deer Hunter ( Universal Legacy Series ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` View topic -- The Deer Hunter ( DVD vs. BD -- Scandinavia ) ADDED '' . The Rewind Forums . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Deer Hunter HD - DVD '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Achetez le Blu - Ray Voyage au bout de l'enfer '' ( in French ) . StudioCanal.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Deer Hunter Blu - ray '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 09 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bach , Steven ( September 1 , 1999 ) . Final Cut : Art , Money , and Ego in the Making of Heaven 's Gate , the Film That Sank United Artists ( Updated 1999 ed . ) . New York , NY : Newmarket Press . ISBN 1 - 55704 - 374 - 4 . Deeley , Michael ( April 7 , 2009 ) . Blade Runners , Deer Hunters , & Blowing the Bloody Doors Off : My Life in Cult Movies ( Hardcover ed . ) . New York , NY : Pegasus Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60598 - 038 - 6 . Kachmar , Diane C. ( 2002 ) . Roy Scheider : a film biography . McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1201 - 1 . Longworth , Karina ( 2013 ) . Meryl Streep : Anatomy of an Actor . Phaidon Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7148 - 6669 - 7 . Parker , John ( 2009 ) . Robert De Niro : Portrait of a Legend . London , England : John Blake Publishing ISBN 978 - 1 - 84454 - 639 - 8 . Further reading ( edit ) McKee , Bruce ( 1997 ) . Story ( Hardcover ed . ) . New York , NY : HarperCollins Publishers . pp. 126 , 296 - 7 , 308 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 039168 - 5 . Mitchell , Robert ( writer ) ; Magill , Frank N. ( editor ) ( 1980 ) . `` The Deer Hunter '' . Magill 's Survey of Cinema : A-Eas. 1 . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey : Salem Press pp. 427 -- 431 . ISBN 0 - 89356 - 226 - 2 . External links ( edit ) The Deer Hunter on IMDb The Deer Hunter at the TCM Movie Database The Deer Hunter at AllMovie The Deer Hunter at Box Office Mojo The Deer Hunter at Rotten Tomatoes The Deer Hunter at Metacritic Films directed by Michael Cimino Thunderbolt and Lightfoot ( 1974 ) The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) Heaven 's Gate ( 1980 ) Year of the Dragon ( 1985 ) The Sicilian ( 1987 ) Desperate Hours ( 1990 ) Sunchaser ( 1996 ) Academy Award for Best Picture 1927 / 28 -- 1950 Wings ( 1927 / 28 ) The Broadway Melody ( 1928 / 29 ) All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1929 / 30 ) Cimarron ( 1930 / 31 ) Grand Hotel ( 1931 / 32 ) Cavalcade ( 1932 / 33 ) It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Life of Emile Zola ( 1937 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1938 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) Mrs. Miniver ( 1942 ) Casablanca ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) Marty ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) Patton ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Sting ( 1973 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Rocky ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Braveheart ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Crash ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Birdman or : ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) VIAF : 316751845 GND : 7552963 - 4 SUDOC : 178587672 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Deer_Hunter&oldid=836408223 '' Categories : 1978 films 1970s drama films 1970s war films American films American war drama films English - language films Russian - language films Vietnamese - language films French - language films Films directed by Michael Cimino Anti-war films about the Vietnam War Best Picture Academy Award winners Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring hunters Films set in 1967 Films set in 1968 Films set in 1975 Films set in Pennsylvania Films set in Vietnam Films shot in Bangkok Films shot in Cleveland Films shot in Pennsylvania Films shot in West Virginia Films shot in Thailand Films shot in Youngstown , Ohio Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award Films whose director won the Best Directing Academy Award Films whose director won the Best Director Golden Globe Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing Academy Award Prisoner of war films War epic films 1990 soundtracks Stanley Myers albums Capitol Records soundtracks United States National Film Registry films Universal Pictures films Films shot in Washington ( state ) Vietnam War films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Македонски მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 April 2018 , at 16 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Deer%20Hunter	777
when do trains have to blow their horns	On April 27 , 2005 , the Federal Railroad Administration ( FRA ) , which enforces rail safety regulations , published the final rule on the use of locomotive horns at highway - rail grade crossings . Effective June 24 , 2005 , the rule requires that locomotive horns be sounded at all public grade crossings at least 15 seconds , but not more than 20 seconds before entering a crossing . This rule applies when the train speed is below 45 mph ( 70 km / h ) . At 45 mph or above , trains are still required to sound their horn at the designated location ( usually denoted with a whistle post ) .	at all public grade crossings	Train horn	train horn	A train horn is a powerful air horn that serves as an audible warning device on electric and Diesel locomotives . The horn 's primary purpose is to alert persons and animals to an oncoming train , especially when approaching a grade crossing . The horn is also used for acknowledging signals given by railroad employees , such as during switching operations .	Leslie S3L locomotive horn , once the most common horn in use on North American railroads Contents ( hide ) 1 History and background 2 Operation 2.1 United States 2.2 Germany 2.3 France 2.4 India 2.5 United Kingdom 3 Placement on locomotives 4 Audio samples 5 Manufacturers 5.1 North America 5.1. 1 AirChime , Ltd . 5.1. 2 Buell Air Horns 5.1. 3 Gustin Bacon Mfg. Co . 5.1. 4 Leslie Controls , Inc . 5.1. 5 Prime Manufacturing , Inc . 5.1. 6 Westinghouse Air Brake Co . 5.2 Australia 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History and background ( edit ) Trains move on fixed rails , making them uniquely susceptible to collision . This susceptibility is exacerbated by the enormous weight and inertia of a train , which make it difficult to quickly stop when encountering an obstacle . Also , trains generally do not stop at grade crossings ( level crossings ) , instead relying upon pedestrians and vehicles to clear the tracks when they pass . Therefore , from their beginnings locomotives have been equipped with loud horns or bells to warn vehicles or pedestrians that they are coming . Steam locomotives had steam whistles , operated from steam produced by their boilers . As Diesel locomotives began to replace steam on most railroads during the mid-20th century , it was realized that the new locomotives were unable to utilize the steam whistles then in use . Early internal combustion locomotives were initially fitted with small truck horns or exhaust - powered whistles , but these were found to be unsuitable and hence the air horn design was scaled up and modified for railroad use . Early train horns often were tonally similar to the air horns still heard on road - going trucks today . It was found that this caused some confusion among people who were accustomed to steam locomotives and the sound of their whistles ; when approaching a grade crossing , when some people heard an air horn they expected to see a truck , not a locomotive , and accidents happened . So , locomotive air horns were created that had a much higher , more musical note , tonally much more like a steam whistle . This is why most train horns have a unique sound , different from that of road going trucks , although many switch engines , which did n't see road service ( service on the main lines ) , retained the deeper truck - like horns . Strict regulations specific to each country specify how loud horns must be , and how far in advance of grade crossings and other locations locomotive engineers are required to sound their horns to give adequate time to clear the tracks . Standard signals consisting of different sequences of horn blasts must be given in different circumstances . Due to the encroachment of development , some suburban dwellers have opposed railroad use of the air horn as a trackside warning device . Residents in some communities have attempted to establish quiet zones , in which train crews are instructed not to sound their horns , except in case of emergency . Recent years have seen an increase of horn theft from railroad property . Operation ( edit ) Diagram of a typical locomotive air horn power chamber , showing operation Train horns are operated by compressed air , typically 125 - 140 psi ( 8.6 - 9.6 bar ) , and fed from a locomotive main air reservoir . When the engineer opens the horn valve , air flows through a supply line into the power chamber at the base of the horn ( diagram , right ) . It passes through a narrow opening between a nozzle and a circular diaphragm in the power chamber , then out through the flaring horn bell . The flow of air past the diaphragm causes it to vibrate or oscillate against the nozzle , producing sound . Keep in mind that when an Air horn is not operating and has no Fluid pressure flowing through it , the interior of the power chamber housing is completely air tight , as the Diaphragm disc creates a full air tight seal against the nozzle surface . Referring to the cut - away blueprint diagram of a conventional air horn power chamber on the right , when a constant stream of pressurised Fluid enters through the small inlet at the bottom , the pressure in the power chamber increases as it is air tight internally . The pressure continues rising in Chamber ' A ' until the air pressure overcomes the spring tension of the Diaphragm . Once this occurs , the Diaphragm is deflected back , and in such , is no longer sealed against the nozzle . From this , the interior of the power chamber is now no longer air tight , as the Diaphragm has deflected off the nozzle . As a result , the pressurised Fluid now escapes out of the horn bell . Because the pressurised Fluid exits through the horn bell at a much faster rate than the Fluid enters into the power chamber through the base air inlet , the air pressure in the power chamber drops rapidly . As such , the Diaphragm re-seats itself against the nozzle surface . This entire process is one cycle of the Diaphragm operating . In reality , this operation process occurs much faster in accordance to the Frequency produced by the horn . The constant back and forth Oscillation of the Diaphragm creates sound waves , which are then amplified by the large flared horn bell . The length , thickness and diameter of the horn bell contribute to the Frequency of the note produced by the horn . When vibrated by the diaphragm , the column of air in the bell oscillates with standing waves . The length of the bell determines the wavelength of the sound waves , and thus the fundamental frequency ( pitch ) of the note produced by the horn ( measured in hertz ) . The longer the horn bell , the lower the note . North American diesel locomotives manufactured prior to the 1990s utilized an air valve actuated by the engineer through the manipulation of a lever or pull cord . Use of this method made possible a practice known as `` feathering '' , meaning that modulation of the horn 's volume was possible through finer regulation of the air valve . Many locomotives manufactured during the 1990s made use of pushbutton controls . In addition , several North American locomotives incorporated a sequencer pedal built into the cab floor beneath the operators position ; that when depressed , sounded the grade crossing sequence . Locomotives of European origin have featured pushbutton control of air horns since the mid-1960s . Current production locomotives from GE Transportation Systems and Electro - Motive Diesel utilize a lever - actuated solenoid valve . United States ( edit ) Leslie A200 - 156 , a single chime horn used on locomotives in the early days of dieselization On April 27 , 2005 , the Federal Railroad Administration ( FRA ) , which enforces rail safety regulations , published the final rule on the use of locomotive horns at highway - rail grade crossings . Effective June 24 , 2005 , the rule requires that locomotive horns be sounded at all public grade crossings at least 15 seconds , but not more than 20 seconds before entering a crossing . This rule applies when the train speed is below 45 mph ( 70 km / h ) . At 45 mph or above , trains are still required to sound their horn at the designated location ( usually denoted with a whistle post ) . The pattern for blowing the horn remains two long , one short , and one long . This is to be repeated or prolonged as necessary until the lead locomotive fully occupies the crossing . Locomotive engineers retain the authority to vary this pattern as necessary for crossings in close proximity , and are allowed to sound the horn in emergency situations no matter where the location . A ban on sounding locomotive horns in Florida was ordered removed by the FRA after it was shown that the accident rate doubled during the ban . The new ruling preempts any state or local laws regarding the use of the train horn at public crossings . This also provides public authorities the option to maintain and / or establish quiet zones provided certain supplemental or alternative safety measures are in place , and the crossing accident rate meets government standards . The following are the required horn signals listed in the operating rules of most North American railroads , along with their meanings . Signals are illustrated by an `` o '' for short sounds , and `` -- '' for longer sounds . ( Note that these signals and their indications are updated to reflect modern practice . ) Those rules marked with an asterisk ( * ) must be sounded when and / or where applicable . Those signals without an asterisk convey information to employees ; they must be used when voice communication is not available . Rule Sequence Indication 14 ( a ) o Applying air brakes while standing . 14 ( b ) * -- -- Proceeding . Releasing air brakes . This signal is often referred to as `` whistling off , '' despite it being given by an air horn . 14 ( f ) * oo -- Acknowledging a flagman 's stop signal . 14 ( g ) * oo Acknowledging any signal not otherwise provided for . 14 ( h ) * ooo Backing up . 14 ( j ) oooo Calling for signals . 14 ( l ) * -- -- o -- 1 . Trains or engines approaching public highway grade crossings shall sound the horn at least 15 seconds , but no more than 20 seconds before the lead engine enters the crossing . Trains or engines travelling at speeds greater than 45 mph shall begin sounding the horn at or about , but not more than , one - quarter mile ( 1,320 feet ) in advance of the nearest public crossing . Even if the advance warning provided by the horn will be less than 15 seconds in duration . This signal is to be prolonged or repeated until the engine or train occupies the crossing ; or , where multiple crossing are involved , until the last crossing is occupied . 2 . Approaching tunnels , yards , or other points where railroad workers may be at work . 3 . Passing standing trains . 14 ( m ) * o Approaching passenger station . 14 ( o ) o -- Inspect train for a leak in brake pipe system or for brakes sticking . 14 ( p ) * Succession of sounds Warning to people and / or animals . 14 ( q ) * -- o When running against the current of traffic : 1 . Approaching stations , curves , or other points where view may be obscured : and 2 . Approaching passenger or freight trains and when passing freight trains . Exception : Engine horn signals required by rules 14 ( b ) and 14 ( h ) do not apply after momentary stops in continuous switching movements . Germany ( edit ) Horn signals are regulated in the Zp category of the Eisenbahn - Bau - und Betriebsordnung . Their most common use today is when approaching a level crossing that lacks barriers , and for warning purposes . Whistle posts are labeled with the letter `` P '' ( for ' Pfeifen ' ) . Common signals are : Sequence Meaning _ Zp 1 - Generic `` Attention '' signal . o Zp 2 - Tighten handbrakes . oo Zp 3 - Strongly tighten handbrakes . _ _ Zp 4 - Loosen handbrakes ooo ooo ooo Zp 5 - Emergency . Brake immediately . _ o _ Zp 11 - Come . Used to call out for train staff . France ( edit ) Train horns are sounded where a whistle post ( marked with the letter `` S '' for `` siffler '' ) is present . If the whistle post is labelled `` J '' ( meaning `` jour '' ) , the horn is only to be sounded between 0700 and 2000 . Horns must also be sounded when passing an oncoming train , and shortly before reaching the last car of the train . India ( edit ) The IRFCA FAQ lists the following : ' o ' : denotes a short blast on the horn . ' -- ' : denotes a comparatively long blast on the horn . ' -- -- - ' : denotes a longer blast on the horn . ' -- -- -- -- -- ' : denotes a very long blast on the horn . Code ( o ) - Before Starting : Indication to driver of the assisting engine that driver of leading engine is ready to start . Acknowledgement by the driver of the assisting engine . Engine ready to leave yard Engine ready to go to loco yard Light loco or shunter about to move Code ( o ) - On the run : Assistance of other engine not required Acknowledgement by driver of the assisting engine Code ( -- ) Normal departure from station on receipt of clear signal . This is usually followed by another long blast about 10 -- 20 seconds after the first one , after the guard 's all - right signal is received . Beginning of shunting operation ( if shunted rake has passengers in it ) Code ( oo ) Call for guard 's signal Signals not exchanged by guard Signals not exchanged by station staff Code ( -- o ) Guard to release brakes Before starting engine from a midsection / station Main Line clear Code ( ooo ) Guard to apply brakes Train out of control , guard to assist Code ( oo -- ) Sudden loss of brake pressure or vacuum ( perhaps by alarm chain being pulled ) Code ( oooo ) Train can not proceed on account of accident , failure or other cause Protect train in rear Code ( -- -- oo ) Call for guard to come to engine Code ( o -- o ) Token not received Token missed With wrong authority to proceed Passing stop signal at ' on ' on proper authority Code ( -- -- - ) - Before Starting Vacuum recreated on ghat section , remove sprags Passing automatic ' stop ' signal at ' On ' Code ( -- -- - ) - On the run Acknowledgement of guards signal Code ( -- -- -- -- -- ) Approaching level crossing or tunnel area Recall staff protecting train in rear Material train ready to leave Running through a station Approaching a stop signal at ' on ' Detained at stop signal Crossing stop signal at ' on ' after waiting the stipulated time . Code ( -- o -- o ) Alarm chain pulled Insufficient vacuum in engine Guard applies vacuum brakes . Code ( -- -- ) Raise Pantograph ( electric loco only ) Code ( -- o -- ) Lower Pantograph ( electric loco only ) Code ( ooooooooo ) ( Frequently ) Apprehension of danger Danger signal to driver of an approaching train whose path is obstructed Moving in wrong direction on a double line . Also used by EMU motormen to warn passengers on a crowded platform of the approach of a fast train which will not stop at that station United kingdom ( edit ) UK diesel and electric locomotives are usually fitted with two - tone horns , sounded sequentially to distinguish them from the horns used on road vehicles , and , in the past , both tones were routinely used . However , because of noise complaints , new rules were introduced in 2007 : The introduction of a night time quiet period , between 2300 and 0700 when trains will no longer routinely sound their horns at whistle boards ( they will always sound their horns when people are seen on the track ) That where the technology is available , drivers should only use the low tone from the two tone horn at whistle boards . For all new or replacement train horns on trains capable of travelling up to 160 km / ha much lower minimum sound pressure level has been established -- and a maximum sound level has been introduced ( min 101 dB and max 106 dB ) Placement on locomotives ( edit ) As many individuals do with their personal vehicles , railroads order locomotives with different options in order to suit their operating practices . Air horns are no exception , and railroad mechanical forces mount these on locomotives where they are deemed most effective at projecting sound , and for ease of maintenance . Horn mounted on MBTA Commuter Rail control car when in Push Pull Mode Nathan K5LA mounted atop a San Diego Coaster Cab Car Horn mounted in the middle section of the roof on a GE locomotive Typical horn mounting location on European locomotives Low horn mounting location on a European locomotive . The horn is visible above the right side buffer . Audio samples ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Train horns . The following are samples of select air horns as used in North American railroad service : AirChime K5LA ( 329 KB ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Leslie A200 - 156 ( 127 KB ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Leslie S - 3L ( 187 KB ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Leslie S - 5T ( 275 KB ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Nathan M5 ( 277 KB ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Nathan P5 ( 358 KB ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Prime PM - 920 ( 312 KB ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Prime PM - 990 ( 301 KB ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . WABCO E2 ( 243 KB ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . WABCO E2 - B1 ( 274 KB ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Train horn being fitted to a vintage EMD GP30 diesel locomotive at the 2006 Oak Ridge Horn Honk and Collectors Meet Manufacturers ( edit ) North america ( edit ) Airchime , Ltd. ( edit ) AirChime , Ltd. traces their beginnings through the work of Robert Swanson in 1949 . Prior to the early 1950s , locomotives were equipped with air horns that sounded a singular note . Swanson sought to develop an air horn which would mimic the sound of a classic steam whistle . Using ancient Chinese musical theory , Swanson produced the six - note model ' H6 ' . This was impractical for railroad use , due to its relatively large size . Railroad equipment operates over routes restricted by loading gauge , a difference of only a few inches may prohibit that equipment from operating on the line in question . Swanson would later refine his ' H6 ' into the model ' H5 ' . As the numeric designation indicates , the horn sounds a five - note chord . In 1950 , AirChime introduced the ' M ' series , a further improvement on the earlier horns through elimination of unnecessary moving parts . Among the earliest customers of the AirChime ' M ' was the Southern Railway , which sought replacement horns for their motive power . The company announced this program through the placement of a full - page advertisement in the May 25 , 1951 edition of the Washington Times - Herald . Refurbished Nathan - AirChime model P5 Under Swanson 's guidance , AirChime would focus on ease of mass production , low maintenance , and reliability in their air horn design , with the development of the ' P ' ( 1953 ) , and ' K ' ( 1954 ) series AirChime model K3L , shown here in an Auburn University - inspired livery AirChime has been sold to their American licensee , Nathan Manufacturing , Inc. , a division of Micro Precision Group , Inc , in Windham , Connecticut . Buell air horns ( edit ) An air horn manufactured by the American Strombos Co. , used on early locomotives as well as trucks Founded in 1912 as The American Strombos Co. of Philadelphia , PA , Buell sold modified marine horns for rail use . They were often installed on small locomotives , electric interurban equipment . and railcars ( for example the Doodlebugs ) . Buell has recently made available a line of air horns specific for railroad equipment . Gustin Bacon Mfg. Co. ( edit ) The Gustin Bacon Mfg. Co. of Kansas City , MO offered airhorns for use on railroad equipment prior to the Second World War . Leslie Controls , Inc. ( edit ) Leslie Tyfon model A200 - 154 air horn , used on many first - generation diesel locomotives Leslie Controls , Inc. ( originally the Leslie Company of Lyndhurst , New Jersey , later Parsippany , finally relocating to Tampa , Florida in 1985 ) began horn production by obtaining the rights to manufacture the Kockums Mekaniska Verkstad product line of `` Tyfon '' brand airhorns , marketing these for railroad use beginning in the 1930s . Their model A200 series would later grace the rooftops of countless locomotives , such as the legendary Pennsylvania Railroad GG1 , as well as thousands of EMD E and F - units . Leslie eventually introduced their own line of multi-note airhorns , known as the `` Chime - Tone '' series , in direct competition with AirChime . Poor sales of the Chime - Tones ( due to the horns requiring an ample volume of air ) led the Leslie Company to introduce a new line of air horns utilizing interchangeable components while using less air to produce greater sound volume than the earlier `` Tyfon '' series . Developed by Kockums , this horn utilized a back - pressure power chamber design in order to enhance diaphragm oscillation . Known as the `` SuperTyfon '' series , these horns would eventually supplant the `` Tyfon '' in railroad service . Leslie SuperTyfon model S - 5T , regarded by many aficionados as the ' king of horns ' `` SuperTyfon '' horns were offered in single , dual , triple , quad , and five note configurations . Leslie Controls continues to manufacture `` SuperTyfon '' air horns for the railroad industry . Prime Manufacturing , Inc. ( edit ) Prime model PM - 990 locomotive air horn Prime Manufacturing , Inc. had produced locomotive appliances for many years prior to their entry into the air horn market in 1972 . Their line of `` Pneumatic Horns '' was basically a derivative of the Leslie SuperTyfon design ( having taken advantage of a patent expiration at the time ) , though their horns employed heavier castings than equivalents from Leslie , and sounding a somewhat richer timbre as a result . Sales were brisk ( railroads such as Union Pacific and the Burlington Northern were notable customers ) but ultimately disappointing . Finding themselves increasingly unable to compete in a niche market dominated by Leslie Controls and AirChime , Prime ceased air horn production c. 1999 . Westinghouse air Brake Co. ( edit ) Westinghouse model E2 - B1 locomotive air horn consisting of three ' singles ' bolted onto a common plate Westinghouse Air Brake Company ( known throughout the 19th and 20th Century as WABCO ) was the first to offer air horns specifically for use with railroad equipment , as early as the 1910s . Their model E2 was recognized by many for the deep , commanding tone it produced . In response to the Leslie multi-note `` Chime - Tone '' series , Westinghouse offered a bracket to which three of their single - note `` honkers '' could be bolted onto , achieving the same result as what the Chime - Tones did for Leslie . Overshadowed later on by Leslie and AirChime , WABCO eventually ceased production of most horns for the North American market . At present , the company is known as Wabtec , Inc. , and continues to offer their line of ' Pneumatic horns ' for the export market . Australia ( edit ) Railways in Australia often utilize the same type of air horns as their North American counterparts . Examples from both the Leslie Co. and AirChime Ltd. can be found there . Notable horns used in Australian railways , sourced from the United States include the Leslie S5T , Leslie RS5T , Nathan Airchime P3 , Nathan Airchime P5 , and the unique Nathan Airchime K5UL - AU - LS . In the earlier years of dieselisation in Australia , during the 1950 's , the earliest diesel locomotives were fitted with two chime horns manufactured by the Westinghouse Air Brake Company in Australia . These two chime horns were the WABCO Pneuphonic AB , consisting of an ' A ' single chime , and a ' B ' single chime . When played together , the combination often sounded melodious due to the ' perfect 4th chord ' produced when blowing in unison . Throughout the early 1960 's , the Roy - Victor - Butler ( R.V.B ) company of Spotswood , Victoria , manufactured and supplied the majority of horns fitted to the locomotives constructed from the late 1950 's , to the late 1960 's . The R.V.B horns fitted to the majority of locomotives used in Victoria ( Australia ) during the late 1950 's to 1960 's , were the 3 chime models . They were not very effective and seldom operated as intended . Not to mention , they produced a very displeasing sound , eventually resulting in their nickname `` screaming cats '' . The company specialised in producing pneumatic tyre pressure gauge meters , tyre air pumps , valves , as well as small automotive klaxons . In fact , many vintage Holden and Ford vehicles may be found to have R.V.B electric snail horns fitted to them . Three chime R.V.B horns have also been fitted to the older Electric Multiple Units ( EMU 's ) operating in Victoria . The old Swing Door ( train ) and Tait ( train ) EMU 's of the 1920 's and 1930 's , were fitted with R.V.B three chimes , while the Harris ( train ) ( 1950 's & 60 's ) , Hitachi ( train ) ( 1970 's ) , and Comeng ( train ) ( 1980 's ) were also fitted with R.V.B three chime horns . From the mid 1960 's , the railroads in Australia commenced sourcing horns from the United States . These horns were manufactured by the two main companies : Nathan Manufacturing , and Leslie Controls . Many of the older Australian Commonwealth Railways GM class diesel locomotives were re-fitted with Leslie S5T 's , as did the Commonwealth Railways CL class , with their horns re-located behind the pilot after their rebuild and consequent re-classing to CLP , and CLF . A large order of Leslie S5T 's took place in 1976 - 1977 in preparation for the Clyde Engineering built ' C ' class diesel locomotives , which were constructed from 1977 - 1978 . All the C classes were fitted with round - back Leslie S5T 's as standard . Through to the early to mid 1980 's , with the Leslie company replacing their ' S ' line of horns with the more improved ' RS ' line of horns , the A class ( rebuilt from B classes in 1983 ) , N class , 1st & 2nd order G class and BL class diesel locomotives all received Leslie RS5T 's as standard horns . The RS5T 's are somewhat more reliable than the previous S5T horns , however the sound produced by the RS5T tends to be flatter sounding , and harsher compared to the deeper and throatier sound emitted by the earlier S5T 's . Most of the X class diesel locomotives received Nathan Airchime P5 horns in the mid 1980 's , to replace the wretched and unpopular fleet of R.V.B 3 chime horns originally mounted on the X class . Originally , it was thought of to replace the R.V.B 's on the X classes , with the Leslie RS5T , however , this was deemed inappropriate due to the large size of the Leslie 5 chime horns , which would consequently reduce visibility significantly . Another factor was the Leslie horns were much dearer in price than the Nathan P5 . And so the X classes received Nathan P5 's , one mounted on the nose and one on the roof . Third and fourth order G class diesel locomotives all received the identical Nathan P5 's which the X classes received during the mid 1980 's . This was to reduce costs , as the Leslie RS5T 's were much dearer , as stated earlier . The AN class diesel locomotive is thought to be the final class fitted with Leslie RS5T 's in the factory . The older S class diesel locomotives were fitted with R.V.B 3 chime horns originally . Only a very small amount still retain these . Most have been replaced with Nathan P5 's . S307 and S317 were fitted with Leslie 5 chime horns . 307 was fitted with a Leslie RS5T , while 317 was fitted with a Leslie S5T . Both locomotives have air restricting components built in to the air feed to the horns , to reduce noise pollution . Locomotives built from the mid 2000 's to current , were fitted with Nathan Airchime K5UL - AU - LS five chime horns . The ' UL ' in K5UL , denotes an ' Ultra-Low ' manifold , which was fabricated in order for the horn to be as low as possible when mounted , in order to comply with the tight loading gauge in Australia . The AU , in K5UL - AU , denotes ' Australian market ' as these horns were designed by Nathan Airchime in the United States specially for use in Australia . The ' LS ' in K5UL - AU - LS , denotes ' Low - Sound ' as these horns have multiple air inlets on the manifold , enabling low sound output in populated areas , as well as regular loud operation for general use . See also ( edit ) Air horn Hancock air whistle Steam whistle Train whistle Whistle post References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Noise Abatement Society '' . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Rockland Quiet Zone '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` 2 crooks out smarted by water after attempting to steal train horn in Tulare '' . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Railroad Administration '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ 70 FR 21844 , https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2005/04/27/05-8285/use-of-locomotive-horns-at-highway-rail-grade-crossings Jump up ^ 71 FR 47614 , https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2006/08/17/06-6912/use-of-locomotive-horns-at-highway-rail-grade-crossings Jump up ^ http://www.fra.dot.gov/eLib/details/L02686 Jump up ^ See Hayes v. Union Pacific R. Co. , 141 P. 3d 1073 , 143 Idaho 204 ( 2006 ) . https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=17886920228406310755&hl=en&as_sdt=2,5 Jump up ^ `` Locomotive Horn Signals '' . Union Pacific Railroad . Jump up ^ `` www.stellwerke.de - Signalsystem in Deutschland '' . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 05 . ( German ) Jump up ^ `` Signs , Whistle Codes , Flag and Hand Signals '' , from IRFCA FAQ Jump up ^ http://www.rssb.co.uk/Pages/Train_Horns.aspx Jump up ^ `` Locomotivehorns.info '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Micro Precision Group , Inc '' . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Buell Air Horns '' . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Five Chime Consultants : Leslie S - 25 '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Five Chime Consultants : Leslie S - 2B '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Five Chime Consultants : Leslie S - 3L '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Five Chime Consultants : Leslie SL - 4T '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Five Chime Consultants : Leslie S - 5T '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Leslie Controls , Inc '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Wabtec , Inc '' . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Locomotive horns . Five Chime Consultants - online spotters ' guide to diesel locomotive horns in North America LocomotiveHorns.info - guide to collecting diesel locomotive air horns Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Train_horn&oldid=836743245 '' Categories : Locomotive parts Railway safety Sound production Collecting Encodings Hidden categories : Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Nederlands Polski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 16 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train%20horn	778
who is opie's mother on andy griffith show			Opie Taylor	opie taylor	Opie Taylor is a fictional character played by Ron Howard in the American television program The Andy Griffith Show , which was televised on CBS from October 3 , 1960 to April 1 , 1968 . Opie Taylor appeared in 209 of the 249 episodes of The Andy Griffith Show , and appeared in 2 spin - off shows and a TV Movie .	Opie is a 6 - year - old when the series opens , who lives in the fictional and idealized small , sleepy southern community of Mayberry , North Carolina with his widowed father , Andy Taylor ( Andy Griffith ) , the sheriff of Mayberry County , and his father 's spinster aunt , Beatrice `` Aunt Bee '' Taylor ( Frances Bavier ) . Opie appears once in The Andy Griffith Show spinoff Mayberry R.F.D. , twice in the spinoff Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. and also in the 1986 reunion telemovie Return to Mayberry . There are two explanations of the origin of the character 's name . One is that Opie was named after bandleader and radio actor Opie Cates ; the other is that he was named for Opie Shelton ( 1915 -- 1999 ) , a childhood friend of Griffith , who went on to become president of the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce . Contents ( hide ) 1 First Appearance 2 `` The New Housekeeper '' 3 Father / Son 4 Friends , Girlfriends and Jobs 5 Opie 's Mother and Half - Brother 6 Reunion Telemovie ( 1986 ) 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography First appearance ( edit ) Opie makes a brief first appearance in the February 1960 backdoor pilot , `` Danny Meets Andy Griffith '' , an episode from The Danny Thomas Show . Ron Howard was 5 years old at the time . `` The new housekeeper '' ( edit ) In the first episode of The Andy Griffith Show ( October 1960 ) , Andy 's Aunt Bee returns to Mayberry via Morgantown , West Virginia at her nephew 's invitation in order to manage the Taylor household after Andy 's housekeeper Rose marries and departs . Opie , 6 , takes an instant dislike to Aunt Bee based upon his grief at losing his beloved Rose , although he does secretly enjoy her cooking . After discovering that she can neither play baseball nor fish , Opie declares that he will never love her . The final straw comes when she accidentally lets his pet bird escape , though it reappears at the end of the episode ( the bird is never again mentioned ) . A disheartened Aunt Bee chooses to leave . However , in a surge of empathy , Opie begs his father to let her stay , as she does n't know how to do anything on her own . Father / son ( edit ) A publicity photo from The Andy Griffith Show showing Griffith and Howard in character as Andy and Opie Taylor ( 1961 ) Opie 's relationship with his `` Pa '' , Andy , provided plot material for many episodes . In one episode ( `` Opie the Birdman '' , September 30 , 1963 ) , Andy teaches Opie the value of responsibility and parenthood after Opie accidentally kills a mother bird with his slingshot and leaves her three nestlings orphaned . Andy , underscoring the loss , opens Opie 's bedroom window so he will hear the chicks calling after the mother who will never come home . Naming the birds `` Wynken , Blynken , and Nod '' , Opie nurtures them until they are ready to be released into the wild . Andy would sometimes misjudge Opie , suspecting him of being selfish and oblivious to the needs of the less fortunate . Andy would then discover to his chagrin that Opie had been self - sacrificing and generous . For example , in one episode , Opie forfeits a grocery store delivery job to allow a boy with an ill father to replace him . In another episode , Opie uses his savings to buy a friend a winter coat after Andy lambastes him for contributing only three cents to a charity . Also , Opie finds $50 and gets to keep it , but later meets the man who lost it . Andy assumes that Opie spent all the money , but Opie decides to give it back since he realizes that he could n't be happy with the money because the money was n't his . When not visiting his father at the courthouse , Opie would sometimes get into jams . Some of his juvenile misdeeds include : trespassing in a neighbor 's barn , selling Miracle Salve to the citizens of Mayberry ; accidentally destroying Aunt Bee 's prize rose ; concealing an abandoned baby in his clubhouse ; tricking Goober Pyle into thinking a shaggy dog can speak , and starting his own tell - all community newspaper . For all his boyish misgivings , Opie is always honest and truthful with his father , sometimes to his own detriment . In one episode , Opie describes a utility worker named Mr. McBeevee he met in the woods . Andy thinks it is an imaginary friend and tries to convince Opie of it ; but , Mr. McBeevee is real and Opie maintains his story despite facing certain discipline from Andy . In another episode , a runaway boy tells Opie not to disclose his whereabouts . Having previously learned the value of confidentiality from Andy , Opie refuses to tell his father where the boy is rather than lie , or break a confidence , much to Andy 's chagrin . Friends , girlfriends and jobs ( edit ) Teen Opie eats his breakfast cereal in a color episode . Opie 's best friend through the black - and - white run is Johnny Paul Jason ; in color episodes , it is Arnold Bailey , who is the Doctor 's son . He also has several other friends during his childhood including Howie Pruitt . In one episode , Opie 's new friend Trey Bowden provokes Opie 's jealousy when Andy takes a liking to Trey and invites him along on outings . Other new friends sometimes prove unworthy . One friend , Arnold Winkler , for instance , encourages Opie to throw tantrums at home to get his way . In another episode , Opie joins a secret club and is made keeper of the club 's special candle . The club trespasses in a farmer 's barn and , when the barn later burns to the ground , Opie is blamed . In the color episodes , Opie 's best friend is a boy named Arnold Bailey but in one color episode , Opie hooks up with a boy that plays a mean trick on Goober . Both boys are taken to task by Andy for their mischief making . Opie is respectful and friendly to adults in Mayberry . He spends time at the filling station hanging out with Goober and the two often share their comic books . Adult Opie in the 1986 reunion telemovie , `` Return to Mayberry '' . Opie has several girlfriends including , in his boyhood , Karen Burgess ( Ronda Jeter ) and , in his teens , Mary Alice Carter ( Morgan Brittany , credited by her real name , Suzanne Cupito ) . He also develops crushes on Barney Fife 's sweetheart Thelma Lou and on his father 's sweetheart Helen Crump . On the spin - off series Mayberry R.F.D. , Helen and Andy marry and later in the series , Helen gives birth to Opie 's half - brother , Andrew Jackson Taylor , Jr . When Opie is `` almost 12 '' he runs away from Mayberry by boarding a jet airplane in Raleigh under false pretenses , and flies to California to see Gomer Pyle and join the Marines in a 1966 episode of Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. . During his teens , Opie has a few jobs around Mayberry . He works in the drug store , and , in another episode , works as a delivery boy at the grocery store . He also plays in a rock band with his friends and has a paying gig at a teen party . In a later color episode , Opie makes college plans with dentistry as his career choice . Opie 's mother and half - brother ( edit ) Opie 's mother is mentioned only once in the series . In `` Wedding Bells for Aunt Bee '' , Andy tells Opie he had a love for the boy 's mother similar to the love Aunt Bee feels for her beau . Other than this one mention , Opie 's mother is non-existent on the show . There are no photographs of her in the house , or other souvenirs , and no one mentions a grave . In the backdoor pilot episode from The Danny Thomas Show , viewers learn Andy lost Opie 's mother when the boy was `` the least little speck of a baby . '' On a `` Mayberry RFD '' episode , viewers learn that Opie 's former teacher and stepmom Helen gave birth to Andy Taylor Jr , who is christened in Mayberry . Reunion telemovie ( 1986 ) ( edit ) In the 1986 made - for - TV reunion movie Return to Mayberry , Ron Howard reprised his role as a now - adult Opie , who has become a newspaper writer . The plot was driven by his father 's return to see Opie 's wife give birth to their first child . Half - brother Andy Jr. does not appear . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In other episodes Ronda Jeter plays Opie 's girlfriend under the name Sharon Porter . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Interview with Ron Howard on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno . Jump up ^ Interview with Ron Howard , Archive of American Television , 2006 , Part 2 , at 14 : 12 . Jump up ^ Interview with Opie Shelton , on the CBC radio program As It Happens , June 18 , 1999 . Bibliography ( edit ) The Andy Griffith Show : Complete Series Collection . Paramount , 2007 . ( ISBN 1415731594 ) . Beck , Ken . The Andy Griffith Show Book . St. Martin 's Griffin . Mayberry , North Carolina TV series The Andy Griffith Show Episodes Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. Episodes Characters Mayberry R.F.D. Episodes Telefilm Return to Mayberry Main characters Andy Taylor Opie Taylor Bee Taylor Barney Fife Elinor `` Ellie '' Walker Sam Jones Gomer Pyle Goober Pyle Recurring characters Ernest T. Bass Otis Campbell Helen Crump Briscoe Darling Jr . The Darlings Clara Edwards Warren Ferguson The Fun Girls Floyd Lawson Flora Malherbe Howard Sprague Thelma Lou Related programs No Time for Sergeants The Danny Thomas Show The Jim Nabors Hour The New Andy Griffith Show Related topics Mount Airy Pilot Mountain Desilu Productions Rural purge `` What it Was , Was Football '' Mayberry Machiavelli Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opie_Taylor&oldid=804136498 '' Categories : The Andy Griffith Show characters Fictional characters from North Carolina Child characters in television Fictional characters introduced in 1960 Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2012 All articles needing additional references Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 00 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opie%20Taylor	779
what is the wilshire 5000 total market index	The Wilshire 5000 Total Market Index , or more simply the Wilshire 5000 , is a market - capitalization - weighted index of the market value of all stocks actively traded in the United States . As of December 31 , 2016 the index contained only 3,618 components . The index is intended to measure the performance of most publicly traded companies headquartered in the United States , with readily available price data , ( Bulletin Board / penny stocks and stocks of extremely small companies are excluded ) . Hence , the index includes a majority of the common stocks and REITs traded primarily through New York Stock Exchange , NASDAQ , or the American Stock Exchange . Limited partnerships and ADRs are not included . It can be tracked by following the ticker ^ W5000 .	a market - capitalization - weighted index of the market value of all stocks actively traded in the United States	Wilshire 5000	wilshire 5000	The Wilshire 5000 Total Market Index , or more simply the Wilshire 5000 , is a market - capitalization - weighted index of the market value of all stocks actively traded in the United States . As of December 31 , 2016 the index contained only 3,618 components . The index is intended to measure the performance of most publicly traded companies headquartered in the United States , with readily available price data , ( Bulletin Board / penny stocks and stocks of extremely small companies are excluded ) . Hence , the index includes a majority of the common stocks and REITs traded primarily through New York Stock Exchange , NASDAQ , or the American Stock Exchange . Limited partnerships and ADRs are not included . It can be tracked by following the ticker ^ W5000 .	Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Record high values 3 Versions 4 Calculation 5 Alternatives 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The Wilshire 5000 Total Market Index was established by the Wilshire Associates in 1974 , naming it for the approximate number of issues it included at the time . It was renamed the `` Dow Jones Wilshire 5000 '' in April 2004 , after Dow Jones & Company assumed responsibility for its calculation and maintenance . On March 31 , 2009 the partnership with Dow Jones was terminated and the index returned to Wilshire Associates . The base value for the index was 1404.60 points on base date December 31 , 1980 , when it had a total market capitalization of $1,404.596 billion . On that date , each one - index - point change in the index was equal to $1 billion . However , index divisor adjustments due to corporate actions and index composition changes have changed the relationship over time , so that by 2005 each index point reflected a change of about $1.2 billion in the index 's total market capitalization . The index increased tenfold in less than twenty years from its base date , peaking at a 20th - century closing record high of 14,751.64 points on March 24 , 2000 , a level that would not be surpassed until February 20 , 2007 . A hypothetical investment in the Wilshire 5000 , made at the 2000 peak and with subsequent dividends reinvested , did not become profitable on a closing basis until October 3 , 2006 . On April 20 , 2007 , the index closed above 15,000 for the first time . On that day , the S&P 500 was still several percentage points below its March 2000 high , because small cap issues absent from the S&P 500 and included in the Wilshire 5000 outperformed the large cap issues that dominate the S&P 500 during the cyclical bull market . The index reached an all - time high on October 9 , 2007 at the 15,806.69 point level , right before the onset of the Great Recession and the related financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 . Since late 2007 , the expansion of subprime lending difficulties into a wider financial crisis plunged the United States into a renewed bear market that accelerated beginning on September 15 , 2008 . On October 8 , the Wilshire 5000 closed below 10,000 for the first time since 2003 . The index continued trading downward towards a 13 - year low , reaching a bottom of 6,858.43 points , on March 9 , 2009 , representing a loss of about $10.9 trillion in market capitalization from its highs in 2007 . The Wilshire 5000 gained approximately $2.5 trillion in market value during the first 11 months of 2009 while the index rose 2,105 points . Therefore , as of November 2009 , each index point represented about $1.2 billion in market value . The index achieved a new highest yearly close on December 31 , 2012 , a few percent above those of 1999 and 2007 , but failed to do so above the 15,000 level ( after achieving it intraday ) by fewer than 5 points , closing with 14,995.11 points . However , it continued to rise in the short term such that , on February 8 , 2013 , the index surpassed the 16,000 level for the first time . It would be the first of four 1000 - point milestones that the index reached in 2013 , as the index closed above 17,000 for the first time on May 3 , 18,000 for the first time on August 1 , and 19,000 for the first time on November 14 . The Wilshire 5000 would close out 2013 on a record high , finishing the December 31 , 2013 trading session at 19,706.03 points . On February 28 , 2014 , the Wilshire 5000 had its first intraday high over 20,000 points . On March 4 , the index closed above this milestone for the first time . On July 1 , 2014 , the index closed above the 21,000 level for the first time . Record high values ( edit ) Type Date Set Value Highest Closing Friday , October 27 , 2017 26,817.34 Highest Intraday Friday , October 27 , 2017 26,828.10 Versions ( edit ) There are five versions of the index : Full capitalization total return Full capitalization price Float - adjusted total return Float - adjusted price Equal weight The difference between the total return and price versions of the index is that the total return versions accounts for reinvestment of dividends . The difference between the full capitalization , float - adjusted , and equal weight versions is in how the index components are weighted . The full cap index uses the total shares outstanding for each company . The float - adjusted index uses shares adjusted for free float . The equal - weighted index assigns each security in the index the same weight . Calculation ( edit ) Let : M = Number of issues included in the index ; P = Price of one share of issue i included in the index ; N = Number of shares of issue i for the full capitalization version , or the float of issue i for the float - adjusted version ; α ( \ displaystyle \ alpha ) = a fixed scaling factor . The value of the index is then : α ∑ i = 1 M N i P i ( \ displaystyle \ alpha \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( M ) N_ ( i ) P_ ( i ) ) At present , one index point corresponds to a little more than US $1 billion of market capitalization . The list of issues included in the index is updated monthly to add new listings resulting from corporate spin - offs and initial public offerings , and to remove issues which move to the pink sheets or that have ceased trading for at least 10 consecutive days . Alternatives ( edit ) The CRSP U.S. Total Market Index ( ticker CRSPTM1 ) is a very similar comprehensive index of U.S. stocks supplied by the Center for Research in Security Prices . It was especially designed for use by Index funds . After Dow Jones and Wilshire split up , Dow Jones made their own total stock market index , called the Dow Jones U.S. Total Stock Market Index , similar to the Wilshire 5000 . See also ( edit ) Wilshire Associates Wilshire 4500 Russell 3000 Dow Jones & Company News Corporation NASDAQ OMX NYSE Euronext S&P 1500 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Wilshire Associates - Wilshire 5000 Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ http://www.marketwatch.com/story/average-us-stock-at-all-ime-high-as-wilshire-index-sets-record Jump up ^ Hulbert , Mark ( 2006 - 09 - 28 ) . `` Losses from 2000 - 02 bear market have now been erased '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ http://www.pionline.com/article/20100324/DAILYREG/100329940 Jump up ^ `` Wilshire Indexes News Release , December 7 , 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Wilshire Associates Incorporated . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ https://finance.yahoo.com/q/hp?s=%5EW5000&a=04&b=1&c=2013&d=04&e=3&f=2013&g=d Jump up ^ `` Wilshire : Index Calculator Result '' . Jump up ^ `` Wilshire 5000 Methodology '' ( PDF ) . External links ( edit ) Official website Wilshire 5000 Family Yahoo ! Finance page for W5000 Major United States stock market indices Dow Jones Industrial Average ( 30 large stocks ; popular indicator ) NYSE Composite Index ( all companies on the NYSE ) Nasdaq Composite Index ( all companies on the NASDAQ ; technology - heavy ) NASDAQ - 100 Index ( 100 large NASDAQ non-financial stocks ) S&P 500 Index ( 500 large companies ; general market analysis ) Russell 2000 Index ( small - cap stocks ) Wilshire 5000 Index ( total U.S. market ) News Corp Dow Jones & Company National consumer products Barron 's Financial News Heat Street MarketWatch.com BigCharts VSE Vedomosti The Wall Street Journal The Wall Street Journal Asia The Wall Street Journal Europe Wall Street Journal Radio Network WSJ . Enterprise products Factiva S&P Dow Jones Indices ( 2.6 % ) HarperCollins United States Avon Caedmon Ecco Harper Harper Perennial I Can Read ! William Morrow and Company United Kingdom William Collins , Sons Collins Bartholomew The Friday Project Leckie & Leckie Australia Angus & Robertson Christian BibleGateway.com Thomas Nelson Women of Faith Zondervan Canada Harlequin Enterprises News Corp Australia Metropolitan newspapers The Australian The Daily Telegraph Herald Sun / Sunday Herald Sun The Courier Mail The Sunday Mail ( Brisbane ) The Advertiser The Sunday Times ( Western Australia ) The Mercury Northern Territory News mX Community newspapers Leader Community Newspapers ( Victoria ) NewsLocal ( NSW ) Quest Community Newspapers ( Queensland ) Messenger Newspapers ( South Australia ) Community Newspaper Group ( Western Australia ) Regional newspapers Geelong Advertiser Gold Coast Bulletin The Cairns Post Townsville Bulletin Magazines Big League GQ Australia Vogue Australia Television channels Fox Sports Pty Limited Fox Sports Fox Footy Fox League Fox Sports News Australian News Channel Sky News Live Sky News Business Channel Sky News Weather Channel A-PAC Professional sports Brisbane Broncos ( 68.87 % ) Other properties Australian Associated Press ( 45 % ) Newspoll ( polling brand ) Papua New Guinea Post-Courier ( 63 % ) REA Group ( 61.6 % ) Foxtel ( 50 % ) News UK The Times The Sunday Times The Sun The Times Literary Supplement Wireless Group Other assets Move New York Post News America Marketing News Outdoor Group See also List of assets owned by News Corp , 21st Century Fox , News Corporation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilshire_5000&oldid=807904354 '' Categories : American stock market indices Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch ไทย Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 19 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilshire%205000	780
who won the high school football national championship	Year Champion ( s ) Record Coach Selector ( s ) 1910 Oak Park , IL 10 -- 2 Robert Zuppke NSNS 1911 Oak Park , IL 10 -- 0 Robert Zuppke NSNS 1912 Oak Park , IL 10 -- 0 Robert Zuppke NSNS 1913 Oak Park , IL 10 -- 1 Glenn Thistlewaite NSNS 1914 Everett , MA 13 -- 0 Cleo O'Donnell NSNS 1915 Detroit , MI , Central 11 -- 0 -- 1 Edbert C. Buss NSNS Everett , MA 11 -- 0 -- 1 Cleo O'Donnell NSNS 1916 San Diego , CA Scott , Toledo , Ohio 12 - 0 - 0 10 - 0 - 0 Nibs Price Tom Merrell NSNS NSNS 1917 No Known Champion 1918 Harrisburg , PA , Tech 9 -- 0 Paul Smith NSNS 1919 Harrisburg , PA , Tech 12 -- 0 Paul Smith NSNS 1920 Everett , WA 9 -- 0 -- 1 Enoch Bagshaw NSNS Oak Park , IL 9 -- 0 -- 1 Glenn Thistlewaite NSNS 1921 Jacksonville , FL , Duval 8 -- 0 Unknown NSNS 1922 Toledo , OH , Scott 9 -- 0 Dr. William A. Neill NSNS 1923 East Cleveland , OH , Shaw 9 -- 1 John Snavely NSNS Toledo , OH , Scott 10 -- 0 Dr. William A. Neill NSNS 1924 Toledo , OH , Waite 10 -- 0 Joe C. Collins NSNS 1925 Pine Bluff , AR 16 -- 0 Foy Hammons NSNS 1926 Tuscaloosa , AL 9 -- 0 Paul Burnum NSNS 1927 Waco , TX 14 -- 0 Paul Tyson NSNS 1928 Medford , OR 9 -- 0 Prink Callison NSNS 1929 Tuscaloosa , AL 9 -- 0 Paul Burnum NSNS 1930 Phoenix , AZ , Union 13 -- 0 R.R. Robinson NSNS 1931 Ashland , KY 10 -- 0 Paul Jenkins NSNS 1932 Toledo , OH , Waite 12 -- 0 Donald McCallister NSNS 1933 Oklahoma City , OK , Capitol Hill 12 -- 0 Jim Lookabaugh NSNS 1934 Canton , OH , McKinley 11 -- 0 Jimmy Aiken NSNS 1935 Massillon , OH , Washington 10 -- 0 Paul Brown NSNS 1936 Massillon , OH , Washington 10 -- 0 Paul Brown NSNS 1937 Chicago , IL , Austin 10 -- 0 William Heiland NSNS 1938 Louisville , KY , Manual 10 -- 0 Ray Baer LSA , NSNS 1939 Massillon , OH , Washington 10 -- 0 Paul Brown NSNS Pine Bluff , AR 11 -- 0 -- 1 Allen Dunaway LSA 1940 Massillon , OH , Washington 10 -- 0 Paul Brown NSNS 1941 Chicago , IL , Leo 11 -- 0 Whitey Cronin NSNS 1942 Miami , FL 9 -- 0 Lyles Alley NSNS 1943 Miami , FL 9 -- 0 Tom Moore NSNS 1944 No Award Made 1945 No Award Made 1946 Little Rock , AR , Senior 14 -- 0 Raymond Burnett NSNS 1947 East Chicago , IN , Roosevelt 9 -- 0 Unknown NSNS Lynn , MA , Classical 11 -- 1 Bill Joyce ( 1 ) NSNS 1948 Waco , TX 14 -- 0 Carl Price NSNS 1949 Wichita Falls , TX 14 -- 0 Joe Golding NSNS 1950 Massillon , OH , Washington 10 -- 0 Chuck Mather NSNS 1951 Weymouth , MA 9 -- 0 Harry Arlanson ( 2 ) NSNS 1952 Massillon , OH , Washington 10 -- 0 Chuck Mather NSNS 1953 Massillon , OH , Washington 10 -- 0 Chuck Mather NSNS 1954 Vallejo , CA 9 -- 0 Bob Patterson NSNS 1955 San Diego , CA 12 -- 0 Duane Maley NSNS 1956 Abilene , TX 14 -- 0 Charles Moser NSNS 1957 Little Rock , AR , Central 12 -- 0 Wilson Matthews NSNS Downey HS , Downey , California 11 -- 0 NSNS 1958 Oak Ridge , TN , Oak Ridge 10 -- 0 Jack Armstrong NSNS 1959 Massillon , OH , Washington 10 -- 0 Leo Strang NSNS 1960 Miami , Fla . 8 - 0 - 2 Ottis Mooney NSNS 1961 Massillon , OH , Washington 11 -- 0 Leo Strang NSNS 1962 Valdosta , GA 12 -- 0 Wright Bazemore NSNS 1963 Chicago , IL , St. Rita 9 -- 0 Edward Buckley NSNS 1964 Coral Gables , FL 12 -- 0 Nick Kotys NSNS 1965 Miami , FL 12 -- 0 Robert Carlton NSNS 1966 Pico Rivera , CA , El Rancho 13 -- 0 Ernest Johnson NSNS 1967 Austin , TX , Reagan 14 -- 0 Travis Raven NSNS Coral Gables , FL 13 -- 0 Nick Kotys NSNS 1968 Austin , TX , Reagan 15 -- 0 Travis Raven NSNS Coral Gables , FL 12 -- 1 Nick Kotys NSNS 1969 Coral Gables , FL 11 -- 0 Nick Kotys NSNS Valdosta , GA 12 -- 0 -- 1 Wright Bazemore NSNS 1970 Reagan , Austin , Texas 14 -- 1 Travis Raven NSNS 1971 Valdosta , GA 13 -- 0 Wright Bazemore NSNS 1972 Bristol , TN 13 -- 0 John Cropp NSNS 1973 Chattanooga , TN , Baylor 13 -- 0 E.B. Etter NSNS Thomasville , GA 12 -- 1 Jim Hughes NSNS Los Angeles , CA , Loyola 13 -- 0 Marty Shaughnessy NSNS 1976 Moeller , Cincinnati , Oh 12 - 0 Gerry Faust NSNS Warner Robins , Warner Robins , Ga . 13 - 0 Robert Davis NSNS 1977 Cincinnati , OH , Moeller 12 -- 0 Gerry Faust NSNS 1978 Annandale , VA 14 -- 0 Bob Hardage NSNS 1979 Cincinnati , OH , Moeller 12 -- 0 Gerry Faust NSNS 1980 Cincinnati , OH , Moeller 13 -- 0 Gerry Faust NSNS 1981 Warner Robins , GA 15 -- 0 Robert Davis NSNS 1982 Cincinnati , OH , Moeller 13 -- 0 Steve Klonne NSNS , USA Berwick Area , PA 13 -- 0 George Curry NSNS , USA 1984 Valdosta , GA 15 -- 0 Nick Hyder NSNS , USA 1985 East St. Louis , IL 14 -- 0 Bob Shannon NSNS , USA 1986 Valdosta , GA 15 -- 0 Nick Hyder NSNS , USA Fontana , CA 14 -- 0 Dick Bruich NPP Pittsburgh , PA , North Hills 13 -- 0 Jack McCurry USA Plano , TX 16 -- 0 Gerald Brence NSNS Pensacola , FL , Pine Forest 14 -- 0 Carl Madison NSNS , USA Prichard , AL , Vigor 13 -- 0 Harold Clark NPP Cleveland , OH , St. Ignatius 13 -- 0 Chuck Kyle USA Odessa , TX , Permian 16 -- 0 Gary Gaines NPP , NSNS Houston , Texas Aldine High School 15 -- 0 Bill Smith NPP Lawton , OK , Eisenhower 14 -- 0 Tim Reynolds USA Ruston , LA 14 -- 0 Jimmy `` Chick '' Childress NSNS 1991 Indianapolis , IN , Ben Davis 14 -- 0 Dick Dullaghan NPP , NSNS LaGrange , GA 15 -- 0 Gary Guthrie USA Berwick Area , PA 15 -- 0 George Curry USA Valdosta , GA 14 -- 0 Nick Hyder NPP , NSNS Cleveland , OH , St. Ignatius 14 -- 0 Chuck Kyle NPP , NSNS , USA Concord , CA , De La Salle 13 -- 0 Bob Ladouceur NPP , NSNS Santa Ana , CA , Mater Dei 14 -- 0 Bruce Rollinson USA 1995 Berwick Area , PA 15 -- 0 George Curry USA Cleveland , OH , St. Ignatius 14 -- 0 Chuck Kyle NPP , NSNS Hampton , VA 14 -- 0 Mike Smith NPP , NSNS Santa Ana , CA , Mater Dei 14 -- 0 Bruce Rollinson USA Canton , OH , McKinley 14 -- 0 Thom McDaniels USA Hampton , VA 13 -- 0 Mike Smith NPP , NSNS 1998 Concord , CA , De La Salle 12 -- 0 Bob Ladouceur NPP , NSNS , USA 1999 Concord , CA , De La Salle 12 -- 0 Bob Ladouceur NSNS Midland , TX , Lee 15 -- 0 John Parchman USA Shreveport , LA , Evangel Christian 15 -- 0 Dennis Dunn NPP 2000 Concord , CA , De La Salle 13 -- 0 Bob Ladouceur NPP , USA Concord , CA , De La Salle 12 -- 0 Bob Ladouceur NPP , USA 2002 Concord , CA , De La Salle 13 -- 0 Bob Ladouceur NPP , USA 2003 Concord , CA , De La Salle 13 -- 0 Bob Ladouceur NPP , USA Southlake , TX , Carroll 16 -- 0 Todd Dodge NPP , USA 2005 Lakeland , FL 15 -- 0 Bill Castle USA Southlake , TX , Carroll 16 -- 0 Todd Dodge NPP , Freeman 2006 Lakeland , FL 15 -- 0 Bill Castle NPP Southlake , TX , Carroll 16 -- 0 Todd Dodge USA , Freeman 2007 Cincinnati , OH , St. Xavier 15 -- 0 Steve Specht NPP , Freeman Miami , FL , Northwestern 15 -- 0 Billy Rolle USA 2008 Fort Lauderdale , FL , St. Thomas Aquinas 15 -- 0 George Smith NPP , USA , Freeman 2009 Ramsey , NJ , Don Bosco Prep 12 -- 0 Greg Toal NPP , USA , Freeman Fort Lauderdale , FL , St. Thomas Aquinas 15 -- 0 George Smith NPP South Panola , MS 15 -- 0 Lance Pogue USA , Freeman 2011 Ramsey , NJ , Don Bosco Prep 11 -- 0 Greg Toal NPP , USA , Freeman 2012 River Ridge , LA , John Curtis Christian 14 -- 0 J.T. Curtis NPP , USA 2013 Miami , FL , Booker T. Washington 16 - 0 Jason Negro NPP , USA 2014 Las Vegas , NV , Bishop Gorman 15 -- 0 Tony Sanchez NPP , USA 2015 Katy , TX 16 - 0 Gary Joseph NPP Las Vegas , NV , Bishop Gorman 15 -- 0 Kenny Sanchez USA 2016 Las Vegas , NV , Bishop Gorman 15 -- 0 Kenny Sanchez NPP , USA , Freeman , High School Football America	Bishop Gorman	High School football national championship	high school football national championship	The High School Football National Championship is a national championship honor awarded to the best high school football team ( s ) in the United States of America based on rankings from USA Today and the National Prep Poll . There have been some efforts over the years at organizing a single - game playoff for the national championship . Sometimes a dominant team in one state would defeat a dominant team in a neighboring state after the regular season and then would self - claim the national championship . However , sometimes such a game could not be scheduled , like in 1936 after Washington High School of Massillon , Ohio refused to withhold its black players in a proposed game with segregated Central High School of Knoxville , Tennessee . Central High subsequently proclaimed itself national champion that year . On December 31 , 1938 , duPont Manual of Louisville , Kentucky and New Britain of Connecticut played in an actual national championship game in Baton Rouge with the Louisiana Sports Association as the formal sponsor -- and , by extension , the Sugar Bowl Committee , which held a series of sporting events leading up to the Sugar Bowl game itself . Manual won , 28 -- 20 . The following year , on December 30 , the game featured Pine Bluff , Arkansas , which defeated Baton Rouge High School by a score of 26 -- 0 . This series of games proved difficult to organize , due to some states ' prohibition of postseason play . Pine Bluff , for example , had to receive a special waiver from its state to participate in the game . In 1962 , Florida state champion Miami Senior High beat Baltimore Polytechnic in the Orange Bowl and was recognized by Imperial Sports Syndicate of California as a national champion .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Selectors 2 National Champions by year 3 National Championships by school ( multiple winners only ) 4 See also 5 Sources 6 References Selectors ( edit ) Selector Years National Sports News Service ( NSNS ) 1910 -- 1916 , 1918 -- 1943 , 1946 -- 1999 Louisiana Sports Association ( LSA ) 1938 -- 39 USA TODAY ( USA ) 1982 -- present National Prep Poll ( NPP ) 1987 -- present MaxPreps Freeman Computer Rankings ( Freeman ) 2004 -- present MaxPreps Composite Rankings ( MPComposite ) 2013 -- present High School Football America Top 25 ( Algorithm ) 2012 -- present National Champions by year ( edit ) Year Champion ( s ) Record Coach Selector ( s ) 1910 Oak Park , IL 10 -- 2 Robert Zuppke NSNS 1911 Oak Park , IL 10 -- 0 Robert Zuppke NSNS 1912 Oak Park , IL 10 -- 0 Robert Zuppke NSNS 1913 Oak Park , IL 10 -- 1 Glenn Thistlewaite NSNS 1914 Everett , MA 13 -- 0 Cleo O'Donnell NSNS 1915 Detroit , MI , Central 11 -- 0 -- 1 Edbert C. Buss NSNS Everett , MA 11 -- 0 -- 1 Cleo O'Donnell NSNS 1916 San Diego , CA Scott , Toledo , Ohio 12 - 0 - 0 10 - 0 - 0 Nibs Price Tom Merrell NSNS NSNS 1917 No Known Champion 1918 Harrisburg , PA , Tech 9 -- 0 Paul Smith NSNS 1919 Harrisburg , PA , Tech 12 -- 0 Paul Smith NSNS 1920 Everett , WA 9 -- 0 -- 1 Enoch Bagshaw NSNS Oak Park , IL 9 -- 0 -- 1 Glenn Thistlewaite NSNS 1921 Jacksonville , FL , Duval 8 -- 0 Unknown NSNS 1922 Toledo , OH , Scott 9 -- 0 Dr. William A. Neill NSNS 1923 East Cleveland , OH , Shaw 9 -- 1 John Snavely NSNS Toledo , OH , Scott 10 -- 0 Dr. William A. Neill NSNS 1924 Toledo , OH , Waite 10 -- 0 Joe C. Collins NSNS 1925 Pine Bluff , AR 16 -- 0 Foy Hammons NSNS 1926 Tuscaloosa , AL 9 -- 0 Paul Burnum NSNS 1927 Waco , TX 14 -- 0 Paul Tyson NSNS 1928 Medford , OR 9 -- 0 Prink Callison NSNS 1929 Tuscaloosa , AL 9 -- 0 Paul Burnum NSNS 1930 Phoenix , AZ , Union 13 -- 0 R.R. Robinson NSNS 1931 Ashland , KY 10 -- 0 Paul Jenkins NSNS 1932 Toledo , OH , Waite 12 -- 0 Donald McCallister NSNS 1933 Oklahoma City , OK , Capitol Hill 12 -- 0 Jim Lookabaugh NSNS 1934 Canton , OH , McKinley 11 -- 0 Jimmy Aiken NSNS 1935 Massillon , OH , Washington 10 -- 0 Paul Brown NSNS 1936 Massillon , OH , Washington 10 -- 0 Paul Brown NSNS 1937 Chicago , IL , Austin 10 -- 0 William Heiland NSNS 1938 Louisville , KY , Manual 10 -- 0 Ray Baer LSA , NSNS 1939 Massillon , OH , Washington 10 -- 0 Paul Brown NSNS Pine Bluff , AR 11 -- 0 -- 1 Allen Dunaway LSA 1940 Massillon , OH , Washington 10 -- 0 Paul Brown NSNS 1941 Chicago , IL , Leo 11 -- 0 Whitey Cronin NSNS 1942 Miami , FL 9 -- 0 Lyles Alley NSNS 1943 Miami , FL 9 -- 0 Tom Moore NSNS 1944 No Award Made 1945 No Award Made 1946 Little Rock , AR , Senior 14 -- 0 Raymond Burnett NSNS 1947 East Chicago , IN , Roosevelt 9 -- 0 Unknown NSNS Lynn , MA , Classical 11 -- 1 Bill Joyce ( 1 ) NSNS 1948 Waco , TX 14 -- 0 Carl Price NSNS 1949 Wichita Falls , TX 14 -- 0 Joe Golding NSNS 1950 Massillon , OH , Washington 10 -- 0 Chuck Mather NSNS 1951 Weymouth , MA 9 -- 0 Harry Arlanson ( 2 ) NSNS 1952 Massillon , OH , Washington 10 -- 0 Chuck Mather NSNS 1953 Massillon , OH , Washington 10 -- 0 Chuck Mather NSNS 1954 Vallejo , CA 9 -- 0 Bob Patterson NSNS 1955 San Diego , CA 12 -- 0 Duane Maley NSNS 1956 Abilene , TX 14 -- 0 Charles Moser NSNS 1957 Little Rock , AR , Central 12 -- 0 Wilson Matthews NSNS Downey HS , Downey , California 11 -- 0 NSNS 1958 Oak Ridge , TN , Oak Ridge 10 -- 0 Jack Armstrong NSNS 1959 Massillon , OH , Washington 10 -- 0 Leo Strang NSNS 1960 Miami , Fla . 8 - 0 - 2 Ottis Mooney NSNS 1961 Massillon , OH , Washington 11 -- 0 Leo Strang NSNS 1962 Valdosta , GA 12 -- 0 Wright Bazemore NSNS 1963 Chicago , IL , St. Rita 9 -- 0 Edward Buckley NSNS 1964 Coral Gables , FL 12 -- 0 Nick Kotys NSNS 1965 Miami , FL 12 -- 0 Robert Carlton NSNS 1966 Pico Rivera , CA , El Rancho 13 -- 0 Ernest Johnson NSNS 1967 Austin , TX , Reagan 14 -- 0 Travis Raven NSNS Coral Gables , FL 13 -- 0 Nick Kotys NSNS 1968 Austin , TX , Reagan 15 -- 0 Travis Raven NSNS Coral Gables , FL 12 -- 1 Nick Kotys NSNS 1969 Coral Gables , FL 11 -- 0 Nick Kotys NSNS Valdosta , GA 12 -- 0 -- 1 Wright Bazemore NSNS 1970 Reagan , Austin , Texas 14 -- 1 Travis Raven NSNS 1971 Valdosta , GA 13 -- 0 Wright Bazemore NSNS 1972 Bristol , TN 13 -- 0 John Cropp NSNS 1973 Chattanooga , TN , Baylor 13 -- 0 E.B. Etter NSNS Thomasville , GA 12 -- 1 Jim Hughes NSNS Los Angeles , CA , Loyola 13 -- 0 Marty Shaughnessy NSNS 1976 Moeller , Cincinnati , Oh 12 - 0 Gerry Faust NSNS Warner Robins , Warner Robins , Ga . 13 - 0 Robert Davis NSNS 1977 Cincinnati , OH , Moeller 12 -- 0 Gerry Faust NSNS 1978 Annandale , VA 14 -- 0 Bob Hardage NSNS 1979 Cincinnati , OH , Moeller 12 -- 0 Gerry Faust NSNS 1980 Cincinnati , OH , Moeller 13 -- 0 Gerry Faust NSNS 1981 Warner Robins , GA 15 -- 0 Robert Davis NSNS 1982 Cincinnati , OH , Moeller 13 -- 0 Steve Klonne NSNS , USA Berwick Area , PA 13 -- 0 George Curry NSNS , USA 1984 Valdosta , GA 15 -- 0 Nick Hyder NSNS , USA 1985 East St. Louis , IL 14 -- 0 Bob Shannon NSNS , USA 1986 Valdosta , GA 15 -- 0 Nick Hyder NSNS , USA Fontana , CA 14 -- 0 Dick Bruich NPP Pittsburgh , PA , North Hills 13 -- 0 Jack McCurry USA Plano , TX 16 -- 0 Gerald Brence NSNS Pensacola , FL , Pine Forest 14 -- 0 Carl Madison NSNS , USA Prichard , AL , Vigor 13 -- 0 Harold Clark NPP Cleveland , OH , St. Ignatius 13 -- 0 Chuck Kyle USA Odessa , TX , Permian 16 -- 0 Gary Gaines NPP , NSNS Houston , Texas Aldine High School 15 -- 0 Bill Smith NPP Lawton , OK , Eisenhower 14 -- 0 Tim Reynolds USA Ruston , LA 14 -- 0 Jimmy `` Chick '' Childress NSNS 1991 Indianapolis , IN , Ben Davis 14 -- 0 Dick Dullaghan NPP , NSNS LaGrange , GA 15 -- 0 Gary Guthrie USA Berwick Area , PA 15 -- 0 George Curry USA Valdosta , GA 14 -- 0 Nick Hyder NPP , NSNS Cleveland , OH , St. Ignatius 14 -- 0 Chuck Kyle NPP , NSNS , USA Concord , CA , De La Salle 13 -- 0 Bob Ladouceur NPP , NSNS Santa Ana , CA , Mater Dei 14 -- 0 Bruce Rollinson USA 1995 Berwick Area , PA 15 -- 0 George Curry USA Cleveland , OH , St. Ignatius 14 -- 0 Chuck Kyle NPP , NSNS Hampton , VA 14 -- 0 Mike Smith NPP , NSNS Santa Ana , CA , Mater Dei 14 -- 0 Bruce Rollinson USA Canton , OH , McKinley 14 -- 0 Thom McDaniels USA Hampton , VA 13 -- 0 Mike Smith NPP , NSNS 1998 Concord , CA , De La Salle 12 -- 0 Bob Ladouceur NPP , NSNS , USA 1999 Concord , CA , De La Salle 12 -- 0 Bob Ladouceur NSNS Midland , TX , Lee 15 -- 0 John Parchman USA Shreveport , LA , Evangel Christian 15 -- 0 Dennis Dunn NPP 2000 Concord , CA , De La Salle 13 -- 0 Bob Ladouceur NPP , USA Concord , CA , De La Salle 12 -- 0 Bob Ladouceur NPP , USA 2002 Concord , CA , De La Salle 13 -- 0 Bob Ladouceur NPP , USA 2003 Concord , CA , De La Salle 13 -- 0 Bob Ladouceur NPP , USA Southlake , TX , Carroll 16 -- 0 Todd Dodge NPP , USA 2005 Lakeland , FL 15 -- 0 Bill Castle USA Southlake , TX , Carroll 16 -- 0 Todd Dodge NPP , Freeman 2006 Lakeland , FL 15 -- 0 Bill Castle NPP Southlake , TX , Carroll 16 -- 0 Todd Dodge USA , Freeman 2007 Cincinnati , OH , St. Xavier 15 -- 0 Steve Specht NPP , Freeman Miami , FL , Northwestern 15 -- 0 Billy Rolle USA 2008 Fort Lauderdale , FL , St. Thomas Aquinas 15 -- 0 George Smith NPP , USA , Freeman 2009 Ramsey , NJ , Don Bosco Prep 12 -- 0 Greg Toal NPP , USA , Freeman Fort Lauderdale , FL , St. Thomas Aquinas 15 -- 0 George Smith NPP South Panola , MS 15 -- 0 Lance Pogue USA , Freeman 2011 Ramsey , NJ , Don Bosco Prep 11 -- 0 Greg Toal NPP , USA , Freeman 2012 River Ridge , LA , John Curtis Christian 14 -- 0 J.T. Curtis NPP , USA 2013 Miami , FL , Booker T. Washington 16 - 0 Jason Negro NPP , USA 2014 Las Vegas , NV , Bishop Gorman 15 -- 0 Tony Sanchez NPP , USA 2015 Katy , TX 16 - 0 Gary Joseph NPP Las Vegas , NV , Bishop Gorman 15 -- 0 Kenny Sanchez USA 2016 Las Vegas , NV , Bishop Gorman 15 -- 0 Kenny Sanchez NPP , USA , Freeman , High School Football America National Championships by school ( multiple winners only ) ( edit ) School Championships Years Massillon , OH , Washington 9 1935 , 1936 , 1939 , 1940 , 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1959 , 1961 Concord , CA , De La Salle 7 1994 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 Valdosta , GA 6 1962 , 1969 , 1971 , 1984 , 1986 , 1992 Miami , FL 5 1942 , 1943 , 1960 , 1962 , 1965 Cincinnati , OH , Moeller 5 1976 , 1977 , 1979 , 1980 , 1982 Oak Park , IL 5 1910 , 1911 , 1912 , 1913 , 1920 Coral Gables , FL 1964 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 Austin , TX , Reagan 1967 , 1968 , 1970 Berwick , PA 1983 , 1992 , 1995 Cleveland , OH , St. Ignatius 1989 , 1993 , 1995 Southlake , TX , Carroll 2004 , 2005 , 2006 Las Vegas , NV , Bishop Gorman 2014 , 2015 , 2016 Canton , OH , McKinley 1997 , 1998 Everett , MA 1914 , 1915 Fort Lauderdale , FL , St. Thomas Aquinas 2008 , 2010 Lakeland , FL 2005 , 2006 Little Rock , AR , Central 1946 , 1957 Odessa , TX , Permian 1972 , 1989 Pine Bluff , AR 1925 , 1939 Ramsey , NJ , Don Bosco Prep 2009 , 2011 Santa Ana , CA , Mater Dei 1994 , 1996 Toledo , OH , Scott 1922 , 1923 Toledo , OH , Waite 1924 , 1932 Tuscaloosa , AL 1926 , 1929 Waco , TX , 2 1927 , 1948 Warner Robins , GA 1976 , 1981 See also ( edit ) USA Today All - USA high school football team ( including Super 25 teams in U.S. and Top 10 teams in East , South , Midwest , and West regions ) USA Today High School Football Coach of the Year Sources ( edit ) http://www.highschoolsports.net/super25/Football/Varsity/Boys Huff , Doug & Tennis , Mark . ( 2001 ) National High School Football Record Book , Student Sports . ISBN 0 - 9708676 - 0 - 3 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ See USA Today All - USA high school football team # 2010 team , for `` USA TODAY Super 25 '' teams and `` USA TODAY Super 25 regional rankings '' ( top 10 in each region : East , South , Midwest , West ) . ^ Jump up to : George Abraham ( December 31 , 1939 ) . `` Hutson Twins Lead Zebras to 26 -- 0 Win : Devastating Offensive Too Much for B.R.H.S. '' . Baton Rouge Morning Advocate ( p. 1 ) . Jump up ^ Groeschen , Tom ( 2001 - 08 - 24 ) . `` Moeller coach Bob Crable draws spotlight '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . Cincinnati , Ohio : Gannett Company . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 26 . Klonne was asked to resign despite a 19 - season record of 169 -- 48 , including two state titles ( 1982 , ' 85 ) and a USA Today national championship in 1982 . ( hide ) High school football awards Team award USA Today / National Prep Poll High School Football National Championship Overall trophies U.S. Army Player of the Year Award Sam B. Nicola Trophy Gatorade Player of the Year Award Overall media awards USA Today Offensive Player of the Year USA Today Defensive Player of the Year Mr. Football USA Positional awards Anthony Muñoz Award ( Lineman ) Dick Butkus Award ( Linebacker ) Walter Payton Trophy ( Best Athlete ) All - Americans Parade High School All - Americans USA Today All - USA Team Head Coaching awards USA Today Coach of the Year Academic , inspirational , and versatility awards Rudy Award ( inspirational / motivational ) Regional awards Glenn Davis Award ( Los Angeles ) Kennedy Award ( West Virginia ) Thomas A. Simone Award ( Kansas City ) Mr. Football Award ( Multiple States ) http://www.ohsaa.org/sports/ft/boys/PastResults/results98.PDF Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High_School_Football_National_Championship&oldid=803347990 '' Categories : High school football trophies and awards in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 23 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High%20School%20Football%20National%20Championship	781
when did the torres strait islanders come to australia	Lieutenant James Cook first claimed British sovereignty over the eastern part of Australia at Possession Island in 1770 . The London Missionary Society mission led by Rev. Samuel Macfarlane arrived on Erub ( Darnley Island ) on 1 July 1871 . The Islanders refer to this as `` The Coming of the Light '' , and all Island communities celebrate the occasion annually on 1 July . In 1879 Queensland annexed the Torres Strait Islands . They thus became part of the British colony of Queensland and ( after 1901 ) of the Australian state of Queensland - although some of them lie just off the coast of New Guinea .		Torres Strait Islands	torres strait islands	The Torres Strait Islands ( / ˈtɔːrɪs / ) are a group of at least 274 small islands which lie in Torres Strait , the waterway separating far northern continental Australia 's Cape York Peninsula and the island of New Guinea .	The islands are mostly part of Queensland , a constituent State of the Commonwealth of Australia , with a special status fitting the native ( Melanesian ) land rights , administered by the Torres Strait Regional Authority . A few islands very close to the coast of mainland New Guinea belong to the Western Province of Papua New Guinea , most importantly Daru Island with the provincial capital , Daru . Only 14 of the islands are inhabited . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Top Western islands 2.2 Near Western islands 2.3 Inner islands 2.4 Central islands 2.5 Eastern islands 3 Administration 3.1 Regional Authority 3.2 Local ( shire ) level government 4 Independence movement 5 Demographics 6 Climate change 7 Disease control 8 Music 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) The indigenous inhabitants of the Torres Strait Islands are the Torres Strait Islanders , an ethnically Melanesian people who also inhabited the northern tip of Cape York Peninsula , distinct from the Australian Aboriginals who are the Indigenous Australians in the rest of the country . The Spanish navigator Luís Vaez de Torres explored Torres Strait in 1606 . Torres had joined the Queirós expedition which sailed from Peru across the Pacific Ocean in search of Terra Australis . Lieutenant James Cook first claimed British sovereignty over the eastern part of Australia at Possession Island in 1770 . The London Missionary Society mission led by Rev. Samuel Macfarlane arrived on Erub ( Darnley Island ) on 1 July 1871 . The Islanders refer to this as `` The Coming of the Light '' , and all Island communities celebrate the occasion annually on 1 July . In 1879 Queensland annexed the Torres Strait Islands . They thus became part of the British colony of Queensland and ( after 1901 ) of the Australian state of Queensland - although some of them lie just off the coast of New Guinea . In 1898 -- 1899 the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition led by Alfred Cort Haddon visited the Torres Strait Islands . In 1904 the Torres Strait Islanders became subject to the Aboriginal Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act . From 1960 to 1973 Margaret Lawrie captured some of the Torres Strait Islander people 's culture by recording the retelling of local myths and legends . Her anthropological work , stored at the State Library of Queensland , has recently been recognized and registered with the Australian UNESCO Memory of the World Programme . The proximity to Papua became an issue when it started moving towards independence from Australia , which it gained as part of Papua New Guinea in 1975 . The Papua New Guinea government objected to the position of the border close to the New Guinean mainland and the subsequent complete Australian control over the waters of the strait . The Torres Strait Islanders opposed being separated from Australia and insisted on no change to the border . The Australian Federal government wished to cede the northern islands to appease Papua New Guinea , but were opposed by the Queensland government and Queensland Premier Sir Joh Bjelke - Petersen . Eventually an agreement was struck whereby the islands and their inhabitants remained Australian , but the maritime boundary between Australia and Papua New Guinea runs through the centre of the strait . In practice the two countries co-operate closely in the management of the strait 's resources . In 1982 , Eddie Mabo and four other Torres Strait Islanders from Mer ( Murray Island ) started legal proceedings to establish their traditional land - ownership . Because Mabo was the first - named plaintiff , it became known as the Mabo Case . In 1992 , after ten years of hearings before the Queensland Supreme Court and the High Court of Australia , the latter court found that Mer people had owned their land prior to annexation by Queensland . This ruling overturned the long - established legal doctrine of terra nullius ( `` no - one 's land '' ) , which held that native title over Crown land in Australia had been extinguished at the time of annexation . The ruling thus had far - reaching significance for the land claims of both Torres Strait Islanders and Australian Aborigines . On 1 July 1994 the Torres Strait Regional Authority ( TSRA ) was created . Geography ( edit ) Torres Strait Islands The islands span an area of some 48,000 km ( 19,000 sq mi ) . The strait from Cape York to New Guinea has a width of approximately 150 kilometres ( 93 mi ) at its narrowest point ; the islands lie scattered in between , extending some 200 to 300 kilometres ( 120 to 190 mi ) from furthest east to furthest west . The total land area of the islands comprises 566 km ( 219 sq mi ) . 21,784 hectares ( 53,830 acres ) of land are used for agricultural purposes . The Torres Strait itself was previously a land bridge which connected the present - day Australian continent with New Guinea ( in a single landmass called Sahul , Meganesia , Australia - New Guinea ) . This land bridge was most recently submerged by rising sea levels at the termination of the last ice - age glaciation ( approximately 12,000 years ago ) , forming the Strait which now connects the Arafura and Coral seas . Many of the western Torres Strait Islands are the remaining peaks of this land bridge which were not completely submerged when the ocean levels rose . The islands and their surrounding waters and reefs provide a highly diverse set of land and marine ecosystems , with niches for many rare or unique species . Saltwater crocodiles inhabit the islands along with neighboring areas of Queensland and Papua New Guinea . Marine animals of the islands include dugongs ( an endangered species of sea mammal widely found throughout the Indian Ocean and tropical Western Pacific , including Papua - New Guinean and Australian waters ) , as well as green , ridley , hawksbill and flatback sea turtles . The Torres Strait Islands may be grouped into five distinct clusters , which exhibit differences of geology and formation as well as location . The Torres Strait provides a habitat for numerous birds , including the Torresian imperial - pigeon , which is seen as the iconic national emblem to the islanders . These islands are also a distinct physiographic section of the larger Cape York Platform province , which in turn is part of the larger East Australian Cordillera physiographic division . Top Western Islands ( edit ) The islands in this cluster lie very close to the southwestern coastline of New Guinea ( the closest is less than 4 kilometres ( 2.5 mi ) offshore ) . Saibai ( one of the largest of the Torres Strait Islands ) and Boigu ( one of the Talbot Islands ) are low - lying islands which were formed by deposition of sediments and mud from New Guinean rivers into the Strait accumulating on decayed coral platforms . Vegetation on these islands mainly consists of mangrove swamps , and they are prone to flooding . The other main island in this group , Dauan ( Mt Cornwallis ) , is a smaller island with steep hills , composed largely of granite . This island actually represents the northernmost extent of the Great Dividing Range , the extensive series of mountain ranges which runs along almost the entire eastern coastline of Australia . This peak became an island as the ocean levels rose at the end of the last ice age . The isolated and uninhabited Deliverance Island is 67 kilometres ( 42 mi ) west of Boigu , the nearest of the Top Western islands . See also : Birds of Boigu , Saibai and Dauan Islands ( Torres Strait ) Near Western Islands ( edit ) The islands in this cluster lie south of the Strait 's midway point , and are also largely high granite hills with mounds of basaltic outcrops , formed from old peaks of the now submerged land bridge . Moa ( Banks Island ) is the second - largest in the Torres Strait , and Badu ( Mulgrave Island ) is slightly smaller and fringed with extensive mangrove swamps . Other smaller islands include Mabuiag , Pulu and further to the east Naghir ( correct form Nagi ) ( Mt . Ernest ) , though Nagi is culturally and linguistically a Central Island . Culturally this was the most complex part of Torres Strait , containing three of the four groupings / dialects of the Western - central Islanders , Nagi being culturally / linguistically a Central Island ( Kulkalaig territory , specifically art of Waraber tribal waters ) , Moa is part of the Muwalaig - Italaig - Kaiwalaig ( Kauraraig / Kaurareg ) tribal areas , with two groups , the Italaig of the south , and the Muwalaig of the north . Many Kauraraig also live there , having been forcibly moved there in 1922 - 1923 . Badu and Mabuiag are the Maluigal Deep Sea People . Inner Islands ( edit ) The township of Thursday Island These islands , also known as the Thursday Island group , lie closest to Cape York Peninsula , and their topography and geological history is very similar . Muralag ( Prince of Wales Island ) is the largest of the Strait 's islands , and forms the centre of this closely grouped cluster . The much smaller Waiben Thursday Island is the region 's administrative centre and most heavily populated . Several of these islands have permanent freshwater springs , and some were also mined for gold in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Because of their proximity to the Australian mainland , they have also been centres of pearling and fishing industries . Nurupai Horn Island holds the region 's airport , and as a result is something of an entrepôt with inhabitants drawn from many other communities . Kiriri ( Hammond Island ) is the other permanently settled island of this group ; Tuined ( Possession Island ) is noted for Lt. James Cook 's landing there in 1770 . Moa in the Near Western group is culturally and linguistically speaking part of this group . Central Islands ( edit ) This cluster is more widely distributed in the middle of Torres Strait , consisting of many small sandy cays surrounded by coral reefs , similar to those found in the nearby Great Barrier Reef . The more northerly islands in this group however , such as Gerbar ( Two Brothers ) and Iama ( Yam Island ) , are high basaltic outcrops , not cays . Culturally - speaking , Nagi of the Near - Western group is also part of this group , and also has high basaltic outcropping . The low - lying inhabited coral cays , such as Poruma ( Coconut Island ) , Warraber Island and Masig ( Yorke Island ) are mostly less than 2 to 3 kilometres ( 1.2 -- 1.9 miles ) long , and no wider than 800 metres ( 2,600 feet ) . Several have had problems with saltwater intrusion . Eastern Islands ( edit ) The islands of this group ( principally Mer ( Murray Island ) , Dauar and Waier , with Erub Island and Stephens Island ( Ugar ) further north ) are formed differently from the rest . They are volcanic in origin , the peaks of volcanoes which were formerly active in Pleistocene times . Consequently , their hillsides have rich and fertile red volcanic soils , and are thickly vegetated . The easternmost of these are less than 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) from the northern extension of the Great Barrier Reef . Administration ( edit ) Hammond Island , Torres Strait Regional Authority ( edit ) An Australian Commonwealth statutory authority called the Torres Strait Regional Authority ( TSRA ) is responsible for governance of the islands . The TSRA has an elected board comprising 20 representatives from the Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal communities resident in the Torres Strait region . There is one representative per established local community . These board members are elected under the Queensland Community Services ( Torres Strait ) Act 1984 and Division 5 of the ATSIC Act 1989 . The TSRA itself falls under the portfolio responsibilities of the Australian Government Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet ( previously under the Department of Families , Community Services and Indigenous Affairs ) . The administrative centre of the islands is Thursday Island . The TSRA now represents the local communities at both Commonwealth and State levels -- previously State representation was via a ( closed since March 2008 ) Queensland statutory authority called the Island Coordinating Council ( ICC ) . The ICC was superseded by the Torres Strait Island Region local government area . Local ( Shire ) level government ( edit ) At the local level there are two authorities , the Shire of Torres which governs several islands and portions of Cape York Peninsula and operates as a Queensland local government area . The Torres Strait Island Region , created in 2008 , is the embodiment of 15 former island councils , these areas have been relinquished by the Government of Queensland to specific Islander and Aboriginal Councils under the provisions of the Community Services ( Torres Strait ) Act 1984 and the Community Services ( Aboriginal ) Act 1984 . Badu Island Council Bamaga Island Council Boigu Island Council Dauan Island Council Erub Island Council Hammond Island Council Iama Island Council Kubin Island Council Mabuiag Island Council Mer Island Council Poruma Island Council Saibai Island Council Seisia Island Council St Pauls Island Council St Patrick Island council Ugar Island Council Warraber Island Council Yorke Island Council Independence movement ( edit ) Notable politicians have declared support for independence , including Bob Katter and former Queensland Premier Anna Bligh , who in August 2011 wrote to Prime Minister Julia Gillard in support of Torres Strait Islands independence from Australia ; Prime Minister Gillard said in October 2011 `` her government will respectfully consider the Torres Strait 's request for self - government '' . Other figures who have supported independence include Australian indigenous rights campaigner Eddie Mabo . Demographics ( edit ) Torres Strait Islanders , the indigenous peoples of the islands , are predominantly Melanesians , culturally most akin to the coastal peoples of Papua New Guinea . Thus they are regarded as being distinct from other Aboriginal peoples of Australia , and are generally referred to separately despite ongoing historical trade and inter-marriage with mainland Aboriginal people . There are also two Torres Strait Islander communities on the nearby coast of the mainland , Bamaga and Seisia . According to the 2016 Australian census figures , the population of the Torres Strait Islands was 4,514 , of whom 4,144 ( 91.8 % ) were Torres Strait Islanders . There are two indigenous languages spoken on the islands : the Western - Central Torres Strait Language ( called by various names , including Kalaw Lagaw Ya , Kalaw Kawaw Ya , Kulkalgau Ya and Kaiwaligau Ya ( Kowrareg ) ) , and the Eastern Torres Language Meriam Mir . One language , Torres Strait Creole , or Brokan / Yumplatok , is used throughout Torres Strait , in neighbouring Papua as far as the West Papuan border area , and Cape York , as well as in many Island communities in Mainland Australia . This is a creole English similar to the closely related Tok Pisin in Papua New Guinea . According to the Torres Strait Treaty , residents of Papua New Guinea are permitted to visit the Torres Strait Islands for traditional purposes . In 2011 , the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade had to place restrictions on visitors to ensure water supply for local residents was adequate . Climate change ( edit ) The Torres Strait Islands are threatened by rising sea levels , especially those islands which do not rise more than one metre ( 3.3 feet ) above sea level . Storm surge and high tides pose the greatest danger . Other developing problems include erosion , property damage , drinking water contamination and the unearthing of the dead . As of June 2010 , there were no relocation strategies in place for Torres Strait Islanders . Disease control ( edit ) The banana plant leaf disease black sigatoka , the major banana disease worldwide , is endemic to Papua New Guinea and the Torres Strait Islands . Occasional infections have been discovered on Cape York Peninsula but they have been successfully halted with eradication programs . The disease most likely appeared on the mainland via plant material from the Torres Strait Islands . Music ( edit ) The music of the Torres Strait is principally vocal accompanied by instruments . The introduction of Christianity through the London Missionary Society , beginning in 1871 , had a profound influence , but before that time the musical culture reflected the cultural and geographic diversity of the Strait . See also ( edit ) Queensland portal Islands portal List of Torres Strait Islands Torres Strait Islanders References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Australian Bureau of Statistics ( 27 June 2017 ) . `` Torres Strait Islands '' . 2016 Census QuickStats . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Suellen Hinde ( 31 January 2011 ) . `` Monster tides smother Torres Strait islands '' . The Sunday Mail . News Queensland . Retrieved 3 July 2011 . Jump up ^ John Burton . `` History of Torres Strait to 1879 -- a regional view '' . Torres Strait Regional Authority . Archived from the original on 15 May 2009 . Retrieved 3 July 2011 . Jump up ^ National Film and Sound Archive : The Recordings of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits on the Sounds of Australia registry Jump up ^ Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897 ( Qld ) Archived 9 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine ... Documenting Democracy . 24 May 2011 . Retrieved on 3 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Border Problem '' . National Film and Sound Archive . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Matt Wordsworth ( 14 August 2013 ) . `` Patrolling the short hop from PNG to Australia '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ For a detailed map see `` Australia 's Maritime Zones in the Torres Strait '' ( PDF ) . Australian Government -- Geoscience Australia . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 June 2008 . Retrieved 13 April 2008 . , for the agreement see `` Treaty between Australia and the Independent State of Papua New Guinea concerning sovereignty and maritime boundaries in the area between the two countries , including the area known as Torres Strait , and related matters , 18 December 1978 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Indigenous people still battle for land rights : activist '' . ABC News Online . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 3 June 2007 . Retrieved 3 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Soils -- Torres Strait Islands '' . Australian Natural Resources Atlas . Department of Sustainability , Environment , Water , Population and Communities. 6 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 2 June 2011 . Retrieved 4 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Economics -- Torres Strait Islands '' . Australian Natural Resources Atlas . Department of Sustainability , Environment , Water , Population and Communities. 6 November 2007 . Archived from the original on 2 June 2011 . Retrieved 4 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Allen , J. ; J. Golson and R. Jones ( eds ) ( 1977 ) . Sunda and Sahul : Prehistorical studies in Southeast Asia , Melanesia and Australia . London : Academic Press . ISBN 0 - 12 - 051250 - 5 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Filewood , W. ( 1984 ) . `` The Torres connection : Zoogeography of New Guinea '' . Vertebrate zoogeography in Australasia . Carlisle , W.A. : Hesperian Press . pp. 1124 -- 1125 . ISBN 0 - 85905 - 036 - X . Jump up ^ Torres Strait Flag . Torres Strait Regional Authority . Jump up ^ Sarah Elks ( 15 October 2011 ) . For Mabo 's sake , let my island home go : Torres Strait elder George Mye . The Australian . News Limited . Retrieved on 25 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Larine Statham ( 17 October 2011 ) . Progress for Torres Strait independence . Courier Mail . Queensland Newspapers . Retrieved on 25 April 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 5 August 2009 ) . MP supports Torres Strait independence . news.com.au . News Limited . Retrieved on 25 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Access to Outer Islands ' water restricted '' . Torres News Online . 17 June 2011 . Retrieved 3 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Peter Michael ( 2 August 2007 ) . `` Rising seas threat to Torres Strait islands '' . The Courier - Mail . News Queensland . Retrieved 3 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sofia Levin ( 28 June 2010 ) . `` Climate change : not all black and white '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 3 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Peterson , R. ; K. Grice ; R. Goebel ( December 2005 ) . `` Eradication of black leaf streak disease from Banana - growing regions in Australia '' . InfoMusa. 14 ( 2 ) : 7 -- 10 . Retrieved 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bebbington , Warren ( 1997 ) . The Oxford Companion todo Australian Music . Melbourne : Oxford University Press . p. 556 . ISBN 0195534328 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Torres Strait Islands . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Torres Strait Islands . Torres Strait Regional Authority Torres Shire Council Torres Strait community government review Torres Strait Islands info page at abc.net Photograph album of Papua and Torres Strait ( 1921 ) taken by Frank Hurley . Held National Library of Australia , Canberra Torres Strait Atlas Coordinates : 9 ° 52 ′ 49 '' S 142 ° 35 ′ 26 '' E / 9.88028 ° S 142.59056 ° E / - 9.88028 ; 142.59056 List of Torres Strait topics Torres Strait Islands , islets , and cays Bellevue group Aipus Cap Kamutnab Keatinge Mabuiag Pulu Subur Warakuikul Talab Widul Bourke group Aukane Aureed Kabbikane Layoak Mimi Roberts Yam Duncan group Kanig Maitak Meth Inner group Port Lihou Yeta Manar group Albany Bush Eborac Ida Middle Brother Talbot group Aubussi Boigu Moimi The Three Sisters group Bet Poll Sue Yorke group Keats Marsden Rennel Smith Ungrouped Allison Anchor Arden Badu Barn Barney Bond Booby Bramble Browne Campbell Canoe Castle Coconut Crab Dalrymple Darnley Dauan Dayman Deliverance Dove Dugong Dumaralug East East Strait Entrance Farewell Flat Friday Gabba Getullai Goods Great Woody Green Halfway Hammond Hawkesbury High Horn Kaumag Kerr Lacey Little Adolphus Little Woody Lowry Mai Meddler Moa Morilug Mouinndo Mount Adolphus Mount Ernest Murangi Murray Nepean Nicklin North North Possession North West Obelisk Packe Passage Pearce Phipps Portlock Prince of Wales Quoin Red Red Wallis Roko Saddle Saibai Salter Sassie Spencer Stephens Suarji Thursday Tobin Travers Tree Trochus Tudu Tukupai Turnagain Turtle Head Turtle Turu Twin Underdown Wednesday West Whale Woody Wallis York Yorke Zagai People , culture , communities and languages Notable Torres Strait islanders Christine Anu Seaman Dan Aaron Fa'aoso Josh Hoffman Nathan Jawai Ellen Jose Robert Lui Eddie Mabo Rachael Maza Patty Mills Rita Mills Mills Sisters Danny Morseu Tanu Nona Albert Proud Wendell Sailor Sam Thaiday Brent Webb Jesse Williams Culture Indigenous music of Australia Mabo ( film ) Taba Naba Communities Bamaga Kaurareg Mabuiag Meriam ( people ) Seisia Languages Bine Eastern Trans - Fly Gizrra Kalaw Lagaw Ya Meriam Torres Strait Creole Torres Strait English Wipi Governance and legal matters Governance Shire of Torres Torres Strait Islander Flag Torres Strait Island Region Torres Strait Regional Authority Legal cases and principles Akiba v Commonwealth Mabo v Queensland No 1 No 2 Terra nullius Buildings and structures Boigu Island Airport Booby Island Light Coconut Island Airport Darnley Island Airport Eborac Island Light Goods Island Light Kubin Airport Murray Island Airport Saibai Island Airport Warraber Island Airport Wyborn Reef Light Yam Island Airport Yorke Island Airport Other Adolphus Channel Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies Birds of Boigu , Saibai and Dauan Islands Endeavour Strait Alfred Cort Haddon Margaret Lawrie Sea Swift Warul Kawa Indigenous Protected Area Category Commons See also : List of Torres Strait Islands Far North Queensland , Queensland Cities : Cairns Townships : Atherton Aurukun Babinda Badu Island Bamaga Burketown Cardwell Chillagoe Coen Cooktown Croydon Dimbulah Doomadgee Georgetown Gordonvale Herberton Hope Vale Innisfail Karumba Kowanyama Kuranda Laura Lockhart River Malanda Mapoon Mareeba Millaa Millaa Mission Beach Mornington Island Mossman Napranum Normanton Pormpuraaw Port Douglas Thursday Island Tully Weipa Wujal Wujal Yungaburra Local Government Areas : Aurukun Burke Cairns Carpentaria Cassowary Coast Cook Croydon Doomadgee Douglas Etheridge Hope Vale Kowanyama Lockhart River Mapoon Mareeba Mornington Napranum Northern Peninsula Area Pormpuraaw Tablelands Torres Strait Islands ( not autonomous ) Torres Strait Islands ( autonomous ) Weipa Wujal Wujal Yarrabah National Parks : Alwal Annan River Barnard Island Group Barron Gorge Black Mountain Blackbraes Bulleringa Cape Melville Cedar Bay Chillagoe - Mungana Claremont Isles Clump Mountain Crater Lakes Daintree Danbulla Davies Creek Denham Group Edmund Kennedy Ella Bay Endeavour River Eubenangee Swamp Family Islands Fitzroy Island Flinders Group Frankland Group Forbes Islands Forty Mile Scrub Great Basalt Wall Green Island Grey Peaks Girringun Goold Island Hann Tableland Hasties Swamp Hinchinbrook Island Hope Islands Howick Group Hull River Japoon Jardine River Kirrama Kuranda Kurrimine Beach Kutini - Payamu ( Iron Range ) Lakefield Lama Lama Lizard Island Ma'alpiku Island Macalister Range Malaan Maria Creek Marpa Michaelmas and Upolu Cays Millstream Falls Mitchell - Alice Rivers Moresby Range Mount Cook Mount Hypipamee Mount Lewis Mount Spurgeon Mount Webb Mount Windsor Mowbray Murray Falls , Girramay Nymph Island Oyala Thumotang Palmerston Rocks Piper Islands Possession Island Precipice Quoin Island Raine Island Rocky Islets Russell River Sandbanks Saunders Islands Sir Charles Hardy Group Staaten River Starcke Three Islands Topaz Road Tully Gorge Turtle Group Two Islands Undara Volcanic Wooroonooran Yungaburra Places of Interest : Atherton Tableland Barron Falls Cape Tribulation Daintree Rainforest Hinchinbrook Island Mount Bartle Frere Princess Charlotte Bay Torres Strait Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait_Islands&oldid=836848111 '' Categories : Torres Strait Islands Islands of Far North Queensland Geography of Melanesia Aboriginal communities in Queensland Torres Strait Islands culture Physiographic sections Separatism in Australia Hidden categories : Australian Statistical Geography Standard 2016 ID not in Wikidata Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 errors : dates Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Coordinates on Wikidata Use dmy dates from March 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano ქართული Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Gagana Samoa Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 05 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres%20Strait%20Islands	782

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.