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what spanish possession did the united states purchase under the treaty of paris	The Treaty of Paris of 1898 was an agreement made in 1898 that involved Spain relinquishing nearly all of the remaining Spanish Empire , especially Cuba , and ceding Puerto Rico , Guam , and the Philippines to the United States . The cession of the Philippines involved a payment of $20 million from the United States to Spain . The treaty was signed on December 10 , 1898 , and ended the Spanish -- American War . The Treaty of Paris came into effect on April 11 , 1899 , when the documents of ratification were exchanged .		Treaty of Paris ( 1898 )	treaty of paris ( 1898 )	The Treaty of Paris of 1898 was an agreement made in 1898 that involved Spain relinquishing nearly all of the remaining Spanish Empire , especially Cuba , and ceding Puerto Rico , Guam , and the Philippines to the United States . The cession of the Philippines involved a payment of $20 million from the United States to Spain . The treaty was signed on December 10 , 1898 , and ended the Spanish -- American War . The Treaty of Paris came into effect on April 11 , 1899 , when the documents of ratification were exchanged .	The Treaty of Paris marked the end of the Spanish Empire ( apart from some small holdings in North Africa ) . It marked the beginning of the age of the United States as a world power . Many supporters of the war opposed the treaty , and it became one of the major issues in the election of 1900 when it was opposed by Democrat William Jennings Bryan because he opposed imperialism . Republican President William McKinley upheld the treaty and was easily reelected . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Negotiations 3 U.S. ratification of the treaty in the Senate 4 Treaty provisions 5 Consequences of the treaty 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) The Spanish -- American War began on April 25 , 1898 due to a series of escalating disputes between the two nations , and ended on December 10 , 1898 with the signing of the Treaty of Paris . It resulted in Spain 's loss of its control over the remains of its overseas empire . After much of mainland Latin America had achieved independence , Cuba tried its hand at revolution in 1868 -- 1878 , and again in the 1890s , led by José Martí , or `` El Apóstol . '' Martí returned to Cuba and participated at first in the struggles against the Spanish government , but was killed on May 19 , 1895 . The Philippines at this time also became resistant to Spanish colonial rule . August 26 , 1896 presented the first call to revolt , led by Andrés Bonifacio , succeeded by Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy , who had his predecessor arrested . Bonifacio was executed on May 10 , 1897 . Aguinaldo then negotiated the Pact of Biak - na - Bato with the Spaniards and was exiled to Hong Kong along with the other revolutionary leaders . The Spanish -- American War that followed had overwhelming U.S. public support due to the popular fervor towards supporting Cuban freedom as well as furthering U.S. economic interests overseas . The U.S. was particularly attracted to the developing sugar industry in Cuba . The U.S. military even resorted to falsifying reports in the Philippines in order to maintain public support for U.S. involvement abroad . The U.S. appealed to the principles of Manifest Destiny and expansionism to justify its participation in the war , proclaiming that it was America 's fate and its duty to take charge in these overseas nations . On September 16 , U.S. President William McKinley issued secret written instructions to his emissaries as the Spanish -- American War drew to a close : It is my earnest wish that the United States in making peace should follow the same high rule of conduct which guided it in facing war . In addition , the victor should be magnanimous in her treatment of the fallen foe ; and her morality should not under any illusion of the hour be dimmed by ulterior designs which might tempt us into excessive demands or into an adventurous departure on untried paths ... The Philippines stand upon a different basis ... without any original thought of complete or even partial acquisition , the presence and success of our arms at Manila imposes upon us obligations which we can not disregard . The march of events rules and overrules human action . Avowing unreservedly the purpose which has animated all our effort , and still solicitous to adhere to it , we can not be unmindful that , without any desire or design on our part , the war has brought us new duties and responsibilities which we must meet and discharge as becomes a great nation ... Incidental to our tenure in the Philippines is the commercial opportunity to which American statesmanship can not be indifferent . It is just to use every legitimate means for the enlargement of American trade ; ... In view of what has been stated , the United States can not accept less than the cession in full right and sovereignty of the island of Luzon ... Negotiations ( edit ) Article V of a peace protocol entered into between United States and Spain on August 12 , 1898 , read as follows : The United States and Spain will each appoint not more than five commissioners to treat of peace , and the commissioners so appointed shall meet at Paris not later than Oct. 1 , 1898 , and proceed to the negotiation and conclusion of a treaty of peace , which treaty shall be subject to ratification according to the respective constitutional forms of the two countries . The composition of the American commission was somewhat unusual in that three of its members were Senators ( meaning , as many newspapers pointed out , that at a later date they would vote on the ratification of their own negotiations ) . The American delegation members were : William R. Day , chairman , a former U.S. Secretary of State who had resigned from his cabinet position to lead the United States Peace Commission William P. Frye , a Senator from Maine Cushman Kellogg Davis , a Senator from Minnesota George Gray , a Senator from Delaware Whitelaw Reid , a former diplomat and a former Vice Presidential nominee John Hay , Secretary of State , signing the memorandum of ratification on behalf of the United States The Spanish commission included the Spanish diplomats Eugenio Montero Ríos , Buenaventura de Abarzuza , José de Garnica , Wenceslao Ramírez de Villa - Urrutia , Rafael Cerero , as well as the French diplomat Jules Cambon . The American delegation , headed by former Secretary of State William R. Day -- who had vacated his position as U.S. Secretary of State in order to head the commission -- arrived in Paris on September 26 , 1898 . The negotiations were conducted in a suite of rooms at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs . At the first session on October 1 , the Spanish demanded that before the talks get underway the city of Manila , which had been captured by the Americans a few hours after the signing of the peace protocol in Washington , should be returned to Spanish authority . The Americans refused to consider this and for the moment it was pursued no further . Felipe Agoncillo , a Filipino lawyer representing the First Philippine Republic , was denied participation in the negotiation . For almost a month , negotiations revolved around Cuba . The Teller Amendment to the U.S. Declaration of War with Spain made it impractical for the U.S. to annex the island as it did with Puerto Rico , Guam , and the Philippines . On first instance , Spain refused to accept the Cuban national debt of four hundred million dollars , but ultimately it had no choice . Eventually , it was agreed that Cuba was to be granted to the Cubans and the four hundred million dollar liability returned to Spain . It was also agreed that Spain would cede Guam and Puerto Rico to the United States . The negotiators then turned to the question of the Philippines . Spanish negotiators were determined to hang onto all they could , hoping to cede only Mindanao and perhaps the Sulu Islands . On the American side , Chairman Day had once recommended the acquisition of only the naval base in Manila , as a `` hitching post '' . Others had recommended retaining just the island of Luzon . In discussions with its advisers , though , the commission concluded that Spain , if it retained part of the Philippines , would be likely to sell that part to another European power and that this would likely be troublesome for America . On November 25 , the American Commission cabled President McKinley for explicit instructions . Their cable crossed one from McKinley saying that duty left him no choice but to demand the entire archipelago , the following morning , another cable from McKinley arrived , saying ... to accept merely Luzon , leaving the rest of the islands subject to Spanish rule , or to be the subject of future contention , can not be justified on political , commercial , or humanitarian grounds . The cessation must be the whole archipelago or none . The latter is wholly inadmissible , and the former must therefore be required . On November 4 , the Spanish delegation formally accepted the American demand , and Spain 's Prime Minister , Práxedes Mateo Sagasta , backed up the commission . As the specter of collapse of the negotiations grew , there were mutters about resumption of the war . U.S. election results on November 8 , however , cut McKinley 's Republican majority in Congress less than had been anticipated . The American delegation took heart from this , and Frye unveiled a plan of offering Spain ten or twenty million dollars for the islands . After some discussion the American delegation offered twenty million dollars on November 21 , one tenth of a valuation which had been estimated in internal discussions in October , requesting an answer within two days . Montero Ríos said angrily that he could reply at once , but the American delegation had already departed from the conference table . When the two sides met again , Queen - Regent Maria Christina had cabled her acceptance . Montero Ríos recited the formal reply : The Government of Her Majesty , moved by lofty reasons of patriotism and humanity , will not assume the responsibility of again bringing upon Spain all the horrors of war . In order to avoid them , it resigns itself to the painful task of submitting to the law of the victor , however harsh it may be , and as Spain lacks the material means to defend the rights she believes hers , having recorded them , she accepts the only terms the United States offers her for the concluding of the treaty of peace . Work on the final draft of the treaty began on November 30 . It was signed on December 10 , 1898 . The next step was legislative ratification . In Madrid , the Cortes rejected it , but the Queen Regent signed it , empowered to do so by a clause in the Spanish constitution . U.S. ratification of the treaty in the Senate ( edit ) In the U.S. Senate , there were four main schools of thought in regard to U.S. imperialism that influenced debate on ratification of the Treaty . Republicans generally supported the treaty , while those opposed either aimed to defeat the treaty or exclude the provision stipulating the acquisition of the Philippines . Democrats in general favored expansion as well , particularly Southern Democrats . A minority of Democrats also favored the treaty on the basis of ending the war and granting independence to Cuba and the Philippines . During the Senate debate to ratify the treaty , Senators George Frisbie Hoar and George Graham Vest were outspoken opponents of the treaty . This Treaty will make us a vulgar , commonplace empire , controlling subject races and vassal states , in which one class must forever rule and other classes must forever obey . -- Senator George Frisbie Hoar Some anti-expansionists stated that the treaty committed the United States to a course of empire and violated the most basic tenets of the United States Constitution . They argued that neither the Congress nor the President had the right to pass laws governing colonial peoples who were not represented by lawmakers . Certain Senate Expansionists who supported the treaty reinforced such views by arguing : If the U.S. were to reject the treaty , Suppose we reject the Treaty . We continue the state of war . We repudiate the President . We are branded as a people incapable of taking rank as one of the greatest of world powers ! -- Senator Henry Cabot Lodge Providence has given the United States the duty of extending Christian civilization . We come as ministering angels , not despots . -- Senator Knute Nelson Expansionists said that the Constitution applied only to the citizens of the United States . This idea was later supported by the Supreme Court in the Insular Cases . As the Senate debate continued , Andrew Carnegie and former President Grover Cleveland petitioned the Senate to reject the treaty . These two men adamantly opposed such imperialist policies , and participated in the American Anti-Imperialist League along with other such prominent members as Mark Twain and Samuel Gompers . The controversial treaty was eventually approved on February 6 , 1899 , by a vote 57 to 27 , only one vote more than the two - thirds majority required . Only two Republicans voted against ratification , George Frisbie Hoar of Massachusetts and Eugene Pryor Hale of Maine . Senator Nelson W. Aldrich had opposed entry into the Spanish -- American War , but supported McKinley when it began . He played a central role in winning two - thirds Senate approval of the Treaty of Paris . Treaty provisions ( edit ) The Treaty of Paris provided that Cuba would become independent from Spain but the U.S. Congress made sure it would be under indirect U.S. control through the Platt Amendment . Specifically , Spain relinquished all claim of sovereignty over and title to Cuba . Upon Spain 's departure from Cuba , it was to be occupied by the United States , and the United States would assume and discharge any obligations that under international law could result from the fact of its occupation . The Treaty also assured that Spain would cede to the United States the island of Puerto Rico and other islands then under Spanish sovereignty in the West Indies , as well as the island of Guam in the Marianas Islands . The Treaty specified that Spain would cede to the United States the archipelago of the Philippine Islands , and comprehending the islands lying within a specified line . In accordance with the treaty , Spain : Gave up all rights to Cuba ( see Teller Amendment and Platt Amendment ) . Surrendered Puerto Rico and gave up its possessions in the West Indies . Surrendered the island of Guam to the United States . Surrendered the Philippines to the United States for a payment of twenty million dollars . Specifics of the cession of the Philippines were later clarified by the 1900 Treaty of Washington . The boundary line between the Philippines and North Borneo was further clarified by the Convention Between the United States and Great Britain ( 1930 ) . Consequences of the treaty ( edit ) Victory in the Spanish -- American War turned the United States into a world power , as the attainment of the territories of Guam , Puerto Rico , and the Philippines expanded U.S. economic dominance in the Pacific . This growth continued to have effects on U.S. foreign and economic policy well into the next century . Furthermore , President McKinley 's significant role in advancing the ratification of the treaty transformed the presidential office , from a weaker position to a prototype of the stronger presidency seen more in the present day . U.S. military occupation also continued to have further impacts abroad . In the Philippines , revolts against U.S. involvement initiated on February 4 , 1899 , quickly surpassing the fighting that had just occurred against the Spanish . As one Filipino writer noted in 1899 : `` Now here is a unique spectacle -- the Filipinos fighting for liberty , the American people fighting to give them liberty . '' The U.S. National Park Service says , `` The Spanish - American War and its aftermath delayed Philippine independence until after World War II , but established a relationship that fostered a substantial Filipino population within U.S. borders . '' Furthermore , the Platt Amendment allowed the U.S. to continue its occupation of Cuba without annexing , despite promises made during the war and negotiations over Cuban freedom . In order to maintain control in Cuba , the U.S. government espoused the idea that the Cuban people were unprepared for self - governance . As Senator Stephen Elkins noted : `` When Cuba shall become a part of the American Union and the isthmian canal shall be completed , which is now assured , Puerto Rico , Cuba , Hawaii and the Philippines will be outposts of the great Republic , standing guard over American interests in the track of the world 's commerce in its triumphant march around the globe . Our people will soon see and feel that these island possessions belonging to the United States are natural and logical , and in the great part we are to play in the affairs of the world we would not only give them up but wonder how the working of our natural destiny we could get on without them . The splendid chain of island possessions , reaching half - way around the world , would not be complete without Cuba , the gem of the Antilles . '' Overall , these occupations greatly contributed to the growing economic role gained by the U.S. during this era . See also ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ) Spanish -- American War Philippine -- American War Puerto Rican Campaign German -- Spanish Treaty ( 1899 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Puerto Rico is spelled as `` Porto Rico '' in the Treaty of Paris . `` Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain ; December 10 , 1898 '' . Yale . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Charles Henry Butler ( 1902 ) . The treaty making power of the United States . The Banks Law Pub. Co. p. 441 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Paolo E. Coletta , `` Bryan , McKinley , and the Treaty of Paris . '' Pacific Historical Review ( 1957 ) : 131 - 146 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Thomas A. Bailey , `` Was the Presidential Election of 1900 a Mandate on Imperialism ? . '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1937 ) : 43 - 52 . in JSTOR ^ Jump up to : Library of Congress . `` The World of 1898 : The Spanish - American War : Introduction . '' Jump up ^ Pérez , Louis A. ( 1998 ) . War of 1898 : The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography . `` Intervention and Intent . '' Pg. 24 Jump up ^ Coletta , Paolo E. ( 1957 ) . `` Bryan , McKinley , and the Treaty of Paris . '' Pacific Historical Review , Vol. 26 , No. 2 : pg. 131 . Jump up ^ Vigilans , Semper ( 1899 ) . `` Aguinaldo 's Case against the United States . '' The North American Review , Vol. 169 , No. 514 : pg. 425 ^ Jump up to : `` The Spanish -- American War : The United States Becomes a World Power '' ( PDF ) . Teaching with Primary Sources . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Wolff , Leon ( 2006 ) . Little Brown Brother : How the United States Purchased and Pacified the Philippine Islands at the Century 's Turn . History Book Club ( published 2005 ) . pp. 154 -- 155 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58288 - 209 - 3 . Jump up ^ William McKinley . `` The Acquisition of the Philippines '' . Papers Relating to Foreign Affairs , 1898 . U.S. Department of State : 904 -- 908 . Jump up ^ Major Events of the Spanish American War - Topics in Chronicling America ( Newspaper and Current Periodical Reading Room , Library of Congress ) Jump up ^ Halstead , Murat ( 1898 ) . The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions , Including the Ladrones , Hawaii , Cuba and Porto Rico . pp. 176 -- 178 . Jump up ^ Wolff 2006 , p. 153 ( Introduction , Decolonizing the History of the Philippine - American War , by Paul A. Kramer dated December 8 , 2005 ) ^ Jump up to : Wolff 2006 , p. 163 ^ Jump up to : Wolff 2006 , p. 164 Jump up ^ Karnow , Stanley ( 1990 ) . In our image : America 's empire in the Philippines . Ballantine Books . p. 126 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 32816 - 8 . Jump up ^ Wolff 2006 , p. 167 Jump up ^ Wolff 2006 , pp. 169 -- 170 Jump up ^ Wolff 2006 , p. 171 Jump up ^ Wolff 2006 , pp. 167 , 172 Jump up ^ Wolff 2006 , p. 172 Jump up ^ Wolff 2006 , p. 173 Jump up ^ Coletta , Paolo E. ( 1957 ) . `` Bryan , McKinley , and the Treaty of Paris . '' Pacific Historical Review , Vol. 26 , No. 2 : pg. 132 Jump up ^ Coletta , Paolo E. , `` McKinley , the Peace Negotiations , and the Acquisition of the Philippines '' , Pacific Historical Review 30 ( November 1961 ) , 348 . Jump up ^ Paolo E. Coletta , `` Bryan , McKinley , and the Treaty of Paris , '' Pacific Historical Review ( 1957 ) 26 # 2 pp. 131 - 146 in JSTOR Jump up ^ `` TREATY BETWEEN SPAIN AND THE UNITED STATE FOR CESSION OF OUTLYING ISLANDS OF THE PHILIPPINES '' ( PDF ) . University of the Philippines . November 7 , 1900 . Jump up ^ United States . Dept. of State ; Charles Irving Bevans ( 1968 ) . Treaties and other international agreements of the United States of America , 1776 - 1949 . Dept. of State ; for sale by the Supt. of Docs. , U.S. Govt . Print . Off . pp. 473 -- 476 . Jump up ^ De Ojeda , Jaime . `` The Spanish - American War of 1898 : A Spanish View . '' Library of Congress : Hispanic Division . Jump up ^ Koenig , Louis W. ( 1982 ) . `` The Presidency of William McKinley '' by Lewis L. Gould : Review . Presidential Studies Quarterly , Vol. 12 , No. 3 : pg. 448 . Jump up ^ Vigilans , Semper ( 1899 ) . `` Aguinaldo 's Case against the United States . '' The North American Review , Vol. 169 , No. 514 : pg. 428 Jump up ^ `` Spanish - American War and the Philippine - American War , 1898 - 1902 . '' National Park Service . Jump up ^ Pérez , Louis A. ( 1998 ) . War of 1898 : The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography . `` Intervention and Intent . '' Pg. 33 Jump up ^ Pérez , Louis A. ( 1998 ) . War of 1898 : The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography . `` Intervention and Intent . '' Pg. 49 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Treaty of Paris , 1898 . Law.yale.edu : Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain Msc.edu.ph : 1898 Treaty of Paris -- full text of the Treaty of Paris ending the Spanish American War . 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who played hal in malcolm in the middle	Bryan Lee Cranston ( born March 7 , 1956 ) is an American actor , voice actor , producer , director , and screenwriter . He is best known for portraying Walter White on the AMC crime drama series Breaking Bad , Hal on the Fox comedy series Malcolm in the Middle , and Dr. Tim Whatley on the NBC comedy series Seinfeld .	Bryan Lee Cranston	Bryan Cranston	bryan cranston	Bryan Lee Cranston ( born March 7 , 1956 ) is an American actor , voice actor , producer , director , and screenwriter . He is best known for portraying Walter White on the AMC crime drama series Breaking Bad , Hal on the Fox comedy series Malcolm in the Middle , and Dr. Tim Whatley on the NBC comedy series Seinfeld .	For Breaking Bad , Cranston won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series four times ( 2008 -- 2010 , 2014 ) , including three consecutive wins ( the second time in television history after Bill Cosby in I Spy during the 1960s ) . After becoming one of the producers of Breaking Bad in 2011 , he also won the award for Outstanding Drama Series twice . Cranston was also nominated three times for the Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series for his role in Malcolm in the Middle . His role in Breaking Bad also earned him five Golden Globe nominations and one win in 2014 , nine Screen Actors Guild Awards nominations with four wins , and six Satellite Awards nominations with four wins . In June 2014 , he won a Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play for his portrayal of Lyndon B. Johnson in the play All the Way on Broadway . He reprised his role in the television film of the same name , which debuted on HBO in May 2016 . For the film Trumbo ( 2015 ) , he received widespread acclaim and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor . Cranston has directed episodes of various television series , including seven episodes of Malcolm in the Middle , three episodes of Breaking Bad , two episodes of Modern Family , one episode of The Office , and one episode of Sneaky Pete . He has also appeared in several acclaimed films such as Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) , Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) , Drive ( 2011 ) , Argo ( 2012 ) and Godzilla ( 2014 ) . In 2015 , Cranston , together with David Shore , executive produced and wrote the story for the Amazon Studios original crime drama Sneaky Pete , the pilot episode of which aired on August 7 , 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Charity 4 Personal life 5 Filmography 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Early Life ( edit ) Bryan Lee Cranston was born on March 7 , 1956 in Hollywood , California , the second of three children born to Audrey Peggy ( née Sell ; 1923 -- 2004 ) , a radio actress , and Joseph Louis `` Joe '' Cranston ( 1924 -- 2014 ) , an actor and former amateur boxer . His father was of Austrian , German , Irish , and Jewish descent , while his maternal grandparents were German immigrants . He was raised in Canoga Park , California . Cranston 's father held many jobs before deciding to become an actor , but did not secure enough roles to provide for his family . He eventually walked out on the family when Cranston was 11 years old , and they did not see each other again until 11 years later , when Cranston and his brother decided to track their father down . Cranston was 22 at the time , and he and his father maintained a relationship until his father 's death in 2014 . Cranston has claimed that he based his portrayal of Walter White on his own father , who had a slumped posture `` like the weight of the world was on his shoulders '' . After his father left , he was raised partly by his grandparents , living on their poultry farm in Yucaipa , California . He has called his parents `` broken people '' who were `` incapacitated as far as parenting '' -- they caused the family to lose their house in a foreclosure . During his preteen years , he encountered a young Charles Manson while riding horses at the Spahn Ranch . This happened about a year before Manson committed the Tate - LaBianca murders . Cranston graduated from Canoga Park High School , where he was a member of the school 's chemistry club , and earned an associate 's degree in police science from Los Angeles Valley College in 1976 . Career ( edit ) Cranston in 2008 After college , Cranston began his acting career in local and regional theaters , getting his start at the Granada Theater in the San Fernando Valley . He had previously performed as a youth , but his show business parents had mixed feelings about their son being involved in the profession , so he did not continue until years later . Cranston was ordained as a minister by the Universal Life Church , and performed weddings for $150 a service to help with his income . He started working regularly in the late 1980s , mostly doing minor roles and advertisements . He was an original cast member of the ABC soap opera Loving , where he played Douglas Donovan from 1983 to 1985 . Cranston starred in the short - lived series Raising Miranda in 1988 . Cranston 's voice acting includes English dubbing of Japanese anime ( under the pseudonym Lee Stone ) , including Macross Plus and Armitage III : Poly - Matrix , and most notably , the children 's series Mighty Morphin Power Rangers . Cranston did voice work for the 1993 - 94 first season of that series , playing characters such as Twin Man and Snizzard , for which he was paid about $50.00 an hour for two or three hours of daily work . The Blue Power Ranger , Billy Cranston , was named for him . From 1994 to 1997 , Cranston made a handful of appearances as Dr. Tim Whatley , Jerry 's dentist , on Seinfeld . In 1996 , he played his second astronaut when he portrayed Gus Grissom in the film That Thing You Do ! In 1997 , Cranston had a small role in Babylon 5 as Ericsson . In 1998 , Cranston appeared in an episode of The X-Files written by Vince Gilligan . That same year , he portrayed astronaut Buzz Aldrin in the HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon . In 1999 , Cranston wrote and directed the film Last Chance . That same year he made his second appearance for a recurring role on the CBS sitcom The King of Queens , playing Doug Heffernan 's neighbor , Tim Sacksky . In 1998 , he appeared in Steven Spielberg 's Saving Private Ryan , as War Department Colonel I.W. Bryce , who insisted that Private Ryan be rescued . His theatrical credits include starring roles in The God of Hell , Chapter Two , The Taming of the Shrew , A Doll 's House , Barefoot in the Park , Eastern Standard , Wrestlers and The Steven Weed Show , for which he won a Drama - Logue Award . In 2000 , Cranston landed a leading role as Hal on the comedy series Malcolm in the Middle . He would remain with the show until its end in 2006 . Cranston ended up directing several episodes of the show and received three Primetime Emmy Award nominations for his performance . Cranston reprised his role in a cutaway gag during the Family Guy episode `` I Take Thee Quagmire '' , killing Lois ( his wife on Malcolm in the Middle ) with a refrigerator door , and in a leaked alternate ending of Breaking Bad with Jane Kaczmarek reprising her role as Lois . Cranston at the 2012 San Diego Comic - Con International He has had guest roles in many television series , including a white - collar criminal searching for his estranged wife and daughter on The Flash , a lawyer attempting to free the title character from a contract in Sabrina the Teenage Witch , and a bigoted man being driven insane by extremely low frequency sonar waves in The X-Files episode `` Drive '' . He also had a guest role in late 2006 on the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother , playing Ted Mosby 's obnoxious co-worker and former boss Hammond Druthers . He played Lucifer in the ABC Family miniseries Fallen and appeared as Nick Wrigley , an irresponsible uncle who accidentally brings Christmas close to destruction when he steals Santa 's sleigh to have a crazy ride , in the 2001 Disney Channel Original Movie ' Twas the Night . He appeared as the more successful business colleague of Greg Kinnear 's character in the film Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) . In September 2008 , Cranston narrated a pre-teen adventure / fantasy audiobook called Adventures with Kazmir the Flying Camel . From 2008 to 2013 , Cranston starred in the AMC series Breaking Bad , created by Vince Gilligan , in which he played Walter White , a high school chemistry teacher who is diagnosed with terminal lung cancer . Walter teams up with former student Jesse Pinkman ( played by Aaron Paul ) , to manufacture and sell methamphetamine to ensure the well - being of Walter 's family after he dies . Cranston 's work on the series was met with widespread critical acclaim , winning him the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series in each of the show 's first three seasons and being nominated in 2012 and 2013 for seasons four and five ( winning again in 2014 for the second half of season 5 ) . Cranston and Bill Cosby are the only actors to have won the award three consecutive times . Cranston was also a producer for the fourth and fifth seasons of the series , and directed three episodes of the show during its run . Cranston at the `` All the Way '' premiere at the LBJ Library in Austin In 2011 , Cranston had supporting roles in three successful films , the drama The Lincoln Lawyer , as well as the thrillers Drive and Contagion . He voiced James Gordon in the animated film Batman : Year One ( 2011 ) . In 2012 , he had supporting roles in John Carter , Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted as Vitaly the tiger , and Rock of Ages , and a major role in the hostage drama Argo . He also lent his voice to several episodes of the animated series Robot Chicken . In 2012 , he starred in the remake of the 1990 film Total Recall , as Chancellor Vilos Cohaagen , the corrupted president of a fictional war - ravaged United Federation of Britain . In the same year , he made a guest appearance as Kenneth Parcell 's step - father , Ron , on the NBC sitcom 30 Rock , and was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . From September 2013 to June 2014 , Cranston played U.S. president Lyndon B. Johnson in the American Repertory Theater and Broadway productions of All the Way , in a performance that has received widespread acclaim , and he later won the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play for the role . He also played scientist Joe Brody in the 2014 reboot of Godzilla . Cranston has produced an instructional DVD called KidSmartz , which is designed to teach families how to stay safe from child abductors and Internet predators . KidSmartz raises money for the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children by donating half the proceeds from sales . Also , following the success of Breaking Bad , the year 2014 saw reports of Cranston developing new TV projects in collaboration with Sony Pictures Television . In 2016 , it was announced that he would star in an episode of the Channel 4 / Amazon Video series Philip K. Dick 's Electric Dreams , and would also serve as an executive producer on the series . On July 16 , 2014 , it was announced that Cranston would star in an HBO adaptation of his hit play All the Way . Steven Spielberg was set to be an executive producer on the film . Following the film 's premiere on May 21 , 2016 , Cranston 's performance was widely praised by critics , garnering eight Primetime Emmy Award nominations and a Television Critics Choice Award nomination . In 2015 , Cranston starred as screenwriter Dalton Trumbo in the biopic Trumbo , for which he received his first Academy award nomination . In 2016 , Cranston voiced Li , the biological father of Po , in Kung Fu Panda 3 . Also that year , he appeared in many films , including The Infiltrator and Wakefield . Cranston 's memoir , A Life in Parts , was published on October 11 , 2016 , became a New York Times bestseller , and received positive reviews . In 2017 , he voiced Zordon in Lionsgate 's Power Rangers , which marked his return to the franchise after providing voices for the series ' first season . On January 27 , 2017 , it was announced that Cranston would star in a stage adaptation of the 1976 film Network playing Howard Beale , directed by Ivo van Hove at the Royal National Theatre in London , opening in November 2017 . Charity ( edit ) In April 2014 , Cranston presented at Broadway Cares / Equity Fights AIDS Easter Bonnet Competition with Idina Menzel , Fran Drescher , and Denzel Washington , after raising donations at his Broadway show All the Way . Personal Life ( edit ) Cranston and wife Robin Dearden , September 2008 From 1977 to 1982 , Cranston was married to writer Mickey Middleton . At 33 , he married Robin Dearden , whom he had met on the set of the series Airwolf in 1984 . He was playing the villain of the week and she played the hostage he held at gunpoint . Their daughter , Taylor Dearden Cranston ( born 1993 ) , is a theatre studies student at the University of Southern California and played an extra in the Breaking Bad episode `` No Mas '' , directed by her father . She played Ophelia Mayer in Sweet / Vicious . Cranston played baseball when he was a student and remains a collector of baseball memorabilia and an avid fan of the Philadelphia Phillies and the Los Angeles Dodgers . When he accepted his third Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series , Cranston thanked his wife and daughter , and told them he loves them `` more than baseball '' . The family has a beach house in Ventura County , California , which Cranston designed . Cranston lived in Albuquerque , New Mexico while filming Breaking Bad . He was a co-owner of the former independent theater Cinemas Palme d'Or in Palm Desert , California . To commemorate the final episode of Breaking Bad , Cranston and castmate Aaron Paul both got Breaking Bad tattoos on the last day of filming ; Cranston 's tattoo consists of the show 's logo on one of his fingers . Filmography ( edit ) Main article : Bryan Cranston filmography Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Bryan Cranston References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Higginbotham , Adam . `` Bryan Cranston , Breaking Badass '' . Men 's Journal . Retrieved August 2011 ^ Jump up to : `` Bryan Cranston '' . Primetime Emmy Award . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Seth ( August 7 , 2015 ) . Sneaky Pete ( Web ) . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monitor '' . Entertainment Weekly ( 1249 ) . Mar 8 , 2013 . p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? US - Bryan Cranston '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Bryan Cranston interview '' . GQ Magazine . May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bryan Cranston Biography ( 1956 - ) '' . Film Reference . Advameg , Inc . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Reichardt , Nancy M. ( October 5 , 1983 ) . `` Soap star loves his craft '' . The Prescott Daily Courier . p. 3 . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brady , Tara ( September 26 , 2011 ) . `` The many lives of Bryan '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Joseph Louis Cranston , `` California , County Marriages , 1850 -- 1952 '' `` . familysearch.org . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tough Love - Bryan Cranston The Mortified Sessions '' . The Sundance Channel . February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Clark , Charles ( September 22 , 2013 ) . `` 10 Things About ... Bryan Cranston '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bryan Cranston puts fun in ' Panda 3 ' dad '' . ^ Jump up to : Hiatt , Brian ( September 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' Breaking Bad ' Q&A : Bryan Cranston on Walter White 's Morality '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nerdist Podcast : `` Bryan Cranston Returns '' 10 August 2015 Jump up ^ breakingbadfunfacts : `` Cranston and Manson ? FUN FREAKY `` FAMILY '' FACT : 80 `` , 29 September 2014 Jump up ^ Eby , Margaret ( August 20 , 2013 ) . `` ' Breaking Bad ' star Bryan Cranston 's high school yearbook reveals chemistry club past : Long before he played meth kingpin Walter White on ' Breaking Bad , ' the actor was part of his high school science club '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking Bad - Bryan Cranston Interview '' . UGO . IGN Entertainment , Inc . March 2 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2013 . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood 's Hall of Famous ULC Ministers : Bryan Cranston '' , Universallifechurchministers.org Jump up ^ Halle , Howard ( March 4 , 2009 ) . `` The Hot Seat : Bryan Cranston '' . TimeOut . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke ( October 3 , 2013 ) . `` Walter White 's Secret History Of Nerd Acting '' . Kotaku . Jump up ^ Hinman , Michael ( January 16 , 2017 ) . `` History Brought Bryan Cranston Back To ' Power Rangers ' '' . GeekNation . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( September 26 , 2013 ) . `` Before Breaking Bad : Looking Back at Bryan Cranston 's Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Past '' . IGN . Jump up ^ P. , Ken ( June 2 , 2012 ) . `` An Interview with Bryan Cranston '' . IGN . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2009 . Retrieved December 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bryan Cranston as Walter White '' . AMC Network Entertainment . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Anytime with Bob Kushell feat . Bryan Cranston '' . Anytime with Bob Kushell . Season 2 . Episode 3 . March 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ M. , Maglio ( November 17 , 2013 ) . `` ' Breaking Bad ' Gets ' Malcolm in the Middle ' Alternative Ending , Blooper Reel ( Video ) '' . WRAP . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adventures with Kazmir the Flying Camel Audiobook '' . Camel Back Publishing . 2008 . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 20 , 2011 ) . `` ' Batman : Year One ' Lines Up Voice Cast , Sets Comic - Con Premiere ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Hoevel , Ann ( January 7 , 2011 ) . `` Seth Green talks ' Robot Chicken , ' Lucas and ' Buffy ' '' . CNN . Retrieved December 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Invites 176 to Membership '' . Oscars.org . June 29 , 2012 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stasio , Marilyn ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` Bryan Cranston owns the role of LBJ in this beautifully built dramatic piece . '' . Variety . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jones , Chris ( March 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' Breaking Bad ' star Bryan Cranston gets his hooks into LBJ '' . The Chicago Tribune . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Isherwood , Charles ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` An Arm - Twister in the Oval Office : ' All the Way ' Stars Bryan Cranston as Lyndon B. Johnson '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` All The Way Broadway '' . American Repertory Theater . 2014 . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Sarah ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` Can Bryan Cranston resurrect Godzilla ? '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan . `` ' Breaking Bad ' star Bryan Cranston ' developing new TV projects ' '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ Cynthia Littleton . `` Amazon Grabs U.S. Rights to Bryan Cranston 's ' Philip K. Dick 's Electric Dreams ' Anthology Series '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva . `` ' Philip K. Dick 's Electric Dreams ' TV Series From Ron Moore , Michael Dinner & Bryan Cranston Picked Up By Amazon '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Bacle , Ariana ( January 17 , 2015 ) `` Bryan Cranston to star in HBO adaptation of Broadway 's ' All the Way ' `` , Ew.com . Jump up ^ `` 68th Primetime Emmy Awards Presented Tonight Playbill '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Trumbo 's Bryan Cranston furiously watchable : review - Toronto Star '' . Jump up ^ DreamWorks Animation ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation Packs A Powerful Punch With New Cast Additions For Kung Fu Panda 3 '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Life in Parts '' . Jump up ^ Simon , Phil ( September 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Life in Parts ' by Bryan Cranston '' . Jump up ^ Carroll , Steven ( November 25 , 2016 ) . `` A Life in Parts review : How Bryan Cranston was destined for Breaking Bad '' -- via The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ Viscardi , James ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Power Rangers : Bryan Cranston Cast As Zordon '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38770216 Jump up ^ `` PHOTOS : James Franco , Idina Menzel , and Fran Drescher Get Into the Easter Bonnet Competition '' , Queerty.com . Jump up ^ `` Bryan Cranston '' . hollywoodlife.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bryan Cransten wife Robin Dearden , Cranston once farmed and killed a young duckling family outright '' . wagcelebrity.com . August 29 , 2013 . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PHOTO : Breaking Bad 's Walter White In A Phillies Jersey '' . Philadelphia.cbslocal.com . October 10 , 2013 . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Amanda Dameron ( June 13 , 2013 ) . `` Actor Bryan Cranston 's Green Beach House Renovation '' . Dwell . Retrieved March 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Adams , Sam . `` Bryan Cranston on seeing red , going black and being a chameleon '' . Weekly Alibi . Retrieved August 2011 Jump up ^ Fessier , Bruce . `` Bryan Cranston dishes about playing the villain on AMC 's ' Breaking Bad ' '' . The Desert Sun . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2012 . Retrieved July 2012 Jump up ^ Buck , Fielding ( 2016 - 06 - 30 ) . `` PALM DESERT : Tristone will reopen Palme d'Or multiplex on July 3 '' . The Press Enterprise . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Stark , George ( 16 July 2013 ) . `` Breaking Bad boys ! Bryan Cranston reveals he and Aaron Paul had commemorative TATTOOS to mark the series finale '' . Daily Mail . DMG Media . Daily Mail and General Trust . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Castillo , Michelle ( 5 August 2013 ) . `` '' Breaking Bad '' Bryan Cranston got new tattoo to shock wife `` . CBS Interactive . CBS Corporation . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bryan Cranston . Bryan Cranston on Twitter Bryan Cranston on IMDb Bryan Cranston at the TCM Movie Database Bryan Cranston at AllMovie Bryan Cranston at Rotten Tomatoes Bryan Cranston discusses Breaking Bad at AMCtv.com Awards for Bryan Cranston Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series Jon Hamm ( 2011 ) Bryan Cranston ( 2012 ) Bryan Cranston ( 2013 ) Matthew McConaughey ( 2014 ) Bob Odenkirk ( 2015 ) Rami Malek ( 2016 ) Bob Odenkirk ( 2016 ) Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Play Anthony Hopkins ( 1975 ) John Wood ( 1976 ) Al Pacino ( 1977 ) Barnard Hughes ( 1978 ) Philip Anglim ( 1979 ) John Rubinstein ( 1980 ) Ian McKellen ( 1981 ) Christopher Plummer ( 1982 ) Harvey Fierstein ( 1983 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1984 ) John Lithgow ( 1985 ) Ed Harris ( 1986 ) James Earl Jones ( 1987 ) Ron Silver ( 1988 ) Philip Bosco ( 1989 ) Nathan Lane ( 1990 ) Ron Rifkin ( 1991 ) Brian Bedford ( 1992 ) Ron Leibman ( 1993 ) Brian Bedford ( 1994 ) Ralph Fiennes ( 1995 ) Frank Langella ( 1996 ) David Morse / Christopher Plummer ( 1997 ) Anthony LaPaglia ( 1998 ) Brian Dennehy ( 1999 ) Stephen Dillane ( 2000 ) Richard Easton ( 2001 ) Alan Bates ( 2002 ) Eddie Izzard ( 2003 ) Kevin Kline ( 2004 ) Brían F. O'Byrne ( 2005 ) Richard Griffiths ( 2006 ) Frank Langella ( 2007 ) Mark Rylance ( 2008 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 2009 ) Liev Schreiber ( 2010 ) Bobby Cannavale ( 2011 ) James Corden ( 2012 ) Tracy Letts ( 2013 ) Bryan Cranston ( 2014 ) Alex Sharp ( 2015 ) Frank Langella ( 2016 ) Kevin Kline ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Mike Connors ( 1969 ) Peter Graves ( 1970 ) Robert Young ( 1971 ) Peter Falk ( 1972 ) James Stewart ( 1973 ) Telly Savalas ( 1974 ) Robert Blake / Telly Savalas ( 1975 ) Richard Jordan ( 1976 ) Edward Asner ( 1977 ) Michael Moriarty ( 1978 ) Edward Asner ( 1979 ) Richard Chamberlain ( 1980 ) Daniel J. Travanti ( 1981 ) John Forsythe ( 1982 ) John Forsythe ( 1983 ) Tom Selleck ( 1984 ) Don Johnson ( 1985 ) Edward Woodward ( 1986 ) Richard Kiley ( 1987 ) Ron Perlman ( 1988 ) Ken Wahl ( 1989 ) Kyle MacLachlan ( 1990 ) Scott Bakula ( 1991 ) Sam Waterston ( 1992 ) David Caruso ( 1993 ) Dennis Franz ( 1994 ) Jimmy Smits ( 1995 ) David Duchovny ( 1996 ) Anthony Edwards ( 1997 ) Dylan McDermott ( 1998 ) James Gandolfini ( 1999 ) Martin Sheen ( 2000 ) Kiefer Sutherland ( 2001 ) Michael Chiklis ( 2002 ) Anthony LaPaglia ( 2003 ) Ian McShane ( 2004 ) Hugh Laurie ( 2005 ) Hugh Laurie ( 2006 ) Jon Hamm ( 2007 ) Gabriel Byrne ( 2008 ) Michael C. Hall ( 2009 ) Steve Buscemi ( 2010 ) Kelsey Grammer ( 2011 ) Damian Lewis ( 2012 ) Bryan Cranston ( 2013 ) Kevin Spacey ( 2014 ) Jon Hamm ( 2015 ) Billy Bob Thornton ( 2016 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Robert Young ( 1956 ) Robert Young ( 1957 ) Raymond Burr ( 1959 ) Robert Stack ( 1960 ) Raymond Burr ( 1961 ) E.G. Marshall ( 1962 ) E.G. Marshall ( 1963 ) Bill Cosby ( 1966 ) Bill Cosby ( 1967 ) Bill Cosby ( 1968 ) Carl Betz ( 1969 ) Robert Young ( 1970 ) Hal Holbrook ( 1971 ) Peter Falk ( 1972 ) Richard Thomas ( 1973 ) Telly Savalas ( 1974 ) Robert Blake ( 1975 ) Peter Falk ( 1976 ) James Garner ( 1977 ) Ed Asner ( 1978 ) Ron Leibman ( 1979 ) Ed Asner ( 1980 ) Daniel J. Travanti ( 1981 ) Daniel J. Travanti ( 1982 ) Ed Flanders ( 1983 ) Tom Selleck ( 1984 ) William Daniels ( 1985 ) William Daniels ( 1986 ) Bruce Willis ( 1987 ) Richard Kiley ( 1988 ) Carroll O'Connor ( 1989 ) Peter Falk ( 1990 ) James Earl Jones ( 1991 ) Christopher Lloyd ( 1992 ) Tom Skerritt ( 1993 ) Dennis Franz ( 1994 ) Mandy Patinkin ( 1995 ) Dennis Franz ( 1996 ) Dennis Franz ( 1997 ) Andre Braugher ( 1998 ) Dennis Franz ( 1999 ) James Gandolfini ( 2000 ) James Gandolfini ( 2001 ) Michael Chiklis ( 2002 ) James Gandolfini ( 2003 ) James Spader ( 2004 ) James Spader ( 2005 ) Kiefer Sutherland ( 2006 ) James Spader ( 2007 ) Bryan Cranston ( 2008 ) Bryan Cranston ( 2009 ) Bryan Cranston ( 2010 ) Kyle Chandler ( 2011 ) Damian Lewis ( 2012 ) Jeff Daniels ( 2013 ) Bryan Cranston ( 2014 ) Jon Hamm ( 2015 ) Rami Malek ( 2016 ) Sterling K. Brown ( 2017 ) Satellite Award for Best Actor -- Miniseries or Television Film Alan Rickman ( 1996 ) Gary Sinise ( 1997 ) Delroy Lindo ( 1998 ) William H. Macy ( 1999 ) James Woods ( 2000 ) Richard Dreyfuss ( 2001 ) William H. Macy ( 2002 ) James Woods ( 2003 ) Jamie Foxx ( 2004 ) Jonathan Rhys Meyers ( 2005 ) Bill Nighy ( 2006 ) David Oyelowo ( 2007 ) Paul Giamatti ( 2008 ) Brendan Gleeson ( 2009 ) Al Pacino ( 2010 ) Jason Isaacs ( 2011 ) Benedict Cumberbatch ( 2012 ) Michael Douglas ( 2013 ) Mark Ruffalo ( 2014 ) Mark Rylance ( 2015 ) Bryan Cranston ( 2016 ) Satellite Award for Best Actor -- Television Series Drama David Duchovny ( 1996 ) Jimmy Smits ( 1997 ) Ernie Hudson ( 1998 ) Martin Sheen ( 1999 ) Tim Daly ( 2000 ) Kiefer Sutherland ( 2001 ) Kiefer Sutherland ( 2002 ) Michael Chiklis ( 2003 ) Matthew Fox ( 2004 ) Hugh Laurie ( 2005 ) Hugh Laurie ( 2006 ) Michael C. Hall ( 2007 ) Bryan Cranston ( 2008 ) Bryan Cranston ( 2009 ) Bryan Cranston ( 2010 ) Timothy Olyphant ( 2011 ) Damian Lewis ( 2012 ) Bryan Cranston ( 2013 ) Clive Owen ( 2014 ) Dominic West ( 2015 ) Dominic West ( 2016 ) Saturn Award for Best Actor on Television Kyle Chandler ( 1996 ) Steven Weber ( 1997 ) Richard Dean Anderson ( 1998 ) David Boreanaz ( 1999 ) Robert Patrick ( 2000 ) Ben Browder ( 2001 ) David Boreanaz ( 2002 ) David Boreanaz ( 2003 ) Ben Browder ( 2004 ) Matthew Fox ( 2005 ) Michael C. Hall ( 2006 ) Matthew Fox ( 2007 ) Edward James Olmos ( 2008 ) Josh Holloway ( 2009 ) Stephen Moyer ( 2010 ) Bryan Cranston ( 2011 ) Kevin Bacon / Bryan Cranston ( 2012 ) Mads Mikkelsen ( 2013 ) Hugh Dancy / Andrew Lincoln ( 2014 ) Bruce Campbell ( 2015 ) Andrew Lincoln ( 2016 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture ( 2011 -- 2020 ) 2011 The Help Jessica Chastain , Viola Davis , Bryce Dallas Howard , Allison Janney , Chris Lowell , Ahna O'Reilly , Sissy Spacek , Octavia Spencer , Mary Steenburgen , Emma Stone , Cicely Tyson , Mike Vogel 2012 Argo Ben Affleck , Alan Arkin , Kerry Bishé , Kyle Chandler , Rory Cochrane , Bryan Cranston , Christopher Denham , Tate Donovan , Clea DuVall , Victor Garber , John Goodman , Scoot McNairy , Chris Messina 2013 American Hustle Amy Adams , Christian Bale , Louis C.K. , Bradley Cooper , Jack Huston , Jennifer Lawrence , Alessandro Nivola , Michael Peña , Jeremy Renner , Elisabeth Röhm , Shea Whigham 2014 Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) Zach Galifianakis , Michael Keaton , Edward Norton , Andrea Riseborough , Amy Ryan , Emma Stone , Naomi Watts 2015 Spotlight Billy Crudup , Brian d'Arcy James , Michael Keaton , Rachel McAdams , Mark Ruffalo , Liev Schreiber , John Slattery , Stanley Tucci 2016 Hidden Figures Mahershala Ali , Kevin Costner , Kirsten Dunst , Taraji P. Henson , Aldis Hodge , Janelle Monáe , Jim Parsons , Glen Powell , Octavia Spencer Complete list ( 1995 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2010 ) ( 2011 -- 2020 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series ( 2010 -- 2019 ) 2010 : Boardwalk Empire , season 1 Antonacci Buscemi Coleman Graham de la Huerta Laciura Macdonald Mol Palladino Piazza Pitt Shannon Sparks Stuhlbarg Weiner Whigham 2011 : Boardwalk Empire , season 2 Buscemi Chianese Clohessy Coleman Cox J. Gallina L. Gallina Graham Huston Laciura Lind Macdonald D. McTigue R. McTigue Mol B. Noon C. Noon O'Rourke Palladino Pennewill Piazza Pitt Shannon Sparks Stuhlbarg Van Wagner Whigham Williams Yusef 2012 : Downton Abbey , series 2 Bonneville Boyle Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Findlay Finneran Froggatt Glen Howes James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Nuttall Robb Smith Stevens Wilton 2013 : Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II Bowen Brandt Cranston Crawford Fletcher Fraser Gunn Metzler Mitte Norris Odenkirk Paul Plemons Quezada Rankin Sane 2014 : Downton Abbey , series 4 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Milne Robb Smith Speleers Theobold Wilton 2015 : Downton Abbey , series 5 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Cassidy Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Ovenden Smith Wilton 2016 : Stranger Things , season 1 Brown Buono Chrest Dyer Harbour Heaton Keery Matarazzo McLaughlin Modine Morgan Reynolds Ryder Schnapp Steger Wolfhard Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- present ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Dennis Franz ( 1994 ) Anthony Edwards ( 1995 ) Dennis Franz ( 1996 ) Anthony Edwards ( 1997 ) Sam Waterston ( 1998 ) James Gandolfini ( 1999 ) Martin Sheen ( 2000 ) Martin Sheen ( 2001 ) James Gandolfini ( 2002 ) Kiefer Sutherland ( 2003 ) Jerry Orbach ( 2004 ) Kiefer Sutherland ( 2005 ) Hugh Laurie ( 2006 ) James Gandolfini ( 2007 ) Hugh Laurie ( 2008 ) Michael C. Hall ( 2009 ) Steve Buscemi ( 2010 ) Steve Buscemi ( 2011 ) Bryan Cranston ( 2012 ) Bryan Cranston ( 2013 ) Kevin Spacey ( 2014 ) Kevin Spacey ( 2015 ) John Lithgow ( 2016 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie Raúl Juliá ( 1994 ) Gary Sinise ( 1995 ) Alan Rickman ( 1996 ) Gary Sinise ( 1997 ) Christopher Reeve ( 1998 ) Jack Lemmon ( 1999 ) Brian Dennehy ( 2000 ) Ben Kingsley ( 2001 ) William H. Macy ( 2002 ) Al Pacino ( 2003 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 2004 ) Paul Newman ( 2005 ) Jeremy Irons ( 2006 ) Kevin Kline ( 2007 ) Paul Giamatti ( 2008 ) Kevin Bacon ( 2009 ) Al Pacino ( 2010 ) Paul Giamatti ( 2011 ) Kevin Costner ( 2012 ) Michael Douglas ( 2013 ) Mark Ruffalo ( 2014 ) Idris Elba ( 2015 ) Bryan Cranston ( 2016 ) TCA Award for Individual Achievement in Drama Andre Braugher ( 1997 ) Andre Braugher ( 1998 ) James Gandolfini / David E. Kelley ( 1999 ) James Gandolfini ( 2000 ) James Gandolfini ( 2001 ) Michael Chiklis ( 2002 ) Edie Falco ( 2003 ) Ian McShane ( 2004 ) Hugh Laurie ( 2005 ) Hugh Laurie ( 2006 ) Michael C. Hall ( 2007 ) Paul Giamatti ( 2008 ) Bryan Cranston ( 2009 ) Julianna Margulies ( 2010 ) Jon Hamm ( 2011 ) Claire Danes ( 2012 ) Tatiana Maslany ( 2013 ) Matthew McConaughey ( 2014 ) Jon Hamm ( 2015 ) Sarah Paulson ( 2016 ) Carrie Coon ( 2017 ) Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play José Ferrer / Fredric March ( 1947 ) Henry Fonda / Paul Kelly / Basil Rathbone ( 1948 ) Rex Harrison ( 1949 ) Sidney Blackmer ( 1950 ) Claude Rains ( 1951 ) José Ferrer ( 1952 ) Tom Ewell ( 1953 ) David Wayne ( 1954 ) Alfred Lunt ( 1955 ) Paul Muni ( 1956 ) Fredric March ( 1957 ) Ralph Bellamy ( 1958 ) Jason Robards , Jr. ( 1959 ) Melvyn Douglas ( 1960 ) Zero Mostel ( 1961 ) Paul Scofield ( 1962 ) Arthur Hill ( 1963 ) Alec Guinness ( 1964 ) Walter Matthau ( 1965 ) Hal Holbrook ( 1966 ) Paul Rogers ( 1967 ) Martin Balsam ( 1968 ) James Earl Jones ( 1969 ) Fritz Weaver ( 1970 ) Brian Bedford ( 1971 ) Cliff Gorman ( 1972 ) Alan Bates ( 1973 ) Michael Moriarty ( 1974 ) John Kani and Winston Ntshona ( 1975 ) John Wood ( 1976 ) Al Pacino ( 1977 ) Barnard Hughes ( 1978 ) Tom Conti ( 1979 ) John Rubinstein ( 1980 ) Ian McKellen ( 1981 ) Roger Rees ( 1982 ) Harvey Fierstein ( 1983 ) Jeremy Irons ( 1984 ) Derek Jacobi ( 1985 ) Judd Hirsch ( 1986 ) James Earl Jones ( 1987 ) Ron Silver ( 1988 ) Philip Bosco ( 1989 ) Robert Morse ( 1990 ) Nigel Hawthorne ( 1991 ) Judd Hirsch ( 1992 ) Ron Leibman ( 1993 ) Stephen Spinella ( 1994 ) Ralph Fiennes ( 1995 ) George Grizzard ( 1996 ) Christopher Plummer ( 1997 ) Anthony LaPaglia ( 1998 ) Brian Dennehy ( 1999 ) Stephen Dillane ( 2000 ) Richard Easton ( 2001 ) Alan Bates ( 2002 ) Brian Dennehy ( 2003 ) Jefferson Mays ( 2004 ) Bill Irwin ( 2005 ) Richard Griffiths ( 2006 ) Frank Langella ( 2007 ) Mark Rylance ( 2008 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 2009 ) Denzel Washington ( 2010 ) Mark Rylance ( 2011 ) James Corden ( 2012 ) Tracy Letts ( 2013 ) Bryan Cranston ( 2014 ) Alex Sharp ( 2015 ) Frank Langella ( 2016 ) Kevin Kline ( 2017 ) VIAF : 103838878 LCCN : nr2005007503 ISNI : 0000 0001 1953 7789 GND : 140308962 SUDOC : 151185069 BNF : cb141672320 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bryan_Cranston&oldid=801822048 '' Categories : 1956 births Living people 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American film directors American male film actors American male television actors American male voice actors American people of Austrian descent American people of German descent American people of Irish descent American people of Jewish descent American television directors American television producers Best Drama Actor Golden Globe ( television ) winners Drama Desk Award winners Film directors from California Golden Globe Award winners LGBT rights activists from the United States Los Angeles Valley College people Male actors from Los Angeles People from Canoga Park , Los Angeles Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actor in a Drama Series Primetime Emmy Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners Primetime Emmy Award winners Tony Award winners Activists from California Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from February 2015 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Turner Classic Movies person ID not in Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Corsu Dansk Deitsch Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Magyar Македонски Malagasy मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Volapük Walon Winaray Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 02 : 17 . 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tolkien's inspiration for lord of the rings			J.R.R. Tolkien 's influences	j. r. r. tolkien's influences	While highly creative , the fiction of J.R.R. Tolkien was influenced by a number of sources . Tolkien was inspired by his academic fields of philology and early Germanic literature , especially poetry and mythology , as well as a wide range of other beliefs , culture , and experiences .	Contents ( hide ) 1 The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings 1.1 Religious influences 1.2 Nordic influences 1.3 Old and Middle English influences 1.4 Other mythological and linguistic influences 1.5 Modern literary influences 1.6 Wagnerian influences 1.7 Personal experience 1.8 Contemporary warfare 2 The Silmarillion 2.1 Finnish mythology 2.2 Norse mythology 2.3 Slavic Mythology 2.4 Greek mythology 2.5 Christianity 2.6 Celtic mythology 2.7 Arthurian legends 3 Footnotes 4 References The Hobbit and the Lord of the Rings ( edit ) Main articles : The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings The Hobbit Author J.R.R. Tolkien Country United Kingdom Language English Genre High fantasy , Adventure novel Publisher Allen & Unwin Publication date 21 September 1937 Media type Print ( hardback and paperback ) Pages 310 pp ( first edition ) The Lord of the Rings Author J.R.R. Tolkien Country United Kingdom Language English Genre High fantasy , Adventure novel , Heroic romance Publisher Allen & Unwin Publication date 1954 and 1955 Media type Print ( hardback and paperback ) Pages 1216 pp ( total pages ) Preceded by The Hobbit The Lord of the Rings is a sequel to The Hobbit and so shares influences with it . At the same time , it is a novel which is much greater in scale and scope and so encompasses many other influences as well . Religious influences ( edit ) Tolkien once described The Lord of the Rings to his friend , the English Jesuit Father Robert Murray , as `` a fundamentally religious and Catholic work , unconsciously so at first , but consciously in the revision . '' Many theological themes underlie the narrative , including the battle of good versus evil , the triumph of humility over pride , and the activity of grace , as seen with Frodo 's pity toward Gollum . In addition the epic includes the themes of death and immortality , mercy and pity , resurrection , salvation , repentance , self - sacrifice , free will , justice , fellowship , authority and healing . Tolkien mentions the Lord 's Prayer , especially the line `` And lead us not into temptation but deliver us from evil '' in connection with Frodo 's struggles against the power of the One Ring . Tolkien has also said `` Of course God is in The Lord of the Rings . The period was pre-Christian , but it was a monotheistic world '' and when questioned who was the One God of Middle - earth , Tolkien replied `` The one , of course ! The book is about the world that God created -- the actual world of this planet . '' Nordic influences ( edit ) Tolkien was heavily influenced by Nordic / Norse mythology . During his education at King Edward 's School in Birmingham , the then young Tolkien read and translated from the Old Norse on his own time . One of his first Nordic purchases was the Völsunga saga . It is known that while a student , Tolkien read the only available English translation of the Völsunga saga , that by William Morris of the Victorian Arts and Crafts Movement and Icelandic scholar Eiríkur Magnússon . The Völsunga saga and the Nibelungenlied were coeval texts made with the use of the same ancient sources . Both of them provided some of the basis for Richard Wagner 's opera series , Der Ring des Nibelungen , featuring in particular a magical golden ring and a broken sword reforged . In the Völsungasaga , these items are respectively Andvarinaut and Gram , and they correspond broadly to the One Ring and the sword Narsil ( reforged as Andúril ) . The Volsunga Saga also gives various names found in Tolkien . Tolkien wrote a book entitled The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún , in which he discusses the saga in relation to the myth of Sigurd and Gudrún . Tolkien 's Elves and Dwarves are by and large based on Norse and related Germanic mythologies Two sources that contain accounts of elves and dwarves that were of interest to Tolkien were the Prose Edda and the Elder or Poetic Edda . The descriptions of elves and dwarves in these works are ambiguous and contradictory , however . Within the contents of the Völuspá , specifically in stanza 9 , the creation of Dwarves predates Man , which is precisely the formula Tolkien uses for Middle - earth . The names of Gandalf and the dwarves in The Hobbit were taken from the `` Dvergatal '' in the Elder Edda and the `` Gylfaginning '' in the Prose Edda . The figure of Gandalf is particularly influenced by the Norse deity Odin in his incarnation as `` The Wanderer '' , an old man with one eye , a long white beard , a wide brimmed hat , and a staff . Tolkien , in a letter of 1946 , nearly a decade after the character was invented , wrote that he thought of Gandalf as an `` Odinic wanderer '' . Much like Odin , Gandalf promotes justice , knowledge , truth , and insight . The Balrog and the collapse of the Bridge of Khazad - dûm in Moria , is a direct parallel of the fire giant Surtr and the destruction of Asgard 's bridge in Norse myth . Old and Middle English influences ( edit ) Tolkien was a Professor of Old English / Anglo - Saxon and Middle English language and literature , and this literature , particularly Beowulf , influenced his own writings . As Tolley tells us in his Old English Influences on The Lord of the Rings , the ideas of heroism and masculinity that inform the character of Beowulf , can also be seen in Aragorn . Both Aragorn and Beowulf have questionable family lines , and both take on kingship only for the good of the people . Other themes , such as the conversation in The Hobbit between Bilbo Baggins and Smaug the dragon , as well as the antagonism created by the mere mention of gold and even the concept of riddles , are also reflected in Beowulf . Tolkien also based the people of Rohan , the Rohirrim , on the historical Anglo - Saxons , giving them Anglo - Saxon names , customs , and poetry . The Anglo - Saxon poem , `` The Wanderer , '' is paraphrased by Aragorn as an example of Rohirric verse . Another major influence on Tolkien is riddle poetry from Anglo - Saxon England . Some of the oldest surviving Old English manuscripts contain riddle poems , such as the Leiden Riddle in the Leiden MS . The contest between Bilbo and Gollum is a good example of this . Other mythological and linguistic influences ( edit ) Finnish mythology and more specifically the Finnish national epic Kalevala were also acknowledged by Tolkien as an influence on Middle - earth . In a manner similar to The Lord of the Rings , the Kalevala centres around a magical item of great power , the Sampo , which bestows great fortune on its owner , but never makes clear its exact nature . Like the One Ring , the Sampo is fought over by forces of good and evil , and is ultimately lost to the world as it is destroyed towards the end of the story . In another parallel , the work 's wizard character , Väinämöinen , is similar to Gandalf in his immortal origins and wise nature , and both works end with the wizard character departing on a ship to lands beyond the mortal world . Tolkien also based elements of his Elvish language Quenya on Finnish . The extent of Celtic influence is debatable . Tolkien wrote that he gave the Elvish language Sindarin `` a linguistic character very like ( though not identical with ) British - Welsh ... because it seems to fit the rather ' Celtic ' type of legends and stories told of its speakers '' . A number of the names of characters and places in The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings have been found to have Welsh origin . In addition , the depiction of elves has been described as deriving from Celtic mythology . Though Tolkien denied the influence of Arthurian legends , several parallels have been drawn . Gandalf has been compared with Merlin , Frodo and Aragorn with Arthur and Galadriel with the Lady of the Lake . Modern Literary influences ( edit ) Tolkien was also influenced by more modern literature . The Ent attack on Isengard was inspired by `` Birnam Wood coming to Dunsinane '' in Shakespeare 's Macbeth . Charles Dickens ' The Pickwick Papers has likewise been shown to have reflections in Tolkien . One of the greatest influences on Tolkien was the Arts and Crafts polymath William Morris . Tolkien wished to imitate Morris 's prose and poetry romances , along with the general style and approach ; he took elements such as the Dead Marshes in The Lord of the Rings and Mirkwood in The Hobbit from Morris . He was also influenced by the modern fantasy author George MacDonald , who wrote The Princess and the Goblin . Books by the Inkling author Owen Barfield are also known to have contributed to his world - view , particularly The Silver Trumpet ( 1925 ) , History in English Words ( 1926 ) and Poetic Diction ( 1928 ) . Edward Wyke - Smith 's Marvellous Land of Snergs , with its `` table - high '' title characters , strongly influenced the incidents , themes , and depiction of Bilbo 's race in The Hobbit . The character George Babbitt from Babbitt was another inspiration for hobbits . In his biography of Tolkien , Carpenter notes that in the limited amount of time Tolkien could apply to the reading of fiction , he `` preferred the lighter contemporary novels '' . The stories of John Buchan are listed as an example . Critics such as Hooker have detailed the resonances between the two authors . Another contemporary adventure novel , H. Rider Haggard 's She , was acknowledged by Tolkien in an interview : `` I suppose as a boy She interested me as much as anything -- like the Greek shard of Amyntas ( Amenartas ) , which was the kind of machine by which everything got moving . '' A supposed facsimile of this potsherd appeared in Haggard 's first edition , and the ancient inscription it bore , once translated , led the English characters to She 's ancient kingdom . Critics have compared this device to the Testament of Isildur in The Lord of the Rings and Tolkien 's efforts to produce as an illustration a realistic page from the Book of Mazarbul . Critics starting with Edwin Muir have found resemblances between Haggard 's romances and Tolkien 's . Verne 's Runic Cryptogram from Journey to the Center of the Earth Tolkien scholar Mark T. Hooker has catalogued a series of parallels between The Hobbit and Jules Verne 's Journey to the Center of the Earth . These include , among other things , a hidden runic message and a celestial alignment that direct the adventurers to the goals of their quests . Tolkien wrote of being impressed as a boy by Samuel Rutherford Crockett 's historical novel The Black Douglas and of basing the Necromancer -- Sauron -- on its villain , Gilles de Retz . Incidents in both The Hobbit and Lord of the Rings are similar in narrative and style to the novel , and its overall style and imagery have been suggested as having had an influence on Tolkien . Tolkien wrote that stories about `` Red Indians '' were his favourites as a boy . Shippey mentions Tolkien 's interest in the primeval forests and people of North America , and speculates that the romantic descriptions of characters in James Fenimore Cooper might have influenced his descriptions of Aragorn and Éomer . Though he read many of Edgar Rice Burroughs ' books , he denied that the Barsoom novels influenced his giant spiders : `` I did read many of Edgar Rice Burroughs ' earlier works , but I developed a dislike for his Tarzan even greater than my distaste for spiders . Spiders I had met long before Burroughs began to write , and I do not think he is in any way responsible for Shelob . At any rate I retain no memory of the Siths or the Apts . '' Wagnerian influences ( edit ) Some critics have suggested that The Lord of the Rings was directly and heavily derived from Richard Wagner 's opera cycle , Der Ring des Nibelungen , whose plot also centres on a powerful ring . Others have argued that any similarity is due to the common influence of the Volsunga saga and the Nibelungenlied on both authors . Tolkien sought to dismiss critics ' direct comparisons to Wagner , telling his publisher , `` Both rings were round , and there the resemblance ceases . '' According to Humphrey Carpenter 's biography of Tolkien , the author claimed to hold Wagner 's interpretation of the relevant Germanic myths in contempt , even as a young man before reaching university . Some researchers take an intermediate position : that both the authors used the same sources , but that Tolkien was influenced by Wagner 's development of the mythology , especially the `` concept of the Ring as giving the owner mastery of the world that was Wagner 's own contribution to the myth of the Ring '' . Wagner probably developed this element by combining the ring with a magical wand mentioned in the Nibelungenlied that could give to its wearer the control `` over the race of men '' . In addition , the corrupting power of Tolkien 's One Ring has a central role in Wagner 's operas but was not present in the mythical sources . Some argue that Tolkien 's denial of a Wagnerian influence was an over-reaction to the statements of Åke Ohlmarks , Tolkien 's Swedish translator , who in the introduction to his much - criticized translation of The Lord of the Rings `` mixed material from various legends , some which mention no ring and one which concerns a totally different ring '' . Furthermore , critics believe that Tolkien was reacting against the links between Wagner 's work and Nazism . Personal experience ( edit ) Some locations and characters were inspired by Tolkien 's childhood in Birmingham , where he first lived near Sarehole Mill , and later near Edgbaston Reservoir . There are also hints of the Black Country , which is within easy reach of north west Edgbaston . This shows in such names as `` Underhill '' , and the description of Saruman 's industrialization of Isengard and The Shire is explicitly stated by Tolkien to have been based on the industrialization of England . It has also been suggested that The Shire and its surroundings were influenced by the Iron Age and Roman mineral workings and remains which Tolkien saw in 1929 when working with archaeologists Tessa and Mortimer Wheeler at Lydney Park in the Forest of Dean ; or alternatively were based on the countryside around Stonyhurst College in Lancashire where he frequently stayed during the 1940s . Contemporary warfare ( edit ) The Lord of the Rings was crucially influenced by Tolkien 's experiences during World War I and his son 's during World War II . After the publication of The Lord of the Rings these influences led to speculation that the One Ring was an allegory for the nuclear bomb . Tolkien , however , repeatedly insisted that his works were not an allegory of any kind . He states in the foreword to The Lord of the Rings that he disliked allegories and that the story was not one . Instead he preferred what he termed `` applicability '' , the freedom of the reader to interpret the work in the light of his or her own life and times . Tolkien had already completed most of the book , including the ending in its entirety , before the first nuclear bombs were made known to the world at Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 . Bedeviled , a book by Lewis / Tolkien scholar Colin Duriez , discusses in more depth how the World Wars and concepts of evil and suffering influenced the writings of Tolkien and his literary group , the Inklings . The Silmarillion ( edit ) Main article : The Silmarillion The Silmarillion 1977 George Allen & Unwin hardback edition . Author J.R.R. Tolkien Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Alternate history , Fantasy Publisher Allen & Unwin Publication date 1977 Media type Print ( hardback and paperback ) Pages 365 ISBN 0 - 04 - 823139 - 8 The Silmarillion is a complex work exhibiting the influence of many sources . Finnish mythology ( edit ) A major influence was the Finnish epic Kalevala , especially the tale of Kullervo . Tolkien admitted that he had been `` greatly affected '' by Finnish mythologies , and even credited Kullervo 's story with being the `` germ of ( his ) attempt to write legends '' . Tolkien attempted to rework the story of Kullervo into a story of his own , and though he never finished , similarities to the story can still be seen in the tale of Túrin Turambar . Both are tragic heroes who accidentally commit incest with their sister who on finding out kills herself by leaping into water . Both heroes later kill themselves after asking their sword if it will slay them , which it confirms . Norse mythology ( edit ) Similarly , the Valar also contain elements of Norse mythology . Several of the Valar have characteristics resembling various Æsir , the gods of Asgard . Thor , for example , physically the strongest of the gods , can be seen both in Oromë , who fights the monsters of Melkor , and in Tulkas , the physically strongest of the Valar . Manwë , the head of the Valar , exhibits some similarities to Odin , the `` Allfather '' . The division between the Calaquendi ( Elves of Light ) and Moriquendi ( Elves of Darkness ) also echoes Norse mythology , which has its own Light elves and Dark elves . The Light elves of Norse mythology are associated with the gods , much as the Calaquendi are associated with the Valar . also the werewolves seem to be inspired by werewolves from Völsunga saga as well as Fenris the Warg Slavic mythology ( edit ) There are numerous sources from Slavic mythology found in J.R.R. Tolkien 's novels . An example is the Istar ( wizard ) named Radagast and his home at Rhosgobel ; both are usually taken to have Slavic sources from the Slavic god , Rodegast , a god of the Sun , war , hospitality , fertility , and harvest . Rhovanion was , also , a name from Slavic origin . The Anduin River , from which `` Anduin '' was the Sindarin name for The Great River of Wilderland , is said to have similar sources related to the Danube River , from which the river flows mainly among the Slavic people and played an important role in their folklore . Greek mythology ( edit ) Influence from Greek mythology is also apparent . The island of Númenor , for example , recalls Atlantis . Tolkien 's Elvish name `` Atalantë '' for Númenor resembles Plato 's Atlantis furthering the illusion that his mythology simply extends the history and mythology of the real world . In his Letters , however , Tolkien described this merely as a `` curious chance . '' Greek mythology also colours the Valar , who borrow many attributes from the Olympian gods . The Valar , like the Olympians , live in the world , but on a high mountain , separated from mortals ; Ulmo , Lord of the Waters , owes much to Poseidon , and Manwë , the Lord of the Air and King of the Valar , to Zeus . But the correspondences are only approximate ; Tolkien borrows ideas from Greek mythology , but does not model the Valar and Maiar on Greek deities . Tolkien also compared Beren and Lúthien with Orpheus and Eurydice with the gender roles reversed . Tolkien has compared Túrin in the Children of Húrin to Oedipus among other mythological figures : There is the Children of Húrin , the tragic tale of Túrin Turambar and his sister Níniel -- of which Túrin is the hero : a figure that might be said ( by people who like that sort of thing , though it is not very useful ) to be derived from elements in Sigurd the Volsung , Oedipus , and the Finnish Kullervo . Fëanor has been compared with Prometheus by researchers such as Verlyn Flieger . They share a symbolical and literal association with fire , are both rebels against gods 's decrees and , basically , inventors of artefacts that were sources of light , or vessels to divine flame . Christianity ( edit ) The Bible and traditional Christian narrative also influenced The Silmarillion . Tolkien was a devout Roman Catholic . The conflict between Melkor and Eru Ilúvatar parallels that between Satan and God . Further , The Silmarillion tells of the creation and fall of the Elves , as Genesis tells of the creation and fall of Man . As with all of Tolkien 's works , The Silmarillion allows room for later Christian history , and one version of Tolkien 's drafts even has Finrod , a character in The Silmarillion , speculating on the necessity of Eru 's ( God 's ) eventual Incarnation to save Mankind . A specifically Christian influence is the notion of the Fall of man , which influenced the Ainulindalë , the Kinslaying at Alqualondë , and the fall of Númenor . Celtic mythology ( edit ) Though Tolkien wrote of `` a certain distaste '' for Celtic legends , `` largely for their fundamental unreason '' , The Silmarillion may betray some Celtic influence . The exile of the Noldorin Elves , for example , has parallels with the story of the Tuatha Dé Danann . The Tuatha Dé Danann semi-divine beings , invaded Ireland from across the sea , burning their ships when they arrived and fighting a fierce battle with the current inhabitants . The Noldor arrived in Middle - earth from Valinor and burned their ships , then turned to fight Melkor . Another parallel can be seen between the loss of a hand by Maedhros , son of Fëanor , and the similar mutilation suffered by Nuada Airgetlám ( `` Silver Hand / Arm '' ) during the battle with the Firbolg . Nuada received a hand made of silver to replace the lost one , and his later appellation has the same meaning as the Elvish name Celebrimbor : `` silver fist '' or `` Hand of silver '' in Sindarin ( Telperinquar in Quenya ) . Another similarity between the Silmarillion and the Lebor Gabála Érenn can be seen by comparing Nuada and Lugh ( who possessed a famed magic spear , the Spear Luin ) and the outcome of their respective confrontations against Balor of the Evil Eye with the events surrounding Celebrimbor and Gil - galad ( whose weapon is the spear Aeglos ) and their conflicts with Sauron of the Lidless Red Eye in the Second Age . Other authors , such as Donald O'Brien , Patrick Wynne and Carl Hostetter , Tom Shippey , David Day have pointed out the similarities between Beren and Lúthien , one of the main storylines of the Silmarillion , and Culhwch and Olwen , one the tales collected in the Welsh Mabinogion . In both , the male heroes make rash promises after having been stricken by the beauty of non-mortal maidens ; both enlist the aid of great kings , Arthur and Finrod ; both show rings that prove their identities ; both are set impossible tasks that include , directly or indirectly , the hunting and killing of ferocious beasts ( the wild boars , Twrch Trwyth and Ysgithrywyn , and the wolf Carcharoth ) with the help of a supernatural hound ( Cafall and Huan ) . Both maidens possess such beauty that flowers grow beneath their feet when they come to meet the heroes for the first time , as if they were living embodiments of spring . The Mabinogion itself was part of the Red Book of Hergest , which the Red Book of Westmarch probably imitates . Arthurian legends ( edit ) The Arthurian legends are part of the cultural heritage appearing in Celtic and Welsh mythology . Though Tolkien denied this influence , several parallels between the legends and Tolkien 's stories have been found by numerous specialists . Verlyn Flieger , in particular , has investigated the correlations at length and has studied their numerous parallels with Tolkien 's creative methods . Flieger points out visible correspondences such as Avalon and Avallónë and Broceliande and Broceliand , the original name of Beleriand . Tolkien himself said that Frodo and Bilbo 's departure to Tol Eressëa ( also called `` Avallon '' in the Legendarium ) was an `` Arthurian ending '' . Such correlations are discussed in the posthumously published The Fall of Arthur , which includes an entire section , `` The Connection to the Quenta '' , on Tolkien 's treatment of Arthurian material and its influence on The Silmarillion . Another parallel is the tale of Sir Balin in the Arthurian Legend with that of Túrin Turambar . Though Balin knows he wields an accursed sword , he nevertheless continues his quest to regain King Arthur 's favour ; yet he unintentionally causes misery wherever he goes . Fate eventually catches up with him when he unwittingly kills his own brother , who in turn mortally wounds him . Similarly , Turin accidentally kills his friend Beleg with his sword . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Carpenter 1981 , # 142 ^ Jump up to : Carpenter 1981 , # 181 Jump up ^ `` JRR Tolkien : ' Film my books ? It 's easier to film The Odyssey ' '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Nancy Marie ( 2012 ) . Song of the Vikings . London : St. Martin 's Press . Jump up ^ Byock 1990 , p. 31 Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey ( 1978 ) . J.R.R. Tolkien : A Biography . London : Allen & Unwin . p. 77 . Jump up ^ Morris , William ; Magnússon , Eiríkur , eds. ( 1870 ) . Völsunga Saga : The Story of the Volsungs and Niblungs , with Certain Songs from the Elder Edda . London : F.S. Ellis . p. xi . Jump up ^ Evans , Johnathan . `` The Dragon Lore of Middle - earth : Tolkien and Old English and Old Norse Tradition '' . In Clark & Timmons 2000 , pp. 24 , 25 Jump up ^ Simek 2005 , pp. 163 -- 165 Jump up ^ Simek 2005 , pp. 165 , 173 ^ Jump up to : Shippey 2000 Jump up ^ Shippey , Tom ( 2005 ) ( 1982 ) . The Road to Middle - earth ( 3rd ed . ) . HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 0 - 261 - 10275 - 3 . Jump up ^ The Silmarillion , Chapter 2 . ^ Jump up to : Drout , Michael D.C. ( 2007 ) . J.R.R. TolkienEncyclopedia : Scholarship and Critical Assessment . Taylor & Francis Group , LLC . ISBN 0 - 415 - 96942 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Chance 2004 , p. 169 Jump up ^ Burns , Marjorie J. ( 1991 ) . `` Echoes of William Morris 's Icelandic Journals in J.R.R. Tolkien '' . Studies in Medievalism. 3 ( 3 ) : 367 -- 373 . Jump up ^ Tolley , Clive. `` Old English Influences on The Lord of the Rings '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Anglo - Saxon ( Old English ) ( Retrieved 26 June 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Handwerk , Brian ( 1 March 2004 ) . `` Lord of the Rings Inspired by an Ancient Epic '' . National Geographic News . National Geographic Society . pp. 1 -- 2 . Retrieved 4 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Cultural and Linguistic Conservation '' . Retrieved 16 April 2006 . Jump up ^ Hooker , Mark ( 2014 ) . The Tolkienæum : Essays on J.R.R. Tolkien and his Legendarium . Llyfrawr . pp. 159 -- 166 . ISBN 978 - 1499759105 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1981 , # 144 Jump up ^ Hooker , Mark ( 2012 ) . Tolkien and Welsh ( Tolkien a Chymraeg ) . Llyfrawr . ISBN 1477667733 . Jump up ^ Gunnell , Terry ( 13 September 2002 ) . `` Tívar in a timeless land : Tolkien 's Elves '' . Retrieved 23 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Jardillier , Claire ( 2003 ) . `` Tolkien under the influence : Arthurian Legends in The Lord of the Rings '' . Bulletin des Anglicistes Médiévistes , Bulletin de l'Association des Médiévistes Anglicistes de l'Enseignement Supérieur ( 63 ) : 57 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Riga , Frank P. ( 22 September 2008 ) . `` Gandalf and Merlin : J.R.R. Tolkien 's Adoption and Transformation of a Literary Tradition '' . Mythlore . Jump up ^ Carter , Susan ( 22 March 2007 ) . `` Galadriel and Morgan le Fey : Tolkien 's redemption of the lady of the lacuna '' . Mythlore . Jump up ^ Flieger 2005 , pp. 33 -- 44 Jump up ^ Dunstall , Eadmund . `` Orthodoxy in the Shire -- A Tribute to JRR Tolkien '' . Orthodox England . Retrieved 23 October 2011 . Jump up ^ http://mural.uv.es/igpasmon/TolkmythB.htm Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey ( 2000 ) . J.R.R. Tolkien : A Biography , Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 05702 - 1 Jump up ^ Hooker 2002 , pp. 117 -- 122 `` The Leaf Mold of Tolkien 's Mind '' Jump up ^ Carpenter 1981 , # 1 Jump up ^ Carpenter 1981 , # 226 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1937 ) , Douglas A. Anderson , ed. , The Annotated Hobbit , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 2002 ) , p. 183 , note 10 , ISBN 0 - 618 - 13470 - 0 Jump up ^ Anderson , The Annotated Hobbit ( 1988 ) , 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ Peter Gilliver ; Jeremy Marshall ; Edmund Weiner ( 23 July 2009 ) . The Ring of Words : Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary . OUP Oxford . p. 54 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 956836 - 9 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey ( 1978 ) . Tolkien : A Biography . Ballantine Books . p. 184 . Jump up ^ Hooker , Mark T. , `` Reading John Buchan in Search of Tolkien , '' Tolkien and the Study of His Sources , McFarland ( 2011 ) , Fisher , Jason ( ed . ) , pp. 162 -- 192 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6482 - 1 . Jump up ^ Resnick , Henry ( 1967 ) . `` An Interview with Tolkien '' . Niekas : 37 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Dale J. ( 2006 ) . `` Haggard 's She : Burke 's Sublime in a popular romance '' . Mythlore ( Winter -- Spring ) . Retrieved 2 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Flieger 2005 , p. 150 Jump up ^ Muir , Edwin ( 1988 ) . The Truth of Imagination : Some Uncollected Reviews and Essays . Aberdeen University Press . p. 121 . ISBN 0 - 08 - 036392 - X . Jump up ^ Lobdell 2004 , pp. 5 -- 6 Jump up ^ Rogers , William N. , II ; Underwood , Michael R. `` Gagool and Gollum : Exemplars of Degeneration in King Solomon 's Mines and The Hobbit '' . In Clark & Timmons 2000 , pp. 121 -- 132 Jump up ^ Stoddard , William H. ( July 2003 ) . `` Galadriel and Ayesha : Tolkienian Inspiration ? '' . Franson Publications . Retrieved 2 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Hooker 2002 , pp. 123 -- 152 `` Frodo Quatermain , '' `` Tolkien and Haggard : Immortality , '' `` Tolkien and Haggard : The Dead Marshes '' Jump up ^ Hooker , Mark ( 2014 ) . The Tolkienaeum : Essays on J.R.R. Tolkien and his Legendarium . Llyfrawr . pp. 1 -- 12 . ISBN 978 - 1499759105 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1981 , p. 391 , quoted by Lobdell 2004 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Anderson , The Annotated Hobbit ( 1988 ) , 150 Jump up ^ Lobdell 2004 , pp. 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ Shippey 2000 , pp. 127 , 347 -- 348 Jump up ^ Edgar Rice Burroughs : Master of Adventure Jump up ^ The Ring and the Rings . Alex Ross . Posted 15 December 2003 . Retrieved 27 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Tom Shippey , The Road to Middle Earth , p. 296 Jump up ^ St. Clair , Gloriana . `` Tolkien 's Cauldron : Northern Literature and The Lord of The Rings '' . CMU Libraries . Carnegie Mellon University . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey ( 1977 ) , Tolkien : A Biography , New York : Ballantine Books , ISBN 0 - 04 - 928037 - 6 Jump up ^ Brown , Larry A. ( January 2009 ) . `` An Introduction , Notes , and Musical Examples . Part 1 : Rhinegold '' . Richard Wagner 's The Ring of the Nibelung . Retrieved 23 October 2003 . Jump up ^ Shippey 2007 , pp. 97 -- 114 Jump up ^ Harvey , David ( 1995 ) . `` Tolkien 's Ring and Der Ring des Nibelungen '' . Retrieved 23 October 2003 . Jump up ^ Byock 1990 . `` The source for this quality seems to have been a relatively insignificant line from the Nibelungenlied , which says that the Nibelung treasure included a tiny golden wand that could make its possessor the lord of all mankind . ( 1 ) '' Jump up ^ Needler , George Henry ( ed . ) . `` Nineteenth Adventure -- How the Nibelungen Hoard was Brought to Worms '' . authorama.com . The wish - rod lay among them , / of gold a little wand . Whosoe'er its powers / full might understand , The same might make him master / o'er all the race of men . Jump up ^ http://de-vagaesemhybrazil.blogspot.com.br/2008/12/two-rings-tolkien-and-wagner-dc-before.html Jump up ^ http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Two+rings+to+rule+them+all%3A+a+comparative+study+of+Tolkien+and+Wagner.-a0256864486 Jump up ^ Jim Allan , author of Tolkien Language Notes , published in 1974 Jump up ^ Spengler ( 11 January 2003 ) . `` The ' Ring ' and the remnants of the West '' . Asia Times . Retrieved 23 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Spengler ( 24 April 2007 ) . `` Tolkien 's Christianity and the pagan tragedy '' . Asia Times . Retrieved 23 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Birzer , Bradley J. ( 3 August 2001 ) . `` ' Both rings were round , and there the resemblance eases ' : Tolkien , Wagner , Nationalism , and Modernity '' ( PDF ) . ISI Conference on `` Modernists and Mist Dwellers '' . Seattle : The Intercollegiate Studies Institute . Retrieved 23 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Chance , Jane , ed. ( 2002 ) . `` Middle - Earth , the Middle Ages , and the Aryan Nation : Myth and History during World War II '' . Tolkien the Medievalist . Routledge Studies in Medieval Religion and Culture . 3 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 28944 - 0 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1981 , # 178303 Jump up ^ The Lord of the Rings , Foreword : `` The country in which I lived in childhood was being shabbily destroyed before I was ten '' Jump up ^ `` Tolkien 's tales from Lydney Park '' . Retrieved 22 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` In the Valley of the Hobbits '' . Archived from the original on 12 November 2006 . Retrieved 5 October 2006 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/guides/zgr9kqt Jump up ^ The Lord of the Rings : The Mythology of Power , ( Revised Edition , by Jane Chance , copyright 2001 ) . University Press of Kentucky , cited in `` INFLUENCES ON `` THE LORD OF THE RINGS '' `` . National Geographic Society . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. from Encyclopedia of Science , Technology , and Ethics . Macmillan Reference USA . Cited in `` J.R.R. Tolkien Summary '' . BookRags . ^ Jump up to : Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1991 ) . The Lord of the Rings . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 261 - 10238 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Carpenter 1981 , # 131 Jump up ^ Carpenter 1981 , # 257 Jump up ^ Carpenter 1981 , # 1 , footnote 6 Jump up ^ Chance 2004 , pp. 288 -- 292 Jump up ^ Garth , John ( 2003 ) . Tolkien and the Great War : The Threshold of Middle - earth . New York : Houghton Mifflin Company . p. 86 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 33129 - 8 . Jump up ^ Jøn , A. Asbjørn ( 1997 ) . An investigation of the Teutonic god Óðinn ; and a study of his relationship to J.R.R. Tolkien 's character , Gandalf . Armidale , Australia : University of New England . Jump up ^ Flieger 2002 , p. 83 Jump up ^ Burns 2005 , pp. 23 -- 25 Jump up ^ Shippey , Tom . `` Light - elves , Dark - elves , and Others : Tolkien 's Elvish Problem '' . Tolkien Studies . 1 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 15 . doi : 10.1353 / tks. 2004.0015 . ^ Jump up to : Orr , Robert . Some Slavic Echos in J.R.R. Tolkien 's Middle - earth , Germano - Slavica 8 ( 1994 ) : p. 23 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1981 , # 154 , 227 Jump up ^ Silmarillion 1977 , p. 281 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1954 ) , The Fellowship of the Ring , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , `` Note on the Shire Records '' , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08254 - 4 Jump up ^ Flieger , Verlyn ( 2001 ) . A Question of Time : J.R.R. Tolkien 's Road to Faërie . Kent State University Press . pp. 76 -- 77 . ISBN 978 - 0873386999 . ^ Jump up to : Purtill , Richard L. ( 2003 ) . J.R.R. Tolkien : Myth , Morality , and Religion . San Francisco : Harper & Row . pp. 52 , 131 . ISBN 0 - 89870 - 948 - 2 . Jump up ^ Stanton , Michael ( 2001 ) . Hobbits , Elves , and Wizards : Exploring the Wonders and Worlds of J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . p. 18 . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 6025 - 9 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1981 , # 154 Jump up ^ Carpenter 1981 , letter No. 131 Jump up ^ Flieger 2002 , pp. 102 -- 103 Jump up ^ Chance 2001 , p. 192 Jump up ^ Bramlett , Perry ( 2003 ) . I Am in Fact a Hobbit : An Introduction to the Life and Works of J.R.R. Tolkien . Macon , Georgia : Mercer University Press . p. 86 . ISBN 0 - 86554 - 851 - X . Jump up ^ Morgoth 's Ring , Athrabeth Finrod Ah Andreth , pp. 322 , 335 Jump up ^ Carpenter 1981 , # 19 Jump up ^ Fimi , Dimitra ( August 2006 ) . `` '' Mad '' Elves and `` Elusive Beauty '' : Some Celtic Strands of Tolkien 's Mythology `` . Folklore . pp. 6 -- 8 . Retrieved 1 September 2007 . Jump up ^ The Silmarillion , p. 357 Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Arda : Aeglos ( Aiglos ) Archived 4 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Tom Shippey , The Road to Middle Earth , pp. 193 -- 194 : `` The hunting of the great wolf recalls the chase of the boar Twrch Trwyth in the Welsh Mabinogion , while the motif of ' the hand in the wolf 's mouth ' is one of the most famous parts of the Prose Edda , told of Fenris Wolf and the god Tyr ; Huan recalls several faithful hounds of legend , Garm , Gelert , Cafall . '' Jump up ^ Day 2002 , p. 82 . `` In the Celtic tradition , when these radiant beings -- these ' ladies in white ' -- take on mortal heroes as lovers , there are always obstacles to overcome . These obstacles usually take the form of an almost impossible quest . This is most clearly comparable to Tolkien in the Welsh legend of the wooing of Olwyn . Olwyn was the most beautiful woman of her age ; her eyes shone with light , and her skin was white as snow . Olwyn 's name means ' she of the white track ' , so bestowed because four white trefoils sprang up with her every step on the forest floor , and the winning of her hand required the near - impossible gathering of the ' Treasures of Britain ' '' . `` In Tolkien , we have two almost identical ' ladies in white ' : Lúthien in The Silmarillion , and Arwen in The Lord of the Rings '' . Jump up ^ Day 2002 , p. 79 . `` Besides those elements already mentioned , Celtic mythology has played a fundamental part in the shaping of Tolkien 's world . When we learn that the most important source of Welsh Celtic lore was preserved in the fourteenth - century Red Book of Hergest , we realize that Tolkien is making a small scholarly joke in naming his ' source ' of Elf - lore the Red Book of Westmarch '' Jump up ^ Hooker 2002 , pp. 176 -- 177 , `` The Feigned - manuscript Topos '' : `` The 1849 translation of The Red Book of Hergest by Lady Charlotte Guest ( 1812 -- 1895 ) , which is more widely known as The Mabinogion , is likewise of undoubted authenticity ( ... ) It is now housed in the library at Jesus College , Oxford . Tolkien 's well - known love of Welsh suggests that he would have likewise been well - acquainted with the source of Lady Guest 's translation . For the Tolkiennymist , the coincidence of the names of the sources of Lady Charlotte Guest 's and Tolkien 's translations is striking : The Red Book of Hergest and The Red Book of Westmarch . Tolkien wanted to write ( translate ) a mythology for England , and Lady Charlotte Guest 's work can easily be said to be a ' mythology for Wales . ' The implication of this coincidence is intriguing '' . Jump up ^ Flieger 2005 , The Literary Model : Tolkien and Arthur ^ Jump up to : Flieger 2005 , pp. 41 -- 42 `` It seems clear , however , that Arthur was in the back of his mind , or perhaps in the early , tentative beginnings , Arthur , along with other fragments of England 's history , was in the front of his mind and only later retired to the back . Tolkien 's process of naming , the very root and genesis of his invented languages and of his world , offer examples of both front and back positions . Examples include not just the shift from early Arthurian Broceliand to later Elvish Beleriand but from the early Avallon to the later Avalloné to the still later Tol Eressëa , all names for what remained throughout the naming process the ' Lonely Isle ' '' Jump up ^ Flieger 2005 , p. 42 `` To Bilbo and Frodo the special grace is granted to go with the Elves they loved -- an Arthurian ending , in which it is , of course , not made explicit whether this is an ' allegory ' of death , or a mode of healing and restoration leading to a return '' Jump up ^ Lezard , Nicholas ( 28 April 2007 ) . `` Hobbit forming '' . The Guardian . Review of The Children of Húrin . References ( edit ) Burns , Marjorie ( 2005 ) . Perilous Realms : Celtic and Norse in Tolkien 's Middle - earth . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 3806 - 9 . Byock , Jesse L. ( 1990 ) . The Saga of the Volsungs : The Norse Epic of Sigurd the Dragon Slayer . Los Angeles : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 06904 - 8 . Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Chance , Jane ( 2001 ) . Tolkien 's Art : A Mythology for England . Lexington , Kentucky : University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 9020 - 7 . Chance , Jane ( 2004 ) . Tolkien and the Invention of Myth : A Reader . Lexington , Kentucky : University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 2301 - 1 . Clark , George ; Timmons , Daniel , eds. ( 2000 ) . J.R.R. Tolkien and His Literary Resonances : Views of Middle - Earth . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30845 - 4 . Day , David ( 2002 ) . Tolkien 's Ring . New York : Barnes and Noble . ISBN 1 - 58663 - 527 - 1 . Flieger , Verlyn ( 2002 ) . Splintered Light : Logos and Language in Tolkien 's World . Kent , Ohio : Kent State University Press . ISBN 0 - 87338 - 744 - 9 . Flieger , Verlyn ( 2005 ) . Interrupted Music : The Making Of Tolkien 's Mythology . Kent State University Press . ISBN 9780873388245 . Retrieved 2 December 2007 . Hooker , Mark T. ( 2006 ) . Tolkienian Mathomium : A Collection of Articles on J.R.R. Tolkien and his Legendarium . Llyfrawr . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4382 - 4631 - 4 . Hooker , Mark T. ( 2014 ) . The Tolkienæum : Essays on J.R.R. Tolkien and his Legendarium . Llyfrawr . ISBN 978 - 1499759105 . Lobdell , Jared C. ( 2004 ) . The World of the Rings : Language , Religion , and Adventure in Tolkien . Open Court . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8126 - 9569 - 4 . Shippey , Tom ( 2000 ) . J.R.R. Tolkien : Author of the Century . London : Harper Collins . ISBN 0 - 261 - 10400 - 4 . Shippey , Tom ( 2007 ) . Roots and Branches : Selected Papers on Tolkien . Cormarë Series . 11 . Zurich and Berne : Walking Tree Publishers . ISBN 978 - 3 - 905703 - 05 - 4 . Simek , Rudolf ( 2005 ) . Mittelerde : Tolkien und die germanische Mythologie ( Middle - earth : Tolkien and the Germanic Mythology ) ( in German ) . C.H. Beck . ISBN 9783406528378 . Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1977 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The Silmarillion , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , ISBN 0 - 395 - 25730 - 1 Turner , A. ( 2007 ) . The Silmarillion : 30 years on . Walking Tree Publishers . ISBN 978 - 3 - 905703 - 10 - 8 . J.R.R. Tolkien Bibliography Fiction Songs for the Philologists ( 1936 ) The Hobbit ( 1937 ) Leaf by Niggle ( 1947 ) The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun ( 1945 / 2016 ) Farmer Giles of Ham ( 1949 ) The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm 's Son ( 1953 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 1954 ) The Two Towers ( 1954 ) The Return of the King ( 1955 ) The Adventures of Tom Bombadil ( 1962 ) Tree and Leaf ( 1964 ) The Tolkien Reader ( 1966 ) The Road Goes Ever On ( 1967 ) Smith of Wootton Major ( 1967 ) Posthumous fiction Bilbo 's Last Song ( 1974 ) The Father Christmas Letters ( 1976 ) The Silmarillion ( 1977 ) Poems and Stories ( 1980 ) Unfinished Tales ( 1980 ) Mr. Bliss ( 1982 ) The History of Middle - earth ( 1983 -- 1996 ) Tales from the Perilous Realm ( 1997 ) Roverandom ( 1998 ) The Children of Húrin ( 2007 ) The History of The Hobbit ( 2007 ) The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún ( 2009 ) The Fall of Arthur ( 2013 ) The Story of Kullervo ( 2015 ) Beren and Lúthien ( 2017 ) The Fall of Gondolin ( 2018 ) Academic works Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ( Middle English text , 1925 ) The Devil 's Coach Horses ( 1925 ) Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad ( 1929 ) Sigelwara Land ( 1932 -- 34 ) Chaucer as a Philologist : The Reeve 's Tale ( 1934 ) Beowulf : The Monsters and the Critics ( 1936 ) On Fairy - Stories ( 1939 ) On Translating Beowulf ( 1940 ) Sir Orfeo ( 1944 ) Ancrene Wisse ( 1962 ) English and Welsh ( 1963 ) Jerusalem Bible ( as translator and lexicographer , 1966 ) Posthumous academic Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , Pearl , and Sir Orfeo ( Modern English translations , 1975 ) Finn and Hengest ( 1982 ) The Monsters and the Critics , and Other Essays ( 1983 ) Beowulf and the Critics ( 2002 ) Beowulf : A Translation and Commentary with Sellic Spell ( 2014 ) A Secret Vice ( 1983 / 2016 ) List of Tolkien 's alliterative verse Related Influences Languages constructed by Tolkien Inklings Mythopoeic Society The Tolkien Society Tolkien Reading Day Tolkien Studies Memorials Tolkien research Works inspired by Tolkien J.R.R. Tolkien : A Biography ( 1977 , authorized biography ) Tolkien ( biographical film ) Tolkien : Maker of Middle - earth Family Edith Tolkien ( wife ) Christopher Tolkien ( son ) Simon Tolkien ( grandson ) J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Production and reception Composition Themes Influences Translations Russian Swedish Reception Fandom Study Related works The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On Bilbo 's Last Song The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien The History of Middle - earth The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit Beren and Lúthien The Fall of Gondolin Characters Aragorn Arwen Bilbo Boromir Butterbur Celeborn Denethor Elladan and Elrohir Elrond Éomer Éowyn Faramir Frodo Galadriel Gandalf Gildor Gimli Glorfindel Gollum Legolas Merry Mouth of Sauron Old Man Willow Pippin Radagast Sam Saruman Sauron Shelob Théoden Tom Bombadil Treebeard Witch - king Wormtongue Adaptations and other derivative works Books Bored of the Rings ( 1969 ) The Last Ringbearer ( 1999 ) Muddle Earth ( 2003 ) Theatre Fellowship ! ( 2005 ) Lord of the Rings ( 2006 ) Radio The Lord of the Rings ( 1955 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1979 ) Hordes of the Things ( 1980 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1981 ) Der Herr der Ringe ( 1992 ) Film Animated The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Peter Jackson series The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Fan - made The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two : Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol . I ( 1990 ) Vol . I ( SNES ) Riders of Rohan Elendor Volume II The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age The Battle for Middle - earth Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth II The Rise of the Witch - king The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm 's Deep Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Tabletop role - playing games The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game Middle - earth Role Playing The One Ring Roleplaying Game Board games Middle Earth Lord of the Rings Risk : The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition War of the Ring Other games The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game The Lord of the Rings : The Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game Middle - earth Collectible Card Game Toys Middle - earth Lego sets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._R._R._Tolkien%27s_influences&oldid=845250904 '' Categories : The Lord of the Rings J.R.R. Tolkien Völsung cycle Tyrfing cycle Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use British English Oxford spelling from November 2017 Use dmy dates from August 2014 Books with missing cover All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 10 June 2018 , at 14 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20R.%20R.%20Tolkien%2527s%20influences	1,818
who was the child who played little ricky on i love lucy	Keith Thibodeaux ( born December 1 , 1950 ) is a former American child actor of television and film and musician , best known for playing Little Ricky on the television sitcom 's I Love Lucy and The Lucy - Desi Comedy Hour , his last name `` Thibodeaux '' which was Cajun French was changed by co-star Desi Arnaz , to `` Keith '' because his surname was more difficult to pronounce . He is the last living regular appearing cast member from I Love Lucy	Keith Thibodeaux	Richard Keith ( actor )	richard keith ( actor )	Keith Thibodeaux ( born December 1 , 1950 ) is a former American child actor of television and film and musician , best known for playing Little Ricky on the television sitcom 's I Love Lucy and The Lucy - Desi Comedy Hour , his last name `` Thibodeaux '' which was Cajun French was changed by co-star Desi Arnaz , to `` Keith '' because his surname was more difficult to pronounce . He is the last living regular appearing cast member from I Love Lucy	Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Personal life 3 References 4 External links Career ( edit ) From left : Thibodeaux , Dinah Shore , Desi Arnaz , Jr. and Desi Arnaz , Sr. , 1960 . Thibodeaux is a musician who showed skill on the drums at a young age . Thibodeaux was making $500 a week at the age of 3 , touring with the Horace Heidt Orchestra , when he was `` discovered '' by Desi Arnaz and Lucille Ball , who hired him for the role of `` Little Ricky '' on the I Love Lucy show because he looked so much like Desi . He frequently played the drums on the show . Jan 19 , 1953 was the television birthday of Little Ricky Jr. , which was also the real birthday of her brother Desi Arnaz Jr . However , only two years later , the part of little Ricky was cast and played by five year old Thibodeaux . According to Lucie Arnaz , who was interviewed on the TV show Archive of American Television he became like part of the family . `` Desi considered him his best friend and was responsible for teaching him the drums . He came over their house on many weekends and traveled with them during the summer . My mother kind of adopted him . He is in all of our home movies and photograph 's and was a great kid and still is . '' ( EmmyTVLegends.org ) As a child , he made numerous appearances on The Andy Griffith Show , between 1962 and 1966 , as Opie 's friend `` Johnny Paul Jason '' . He also accepted small roles on other popular television shows . In 1969 , Thibodeaux joined the rock group David and the Giants who were based in Laurel , Mississippi . The group primarily toured throughout the South and enjoyed a few regional hits which were recorded in Muscle Shoals , Alabama . and were well known in the Northern Soul music scene in England . After turning 21 in 1971 , Keith received the final payment of $8000 , according to his autobiography Life After Lucy , from a trust fund set up during his days on I Love Lucy . He spent half of that payment on a sports car and the rest on sound equipment for the band and clothes , drugs , and whatever he wanted . He went through the whole $8000 in about two weeks according to his autobiography Life After Lucy . Thibodeaux had developed a drug problem and left the band , which broke up . His difficulties led to his becoming a born - again Christian in 1974 . He witnessed to the leader of the band David Huff and the other members which later converted and the group got back together . The band released nearly ten albums in the 1980s and 1990s for CBS Priority Records ( Epic Records ) , The Benson Company , ABC Word Records ( Myrrh ) label , and the band 's own label Giant Records . David and the Giants released a live CD in 2014 titled Still Rockin . In 2017 the band was honored along with other notable Mississippi musicians by receiving `` The Jimmie '' ( Jimmie Rodgers Award ) for their musical contributions as Mississippi artists at a special concert at Peavey Electronics headquarters in Meridian , Ms . A live concert CD / DVD was recorded in St. Louis , Mo. in August of 2017 celebrating 40 years of David and the Giants music . In 1990 , he became the Executive Director for his wife 's company , Ballet Magnificat ! . The couple pioneered Ballet Magnificat ! Brasil a Dance company and Trainee Program in Curitiba , Brazil in 2017 . Thibodeaux 's role in I Love Lucy is featured in the Lucille Ball -- Desi Arnaz Center in Jamestown , New York . Personal Life ( edit ) Raised as a Roman Catholic , Thibodeaux went to school at St. Victor 's elementary in West Hollywood and St. Jane Frances de Chantel in North Hollywood . He attended Notre Dame High in Sherman Oaks for two years before his parents separated in 1966 . After his parents separated , Keith , his mother , and siblings moved back to Lafayette , Louisiana . He graduated from Lafayette High School where he continued to play drums in rock and rhythm and blues bands . He left Louisiana for Mississippi in late 1969 after going to college for a short period where he said he `` majored in drinking beer and playing pool '' to pursue a career with the band David and the Giants . In 1976 , he met and married a ballet dancer named Kathy Denton in Jackson , Mississippi . The couple moved briefly to Southern California in 1977 where he was asked to join the pop band Starbuck famous for the late 70s hit `` Moonlight Feels Right '' . After 2 weeks of rehearsals in Atlanta , Thibodeaux returned to Mississippi in 1978 , where he , his wife and daughter Tara ( born 1979 ) eventually settled in Jackson , Mississippi . Thibodeaux played with jazz bands locally for a brief time before joining a newly revamped Christian David and the Giants in 1979 . His wife , Kathy , Founder and Artistic Director of Ballet Magnificat ! , was a former principal dancer of Ballet Mississippi who won a Silver Medal in the Senior Division of the 1982 II USA IBC International Ballet Competition Their daughter , ( Tara ) , also a dancer and choreographer , was a semi-finalist at the age of 15 in the V USA IBC International Ballet Competition held in 1994 . In 2001 and 2002 she was an Atlanta Hawks cheerleader . She was awarded the prestigious Outstanding Choreographer Award at the 2017 Youth American Grand Prix in Chicago for her `` Dying Swan '' and has set choreography for Ballet Magnificat `` The Arrival '' and `` Stratagem '' . Currently teaching and training young dancers in Nashville , Tennessee . She married Bryce Drew in 2004 who is the head basketball coach of Vanderbilt University . He is famous for `` The Shot '' in the 1998 NCAA Sweet Sixteen Tournament . Drew was a 1st round draft pick in the NBA and played professionally for six seasons for the Chicago Bulls , Houston Rockets , and Charlotte Hornets . Thibodeaux 's autobiography Life After Lucy was published in 1994 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Heldenfels , Rich ( 2011 - 11 - 17 ) . `` Mailbag : What ever became of Little Ricky ? How did Stabler leave SVU ? '' . Akron Beacon - Journal . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 18 . Bernard , Shane ( 2003 ) . The Cajuns : Americanization of a People . University Press of Mississippi . ISBN 1 - 57806 - 523 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Richard Keith on IMDb Ballet Magnificat ! website Keith Thibodeaux : best quotes David and the Giants website Keith Thibodeaux interview video at the Archive of American Television VIAF : 41075384 LCCN : n94094975 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Keith_(actor)&oldid=804937634 '' Categories : 1950 births Living people American male child actors American male film actors American male television actors American Christians American male musicians American musicians Converts to Protestantism Notre Dame High School ( Sherman Oaks , California ) alumni Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from June 2013 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles using Template : EmmyTVLegends name Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 01 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Keith%20%28actor%29	1,819
when did world war 2 start in asia	The Empire of Japan aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific and was already at war with the Republic of China in 1937 , but the world war is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . Supplied by the Soviet Union , from late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . The war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the coalition of the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth , with campaigns including the North Africa and East Africa campaigns , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz bombing campaign , the Balkan Campaign as well as the long - running Battle of the Atlantic . On 22 June 1941 , the European Axis powers launched an invasion of the Soviet Union , opening the largest land theatre of war in history , which trapped the major part of the Axis military forces into a war of attrition . In December 1941 , Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean , and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific .	1 September 1939	World War II	world war ii	Allied victory	Collapse of Nazi Germany Fall of Japanese and Italian Empires Dissolution of the League of Nations Creation of the United Nations Emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers Beginning of the Cold War ( more ... ) Participants Allies Axis Commanders and leaders Main Allied leaders Joseph Stalin Franklin D. Roosevelt Winston Churchill Chiang Kai - shek Main Axis leaders Adolf Hitler Hirohito Benito Mussolini Casualties and losses Military dead : Over 16,000,000 Civilian dead : Over 45,000,000 Total dead : Over 61,000,000 ( 1937 -- 45 ) ... further details Military dead : Over 8,000,000 Civilian dead : Over 4,000,000 Total dead : Over 12,000,000 ( 1937 -- 45 ) ... further details Campaigns of World War II Europe Poland Phoney War Winter War Denmark & Norway France & Benelux Britain Balkans Eastern Front Finland Western Front ( 1944 -- 45 ) Pacific War China Pacific Ocean South - East Asia South West Pacific Japan Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa Horn of Africa Mediterranean Sea Adriatic Malta Yugoslavia Iraq Syria -- Lebanon Iran Italy Dodecanese Southern France Other campaigns Atlantic Arctic Strategic bombing America French West Africa Madagascar Contemporaneous wars Chinese Civil War USSR -- Japan Border Wars French -- Thai Ecuadorian -- Peruvian War Ili Rebellion Events leading to World War II Pacification of Libya 1923 -- 1932 Japanese invasion of Manchuria 1931 Franco - Soviet - Czech Pact 1935 Second Italo - Ethiopian War 1935 -- 36 Remilitarization of the Rhineland 1936 Spanish Civil War 1936 -- 39 Anti-Comintern Pact 1936 Second Sino - Japanese War 1937 Anschluss 1938 Munich crisis 1938 German occupation of Czechoslovakia Mar. 1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania Mar. 1939 British guarantee to Poland Mar. 1939 Invasion of Albania Apr. 1939 Pact of Steel May 1939 Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact Aug. 1939 World War II Alphabetical indices N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 0 -- 9 Navigation Campaigns Countries Equipment Lists Outline Timeline Portal Category Bibliography World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 , although related conflicts began earlier . It involved the vast majority of the world 's countries -- including all of the great powers -- eventually forming two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . It was the most widespread war in history , and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries . In a state of total war , the major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 50 million to 85 million fatalities , most of which were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the deliberate genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , starvation , disease and the first use of nuclear weapons in history . The Empire of Japan aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific and was already at war with the Republic of China in 1937 , but the world war is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . Supplied by the Soviet Union , from late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . The war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the coalition of the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth , with campaigns including the North Africa and East Africa campaigns , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz bombing campaign , the Balkan Campaign as well as the long - running Battle of the Atlantic . On 22 June 1941 , the European Axis powers launched an invasion of the Soviet Union , opening the largest land theatre of war in history , which trapped the major part of the Axis military forces into a war of attrition . In December 1941 , Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean , and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific . The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway , and Germany and Italy were defeated in North Africa and then , decisively , at Stalingrad in the Soviet Union . In 1943 , with a series of German defeats on the Eastern Front , the Allied invasion of Sicily and the Allied invasion of Italy which brought about Italian surrender , and Allied victories in the Pacific , the Axis lost the initiative and undertook strategic retreat on all fronts . In 1944 , the Western Allies invaded German - occupied France , while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies . During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma , while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy and captured key Western Pacific islands . The war in Europe concluded with an invasion of Germany by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union , culminating in the capture of Berlin by Soviet troops , the suicide of Adolf Hitler and the subsequent German unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945 . Following the Potsdam Declaration by the Allies on 26 July 1945 and the refusal of Japan to surrender under its terms , the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 August and 9 August respectively . With an invasion of the Japanese archipelago imminent , the possibility of additional atomic bombings and the Soviet invasion of Manchuria , Japan formally surrendered on 2 September 1945 . Thus ended the war in Asia , cementing the total victory of the Allies . World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world . The United Nations ( UN ) was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts . The victorious great powers -- China , France , the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , and the United States -- became the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council . The Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers , setting the stage for the Cold War , which lasted for the next 46 years . Meanwhile , the influence of European great powers waned , while the decolonisation of Africa and Asia began . Most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery . Political integration , especially in Europe , emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities and to create a common identity . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chronology 2 Background 2.1 Europe 2.2 Asia 3 Pre-war events 3.1 Italian invasion of Ethiopia ( 1935 ) 3.2 Spanish Civil War ( 1936 -- 39 ) 3.3 Japanese invasion of China ( 1937 ) 3.4 Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts 3.5 European occupations and agreements 4 Course of the war 4.1 War breaks out in Europe ( 1939 -- 40 ) 4.2 Western Europe ( 1940 -- 41 ) 4.3 Mediterranean ( 1940 -- 41 ) 4.4 Axis attack on the USSR ( 1941 ) 4.5 War breaks out in the Pacific ( 1941 ) 4.6 Axis advance stalls ( 1942 -- 43 ) 4.6. 1 Pacific ( 1942 -- 43 ) 4.6. 2 Eastern Front ( 1942 -- 43 ) 4.6. 3 Western Europe / Atlantic & Mediterranean ( 1942 -- 43 ) 4.7 Allies gain momentum ( 1943 -- 44 ) 4.8 Allies close in ( 1944 ) 4.9 Axis collapse , Allied victory ( 1944 -- 45 ) 5 Aftermath 6 Impact 6.1 Casualties and war crimes 6.2 Genocide , concentration camps , and slave labour 6.3 Occupation 6.4 Home fronts and production 6.5 Advances in technology and warfare 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Citations 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Chronology See also : Timeline of World War II Timelines of World War II Chronological Prelude ( in Asia in Europe ) 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 By topic Diplomacy Engagements Operations Battle of Europe air operations Eastern Front Manhattan Project United Kingdom home front The start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939 , beginning with the German invasion of Poland ; Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later . The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino - Japanese War on 7 July 1937 , or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931 . Others follow the British historian A.J.P. Taylor , who held that the Sino - Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and the two wars merged in 1941 . This article uses the conventional dating . Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935 . The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939 . The exact date of the war 's end is also not universally agreed upon . It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945 ( V-J Day ) , rather than the formal surrender of Japan ( 2 September 1945 ) . A peace treaty with Japan was signed in 1951 . A treaty regarding Germany 's future allowed the reunification of East and West Germany to take place in 1990 and resolved other post-World War II issues . Background Main article : Causes of World War II Europe World War I had radically altered the political European map , with the defeat of the Central Powers -- including Austria - Hungary , Germany , Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire -- and the 1917 Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia , which eventually led to the founding of the Soviet Union . Meanwhile , the victorious Allies of World War I , such as France , Belgium , Italy , Romania and Greece gained territory , and new nation - states were created out of the collapse of Austria - Hungary and the Ottoman and Russian Empires . The League of Nations assembly , held in Geneva , Switzerland , 1930 To prevent a future world war , the League of Nations was created during the 1919 Paris Peace Conference . The organisation 's primary goals were to prevent armed conflict through collective security , military and naval disarmament , and settling international disputes through peaceful negotiations and arbitration . Despite strong pacifist sentiment after World War I , its aftermath still caused irredentist and revanchist nationalism in several European states . These sentiments were especially marked in Germany because of the significant territorial , colonial , and financial losses incurred by the Treaty of Versailles . Under the treaty , Germany lost around 13 per cent of its home territory and all of its overseas possessions , while German annexation of other states was prohibited , reparations were imposed , and limits were placed on the size and capability of the country 's armed forces . The German Empire was dissolved in the German Revolution of 1918 -- 1919 , and a democratic government , later known as the Weimar Republic , was created . The interwar period saw strife between supporters of the new republic and hardline opponents on both the right and left . Italy , as an Entente ally , had made some post-war territorial gains ; however , Italian nationalists were angered that the promises made by Britain and France to secure Italian entrance into the war were not fulfilled in the peace settlement . From 1922 to 1925 , the Fascist movement led by Benito Mussolini seized power in Italy with a nationalist , totalitarian , and class collaborationist agenda that abolished representative democracy , repressed socialist , left - wing and liberal forces , and pursued an aggressive expansionist foreign policy aimed at making Italy a world power , promising the creation of a `` New Roman Empire '' . Adolf Hitler at a German National Socialist political rally in Weimar , October 1930 Adolf Hitler , after an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the German government in 1923 , eventually became the Chancellor of Germany in 1933 . He abolished democracy , espousing a radical , racially motivated revision of the world order , and soon began a massive rearmament campaign . Meanwhile , France , to secure its alliance , allowed Italy a free hand in Ethiopia , which Italy desired as a colonial possession . The situation was aggravated in early 1935 when the Territory of the Saar Basin was legally reunited with Germany and Hitler repudiated the Treaty of Versailles , accelerated his rearmament programme , and introduced conscription . To contain Germany , the United Kingdom , France and Italy formed the Stresa Front in April 1935 ; however , that June , the United Kingdom made an independent naval agreement with Germany , easing prior restrictions . The Soviet Union , concerned by Germany 's goals of capturing vast areas of Eastern Europe , drafted a treaty of mutual assistance with France . Before taking effect though , the Franco - Soviet pact was required to go through the bureaucracy of the League of Nations , which rendered it essentially toothless . The United States , concerned with events in Europe and Asia , passed the Neutrality Act in August of the same year . Hitler defied the Versailles and Locarno treaties by remilitarising the Rhineland in March 1936 , encountering little opposition . In October 1936 , Germany and Italy formed the Rome -- Berlin Axis . A month later , Germany and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact , which Italy would join in the following year . Asia The Kuomintang ( KMT ) party in China launched a unification campaign against regional warlords and nominally unified China in the mid-1920s , but was soon embroiled in a civil war against its former Chinese Communist Party allies and new regional warlords . In 1931 , an increasingly militaristic Empire of Japan , which had long sought influence in China as the first step of what its government saw as the country 's right to rule Asia , used the Mukden Incident as a pretext to launch an invasion of Manchuria and establish the puppet state of Manchukuo . Too weak to resist Japan , China appealed to the League of Nations for help . Japan withdrew from the League of Nations after being condemned for its incursion into Manchuria . The two nations then fought several battles , in Shanghai , Rehe and Hebei , until the Tanggu Truce was signed in 1933 . Thereafter , Chinese volunteer forces continued the resistance to Japanese aggression in Manchuria , and Chahar and Suiyuan . After the 1936 Xi'an Incident , the Kuomintang and communist forces agreed on a ceasefire to present a united front to oppose Japan . Pre-war events Italian invasion of Ethiopia ( 1935 ) Main article : Second Italo - Ethiopian War Italian soldiers recruited in 1935 , on their way to fight the Second Italo - Abyssinian War The Second Italo -- Abyssinian War was a brief colonial war that began in October 1935 and ended in May 1936 . The war began with the invasion of the Ethiopian Empire ( also known as Abyssinia ) by the armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy ( Regno d'Italia ) , which was launched from Italian Somaliland and Eritrea . The war resulted in the military occupation of Ethiopia and its annexation into the newly created colony of Italian East Africa ( Africa Orientale Italiana , or AOI ) ; in addition it exposed the weakness of the League of Nations as a force to preserve peace . Both Italy and Ethiopia were member nations , but the League did nothing when the former clearly violated the League 's Article X . Germany was the only major European nation to support the invasion . Italy subsequently dropped its objections to Germany 's goal of absorbing Austria . Spanish civil War ( 1936 -- 39 ) Main article : Spanish Civil War The bombing of Guernica in 1937 , during the Spanish Civil War , sparked Europe - wide fears that the next war would be based on bombing of cities with very high civilian casualties When civil war broke out in Spain , Hitler and Mussolini lent military support to the Nationalist rebels , led by General Francisco Franco . The Soviet Union supported the existing government , the Spanish Republic . Over 30,000 foreign volunteers , known as the International Brigades , also fought against the Nationalists . Both Germany and the USSR used this proxy war as an opportunity to test in combat their most advanced weapons and tactics . The Nationalists won the civil war in April 1939 ; Franco , now dictator , remained officially neutral during Second World War but generally favoured the Axis . His greatest collaboration with Germany was the sending of volunteers to fight on the Eastern Front . Japanese invasion of China ( 1937 ) Main article : Second Sino - Japanese War Japanese Imperial Army soldiers during the Battle of Shanghai , 1937 In July 1937 , Japan captured the former Chinese imperial capital of Peking after instigating the Marco Polo Bridge Incident , which culminated in the Japanese campaign to invade all of China . The Soviets quickly signed a non-aggression pact with China to lend materiel support , effectively ending China 's prior co-operation with Germany . From September to November , the Japanese attacked Taiyuan , as well as engaging the Kuomintang Army around Xinkou and Communist forces in Pingxingguan . Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek deployed his best army to defend Shanghai , but , after three months of fighting , Shanghai fell . The Japanese continued to push the Chinese forces back , capturing the capital Nanking in December 1937 . After the fall of Nanking , tens of thousands if not hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians and disarmed combatants were murdered by the Japanese . In March 1938 , Nationalist Chinese forces won their first major victory at Taierzhuang but then the city of Xuzhou was taken by Japanese in May . In June 1938 , Chinese forces stalled the Japanese advance by flooding the Yellow River ; this manoeuvre bought time for the Chinese to prepare their defences at Wuhan , but the city was taken by October . Japanese military victories did not bring about the collapse of Chinese resistance that Japan had hoped to achieve ; instead the Chinese government relocated inland to Chongqing and continued the war . Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts Red Army artillery unit during the Battle of Lake Khasan , 1938 Main article : Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts In the mid-to - late 1930s , Japanese forces in Manchukuo had sporadic border clashes with the Soviet Union and the Mongolian People 's Republic . The Japanese doctrine of Hokushin - ron , which emphasised Japan 's expansion northward , was favoured by the Imperial Army during this time . With the Japanese defeat at Khalkin Gol in 1939 , the ongoing Second Sino - Japanese War and ally Nazi Germany pursuing neutrality with the Soviets , this policy would prove difficult to maintain . Japan and the Soviet Union eventually signed a Neutrality Pact in April 1941 , and Japan adopted the doctrine of Nanshin - ron , promoted by the Navy , which took its focus southward , eventually leading to its war with the United States and the Western Allies . European occupations and agreements Further information : Anschluss , Appeasement , Munich Agreement , German occupation of Czechoslovakia , and Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact Chamberlain , Daladier , Hitler , Mussolini , and Ciano pictured just before signing the Munich Agreement , 29 September 1938 In Europe , Germany and Italy were becoming more aggressive . In March 1938 , Germany annexed Austria , again provoking little response from other European powers . Encouraged , Hitler began pressing German claims on the Sudetenland , an area of Czechoslovakia with a predominantly ethnic German population ; and soon Britain and France followed the counsel of British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and conceded this territory to Germany in the Munich Agreement , which was made against the wishes of the Czechoslovak government , in exchange for a promise of no further territorial demands . Soon afterwards , Germany and Italy forced Czechoslovakia to cede additional territory to Hungary and Poland annexed Czechoslovakia 's Zaolzie region . Although all of Germany 's stated demands had been satisfied by the agreement , privately Hitler was furious that British interference had prevented him from seizing all of Czechoslovakia in one operation . In subsequent speeches Hitler attacked British and Jewish `` war - mongers '' and in January 1939 secretly ordered a major build - up of the German navy to challenge British naval supremacy . In March 1939 , Germany invaded the remainder of Czechoslovakia and subsequently split it into the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and a pro-German client state , the Slovak Republic . Hitler also delivered an ultimatum to Lithuania , forcing the concession of the Klaipėda Region . Greatly alarmed and with Hitler making further demands on the Free City of Danzig , Britain and France guaranteed their support for Polish independence ; when Italy conquered Albania in April 1939 , the same guarantee was extended to Romania and Greece . Shortly after the Franco - British pledge to Poland , Germany and Italy formalised their own alliance with the Pact of Steel . Hitler accused Britain and Poland of trying to `` encircle '' Germany and renounced the Anglo - German Naval Agreement and the German -- Polish Non-Aggression Pact . German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop ( right ) and the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin , after signing the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact , 23 August 1939 In August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact , a non-aggression treaty with a secret protocol . The parties gave each other rights to `` spheres of influence '' ( western Poland and Lithuania for Germany ; eastern Poland , Finland , Estonia , Latvia and Bessarabia for the USSR ) . It also raised the question of continuing Polish independence . The agreement was crucial to Hitler because it assured that Germany would not have to face the prospect of a two - front war , as it had in World War I , after it defeated Poland . The situation reached a general crisis in late August as German troops continued to mobilise against the Polish border . In a private meeting with the Italian foreign minister , Count Ciano , Hitler asserted that Poland was a `` doubtful neutral '' that needed to either yield to his demands or be `` liquidated '' to prevent it from drawing off German troops in the future `` unavoidable '' war with the Western democracies . He did not believe Britain or France would intervene in the conflict . On 23 August Hitler ordered the attack to proceed on 26 August , but upon hearing that Britain had concluded a formal mutual assistance pact with Poland and that Italy would maintain neutrality , he decided to delay it . In response to British requests for direct negotiations to avoid war , Germany made demands on Poland , which only served as a pretext to worsen relations . On 29 August , Hitler demanded that a Polish plenipotentiary immediately travel to Berlin to negotiate the handover of Danzig , and to allow a plebiscite in the Polish Corridor in which the German minority would vote on secession . The Poles refused to comply with the German demands and on the night of 30 -- 31 August in a violent meeting with the British ambassador Neville Henderson , Ribbentrop declared that Germany considered its claims rejected . Course of the War Further information : Diplomatic history of World War II War breaks out in Europe ( 1939 -- 40 ) Main articles : Invasion of Poland , Phoney War , Occupation of Poland ( 1939 -- 45 ) , Nazi crimes against the Polish nation , Soviet invasion of Poland , and Soviet repressions of Polish citizens ( 1939 -- 1946 ) Soldiers of the German Wehrmacht tearing down the border crossing between Poland and the Free City of Danzig , 1 September 1939 On 1 September 1939 , Germany invaded Poland under the false pretext that the Poles had carried out a series of sabotage operations against German targets near the border . Two days later , on 3 September , after a British ultimatum to Germany to cease military operations was ignored , Britain and France , followed by the fully independent Dominions of the British Commonwealth -- Australia ( 3 September ) , Canada ( 10 September ) , New Zealand ( 3 September ) , and South Africa ( 6 September ) -- declared war on Germany . However , initially the alliance provided limited direct military support to Poland , consisting of a cautious , half - hearted French probe into the Saarland . The Western Allies also began a naval blockade of Germany , which aimed to damage the country 's economy and war effort . Germany responded by ordering U-boat warfare against Allied merchant and warships , which was to later escalate into the Battle of the Atlantic . German tanks near the city of Bydgoszcz , during the Invasion of Poland September , 1939 On 17 September 1939 , after signing a cease - fire with Japan , the Soviets invaded Poland from the east . The Polish army was defeated and Warsaw surrendered to the Germans on 27 September with final pockets of resistance surrendering on 6 October . Poland 's territory was divided between Germany and the Soviet Union , with Lithuania and Slovakia also receiving small shares . After the defeat of Poland 's armed forces , the Polish resistance established an Underground State and a partisan Home Army . About 100,000 Polish military personnel were evacuated to Romania and the Baltic countries ; many of these soldiers later fought against the Germans in other theatres of the war . Poland 's Enigma codebreakers were also evacuated to France . On 6 October , Hitler made a public peace overture to Britain and France , but said that the future of Poland was to be determined exclusively by Germany and the Soviet Union . Chamberlain rejected this on 12 October , saying `` Past experience has shown that no reliance can be placed upon the promises of the present German Government . '' After this rejection Hitler ordered an immediate offensive against France , but bad weather forced repeated postponements until the spring of 1940 . German and Soviet army officers pictured shaking hands -- after Nazi Germany and Soviet Union annexed new territories in Eastern Europe , 1939 After signing the German -- Soviet Treaty of Friendship , Cooperation and Demarcation , the Soviet Union forced the Baltic countries -- Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania -- to allow it to station Soviet troops in their countries under pacts of `` mutual assistance '' . Finland rejected territorial demands , prompting a Soviet invasion in November 1939 . The resulting Winter War ended in March 1940 with Finnish concessions . Britain and France , treating the Soviet attack on Finland as tantamount to its entering the war on the side of the Germans , responded to the Soviet invasion by supporting the USSR 's expulsion from the League of Nations . In June 1940 , the Soviet Union forcibly annexed Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania , and the disputed Romanian regions of Bessarabia , Northern Bukovina and Hertza . Meanwhile , Nazi - Soviet political rapprochement and economic co-operation gradually stalled , and both states began preparations for war . Western Europe ( 1940 -- 41 ) Main article : Western Front ( World War II ) Map of the French Maginot Line In April 1940 , Germany invaded Denmark and Norway to protect shipments of iron ore from Sweden , which the Allies were attempting to cut off by unilaterally mining neutral Norwegian waters . Denmark capitulated after a few hours , and despite Allied support , during which the important harbour of Narvik temporarily was recaptured from the Germans , Norway was conquered within two months . British discontent over the Norwegian campaign led to the replacement of the British Prime Minister , Neville Chamberlain , with Winston Churchill on 10 May 1940 . Germany launched an offensive against France and , adhering to the Manstein Plan also attacked the neutral nations of Belgium , the Netherlands , and Luxembourg on 10 May 1940 . That same day British forces landed in Iceland and the Faroes to preempt a possible German invasion of the islands . The U.S. , in close co-operation with the Danish envoy to Washington D.C. , agreed to protect Greenland , laying the political framework for the formal establishment of bases in April 1941 . The Netherlands and Belgium were overrun using blitzkrieg tactics in a few days and weeks , respectively . The French - fortified Maginot Line and the main body of the Allied forces which had moved into Belgium were circumvented by a flanking movement through the thickly wooded Ardennes region , mistakenly perceived by Allied planners as an impenetrable natural barrier against armoured vehicles . As a result , the bulk of the Allied armies found themselves trapped in an encirclement and were beaten . The majority were taken prisoner , whilst over 300,000 , mostly British and French , were evacuated from the continent at Dunkirk by early June , although abandoning almost all of their equipment . On 10 June , Italy invaded France , declaring war on both France and the United Kingdom . Paris fell to the Germans on 14 June and eight days later France signed an armistice with Germany and was soon divided into German and Italian occupation zones , and an unoccupied rump state under the Vichy Regime , which , though officially neutral , was generally aligned with Germany . France kept its fleet but the British feared the Germans would seize it , so on 3 July , the British attacked it . View of London after the German Blitz , 29 December 1940 The Battle of Britain began in early July with Luftwaffe attacks on shipping and harbours . On 19 July , Hitler again publicly offered to end the war , saying he had no desire to destroy the British Empire . The United Kingdom rejected this ultimatum . The main German air superiority campaign started in August but failed to defeat RAF Fighter Command , and a proposed invasion was postponed indefinitely on 17 September . The German strategic bombing offensive intensified as night attacks on London and other cities in the Blitz , but largely failed to disrupt the British war effort . German Luftwaffe , Heinkel He 111 bombers during the Battle of Britain Using newly captured French ports , the German Navy enjoyed success against an over-extended Royal Navy , using U-boats against British shipping in the Atlantic . The British scored a significant victory on 27 May 1941 by sinking the German battleship Bismarck . Perhaps most importantly , during the Battle of Britain the Royal Air Force had successfully resisted the Luftwaffe 's assault , and the German bombing campaign largely ended in May 1941 . Throughout this period , the neutral United States took measures to assist China and the Western Allies . In November 1939 , the American Neutrality Act was amended to allow `` cash and carry '' purchases by the Allies . In 1940 , following the German capture of Paris , the size of the United States Navy was significantly increased . In September , the United States further agreed to a trade of American destroyers for British bases . Still , a large majority of the American public continued to oppose any direct military intervention into the conflict well into 1941 . Although Roosevelt had promised to keep the United States out of the war , he nevertheless took concrete steps to prepare for war . In December 1940 he accused Hitler of planning world conquest and ruled out negotiations as useless , calling for the US to become an `` arsenal of democracy '' and promoted the passage of Lend - Lease aid to support the British war effort . In January 1941 secret high level staff talks with the British began for the purposes of determining how to defeat Germany should the US enter the war . They decided on a number of offensive policies , including an air offensive , the `` early elimination '' of Italy , raids , support of resistance groups , and the capture of positions to launch an offensive against Germany . At the end of September 1940 , the Tripartite Pact united Japan , Italy and Germany to formalise the Axis Powers . The Tripartite Pact stipulated that any country , with the exception of the Soviet Union , not in the war which attacked any Axis Power would be forced to go to war against all three . The Axis expanded in November 1940 when Hungary , Slovakia and Romania joined the Tripartite Pact . Romania would make a major contribution ( as did Hungary ) to the Axis war against the USSR , partially to recapture territory ceded to the USSR , partially to pursue its leader Ion Antonescu 's desire to combat communism . Mediterranean ( 1940 -- 41 ) Main article : Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II Soldiers of the British Commonwealth forces from the Australian Army 's 9th Division during the Siege of Tobruk ; North African Campaign , August 1941 Italy began operations in the Mediterranean , initiating a siege of Malta in June , conquering British Somaliland in August , and making an incursion into British - held Egypt in September 1940 . In October 1940 , Italy started the Greco - Italian War because of Mussolini 's jealousy of Hitler 's success but within days was repulsed with few territorial gains and a stalemate soon occurred . The United Kingdom responded to Greek requests for assistance by sending troops to Crete and providing air support to Greece . Hitler decided that when the weather improved he would take action against Greece to assist the Italians and prevent the British from gaining a foothold in the Balkans , to strike against the British naval dominance of the Mediterranean , and to secure his hold on Romanian oil . In December 1940 , British Commonwealth forces began counter-offensives against Italian forces in Egypt and Italian East Africa . The offensive in North Africa was highly successful and by early February 1941 Italy had lost control of eastern Libya and large numbers of Italian troops had been taken prisoner . The Italian Navy also suffered significant defeats , with the Royal Navy putting three Italian battleships out of commission by a carrier attack at Taranto , and neutralising several more warships at the Battle of Cape Matapan . Captured German Afrika Korps soldiers , December 1941 The Germans soon intervened to assist Italy . Hitler sent German forces to Libya in February , and by the end of March the Axis had launched an offensive which drove back the Commonwealth forces which had been weakened to support Greece . In under a month , Commonwealth forces were pushed back into Egypt with the exception of the besieged port of Tobruk that fell later . The Commonwealth attempted to dislodge Axis forces in May and again in June , but failed on both occasions . By late March 1941 , following Bulgaria 's signing of the Tripartite Pact , the Germans were in position to intervene in Greece . Plans were changed , however , because of developments in neighbouring Yugoslavia . The Yugoslav government had signed the Tripartite Pact on 25 March , only to be overthrown two days later by a British - encouraged coup . Hitler viewed the new regime as hostile and immediately decided to eliminate it . On 6 April Germany simultaneously invaded both Yugoslavia and Greece , making rapid progress and forcing both nations to surrender within the month . The British were driven from the Balkans after Germany conquered the Greek island of Crete by the end of May . Although the Axis victory was swift , bitter partisan warfare subsequently broke out against the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia , which continued until the end of the war . The Allies did have some successes during this time . In the Middle East , Commonwealth forces first quashed an uprising in Iraq which had been supported by German aircraft from bases within Vichy - controlled Syria , then , with the assistance of the Free French , invaded Syria and Lebanon to prevent further such occurrences . Axis attack on the USSR ( 1941 ) Main articles : Eastern Front ( World War II ) , Operation Barbarossa , Einsatzgruppen , World War II casualties of the Soviet Union , and German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war European theatre of World War II animation map , 1939 -- 1945 -- Red : Western Allies and Soviet Union after 1941 ; Green : Soviet Union before 1941 ; Blue : Axis Powers With the situation in Europe and Asia relatively stable , Germany , Japan , and the Soviet Union made preparations . With the Soviets wary of mounting tensions with Germany and the Japanese planning to take advantage of the European War by seizing resource - rich European possessions in Southeast Asia , the two powers signed the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact in April 1941 . By contrast , the Germans were steadily making preparations for an attack on the Soviet Union , massing forces on the Soviet border . Hitler believed that Britain 's refusal to end the war was based on the hope that the United States and the Soviet Union would enter the war against Germany sooner or later . He therefore decided to try to strengthen Germany 's relations with the Soviets , or failing that , to attack and eliminate them as a factor . In November 1940 , negotiations took place to determine if the Soviet Union would join the Tripartite Pact . The Soviets showed some interest , but asked for concessions from Finland , Bulgaria , Turkey , and Japan that Germany considered unacceptable . On 18 December 1940 , Hitler issued the directive to prepare for an invasion of the Soviet Union . German soldiers during the invasion of the Soviet Union by the Axis powers , 1941 On 22 June 1941 , Germany , supported by Italy and Romania , invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa , with Germany accusing the Soviets of plotting against them . They were joined shortly by Finland and Hungary . The primary targets of this surprise offensive were the Baltic region , Moscow and Ukraine , with the ultimate goal of ending the 1941 campaign near the Arkhangelsk - Astrakhan line , from the Caspian to the White Seas . Hitler 's objectives were to eliminate the Soviet Union as a military power , exterminate Communism , generate Lebensraum ( `` living space '' ) by dispossessing the native population and guarantee access to the strategic resources needed to defeat Germany 's remaining rivals . Although the Red Army was preparing for strategic counter-offensives before the war , Barbarossa forced the Soviet supreme command to adopt a strategic defence . During the summer , the Axis made significant gains into Soviet territory , inflicting immense losses in both personnel and materiel . By the middle of August , however , the German Army High Command decided to suspend the offensive of a considerably depleted Army Group Centre , and to divert the 2nd Panzer Group to reinforce troops advancing towards central Ukraine and Leningrad . The Kiev offensive was overwhelmingly successful , resulting in encirclement and elimination of four Soviet armies , and made possible further advance into Crimea and industrially developed Eastern Ukraine ( the First Battle of Kharkov ) . Soviet civilians in Leningrad leaving destroyed houses , after a German bombardment of the city ; Battle of Leningrad , 10 December 1942 The diversion of three quarters of the Axis troops and the majority of their air forces from France and the central Mediterranean to the Eastern Front prompted Britain to reconsider its grand strategy . In July , the UK and the Soviet Union formed a military alliance against Germany The British and Soviets invaded neutral Iran to secure the Persian Corridor and Iran 's oil fields . In August , the United Kingdom and the United States jointly issued the Atlantic Charter . By October Axis operational objectives in Ukraine and the Baltic region were achieved , with only the sieges of Leningrad and Sevastopol continuing . A major offensive against Moscow was renewed ; after two months of fierce battles in increasingly harsh weather the German army almost reached the outer suburbs of Moscow , where the exhausted troops were forced to suspend their offensive . Large territorial gains were made by Axis forces , but their campaign had failed to achieve its main objectives : two key cities remained in Soviet hands , the Soviet capability to resist was not broken , and the Soviet Union retained a considerable part of its military potential . The blitzkrieg phase of the war in Europe had ended . By early December , freshly mobilised reserves allowed the Soviets to achieve numerical parity with Axis troops . This , as well as intelligence data which established that a minimal number of Soviet troops in the East would be sufficient to deter any attack by the Japanese Kwantung Army , allowed the Soviets to begin a massive counter-offensive that started on 5 December all along the front and pushed German troops 100 -- 250 kilometres ( 62 -- 155 mi ) west . War breaks out in the Pacific ( 1941 ) Main article : Pacific War In 1939 , the United States had renounced its trade treaty with Japan ; and , beginning with an aviation gasoline ban in July 1940 , Japan became subject to increasing economic pressure . During this time , Japan launched its first attack against Changsha , a strategically important Chinese city , but was repulsed by late September . Despite several offensives by both sides , the war between China and Japan was stalemated by 1940 . To increase pressure on China by blocking supply routes , and to better position Japanese forces in the event of a war with the Western powers , Japan invaded and occupied northern Indochina . Afterwards , the United States embargoed iron , steel and mechanical parts against Japan . Other sanctions soon followed . Chinese nationalist forces launched a large - scale counter-offensive in early 1940 . In August , Chinese communists launched an offensive in Central China ; in retaliation , Japan instituted harsh measures in occupied areas to reduce human and material resources for the communists . Continued antipathy between Chinese communist and nationalist forces culminated in armed clashes in January 1941 , effectively ending their co-operation . In March , the Japanese 11th army attacked the headquarters of the Chinese 19th army but was repulsed during Battle of Shanggao . In September , Japan attempted to take the city of Changsha again and clashed with Chinese nationalist forces . Mitsubishi A6M2 `` Zero '' fighters on the Imperial Japanese Navy aircraft carrier Shōkaku , just before the attack on Pearl Harbor German successes in Europe encouraged Japan to increase pressure on European governments in Southeast Asia . The Dutch government agreed to provide Japan some oil supplies from the Dutch East Indies , but negotiations for additional access to their resources ended in failure in June 1941 . In July 1941 Japan sent troops to southern Indochina , thus threatening British and Dutch possessions in the Far East . The United States , United Kingdom and other Western governments reacted to this move with a freeze on Japanese assets and a total oil embargo . At the same time , Japan was planning an invasion of the Soviet Far East , intending to capitalize off the German invasion in the west , but abandoned the operation after the sanctions . Since early 1941 the United States and Japan had been engaged in negotiations in an attempt to improve their strained relations and end the war in China . During these negotiations Japan advanced a number of proposals which were dismissed by the Americans as inadequate . At the same time the US , Britain , and the Netherlands engaged in secret discussions for the joint defence of their territories , in the event of a Japanese attack against any of them . Roosevelt reinforced the Philippines ( an American protectorate scheduled for independence in 1946 ) and warned Japan that the US would react to Japanese attacks against any `` neighboring countries '' . USS Arizona during the Japanese surprise air attack on the American pacific fleet , 7 December 1941 Frustrated at the lack of progress and feeling the pinch of the American - British - Dutch sanctions , Japan prepared for war . On 20 November a new government under Hideki Tojo presented an interim proposal as its final offer . It called for the end of American aid to China and for the supply of oil and other resources to Japan . In exchange Japan promised not to launch any attacks in Southeast Asia and to withdraw its forces from southern Indochina . The American counter-proposal of 26 November required that Japan evacuate all of China without conditions and conclude non-aggression pacts with all Pacific powers . That meant Japan was essentially forced to choose between abandoning its ambitions in China , or seizing the natural resources it needed in the Dutch East Indies by force ; the Japanese military did not consider the former an option , and many officers considered the oil embargo an unspoken declaration of war . Japan planned to rapidly seize European colonies in Asia to create a large defensive perimeter stretching into the Central Pacific ; the Japanese would then be free to exploit the resources of Southeast Asia while exhausting the over-stretched Allies by fighting a defensive war . To prevent American intervention while securing the perimeter it was further planned to neutralise the United States Pacific Fleet and the American military presence in the Philippines from the outset . On 7 December 1941 ( 8 December in Asian time zones ) , Japan attacked British and American holdings with near - simultaneous offensives against Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific . These included an attack on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor , the Philippines , landings in Thailand and Malaya and the battle of Hong Kong . These attacks led the United States , Britain , China , Australia and several other states to formally declare war on Japan , whereas the Soviet Union , being heavily involved in large - scale hostilities with European Axis countries , maintained its neutrality agreement with Japan . Germany , followed by the other Axis states , declared war on the United States in solidarity with Japan , citing as justification the American attacks on German war vessels that had been ordered by Roosevelt . Axis advance stalls ( 1942 -- 43 ) Seated at the Casablanca Conference ; US President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British PM Winston Churchill , January 1943 On 1 January 1942 , the Allied Big Four -- the Soviet Union , China , Britain and the United States -- and 22 smaller or exiled governments issued the Declaration by United Nations , thereby affirming the Atlantic Charter , and agreeing to not to sign a separate peace with the Axis powers . During 1942 , Allied officials debated on the appropriate grand strategy to pursue . All agreed that defeating Germany was the primary objective . The Americans favoured a straightforward , large - scale attack on Germany through France . The Soviets were also demanding a second front . The British , on the other hand , argued that military operations should target peripheral areas to wear out German strength , leading to increasing demoralisation , and bolster resistance forces . Germany itself would be subject to a heavy bombing campaign . An offensive against Germany would then be launched primarily by Allied armour without using large - scale armies . Eventually , the British persuaded the Americans that a landing in France was infeasible in 1942 and they should instead focus on driving the Axis out of North Africa . At the Casablanca Conference in early 1943 , the Allies reiterated the statements issued in the 1942 Declaration by the United Nations , and demanded the unconditional surrender of their enemies . The British and Americans agreed to continue to press the initiative in the Mediterranean by invading Sicily to fully secure the Mediterranean supply routes . Although the British argued for further operations in the Balkans to bring Turkey into the war , in May 1943 , the Americans extracted a British commitment to limit Allied operations in the Mediterranean to an invasion of the Italian mainland and to invade France in 1944 . Pacific ( 1942 -- 43 ) Map of Japanese military advances , until mid-1942 By the end of April 1942 , Japan and its ally Thailand had almost fully conquered Burma , Malaya , the Dutch East Indies , Singapore , and Rabaul , inflicting severe losses on Allied troops and taking a large number of prisoners . Despite stubborn resistance by Filipino and US forces , the Philippine Commonwealth was eventually captured in May 1942 , forcing its government into exile . On 16 April , in Burma , 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the Battle of Yenangyaung and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division . Japanese forces also achieved naval victories in the South China Sea , Java Sea and Indian Ocean , and bombed the Allied naval base at Darwin , Australia . In January 1942 , the only Allied success against Japan was a Chinese victory at Changsha . These easy victories over unprepared US and European opponents left Japan overconfident , as well as overextended . In early May 1942 , Japan initiated operations to capture Port Moresby by amphibious assault and thus sever communications and supply lines between the United States and Australia . The planned invasion was thwarted when an Allied task force , centred on two American fleet carriers , fought Japanese naval forces to a draw in the Battle of the Coral Sea . Japan 's next plan , motivated by the earlier Doolittle Raid , was to seize Midway Atoll and lure American carriers into battle to be eliminated ; as a diversion , Japan would also send forces to occupy the Aleutian Islands in Alaska . In mid-May , Japan started the Zhejiang - Jiangxi Campaign in China , with the goal of inflicting retribution on the Chinese who aided the surviving American airmen in the Doolittle Raid by destroying air bases and fighting against the Chinese 23rd and 32nd Army Groups . In early June , Japan put its operations into action but the Americans , having broken Japanese naval codes in late May , were fully aware of plans and order of battle , and used this knowledge to achieve a decisive victory at Midway over the Imperial Japanese Navy . US Marines during the Guadalcanal Campaign , in the Pacific theatre , 1942 With its capacity for aggressive action greatly diminished as a result of the Midway battle , Japan chose to focus on a belated attempt to capture Port Moresby by an overland campaign in the Territory of Papua . The Americans planned a counter-attack against Japanese positions in the southern Solomon Islands , primarily Guadalcanal , as a first step towards capturing Rabaul , the main Japanese base in Southeast Asia . Both plans started in July , but by mid-September , the Battle for Guadalcanal took priority for the Japanese , and troops in New Guinea were ordered to withdraw from the Port Moresby area to the northern part of the island , where they faced Australian and United States troops in the Battle of Buna - Gona . Guadalcanal soon became a focal point for both sides with heavy commitments of troops and ships in the battle for Guadalcanal . By the start of 1943 , the Japanese were defeated on the island and withdrew their troops . In Burma , Commonwealth forces mounted two operations . The first , an offensive into the Arakan region in late 1942 , went disastrously , forcing a retreat back to India by May 1943 . The second was the insertion of irregular forces behind Japanese front - lines in February which , by the end of April , had achieved mixed results . Eastern front ( 1942 -- 43 ) Red Army soldiers on the counterattack , during the Battle of Stalingrad , February 1943 Despite considerable losses , in early 1942 Germany and its allies stopped a major Soviet offensive in central and southern Russia , keeping most territorial gains they had achieved during the previous year . In May the Germans defeated Soviet offensives in the Kerch Peninsula and at Kharkov , and then launched their main summer offensive against southern Russia in June 1942 , to seize the oil fields of the Caucasus and occupy Kuban steppe , while maintaining positions on the northern and central areas of the front . The Germans split Army Group South into two groups : Army Group A advanced to the lower Don River and struck south - east to the Caucasus , while Army Group B headed towards the Volga River . The Soviets decided to make their stand at Stalingrad on the Volga . By mid-November , the Germans had nearly taken Stalingrad in bitter street fighting when the Soviets began their second winter counter-offensive , starting with an encirclement of German forces at Stalingrad and an assault on the Rzhev salient near Moscow , though the latter failed disastrously . By early February 1943 , the German Army had taken tremendous losses ; German troops at Stalingrad had been forced to surrender , and the front - line had been pushed back beyond its position before the summer offensive . In mid-February , after the Soviet push had tapered off , the Germans launched another attack on Kharkov , creating a salient in their front line around the Russian city of Kursk . Western Europe / Atlantic & Mediterranean ( 1942 -- 43 ) American 8th Air Force Boeing B - 17 Flying Fortress bombing raid on the Focke - Wulf factory in Germany , 9 October 1943 Exploiting poor American naval command decisions , the German navy ravaged Allied shipping off the American Atlantic coast . By November 1941 , Commonwealth forces had launched a counter-offensive , Operation Crusader , in North Africa , and reclaimed all the gains the Germans and Italians had made . In North Africa , the Germans launched an offensive in January , pushing the British back to positions at the Gazala Line by early February , followed by a temporary lull in combat which Germany used to prepare for their upcoming offensives . Concerns the Japanese might use bases in Vichy - held Madagascar caused the British to invade the island in early May 1942 . An Axis offensive in Libya forced an Allied retreat deep inside Egypt until Axis forces were stopped at El Alamein . On the Continent , raids of Allied commandos on strategic targets , culminating in the disastrous Dieppe Raid , demonstrated the Western Allies ' inability to launch an invasion of continental Europe without much better preparation , equipment , and operational security . In August 1942 , the Allies succeeded in repelling a second attack against El Alamein and , at a high cost , managed to deliver desperately needed supplies to the besieged Malta . A few months later , the Allies commenced an attack of their own in Egypt , dislodging the Axis forces and beginning a drive west across Libya . This attack was followed up shortly after by Anglo - American landings in French North Africa , which resulted in the region joining the Allies . Hitler responded to the French colony 's defection by ordering the occupation of Vichy France ; although Vichy forces did not resist this violation of the armistice , they managed to scuttle their fleet to prevent its capture by German forces . The now pincered Axis forces in Africa withdrew into Tunisia , which was conquered by the Allies in May 1943 . In early 1943 the British and Americans began the Combined Bomber Offensive , a strategic bombing campaign against Germany . The goals were to disrupt the German war economy , reduce German morale , and `` de-house '' the civilian population . Allies gain momentum ( 1943 -- 44 ) US Navy SBD - 5 scout plane flies patrol over USS Washington and USS Lexington during the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign , 1943 After the Guadalcanal Campaign , the Allies initiated several operations against Japan in the Pacific . In May 1943 , Canadian and U.S. forces were sent to eliminate Japanese forces from the Aleutians . Soon after , the U.S. , with support from Australian and New Zealand forces , began major operations to isolate Rabaul by capturing surrounding islands , and breach the Japanese Central Pacific perimeter at the Gilbert and Marshall Islands . By the end of March 1944 , the Allies had completed both of these objectives , and had also neutralised the major Japanese base at Truk in the Caroline Islands . In April , the Allies launched an operation to retake Western New Guinea . In the Soviet Union , both the Germans and the Soviets spent the spring and early summer of 1943 preparing for large offensives in central Russia . On 4 July 1943 , Germany attacked Soviet forces around the Kursk Bulge . Within a week , German forces had exhausted themselves against the Soviets ' deeply echeloned and well - constructed defences and , for the first time in the war , Hitler cancelled the operation before it had achieved tactical or operational success . This decision was partially affected by the Western Allies ' invasion of Sicily launched on 9 July which , combined with previous Italian failures , resulted in the ousting and arrest of Mussolini later that month . Also , in July 1943 the British firebombed Hamburg killing over 40,000 people . Red Army troops , in a counter-offensive on German positions , at the Battle of Kursk , 1943 On 12 July 1943 , the Soviets launched their own counter-offensives , thereby dispelling any chance of German victory or even stalemate in the east . The Soviet victory at Kursk marked the end of German superiority , giving the Soviet Union the initiative on the Eastern Front . The Germans tried to stabilise their eastern front along the hastily fortified Panther -- Wotan line , but the Soviets broke through it at Smolensk and by the Lower Dnieper Offensives . On 3 September 1943 , the Western Allies invaded the Italian mainland , following Italy 's armistice with the Allies . Germany with the help of fascists responded by disarming Italian forces that were in many places without superior orders , seizing military control of Italian areas , and creating a series of defensive lines . German special forces then rescued Mussolini , who then soon established a new client state in German - occupied Italy named the Italian Social Republic , causing an Italian civil war . The Western Allies fought through several lines until reaching the main German defensive line in mid-November . The Allied leaders of the Asian and Pacific Theatre : Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek , Franklin D. Roosevelt , and Winston Churchill meeting at the Cairo Conference , 25 November 1943 German operations in the Atlantic also suffered . By May 1943 , as Allied counter-measures became increasingly effective , the resulting sizeable German submarine losses forced a temporary halt of the German Atlantic naval campaign . In November 1943 , Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill met with Chiang Kai - shek in Cairo and then with Joseph Stalin in Tehran . The former conference determined the post-war return of Japanese territory and the military planning for the Burma Campaign , while the latter included agreement that the Western Allies would invade Europe in 1944 and that the Soviet Union would declare war on Japan within three months of Germany 's defeat . Ruins of the Benedictine monastery , during the Battle of Monte Cassino ; Italian Campaign , May 1944 From November 1943 , during the seven - week Battle of Changde , the Chinese forced Japan to fight a costly war of attrition , while awaiting Allied relief . In January 1944 , the Allies launched a series of attacks in Italy against the line at Monte Cassino and tried to outflank it with landings at Anzio . By the end of January , a major Soviet offensive expelled German forces from the Leningrad region , ending the longest and most lethal siege in history . The following Soviet offensive was halted on the pre-war Estonian border by the German Army Group North aided by Estonians hoping to re-establish national independence . This delay slowed subsequent Soviet operations in the Baltic Sea region . By late May 1944 , the Soviets had liberated Crimea , largely expelled Axis forces from Ukraine , and made incursions into Romania , which were repulsed by the Axis troops . The Allied offensives in Italy had succeeded and , at the expense of allowing several German divisions to retreat , on 4 June , Rome was captured . The Allies had mixed success in mainland Asia . In March 1944 , the Japanese launched the first of two invasions , an operation against British positions in Assam , India , and soon besieged Commonwealth positions at Imphal and Kohima . In May 1944 , British forces mounted a counter-offensive that drove Japanese troops back to Burma , and Chinese forces that had invaded northern Burma in late 1943 besieged Japanese troops in Myitkyina . The second Japanese invasion of China aimed to destroy China 's main fighting forces , secure railways between Japanese - held territory and capture Allied airfields . By June , the Japanese had conquered the province of Henan and begun a new attack on Changsha in the Hunan province . Allies close in ( 1944 ) American troops approaching Omaha Beach , during the Invasion of Normandy on D - Day , 6 June 1944 On 6 June 1944 ( known as D - Day ) , after three years of Soviet pressure , the Western Allies invaded northern France . After reassigning several Allied divisions from Italy , they also attacked southern France . These landings were successful , and led to the defeat of the German Army units in France . Paris was liberated by the local resistance assisted by the Free French Forces , both led by General Charles de Gaulle , on 25 August and the Western Allies continued to push back German forces in western Europe during the latter part of the year . An attempt to advance into northern Germany spearheaded by a major airborne operation in the Netherlands failed . After that , the Western Allies slowly pushed into Germany , but failed to cross the Ruhr river in a large offensive . In Italy , Allied advance also slowed due to the last major German defensive line . German SS soldiers from the Dirlewanger Brigade , tasked with suppressing the Warsaw Uprising against Nazi occupation , August 1944 On 22 June , the Soviets launched a strategic offensive in Belarus ( `` Operation Bagration '' ) that destroyed the German Army Group Centre almost completely . Soon after that another Soviet strategic offensive forced German troops from Western Ukraine and Eastern Poland . The Soviet advance prompted resistance forces in Poland to initiate several uprisings against the German occupation . However , the largest of these in Warsaw , where German soldiers massacred 200,000 civilians , and a national uprising in Slovakia , did not receive Soviet support and were subsequently suppressed by the Germans . The Red Army 's strategic offensive in eastern Romania cut off and destroyed the considerable German troops there and triggered a successful coup d'état in Romania and in Bulgaria , followed by those countries ' shift to the Allied side . In September 1944 , Soviet troops advanced into Yugoslavia and forced the rapid withdrawal of German Army Groups E and F in Greece , Albania and Yugoslavia to rescue them from being cut off . By this point , the Communist - led Partisans under Marshal Josip Broz Tito , who had led an increasingly successful guerrilla campaign against the occupation since 1941 , controlled much of the territory of Yugoslavia and engaged in delaying efforts against German forces further south . In northern Serbia , the Red Army , with limited support from Bulgarian forces , assisted the Partisans in a joint liberation of the capital city of Belgrade on 20 October . A few days later , the Soviets launched a massive assault against German - occupied Hungary that lasted until the fall of Budapest in February 1945 . Unlike impressive Soviet victories in the Balkans , bitter Finnish resistance to the Soviet offensive in the Karelian Isthmus denied the Soviets occupation of Finland and led to a Soviet - Finnish armistice on relatively mild conditions , although Finland was forced to fight their former allies . General Douglas MacArthur lands at Leyte , during the Battle of Leyte , 20 October 1944 By the start of July 1944 , Commonwealth forces in Southeast Asia had repelled the Japanese sieges in Assam , pushing the Japanese back to the Chindwin River while the Chinese captured Myitkyina . In September 1944 , Chinese force captured the Mount Song to reopen the Burma Road . In China , the Japanese had more successes , having finally captured Changsha in mid-June and the city of Hengyang by early August . Soon after , they invaded the province of Guangxi , winning major engagements against Chinese forces at Guilin and Liuzhou by the end of November and successfully linking up their forces in China and Indochina by mid-December . In the Pacific , US forces continued to press back the Japanese perimeter . In mid-June 1944 , they began their offensive against the Mariana and Palau islands , and decisively defeated Japanese forces in the Battle of the Philippine Sea . These defeats led to the resignation of the Japanese Prime Minister , Hideki Tojo , and provided the United States with air bases to launch intensive heavy bomber attacks on the Japanese home islands . In late October , American forces invaded the Filipino island of Leyte ; soon after , Allied naval forces scored another large victory in the Battle of Leyte Gulf , one of the largest naval battles in history . Axis collapse , Allied victory ( 1944 -- 45 ) Yalta Conference held in February 1945 , with Winston Churchill , Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin On 16 December 1944 , Germany made a last attempt on the Western Front by using most of its remaining reserves to launch a massive counter-offensive in the Ardennes and along the French -- German border to split the Western Allies , encircle large portions of Western Allied troops and capture their primary supply port at Antwerp to prompt a political settlement . By January , the offensive had been repulsed with no strategic objectives fulfilled . In Italy , the Western Allies remained stalemated at the German defensive line . In mid-January 1945 , the Soviets and Poles attacked in Poland , pushing from the Vistula to the Oder river in Germany , and overran East Prussia . On 4 February , Soviet , British and US leaders met for the Yalta Conference . They agreed on the occupation of post-war Germany , and on when the Soviet Union would join the war against Japan . In February , the Soviets entered Silesia and Pomerania , while Western Allies entered western Germany and closed to the Rhine river . By March , the Western Allies crossed the Rhine north and south of the Ruhr , encircling the German Army Group B , while the Soviets advanced to Vienna . In early April , the Western Allies finally pushed forward in Italy and swept across western Germany capturing Hamburg and Nuremberg , while Soviet and Polish forces stormed Berlin in late April . American and Soviet forces met at the Elbe river on 25 April . On 30 April 1945 , the Reichstag was captured , signalling the military defeat of Nazi Germany . Several changes in leadership occurred during this period . On 12 April , President Roosevelt died and was succeeded by Harry S. Truman . Benito Mussolini was killed by Italian partisans on 28 April . Two days later , Hitler committed suicide , and was succeeded by Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz . The German Reichstag after its capture by the Allied forces , 3 June 1945 German forces surrendered in Italy on 29 April . Total and unconditional surrender was signed on 7 May , to be effective by the end of 8 May . German Army Group Centre resisted in Prague until 11 May . In the Pacific theatre , American forces accompanied by the forces of the Philippine Commonwealth advanced in the Philippines , clearing Leyte by the end of April 1945 . They landed on Luzon in January 1945 and recaptured Manila in March following a battle which reduced the city to ruins . Fighting continued on Luzon , Mindanao , and other islands of the Philippines until the end of the war . Meanwhile , the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) were destroying strategic and populated cities and towns in Japan in an effort to destroy Japanese war industry and civilian morale . On the night of 9 -- 10 March , USAAF B - 29 bombers struck Tokyo with thousands of incendiary bombs , which killed 100,000 civilians and destroyed 16 square miles ( 41 km ) within a few hours . Over the next five months , the USAAF firebombed a total of 67 Japanese cities , killing 393,000 civilians and destroying 65 % of built - up areas . In May 1945 , Australian troops landed in Borneo , overrunning the oilfields there . British , American , and Chinese forces defeated the Japanese in northern Burma in March , and the British pushed on to reach Rangoon by 3 May . Chinese forces started to counterattack in Battle of West Hunan that occurred between 6 April and 7 June 1945 . American naval and amphibious forces also moved towards Japan , taking Iwo Jima by March , and Okinawa by the end of June . At the same time , American submarines cut off Japanese imports , drastically reducing Japan 's ability to supply its overseas forces . Japanese foreign affairs minister Mamoru Shigemitsu signs the Japanese Instrument of Surrender on board USS Missouri , 2 September 1945 On 11 July , Allied leaders met in Potsdam , Germany . They confirmed earlier agreements about Germany , and reiterated the demand for unconditional surrender of all Japanese forces by Japan , specifically stating that `` the alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction '' . During this conference , the United Kingdom held its general election , and Clement Attlee replaced Churchill as Prime Minister . The Allies called for unconditional Japanese surrender in the Potsdam Declaration of 27 July , but the Japanese government rejected the call . In early August , the USAAF dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . The Allies justified the atomic bombings as a military necessity to avoid invading the Japanese home islands which would cost the lives of between 250,000 and 500,000 Allied servicemen and millions of Japanese troops and civilians . Between the two bombings , the Soviets , pursuant to the Yalta agreement , invaded Japanese - held Manchuria , and quickly defeated the Kwantung Army , which was the largest Japanese fighting force . The Red Army also captured Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands . On 15 August 1945 , Japan surrendered , with the surrender documents finally signed at Tokyo Bay on the deck of the American battleship USS Missouri on 2 September 1945 , ending the war . Aftermath Main articles : Aftermath of World War II and Consequences of Nazism Defendants at the Nuremberg trials , where the Allied forces prosecuted prominent members of the political , military , judicial and economic leadership of Nazi Germany for crimes against humanity The Allies established occupation administrations in Austria and Germany . The former became a neutral state , non-aligned with any political bloc . The latter was divided into western and eastern occupation zones controlled by the Western Allies and the USSR , accordingly . A denazification programme in Germany led to the prosecution of Nazi war criminals and the removal of ex-Nazis from power , although this policy moved towards amnesty and re-integration of ex-Nazis into West German society . Ruins of Warsaw in January 1945 , after the deliberate destruction of the city by the occupying German forces Germany lost a quarter of its pre-war ( 1937 ) territory . Among the eastern territories , Silesia , Neumark and most of Pomerania were taken over by Poland , East Prussia was divided between Poland and the USSR , followed by the expulsion of the 9 million Germans from these provinces , as well as the expulsion of 3 million Germans from the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia to Germany . By the 1950s , every fifth West German was a refugee from the east . The Soviet Union also took over the Polish provinces east of the Curzon line , from which 2 million Poles were expelled ; north - east Romania , parts of eastern Finland , and the three Baltic states were also incorporated into the USSR . In an effort to maintain world peace , the Allies formed the United Nations , which officially came into existence on 24 October 1945 , and adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 , as a common standard for all member nations . The great powers that were the victors of the war -- France , China , Britain , the Soviet Union and the United States -- became the permanent members of the UN 's Security Council . The five permanent members remain so to the present , although there have been two seat changes , between the Republic of China and the People 's Republic of China in 1971 , and between the Soviet Union and its successor state , the Russian Federation , following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 . The alliance between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union had begun to deteriorate even before the war was over . Post-war Soviet territorial expansion resulted in Central and Eastern European border changes , the creation of a Communist Bloc and start of the Cold War Germany had been de facto divided , and two independent states , the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic were created within the borders of Allied and Soviet occupation zones , accordingly . The rest of Europe was also divided into Western and Soviet spheres of influence . Most eastern and central European countries fell into the Soviet sphere , which led to establishment of Communist - led regimes , with full or partial support of the Soviet occupation authorities . As a result , East Germany , Poland , Hungary , Romania , Czechoslovakia , and Albania became Soviet satellite states . Communist Yugoslavia conducted a fully independent policy , causing tension with the USSR . Post-war division of the world was formalised by two international military alliances , the United States - led NATO and the Soviet - led Warsaw Pact ; the long period of political tensions and military competition between them , the Cold War , would be accompanied by an unprecedented arms race and proxy wars . In Asia , the United States led the occupation of Japan and administrated Japan 's former islands in the Western Pacific , while the Soviets annexed Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands . Korea , formerly under Japanese rule , was divided and occupied by the Soviet Union in the North and the US in the South between 1945 and 1948 . Separate republics emerged on both sides of the 38th parallel in 1948 , each claiming to be the legitimate government for all of Korea , which led ultimately to the Korean War . David Ben - Gurion proclaiming the Israeli Declaration of Independence at the Independence Hall , 14 May 1948 In China , nationalist and communist forces resumed the civil war in June 1946 . Communist forces were victorious and established the People 's Republic of China on the mainland , while nationalist forces retreated to Taiwan in 1949 . In the Middle East , the Arab rejection of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine and the creation of Israel marked the escalation of the Arab -- Israeli conflict . While European powers attempted to retain some or all of their colonial empires , their losses of prestige and resources during the war rendered this unsuccessful , leading to decolonisation . The global economy suffered heavily from the war , although participating nations were affected differently . The US emerged much richer than any other nation ; it had a baby boom and by 1950 its gross domestic product per person was much higher than that of any of the other powers and it dominated the world economy . The UK and US pursued a policy of industrial disarmament in Western Germany in the years 1945 -- 1948 . Because of international trade interdependencies this led to European economic stagnation and delayed European recovery for several years . Recovery began with the mid-1948 currency reform in Western Germany , and was sped up by the liberalisation of European economic policy that the Marshall Plan ( 1948 -- 1951 ) both directly and indirectly caused . The post-1948 West German recovery has been called the German economic miracle . Italy also experienced an economic boom and the French economy rebounded . By contrast , the United Kingdom was in a state of economic ruin , and although it received a quarter of the total Marshall Plan assistance , more than any other European country , continued relative economic decline for decades . The Soviet Union , despite enormous human and material losses , also experienced rapid increase in production in the immediate post-war era . Japan experienced incredibly rapid economic growth , becoming one of the most powerful economies in the world by the 1980s . China returned to its pre-war industrial production by 1952 . Impact Casualties and War Crimes Main articles : World War II casualties , War crimes during World War II , War crimes in occupied Poland during World War II , German war crimes , War crimes of the Wehrmacht , Italian war crimes , Japanese war crimes , Allied war crimes during World War II , and Soviet war crimes World War II deaths Estimates for the total number of casualties in the war vary , because many deaths went unrecorded . Most suggest that some 60 million people died in the war , including about 20 million military personnel and 40 million civilians . Many of the civilians died because of deliberate genocide , massacres , mass - bombings , disease , and starvation . The Soviet Union lost around 27 million people during the war , including 8.7 million military and 19 million civilian deaths . The largest portion of military dead were 5.7 million ethnic Russians , followed by 1.3 million ethnic Ukrainians . A quarter of the people in the Soviet Union were wounded or killed . Germany sustained 5.3 million military losses , mostly on the Eastern Front and during the final battles in Germany . Of the total number of deaths in World War II , approximately 85 per cent -- mostly Soviet and Chinese -- were on the Allied side and 15 per cent were on the Axis side . Many of these deaths were caused by war crimes committed by German and Japanese forces in occupied territories . An estimated 11 to 17 million civilians died either as a direct or as an indirect result of Nazi racist policies , including the Holocaust of around 6 million Jews , half of whom were Polish citizens , along with a further minimum 1.9 million ethnic Poles . Millions of other Slavs ( including Russians , Ukrainians and Belarusians ) , Roma , homosexuals , and other ethnic and minority groups were also killed . Hundreds of thousands ( varying estimates ) of ethnic Serbs , along with gypsies and Jews , were murdered by the Axis - aligned Croatian Ustaše in Yugoslavia , and retribution - related killings were committed just after the war ended . Chinese civilians being buried alive by soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army , during the Nanking Massacre , December 1937 In Asia and the Pacific , between 3 million and more than 10 million civilians , mostly Chinese ( estimated at 7.5 million ) , were killed by the Japanese occupation forces . The best - known Japanese atrocity was the Nanking Massacre , in which fifty to three hundred thousand Chinese civilians were raped and murdered . Mitsuyoshi Himeta reported that 2.7 million casualties occurred during the Sankō Sakusen . General Yasuji Okamura implemented the policy in Heipei and Shantung . Axis forces employed biological and chemical weapons . The Imperial Japanese Army used a variety of such weapons during its invasion and occupation of China ( see Unit 731 ) and in early conflicts against the Soviets . Both the Germans and Japanese tested such weapons against civilians and , sometimes on prisoners of war . The Soviet Union was responsible for the Katyn massacre of 22,000 Polish officers , and the imprisonment or execution of thousands of political prisoners by the NKVD , in the Baltic states , and eastern Poland annexed by the Red Army . The mass - bombing of cities in Europe and Asia has often been called a war crime . However , no positive or specific customary international humanitarian law with respect to aerial warfare existed before or during World War II . Genocide , concentration camps , and slave labour Main articles : Genocide , The Holocaust , Nazi concentration camps , Extermination camp , Forced labour under German rule during World War II , Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany , and Nazi human experimentation Schutzstaffel ( SS ) female camp guards remove prisoners ' bodies from lorries and carry them to a mass grave , inside the German Bergen - Belsen concentration camp , 1945 The German government led by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party was responsible for the Holocaust , the killing of approximately 6 million Jews , as well as 2.7 million ethnic Poles , and 4 million others who were deemed `` unworthy of life '' ( including the disabled and mentally ill , Soviet prisoners of war , homosexuals , Freemasons , Jehovah 's Witnesses , and Romani ) as part of a programme of deliberate extermination . About 12 million , most of whom were Eastern Europeans , were employed in the German war economy as forced labourers . In addition to Nazi concentration camps , the Soviet gulags ( labour camps ) led to the death of citizens of occupied countries such as Poland , Lithuania , Latvia , and Estonia , as well as German prisoners of war ( POWs ) and even Soviet citizens who had been or were thought to be supporters of the Nazis . Sixty per cent of Soviet POWs of the Germans died during the war . Richard Overy gives the number of 5.7 million Soviet POWs . Of those , 57 per cent died or were killed , a total of 3.6 million . Soviet ex-POWs and repatriated civilians were treated with great suspicion as potential Nazi collaborators , and some of them were sent to the Gulag upon being checked by the NKVD . Prisoner identity photograph taken by the German SS of a Polish girl deported as forced labour to Auschwitz , December 1942 Japanese prisoner - of - war camps , many of which were used as labour camps , also had high death rates . The International Military Tribunal for the Far East found the death rate of Western prisoners was 27.1 per cent ( for American POWs , 37 per cent ) , seven times that of POWs under the Germans and Italians . While 37,583 prisoners from the UK , 28,500 from the Netherlands , and 14,473 from the United States were released after the surrender of Japan , the number of Chinese released was only 56 . According to historian Zhifen Ju , at least five million Chinese civilians from northern China and Manchukuo were enslaved between 1935 and 1941 by the East Asia Development Board , or Kōain , for work in mines and war industries . After 1942 , the number reached 10 million . The US Library of Congress estimates that in Java , between 4 and 10 million rōmusha ( Japanese : `` manual labourers '' ) , were forced to work by the Japanese military . About 270,000 of these Javanese labourers were sent to other Japanese - held areas in South East Asia , and only 52,000 were repatriated to Java . On 19 February 1942 , Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 , interning about 100,000 Japanese living on the West Coast . Canada had a similar programme . In addition , 14,000 German and Italian citizens who had been assessed as being security risks were also interned . In accordance with the Allied agreement made at the Yalta Conference millions of POWs and civilians were used as forced labour by the Soviet Union . In Hungary 's case , Hungarians were forced to work for the Soviet Union until 1955 . Occupation Main articles : German - occupied Europe , Lebensraum , Untermensch , Collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II , Resistance during World War II , and Nazi plunder Polish civilians wearing blindfolds photographed just before their execution by German soldiers in Palmiry forest , 1940 In Europe , occupation came under two forms . In Western , Northern , and Central Europe ( France , Norway , Denmark , the Low Countries , and the annexed portions of Czechoslovakia ) Germany established economic policies through which it collected roughly 69.5 billion reichmarks ( 27.8 billion US Dollars ) by the end of the war , this figure does not include the sizeable plunder of industrial products , military equipment , raw materials and other goods . Thus , the income from occupied nations was over 40 per cent of the income Germany collected from taxation , a figure which increased to nearly 40 per cent of total German income as the war went on . Russian Academy of Sciences reported in 1995 civilian victims in the Soviet Union at German hands totalled 13.7 million dead , twenty percent of the 68 million persons in the occupied USSR In the East , the intended gains of Lebensraum were never attained as fluctuating front - lines and Soviet scorched earth policies denied resources to the German invaders . Unlike in the West , the Nazi racial policy encouraged extreme brutality against what it considered to be the `` inferior people '' of Slavic descent ; most German advances were thus followed by mass executions . Although resistance groups formed in most occupied territories , they did not significantly hamper German operations in either the East or the West until late 1943 . In Asia , Japan termed nations under its occupation as being part of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere , essentially a Japanese hegemony which it claimed was for purposes of liberating colonised peoples . Although Japanese forces were originally welcomed as liberators from European domination in some territories , their excessive brutality turned local public opinion against them within weeks . During Japan 's initial conquest it captured 4,000,000 barrels ( 640,000 m ) of oil ( ~ 5.5 × 10 tonnes ) left behind by retreating Allied forces , and by 1943 was able to get production in the Dutch East Indies up to 50 million barrels ( ~ 6.8 × 10 ^ t ) , 76 per cent of its 1940 output rate . Home fronts and production Main articles : Military production during World War II and Home front during World War II Allied to Axis GDP ratio In Europe , before the outbreak of the war , the Allies had significant advantages in both population and economics . In 1938 , the Western Allies ( United Kingdom , France , Poland and British Dominions ) had a 30 per cent larger population and a 30 per cent higher gross domestic product than the European Axis powers ( Germany and Italy ) ; if colonies are included , it then gives the Allies more than a 5 : 1 advantage in population and nearly 2 : 1 advantage in GDP . In Asia at the same time , China had roughly six times the population of Japan , but only an 89 per cent higher GDP ; this is reduced to three times the population and only a 38 per cent higher GDP if Japanese colonies are included . The United States provided about two - thirds of all the ordnance used by the Allies in terms of warships , transports , warplanes , artillery , tanks , trucks , and ammunition . Though the Allies ' economic and population advantages were largely mitigated during the initial rapid blitzkrieg attacks of Germany and Japan , they became the decisive factor by 1942 , after the United States and Soviet Union joined the Allies , as the war largely settled into one of attrition . While the Allies ' ability to out - produce the Axis is often attributed to the Allies having more access to natural resources , other factors , such as Germany and Japan 's reluctance to employ women in the labour force , Allied strategic bombing , and Germany 's late shift to a war economy contributed significantly . Additionally , neither Germany nor Japan planned to fight a protracted war , and were not equipped to do so . To improve their production , Germany and Japan used millions of slave labourers ; Germany used about 12 million people , mostly from Eastern Europe , while Japan used more than 18 million people in Far East Asia . Advances in Technology and Warfare Main article : Technology during World War II B - 29 Superfortress strategic bombers on the Boeing assembly line in Wichita , Kansas , 1944 Aircraft were used for reconnaissance , as fighters , bombers , and ground - support , and each role was advanced considerably . Innovation included airlift ( the capability to quickly move limited high - priority supplies , equipment , and personnel ) ; and of strategic bombing ( the bombing of enemy industrial and population centres to destroy the enemy 's ability to wage war ) . Anti-aircraft weaponry also advanced , including defences such as radar and surface - to - air artillery , such as the German 88 mm gun . The use of the jet aircraft was pioneered and , though late introduction meant it had little impact , it led to jets becoming standard in air forces worldwide . Advances were made in nearly every aspect of naval warfare , most notably with aircraft carriers and submarines . Although aeronautical warfare had relatively little success at the start of the war , actions at Taranto , Pearl Harbor , and the Coral Sea established the carrier as the dominant capital ship in place of the battleship . In the Atlantic , escort carriers proved to be a vital part of Allied convoys , increasing the effective protection radius and helping to close the Mid-Atlantic gap . Carriers were also more economical than battleships because of the relatively low cost of aircraft and their not requiring to be as heavily armoured . Submarines , which had proved to be an effective weapon during the First World War , were anticipated by all sides to be important in the second . The British focused development on anti-submarine weaponry and tactics , such as sonar and convoys , while Germany focused on improving its offensive capability , with designs such as the Type VII submarine and wolfpack tactics . Gradually , improving Allied technologies such as the Leigh light , hedgehog , squid , and homing torpedoes proved victorious . A V - 2 rocket launched from a fixed site in Peenemünde , 21 June 1943 Land warfare changed from the static front lines of World War I to increased mobility and combined arms . The tank , which had been used predominantly for infantry support in the First World War , had evolved into the primary weapon . In the late 1930s , tank design was considerably more advanced than it had been during World War I , and advances continued throughout the war with increases in speed , armour and firepower . At the start of the war , most commanders thought enemy tanks should be met by tanks with superior specifications . This idea was challenged by the poor performance of the relatively light early tank guns against armour , and German doctrine of avoiding tank - versus - tank combat . This , along with Germany 's use of combined arms , were among the key elements of their highly successful blitzkrieg tactics across Poland and France . Many means of destroying tanks , including indirect artillery , anti-tank guns ( both towed and self - propelled ) , mines , short - ranged infantry antitank weapons , and other tanks were used . Even with large - scale mechanisation , infantry remained the backbone of all forces , and throughout the war , most infantry were equipped similarly to World War I . Nuclear Gadget being raised to the top of the detonation `` shot tower '' , at Alamogordo Bombing Range ; Trinity nuclear test , New Mexico , July 1945 The portable machine gun spread , a notable example being the German MG34 , and various submachine guns which were suited to close combat in urban and jungle settings . The assault rifle , a late war development incorporating many features of the rifle and submachine gun , became the standard postwar infantry weapon for most armed forces . Most major belligerents attempted to solve the problems of complexity and security involved in using large codebooks for cryptography by designing ciphering machines , the most well known being the German Enigma machine . Development of SIGINT ( signals intelligence ) and cryptanalysis enabled the countering process of decryption . Notable examples were the Allied decryption of Japanese naval codes and British Ultra , a pioneering method for decoding Enigma benefiting from information given to Britain by the Polish Cipher Bureau , which had been decoding early versions of Enigma before the war . Another aspect of military intelligence was the use of deception , which the Allies used to great effect , such as in operations Mincemeat and Bodyguard . Other technological and engineering feats achieved during , or as a result of , the war include the world 's first programmable computers ( Z3 , Colossus , and ENIAC ) , guided missiles and modern rockets , the Manhattan Project 's development of nuclear weapons , operations research and the development of artificial harbours and oil pipelines under the English Channel . See also Air warfare of World War II Bibliography of World War II Declarations of war during World War II Historiography of World War II Home front during World War II List of World War II battles List of Allied World War II conferences List of World War II military operations Lists of World War II military equipment Nazis in fiction Women in World War II World War II in popular culture List of World War II films World War III Documentaries See also : List of World War II documentary films The World Wars ( miniseries ) The World Wars is a three - part , six - hour event miniseries by the History Channel that premiered on Monday , 26 May 2014 , ( Memorial Day ) airing for three consecutive nights . An extended version of the series with never before seen footage was subsequently broadcast on H2 and in more than 160 countries on 22 June 2014 Apocalypse : The Second World War ( 2009 ) , a six - part French documentary by Daniel Costelle and Isabelle Clarke about World War II Battlefield , a documentary television series initially issued in 1994 -- 5 , that explores many important World War II battles BBC History of World War II , a television series , initially issued from 1989 to 2005 . The World at War ( 1974 ) , a 26 - part Thames Television series that covers most aspects of World War II from many points of view . It includes interviews with many key figures including Karl Dönitz , Albert Speer , and Anthony Eden . Notes Jump up ^ While various other dates have been proposed as the date on which World War II began or ended , this is the time span most frequently cited . Jump up ^ Upon his death in 1989 , Emperor Hirohito was posthumously proclaimed Emperor Shōwa . While either use is considered acceptable , his English name ( Hirohito ) is used here as it is this name by which he was known to most of the West during World War II . Citations Jump up ^ Gilbert 2001 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ James A. Tyner ( 3 March 2009 ) . War , Violence , and Population : Making the Body Count . The Guilford Press ; 1 edition . p. 49 . ISBN 1 - 6062 - 3038 - 7 . Jump up ^ Sommerville 2008 , p. 5 ( 2011 ed . ) . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Tyne - Roots - Non-Jewish Holocaust Victims : The 5,000,000 others '' . www.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Barrett & Shyu 2001 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Axelrod , Alan ( 2007 ) Encyclopedia of World War II , Volume 1 . Infobase Publishing . pp. 659 . ^ Jump up to : The UN Security Council , retrieved 15 May 2012 Jump up ^ Herman Van Rompuy , President of the European Council ; José Manuel Durão Barroso , President of the European Commission ( 10 December 2012 ) . `` From War to Peace : A European Tale '' . Nobel Lecture by the European Union . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Wells , Anne Sharp ( 2014 ) Historical Dictionary of World War II : The War against Germany and Italy . Rowman & Littlefield Publishing . pp. 7 . Jump up ^ Ferris , John ; Mawdsley , Evan ( 2015 ) . The Cambridge History of the Second World War , Volume I : Fighting the War . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Förster & Gessler 2005 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Ghuhl , Wernar ( 2007 ) Imperial Japan 's World War Two Transaction Publishers pg 7 , pg. 30 Jump up ^ Polmar , Norman ; Thomas B. Allen ( 1991 ) World War II : America at war , 1941 -- 1945 ISBN 978 - 0394585307 Jump up ^ Ben - Horin 1943 , p. 169 ; Taylor 1979 , p. 124 ; Yisreelit , Hevrah Mizrahit ( 1965 ) . Asian and African Studies , p. 191 . For 1941 see Taylor 1961 , p. vii ; Kellogg , William O ( 2003 ) . American History the Easy Way . Barron 's Educational Series . p. 236 ISBN 0 - 7641 - 1973 - 7 . There is also the viewpoint that both World War I and World War II are part of the same `` European Civil War '' or `` Second Thirty Years War '' : Canfora 2006 , p. 155 ; Prins 2002 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Masaya 1990 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` History of German - American Relations '' 1989 -- 1994 -- Reunification '' `` Two - plus - Four - Treaty '' : Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany , September 12 , 1990 `` . usa.usembassy.de . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Ingram 2006 , pp. 76 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Kantowicz 1999 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Shaw 2000 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Brody 1999 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Zalampas 1989 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Mandelbaum 1988 , p. 96 ; Record 2005 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Schmitz 2000 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Adamthwaite 1992 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Preston 1998 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Myers & Peattie 1987 , p. 458 . Jump up ^ Smith & Steadman 2004 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Coogan 1993 : `` Although some Chinese troops in the Northeast managed to retreat south , others were trapped by the advancing Japanese Army and were faced with the choice of resistance in defiance of orders , or surrender . A few commanders submitted , receiving high office in the puppet government , but others took up arms against the invader . The forces they commanded were the first of the volunteer armies . '' Jump up ^ Busky 2002 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Andrea L. Stanton ; Edward Ramsamy ; Peter J. Seybolt ( 2012 - 01 - 05 ) . Cultural Sociology of the Middle East , Asia , and Africa : An Encyclopedia . p. 308 . ISBN 9781412981767 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Barker 1971 , pp. 131 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Kitson 2001 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Payne 2008 , p. 271 . Jump up ^ Payne 2008 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Eastman 1986 , pp. 547 -- 51 . ^ Jump up to : Guo 2005 ^ Jump up to : Hsu & Chang 1971 , pp. 195 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer C. ( 23 December 2009 ) . `` A Global Chronology of Conflict : From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East ( 6 volumes ) : From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East '' . ABC - CLIO . Retrieved 27 August 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Yang Kuisong , `` On the reconstruction of the facts of the Battle of Pingxingguan '' Jump up ^ Levene , Mark and Roberts , Penny . The Massacre in History . 1999 , page 223 - 4 Jump up ^ Totten , Samuel . Dictionary of Genocide. 2008 , 298 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , pp. 221 -- 230 . Jump up ^ Eastman 1986 , p. 566 . Jump up ^ Taylor 2009 , pp. 150 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Sella 1983 , pp. 651 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 342 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Stuart D. ( 28 August 2012 ) . `` The Forgotten Soviet - Japanese War of 1939 '' . The Diplomat . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Timothy Neeno . `` Nomonhan : The Second Russo - Japanese War '' . MilitaryHistoryOnline.com . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Collier & Pedley 2000 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2001 , pp. 121 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2001 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Davies 2006 , pp. 143 -- 4 ( 2008 ed . ) . Jump up ^ Lowe & Marzari 2002 , p. 330 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Shore 2003 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 608 . Jump up ^ Minutes of the conference between the Fuehrer and the Italian Minister for Foreign Affairs , Count Ciano , in the presence of the Reich Foreign Minister of Obersalzberg on 12 August 1939 in Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression Volume IV Document No. 1871 - PS Jump up ^ `` The German Campaign In Poland ( 1939 ) '' . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Danzig Crisis '' . ww2db.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Major international events of 1939 , with explanation '' . Ibiblio.org . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2006 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , pp. 64 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , p. 35 . Cienciala 2010 , p. 128 , observes that , while it is true that Poland was far away , making it difficult for the French and British to provide support , `` ( f ) ew Western historians of World War II ... know that the British had committed to bomb Germany if it attacked Poland , but did not do so except for one raid on the base of Wilhelmshafen . The French , who committed to attack Germany in the west , had no intention of doing so . '' Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 32 ; Dear & Foot 2001 , pp. 248 -- 9 ; Roskill 1954 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Zaloga 2002 , pp. 80 , 83 . Jump up ^ Hempel 2005 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Zaloga 2002 , pp. 88 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Budiansky 2001 , pp. 120 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Nuremberg Documents C - 62 / GB86 , a directive from Hitler in October 1939 which concludes : `` The attack ( on France ) is to be launched this Autumn if conditions are at all possible . '' Jump up ^ Liddell Hart 1977 , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Bullock 1990 , pp. 563 -- 4 , 566 , 568 -- 9 , 574 -- 5 ( 1983 ed . ) . Jump up ^ Blitzkrieg : From the Rise of Hitler to the Fall of Dunkirk , L Deighton , Jonathan Cape , 1993 , p186 - 7 . Deighton states that `` the offensive was postponed twenty - nine times before it finally took place . '' Jump up ^ Smith et al. 2002 , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Bilinsky 1999 , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Murray & Millett 2001 , pp. 55 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Spring 1986 , p. 207 - 226 . Jump up ^ Hanhimäki 1997 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Ferguson 2006 , pp. 367 , 376 , 379 , 417 . Jump up ^ Snyder 2010 , p. 118ff . Jump up ^ Koch 1983 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Murray & Millett 2001 , pp. 57 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Commager 2004 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Reynolds 2006 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 122 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 436 . The Americans later relieved the British , with marines arriving in Reykjavik on 7 July 1941 ( Schofield 1981 , p. 122 ) . Jump up ^ Shirer 1990 , pp. 721 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , pp. 59 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Regan 2004 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Liddell Hart 1977 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , pp. 66 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Overy & Wheatcroft 1999 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Umbreit 1991 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Brown 2004 , p. xxx . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : Murray 1983 , The Battle of Britain . ^ Jump up to : `` Major international events of 1940 , with explanation '' . Ibiblio.org . Jump up ^ Goldstein 2004 , p. 35 . Aircraft played a highly important role in defeating the German U-boats ( Schofield 1981 , p. 122 ) . Jump up ^ Steury 1987 , p. 209 ; Zetterling & Tamelander 2009 , p. 282 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , pp. 108 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Overy & Wheatcroft 1999 , pp. 328 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Maingot 1994 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Cantril 1940 , p. 390 . Jump up ^ Skinner Watson , Mark . `` Coordination With Britain '' . US Army in WWII -- Chief of Staff : Prewar Plans and Operations . Jump up ^ Bilhartz & Elliott 2007 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 877 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , pp. 745 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Clogg 2002 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 146 , 152 ; US Army 1986 , pp. 4 -- 6 Jump up ^ Jowett 2001 , pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2006 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Laurier 2001 , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Murray & Millett 2001 , pp. 263 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Macksey 1997 , pp. 61 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Watson 2003 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2006 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Garver 1988 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Murray 1983 , p. 69 . ^ Jump up to : Klooz , Marle ; Wiley , Evelyn ( 1944 ) , Events leading up to World War II -- Chronological History , 78th Congress , 2d Session -- House Document N. 541 , Director : Humphrey , Richard A. , Washington : US Government Printing Office , pp. 267 -- 312 ( 1941 ) . Jump up ^ Sella 1978 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2007 , pp. 66 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Steinberg 1995 . Jump up ^ Hauner 1978 . Jump up ^ Roberts 1995 . Jump up ^ Wilt 1981 . Jump up ^ Erickson 2003 , pp. 114 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Farrell 1993 . Jump up ^ Keeble 1990 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Bueno de Mesquita et al. 2003 , p. 425 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Kleinfeld 1983 . Jump up ^ Jukes 2001 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 26 : `` By 1 November ( the Wehrmacht ) had lost fully 20 % of its committed strength ( 686,000 men ) , up to 2 / 3 of its 1⁄2 - million motor vehicles , and 65 percent of its tanks . The German Army High Command ( OKH ) rated its 136 divisions as equivalent to 83 full - strength divisions . '' Jump up ^ Reinhardt 1992 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Milward 1964 . Jump up ^ Rotundo 1986 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Garthoff 1969 . Jump up ^ Beevor 1998 , pp. 41 -- 2 ; Evans 2008 , pp. 213 -- 4 , notes that `` Zhukov had pushed the Germans back where they had launched Operation Typhoon two months before ... Only Stalin 's decision to attack all along the front instead of concentrating his forces in an all - out assault against the retreating German Army Group Centre prevented the disaster from being even worse . '' Jump up ^ Jowett & Andrew 2002 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Overy & Wheatcroft 1999 , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Morison 2002 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Joes 2004 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Fairbank & Goldman 2006 , p. 320 . Jump up ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Policy and Strategy 1931 -- July 1941 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategy and Command : The First Two Years . pp. 45 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Anderson 1975 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Evans & Peattie 2012 , p. 456 . Jump up ^ Coox , Alvin ( 1985 ) . Nomonhan : Japan against Russia , 1939 . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . pp. 1046 -- 1049 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 1835 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` The decision for War '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategy and Command : The First Two Years . pp. 113 -- 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Showdown With Japan Aug -- Dec 1941 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 63 -- 96 . Jump up ^ The United States Replies . Investigation of the Pearl Harbor attack . Jump up ^ Painter 2012 , p. 26 : `` The United States cut off oil exports to Japan in the summer of 1941 , forcing Japanese leaders to choose between going to war to seize the oil fields of the Netherlands East Indies or giving in to U.S. pressure . '' Wood 2007 , p. 9 , listing various military and diplomatic developments , observes that `` the threat to Japan was not purely economic . '' Jump up ^ Lightbody 2004 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 310 ; Dower 1986 , p. 5 , calls attention to the fact that `` the Allied struggle against Japan exposed the racist underpinnings of the European and American colonial structure . Japan did not invade independent countries in southern Asia . It invaded colonial outposts which the Westerners had dominated for generations , taking absolutely for granted their racial and cultural superiority over their Asian subjects . '' Dower goes on to note that , before the horrors of Japanese occupation made themselves felt , many Asians responded favourably to the victories of the Imperial Japanese forces . Jump up ^ Wood 2007 , pp. 11 -- 2 . ^ Jump up to : Wohlstetter 1962 , pp. 341 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Dunn 1998 , p. 157 . According to May 1955 , p. 155 , Churchill stated : `` Russian declaration of war on Japan would be greatly to our advantage , provided , but only provided , that Russians are confident that will not impair their Western Front . '' Jump up ^ Adolf Hitler 's Declaration of War against the United States in Wikisource . Jump up ^ Klooz , Marle ; Wiley , Evelyn ( 1944 ) , Events leading up to World War II -- Chronological History , 78th Congress , 2d Session -- House Document N. 541 , Director : Humphrey , Richard A. , Washington : US Government Printing Office , p. 310 ( 1941 ) . Jump up ^ Bosworth & Maiolo 2015 , pp. 313 -- 314 . Jump up ^ Mingst & Karns 2007 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ `` The First Full Dress Debate over Strategic Deployment . Dec 1941 -- Jan 1942 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 97 -- 119 . Jump up ^ `` The Elimination of the Alternatives . Jul -- Aug 1942 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 266 -- 92 . Jump up ^ `` Casablanca -- Beginning of an Era : January 1943 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 18 -- 42 . Jump up ^ `` The Trident Conference -- New Patterns : May 1943 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 126 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 247 -- 267 , 345 . Jump up ^ Lewis 1953 , p. 529 ( Table 11 ) . Jump up ^ Slim 1956 , pp. 71 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Grove 1995 , p. 362 . Jump up ^ Ch'i 1992 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Perez 1998 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Maddox 1992 , pp. 111 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Salecker 2001 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Schoppa 2011 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Chevrier & Chomiczewski & Garrigue 2004 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Ropp 2000 , p. 368 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 339 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Adrian ( 2003 ) . The Encyclopedia of Warfare : From Earliest Times to the Present Day . Globe Pequot . p. 259 . ISBN 1 - 59228 - 027 - 7 . Jump up ^ Swain 2001 , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Hane 2001 , p. 340 . Jump up ^ Marston 2005 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Brayley 2002 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Read 2004 , p. 764 . Jump up ^ Davies 2006 , p. 100 ( 2008 ed . ) . Jump up ^ Beevor 1998 , pp. 239 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Black 2003 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Beevor 1998 , pp. 383 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Erickson 2001 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Milner 1990 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 224 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Molinari 2007 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Mitcham 2007 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 380 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Rich 1992 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Gordon 2004 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Neillands 2005 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Smith 2002 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Andrew 1998 , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Ross 1997 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Bonner & Bonner 2001 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Collier 2003 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Civilians '' United States Strategic Bombing Survey Summary Report ( European War ) Jump up ^ Thompson & Randall 2008 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2001 , p. 610 . Jump up ^ Rottman 2002 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Glantz 1986 ; Glantz 1989 , pp. 149 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2001 , p. 592 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly 2001 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Overy 1995 , pp. 119 -- 120 . Jump up ^ Bellamy 2007 , p. 595 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly 2001 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Healy 1992 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , pp. 50 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Kolko 1990 , p. 45 : `` On September 3 , as Allied forces landed in Italy , Badoglio agreed to a secret armistice in the hope the Allies would land a major force north of Rome and save his government and the king . But when this did n't happen he desperately attempted to call off his bargain with Eisenhower , who cut short the matter on 8 September by announcing news of its existence . The next day the hero of Abyssinia , his king , and a small retinue deserted Rome for the southeast tip of Italy , leaving most of Italy to the Nazis . '' Jump up ^ Mazower 2008 , p. 362 . Jump up ^ Hart , Hart & Hughes 2000 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Blinkhorn 2006 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Read & Fisher 2002 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Padfield 1998 , pp. 335 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Kolko 1990 , pp. 211 , 235 , 267 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Iriye 1981 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Mitter 2014 , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Polley 2000 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 268 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Ch'i 1992 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , pp. 412 -- 416 , Map 38 Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , pp. 660 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2002 , pp. 327 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2002 , pp. 367 -- 414 . Jump up ^ Chubarov 2001 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Holland 2008 , pp. 169 -- 84 ; Beevor 2012 , pp. 568 -- 73 . The weeks after the fall of Rome saw a dramatic upswing in German atrocities in Italy ( Mazower 2008 , pp. 500 -- 2 ) . The period featured massacres with victims in the hundreds at Civitella ( de Grazia & Paggi 1991 ; Belco 2010 ) , Fosse Ardeatine ( Portelli 2003 ) , and Sant'Anna di Stazzema ( Gordon 2012 , pp. 10 -- 1 ) , and is capped with the Marzabotto massacre . Jump up ^ Lightbody 2004 , p. 224 . ^ Jump up to : Zeiler 2004 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 555 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Ch'i 1992 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Coble 2003 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Rees 2008 , pp. 406 -- 7 : `` Stalin always believed that Britain and America were delaying the second front so that the Soviet Union would bear the brunt of the war . '' Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 695 . Jump up ^ Badsey 1990 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 562 . Jump up ^ Forrest , Evans & Gibbons 2012 , p. 191 Jump up ^ Zaloga 1996 , p. 7 : `` It was the most calamitous defeat of all the German armed forces in World War II . '' Jump up ^ Berend 1996 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Armistice Negotiations and Soviet Occupation '' . US Library of Congress . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . The coup speeded the Red Army 's advance , and the Soviet Union later awarded Michael the Order of Victory for his personal courage in overthrowing Antonescu and putting an end to Romania 's war against the Allies . Western historians uniformly point out that the Communists played only a supporting role in the coup ; postwar Romanian historians , however , ascribe to the Communists the decisive role in Antonescu 's overthrow Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , p. 653 . Jump up ^ Wiest & Barbier 2002 , pp. 65 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Wiktor , Christian L ( 1998 ) . Multilateral Treaty Calendar -- 1648 -- 1995 . Kluwer Law International . p. 426 . ISBN 90 - 411 - 0584 - 0 . Jump up ^ Newton 2004 . Jump up ^ Marston 2005 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Article about War of Resistance `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Jowett & Andrew 2002 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Howard 2004 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Drea 2003 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Cook & Bewes 1997 , p. 305 . ^ Jump up to : Parker 2004 , pp. xiii -- xiv , 6 -- 8 , 68 -- 70 , 329 -- 330 Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 709 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Buchanan 2006 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Shepardson 1998 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly 2001 , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2001 , p. 823 . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , p. 737 . Jump up ^ Glantz 1998 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Chant , Christopher ( 1986 ) . The Encyclopedia of Codenames of World War II . Routledge & Kegan Paul . p. 118 . ISBN 0 - 7102 - 0718 - 2 . Jump up ^ John Dower ( 2007 ) . `` Lessons from Iwo Jima '' . Perspectives. 45 ( 6 ) : 54 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Drea 2003 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Jowett & Andrew 2002 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Poirier , Michel Thomas ( 20 October 1999 ) . `` Results of the German and American Submarine Campaigns of World War II '' . U.S. Navy . Archived from the original on 9 April 2008 . Retrieved 13 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Williams 2006 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Miscamble 2007 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Miscamble 2007 , pp. 203 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Charles F. Brower ( 16 October 2012 ) . Defeating Japan : The Joint Chiefs of Staff and Strategy in the Pacific War , 1943 -- 1945 . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 133 -- 144 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2005 . Jump up ^ Pape 1993 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 776 . Jump up ^ Frei 2002 , pp. 41 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Shirer 1990 , p. 794 . Jump up ^ Kennedy - Pipe 1995 . Jump up ^ Wettig 2008 , pp. 20 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Senn 2007 , p. ? . Jump up ^ Yoder 1997 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ `` History of the UN '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on 18 February 2010 . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Waltz 2002 . The UDHR is viewable here ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Kantowicz 2000 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Wettig 2008 , pp. 96 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Trachtenberg 1999 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Applebaum 2012 . Jump up ^ Naimark 2010 . Jump up ^ Swain 1992 . Jump up ^ Borstelmann 2005 , p. 318 . Jump up ^ Leffler & Westad 2010 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 911 . Jump up ^ Stueck 2010 . Jump up ^ Lynch 2010 , pp. 12 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Roberts 1997 , p. 589 . Jump up ^ Darwin 2007 , pp. 441 -- 3 , 464 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 1006 ; Harrison 1998 , pp. 34 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Balabkins 1964 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Petrov 1967 , p. 263 . Jump up ^ Balabkins 1964 , pp. 208 , 209 . Jump up ^ DeLong & Eichengreen 1993 , pp. 190 , 191 Jump up ^ Balabkins 1964 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Wolf 1993 , pp. 29 , 30 , 32 Jump up ^ Bull & Newell 2005 , pp. 20 , 21 Jump up ^ Ritchie 1992 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Minford 1993 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Schain 2001 . Jump up ^ Emadi - Coffin 2002 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Smith 1993 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Neary 1992 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Genzberger , Christine ( 1994 ) . China Business : The Portable Encyclopedia for Doing Business with China . Petaluma , California : World Trade Press . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 9631864 - 3 - 4 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Prof. Joseph V. `` World War II : Combatants and Casualties ( 1937 -- 1945 ) '' . Obee 's History Page . John Jay College of Criminal Justice . Archived from the original on 25 December 2010 . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . Jump up ^ White , Matthew . `` Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm '' . Historical Atlas of the Twentieth Century . Matthew White 's Homepage . Retrieved 20 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World War II Fatalities '' . secondworldwar.co.uk . Retrieved 20 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Hosking 2006 , p. 242 Jump up ^ Ellman & Maksudov 1994 . Jump up ^ Smith 1994 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Herf 2003 . Jump up ^ friedrich , karsten . `` The Cruel Slaughter of Adolf Hitler '' . Lulu.com . Retrieved 27 August 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Florida Center for Instructional Technology ( 2005 ) . `` Victims '' . A Teacher 's Guide to the Holocaust . University of South Florida . Retrieved 2 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Niewyk & Nicosia 2000 , pp. 45 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Timothy . `` Holocaust : The Ignored Reality '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Polish Victims '' . www.ushmm.org . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Non-Jewish Holocaust Victims : The 5,000,000 others '' . BBC . April 2006 . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 158 -- 60 , 234 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 290 . Jump up ^ Rummell , R.J. `` Statistics '' . Freedom , Democide , War . The University of Hawaii System . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Chang 1997 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Bix 2000 , p. ? . Jump up ^ Gold , Hal ( 1996 ) . Unit 731 testimony . Tuttle . pp. 75 -- 7 . ISBN 0 - 8048 - 3565 - 9 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 320 . Jump up ^ Harris 2002 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Lee 2002 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ `` Japan tested chemical weapons on Aussie POW : new evidence '' . The Japan Times Online . 27 July 2004 . Archived from the original on 29 May 2012 . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Kużniar - Plota , Małgorzata ( 30 November 2004 ) . `` Decision to commence investigation into Katyn Massacre '' . Departmental Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation . Retrieved 4 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Robert Gellately . Lenin , Stalin , and Hitler : The Age of Social Catastrophe . Knopf , 2007 ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4005 - 1 p. 391 Jump up ^ Terror from the Sky : The Bombing of German Cities in World War II . Berghahn Books . 2010 . p. 167 . ISBN 1 - 84545 - 844 - 3 . Jump up ^ Institute of National Remembrance , Polska 1939 -- 1945 Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami . Materski and Szarota. page 9 `` Total Polish population losses under German occupation are currently calculated at about 2 770 000 '' . ^ Jump up to : Marek , Michael ( 27 October 2005 ) . `` Final Compensation Pending for Former Nazi Forced Laborers '' . dw-world.de . Deutsche Welle . Archived from the original on 19 January 2010 . Retrieved 19 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Applebaum 2003 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1994 , p. 222 Jump up ^ Overy 2004 , pp. 568 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Zemskov V.N. On repatriation of Soviet citizens . Istoriya SSSR. , 1990 , No. 4 , ( in Russian ) . See also ( 2 ) ( online version ) , and Bacon 1992 ; Ellman 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Atrocities in the Philippines '' . American Experience : the Bataan Rescue . PBS Online . Archived from the original on 19 January 2010 . Retrieved 18 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Tanaka 1996 , pp. 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Bix 2000 , p. 360 . ^ Jump up to : Ju , Zhifen ( June 2002 ) . `` Japan 's atrocities of conscripting and abusing north China draughtees after the outbreak of the Pacific war '' . Joint Study of the Sino - Japanese War : Minutes of the June 2002 Conference . Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 21 May 2012 . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indonesia : World War II and the Struggle For Independence , 1942 -- 50 ; The Japanese Occupation , 1942 -- 45 '' . Library of Congress . 1992 . Retrieved 9 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Manzanar National Historic Site '' . U.S. National Park Service . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Department of Labour of Canada ( 24 January 1947 ) . Report on the Re-establishment of Japanese in Canada , 1944 -- 1946 . Department of Labour . Office of the Prime Minister . p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 405 - 11266 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2001 , pp. 749 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Davidson 1999 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Stark , Tamás . `` '' Malenki Robot '' -- Hungarian Forced Labourers in the Soviet Union ( 1944 -- 1955 ) '' ( PDF ) . Minorities Research . Retrieved 22 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Liberman 1996 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Milward 1992 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Milward 1992 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Barber & Harrison 2006 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Hill 2005 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Christofferson & Christofferson 2006 , p. 156 Jump up ^ Radtke 1997 , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Rahn 2001 , p. 266 . ^ Jump up to : Harrison 1998 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Mark R. Wilson , Destructive Creation : American Business and the Winning of World War II ( 2016 ) p. 2 . Jump up ^ Harrison 1998 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Bernstein 1991 , p. 267 . Jump up ^ Griffith , Charles ( 1999 ) . The Quest : Haywood Hansell and American Strategic Bombing in World War II . DIANE Publishing . p. 203 . ISBN 1 - 58566 - 069 - 8 . Jump up ^ Overy 1994 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ BBSU 1998 , p. 84 ; Lindberg & Todd 2001 , p. 126 ... Jump up ^ Unidas , Naciones ( 2005 ) . World Economic And Social Survey 2004 : International Migration . United Nations Pubns . p. 23 . ISBN 92 - 1 - 109147 - 0 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Levine 1992 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Klavans , Di Benedetto & Prudom 1997 ; Ward 2010 , pp. 247 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Chris ; Chant , Chris ( 2004 ) . Aircraft Carriers : The World 's Greatest Naval Vessels and Their Aircraft . Wigston , Leics : Silverdale Books . p. 7 . ISBN 1 - 84509 - 079 - 9 . Jump up ^ Chenoweth , H. Avery ; Nihart , Brooke ( 2005 ) . Semper Fi : The Definitive Illustrated History of the U.S. Marines . New York : Main Street . p. 180 . ISBN 1 - 4027 - 3099 - 3 . Jump up ^ Sumner & Baker 2001 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Hearn 2007 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Gardiner & Brown 2004 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Burcher & Rydill 1995 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Burcher & Rydill 1995 , p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Dupuy , Trevor Nevitt ( 1982 ) . The Evolution of Weapons and Warfare . Jane 's Information Group . p. 231 . ISBN 0 - 7106 - 0123 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 734 . ^ Jump up to : Cowley & Parker 2001 , p. 221 . Jump up ^ `` Infantry Weapons Of World War 2 '' . Grey Falcon ( Black Sun ) . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . These all - purpose guns were developed and used by the German army in the 2nd half of World War 2 as a result of studies which showed that the ordinary rifle 's long range is much longer than needed , since the soldiers almost always fired at enemies closer than half of its effective range . The assault rifle is a balanced compromise between the rifle and the sub-machine gun , having sufficient range and accuracy to be used as a rifle , combined with the rapid - rate automatic firepower of the sub machine gun . Thanks to these combined advantages , assault rifles such as the American M - 16 and the Russian AK - 47 are the basic weapon of the modern soldier Jump up ^ Sprague , Oliver ; Griffiths , Hugh ( 2006 ) . `` The AK - 47 : the worlds favourite killing machine '' ( PDF ) . controlarms.org . p. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 April 2011 . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Ratcliff 2006 , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Schoenherr , Steven ( 2007 ) . `` Code Breaking in World War II '' . History Department at the University of San Diego . Archived from the original on 9 May 2008 . Retrieved 15 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Macintyre , Ben ( 10 December 2010 ) . `` Bravery of thousands of Poles was vital in securing victory '' . The Times . London . p. 27 . 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ISBN 1 - 57607 - 999 - 6 . Umbreit , Hans ( 1991 ) . `` The Battle for Hegemony in Western Europe '' . In P. S. Falla , ed. , Germany and the Second World War , Volume 2 : Germany 's Initial Conquests in Europe ( pp. 227 -- 326 ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 822885 - 1 . United States Army ( 1986 ) ( 1953 ) . The German Campaigns in the Balkans ( Spring 1941 ) . Washington , DC : Department of the Army . Waltz , Susan ( 2002 ) . `` Reclaiming and Rebuilding the History of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights '' . Third World Quarterly . 23 ( 3 ) : 437 -- 448 . JSTOR 3993535 . doi : 10.1080 / 01436590220138378 . Ward , Thomas A. ( 2010 ) . Aerospace Propulsion Systems . Singapore : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 82497 - 9 . Watson , William E. ( 2003 ) . Tricolor and Crescent : France and the Islamic World . Westport , CT : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 97470 - 7 . Weinberg , Gerhard L. ( 2005 ) . A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 85316 - 3 . ; comprehensive overview with emphasis on diplomacy Wettig , Gerhard ( 2008 ) . Stalin and the Cold War in Europe : The Emergence and Development of East - West Conflict , 1939 -- 1953 . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 6 . Wiest , Andrew ; Barbier , M.K. ( 2002 ) . Strategy and Tactics : Infantry Warfare . St Paul , MN : MBI Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 1401 - 2 . Williams , Andrew ( 2006 ) . Liberalism and War : The Victors and the Vanquished . Abingdon & New York , NY : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 35980 - 1 . Wilt , Alan F. ( 1981 ) . `` Hitler 's Late Summer Pause in 1941 '' . Military Affairs . 45 ( 4 ) : 187 -- 91 . JSTOR 1987464 . doi : 10.2307 / 1987464 . Wohlstetter , Roberta ( 1962 ) . Pearl Harbor : Warning and Decision . Palo Alto , CA : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 0597 - 4 . Wolf , Holger C. ( 1993 ) . `` The Lucky Miracle : Germany 1945 -- 1951 '' . In Rudiger Dornbusch , Wilhelm Nölling and Richard Layard , eds. , Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today ( pp. 29 -- 56 ) . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 04136 - 2 . Wood , James B. ( 2007 ) . Japanese Military Strategy in the Pacific War : Was Defeat Inevitable ? . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5339 - 2 . Yoder , Amos ( 1997 ) . The Evolution of the United Nations System ( 3rd ed . ) . London & Washington , DC : Taylor & Francis . ISBN 1 - 56032 - 546 - 1 . Zalampas , Michael ( 1989 ) . Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich in American magazines , 1923 -- 1939 . Bowling Green University Popular Press . ISBN 0 - 87972 - 462 - 5 . Zaloga , Steven J. ( 1996 ) . Bagration 1944 : The Destruction of Army Group Centre . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 478 - 7 . -- -- -- ( 2002 ) . Poland 1939 : The Birth of Blitzkrieg . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 408 - 5 . Zeiler , Thomas W. and Daniel M. DuBois , eds . A Companion to World War II ( 2 vol 2013 ) , 1030pp ; comprehensive overview by scholars Zeiler , Thomas W. ( 2004 ) . Unconditional Defeat : Japan , America , and the End of World War II . Wilmington , DE : Scholarly Resources . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8420 - 2991 - 9 . Zetterling , Niklas ; Tamelander , Michael ( 2009 ) . Bismarck : The Final Days of Germany 's Greatest Battleship . Drexel Hill , PA : Casemate . ISBN 978 - 1 - 935149 - 04 - 0 . Further reading Aksar , Yusuf ( 2004 ) . Implementing Intnl Humanitaria : From the AD Hoc Tribunals to a Permanent International Criminal Court . London and New York , NY : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 5584 - 0 . Beevor , Antony ( 2006 ) . The Battle for Spain : The Spanish Civil War 1936 -- 1939 . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 84832 - 5 . Budiansky , Stephen ( 2004 ) . Air Power : The Men , Machines , and Ideas that Revolutionized War , from Kitty Hawk to Gulf War II . London : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 03285 - 3 . Chaney , Otto Preston ( 1996 ) . Zhukov ( Revised ed . ) . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 2807 - 8 . Coox , Alvin D. ( 1990 ) . Nomonhan : Japan Against Russia , 1939 . Palo Alto , CA : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 1160 - 9 . Douglas , R.M. ( 2012 ) . Orderly and Humane : The Expulsion of the Germans After the Second World War . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16660 - 6 . Ferraro , Kathleen J. ( 2008 ) . `` Reviews : Taken by Force : Rape and American GIs in Europe during WWII by J. Robert Lilly '' . Contemporary Sociology. 37 ( 6 ) : 585 -- 586 . JSTOR 20444365 . doi : 10.1177 / 009430610803700640 . Graham , Helen ( 2005 ) . The Spanish Civil War : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford & New York , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280377 - 8 . Hatfield , Kenneth K. ( 2003 ) . Heartland Heroes : Remembering World War II . Columbia , MO : University of Missouri Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1460 - 7 . Judt , Tony ; Snyder , Timothy ( 2012 ) . Thinking the Twentieth Century : Intellectuals and Politics in the Twentieth Century . London : William Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 434 - 01742 - 3 . Kelly , Nigel ; Rees , Rosemary ; Shuter , Jane ( 1998 ) . Twentieth Century World . London : Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 435 - 30983 - 1 . Lilly , J. Robert ( 2007 ) . Taken by Force : Rape and American GIs in Europe during World War II . New York , NY : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 50647 - 3 . O'Hara , Vincent ( 2004 ) . The German Fleet at War , 1939 -- 1945 . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 9781591146513 . Parker , R.A.C. ( April 1956 ) . `` The First Capitulation : France and the Rhineland Crisis of 1936 '' . World Politics . 8 ( 3 ) : 355 -- 373 . JSTOR 2008855 . doi : 10.2307 / 2008855 . 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what are the names of the members of the beatles	The Beatles were an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960 . With members John Lennon , Paul McCartney , George Harrison and Ringo Starr , they became widely regarded as the foremost and most influential act of the rock era . Rooted in skiffle , beat and 1950s rock and roll , the Beatles later experimented with several musical styles , ranging from pop ballads and Indian music to psychedelia and hard rock , often incorporating classical elements and unconventional recording techniques in innovative ways . In 1963 their enormous popularity first emerged as `` Beatlemania '' ; as the group 's music grew in sophistication , led by primary songwriters Lennon and McCartney , the band were integral to pop music 's development into an art form and came to be perceived as an embodiment of the ideals shared by the counterculture of the 1960s .		The Beatles	the beatles	The Beatles were an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960 . With members John Lennon , Paul McCartney , George Harrison and Ringo Starr , they became widely regarded as the foremost and most influential act of the rock era . Rooted in skiffle , beat and 1950s rock and roll , the Beatles later experimented with several musical styles , ranging from pop ballads and Indian music to psychedelia and hard rock , often incorporating classical elements and unconventional recording techniques in innovative ways . In 1963 their enormous popularity first emerged as `` Beatlemania '' ; as the group 's music grew in sophistication , led by primary songwriters Lennon and McCartney , the band were integral to pop music 's development into an art form and came to be perceived as an embodiment of the ideals shared by the counterculture of the 1960s .	The Beatles built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over a three - year period from 1960 , with Stuart Sutcliffe initially serving as bass player . The core trio of Lennon , McCartney and Harrison went through a succession of drummers , including Pete Best , before asking Starr to join them in 1962 . Manager Brian Epstein moulded them into a professional act , and producer George Martin guided and developed their recordings , greatly expanding the group 's popularity in the United Kingdom after their first hit , `` Love Me Do '' , in late 1962 . They acquired the nickname `` the Fab Four '' as Beatlemania grew in Britain over the next year , and by early 1964 became international stars , leading the `` British Invasion '' of the United States pop market . From 1965 onwards , the Beatles produced increasingly innovative recordings , including the albums Rubber Soul ( 1965 ) , Revolver ( 1966 ) , Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( 1967 ) , The Beatles ( also known as the White Album , 1968 ) and Abbey Road ( 1969 ) . After their break - up in 1970 , they each enjoyed success as solo artists . McCartney and Starr , the surviving members , remain musically active . Lennon was shot and killed in December 1980 , and Harrison died of lung cancer in November 2001 . The Beatles are the best - selling band in history , with estimated sales of over 800 million physical and digital albums worldwide . They have had more number - one albums on the British charts and sold more singles in the UK than any other act . They are also the best - selling music artists in the United States , with 178 million certified units . In 2008 , the group topped Billboard magazine 's list of the all - time most successful artists ; as of 2017 , they hold the record for most number - one hits on the Hot 100 chart with twenty . They have received seven Grammy Awards , an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score and fifteen Ivor Novello Awards . The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 , and all four main members were inducted individually from 1994 to 2015 . They were also collectively included in Time magazine 's compilation of the twentieth century 's 100 most influential people . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1957 -- 1962 : Formation , Hamburg , and UK popularity 1.2 1963 -- 1966 : Beatlemania and touring years 1.2. 1 Please Please Me and With the Beatles 1.2. 2 `` British Invasion '' 1.2. 3 A Hard Day 's Night 1.2. 4 Beatles for Sale , Help ! and Rubber Soul 1.2. 5 Controversy , final tour and Revolver 1.3 1966 -- 1970 : Studio years and break - up 1.3. 1 Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band 1.3. 2 Magical Mystery Tour , the White Album and Yellow Submarine 1.3. 3 Abbey Road , Let It Be and break - up 1.4 1970 -- present : After the break - up 1.4. 1 1970s 1.4. 2 1980s 1.4. 3 1990s 1.4. 4 2000s 1.4. 5 2010s 2 Musical style and development 2.1 Influences 2.2 Genres 2.3 Contribution of George Martin 2.4 In the studio 3 Legacy 4 Awards and achievements 5 Members 6 Discography 7 Song catalogue 8 Notes 9 Citations 10 Sources 11 Further reading 12 External links History History of the Beatles The Quarrymen In Hamburg At The Cavern Club Decca audition Beatlemania United Kingdom United States `` More popular than Jesus '' In India Break - up Timeline 1957 -- 1962 : formation , Hamburg , and UK popularity In March 1957 , John Lennon , then aged sixteen , formed a skiffle group with several friends from Quarry Bank High School . They briefly called themselves the Blackjacks , before changing their name to the Quarrymen after discovering that a respected local group was already using the other name . Fifteen - year - old Paul McCartney joined as a rhythm guitarist shortly after he and Lennon met that July . In February 1958 , McCartney invited his friend George Harrison to watch the band . The fifteen - year - old auditioned for Lennon , impressing him with his playing , but Lennon initially thought Harrison was too young to join them . After a month of Harrison 's persistence , during a second meeting , arranged by McCartney , he performed the lead guitar part for the instrumental `` Raunchy '' on the upper deck of a Liverpool bus , and they enlisted him as their lead guitarist . By January 1959 , Lennon 's Quarry Bank friends had left the group , and he began studies at the Liverpool College of Art . The three guitarists , billing themselves at least three times as Johnny and the Moondogs , were playing rock and roll whenever they could find a drummer . Lennon 's art school friend Stuart Sutcliffe , who had recently sold one of his paintings and was persuaded to purchase a bass guitar , joined in January 1960 , and it was he who suggested changing the band 's name to Beatals , as a tribute to Buddy Holly and the Crickets . They used the name until May , when they became the Silver Beetles , before undertaking a brief tour of Scotland as the backing group for pop singer and fellow Liverpudlian Johnny Gentle . By early July , they had changed their name to the Silver Beatles and by the middle of August to the Beatles . Allan Williams , the Beatles ' unofficial manager , arranged a residency for them in Hamburg , but lacking a full - time drummer they auditioned and hired Pete Best in mid-August 1960 . The band , now a five - piece , left four days later , contracted to club owner Bruno Koschmider for what would be a 31⁄2 - month residency . Beatles historian Mark Lewisohn writes : `` They pulled into Hamburg at dusk on 17 August , the time when the red - light area comes to life ... flashing neon lights screamed out the various entertainment on offer , while scantily clad women sat unabashed in shop windows waiting for business opportunities . '' Koschmider had converted a couple of strip clubs in the district into music venues , and he initially placed the Beatles at the Indra Club . After closing the Indra due to noise complaints , he moved them to the Kaiserkeller in October . When he learned they had been performing at the rival Top Ten Club in breach of their contract , he gave the band one month 's termination notice , and reported the underage Harrison , who had obtained permission to stay in Hamburg by lying to the German authorities about his age . The authorities arranged for Harrison 's deportation in late November . One week later , Koschmider had McCartney and Best arrested for arson after they set fire to a condom in a concrete corridor ; the authorities deported them . Lennon returned to Liverpool in early December , while Sutcliffe remained in Hamburg until late February with his German fiancée Astrid Kirchherr , who took the first semi-professional photos of the Beatles . During the next two years , the Beatles were resident for periods in Hamburg , where they used Preludin both recreationally and to maintain their energy through all - night performances . In 1961 , during their second Hamburg engagement , Kirchherr cut Sutcliffe 's hair in the `` exi '' ( existentialist ) style , later adopted by the other Beatles . When Sutcliffe decided to leave the band early that year and resume his art studies in Germany , McCartney took up the bass . Producer Bert Kaempfert contracted what was now a four - piece group until June 1962 , and he used them as Tony Sheridan 's backing band on a series of recordings for Polydor Records . As part of the sessions , the Beatles were signed to Polydor for one year . Credited to `` Tony Sheridan & the Beat Brothers '' , the single `` My Bonnie '' , recorded in June 1961 and released four months later , reached number 32 on the Musikmarkt chart . After the Beatles completed their second Hamburg residency , they enjoyed increasing popularity in Liverpool with the growing Merseybeat movement . However , they were also growing tired of the monotony of numerous appearances at the same clubs night after night . In November 1961 , during one of the group 's frequent performances at The Cavern Club , they encountered Brian Epstein , a local record - store owner and music columnist . He later recalled : `` I immediately liked what I heard . They were fresh , and they were honest , and they had what I thought was a sort of presence ... ( a ) star quality . '' Epstein courted the band over the next couple of months , and they appointed him as their manager in January 1962 . Throughout early and mid-1962 , Epstein sought to free the Beatles from their contractual obligations to Bert Kaempfert Productions . He eventually negotiated a one - month - early release from their contract in exchange for one last recording session in Hamburg . Tragedy greeted them on their return to Germany in April , when a distraught Kirchherr met them at the airport with news of Sutcliffe 's death the previous day from what would later be determined to have been a brain hemorrhage . Epstein began negotiations with record labels for a recording contract . In order to secure a UK record contract , Epstein negotiated an early end to the band 's contract with Polydor , in exchange for more recordings backing Tony Sheridan . After a New Year 's Day audition , Decca Records rejected the band with the comment `` Guitar groups are on the way out , Mr. Epstein . '' However , three months later , producer George Martin signed the Beatles to EMI 's Parlophone label . Abbey Road Studios main entrance Martin 's first recording session with the Beatles took place at EMI 's Abbey Road Studios in London on 6 June 1962 . Martin immediately complained to Epstein about Best 's poor drumming and suggested they use a session drummer in his place . Already contemplating Best 's dismissal , the Beatles replaced him in mid-August with Ringo Starr , who left Rory Storm and the Hurricanes to join them . A 4 September session at EMI yielded a recording of `` Love Me Do '' featuring Starr on drums , but a dissatisfied Martin hired drummer Andy White for the band 's third session a week later , which produced recordings of `` Love Me Do '' , `` Please Please Me '' and `` P.S. I Love You '' . Martin initially selected the Starr version of `` Love Me Do '' for the band 's first single , though subsequent re-pressings featured the White version , with Starr on tambourine . Released in early October , `` Love Me Do '' peaked at number seventeen on the Record Retailer chart . Their television debut came later that month with a live performance on the regional news programme People and Places . After Martin suggested rerecording `` Please Please Me '' at a faster tempo , a studio session in late November yielded that recording , of which Martin accurately predicted , `` You 've just made your first No. 1 . '' In December 1962 , the Beatles concluded their fifth and final Hamburg residency . By 1963 , they had agreed that all four band members would contribute vocals to their albums -- including Starr , despite his restricted vocal range , to validate his standing in the group . Lennon and McCartney had established a songwriting partnership , and as the band 's success grew , their dominant collaboration limited Harrison 's opportunities as a lead vocalist . Epstein , in an effort to maximise the Beatles ' commercial potential , encouraged them to adopt a professional approach to performing . Lennon recalled him saying , `` Look , if you really want to get in these bigger places , you 're going to have to change -- stop eating on stage , stop swearing , stop smoking ... '' Lennon said : `` We used to dress how we liked , on and off stage . He 'd tell us that jeans were not particularly smart and could we possibly manage to wear proper trousers , but he did n't want us suddenly looking square . He 'd let us have our own sense of individuality . '' 1963 -- 1966 : Beatlemania and touring years Please Please Me and with the Beatles Their logo was designed by Ivor Arbiter . On 11 February 1963 , the Beatles recorded ten songs during a single studio session for their debut LP , Please Please Me . The album was supplemented by the four tracks already released on their first two singles . Martin originally considered recording the Beatles ' debut LP live at The Cavern Club , but after deciding that the building 's acoustics were inadequate , he elected to simulate a `` live '' album with minimal production in `` a single marathon session at Abbey Road '' . After the moderate success of `` Love Me Do '' , the single `` Please Please Me '' met with a more emphatic reception . Released in January 1963 , two months ahead of the album of the same name , the song reached number one on every chart in London except Record Retailer , where it peaked at number two . Recalling how the Beatles `` rushed to deliver a debut album , bashing out Please Please Me in a day '' , AllMusic 's Stephen Thomas Erlewine comments , `` Decades after its release , the album still sounds fresh , precisely because of its intense origins . '' Lennon said little thought went into composition at the time ; he and McCartney were `` just writing songs à la Everly Brothers , à la Buddy Holly , pop songs with no more thought of them than that -- to create a sound . And the words were almost irrelevant . '' `` She Loves You '' Sample of `` She Loves You '' . The song 's repeated use of `` yeah '' exclamations became a signature phrase for the group at the time . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Released in March 1963 , the album initiated a run during which eleven of their twelve studio albums released in the United Kingdom through 1970 reached number one . The band 's third single , `` From Me to You '' , came out in April and was also a chart - topping hit , starting an almost unbroken string of seventeen British number - one singles for the Beatles , including all but one of the eighteen they released over the next six years . Issued in August , the band 's fourth single , `` She Loves You '' , achieved the fastest sales of any record in the UK up to that time , selling three - quarters of a million copies in under four weeks . It became their first single to sell a million copies , and remained the biggest - selling record in the UK until 1978 . Their commercial success brought increased media exposure , to which the Beatles responded with an irreverent and comical attitude that defied the expectations of pop musicians at the time , inspiring even more interest . The band toured the UK three times in the first half of the year : a four - week tour that began in February , the Beatles ' first nationwide , preceded three - week tours in March and May -- June . As their popularity spread , a frenzied adulation of the group took hold . Greeted with riotous enthusiasm by screaming fans , the press dubbed the phenomenon `` Beatlemania '' . Although not billed as tour leaders , the Beatles overshadowed American acts Tommy Roe and Chris Montez during the February engagements and assumed top billing `` by audience demand '' , something no British act had previously accomplished while touring with artists from the US . A similar situation arose during their May -- June tour with Roy Orbison . McCartney , Harrison , Swedish pop singer Lill - Babs and Lennon on the set of the Swedish television show Drop - In , 30 October 1963 In late October , the Beatles began a five - day tour of Sweden , their first time abroad since the final Hamburg engagement of December 1962 . On their return to the UK on 31 October several hundred screaming fans greeted them in heavy rain at Heathrow Airport . Around 50 to 100 journalists and photographers as well as representatives from the BBC also joined the airport reception , the first of more than 100 such events . The next day , the band began its fourth tour of Britain within nine months , this one scheduled for six weeks . In mid-November , as Beatlemania intensified , police resorted to using high - pressure water hoses to control the crowd before a concert in Plymouth . Please Please Me maintained the top position on the Record Retailer chart for 30 weeks , only to be displaced by its follow - up , With the Beatles , which EMI released on 22 November to record advance orders of 270,000 copies . The LP topped a half - million albums sold in one week . Recorded between July and October , With the Beatles made better use of studio production techniques than its predecessor . It held the top spot for 21 weeks with a chart life of 40 weeks . Erlewine described the LP as `` a sequel of the highest order -- one that betters the original '' . In a reversal of then standard practice , EMI released the album ahead of the impending single `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' , with the song excluded to maximise the single 's sales . The album caught the attention of music critic William Mann of The Times , who suggested that Lennon and McCartney were `` the outstanding English composers of 1963 '' . The newspaper published a series of articles in which Mann offered detailed analyses of the music , lending it respectability . With the Beatles became the second album in UK chart history to sell a million copies , a figure previously reached only by the 1958 South Pacific soundtrack . When writing the sleeve notes for the album , the band 's press officer , Tony Barrow , used the superlative the `` fabulous foursome '' , which the media widely adopted as `` the Fab Four '' . `` British Invasion '' Main article : The Beatles in the United States EMI 's American subsidiary , Capitol Records , hindered the Beatles ' releases in the United States for more than a year by initially declining to issue their music , including their first three singles . Concurrent negotiations with the independent US label Vee - Jay led to the release of some of the songs in 1963 , but not all . Vee - Jay finished preparation for the album Introducing ... The Beatles , culled from most of the songs of Parlophone 's Please Please Me , but a management shake - up led to the album not being released . Then when it surfaced that the label did not report royalties on their sales , the licence Vee - Jay signed with EMI was voided . A new licence was granted to the Swan label for the single `` She Loves You '' . The record received some airplay in the Tidewater area of Virginia by Gene Loving of radio station WGH and was featured on the `` Rate - a-Record '' segment of American Bandstand , but it failed to catch on nationally . Epstein arranged for a $40,000 US marketing campaign . American chart success began after disc jockey Carroll James of AM radio station WWDC ( now WWRC ) in Washington , DC first played `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' in mid-December 1963 . It was not until the end of the first week of January 1964 that their records were played in New York City ( also accompanied by a major marketing campaign and with similar play frequency ) , and then the rest of the country , initiating their music 's spread across US radio . This caused an increase in demand , leading Capitol to rush - release `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' later that month . Issued on 26 December 1963 , with the band 's previously scheduled debut there just weeks away , `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' sold a million copies , becoming a number - one hit in the US by mid-January . In its wake , Vee - Jay released Introducing ... The Beatles to go along with Capitol 's debut album , Meet the Beatles ! , while Swan reactivated production of `` She Loves You '' . The Beatles arriving at John F. Kennedy International Airport , 7 February 1964 On 7 February 1964 , the Beatles left the United Kingdom with an estimated 4,000 fans gathered at Heathrow , waving and screaming as the aircraft took off . Upon landing at New York 's John F. Kennedy Airport , an uproarious crowd estimated at 3,000 greeted them . They gave their first live US television performance two days later on The Ed Sullivan Show , watched by approximately 73 million viewers in over 23 million households , or 34 per cent of the American population . Biographer Jonathan Gould writes that , according to the Nielsen rating service , it was `` the largest audience that had ever been recorded for an American television program '' . The next morning , the Beatles awoke to a negative critical consensus in the US , but a day later their first US concert saw Beatlemania erupt at Washington Coliseum . Back in New York the following day , the Beatles met with another strong reception during two shows at Carnegie Hall . The band then flew to Florida and appeared on the weekly Ed Sullivan Show a second time , before another 70 million viewers , before returning to the UK on 22 February . A Hard Day 's Night Capitol Records ' lack of interest throughout 1963 had not gone unnoticed , and a competitor , United Artists Records , encouraged their film division to offer the group a three - motion - picture deal , primarily for the commercial potential of the soundtracks . Directed by Richard Lester , A Hard Day 's Night involved the band for six weeks in March -- April 1964 as they played themselves in a mock - documentary . The film premiered in London and New York in July and August , respectively , and was an international success , with some critics drawing comparison with the Marx Brothers . According to Erlewine , the accompanying soundtrack album , A Hard Day 's Night , saw them `` truly coming into their own as a band . All of the disparate influences on their first two albums had coalesced into a bright , joyous , original sound , filled with ringing guitars and irresistible melodies . '' That `` ringing guitar '' sound was primarily the product of Harrison 's 12 - string electric Rickenbacker , a prototype given to him by the manufacturer , which made its debut on the record . During the week of 4 April 1964 , the Beatles held twelve positions on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart , including the top five . Their popularity generated unprecedented interest in British music , and a number of other UK acts subsequently made their own American debuts , successfully touring over the next three years in what was termed the British Invasion . Their hairstyle , unusually long for the era and mocked by many adults , became an emblem of rebellion to the burgeoning youth culture . McCartney , Harrison and Lennon performing on Dutch television in 1964 Touring internationally in June and July , the Beatles staged 37 shows over 27 days in Denmark , the Netherlands , Hong Kong , Australia and New Zealand . In August they returned to the US , with a 30 - concert tour of 23 cities . Generating intense interest once again , the month - long tour attracted between 10,000 and 20,000 fans to each 30 - minute performance in cities from San Francisco to New York . In August , journalist Al Aronowitz arranged for the Beatles to meet Bob Dylan . Visiting the band in their New York hotel suite , Dylan introduced them to cannabis . Gould points out the musical and cultural significance of this meeting , before which the musicians ' respective fanbases were `` perceived as inhabiting two separate subcultural worlds '' : Dylan 's audience of `` college kids with artistic or intellectual leanings , a dawning political and social idealism , and a mildly bohemian style '' contrasted with their fans , `` veritable ' teenyboppers ' -- kids in high school or grade school whose lives were totally wrapped up in the commercialised popular culture of television , radio , pop records , fan magazines , and teen fashion . They were seen as idolaters , not idealists . '' Within six months of the meeting , Gould writes , `` Lennon would be making records on which he openly imitated Dylan 's nasal drone , brittle strum , and introspective vocal persona '' . Within a year , `` the distinctions between the folk and rock audiences would have nearly evaporated ( and the group 's ) audience ... ( was ) showing signs of growing up . '' Beatles for sale , Help ! and Rubber Soul According to Gould , Beatles for Sale , the Beatles ' fourth studio LP , evidenced a growing conflict between the commercial pressures of their global success and their creative ambitions . They had intended the album , recorded between August and October 1964 , to continue the format established by A Hard Day 's Night which , unlike their first two LPs , contained only original songs . They had nearly exhausted their backlog of songs on the previous album , however , and given the challenges constant international touring posed to their songwriting efforts , Lennon admitted , `` Material 's becoming a hell of a problem '' . As a result , six covers from their extensive repertoire were chosen to complete the album . Released in early December , its eight original compositions stood out , demonstrating the growing maturity of the Lennon -- McCartney songwriting partnership . Together in 1965 , celebrating a Grammy win In early 1965 , while they were his guests for dinner , Lennon and Harrison 's dentist secretly added LSD to their coffee . Lennon described the experience : `` It was just terrifying , but it was fantastic . I was pretty stunned for a month or two . '' He and Harrison subsequently became regular users of the drug , joined by Starr on at least one occasion . McCartney was initially reluctant to try it , but eventually did so in late 1966 . He became the first Beatle to discuss LSD publicly , declaring in a magazine interview that `` it opened my eyes '' and `` made me a better , more honest , more tolerant member of society '' . Controversy erupted in June 1965 when Queen Elizabeth II appointed all four Beatles Members of the Order of the British Empire ( MBE ) after Prime Minister Harold Wilson nominated them for the award . In protest -- the honour was at that time primarily bestowed upon military veterans and civic leaders -- some conservative MBE recipients returned their own insignia . The US trailer for Help ! with ( from the rear ) Harrison , McCartney , Lennon and ( largely obscured ) Starr Released in July , the Beatles ' second film , Help ! , was again directed by Lester . Described as `` mainly a relentless spoof of Bond '' , it inspired a mixed response among both reviewers and the band . McCartney said : `` Help ! was great but it was n't our film -- we were sort of guest stars . It was fun , but basically , as an idea for a film , it was a bit wrong . '' The soundtrack was dominated by Lennon , who wrote and sang lead on most of its songs , including the two singles : `` Help ! '' and `` Ticket to Ride '' . The accompanying album , the group 's fifth studio LP , contained all original material save for two covers , `` Act Naturally '' and `` Dizzy Miss Lizzy '' ; they were the last covers the band would include on an album , with the exception of Let It Be 's brief rendition of the traditional Liverpool folk song `` Maggie Mae '' . The band expanded their use of vocal overdubs on Help ! and incorporated classical instruments into some arrangements , including a string quartet on the pop ballad `` Yesterday '' . Composed by McCartney , `` Yesterday '' would inspire the most recorded cover versions of any song ever written . The group 's third US tour opened with a performance before a world - record crowd of 55,600 at New York 's Shea Stadium on 15 August 1965 -- `` perhaps the most famous of all Beatles ' concerts '' , in Lewisohn 's description . A further nine successful concerts followed in other American cities . At a show in Atlanta , the Beatles gave one of the first live performances ever to make use of a foldback system of on - stage monitor speakers . Towards the end of the tour , they met with Elvis Presley , a foundational musical influence on the band , who invited them to his home in Beverly Hills . September saw the launch of an American Saturday - morning cartoon series , The Beatles , that echoed A Hard Day 's Night 's slapstick antics over its two - year original run . The series was a historical milestone as the first weekly television series to feature animated versions of real , living people . `` Norwegian Wood ( This Bird Has Flown ) '' Sample of `` Norwegian Wood '' from Rubber Soul ( 1965 ) . Harrison 's use of a sitar on this song is representative of the Beatles ' incorporation of unconventional instrumentation into rock music . Problems playing this file ? See media help . In mid-October 1965 , the Beatles entered the recording studio ; for the first time when making an album , they had an extended period without other major commitments . Until this time , according to George Martin , `` we had been making albums rather like a collection of singles . Now we were really beginning to think about albums as a bit of art on their own . '' Released in December , Rubber Soul was hailed by critics as a major step forward in the maturity and complexity of the band 's music . Their thematic reach was beginning to expand as they embraced deeper aspects of romance and philosophy . Biographers Peter Brown and Steven Gaines attribute the new musical direction to `` the Beatles ' now habitual use of marijuana '' , an assertion confirmed by the band -- Lennon referred to it as `` the pot album '' , and Starr said : `` Grass was really influential in a lot of our changes , especially with the writers . And because they were writing different material , we were playing differently . '' After Help ! 's foray into the world of classical music with flutes and strings , Harrison 's introduction of a sitar on `` Norwegian Wood ( This Bird Has Flown ) '' marked a further progression outside the traditional boundaries of popular music . As their lyrics grew more artful , fans began to study them for deeper meaning . Of `` Norwegian Wood '' Lennon commented : `` I was trying to be sophisticated in writing about an affair ... but in such a smokescreen way that you could n't tell . '' While many of Rubber Soul 's prominent songs were the product of Lennon and McCartney 's collaborative songwriting , it also featured distinct compositions from each , though they continued to share official credit . The song `` In My Life '' , of which each later claimed lead authorship , is considered a highlight of the entire Lennon -- McCartney catalogue . Harrison called Rubber Soul his `` favourite album '' and Starr referred to it as `` the departure record '' . McCartney has said , `` We 'd had our cute period , and now it was time to expand . '' However , recording engineer Norman Smith later stated that the studio sessions revealed signs of growing conflict within the group -- `` the clash between John and Paul was becoming obvious '' , he wrote , and `` as far as Paul was concerned , George could do no right '' . In 2003 , Rolling Stone ranked Rubber Soul fifth among `` The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time '' , and AllMusic 's Richie Unterberger describes it as `` one of the classic folk - rock records '' . Controversy , final tour and Revolver At EMI Studios with George Martin in the mid-1960s Capitol Records , from December 1963 when it began issuing Beatles recordings for the US market , exercised complete control over format , compiling distinct US albums from the band 's recordings and issuing songs of their choosing as singles . In June 1966 , Yesterday and Today , one of Capitol 's compilation albums , caused an uproar with its cover , which portrayed the grinning Beatles dressed in butcher 's overalls , accompanied by raw meat and mutilated plastic baby dolls . It has been incorrectly suggested that this was meant as a satirical response to the way Capitol had `` butchered '' the US versions of their albums . Thousands of copies of the LP had a new cover pasted over the original ; an unpeeled `` first - state '' copy fetched $10,500 at a December 2005 auction . In England , meanwhile , Harrison met sitar maestro Ravi Shankar , who agreed to train him on the instrument . During a tour of the Philippines the month after the Yesterday and Today furore , the Beatles unintentionally snubbed the nation 's first lady , Imelda Marcos , who had expected them to attend a breakfast reception at the Presidential Palace . When presented with the invitation , Epstein politely declined on the band members ' behalf , as it had never been his policy to accept such official invitations . They soon found that the Marcos regime was unaccustomed to taking no for an answer . The resulting riots endangered the group and they escaped the country with difficulty . Immediately afterwards , the band members visited India for the first time . We 're more popular than Jesus now ; I do n't know which will go first -- rock ' n ' roll or Christianity . -- John Lennon to journalist Maureen Cleave , 1966 Almost as soon as they returned home , the Beatles faced a fierce backlash from US religious and social conservatives ( as well as the Ku Klux Klan ) over a comment Lennon had made in a March interview with British reporter Maureen Cleave . `` Christianity will go , '' Lennon had said . `` It will vanish and shrink . I need n't argue about that ; I 'm right and I will be proved right ... Jesus was alright but his disciples were thick and ordinary . It 's them twisting it that ruins it for me . '' The comment went virtually unnoticed in England , but when US teenage fan magazine Datebook printed it five months later -- on the eve of the group 's August US tour -- it sparked a controversy with Christians in the American `` Bible Belt '' . The Vatican issued a protest , and bans on Beatles ' records were imposed by Spanish and Dutch stations and South Africa 's national broadcasting service . Epstein accused Datebook of having taken Lennon 's words out of context ; at a press conference Lennon pointed out , `` If I 'd said television was more popular than Jesus , I might have got away with it . '' Lennon claimed that he was referring to how other people viewed their success , but at the prompting of reporters , he concluded : `` If you want me to apologise , if that will make you happy , then okay , I 'm sorry . '' As preparations were made for the US tour , the Beatles knew that their music would hardly be heard . Having originally used Vox AC30 amplifiers , they later acquired more powerful 100 - watt amplifiers , specially designed by Vox for them as they moved into larger venues in 1964 , but these were still inadequate . Struggling to compete with the volume of sound generated by screaming fans , the band had grown increasingly bored with the routine of performing live . Recognising that their shows were no longer about the music , they decided to make the August tour their last . `` Eleanor Rigby '' Sample of `` Eleanor Rigby '' from Revolver ( 1966 ) . The album involves innovative compositional approaches , arrangements and recording techniques . This song , primarily written by McCartney , prominently features classical strings in a novel fusion of musical styles . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Rubber Soul had marked a major step forward ; Revolver , released in August 1966 a week before the Beatles ' final tour , marked another . Pitchfork 's Scott Plagenhoef identifies it as `` the sound of a band growing into supreme confidence '' and `` redefining what was expected from popular music '' . Revolver featured sophisticated songwriting , studio experimentation , and a greatly expanded repertoire of musical styles , ranging from innovative classical string arrangements to psychedelic rock . Abandoning the customary group photograph , its cover -- designed by Klaus Voormann , a friend of the band since their Hamburg days -- `` was a stark , arty , black - and - white collage that caricatured the Beatles in a pen - and - ink style beholden to Aubrey Beardsley '' , in Gould 's description . The album was preceded by the single `` Paperback Writer '' , backed by `` Rain '' . Short promotional films were made for both songs ; described by cultural historian Saul Austerlitz as `` among the first true music videos '' , they aired on The Ed Sullivan Show and Top of the Pops in June 1966 . Among the experimental songs that Revolver featured was `` Tomorrow Never Knows '' , the lyrics for which Lennon drew from Timothy Leary 's The Psychedelic Experience : A Manual Based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead . Its creation involved eight tape decks distributed about the EMI building , each staffed by an engineer or band member , who randomly varied the movement of a tape loop while Martin created a composite recording by sampling the incoming data . McCartney 's `` Eleanor Rigby '' made prominent use of a string octet ; Gould describes it as `` a true hybrid , conforming to no recognisable style or genre of song '' . Harrison was developing as a songwriter , and three of his compositions earned a place on the record . In 2003 , Rolling Stone ranked Revolver as the third greatest album of all time . During the US tour that followed its release , however , the band performed none of its songs . As Chris Ingham writes , they were very much `` studio creations ... and there was no way a four - piece rock ' n ' roll group could do them justice , particularly through the desensitising wall of the fans ' screams . ' Live Beatles ' and ' Studio Beatles ' had become entirely different beasts . '' The band 's final concert at San Francisco 's Candlestick Park on 29 August was their last commercial concert . It marked the end of a four - year period dominated by almost nonstop touring that included over 1,400 concert appearances internationally . 1966 -- 1970 : studio years and break - up Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club band Front cover of Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band , `` the most famous cover of any music album , and one of the most imitated images in the world '' Freed from the burden of touring , the Beatles embraced an increasingly experimental approach as they recorded Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band , beginning in late November 1966 . According to engineer Geoff Emerick , the album 's recording took over 700 hours . He recalled the band 's insistence `` that everything on Sgt . Pepper had to be different . We had microphones right down in the bells of brass instruments and headphones turned into microphones attached to violins . We used giant primitive oscillators to vary the speed of instruments and vocals and we had tapes chopped to pieces and stuck together upside down and the wrong way around . '' Parts of `` A Day in the Life '' featured a 40 - piece orchestra . The sessions initially yielded the non-album double A-side single `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' / `` Penny Lane '' in February 1967 ; the Sgt . Pepper LP followed in June . The musical complexity of the records , created using relatively primitive four - track recording technology , astounded contemporary artists . Among music critics , acclaim for the album was virtually universal . Gould writes : The overwhelming consensus is that the Beatles had created a popular masterpiece : a rich , sustained , and overflowing work of collaborative genius whose bold ambition and startling originality dramatically enlarged the possibilities and raised the expectations of what the experience of listening to popular music on record could be . On the basis of this perception , Sgt . Pepper became the catalyst for an explosion of mass enthusiasm for album - formatted rock that would revolutionise both the aesthetics and the economics of the record business in ways that far outstripped the earlier pop explosions triggered by the Elvis phenomenon of 1956 and the Beatlemania phenomenon of 1963 . Sgt . Pepper was the first major pop / rock LP to include its complete lyrics , which appeared on the back cover . Those lyrics were the subject of critical analysis ; for instance , in late 1967 the album was the subject of a scholarly inquiry by American literary critic and professor of English Richard Poirier , who observed that his students were `` listening to the group 's music with a degree of engagement that he , as a teacher of literature , could only envy '' . Poirier identified what he termed its `` mixed allusiveness '' : `` It 's unwise ever to assume that they 're doing only one thing or expressing themselves in only one style ... one kind of feeling about a subject is n't enough ... any single induced feeling must often exist within the context of seemingly contradictory alternatives . '' McCartney said at the time : `` We write songs . We know what we mean by them . But in a week someone else says something about it , and you ca n't deny it ... You put your own meaning at your own level to our songs . '' The album 's elaborate cover also attracted considerable interest and study . A collage designed by pop artists Peter Blake and Jann Haworth , it depicted the group as the fictional band referred to in the album 's title track standing in front of a crowd of famous people . The heavy moustaches worn by the group reflected the growing influence of hippie style , while cultural historian Jonathan Harris describes their `` brightly coloured parodies of military uniforms '' as a knowingly `` anti-authoritarian and anti-establishment '' display . In 2003 , Rolling Stone ranked it number one on its list of the `` 500 Greatest Albums of All Time '' . Brian Epstein was dead ... Paul and George were in complete shock . I do n't think it could have been worse if they had heard that their own fathers had dropped dead ... Brian had found them , believed in them , molded them , turned them into millionaires , and made them famous the world over ... We knew that life would never be the same again . -- Pattie Boyd , wife of George Harrison On 25 June 1967 , the Beatles performed their forthcoming single , `` All You Need Is Love '' , to an estimated 350 million viewers on Our World , the first live global television link . Released a week later , during the Summer of Love , the song was adopted as a flower power anthem . Two months later , the group suffered a loss that threw their career into turmoil . Having been introduced to Maharishi Mahesh Yogi only the previous night in London , on 25 August they travelled to Bangor for his Transcendental Meditation retreat . Two days later , their manager 's assistant , Peter Brown , phoned to inform them that Epstein , only thirty - two years old , had died . The coroner ruled the death an accidental carbitol overdose , although it was widely rumoured to be a suicide . Epstein had been in a fragile emotional state , stressed by personal issues . His death left the group disoriented and fearful about the future . Lennon recalled : `` We collapsed . I knew that we were in trouble then . I did n't really have any misconceptions about our ability to do anything other than play music , and I was scared . I thought , ' We 've had it now . ' '' Magical Mystery tour , the White album and Yellow Submarine Filming a sequence for `` I Am the Walrus '' Magical Mystery Tour , the soundtrack to a forthcoming Beatles television film , was released in the UK as a six - track double extended play disc ( EP ) in early December 1967 . In the United States , the six songs were issued on an identically titled LP that also included five tracks from the band 's recent singles . Unterberger says of the US Magical Mystery Tour , `` the psychedelic sound is very much in the vein of Sgt . Pepper , and even spacier in parts ( especially the sound collages of ' I Am the Walrus ' ) '' and he calls its five songs culled from the band 's 1967 singles `` huge , glorious , and innovative '' . In its first three weeks , the album set a record for the highest initial sales of any Capitol LP , and it is the only Capitol compilation later to be adopted in the band 's official canon of studio albums . First aired on Boxing Day , the Magical Mystery Tour film , largely directed by McCartney , brought the group their first major negative UK press . It was dismissed as `` blatant rubbish '' by the Daily Express ; the Daily Mail called it `` a colossal conceit '' ; and The Guardian labelled the film `` a kind of fantasy morality play about the grossness and warmth and stupidity of the audience '' . Gould describes it as `` a great deal of raw footage showing a group of people getting on , getting off , and riding on a bus '' . Although the viewership figures were respectable , its slating in the press led US television networks to lose interest in broadcasting the film . In January 1968 , the Beatles filmed a cameo for the animated movie Yellow Submarine , which featured cartoon versions of the band members and a soundtrack with eleven of their songs , including four unreleased studio recordings that made their debut in the film . Released in June 1968 , the film was praised by critics for its music , humour and innovative visual style . It would be seven months , however , before its soundtrack album appeared . The Beatles , known as the White Album for its minimalist cover , conceived by pop artist Richard Hamilton `` in direct contrast to Sgt . Pepper '' , while also suggesting a `` clean slate '' In the interim came The Beatles , a double LP commonly known as the White Album for its virtually featureless cover . Creative inspiration for the album came from a new direction : without Epstein 's guiding presence , the group had briefly turned to Maharishi Mahesh Yogi as their guru . At his ashram in Rishikesh , India , a `` Guide Course '' scheduled for three months marked one of their most prolific periods , yielding numerous songs including a majority of the 30 included on the album . However , Starr left after only ten days , likening it to Butlins , and McCartney eventually grew bored and departed a month later . For Lennon and Harrison , creativity turned to questioning when an electronics technician known as Magic Alex suggested that the Maharishi was attempting to manipulate them . When he alleged that the Maharishi had made sexual advances to women attendees , a persuaded Lennon left abruptly just two months into the course , bringing an unconvinced Harrison and the remainder of the group 's entourage with him . In anger , Lennon wrote a scathing song titled `` Maharishi '' , renamed `` Sexy Sadie '' to avoid potential legal issues . McCartney said , `` We made a mistake . We thought there was more to him than there was . '' During recording sessions for the White Album , which stretched from late May to mid-October 1968 , relations between the Beatles grew openly divisive . Starr quit for two weeks , and McCartney took over the drum kit for `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' ( on which Harrison and Lennon drummed as well ) and `` Dear Prudence '' . Lennon had lost interest in collaborating with McCartney , whose contribution `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' he scorned as `` granny music shit '' . Tensions were further aggravated by Lennon 's romantic preoccupation with avant - garde artist Yoko Ono , whom he insisted on bringing to the sessions despite the group 's well - established understanding that girlfriends were not allowed in the studio . Describing the double album , Lennon later said : `` Every track is an individual track ; there is n't any Beatle music on it . ( It 's ) John and the band , Paul and the band , George and the band . '' McCartney has recalled that the album `` was n't a pleasant one to make '' . Both he and Lennon identified the sessions as the start of the band 's break - up . Issued in November , the White Album was the band 's first Apple Records album release , although EMI continued to own their recordings . The new label was a subsidiary of Apple Corps , which Epstein had formed as part of his plan to create a tax - effective business structure . The record attracted more than 2 million advance orders , selling nearly 4 million copies in the US in little over a month , and its tracks dominated the playlists of American radio stations . Despite its popularity , it did not receive flattering reviews at the time . According to Gould : The critical response ... ranged from mixed to flat . In marked contrast to Sgt . Pepper , which had helped to establish an entire genre of literate rock criticism , the White Album inspired no critical writing of any note . Even the most sympathetic reviewers ... clearly did n't know what to make of this shapeless outpouring of songs . Newsweek 's Hubert Saal , citing the high proportion of parodies , accused the group of getting their tongues caught in their cheeks . General critical opinion eventually turned in favour of the White Album , and in 2003 , Rolling Stone ranked it as the tenth greatest album of all time . Pitchfork 's Mark Richardson describes it as `` large and sprawling , overflowing with ideas but also with indulgences , and filled with a hugely variable array of material ... its failings are as essential to its character as its triumphs . '' Erlewine comments : `` The ( band 's ) two main songwriting forces were no longer on the same page , but neither were George and Ringo '' , yet `` Lennon turns in two of his best ballads '' , McCartney 's songs are `` stunning '' , Harrison had become `` a songwriter who deserved wider exposure '' , and Starr 's composition was `` a delight '' . The Yellow Submarine LP , issued in January 1969 , contained only the four previously unreleased songs that had debuted in the film , along with the title track ( already issued on Revolver ) , `` All You Need Is Love '' ( already issued as a single and on the US Magical Mystery Tour LP ) and seven instrumental pieces composed by Martin . Because of the paucity of new Beatles music , AllMusic 's Unterberger and Bruce Eder suggest the album might be `` inessential '' but for Harrison 's `` It 's All Too Much '' : `` the jewel of the new songs ... resplendent in swirling Mellotron , larger - than - life percussion , and tidal waves of feedback guitar ... a virtuoso excursion into otherwise hazy psychedelia '' . Abbey Road , Let it be and break - up Although Let It Be was the Beatles ' final album release , it was largely recorded before Abbey Road . The project 's impetus came from an idea Martin attributes to McCartney , who suggested they `` record an album of new material and rehearse it , then perform it before a live audience for the very first time -- on record and on film '' . Originally intended for a one - hour television programme to be called Beatles at Work , much of the album 's content came from extensive rehearsals filmed by director Michael Lindsay - Hogg at Twickenham Film Studios , beginning in January 1969 . Martin has said that the project was `` not at all a happy recording experience . It was a time when relations between the Beatles were at their lowest ebb . '' Lennon described the largely impromptu sessions as `` hell ... the most miserable ... on Earth '' , and Harrison , `` the low of all - time '' . Irritated by both McCartney and Lennon , Harrison walked out for five days . Upon returning , he threatened to leave the band unless they `` abandon ( ed ) all talk of live performance '' and instead focused on finishing a new album , initially titled Get Back , using songs recorded for the TV special . He also demanded they cease work at Twickenham and relocate to the newly finished Apple Studio . The other band members agreed , and the idea came about to salvage the footage shot for the TV production for use in a feature film . Apple Corps building at 3 Savile Row , site of the Let It Be rooftop concert American soul musician Billy Preston ( pictured in 1971 ) was , for a short time , considered a fifth Beatle during the recording of Get Back . In an effort to alleviate tensions within the band and improve the quality of their live sound , Harrison invited keyboardist Billy Preston to participate in the last nine days of sessions . Preston received label billing on the `` Get Back '' single -- the only musician ever to receive that acknowledgment on an official Beatles release . At the conclusion of the rehearsals , the band could not agree on a location to film a concert , rejecting several ideas , including a boat at sea , a lunatic asylum , the Tunisian desert , and the Colosseum . Ultimately , what would be their final live performance was filmed on the rooftop of the Apple Corps building at 3 Savile Row , London , on 30 January 1969 . Five weeks later , engineer Glyn Johns , whom Lewisohn describes as Get Back 's `` uncredited producer '' , began work assembling an album , given `` free rein '' as the band `` all but washed their hands of the entire project '' . New strains developed between the band members regarding the appointment of a financial adviser , the need for which had become evident without Epstein to manage business affairs . Lennon , Harrison and Starr favoured Allen Klein , who had managed the Rolling Stones and Sam Cooke ; McCartney wanted Lee and John Eastman -- father and brother , respectively , of Linda Eastman , whom McCartney married on 12 March . Agreement could not be reached , so both Klein and the Eastmans were temporarily appointed : Klein as the Beatles ' business manager and the Eastmans as their lawyers . Further conflict ensued , however , and financial opportunities were lost . On 8 May , Klein was named sole manager of the band , the Eastmans having previously been dismissed as the Beatles ' attorneys . McCartney refused to sign the management contract with Klein , but he was out - voted by the other Beatles . Martin stated that he was surprised when McCartney asked him to produce another album , as the Get Back sessions had been `` a miserable experience '' and he had `` thought it was the end of the road for all of us '' . The primary recording sessions for Abbey Road began on 2 July 1969 . Lennon , who rejected Martin 's proposed format of a `` continuously moving piece of music '' , wanted his and McCartney 's songs to occupy separate sides of the album . The eventual format , with individually composed songs on the first side and the second consisting largely of a medley , was McCartney 's suggested compromise . On 4 July , the first solo single by a Beatle was released : Lennon 's `` Give Peace a Chance '' , credited to the Plastic Ono Band . The completion and mixing of `` I Want You ( She 's So Heavy ) '' on 20 August 1969 was the last occasion on which all four Beatles were together in the same studio . Lennon announced his departure to the rest of the group on 20 September , but agreed to withhold a public announcement to avoid undermining sales of the forthcoming album . Released six days after Lennon 's declaration , Abbey Road sold 4 million copies within three months and topped the UK charts for a total of seventeen weeks . Its second track , the ballad `` Something '' , was issued as a single -- the only Harrison composition ever to appear as a Beatles A-side . Abbey Road received mixed reviews , although the medley met with general acclaim . Unterberger considers it `` a fitting swan song for the group '' , containing `` some of the greatest harmonies to be heard on any rock record '' . Musicologist and author Ian MacDonald calls the album `` erratic and often hollow '' , despite the `` semblance of unity and coherence '' offered by the medley . Martin has singled it out as his personal favourite of all the band 's albums ; Lennon said it was `` competent '' but had `` no life in it '' . Recording engineer Emerick notes that the replacement of the studio 's valve mixing console with a transistorised one yielded a less punchy sound , leaving the group frustrated at the thinner tone and lack of impact and contributing to its `` kinder , gentler '' feel relative to their previous albums . For the still unfinished Get Back album , one last song , Harrison 's `` I Me Mine '' , was recorded on 3 January 1970 . Lennon , in Denmark at the time , did not participate . In March , rejecting the work Johns had done on the project , now retitled Let It Be , Klein gave the session tapes to American producer Phil Spector , who had recently produced Lennon 's solo single `` Instant Karma ! '' In addition to remixing the material , Spector edited , spliced and overdubbed several of the recordings that had been intended as `` live '' . McCartney was unhappy with the producer 's approach and particularly dissatisfied with the lavish orchestration on `` The Long and Winding Road '' , which involved a fourteen - voice choir and 36 - piece instrumental ensemble . McCartney 's demands that the alterations to the song be reverted were ignored , and he publicly announced his departure from the band on 10 April 1970 , a week before the release of his first , self - titled solo album . On 8 May , the Spector - produced Let It Be was released . Its accompanying single , `` The Long and Winding Road '' , was the Beatles ' last ; it was released in the United States , but not in the UK . The Let It Be documentary film followed later that month , and would win the 1970 Academy Award for Best Original Song Score . Sunday Telegraph critic Penelope Gilliatt called it `` a very bad film and a touching one ... about the breaking apart of this reassuring , geometrically perfect , once apparently ageless family of siblings '' . Several reviewers stated that some of the performances in the film sounded better than their analogous album tracks . Describing Let It Be as the `` only Beatles album to occasion negative , even hostile reviews '' , Unterberger calls it `` on the whole underrated '' ; he singles out `` some good moments of straight hard rock in ' I 've Got a Feeling ' and ' Dig a Pony ' '' , and praises `` Let It Be '' , `` Get Back '' , and `` the folky ' Two of Us ' , with John and Paul harmonising together '' . McCartney filed suit for the dissolution of the Beatles ' contractual partnership on 31 December 1970 . Legal disputes continued long after their break - up , and the dissolution was not formalised until 29 December 1974 , when John Lennon signed the paperwork terminating the partnership while on vacation with his family at Walt Disney World Resort in Florida . 1970 -- Present : after the break - up See also : Collaborations between ex-Beatles 1970s Lennon and McCartney in 1975 and 1976 Lennon , McCartney , Harrison and Starr all released solo albums in 1970 . Their solo records sometimes involved one or more of the others ; Starr 's Ringo ( 1973 ) was the only album to include compositions and performances by all four ex-Beatles , albeit on separate songs . With Starr 's participation , Harrison staged the Concert for Bangladesh in New York City in August 1971 . Other than an unreleased jam session in 1974 , later bootlegged as A Toot and a Snore in ' 74 , Lennon and McCartney never recorded together again . Two double - LP sets of the Beatles ' greatest hits , compiled by Klein , 1962 -- 1966 and 1967 -- 1970 , were released in 1973 , at first under the Apple Records imprint . Commonly known as the Red Album and Blue Album , respectively , each have earned a Multi-Platinum certification in the United States and a Platinum certification in the United Kingdom . Between 1976 and 1982 , EMI / Capitol released a wave of compilation albums without input from the ex-Beatles , starting with the double - disc compilation Rock ' n ' Roll Music . The only one to feature previously unreleased material was The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl ( 1977 ) ; the first officially issued concert recordings by the group , it contained selections from two shows they played during their 1964 and 1965 US tours . The music and enduring fame of the Beatles was commercially exploited in various other ways , again often outside their creative control . In April 1974 , the musical John , Paul , George , Ringo ... and Bert , written by Willy Russell and featuring singer Barbara Dickson , opened in London . It included , with permission from Northern Songs , eleven Lennon - McCartney compositions and one by Harrison , `` Here Comes the Sun '' . Displeased with the production 's use of his song , Harrison withdrew his permission to use it . Later that year , the off - Broadway musical Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band on the Road opened . All This and World War II ( 1976 ) was an unorthodox nonfiction film that combined newsreel footage with covers of Beatles songs by performers ranging from Elton John and Keith Moon to the London Symphony Orchestra . The Broadway musical Beatlemania , an unauthorised nostalgia revue , opened in early 1977 and proved popular , spinning off five separate touring productions . In 1979 , the band sued the producers , settling for several million dollars in damages . Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( 1978 ) , a musical film starring the Bee Gees and Peter Frampton , was a commercial failure and an `` artistic fiasco '' , according to Ingham . On 24 April 1976 , during a broadcast of Saturday Night Live , producer Lorne Michaels offered the Beatles $3,000 to reunite on his show . Unbeknownst to him , John Lennon and Paul McCartney were watching the live broadcast at John 's apartment at The Dakota in New York at the time , which was within walking distance of the studio where the show was being shot . The two men entertained the idea of hailing a cab to the studio and surprising Michaels by accepting his offer , but ultimately declined , for as Paul later said `` It would have been work , and we were having a night off , so we elected not to go . It was a nice idea -- we nearly did it . '' 1980s Harrison and Starr performing at the Prince 's Trust All - Star Rock Concert at Wembley Arena , 1987 After the murder of Lennon in December 1980 , Harrison rewrote the lyrics to his song `` All Those Years Ago '' in Lennon 's honour . With Starr on drums and McCartney and his wife , Linda , contributing backing vocals , the song was released as a single in May 1981 . McCartney 's own tribute , `` Here Today '' , appeared on his Tug of War album in April 1982 . In 1987 , Harrison 's Cloud Nine album included `` When We Was Fab '' , a song about the Beatlemania era . When the Beatles ' studio albums were released on CD by EMI and Apple Corps in 1987 , their catalogue was standardised throughout the world , establishing a canon of the twelve original studio LPs as issued in the UK plus the US LP version of Magical Mystery Tour ( 1967 ) . All the remaining material from the singles and EPs which had not appeared on the original studio albums was gathered on the two - volume compilation Past Masters ( 1988 ) . Except for the Red and Blue albums , EMI deleted all its other Beatles compilations -- including the Hollywood Bowl record -- from its catalogue . In 1988 , the Beatles were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , their first year of eligibility . Harrison and Starr attended the ceremony with Lennon 's widow , Yoko Ono , and his two sons , Julian and Sean . McCartney declined to attend , citing unresolved `` business differences '' that would make him `` feel like a complete hypocrite waving and smiling with them at a fake reunion '' . The following year , EMI / Capitol settled a decade - long lawsuit filed by the band over royalties , clearing the way to commercially package previously unreleased material . 1990s Live at the BBC , the first official release of unissued Beatles performances in seventeen years , appeared in 1994 . That same year McCartney , Harrison and Starr collaborated on the Anthology project . Anthology was the culmination of work begun in 1970 , when Apple Corps director Neil Aspinall , their former road manager and personal assistant , had started to gather material for a documentary with the working title The Long and Winding Road . Documenting their history in the band 's own words , the Anthology project included the release of several unissued Beatles recordings . McCartney , Harrison and Starr also added new instrumental and vocal parts to two songs recorded as demos by Lennon in the late 1970s . During 1995 -- 96 , the project yielded a television miniseries , an eight - volume video set , and three two - CD / three - LP box sets featuring artwork by Klaus Voormann . The two songs based on Lennon demos , `` Free as a Bird '' and `` Real Love '' , were issued as new Beatles singles . The releases were commercially successful and the television series was viewed by an estimated 400 million people . In 1999 , to coincide with the re-release of the 1968 film Yellow Submarine , a new soundtrack compilation CD / LP , Yellow Submarine Songtrack , was issued . 2000s The Beatles ' 1 , a compilation album of the band 's British and American number - one hits , was released on 13 November 2000 . It became the fastest - selling album of all time , with 3.6 million sold in its first week and 13 million within a month . It topped albums charts in at least 28 countries , including the UK and US . As of April 2009 , the compilation had sold 31 million copies globally , and is the best - selling album of that decade in the United States . Harrison died from metastatic lung cancer in November 2001 . McCartney and Starr were among the musicians who performed at the Concert for George , organised by Eric Clapton and Harrison 's widow , Olivia . The tribute event took place at the Royal Albert Hall on the first anniversary of Harrison 's death . In addition to songs he composed for the group and during his solo career , the concert included a celebration of Indian classical music , which had significantly influenced Harrison . In 2003 , Let It Be ... Naked , a reconceived version of the Let It Be album , with McCartney supervising production , was released . One of the main differences with the Spector - produced version was the omission of the original string arrangements . It was a top ten hit in both Britain and America . The US album configurations from 1964 to 1965 were released as box sets in 2004 and 2006 -- The Capitol Albums , Volume 1 and Volume 2 included both stereo and mono versions based on the mixes that were prepared for vinyl at the time of the music 's original American release . As a soundtrack for Cirque du Soleil 's Las Vegas Beatles stage revue , Love , George Martin and his son Giles remixed and blended 130 of the band 's recordings to create what Martin called `` a way of re-living the whole Beatles musical lifespan in a very condensed period '' . The show premiered in June 2006 , and the Love album was released that November when McCartney discussed his hope that `` Carnival of Light '' , a fourteen - minute experimental recording made at Abbey Road in 1967 , would receive an official release . A rare live performance involving two ex-Beatles took place in April 2009 at a benefit concert organised by McCartney at New York 's Radio City Music Hall , where he was joined by Starr for three songs . Starr and McCartney introduced the video game The Beatles : Rock Band at the 2009 E3 convention . On 9 September 2009 , the Beatles ' entire back catalogue was reissued following an extensive digital remastering process that lasted four years . Stereo editions of all twelve original UK studio albums , along with Magical Mystery Tour and the Past Masters compilation , were released on compact disc both individually and as a box set . Comparing the new releases with the 1987 CDs , which had been widely criticised for their lack of clarity and dynamism , Mojo 's Danny Eccleston wrote , `` the remastered vocals are purer , more natural - sounding and give the illusion of sitting slightly higher in the mix . '' A second collection , The Beatles in Mono , included remastered versions of every Beatles album released in true mono along with the original 1965 stereo mixes of Help ! and Rubber Soul ( which Martin had remixed for the 1987 editions ) . The Beatles : Rock Band , a music video game in the Rock Band series , was issued on the same day . In December 2009 , the band 's catalogue was officially released in FLAC and MP3 format in a limited edition of 30,000 USB flash drives . 2010s Owing to a long - running royalty disagreement , the Beatles were among the last major artists to sign deals with online music services . Residual disagreement emanating from Apple Corps ' dispute with Apple , Inc. , iTunes ' owners , over the use of the name `` Apple '' was also partly responsible for the delay , although in 2008 , McCartney stated that the main obstacle to making the Beatles ' catalogue available online was that EMI `` want ( s ) something we 're not prepared to give them '' . In 2010 , the official canon of thirteen Beatles studio albums , Past Masters , and the Red and Blue greatest - hits albums were made available on iTunes . In 2012 , EMI 's recorded music operations were sold to Universal Music Group . In order for Universal Music to acquire EMI , the European Union , for antitrust reasons , forced EMI to spin off assets including Parlophone . Universal was allowed to keep the Beatles ' recorded music catalogue , managed by Capitol Records under its Capitol Music Group division . Also in 2012 , the entire original Beatles album catalogue was reissued on vinyl , available either individually or as a box set . In 2013 , a second volume of BBC recordings entitled On Air -- Live at the BBC Volume 2 was released . December of that year saw the release of another 59 Beatles recordings on iTunes . The set , titled The Beatles Bootleg Recordings 1963 , had the opportunity to gain a 70 - year copyright extension conditional on the songs being published at least once before the end of 2013 . Apple Records released the recordings on 17 December to prevent them from going into the public domain and had them taken down from iTunes later that same day . Fan reactions to the release were mixed , with one blogger saying `` the hardcore Beatles collectors who are trying to obtain everything will already have these . '' On 26 January 2014 , Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr performed McCartney 's `` Queenie Eye '' in Los Angeles at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards , held at the Staples Center in Los Angeles . The following day , The Night That Changed America : A Grammy Salute to The Beatles television special was taped in the Los Angeles Convention Center 's West Hall . It aired on 9 February , the exact date of -- and at the same time , and on the same network as -- the original broadcast of the Beatles ' first US television appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show , 50 years earlier . The special included performances of Beatles songs by current artists as well as by McCartney and Starr , archival footage , and Paul and Ringo being interviewed by David Letterman at the Ed Sullivan Theater , site of The Ed Sullivan Show . In December 2015 , the Beatles released their catalogue for streaming on various streaming music services . On 18 May 2017 , Sirius XM Radio launched a 24 / 7 radio channel , The Beatles Channel . On 26 May 2017 , Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band was reissued with new stereo mixes and unreleased material for the album 's 50th anniversary . The reissue is available in five different formats -- digital format , a single CD , a double CD set , a double vinyl set , and a six - CD deluxe edition box set . Musical style and development See also : Lennon -- McCartney In Icons of Rock : An Encyclopedia of the Legends Who Changed Music Forever , Scott Schinder and Andy Schwartz describe the Beatles ' musical evolution : In their initial incarnation as cheerful , wisecracking moptops , the Fab Four revolutionised the sound , style , and attitude of popular music and opened rock and roll 's doors to a tidal wave of British rock acts . Their initial impact would have been enough to establish the Beatles as one of their era 's most influential cultural forces , but they did n't stop there . Although their initial style was a highly original , irresistibly catchy synthesis of early American rock and roll and R&B , the Beatles spent the rest of the 1960s expanding rock 's stylistic frontiers , consistently staking out new musical territory on each release . The band 's increasingly sophisticated experimentation encompassed a variety of genres , including folk - rock , country , psychedelia , and baroque pop , without sacrificing the effortless mass appeal of their early work . In The Beatles as Musicians , Walter Everett describes Lennon and McCartney 's contrasting motivations and approaches to composition : `` McCartney may be said to have constantly developed -- as a means to entertain -- a focused musical talent with an ear for counterpoint and other aspects of craft in the demonstration of a universally agreed - upon common language that he did much to enrich . Conversely , Lennon 's mature music is best appreciated as the daring product of a largely unconscious , searching but undisciplined artistic sensibility . '' Ian MacDonald describes McCartney as `` a natural melodist -- a creator of tunes capable of existing apart from their harmony '' . His melody lines are characterised as primarily `` vertical '' , employing wide , consonant intervals which express his `` extrovert energy and optimism '' . Conversely , Lennon 's `` sedentary , ironic personality '' is reflected in a `` horizontal '' approach featuring minimal , dissonant intervals and repetitive melodies which rely on their harmonic accompaniment for interest : `` Basically a realist , he instinctively kept his melodies close to the rhythms and cadences of speech , colouring his lyrics with bluesy tone and harmony rather than creating tunes that made striking shapes of their own . '' MacDonald praises Harrison 's lead guitar work for the role his `` characterful lines and textural colourings '' play in supporting Lennon and McCartney 's parts , and describes Starr as `` the father of modern pop / rock drumming '' . Influences The band 's earliest influences include Elvis Presley , Carl Perkins , Little Richard and Chuck Berry . During the Beatles ' co-residency with Little Richard at the Star - Club in Hamburg , from April to May 1962 , he advised them on the proper technique for performing his songs . Of Presley , Lennon said , `` Nothing really affected me until I heard Elvis . If there had n't been Elvis , there would not have been the Beatles . '' Other early influences include Buddy Holly , Eddie Cochran , Roy Orbison and the Everly Brothers . The Beatles continued to absorb influences long after their initial success , often finding new musical and lyrical avenues by listening to their contemporaries , including Bob Dylan , the Who , Frank Zappa , the Lovin ' Spoonful , the Byrds and the Beach Boys , whose 1966 album Pet Sounds amazed and inspired McCartney . Referring to the Beach Boys ' creative leader , Martin later stated : `` No one made a greater impact on the Beatles than Brian ( Wilson ) . '' Ravi Shankar , with whom Harrison studied for six weeks in India in late 1966 , had a significant effect on his musical development during the band 's later years . Genres Originating as a skiffle group , the Beatles quickly embraced 1950s rock and roll and helped pioneer the Merseybeat genre , and their repertoire ultimately expanded to include a broad variety of pop music . Reflecting the range of styles they explored , Lennon said of Beatles for Sale , `` You could call our new one a Beatles country - and - western LP '' , while Gould credits Rubber Soul as `` the instrument by which legions of folk - music enthusiasts were coaxed into the camp of pop '' . A Höfner `` violin '' bass guitar and Gretsch Country Gentleman guitar , models played by McCartney and Harrison , respectively ; the Vox AC30 amplifier behind them is the model the Beatles used during performances in the early 1960s . Although the 1965 song `` Yesterday '' was not the first pop record to employ orchestral strings , it marked the group 's first recorded use of classical music elements . Gould observes : `` The more traditional sound of strings allowed for a fresh appreciation of their talent as composers by listeners who were otherwise allergic to the din of drums and electric guitars . '' They continued to experiment with string arrangements to various effect ; Sgt . Pepper 's `` She 's Leaving Home '' , for instance , is `` cast in the mold of a sentimental Victorian ballad '' , Gould writes , `` its words and music filled with the clichés of musical melodrama '' . The band 's stylistic range expanded in another direction with their 1966 B - side `` Rain '' , described by Martin Strong as `` the first overtly psychedelic Beatles record '' . Other psychedelic numbers followed , such as `` Tomorrow Never Knows '' ( recorded before `` Rain '' ) , `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' , `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' and `` I Am the Walrus '' . The influence of Indian classical music was evident in Harrison 's `` The Inner Light '' , `` Love You To '' and `` Within You Without You '' -- Gould describes the latter two as attempts `` to replicate the raga form in miniature '' . Innovation was the most striking feature of their creative evolution , according to music historian and pianist Michael Campbell : `` ' A Day in the Life ' encapsulates the art and achievement of the Beatles as well as any single track can . It highlights key features of their music : the sound imagination , the persistence of tuneful melody , and the close coordination between words and music . It represents a new category of song -- more sophisticated than pop ... and uniquely innovative . There literally had never before been a song -- classical or vernacular -- that had blended so many disparate elements so imaginatively . '' Philosophy professor Bruce Ellis Benson agrees : `` the Beatles ... give us a wonderful example of how such far - ranging influences as Celtic music , rhythm and blues , and country and western could be put together in a new way . '' Author Dominic Pedler describes the way they crossed musical styles : `` Far from moving sequentially from one genre to another ( as is sometimes conveniently suggested ) the group maintained in parallel their mastery of the traditional , catchy chart hit while simultaneously forging rock and dabbling with a wide range of peripheral influences from country to vaudeville . One of these threads was their take on folk music , which would form such essential groundwork for their later collisions with Indian music and philosophy . '' As the personal relationships between the band members grew increasingly strained , their individual tastes became more apparent . The minimalistic cover artwork for the White Album contrasted with the complexity and diversity of its music , which encompassed Lennon 's `` Revolution 9 '' ( whose musique concrète approach was influenced by Yoko Ono ) , Starr 's country song `` Do n't Pass Me By '' , Harrison 's rock ballad `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' , and the `` proto - metal roar '' of McCartney 's `` Helter Skelter '' . Contribution of George Martin George Martin 's close involvement in his role as producer made him one of the leading candidates for the informal title of the `` fifth Beatle '' . He applied his classical musical training in various ways , and functioned as `` an informal music teacher '' to the progressing songwriters , according to Gould . Martin suggested to a sceptical McCartney that the arrangement of `` Yesterday '' should feature a string quartet accompaniment , thereby introducing the Beatles to a `` hitherto unsuspected world of classical instrumental colour '' , in MacDonald 's description . Their creative development was also facilitated by Martin 's willingness to experiment in response to their suggestions , such as adding `` something baroque '' to a particular recording . In addition to scoring orchestral arrangements for recordings , Martin often performed on them , playing instruments including piano , organ and brass . Collaborating with Lennon and McCartney required Martin to adapt to their different approaches to songwriting and recording . MacDonald comments , `` while ( he ) worked more naturally with the conventionally articulate McCartney , the challenge of catering to Lennon 's intuitive approach generally spurred him to his more original arrangements , of which ' Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite ! ' is an outstanding example . '' Martin said of the two composers ' distinct songwriting styles and his own stabilising influence : Compared with Paul 's songs , all of which seemed to keep in some sort of touch with reality , John 's had a psychedelic , almost mystical quality ... John 's imagery is one of the best things about his work -- ' tangerine trees ' , ' marmalade skies ' , ' cellophane flowers ' ... I always saw him as an aural Salvador Dalí , rather than some drug - ridden record artist . On the other hand , I would be stupid to pretend that drugs did n't figure quite heavily in the Beatles ' lives at that time ... they knew that I , in my schoolmasterly role , did n't approve ... Not only was I not into it myself , I could n't see the need for it ; and there 's no doubt that , if I too had been on dope , Pepper would never have been the album it was . Perhaps it was the combination of dope and no dope that worked , who knows ? Harrison echoed Martin 's description of his stabilising role : `` I think we just grew through those years together , him as the straight man and us as the loonies ; but he was always there for us to interpret our madness -- we used to be slightly avant - garde on certain days of the week , and he would be there as the anchor person , to communicate that through the engineers and on to the tape . '' In the studio See also : The Beatles ' recording technology Making innovative use of technology while expanding the possibilities of recorded music , the Beatles urged experimentation by Martin and his recording engineers . Seeking ways to put chance occurrences to creative use , accidental guitar feedback , a resonating glass bottle , a tape loaded the wrong way round so that it played backwards -- any of these might be incorporated into their music . Their desire to create new sounds on every new recording , combined with Martin 's arranging abilities and the studio expertise of EMI staff engineers Norman Smith , Ken Townsend and Geoff Emerick , all contributed significantly to their records from Rubber Soul and , especially , Revolver onwards . Along with innovative studio techniques such as sound effects , unconventional microphone placements , tape loops , double tracking and vari - speed recording , the Beatles augmented their songs with instruments that were unconventional in rock music at the time . These included string and brass ensembles as well as Indian instruments such as the sitar in `` Norwegian Wood '' and the swarmandal in `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' . They also used novel electronic instruments such as the Mellotron , with which McCartney supplied the flute voices on the `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' intro , and the clavioline , an electronic keyboard that created the unusual oboe - like sound on `` Baby , You 're a Rich Man '' . Legacy Main article : Cultural impact of the Beatles The Beatles Monument in Almaty , Kazakhstan Former Rolling Stone associate editor Robert Greenfield compared the Beatles to Picasso , as `` artists who broke through the constraints of their time period to come up with something that was unique and original ... ( I ) n the form of popular music , no one will ever be more revolutionary , more creative and more distinctive ... '' The British poet Philip Larkin described their work as `` an enchanting and intoxicating hybrid of Negro rock - and - roĺl with their own adolescent romanticism '' , and `` the first advance in popular music since the War '' . They not only sparked the British Invasion of the US , they became a globally influential phenomenon as well . From the 1920s , the United States had dominated popular entertainment culture throughout much of the world , via Hollywood movies , jazz , the music of Broadway and Tin Pan Alley and , later , the rock and roll that first emerged in Memphis , Tennessee . The Beatles are regarded as British cultural icons , with young adults from abroad naming the band among a group of people that they most associated with UK culture . Their musical innovations and commercial success inspired musicians worldwide . Many artists have acknowledged the Beatles ' influence and enjoyed chart success with covers of their songs . On radio , their arrival marked the beginning of a new era ; in 1968 the programme director of New York 's WABC radio station forbade his DJs from playing any `` pre-Beatles '' music , marking the defining line of what would be considered oldies on American radio . They helped to redefine the album as something more than just a few hits padded out with `` filler '' , and they were primary innovators of the modern music video . The Shea Stadium show with which they opened their 1965 North American tour attracted an estimated 55,600 people , then the largest audience in concert history ; Spitz describes the event as a `` major breakthrough ... a giant step toward reshaping the concert business '' . Emulation of their clothing and especially their hairstyles , which became a mark of rebellion , had a global impact on fashion . According to Gould , the Beatles changed the way people listened to popular music and experienced its role in their lives . From what began as the Beatlemania fad , the group 's popularity grew into what was seen as an embodiment of sociocultural movements of the decade . As icons of the 1960s counterculture , Gould continues , they became a catalyst for bohemianism and activism in various social and political arenas , fuelling movements such as women 's liberation , gay liberation and environmentalism . According to Peter Lavezzoli , after the `` more popular than Jesus '' controversy in 1966 , the Beatles felt considerable pressure to say the right things and `` began a concerted effort to spread a message of wisdom and higher consciousness '' . Awards and achievements See also : List of awards and nominations received by the Beatles In 1965 , Queen Elizabeth II appointed Lennon , McCartney , Harrison and Starr Members of the Order of the British Empire ( MBE ) . The film Let It Be ( 1970 ) won the 1971 Academy Award for Best Original Song Score . The recipients of seven Grammy Awards and fifteen Ivor Novello Awards , the Beatles have been awarded six Diamond albums , as well as 24 Multi-Platinum albums , 39 Platinum albums and 45 Gold albums in the United States . In the UK , the Beatles have four Multi-Platinum albums , four Platinum albums , eight Gold albums and one Silver album . They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 . The best - selling band in history , the Beatles have sold more than 800 million physical and digital albums as of 2013 . They have had more number - one albums on the UK charts , fifteen , and sold more singles in the UK , 21.9 million , than any other act . In 2004 , Rolling Stone ranked the Beatles as the best artist of all time . They ranked number one on Billboard magazine 's list of the all - time most successful Hot 100 artists , released in 2008 to celebrate the US singles chart 's 50th anniversary . As of 2017 , they hold the record for most number - one hits on the Billboard Hot 100 , with twenty . The Recording Industry Association of America certifies that the Beatles have sold 178 million units in the US , more than any other artist . They were collectively included in Time magazine 's compilation of the twentieth century 's 100 most influential people . In 2014 , they received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . Members Further information : List of members of bands featuring members of the Beatles Principal members John Lennon -- vocals , rhythm and lead guitar , keyboards , harmonica , bass guitar ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Paul McCartney -- vocals , bass guitar , rhythm and lead guitar , keyboards , drums ( 1960 -- 1970 ) George Harrison -- lead and rhythm guitar , vocals , sitar , bass guitar , keyboards ( 1960 -- 1970 ) Ringo Starr -- drums , percussion , vocals ( 1962 -- 1970 ) Early members Pete Best -- drums , vocals ( 1960 -- 1962 ) Stuart Sutcliffe -- bass guitar , vocals ( 1960 -- 1961 ) Chas Newby -- bass guitar ( 1960 -- 1961 ) Norman Chapman -- drums ( 1960 ) Tommy Moore -- drums ( 1960 ) Touring musician Jimmie Nicol -- drums ( 1964 ) Timeline Discography Main article : The Beatles discography See also : List of songs recorded by the Beatles Further information : The Beatles ' recording sessions and The Beatles bootleg recordings Please Please Me ( 1963 ) With the Beatles ( 1963 ) A Hard Day 's Night ( 1964 ) Beatles for Sale ( 1964 ) Help ! ( 1965 ) Rubber Soul ( 1965 ) Revolver ( 1966 ) Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( 1967 ) The Beatles ( `` The White Album '' , 1968 ) Yellow Submarine ( 1969 ) Abbey Road ( 1969 ) Let It Be ( 1970 ) When the above albums were reissued on CD in 1988 , the American Magical Mystery Tour album ( 1967 ) and the double - CD compilation set Past Masters were included so that the full set would contain every track commercially released in the band 's lifetime . See also John Lennon discography Paul McCartney discography George Harrison discography Ringo Starr discography Collaborations between ex-Beatles Song catalogue Through 1969 , the Beatles ' catalogue was published almost exclusively by Northern Songs Ltd. , a company formed in February 1963 by music publisher Dick James specifically for Lennon and McCartney , though it later acquired songs by other artists . The company was organised with James and his partner , Emmanuel Silver , owning a controlling interest , variously described as 51 % or 50 % plus one share . McCartney had 20 % . Reports again vary concerning Lennon 's portion -- 19 or 20 % -- and Brian Epstein 's -- 9 or 10 % -- which he received in lieu of a 25 % band management fee . In 1965 , the company went public . Five million shares were created , of which the original principals retained 3.75 million . James and Silver each received 937,500 shares ( 18.75 % of 5 million ) ; Lennon and McCartney each received 750,000 shares ( 15 % ) ; and Epstein 's management company , NEMS Enterprises , received 375,000 shares ( 7.5 % ) . Of the 1.25 million shares put up for sale , Harrison and Starr each acquired 40,000 . At the time of the stock offering , Lennon and McCartney renewed their three - year publishing contracts , binding them to Northern Songs until 1973 . Harrison created Harrisongs to represent his Beatles compositions , but signed a three - year contract with Northern Songs that gave it the copyright to his work through March 1968 , which included `` Taxman '' and `` Within You Without You '' . The songs on which Starr received co-writing credit before 1968 , such as `` What Goes On '' and `` Flying '' , were also Northern Songs copyrights . Harrison did not renew his contract with Northern Songs when it ended , signing instead with Apple Publishing while retaining the copyright to his work from that point on . Harrisongs thus owns the rights to his later Beatles songs such as `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' and `` Something '' . That year , as well , Starr created Startling Music , which holds the rights to his Beatles compositions , `` Do n't Pass Me By '' and `` Octopus 's Garden '' . In March 1969 , James arranged to sell his and his partner 's shares of Northern Songs to the British broadcasting company Associated Television ( ATV ) , founded by impresario Lew Grade , without first informing the Beatles . The band then made a bid to gain controlling interest by attempting to work out a deal with a consortium of London brokerage firms that had accumulated a 14 % holding . The deal collapsed over the objections of Lennon , who declared , `` I 'm sick of being fucked about by men in suits sitting on their fat arses in the City . '' By the end of May , ATV had acquired a majority stake in Northern Songs , controlling nearly the entire Lennon -- McCartney catalogue , as well as any future material until 1973 . In frustration , Lennon and McCartney sold their shares to ATV in late October 1969 . In 1981 , financial losses by ATV 's parent company , ACC , led it to attempt to sell its music division . According to authors Brian Southall and Rupert Perry , Grade contacted McCartney , offering ATV Music and Northern Songs for $30 million . According to an account McCartney gave in 1995 , he met with Grade and explained he was interested solely in the Northern Songs catalogue , if Grade were ever willing to `` separate off '' that portion of ATV Music . Soon afterwards , Grade offered to sell him Northern Songs for £ 20 million , giving the ex-Beatle `` a week or so '' to decide . By McCartney 's account , he and Ono countered with a £ 5 million bid that was rejected . According to reports at the time , Grade refused to separate Northern Songs , and turned down an offer of £ 21 -- 25 million from McCartney and Ono for ATV Music . In 1982 , ACC as a whole was sold to Australian business magnate Robert Holmes à Court for £ 60 million . Three years later , Michael Jackson purchased ATV for a reported $47.5 million . The acquisition gave him control over the publishing rights to more than 200 Beatles songs , as well as 40,000 other copyrights . In 1995 , in a deal that earned him a reported $110 million , Jackson merged his music publishing business with Sony , creating a new company , Sony / ATV Music Publishing , in which he held a 50 % stake . The merger made the new company , then valued at over half a billion dollars , the third largest music publisher in the world . In 2016 , Sony acquired Jackson 's share of Sony / ATV from the Jackson estate for $750 million . Despite the lack of publishing rights to most of their songs , Lennon 's estate and McCartney continue to receive their respective shares of the writers ' royalties , which together are 331⁄3 % of total commercial proceeds in the US and which vary elsewhere around the world between 50 and 55 % . Two of Lennon and McCartney 's earliest songs -- `` Love Me Do '' and `` P.S. I Love You '' -- were published by an EMI subsidiary , Ardmore & Beechwood , before they signed with James . McCartney acquired their publishing rights from Ardmore in the mid-1980s , and they are the only two Beatles songs owned by McCartney 's company MPL Communications . On 18 January 2017 , McCartney filed a suit in United States district court against Sony / ATV Music Publishing seeking to reclaim ownership of his share of the Lennon -- McCartney song catalogue beginning in 2018 . Under US copyright law , for works published before 1978 the author can reclaim copyrights assigned to a publisher after 56 years . McCartney and Sony agreed to a confidential settlement in June 2017 . Notes Jump up ^ It was `` Mull of Kintyre '' , by McCartney 's post-Beatles band Wings , that surpassed it in sales . Jump up ^ Vee - Jay company president Ewart Abner resigned after it was disclosed he used company funds to cover gambling debts . Jump up ^ Harrison 's ringing 12 - string inspired Roger McGuinn , who obtained his own Rickenbacker and used it to craft the trademark sound of the Byrds . Jump up ^ During the same week in April 1964 , a third American Beatles LP joined the two already in circulation ; two of the three reached the first spot on the Billboard albums chart , the third peaked at number two . Jump up ^ Starr was briefly hospitalised after a tonsillectomy , and Jimmie Nicol sat in on drums for the first five dates . Jump up ^ In September , the Beatles refused to play a show in Florida until the local promoter assured them that the audience would not be racially segregated . Jump up ^ It was not until Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band in 1967 that a Beatles album was released with identical track listings in both the UK and the US . Jump up ^ It was speculated that he was concerned that the band might not renew his management contract , due to expire in October , over discontent with his supervision of business matters , particularly regarding Seltaeb , the company that handled their US merchandising rights . Jump up ^ The band unsuccessfully attempted to block the 1977 release of Live ! at the Star - Club in Hamburg , Germany ; 1962 . The independently issued album compiled recordings made during the group 's Hamburg residency , taped on a basic recording machine using only one microphone . Citations Jump up ^ Unterberger , Richie . The Beatles at AllMusic . Retrieved 5 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Frontani 2007 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Spitz 2005 , pp. 47 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Spitz 2005 , pp. 93 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 47 ; Spitz 2005 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1992 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Harry 2000a , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1992 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Harry 2000b , pp. 742 -- 743 . 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Jump up ^ `` The Beatles and Bravado Come Together '' ( Press release ) . Universal Music Group . 12 June 2013 . Retrieved 13 June 2017 -- via PR Newswire . Apple Corps Ltd. was founded by The Beatles in 1968 to oversee the band 's own creative and business interests . As part of its management of The Beatles ' entire intellectual property canon , the London - based company has administered the legendary band 's recorded catalogue , with more than 800 million physical and digital albums sold to date . Jump up ^ `` Beatles '' . London : Official Charts Company . 2010 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Official Chart Company 2012 . Jump up ^ Costello 2004 . Jump up ^ Billboard 2008a . Jump up ^ Rutherford , Kevin ( 30 March 2017 ) . `` The Beatles , Aerosmith & Godsmack : A History of ' Come Together ' on the Charts '' . Billboard . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . Jump up ^ RIAA 2009a . Jump up ^ Loder 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr Share Grammy Stage for Rare Performance '' . Rolling Stone . 26 January 2014 . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Southall & Perry 2006 , pp. 15 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Norman 1996 , pp. 169 -- 71 , 368 -- 369 . Jump up ^ Brown & Gaines 2002 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Southall & Perry 2006 , pp. 37 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Southall & Perry 2006 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Southall & Perry 2006 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Southall & Perry 2006 , pp. 46 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Southall & Perry 2006 , pp. 60 -- 61 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 351 . Jump up ^ Norman 1996 , pp. 369 -- 372 . Jump up ^ Norman 1996 , p. 372 . Jump up ^ Miles 1998 , p. 296 . Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , p. 236 . Jump up ^ Southall & Perry 2006 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Southall & Perry 2006 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Southall & Perry 2006 , pp. 130 , 139 . Jump up ^ Southall & Perry 2006 , pp. 140 , 174 , 176 . Jump up ^ Southall & Perry 2006 , p. 198 . 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New York : Three Rivers Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 45157 - 6 . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . Winn , John C. ( 2009 ) . That Magic Feeling : The Beatles ' Recorded Legacy , Volume Two , 1966 -- 1970 . New York : Three Rivers Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 45239 - 9 . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . Womack , Kenneth ( 2007 ) . Long and Winding Roads : The Evolving Artistry of the Beatles . London & New York : Continuum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 1746 - 6 . Further reading Astley , John ( 2006 ) . Why Do n't We Do It In The Road ? The Beatles Phenomenon . The Company of Writers . ISBN 0 - 9551834 - 7 - 2 . Barrow , Tony ( 2005 ) . John , Paul , George , Ringo & Me : The Real Beatles Story . New York : Thunder 's Mouth . ISBN 1 - 56025 - 882 - 9 . Bramwell , Tony ; Kingsland , Rosemary ( 2006 ) . Magical Mystery Tours : My Life with the Beatles . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 33044 - 6 . Braun , Michael ( 1964 ) . Love Me Do : The Beatles ' Progress ( 1995 reprint ed . ) . London : Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 002278 - 3 . Carr , Roy ; Tyler , Tony ( 1975 ) . The Beatles : An Illustrated Record . New York : Harmony Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 52045 - 1 . Epstein , Brian ( 1964 ) . A Cellarful of Noise . Byron Preiss . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 01196 - 3 . OCLC 39211052 . The Beatles : The FBI Files . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Filibust. 2007 . ISBN 1 - 59986 - 256 - 5 . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . Harry , Bill ( 1985 ) . The Book Of Beatle Lists . Poole , Dorset : Javelin . ISBN 0 - 7137 - 1521 - 9 . Kirchherr , Astrid ; Voormann , Klaus ( 1999 ) . Hamburg Days . Guildford , Surrey : Genesis Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 904351 - 73 - 6 . Lennon , Cynthia ( 2005 ) . John . New York : Crown Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 33855 - 6 . Lewisohn , Mark ( 2013 ) . The Beatles -- All These Years : Volume One : Tune In . Little , Brown Book Group . ISBN 0 - 316 - 72960 - 4 . Mansfield , Ken ( 2007 ) . The White Book . Nashville , TN : Thomas Nelson . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59555 - 101 - 6 . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . Martin , George ; Pearson , William ( 1994 ) . Summer of Love : The Making of Sgt . Pepper . London : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 60398 - 2 . Riley , Tim ( 2011 ) . Lennon : The Man , the Myth , the Music -- The Definitive Life . New York : Hyperion / HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4013 - 2452 - 0 . Schaffner , Nicholas ( 1977 ) . The Beatles Forever . Harrisburg , PA : Cameron House . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0225 - 1 . Sheffield , Rob ( 2017 ) . Dreaming the Beatles . New York : Harper Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 220765 - 4 . Turner , Steve ( 2005 ) . A Hard Day 's Write : The Stories Behind Every Beatles Song ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Harper Paperbacks . ISBN 0 - 06 - 084409 - 4 . External links Listen to this article ( 3 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` The Beatles '' dated 3 July 2015 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . 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( hide ) The Beatles -- links to related articles ( hide ) The Beatles John Lennon Paul McCartney George Harrison Ringo Starr Stuart Sutcliffe Pete Best History The Quarrymen In Hamburg At The Cavern Club Decca audition Beatlemania in the United Kingdom North American releases In the United States More popular than Jesus In India Breakup Murder of John Lennon Anthology Love ( Cirque du Soleil ) The Beatles : Rock Band Line - ups Religious views Timeline Live performances 1960 Johnny Gentle Tour Winter 1963 Helen Shapiro UK Tour 1963 Roy Orbison Tour 1964 world tour 1965 European tour 1965 US tour 1965 UK tour 1966 tour of Germany , Japan and the Philippines 1966 US tour Rooftop concert List of live performances Associated places 34 Montagu Square , Marylebone Abbey Road , London Abbey Road Studios The Bag O'Nails Beatlemania Hamburg Beatles - Platz Blue Angel The Casbah Coffee Club Candlestick Park The Cavern Club Kaiserkeller Kinfauns 3 Savile Row The Scotch of St. James Shea Stadium Stanley Street Star - Club Strawberry Field Tittenhurst Park The Top Ten Club Wigmore Street Yellow Submarine sculpture Associated companies Apple Corps Apple Records Harrisongs Lingasong Records Northern Songs Phillips ' Sound Recording Services Seltaeb Startling Music Influence Artists who have covered the Beatles Beatlemania Beatlesque British Invasion Cultural impact The Fest for Beatles Fans The Rutles Tributes Lists Awards and nominations Bootlegs Cover songs Discography Instruments Performers Post-breakup collaborations Recording sessions Songs Sgt . Pepper cover Related media Around the Beatles Beat Bugs The Beatles ( TV series ) The Beatles Anthology ( book ) The Beatles Channel The Beatles Illustrated Lyrics The Beeb 's Lost Beatles Tapes The Beatles Tapes from the David Wigg Interviews Everyday Chemistry In My Life Let It Be ( musical ) Rain : A Tribute to the Beatles Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( film ) The Twelfth Album Up Against It Other topics Apple Corps v Apple Computer Apple scruffs Beatle boots Beatles Day Fifth Beatle Lennon -- McCartney Jeff Lynne and the Beatles Paul is dead Recording technology Book Category Portal People associated with the Beatles Personnel Neil Aspinall Dave Dexter Jr . Geoff Emerick Mal Evans Glyn Johns Bert Kaempfert Freda Kelly Jeff Lynne Magic Alex Ken Mansfield George Martin Giles Martin Phil McDonald Ken Scott Norman Smith Phil Spector Alistair Taylor Chris Thomas Ken Townsend Peter Vince Businessmen Peter Bennett Sid Bernstein Peter Brown Lee Eastman Brian Epstein Dick James Allen Klein Joseph Lockwood Larry Parnes Allan Williams Musicians Eric Clapton The Dirty Mac Donovan Bob Dylan Johnny Gentle Nicky Hopkins Johnny Hutchinson Mick Jagger Brian Jones Jim Keltner David Mason Tommy Moore Chas Newby Jimmie Nicol Harry Nilsson Peter and Gordon Plastic Ono Band Billy Preston Ronnie Scott Ravi Shankar Tony Sheridan Rory Storm and the Hurricanes Andy White Writers Tony Barrow Alan Clayson Ray Coleman Ray Connolly Hunter Davies Peter Doggett Walter Everett Larry Kane Mark Lewisohn Ian MacDonald Philip Norman Alan W. Pollack Nicholas Schaffner Bruce Spizer Derek Taylor Girlfriends / wives Nancy Lee Andrews Jane Asher Barbara Bach Pattie Boyd Olivia Harrison Astrid Kirchherr Cynthia Lennon Linda McCartney Heather Mills Yoko Ono Francie Schwartz Maureen Starkey Parents / guardians Mona Best Alfred Lennon Julia Lennon Jim and Mary McCartney George Smith Mimi Smith Other Tony Anthony Peter Blake George Dunning Horst Fascher The Fool Robert Freeman Bill Harry Jann Haworth Bruno Koschmider Richard Lester Ruth McCartney Murray the K Ed Sullivan Saul Swimmer Ivan Vaughan Jürgen Vollmer Klaus Voormann Lord Woodbine Bob Wooler David Wynne Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Roby Yonge Ex-members of the Beatles and the Quarrymen Full Timeline Guitarists / Bassists John Lennon ( 1956 -- 69 ) Eric Griffiths ( 1956 -- 58 ) Paul McCartney ( 1957 -- 70 ) George Harrison ( 1958 -- 70 ) Ken Brown ( 1959 -- 60 ) Stu Sutcliffe ( 1960 -- 61 ) Chas Newby ( December 1960 ) Pianists John `` Duff '' Lowe ( 1958 ) Billy Preston ( 1969 ) Drummers Colin Hanton ( 1956 -- 59 ) Tommy Moore ( 1960 ) Norman Chapman ( 1960 ) Pete Best ( 1960 -- 62 ) Ringo Starr ( 1962 -- 70 ) Andy White ( August 1962 ) Jimmie Nicol ( June 1964 ) Tea - chest bassists Ivan Vaughan ( 1956 ) Nigel Walley ( 1956 -- 57 ) Len Garry ( 1957 ) Other Rod Davis ( bajoist , 1956 - 57 ) Pete Shotton ( washboardist , 1956 -- 57 ) The Beatles album discography Albums in the core catalogue are marked in bold . Studio albums Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band The Beatles ( `` White Album '' ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be US albums Introducing ... The Beatles Meet the Beatles ! The Beatles ' Second Album A Hard Day 's Night Something New The Beatles ' Story Beatles ' 65 The Early Beatles Beatles VI Help ! Rubber Soul Yesterday and Today Revolver Magical Mystery Tour Yellow Submarine Hey Jude Canadian albums Twist and Shout The Beatles ' Long Tall Sally Extended plays Twist and Shout The Beatles ' Hits The Beatles ( No. 1 ) All My Loving Souvenir of Their Visit to America Four by the Beatles Long Tall Sally Extracts from the Film A Hard Day 's Night Extracts from the Album A Hard Day 's Night 4 by the Beatles Beatles for Sale Beatles for Sale No. 2 The Beatles ' Million Sellers Yesterday Nowhere Man Magical Mystery Tour Live albums Live ! at the Star - Club in Hamburg , Germany ; 1962 The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl First Live Recordings Live at the BBC On Air -- Live at the BBC Volume 2 Compilations From Then To You / The Beatles ' Christmas Album Sessions Past Masters Anthology ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) I Saw Her Standing There The Beatles Bootleg Recordings 1963 Remixes Yellow Submarine Songtrack Let It Be ... Naked Love Box sets The Beatles Collection The Beatles : The Collection The Beatles Box The Beatles Box Set The Capitol Albums vol. 1 The Beatles in Mono The Beatles ( The Original Studio Recordings ) The U.S. Albums The Japan Box The Beatles compilation discography Bert Kaempfert recordings ( with Tony Sheridan ) My Bonnie ( GER , 1962 ) The Beatles with Tony Sheridan and Their Guests ( 1964 ) Ai n't She Sweet ( 1964 ) The Beatles ' First ( GER , 1964 / UK , 1967 ) Very Together ( 1969 ) In the Beginning ( Circa 1960 ) ( 1970 ) The Early Tapes of the Beatles ( 1984 ) Beatles Bop -- Hamburg Days ( 2001 ) I Saw Her Standing There ( 2013 ) Hits A Collection of Beatles Oldies ( 1966 ) The Essential Beatles ( AUS , 1972 ) 1962 -- 1966 ( 1973 ) 1967 -- 1970 ( 1973 ) 20 Greatest Hits ( 1982 ) The Number Ones ( AUS , 1983 ) 1 ( 2000 ) Themes Rock ' n ' Roll Music ( 1976 ) Love Songs ( 1977 ) The Beatles Ballads ( 1980 ) Reel Music ( 1982 ) Tomorrow Never Knows ( 2012 ) Non-album tracks Hey Jude ( US , 1970 / UK , 1979 ) Por Siempre Beatles ( ARG , 1971 ) Rarities ( UK , 1978 ) Rarities ( US , 1980 ) Past Masters ( 1988 ) Alternative versions Yellow Submarine Songtrack ( 1999 ) Let It Be ... Naked ( 2003 ) Other Jolly What ! / The Beatles & Frank Ifield on Stage ( US , 1964 ) The Beatles in Italy ( ITA , 1965 ) The Beatles ' Christmas Album ( US ) / From Then to You ( UK ) ( 1970 ) The Beatles Tapes from the David Wigg Interviews ( 1976 ) Only The Beatles ... ( UK , 1987 , withdrawn ) Love ( 2006 ) The Black Album ( 2014 , unofficial ) Box sets The Beatles Collection ( UK , 1978 / US , 1979 ) The Beatles Box ( 1980 ) The Beatles EP Collection ( 1981 ) The Beatles : The Collection ( 1982 ) The Beatles Mono Collection ( 1982 ) The Beatles Box Set ( 1988 ) The Capitol Albums , Volume 1 ( 2004 ) The Capitol Albums , Volume 2 ( 2006 ) The Beatles Stereo Boxed Set ( 2009 ) The Beatles in Mono ( 2009 ) The U.S. Albums ( 2014 ) The Japan Box ( 2014 ) The Beatles singles discography UK and US ( all labels ) 1963 `` Please Please Me '' / `` Ask Me Why '' `` From Me to You '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` She Loves You '' / `` I 'll Get You '' 1964 `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' / `` You Ca n't Do That '' `` I Feel Fine '' / `` She 's a Woman '' 1965 `` Ticket to Ride '' / `` Yes It Is '' `` Help ! '' / `` I 'm Down '' `` We Can Work It Out '' / `` Day Tripper '' 1966 `` Paperback Writer '' / `` Rain '' `` Yellow Submarine '' / `` Eleanor Rigby '' 1967 `` Penny Lane '' / `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' `` All You Need Is Love '' / `` Baby , You 're a Rich Man '' `` Hello , Goodbye '' / `` I Am the Walrus '' 1968 `` Lady Madonna '' / `` The Inner Light '' `` Hey Jude '' / `` Revolution '' 1969 `` Get Back '' / `` Do n't Let Me Down '' `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' / `` Old Brown Shoe '' `` Something '' / `` Come Together '' 1970 `` Let It Be '' / `` You Know My Name ( Look Up the Number ) '' 1978 `` Sgt . 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who does the song spirit in the sky	`` Spirit in the Sky '' is a song written and originally recorded by Norman Greenbaum and released in late 1969 . The single became a gold record , selling two million copies from 1969 to 1970 and reached number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart ( April 18 , 1970 ) , where it lasted for 15 weeks in the Top 100 . Billboard ranked the record the No. 22 song of 1970 . It also climbed to number one on the UK , Australian and Canadian charts in 1970 . Rolling Stone ranked `` Spirit in the Sky '' No. 333 on its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . The song was featured on the 1969 album of the same name . Cover versions by Doctor and the Medics and Gareth Gates have also made the number 1 spot in the UK .	Norman Greenbaum	Spirit in the Sky	spirit in the sky	`` Spirit in the Sky '' is a song written and originally recorded by Norman Greenbaum and released in late 1969 . The single became a gold record , selling two million copies from 1969 to 1970 and reached number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart ( April 18 , 1970 ) , where it lasted for 15 weeks in the Top 100 . Billboard ranked the record the No. 22 song of 1970 . It also climbed to number one on the UK , Australian and Canadian charts in 1970 . Rolling Stone ranked `` Spirit in the Sky '' No. 333 on its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . The song was featured on the 1969 album of the same name . Cover versions by Doctor and the Medics and Gareth Gates have also made the number 1 spot in the UK .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Original version by Norman Greenbaum 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Cover versions and samples 3.1 Doctor & the Medics version 3.2 Gareth Gates ( with the Kumars ) version 3.2. 1 Track listing 3.2. 2 Charts 4 References 5 External links Original version by Norman Greenbaum ( edit ) `` Spirit in the Sky '' makes several references to Jesus , although Greenbaum is Jewish . In a 2006 interview with the New York Times , Greenbaum told a reporter he was inspired to write the song after watching Porter Wagoner singing a gospel song on TV . Greenbaum said : `` I thought , ' Yeah , I could do that , ' knowing nothing about gospel music , so I sat down and wrote my own gospel song . It came easy . I wrote the words in 15 minutes . '' Greenbaum had previously been a member of psychedelic jug band Dr. West 's Medicine Show and Junk Band . When they split up he won a solo contract with producer Erik Jacobsen for Reprise Records . Jacobsen had previously worked with The Lovin ' Spoonful and the song was included on Greenbaum 's first solo album . The song 's arrangement came together in the studio in San Francisco where lead guitarist Russell DaShiell , bass player Doug Killmer from the band Crowfoot and drummer Norman Mayell from the band Sopwith Camel worked with Greenbaum . According to the New York Times article , Greenbaum used a Fender Telecaster with a fuzz box built into the body to generate the song 's characteristic guitar sound . The resulting sound was an `` oddly compelling '' combination of gospel and hard rock music , with loud drums , distorted electric guitar , clapping hands , and tambourines . The production team brought in the Stovall Sisters , an Oakland - based gospel trio , to sing backing vocals . Because of the song 's length and lyrics , the record company was initially reluctant to issue it , but was finally released as a single after two other singles from the album had poor sales . `` Spirit in the Sky '' became a worldwide hit , and was at the time the best - selling single ever for the Reprise label . There is a music video with Greenbaum singing the song . About the song , Greenbaum has been quoted as saying , `` It sounds as fresh today as when it was recorded . I 've gotten letters from funeral directors telling me that it 's their second-most - requested song to play at memorial services , next to ' Danny Boy ' . '' Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 -- 70 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canadian RPM Top Singles Germany ( Official German Charts ) Irish Singles Chart Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 ) Rank Australia Canada 19 US Billboard Hot 100 22 US Cash Box Cover versions and samples ( edit ) `` Spirit in the Sky '' Single by Doctor and the Medics from the album Laughing at the Pieces B - side `` Laughing at the Pieces '' Released 1986 Format 7 in Recorded 1986 Genre Neo-psychedelia , new wave Length 3 : 28 Songwriter ( s ) Norman Greenbaum Doctor and the Medics singles chronology `` Spirit in the Sky '' ( 1986 ) `` Burn '' ( 1986 ) `` Spirit in the Sky '' ( 1986 ) `` Burn '' ( 1986 ) Elton John covered `` Spirit in the Sky '' in 1969 . A version by Dorothy Combs Morrison reached # 47 in Canada in November 1970 . Bauhaus covered `` Spirit In the Sky '' on their 1983 single `` Sanity Assassin '' . In 1986 the group Doctor and the Medics reached No. 1 in the UK singles chart with their version of the song , while the same year punk band Fuzzbox released their own less successful version . Nina Hagen covered `` Spirit in the Sky '' on her àlbum Nina Hagen in Ekstasy . In 1991 , The Kentucky Headhunters covered `` Spirit In the Sky '' on their album , Electric Barnyard . The song was covered by DC Talk for Jesus : Music from & Inspired by the Epic Mini Series soundtrack and was released as a B side with LeAnn Rimes ' song `` I Need You '' . Howard Stern and his in - studio band The Losers performed the song in 2002 as part of a Battle of the Bands with actor Corey Feldman 's band Truth Movement . A humorous version of the song recorded to raise money for the charity Comic Relief by The Kumars with Gareth Gates also reached No. 1 in 2003 becoming the third version of this song to top the UK singles chart . Christian band Stellar Kart covered the song on their 2010 album , Everything Is Different Now . Goldfrapp sampled the song for their single `` Ooh La La '' . Doctor & the Medics version ( edit ) Chart ( 1986 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 29 Canadian RPM Top Singles Germany ( Official German Charts ) 9 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 6 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 16 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 69 US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play 27 Gareth Gates ( with the Kumars ) version ( edit ) `` Spirit in the Sky '' Single by Gareth Gates with The Kumars from the album Go Your Own Way B - side `` Dance Again '' `` Will You Wait for Me ? '' Released March 14 , 2003 Format CD single Recorded 2003 Genre Pop rock Length 3 : 29 Label Sony BMG , RCA Songwriter ( s ) Norman Greenbaum Producer ( s ) Steve Mac Gareth Gates with The Kumars singles chronology `` What My Heart Wants to Say '' ( 2002 ) `` Spirit in the Sky '' ( 2003 ) `` Sunshine '' ( 2003 ) `` What My Heart Wants to Say '' ( 2002 ) `` Spirit in the Sky '' ( 2003 ) `` Sunshine '' ( 2003 ) `` Spirit in the Sky '' served as the first single from Pop Idol runner - up Gareth Gates ' second studio album , Go Your Own Way . The single was released on March 14 , 2003 , and was the official Comic Relief charity single for 2003 . The song features guest vocals from The Kumars . The song peaked at number one on the UK Singles Chart , becoming Gates ' fourth number one single . Track listing ( edit ) UK CD1 `` Spirit in the Sky '' -- 3 : 29 `` Dance Again '' -- 4 : 06 `` Spirit in the Sky '' ( Gareth Only Version ) -- 3 : 25 `` Spirit in the Sky '' ( Video ) -- 4 : 00 UK CD2 `` Spirit in the Sky '' -- 3 : 29 `` Will You Wait for Me ? '' -- 4 : 13 `` Interview With Gareth '' -- 5 : 00 UK DVD `` Spirit in the Sky '' ( Video ) -- 4 : 00 `` Dance Again '' ( Video ) -- 4 : 06 `` Spirit in the Sky '' ( Making of the Video ) -- 3 : 25 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2003 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 10 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 9 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 33 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 13 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 14 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 11 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 30 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Preceded by `` All Kinds of Everything '' by Dana UK number - one single ( Norman Greenbaum version ) May 2 , 1970 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Back Home '' by England national football team Preceded by `` The Chicken Song '' by Spitting Image UK number - one single ( Doctor & The Medics version ) June 3 , 1986 Succeeded by `` The Edge of Heaven '' by Wham ! Preceded by `` Beautiful '' by Christina Aguilera UK number - one single ( Gareth Gates , Alfie Nixon & The Kumars version ) March 15 , 2003 -- March 29 , 2003 Succeeded by `` Make Luv '' by Room 5 featuring Oliver Cheatham References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Leeuwis , Jermy . `` Jason v -- Spirit In The Sky '' . MusicRemedy . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . `` Jason Mraz 's new song is a bluesy , gospel - influenced version of Norman Greenbaum 's 1970 psychedelic rock anthem ' Spirit in the Sky . ' '' ^ Jump up to : McNichol , Tom ( December 24 , 2006 ) . `` A ' Spirit ' From the ' 60s That Wo n't Die '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Richie . `` Spirit in the Sky on Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . `` The handclaps and riffs ... simmered down a little to allow Greenbaum to sing a tune which really did sound like a genuine gospel song ... The gospel feel was amplified by creditably wailing backup female singers ... '' Jump up ^ Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1970 Jump up ^ Michael Goldberg , Sopwith Camel : Where Are They Now ? . Rolling Stone , September 10 , 1987 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Christian Order - Read - Editorials - February 2011 '' . Christianorder.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia n ° 1 Hits - 70 's '' . Worldcharts.co.uk . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2014 . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Norman Greenbaum -- Spirit In The Sky '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Norman Greenbaum -- Spirit In The Sky '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Spirit in the sky in Canadian Singles Chart '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Norman Greenbaum -- Spirit In The Sky '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Spirit in the sky in Irish Chart '' . IRMA . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Only one result when searching `` Norman Greenbaum '' Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Norman Greenbaum '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Norman Greenbaum -- Spirit In The Sky '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Norman Greenbaum -- Spirit In The Sky '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Norman Greenbaum -- Spirit In The Sky '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` 1970 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive - 2nd May 1970 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spirit in the Sky awards on Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , May 9 , 1970 Jump up ^ David Kent 's `` Australian Chart Book 1970 - 1992 '' Archived March 5 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . collectionscanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1970 / Top 100 Songs of 1970 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 26 , 1970 Jump up ^ Mills , Ted . `` Laughing at the Pieces review on Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sutton , Michael . `` Doctor & the Medics biography on Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . `` new wave remake of Norman Greenbaum 's `` Spirit in the Sky '' '' Jump up ^ `` Elton John -- Legendary Covers ' 69 / ' 70 '' . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ title RPM Magazine Jump up ^ `` Bauhaus 's Spirit in the Sky cover of Norman Greenbaum 's Spirit in the Sky '' . WhoSampled.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian . `` Electric Barnyard review on Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jesus : Music From & Inspired by the Epic Mini Series : Patrick Williams , Various Artists : Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` I Need You / Spirit in the Sky : Leann Rimes , Dc Talk : Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Jared . `` Everything Is Different Now review on Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Goldfrapp 's Ooh La La sample of Norman Greenbaum 's Spirit in the Sky '' . WhoSampled.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 - 1992 ( illustrated ed . ) . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Doctor & The Medics -- Spirit In The Sky '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Doctor & The Medics -- Spirit In The Sky '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Spirit in the sky in Canadian Singles Chart '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Doctor & The Medics -- Spirit In The Sky '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Spirit in the sky in Irish Chart '' . IRMA . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . 2nd result when searching `` Doctor and the Medics '' Jump up ^ `` The best - selling singles of 1986 in Italy '' . HitParadeItalia ( it ) . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . 48 . Spirit in the sky - Doctor and the Medics ( No. 6 ) Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Doctor & The Medics -- Spirit In The Sky '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Doctor & The Medics -- Spirit In The Sky '' . Singles Top 100 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` sc_UK_ '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Doctor & the Medics awards on Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Gareth Gates with the Kumars -- Spirit In The Sky '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Gareth Gates with the Kumars -- Spirit In The Sky '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Gareth Gates with the Kumars -- Spirit In The Sky '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Gareth Gates with the Kumars -- Spirit In The Sky '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Gareth Gates with the Kumars -- Spirit In The Sky '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Spirit in the sky in Irish Chart '' . IRMA . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . 2nd result when searching `` Gareth Gates featuring the Kumars '' Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Gareth Gates with the Kumars '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Gareth Gates with the Kumars -- Spirit In The Sky '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Gareth Gates with the Kumars -- Spirit In The Sky '' . Swiss Singles Chart . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Gareth Gates Albums What My Heart Wants to Say Go Your Own Way Pictures of the Other Side Singles `` Unchained Melody '' `` Anyone of Us ( Stupid Mistake ) '' `` Suspicious Minds '' `` What My Heart Wants to Say '' `` Spirit in the Sky '' `` Sunshine '' `` Say It Is n't So '' `` Changes '' `` Angel on My Shoulder '' Related articles Discography Pop Idol ( series 1 ) Sony Records 19 Will Young The Kumars 5th Story Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spirit_in_the_Sky&oldid=830274672 '' Categories : 1969 singles 1970 singles 1986 singles 2003 singles Gareth Gates songs Norman Greenbaum songs UK Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Australia Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Comic Relief singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles RCA Records singles Reprise Records singles Songs about death Sony BMG singles 1969 songs Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Webarchive template wayback links Pages with duplicate reference names Use mdy dates from January 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Français Nederlands 日本語 Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 13 March 2018 , at 20 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit%20in%20the%20Sky	1,822
who is assigned to take hamlet to england	Hamlet jokes with Claudius about where he has hidden Polonius 's body , and the king , fearing for his life , sends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to accompany Hamlet to England with a sealed letter to the English king requesting that Hamlet be executed immediately .	Rosencrantz\|Guildenstern	Hamlet	hamlet	The Tragedy of Hamlet , Prince of Denmark , often shortened to Hamlet ( / ˈhæmlɪt / ) , is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare at an uncertain date between 1599 and 1602 . Set in Denmark , the play dramatises the revenge Prince Hamlet is called to wreak upon his uncle , Claudius , by the ghost of Hamlet 's father , King Hamlet . Claudius had murdered his own brother and seized the throne , also marrying his deceased brother 's widow .	Hamlet is Shakespeare 's longest play , and is considered among the most powerful and influential works of world literature , with a story capable of `` seemingly endless retelling and adaptation by others '' . It was probably one of Shakespeare 's most popular works during his lifetime , and still ranks among his most performed , topping the performance list of the Royal Shakespeare Company and its predecessors in Stratford - upon - Avon since 1879 . It has inspired many other writers -- from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Charles Dickens to James Joyce and Iris Murdoch -- and has been described as `` the world 's most filmed story after Cinderella '' . The story of Shakespeare 's Hamlet was derived from the legend of Amleth , preserved by 13th - century chronicler Saxo Grammaticus in his Gesta Danorum , as subsequently retold by the 16th - century scholar François de Belleforest . Shakespeare may also have drawn on an earlier Elizabethan play known today as the Ur - Hamlet , though some scholars believe he himself wrote the Ur - Hamlet , later revising it to create the version of Hamlet we now have . He almost certainly wrote his version of the title role for his fellow actor , Richard Burbage , the leading tragedian of Shakespeare 's time . In the 400 years since its inception , the role has been performed by numerous highly acclaimed actors in each successive century . Three different early versions of the play are extant : the First Quarto ( Q1 , 1603 ) ; the Second Quarto ( Q2 , 1604 ) ; and the First Folio ( F1 , 1623 ) . Each version includes lines and entire scenes missing from the others . The play 's structure and depth of characterisation have inspired much critical scrutiny . One such example is the centuries - old debate about Hamlet 's hesitation to kill his uncle , which some see as merely a plot device to prolong the action , but which others argue is a dramatisation of the complex philosophical and ethical issues that surround cold - blooded murder , calculated revenge , and thwarted desire . More recently , psychoanalytic critics have examined Hamlet 's unconscious desires , while feminist critics have re-evaluated and attempted to rehabilitate the often maligned characters of Ophelia and Gertrude . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 2 Plot 2.1 Act I 2.2 Act II 2.3 Act III 2.4 Act IV 2.5 Act V 3 Sources 4 Date 5 Texts 6 Analysis and criticism 6.1 Critical history 6.2 Dramatic structure 6.3 Length 6.4 Language 7 Context and interpretation 7.1 Religious 7.2 Philosophical 7.3 Psychoanalytic 7.4 Feminist 8 Influence 9 Performance history 9.1 Shakespeare 's day to the Interregnum 9.2 Restoration and 18th century 9.3 19th century 9.4 20th century 9.5 21st century 9.6 Film and TV performances 9.7 Stage pastiches 10 Notes and references 10.1 Notes 10.2 References 11 Sources 11.1 Editions of Hamlet 11.2 Secondary sources 12 External links 12.1 Texts 12.2 Analysis 12.3 Related works Characters ( edit ) Main article : Characters in Hamlet Hamlet -- Son of the late King and nephew of the present king . Claudius -- King of Denmark and Hamlet 's uncle Gertrude -- Queen of Denmark and Hamlet 's mother Polonius -- Chief counsellor to the king Ophelia -- Polonius 's daughter Horatio -- True friend to Hamlet Laertes -- Polonius 's son Voltimand and Cornelius -- Courtiers Rosencrantz and Guildenstern -- Courtiers , friends of Hamlet Osric -- a Courtier Marcellus -- an Officer Barnardo -- an Officer Francisco -- a Soldier Reynaldo -- Polonius 's servant Ghost of Hamlet 's Father Fortinbras -- Prince of Norway Gravediggers -- a Sexton Player King , Player Queen , Lucianus etc. -- Players Plot ( edit ) Act I ( edit ) The protagonist of Hamlet is Prince Hamlet of Denmark , son of the recently deceased King Hamlet , and nephew of King Claudius , his father 's brother and successor . Claudius hastily married King Hamlet 's widow , Gertrude , Hamlet 's mother , and took the throne for himself . Denmark has a long - standing feud with neighboring Norway , in which King Hamlet slew King Fortinbras of Norway in a battle some years ago . Although Denmark defeated Norway , and the Norwegian throne fell to King Fortinbras 's infirm brother , Denmark fears that an invasion led by the dead Norwegian king 's son , Prince Fortinbras , is imminent . On a cold night on the ramparts of Elsinore , the Danish royal castle , the sentries Bernardo and Marcellus and Hamlet 's friend Horatio encounter a ghost that looks like the late King Hamlet . They vow to tell Prince Hamlet what they have witnessed . As the court gathers the next day , while King Claudius and Queen Gertrude discuss affairs of state with their elderly adviser Polonius , Hamlet looks on glumly . After the court exits , Hamlet despairs of his father 's death and his mother 's hasty remarriage . Learning of the ghost from Horatio , Hamlet resolves to see it himself . Horatio , Hamlet , and the ghost ( Artist : Henry Fuseli , 1789 ) As Polonius 's son Laertes prepares to depart for a visit to France , Polonius gives him contradictory advice that culminates in the ironic maxim `` to thine own self be true . '' Polonius 's daughter , Ophelia , admits her interest in Hamlet , but both Polonius and Laertes warn her against seeking the prince 's attention . That night on the rampart , the ghost appears to Hamlet , telling the prince that he was murdered by Claudius and demanding that Hamlet avenge him . Hamlet agrees and the ghost vanishes . The prince confides to Horatio and the sentries that from now on he plans to `` put an antic disposition on , '' or act as though he has gone mad , and forces them to swear to keep his plans for revenge secret . Privately , however , he remains uncertain of the ghost 's reliability . Act II ( edit ) Soon thereafter , Ophelia rushes to her father , telling him that Hamlet arrived at her door the prior night half - undressed and behaving crazily . Polonius blames love for Hamlet 's madness and resolves to inform Claudius and Gertrude . As he enters to do so , the king and queen finish welcoming Rosencrantz and Guildenstern , two student acquaintances of Hamlet , to Elsinore . The royal couple has requested that the students investigate the cause of Hamlet 's mood and behavior . Additional news requires that Polonius wait to be heard : messengers from Norway inform Claudius that the King of Norway has rebuked Prince Fortinbras for attempting to re-fight his father 's battles . The forces that Fortinbras had conscripted to march against Denmark will instead be sent against Poland , though they will pass through a portion of Denmark to get there . Polonius tells Claudius and Gertrude his theory regarding Hamlet 's behavior , and speaks to Hamlet in a hall of the castle to try to uncover more information . Hamlet feigns madness but subtly insults Polonius all the while . When Rosencrantz and Guildenstern arrive , Hamlet greets his `` friends '' warmly , but quickly discerns that they are spies . Hamlet becomes bitter , admitting that he is upset at his situation but refusing to give the true reason why , instead commenting on `` what a piece of work '' humanity is . Rosencrantz and Guildenstern tell Hamlet that they have brought along a troupe of actors that they met while traveling to Elsinore . Hamlet , after welcoming the actors and dismissing his friends - turned - spies , plots to stage a play featuring a death in the style of his father 's murder , thereby determining the truth of the ghost 's story , as well as Claudius 's guilt or innocence , by studying Claudius 's reaction . Act III ( edit ) Polonius forces Ophelia to return Hamlet 's love letters and tokens of affection to the prince while he and Claudius watch from afar to evaluate Hamlet 's reaction . Hamlet is walking alone in the hall as the King and Polonius await Ophelia 's entrance , musing whether `` to be or not to be '' . When Ophelia enters and tries to return Hamlet 's things , Hamlet accuses her of immodesty and cries `` get thee to a nunnery , '' though it is unclear whether this , too , is a show of madness or genuine distress . His reaction convinces Claudius that Hamlet is not mad for love . Shortly thereafter , the court assembles to watch the play Hamlet has commissioned . After seeing the Player King murdered by his rival pouring poison in his ear , Claudius abruptly rises and runs from the room : for Hamlet , proof positive of his uncle 's guilt . Hamlet mistakenly stabs Polonius ( Artist : Coke Smyth , 19th century ) . Gertrude summons Hamlet to her room to demand an explanation . Meanwhile , Claudius talks to himself about the impossibility of repenting , since he still has possession of his ill - gotten goods : his brother 's crown and wife . He sinks to his knees . Hamlet , on his way to visit his mother , sneaks up behind him , but does not kill him , reasoning that killing Claudius while he is praying will send him straight to heaven while his father 's ghost is stuck in purgatory . In the queen 's bedchamber , Hamlet and Gertrude fight bitterly . Polonius , spying on the conversation from behind a tapestry , makes a noise . Hamlet , believing it is Claudius , stabs wildly , killing Polonius , but pulls aside the curtain and sees his mistake . In a rage , Hamlet brutally insults his mother for her apparent ignorance of Claudius 's villainy , but the ghost enters and reprimands Hamlet for his inaction and harsh words . Unable to see or hear the ghost herself , Gertrude takes Hamlet 's conversation with it as further evidence of madness . After begging the queen to stop sleeping with Claudius , Hamlet leaves , dragging Polonius 's corpse away . Act IV ( edit ) Hamlet jokes with Claudius about where he has hidden Polonius 's body , and the king , fearing for his life , sends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to accompany Hamlet to England with a sealed letter to the English king requesting that Hamlet be executed immediately . Demented by grief at Polonius 's death , Ophelia wanders Elsinore . Laertes arrives back from France , enraged by his father 's death and his sister 's madness . Claudius convinces Laertes that Hamlet is solely responsible , but a letter soon arrives indicating that Hamlet has returned to Denmark , foiling Claudius ' plan . Claudius switches tactics , proposing a fencing match between Laertes and Hamlet to settle their differences . Laertes will be given a poison - tipped foil , and Claudius will offer Hamlet poisoned wine as a congratulation if that fails . Gertrude interrupts to report that Ophelia has drowned , though it is unclear whether it was suicide or an accident exacerbated by her madness . The gravedigger scene ( Artist : Eugène Delacroix , 1839 ) Act v ( edit ) Horatio has received a letter from Hamlet , explaining that the prince escaped by negotiating with pirates who attempted to attack his England - bound ship , and the friends reunite offstage . Two gravediggers discuss Ophelia 's apparent suicide while digging her grave . Hamlet arrives with Horatio and banters with one of the gravediggers , who unearths the skull of a jester from Hamlet 's childhood , Yorick . Hamlet picks up the skull , saying `` alas , poor Yorick '' as he contemplates mortality . Ophelia 's funeral procession approaches , led by Laertes . Hamlet and Horatio initially hide , but when Hamlet realizes that Ophelia is the one being buried , he reveals himself , proclaiming his love for her . Laertes and Hamlet fight by Ophelia 's graveside , but the brawl is broken up . Back at Elsinore , Hamlet explains to Horatio that he had discovered Claudius 's letter with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern 's belongings and replaced it with a forged copy indicating that his former friends should be killed instead . A foppish courtier , Osric , interrupts the conversation to deliver the fencing challenge to Hamlet . Hamlet , despite Horatio 's pleas , accepts it . Hamlet does well at first , leading the match by two hits to none , and Gertrude raises a toast to him using the poisoned glass of wine Claudius had set aside for Hamlet . Claudius tries to stop her , but is too late : she drinks , and Laertes realizes the plot will be revealed . Laertes slashes Hamlet with his poisoned blade . In the ensuing scuffle , they switch weapons and Hamlet wounds Laertes with his own poisoned sword . Gertrude collapses and , claiming she has been poisoned , dies . In his dying moments , Laertes reconciles with Hamlet and reveals Claudius 's plan . Hamlet rushes at Claudius and kills him . As the poison takes effect , Hamlet , hearing that Fortinbras is marching through the area , names the Norwegian prince as his successor . Horatio , distraught at the thought of being the last survivor and living whilst Hamlet does not , says he will commit suicide by drinking the dregs of Gertrude 's poisoned wine , but Hamlet begs him to live on and tell his story . Hamlet dies in Horatio 's arms , proclaiming `` the rest is silence '' . Fortinbras , who was ostensibly marching towards Poland with his army , arrives at the palace , along with an English ambassador bringing news of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern 's deaths . Horatio promises to recount the full story of what happened , and Fortinbras , seeing the entire Danish royal family dead , takes the crown for himself , and orders a military funeral to honor Hamlet . Sources ( edit ) Main article : Sources of Hamlet A facsimile of Gesta Danorum by Saxo Grammaticus , which contains the legend of Amleth Hamlet - like legends are so widely found ( for example in Italy , Spain , Scandinavia , Byzantium , and Arabia ) that the core `` hero - as - fool '' theme is possibly Indo - European in origin . Several ancient written precursors to Hamlet can be identified . The first is the anonymous Scandinavian Saga of Hrolf Kraki . In this , the murdered king has two sons -- Hroar and Helgi -- who spend most of the story in disguise , under false names , rather than feigning madness , in a sequence of events that differs from Shakespeare 's . The second is the Roman legend of Brutus , recorded in two separate Latin works . Its hero , Lucius ( `` shining , light '' ) , changes his name and persona to Brutus ( `` dull , stupid '' ) , playing the role of a fool to avoid the fate of his father and brothers , and eventually slaying his family 's killer , King Tarquinius . A 17th - century Nordic scholar , Torfaeus , compared the Icelandic hero Amlodi and the Spanish hero Prince Ambales ( from the Ambales Saga ) to Shakespeare 's Hamlet . Similarities include the prince 's feigned madness , his accidental killing of the king 's counsellor in his mother 's bedroom , and the eventual slaying of his uncle . Many of the earlier legendary elements are interwoven in the 13th - century `` Life of Amleth '' ( Latin : Vita Amlethi ) by Saxo Grammaticus , part of Gesta Danorum . Written in Latin , it reflects classical Roman concepts of virtue and heroism , and was widely available in Shakespeare 's day . Significant parallels include the prince feigning madness , his mother 's hasty marriage to the usurper , the prince killing a hidden spy , and the prince substituting the execution of two retainers for his own . A reasonably faithful version of Saxo 's story was translated into French in 1570 by François de Belleforest , in his Histoires tragiques . Belleforest embellished Saxo 's text substantially , almost doubling its length , and introduced the hero 's melancholy . Title page of The Spanish Tragedy by Thomas Kyd According to one theory , Shakespeare 's main source is an earlier play -- now lost -- known today as the Ur - Hamlet . Possibly written by Thomas Kyd or even William Shakespeare , the Ur - Hamlet would have existed by 1589 , and would have incorporated a ghost . Shakespeare 's company , the Chamberlain 's Men , may have purchased that play and performed a version for some time , which Shakespeare reworked . However , since no copy of the Ur - Hamlet has survived , it is impossible to compare its language and style with the known works of any of its putative authors . Consequently , there is no direct evidence that Kyd wrote it , nor any evidence that the play was not an early version of Hamlet by Shakespeare himself . This latter idea -- placing Hamlet far earlier than the generally accepted date , with a much longer period of development -- has attracted some support . The upshot is that scholars can not assert with any confidence how much material Shakespeare took from the Ur - Hamlet ( if it even existed ) , how much from Belleforest or Saxo , and how much from other contemporary sources ( such as Kyd 's The Spanish Tragedy ) . No clear evidence exists that Shakespeare made any direct references to Saxo 's version . However , elements of Belleforest 's version which are not in Saxo 's story do appear in Shakespeare 's play . Whether Shakespeare took these from Belleforest directly or through the Ur - Hamlet remains unclear . Most scholars reject the idea that Hamlet is in any way connected with Shakespeare 's only son , Hamnet Shakespeare , who died in 1596 at age eleven . Conventional wisdom holds that Hamlet is too obviously connected to legend , and the name Hamnet was quite popular at the time . However , Stephen Greenblatt has argued that the coincidence of the names and Shakespeare 's grief for the loss of his son may lie at the heart of the tragedy . He notes that the name of Hamnet Sadler , the Stratford neighbour after whom Hamnet was named , was often written as Hamlet Sadler and that , in the loose orthography of the time , the names were virtually interchangeable . Scholars have often speculated that Hamlet 's Polonius might have been inspired by William Cecil ( Lord Burghley ) -- Lord High Treasurer and chief counsellor to Queen Elizabeth I. E.K. Chambers suggested Polonius 's advice to Laertes may have echoed Burghley 's to his son Robert Cecil . John Dover Wilson thought it almost certain that the figure of Polonius caricatured Burghley . A.L. Rowse speculated that Polonius 's tedious verbosity might have resembled Burghley 's . Lilian Winstanley thought the name Corambis ( in the First Quarto ) did suggest Cecil and Burghley . Harold Jenkins considers the idea that Polonius might be a caricature of Burghley is a conjecture , and may be based on the similar role they each played at court , and also on the fact that Burghley addressed his Ten Precepts to his son , as in the play Polonius offers `` precepts '' to Laertes , his son . Jenkins suggests that any personal satire may be found in the name `` Polonius '' , which might point to a Polish or Polonian connection . G.R. Hibbard hypothesised that differences in names ( Corambis / Polonius : Montano / Raynoldo ) between the First Quarto and other editions might reflect a desire not to offend scholars at Oxford University . Date ( edit ) John Barrymore as Hamlet ( 1922 ) `` Any dating of Hamlet must be tentative '' , cautions the New Cambridge editor , Phillip Edwards . The earliest date estimate relies on Hamlet 's frequent allusions to Shakespeare 's Julius Caesar , itself dated to mid-1599 . The latest date estimate is based on an entry , of 26 July 1602 , in the Register of the Stationers ' Company , indicating that Hamlet was `` latelie Acted by the Lo : Chamberleyne his servantes '' . In 1598 , Francis Meres published his Palladis Tamia , a survey of English literature from Chaucer to its present day , within which twelve of Shakespeare 's plays are named . Hamlet is not among them , suggesting that it had not yet been written . As Hamlet was very popular , Bernard Lott , the series editor of New Swan , believes it `` unlikely that he ( Meres ) would have overlooked ... so significant a piece '' . The phrase `` little eyases '' in the First Folio ( F1 ) may allude to the Children of the Chapel , whose popularity in London forced the Globe company into provincial touring . This became known as the War of the Theatres , and supports a 1601 dating . Katherine Duncan - Jones accepts a 1600 -- 1 attribution for the date Hamlet was written , but notes that the Lord Chamberlain 's Men , playing Hamlet in the 3000 - capacity Globe , were unlikely to be put to any disadvantage by an audience of `` barely one hundred '' for the Children of the Chapel 's equivalent play , Antonio 's Revenge ; she believes that Shakespeare , confident in the superiority of his own work , was making a playful and charitable allusion to his friend John Marston 's very similar piece . A contemporary of Shakespeare 's , Gabriel Harvey , wrote a marginal note in his copy of the 1598 edition of Chaucer 's works , which some scholars use as dating evidence . Harvey 's note says that `` the wiser sort '' enjoy Hamlet , and implies that the Earl of Essex -- executed in February 1601 for rebellion -- was still alive . Other scholars consider this inconclusive . Edwards , for example , concludes that the `` sense of time is so confused in Harvey 's note that it is really of little use in trying to date Hamlet '' . This is because the same note also refers to Spenser and Watson as if they were still alive ( `` our flourishing metricians '' ) , but also mentions `` Owen 's new epigrams '' , published in 1607 . Texts ( edit ) Title page of the 1605 printing ( Q2 ) of Hamlet Three early editions of the text have survived , making attempts to establish a single `` authentic '' text problematic and inconclusive . Each surviving edition differs from the others : First Quarto ( Q1 ) : In 1603 the booksellers Nicholas Ling and John Trundell published , and Valentine Simmes printed , the so - called `` bad '' first quarto . Q1 contains just over half of the text of the later second quarto . Second Quarto ( Q2 ) : In 1604 Nicholas Ling published , and James Roberts printed , the second quarto . Some copies are dated 1605 , which may indicate a second impression ; consequently , Q2 is often dated `` 1604 / 5 '' . Q2 is the longest early edition , although it omits about 77 lines found in F1 ( most likely to avoid offending James I 's queen , Anne of Denmark ) . First Folio ( F1 ) : In 1623 Edward Blount and William and Isaac Jaggard published the First Folio , the first edition of Shakespeare 's Complete Works . Other folios and quartos were subsequently published -- including John Smethwick 's Q3 , Q4 , and Q5 ( 1611 -- 37 ) -- but these are regarded as derivatives of the first three editions . The first page of the First Folio printing of Hamlet , 1623 Early editors of Shakespeare 's works , beginning with Nicholas Rowe ( 1709 ) and Lewis Theobald ( 1733 ) , combined material from the two earliest sources of Hamlet available at the time , Q2 and F1 . Each text contains material that the other lacks , with many minor differences in wording : scarcely 200 lines are identical in the two . Editors have combined them in an effort to create one `` inclusive '' text that reflects an imagined `` ideal '' of Shakespeare 's original . Theobald 's version became standard for a long time , and his `` full text '' approach continues to influence editorial practice to the present day . Some contemporary scholarship , however , discounts this approach , instead considering `` an authentic Hamlet an unrealisable ideal ... there are texts of this play but no text '' . The 2006 publication by Arden Shakespeare of different Hamlet texts in different volumes is perhaps evidence of this shifting focus and emphasis . Other editors have continued to argue the need for well - edited editions taking material from all versions of the play . Colin Burrow has argued that `` most of us should read a text that is made up by conflating all three versions ... it 's about as likely that Shakespeare wrote : `` To be or not to be , ay , there 's the point '' ( in Q1 ) , as that he wrote the works of Francis Bacon . I suspect most people just wo n't want to read a three - text play ... ( multi-text editions are ) a version of the play that is out of touch with the needs of a wider public . '' Traditionally , editors of Shakespeare 's plays have divided them into five acts . None of the early texts of Hamlet , however , were arranged this way , and the play 's division into acts and scenes derives from a 1676 quarto . Modern editors generally follow this traditional division , but consider it unsatisfactory ; for example , after Hamlet drags Polonius 's body out of Gertrude 's bedchamber , there is an act - break after which the action appears to continue uninterrupted . Comparison of the ' To be , or not to be ' soliloquy in the first three editions of Hamlet , showing the varying quality of the text in the Bad Quarto , the Good Quarto and the First Folio The discovery in 1823 of Q1 -- whose existence had been quite unsuspected -- caused considerable interest and excitement , raising many questions of editorial practice and interpretation . Scholars immediately identified apparent deficiencies in Q1 , which was instrumental in the development of the concept of a Shakespearean `` bad quarto '' . Yet Q1 has value : it contains stage directions ( such as Ophelia entering with a lute and her hair down ) that reveal actual stage practices in a way that Q2 and F1 do not ; it contains an entire scene ( usually labelled 4.6 ) that does not appear in either Q2 or F1 ; and it is useful for comparison with the later editions . The major deficiency of Q1 is in the language : particularly noticeable in the opening lines of the famous `` To be , or not to be '' soliloquy : `` To be , or not to be , aye there 's the point . / To die , to sleep , is that all ? Aye all : / No , to sleep , to dream , aye marry there it goes . '' However , the scene order is more coherent , without the problems of Q2 and F1 of Hamlet seeming to resolve something in one scene and enter the next drowning in indecision . New Cambridge editor Kathleen Irace has noted that `` Q1 's more linear plot design is certainly easier ( ... ) to follow ( ... ) but the simplicity of the Q1 plot arrangement eliminates the alternating plot elements that correspond to Hamlet 's shifts in mood . '' Q1 is considerably shorter than Q2 or F1 and may be a memorial reconstruction of the play as Shakespeare 's company performed it , by an actor who played a minor role ( most likely Marcellus ) . Scholars disagree whether the reconstruction was pirated or authorised . It is suggested by Irace that Q1 is an abridged version intended especially for travelling productions , thus the question of length may be considered as separate from issues of poor textual quality . Editing Q1 thus poses problems in whether or not to `` correct '' differences from Q2 and F. Irace , in her introduction to Q1 , wrote that `` I have avoided as many other alterations as possible , because the differences ... are especially intriguing ... I have recorded a selection of Q2 / F readings in the collation . '' The idea that Q1 is not riddled with error but is instead eminently fit for the stage has led to at least 28 different Q1 productions since 1881 . Other productions have used the probably superior Q2 and Folio texts , but used Q1 's running order , in particular moving the to be or not to be soliloquy earlier . Developing this , some editors such as Jonathan Bate have argued that Q2 may represent `` a ' reading ' text as opposed to a ' performance ' one '' of Hamlet , analogous to how modern films released on disc may include deleted scenes : an edition containing all of Shakespeare 's material for the play for the pleasure of readers , so not representing the play as it would have been staged . Analysis and criticism ( edit ) Main article : Critical approaches to Hamlet Critical History ( edit ) From the early 17th century , the play was famous for its ghost and vivid dramatisation of melancholy and insanity , leading to a procession of mad courtiers and ladies in Jacobean and Caroline drama . Though it remained popular with mass audiences , late 17th - century Restoration critics saw Hamlet as primitive and disapproved of its lack of unity and decorum . This view changed drastically in the 18th century , when critics regarded Hamlet as a hero -- a pure , brilliant young man thrust into unfortunate circumstances . By the mid-18th century , however , the advent of Gothic literature brought psychological and mystical readings , returning madness and the ghost to the forefront . Not until the late 18th century did critics and performers begin to view Hamlet as confusing and inconsistent . Before then , he was either mad , or not ; either a hero , or not ; with no in - betweens . These developments represented a fundamental change in literary criticism , which came to focus more on character and less on plot . By the 19th century , Romantic critics valued Hamlet for its internal , individual conflict reflecting the strong contemporary emphasis on internal struggles and inner character in general . Then too , critics started to focus on Hamlet 's delay as a character trait , rather than a plot device . This focus on character and internal struggle continued into the 20th century , when criticism branched in several directions , discussed in context and interpretation below . Dramatic structure ( edit ) Hamlet departed from contemporary dramatic convention in several ways . For example , in Shakespeare 's day , plays were usually expected to follow the advice of Aristotle in his Poetics : that a drama should focus on action , not character . In Hamlet , Shakespeare reverses this so that it is through the soliloquies , not the action , that the audience learns Hamlet 's motives and thoughts . The play is full of seeming discontinuities and irregularities of action , except in the `` bad '' quarto . At one point , as in the Gravedigger scene , Hamlet seems resolved to kill Claudius : in the next scene , however , when Claudius appears , he is suddenly tame . Scholars still debate whether these twists are mistakes or intentional additions to add to the play 's themes of confusion and duality . Hamlet also contains a recurrent Shakespearean device , a play within the play , a literary device or conceit in which one story is told during the action of another story . Length ( edit ) Hamlet is Shakespeare 's longest play . The Riverside edition constitutes 4,042 lines totaling 29,551 words , typically requiring over four hours to stage . It is rare that the play is performed without some abridgments , and only one film adaptation has used a full - text conflation : Kenneth Branagh 's 1996 version , which runs slightly more than four hours . Language ( edit ) Hamlet 's statement that his dark clothes are the outer sign of his inner grief demonstrates strong rhetorical skill ( artist : Eugène Delacroix 1834 ) . Much of Hamlet 's language is courtly : elaborate , witty discourse , as recommended by Baldassare Castiglione 's 1528 etiquette guide , The Courtier . This work specifically advises royal retainers to amuse their masters with inventive language . Osric and Polonius , especially , seem to respect this injunction . Claudius 's speech is rich with rhetorical figures -- as is Hamlet 's and , at times , Ophelia 's -- while the language of Horatio , the guards , and the gravediggers is simpler . Claudius 's high status is reinforced by using the royal first person plural ( `` we '' or `` us '' ) , and anaphora mixed with metaphor to resonate with Greek political speeches . Of all the characters , Hamlet has the greatest rhetorical skill . He uses highly developed metaphors , stichomythia , and in nine memorable words deploys both anaphora and asyndeton : `` to die : to sleep -- / To sleep , perchance to dream '' . In contrast , when occasion demands , he is precise and straightforward , as when he explains his inward emotion to his mother : `` But I have that within which passes show , / These but the trappings and the suits of woe '' . At times , he relies heavily on puns to express his true thoughts while simultaneously concealing them . His `` nunnery '' remarks to Ophelia are an example of a cruel double meaning as nunnery was Elizabethan slang for brothel . His very first words in the play are a pun ; when Claudius addresses him as `` my cousin Hamlet , and my son '' , Hamlet says as an aside : `` A little more than kin , and less than kind . '' An unusual rhetorical device , hendiadys , appears in several places in the play . Examples are found in Ophelia 's speech at the end of the nunnery scene : `` Th'expectancy and rose of the fair state '' and `` And I , of ladies most deject and wretched '' . Many scholars have found it odd that Shakespeare would , seemingly arbitrarily , use this rhetorical form throughout the play . One explanation may be that Hamlet was written later in Shakespeare 's life , when he was adept at matching rhetorical devices to characters and the plot . Linguist George T. Wright suggests that hendiadys had been used deliberately to heighten the play 's sense of duality and dislocation . Pauline Kiernan argues that Shakespeare changed English drama forever in Hamlet because he `` showed how a character 's language can often be saying several things at once , and contradictory meanings at that , to reflect fragmented thoughts and disturbed feelings '' . She gives the example of Hamlet 's advice to Ophelia , `` get thee to a nunnery '' , which is simultaneously a reference to a place of chastity and a slang term for a brothel , reflecting Hamlet 's confused feelings about female sexuality . Hamlet 's soliloquies have also captured the attention of scholars . Hamlet interrupts himself , vocalising either disgust or agreement with himself , and embellishing his own words . He has difficulty expressing himself directly and instead blunts the thrust of his thought with wordplay . It is not until late in the play , after his experience with the pirates , that Hamlet is able to articulate his feelings freely . Context and interpretation ( edit ) Religious ( edit ) John Everett Millais ' Ophelia ( 1852 ) depicts Lady Ophelia 's mysterious death by drowning . In the play , the gravediggers discuss whether Ophelia 's death was a suicide and whether she merits a Christian burial . Written at a time of religious upheaval , and in the wake of the English Reformation , the play is alternately Catholic ( or piously medieval ) and Protestant ( or consciously modern ) . The ghost describes himself as being in purgatory , and as dying without last rites . This and Ophelia 's burial ceremony , which is characteristically Catholic , make up most of the play 's Catholic connections . Some scholars have observed that revenge tragedies come from Catholic countries like Italy and Spain , where the revenge tragedies present contradictions of motives , since according to Catholic doctrine the duty to God and family precedes civil justice . Hamlet 's conundrum , then , is whether to avenge his father and kill Claudius , or to leave the vengeance to God , as his religion requires . Much of the play 's Protestant tones derive from its setting in Denmark -- both then and now a predominantly Protestant country , though it is unclear whether the fictional Denmark of the play is intended to portray this implicit fact . Dialog refers explicitly to Wittenberg , where Hamlet , Horatio , and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern attend university , implying where Martin Luther in 1517 first proposed his 95 theses and thereby initiated the Protestant Reformation . Philosophical ( edit ) Philosophical ideas in Hamlet are similar to those of the French writer Michel de Montaigne , a contemporary of Shakespeare 's ( artist : Thomas de Leu , fl. 1560 -- 1612 ) . Hamlet is often perceived as a philosophical character , expounding ideas that are now described as relativist , existentialist , and sceptical . For example , he expresses a subjectivistic idea when he says to Rosencrantz : `` there is nothing either good or bad , but thinking makes it so '' . The idea that nothing is real except in the mind of the individual finds its roots in the Greek Sophists , who argued that since nothing can be perceived except through the senses -- and since all individuals sense , and therefore perceive things differently -- there is no absolute truth , but rather only relative truth . The clearest alleged instance of existentialism is in the `` to be , or not to be '' speech , where Hamlet is thought by some to use `` being '' to allude to life and action , and `` not being '' to death and inaction . Hamlet reflects the contemporary scepticism promoted by the French Renaissance humanist Michel de Montaigne . Prior to Montaigne 's time , humanists such as Pico della Mirandola had argued that man was God 's greatest creation , made in God 's image and able to choose his own nature , but this view was subsequently challenged in Montaigne 's Essais of 1580 . Hamlet 's `` What a piece of work is a man '' seems to echo many of Montaigne 's ideas , and many scholars have discussed whether Shakespeare drew directly from Montaigne or whether both men were simply reacting similarly to the spirit of the times . Psychoanalytic ( edit ) Freud suggested that an unconscious Oedipal conflict caused Hamlet 's hesitations ( artist : Eugène Delacroix 1844 ) . In the first half of the 20th century , when psychoanalysis was at the height of its influence , its concepts were applied to Hamlet , notably by Sigmund Freud , Ernest Jones , and Jacques Lacan , and these studies influenced theatrical productions . In his The Interpretation of Dreams ( 1900 ) , Freud 's analysis starts from the premise that `` the play is built up on Hamlet 's hesitations over fulfilling the task of revenge that is assigned to him ; but its text offers no reasons or motives for these hesitations '' . After reviewing various literary theories , Freud concludes that Hamlet has an `` Oedipal desire for his mother and the subsequent guilt ( is ) preventing him from murdering the man ( Claudius ) who has done what he unconsciously wanted to do '' . Confronted with his repressed desires , Hamlet realises that `` he himself is literally no better than the sinner whom he is to punish '' . Freud suggests that Hamlet 's apparent `` distaste for sexuality '' -- articulated in his `` nunnery '' conversation with Ophelia -- accords with this interpretation . John Barrymore 's long - running 1922 performance in New York , directed by Thomas Hopkins , `` broke new ground in its Freudian approach to character '' , in keeping with the post-World War I rebellion against everything Victorian . He had a `` blunter intention '' than presenting the genteel , sweet prince of 19th - century tradition , imbuing his character with virility and lust . Beginning in 1910 , with the publication of `` The Œdipus - Complex as an Explanation of Hamlet 's Mystery : A Study in Motive '' Ernest Jones -- a psychoanalyst and Freud 's biographer -- developed Freud 's ideas into a series of essays that culminated in his book Hamlet and Oedipus ( 1949 ) . Influenced by Jones 's psychoanalytic approach , several productions have portrayed the `` closet scene '' , where Hamlet confronts his mother in her private quarters , in a sexual light . In this reading , Hamlet is disgusted by his mother 's `` incestuous '' relationship with Claudius while simultaneously fearful of killing him , as this would clear Hamlet 's path to his mother 's bed . Ophelia 's madness after her father 's death may also be read through the Freudian lens : as a reaction to the death of her hoped - for lover , her father . Ophelia is overwhelmed by having her unfulfilled love for him so abruptly terminated and drifts into the oblivion of insanity . In 1937 , Tyrone Guthrie directed Laurence Olivier in a Jones - inspired Hamlet at The Old Vic . Olivier later used some of these same ideas in his 1948 film version of the play . In the 1950s , Lacan 's structuralist theories about Hamlet were first presented in a series of seminars given in Paris and later published in `` Desire and the Interpretation of Desire in Hamlet '' . Lacan postulated that the human psyche is determined by structures of language and that the linguistic structures of Hamlet shed light on human desire . His point of departure is Freud 's Oedipal theories , and the central theme of mourning that runs through Hamlet . In Lacan 's analysis , Hamlet unconsciously assumes the role of phallus -- the cause of his inaction -- and is increasingly distanced from reality `` by mourning , fantasy , narcissism and psychosis '' , which create holes ( or lack ) in the real , imaginary , and symbolic aspects of his psyche . Lacan 's theories influenced literary criticism of Hamlet because of his alternative vision of the play and his use of semantics to explore the play 's psychological landscape . In the Bloom 's Shakespeare Through the Ages volume on Hamlet , editors Bloom and Foster express a conviction that the intentions of Shakespeare in portraying the character of Hamlet in the play exceeded the capacity of the Freudian Oedipus complex to completely encompass the extent of characteristics depicted in Hamlet throughout the tragedy : `` For once , Freud regressed in attempting to fasten the Oedipus Complex upon Hamlet : it will not stick , and merely showed that Freud did better than T.S. Eliot , who preferred Coriolanus to Hamlet , or so he said . Who can believe Eliot , when he exposes his own Hamlet Complex by declaring the play to be an aesthetic failure ? '' The book also notes James Joyce 's interpretation , stating that he `` did far better in the Library Scene of Ulysses , where Stephen marvelously credits Shakespeare , in this play , with universal fatherhood while accurately implying that Hamlet is fatherless , thus opening a pragmatic gap between Shakespeare and Hamlet . '' Joshua Rothman has written in The New Yorker that `` we tell the story wrong when we say that Freud used the idea of the Oedipus complex to understand Hamlet '' . Rothman suggests that `` it was the other way around : Hamlet helped Freud understand , and perhaps even invent , psychoanalysis '' . He concludes , `` The Oedipus complex is a misnomer . It should be called the ' Hamlet complex ' . '' In the essay `` Hamlet Made Simple '' , David P. Gontar turns the tables on the psychoanalysts by suggesting that Claudius is not a symbolic father figure but actually Prince Hamlet 's biological father . The hesitation in killing Claudius results from an unwillingness on Hamlet 's part to slay his real father . If Hamlet is the biological son of Claudius , that explains many things . Hamlet does n't become King of Denmark on the occasion of the King 's death inasmuch as it is an open secret in court that he is Claudius 's biological son , and as such he is merely a court bastard not in the line of succession . He is angry with his mother because of her long standing affair with a man Hamlet hates , and Hamlet must face the fact that he has been sired by the man he loathes . That point overturns T.S. Eliot 's complaint that the play is a failure for not furnishing an `` objective correlative '' to account for Hamlet 's rage at his mother . Gontar suggests that if the reader assumes that Hamlet is not who he seems to be , the objective correlative becomes apparent . Hamlet is suicidal in the first soliloquy not because his mother quickly remarries but because of her adulterous affair with the despised Claudius which makes Hamlet his son . Finally , the ghost 's confirmation of an alternative fatherhood for Hamlet is a fabrication that gives the prince a motive for revenge . Feminist ( edit ) Ophelia is distracted by grief . Feminist critics have explored her descent into madness ( artist : Henrietta Rae 1890 ) . In the 20th century , feminist critics opened up new approaches to Gertrude and Ophelia . New Historicist and cultural materialist critics examined the play in its historical context , attempting to piece together its original cultural environment . They focused on the gender system of early modern England , pointing to the common trinity of maid , wife , or widow , with whores outside of that stereotype . In this analysis , the essence of Hamlet is the central character 's changed perception of his mother as a whore because of her failure to remain faithful to Old Hamlet . In consequence , Hamlet loses his faith in all women , treating Ophelia as if she too were a whore and dishonest with Hamlet . Ophelia , by some critics , can be seen as honest and fair ; however , it is virtually impossible to link these two traits , since ' fairness ' is an outward trait , while ' honesty ' is an inward trait . Hamlet tries to show his mother Gertrude his father 's ghost ( artist : Nicolai A. Abildgaard , ca . 1778 ) . Carolyn Heilbrun 's 1957 essay `` The Character of Hamlet 's Mother '' defends Gertrude , arguing that the text never hints that Gertrude knew of Claudius poisoning King Hamlet . This analysis has been praised by many feminist critics , combating what is , by Heilbrun 's argument , centuries ' worth of misinterpretation . By this account , Gertrude 's worst crime is of pragmatically marrying her brother - in - law in order to avoid a power vacuum . This is borne out by the fact that King Hamlet 's ghost tells Hamlet to leave Gertrude out of Hamlet 's revenge , to leave her to heaven , an arbitrary mercy to grant to a conspirator to murder . This view has not been without objection from some critics . Ophelia has also been defended by feminist critics , most notably Elaine Showalter . Ophelia is surrounded by powerful men : her father , brother , and Hamlet . All three disappear : Laertes leaves , Hamlet abandons her , and Polonius dies . Conventional theories had argued that without these three powerful men making decisions for her , Ophelia is driven into madness . Feminist theorists argue that she goes mad with guilt because , when Hamlet kills her father , he has fulfilled her sexual desire to have Hamlet kill her father so they can be together . Showalter points out that Ophelia has become the symbol of the distraught and hysterical woman in modern culture . Influence ( edit ) See also : Literary influence of Hamlet Hamlet is one of the most quoted works in the English language , and is often included on lists of the world 's greatest literature . As such , it reverberates through the writing of later centuries . Academic Laurie Osborne identifies the direct influence of Hamlet in numerous modern narratives , and divides them into four main categories : fictional accounts of the play 's composition , simplifications of the story for young readers , stories expanding the role of one or more characters , and narratives featuring performances of the play . Actors before Hamlet by Władysław Czachórski ( 1875 ) , National Museum in Warsaw . English poet John Milton was an early admirer of Shakespeare , and took evident inspiration from his work . As John Kerrigan discusses , Milton originally considered writing his epic poem Paradise Lost ( 1667 ) as a tragedy . While Milton did not ultimately go that route , the poem still shows distinct echoes of Shakespearean revenge tragedy , and of Hamlet in particular . As scholar Christopher N. Warren argues , Paradise Lost 's Satan `` undergoes a transformation in the poem from a Hamlet - like avenger into a Claudius - like usurper , '' a plot device that supports Milton 's larger Republican internationalist project . The poem also reworks theatrical language from Hamlet , especially around the idea of `` putting on '' certain dispositions , as when Hamlet puts on `` an antic disposition , '' similarly to the Son in Paradise Lost who `` can put on / ( God 's ) terrors . '' Henry Fielding 's Tom Jones , published about 1749 , describes a visit to Hamlet by Tom Jones and Mr Partridge , with similarities to the `` play within a play '' . In contrast , Goethe 's Bildungsroman Wilhelm Meister 's Apprenticeship , written between 1776 and 1796 , not only has a production of Hamlet at its core but also creates parallels between the ghost and Wilhelm Meister 's dead father . In the early 1850s , in Pierre , Herman Melville focuses on a Hamlet - like character 's long development as a writer . Ten years later , Dickens 's Great Expectations contains many Hamlet - like plot elements : it is driven by revenge - motivated actions , contains ghost - like characters ( Abel Magwitch and Miss Havisham ) , and focuses on the hero 's guilt . Academic Alexander Welsh notes that Great Expectations is an `` autobiographical novel '' and `` anticipates psychoanalytic readings of Hamlet itself '' . About the same time , George Eliot 's The Mill on the Floss was published , introducing Maggie Tulliver `` who is explicitly compared with Hamlet '' though `` with a reputation for sanity '' . L. Frank Baum 's first published short story was `` They Played a New Hamlet '' ( 1895 ) . When Baum had been touring New York State in the title role , the actor playing the ghost fell through the floorboards , and the rural audience thought it was part of the show and demanded that the actor repeat the fall , because they thought it was funny . Baum would later recount the actual story in an article , but the short story is told from the point of view of the actor playing the ghost . In the 1920s , James Joyce managed `` a more upbeat version '' of Hamlet -- stripped of obsession and revenge -- in Ulysses , though its main parallels are with Homer 's Odyssey . In the 1990s , two novelists were explicitly influenced by Hamlet . In Angela Carter 's Wise Children , To be or not to be is reworked as a song and dance routine , and Iris Murdoch 's The Black Prince has Oedipal themes and murder intertwined with a love affair between a Hamlet - obsessed writer , Bradley Pearson , and the daughter of his rival . There is the story of the woman who read Hamlet for the first time and said , `` I do n't see why people admire that play so . It is nothing but a bunch of quotations strung together . '' -- Isaac Asimov , Asimov 's Guide to Shakespeare , pg vii , Avenal Books , 1970 Performance History ( edit ) Main articles : Hamlet in performance and Shakespeare in performance The day we see Hamlet die in the theatre , something of him dies for us . He is dethroned by the spectre of an actor , and we shall never be able to keep the usurper out of our dreams . Maurice Maeterlinck in La Jeune Belgique ( 1890 ) . Shakespeare 's day to the Interregnum ( edit ) Shakespeare almost certainly wrote the role of Hamlet for Richard Burbage . He was the chief tragedian of the Lord Chamberlain 's Men , with a capacious memory for lines and a wide emotional range . Judging by the number of reprints , Hamlet appears to have been Shakespeare 's fourth most popular play during his lifetime -- only Henry IV Part 1 , Richard III and Pericles eclipsed it . Shakespeare provides no clear indication of when his play is set ; however , as Elizabethan actors performed at the Globe in contemporary dress on minimal sets , this would not have affected the staging . Firm evidence for specific early performances of the play is scant . What is known is that the crew of the ship Red Dragon , anchored off Sierra Leone , performed Hamlet in September 1607 ; that the play toured in Germany within five years of Shakespeare 's death ; and that it was performed before James I in 1619 and Charles I in 1637 . Oxford editor George Hibbard argues that , since the contemporary literature contains many allusions and references to Hamlet ( only Falstaff is mentioned more , from Shakespeare ) , the play was surely performed with a frequency that the historical record misses . All theatres were closed down by the Puritan government during the Interregnum . Even during this time , however , playlets known as drolls were often performed illegally , including one called The Grave - Makers based on Act 5 , Scene 1 of Hamlet . Restoration and 18th century ( edit ) Title page and frontispiece for Hamlet , Prince of Denmark : A Tragedy . As it is now acted at the Theatres - Royal in Drury - Lane and Covent - Garden . London , 1776 The play was revived early in the Restoration . When the existing stock of pre-civil war plays was divided between the two newly created patent theatre companies , Hamlet was the only Shakespearean favourite that Sir William Davenant 's Duke 's Company secured . It became the first of Shakespeare 's plays to be presented with movable flats painted with generic scenery behind the proscenium arch of Lincoln 's Inn Fields Theatre . This new stage convention highlighted the frequency with which Shakespeare shifts dramatic location , encouraging the recurrent criticism of his failure to maintain unity of place . In the title role , Davenant cast Thomas Betterton , who continued to play the Dane until he was 74 . David Garrick at Drury Lane produced a version that adapted Shakespeare heavily ; he declared : `` I had sworn I would not leave the stage till I had rescued that noble play from all the rubbish of the fifth act . I have brought it forth without the grave - digger 's trick , Osrick , & the fencing match '' . The first actor known to have played Hamlet in North America is Lewis Hallam . Jr. , in the American Company 's production in Philadelphia in 1759 . David Garrick 's iconic hand gesture expresses Hamlet 's shock at the first sight of the ghost ( artist : unknown ) . John Philip Kemble made his Drury Lane debut as Hamlet in 1783 . His performance was said to be 20 minutes longer than anyone else 's , and his lengthy pauses provoked the suggestion by Richard Brinsley Sheridan that `` music should be played between the words '' . Sarah Siddons was the first actress known to play Hamlet ; many women have since played him as a breeches role , to great acclaim . In 1748 , Alexander Sumarokov wrote a Russian adaptation that focused on Prince Hamlet as the embodiment of an opposition to Claudius 's tyranny -- a treatment that would recur in Eastern European versions into the 20th century . In the years following America 's independence , Thomas Apthorpe Cooper , the young nation 's leading tragedian , performed Hamlet among other plays at the Chestnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia , and at the Park Theatre in New York . Although chided for `` acknowledging acquaintances in the audience '' and `` inadequate memorisation of his lines '' , he became a national celebrity . 19th century ( edit ) A poster , ca . 1884 , for an American production of Hamlet ( starring Thomas W. Keene ) , showing several of the key scenes From around 1810 to 1840 , the best - known Shakespearean performances in the United States were tours by leading London actors -- including George Frederick Cooke , Junius Brutus Booth , Edmund Kean , William Charles Macready , and Charles Kemble . Of these , Booth remained to make his career in the States , fathering the nation 's most notorious actor , John Wilkes Booth ( who later assassinated Abraham Lincoln ) , and its most famous Hamlet , Edwin Booth . Edwin Booth 's Hamlet at the Fifth Avenue Theatre in 1875 was described as `` ... the dark , sad , dreamy , mysterious hero of a poem. ... ( acted ) in an ideal manner , as far removed as possible from the plane of actual life '' . Booth played Hamlet for 100 nights in the 1864 / 5 season at The Winter Garden Theatre , inaugurating the era of long - run Shakespeare in America . In the United Kingdom , the actor - managers of the Victorian era ( including Kean , Samuel Phelps , Macready , and Henry Irving ) staged Shakespeare in a grand manner , with elaborate scenery and costumes . The tendency of actor - managers to emphasise the importance of their own central character did not always meet with the critics ' approval . George Bernard Shaw 's praise for Johnston Forbes - Robertson 's performance contains a sideswipe at Irving : `` The story of the play was perfectly intelligible , and quite took the attention of the audience off the principal actor at moments . What is the Lyceum coming to ? '' In London , Edmund Kean was the first Hamlet to abandon the regal finery usually associated with the role in favour of a plain costume , and he is said to have surprised his audience by playing Hamlet as serious and introspective . In stark contrast to earlier opulence , William Poel 's 1881 production of the Q1 text was an early attempt at reconstructing the Elizabethan theatre 's austerity ; his only backdrop was a set of red curtains . Sarah Bernhardt played the prince in her popular 1899 London production . In contrast to the `` effeminate '' view of the central character that usually accompanied a female casting , she described her character as `` manly and resolute , but nonetheless thoughtful ... ( he ) thinks before he acts , a trait indicative of great strength and great spiritual power '' . In France , Charles Kemble initiated an enthusiasm for Shakespeare ; and leading members of the Romantic movement such as Victor Hugo and Alexandre Dumas saw his 1827 Paris performance of Hamlet , particularly admiring the madness of Harriet Smithson 's Ophelia . In Germany , Hamlet had become so assimilated by the mid-19th century that Ferdinand Freiligrath declared that `` Germany is Hamlet '' . From the 1850s , the Parsi theatre tradition in India transformed Hamlet into folk performances , with dozens of songs added . 20th century ( edit ) Apart from some western troupes ' 19th - century visits , the first professional performance of Hamlet in Japan was Otojirō Kawakami 's 1903 Shimpa ( `` new school theatre '' ) adaptation . Tsubouchi Shōyō translated Hamlet and produced a performance in 1911 that blended Shingeki ( `` new drama '' ) and Kabuki styles . This hybrid - genre reached its peak in Tsuneari Fukuda 's 1955 Hamlet . In 1998 , Yukio Ninagawa produced an acclaimed version of Hamlet in the style of Nō theatre , which he took to London . Konstantin Stanislavski and Edward Gordon Craig -- two of the 20th century 's most influential theatre practitioners -- collaborated on the Moscow Art Theatre 's seminal production of 1911 -- 12 . While Craig favoured stylised abstraction , Stanislavski , armed with his ' system , ' explored psychological motivation . Craig conceived of the play as a symbolist monodrama , offering a dream - like vision as seen through Hamlet 's eyes alone . This was most evident in the staging of the first court scene . The most famous aspect of the production is Craig 's use of large , abstract screens that altered the size and shape of the acting area for each scene , representing the character 's state of mind spatially or visualising a dramaturgical progression . The production attracted enthusiastic and unprecedented worldwide attention for the theatre and placed it `` on the cultural map for Western Europe '' . Hamlet is often played with contemporary political overtones . Leopold Jessner 's 1926 production at the Berlin Staatstheater portrayed Claudius 's court as a parody of the corrupt and fawning court of Kaiser Wilhelm . In Poland , the number of productions of Hamlet has tended to increase at times of political unrest , since its political themes ( suspected crimes , coups , surveillance ) can be used to comment on a contemporary situation . Similarly , Czech directors have used the play at times of occupation : a 1941 Vinohrady Theatre production `` emphasised , with due caution , the helpless situation of an intellectual attempting to endure in a ruthless environment '' . In China , performances of Hamlet often have political significance : Gu Wuwei 's 1916 The Usurper of State Power , an amalgam of Hamlet and Macbeth , was an attack on Yuan Shikai 's attempt to overthrow the republic . In 1942 , Jiao Juyin directed the play in a Confucian temple in Sichuan Province , to which the government had retreated from the advancing Japanese . In the immediate aftermath of the collapse of the protests at Tiananmen Square , Lin Zhaohua staged a 1990 Hamlet in which the prince was an ordinary individual tortured by a loss of meaning . In this production , the actors playing Hamlet , Claudius and Polonius exchanged roles at crucial moments in the performance , including the moment of Claudius 's death , at which point the actor mainly associated with Hamlet fell to the ground . Mignon Nevada as Ophelia , 1910 Notable stagings in London and New York include Barrymore 's 1925 production at the Haymarket ; it influenced subsequent performances by John Gielgud and Laurence Olivier . Gielgud played the central role many times : his 1936 New York production ran for 132 performances , leading to the accolade that he was `` the finest interpreter of the role since Barrymore '' . Although `` posterity has treated Maurice Evans less kindly '' , throughout the 1930s and 1940s he was regarded by many as the leading interpreter of Shakespeare in the United States and in the 1938 / 9 season he presented Broadway 's first uncut Hamlet , running four and a half hours . Evans later performed a highly truncated version of the play that he played for South Pacific war zones during World War II which made the prince a more decisive character . The staging , known as the `` G.I. Hamlet '' , was produced on Broadway for 131 performances in 1945 / 46 . Olivier 's 1937 performance at The Old Vic was popular with audiences but not with critics , with James Agate writing in a famous review in The Sunday Times , `` Mr. Olivier does not speak poetry badly . He does not speak it at all . '' . In 1937 Tyrone Guthrie directed the play at Elsinore , Denmark with Laurence Olivier as Hamlet and Vivien Leigh as Ophelia . In 1963 , Olivier directed Peter O'Toole as Hamlet in the inaugural performance of the newly formed National Theatre ; critics found resonance between O'Toole's Hamlet and John Osborne 's hero , Jimmy Porter , from Look Back in Anger . Richard Burton received his third Tony Award nomination when he played his second Hamlet , his first under John Gielgud 's direction , in 1964 in a production that holds the record for the longest run of the play in Broadway history ( 137 performances ) . The performance was set on a bare stage , conceived to appear like a dress rehearsal , with Burton in a black v - neck sweater , and Gielgud himself tape - recorded the voice for the ghost ( which appeared as a looming shadow ) . It was immortalised both on record and on a film that played in US theatres for a week in 1964 as well as being the subject of books written by cast members William Redfield and Richard L. Sterne . Other New York portrayals of Hamlet of note include that of Ralph Fiennes 's in 1995 ( for which he won the Tony Award for Best Actor ) -- which ran , from first preview to closing night , a total of one hundred performances . About the Fiennes Hamlet Vincent Canby wrote in The New York Times that it was `` ... not one for literary sleuths and Shakespeare scholars . It respects the play , but it does n't provide any new material for arcane debates on what it all means . Instead it 's an intelligent , beautifully read ... '' Stacy Keach played the role with an all - star cast at Joseph Papp 's Delacorte Theatre in the early 70s , with Colleen Dewhurst 's Gertrude , James Earl Jones 's King , Barnard Hughes 's Polonius , Sam Waterston 's Laertes and Raúl Juliá 's Osric . Sam Waterston later played the role himself at the Delacorte for the New York Shakespeare Festival , and the show transferred to the Vivian Beaumont Theatre in 1975 ( Stephen Lang played Bernardo and other roles ) . Stephen Lang 's Hamlet for the Roundabout Theatre Company in 1992 received mixed reviews and ran for sixty - one performances . David Warner played the role with the Royal Shakespeare Theatre in 1965 . William Hurt ( at Circle Rep Off - Broadway , memorably performing `` To Be Or Not to Be '' while lying on the floor ) , Jon Voight at Rutgers , and Christopher Walken ( fiercely ) at Stratford CT have all played the role , as has Diane Venora at the Public Theatre . Off Broadway , the Riverside Shakespeare Company mounted an uncut first folio Hamlet in 1978 at Columbia University , with a playing time of under three hours . In fact , Hamlet is the most produced Shakespeare play in New York theatre history , with sixty - four recorded productions on Broadway , and an untold number Off Broadway . Ian Charleson performed Hamlet from 9 October to 13 November 1989 , in Richard Eyre 's production at the Olivier Theatre , replacing Daniel Day - Lewis , who had abandoned the production . Seriously ill from AIDS at the time , Charleson died eight weeks after his last performance . Fellow actor and friend , Sir Ian McKellen , said that Charleson played Hamlet so well it was as if he had rehearsed the role all his life ; McKellen called it `` the perfect Hamlet '' . The performance garnered other major accolades as well , some critics echoing McKellen in calling it the definitive Hamlet performance . 21st century ( edit ) Benedict Cumberbatch began playing Hamlet at the Barbican Theatre starting in August 2015 . Hamlet continues to be staged regularly , with actors such as Simon Russell Beale , Ben Whishaw , David Tennant , Angela Winkler , Samuel West , Christopher Eccleston , Maxine Peake , Rory Kinnear , Oscar Isaac , Christian Camargo and Andrew Scott , performing the lead role . In May 2009 , Hamlet opened with Jude Law in the title role at the Donmar Warehouse West End season at Wyndham 's Theatre . The production officially opened on 3 June and ran through 22 August 2009 . A further production of the play ran at Elsinore Castle in Denmark from 25 -- 30 August 2009 . The Jude Law Hamlet then moved to Broadway , and ran for 12 weeks at the Broadhurst Theatre in New York . In 2013 , American actor Paul Giamatti won critical acclaim for his performance on stage in the title role of Hamlet , performed in modern dress , at the Yale Repertory Theater , at Yale University in New Haven , Connecticut . The Globe Theatre of London initiated a project in 2014 to perform Hamlet in every country in the world in the space of two years . Titled Globe to Globe Hamlet , it began its tour on 23 April 2014 , the 450th anniversary of Shakespeare 's birth . As of 23 February 2016 , the project had performed in 170 countries . Benedict Cumberbatch played the role for a 12 - week run in a production at the Barbican Theatre , opening on 25 August 2015 . The play was produced by Sonia Friedman , and directed by Lyndsey Turner , with set design by Es Devlin . It was called the `` most in - demand theatre production of all time '' and sold out in seven hours after tickets went on sale 11 August 2014 , more than a year before the play opened . It was announced that Tom Hiddleston will play the role for a three - week run at Vanbrugh Theatre , opening September 1 , 2017 and directed by Kenneth Branagh . Film and TV performances ( edit ) Main article : Hamlet on screen The earliest screen success for Hamlet was Sarah Bernhardt 's five - minute film of the fencing scene , which was produced in 1900 . The film was an early attempt at combining sound and film , music and words were recorded on phonograph records , to be played along with the film . Silent versions were released in 1907 , 1908 , 1910 , 1913 , 1917 , and 1920 . In the 1921 film Hamlet , Danish actress Asta Nielsen played the role of Hamlet as a woman who spends her life disguised as a man . In 1942 Ernst Lubitsch directed a motion picture titled To Be or Not To Be . The story is a comedy about a troupe of Polish actors in the Nazi era . A key plot point revolves around the famous soliloquy . The story was remade in 1983 in a film starring ( and produced by ) Mel Brooks . Laurence Olivier 's 1948 moody black - and - white Hamlet won Best Picture and Best Actor Oscars , and is still , as of 2017 , the only Shakespeare film to have done so . His interpretation stressed the Oedipal overtones of the play , and cast 28 - year - old Eileen Herlie as Hamlet 's mother , opposite himself , at 41 , as Hamlet . In 1953 , actor Jack Manning performed the play in 15 - minute segments over two weeks in the short - lived late night DuMont series Monodrama Theater . New York Times TV critic Jack Gould praised Manning 's performance as Hamlet . Renowned Shakespearean actor - directors Sir John Gielgud , Sir Laurence Olivier and Sir Kenneth Branagh consider the definitive rendition of the play to be the 1964 Soviet film Gamlet ( Russian : Гамлет ) based on a translation by Boris Pasternak and directed by Grigori Kozintsev , with a score by Dmitri Shostakovich . Innokenty Smoktunovsky was cast in the role of Hamlet . John Gielgud directed Richard Burton in a Broadway production at the Lunt - Fontanne Theatre in 1964 -- 5 , the longest - running Hamlet in the U.S. to date . A live film of the production was produced using `` Electronovision '' , a method of recording a live performance with multiple video cameras and converting the image to film . Eileen Herlie repeated her role from Olivier 's film version as the Queen , and the voice of Gielgud was heard as the ghost . The Gielgud / Burton production was also recorded complete and released on LP by Columbia Masterworks . Sarah Bernhardt as Hamlet , with Yorick 's skull ( photographer : James Lafayette , c. 1885 -- 1900 ) . The first Hamlet in color was a 1969 film directed by Tony Richardson with Nicol Williamson as Hamlet and Marianne Faithfull as Ophelia . In 1990 Franco Zeffirelli , whose Shakespeare films have been described as `` sensual rather than cerebral '' , cast Mel Gibson -- then famous for the Mad Max and Lethal Weapon movies -- in the title role of his 1990 version ; Glenn Close -- then famous as the psychotic `` other woman '' in Fatal Attraction -- played Gertrude , and Paul Scofield played Hamlet 's father . In contrast to Zeffirelli , whose Hamlet was heavily cut , Kenneth Branagh adapted , directed , and starred in a 1996 version containing every word of Shakespeare 's play , combining the material from the F1 and Q2 texts . Branagh 's Hamlet runs for just over four hours . Branagh set the film with late 19th - century costuming and furnishings , a production in many ways reminiscent of a Russian novel of the time ; and Blenheim Palace , built in the early 18th century , became Elsinore Castle in the external scenes . The film is structured as an epic and makes frequent use of flashbacks to highlight elements not made explicit in the play : Hamlet 's sexual relationship with Kate Winslet 's Ophelia , for example , or his childhood affection for Yorick ( played by Ken Dodd ) . In 2000 , Michael Almereyda 's Hamlet set the story in contemporary Manhattan , with Ethan Hawke playing Hamlet as a film student . Claudius ( played by Kyle MacLachlan ) became the CEO of `` Denmark Corporation '' , having taken over the company by killing his brother . The 2002 The Simpsons episode `` Tales from the Public Domain '' features a retelling of the play . There have also been several films that transposed the general storyline of Hamlet or elements thereof to other settings . There have also been many films which included performances of scenes from Hamlet as a play - within - a-film . Stage pastiches ( edit ) There have been various `` derivative works '' of Hamlet which recast the story from the point of view of other characters , or transpose the story into a new setting or act as sequels or prequels to Hamlet . This section is limited to those written for the stage . The best - known is Tom Stoppard 's 1966 play Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead , which retells many of the events of the story from the point of view of the characters Rosencrantz and Guildenstern and gives them a backstory of their own . Several times since 1995 , the American Shakespeare Center has mounted repertories that included both Hamlet and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern , with the same actors performing the same roles in each ; in their 2001 and 2009 seasons the two plays were `` directed , designed , and rehearsed together to make the most out of the shared scenes and situations '' . W.S. Gilbert wrote a short comic play titled Rosencrantz and Guildenstern , in Hamlet 's play is presented as a tragedy written by Claudius in his youth of which he is greatly embarrassed . Through the chaos triggered by Hamlet 's staging of it , Guildenstern helps Rosencrantz vie with Hamlet to make Ophelia his bride . Lee Blessing 's Fortinbras is a comical sequel to Hamlet in which all the deceased characters come back as ghosts . The New York Times reviewed the play , saying it is `` scarcely more than an extended comedy sketch , lacking the portent and linguistic complexity of Tom Stoppard 's Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead . Fortinbras operates on a far less ambitious plane , but it is a ripping yarn and offers Keith Reddin a role in which he can commit comic mayhem '' . Caridad Svich 's 12 Ophelias ( a play with broken songs ) includes elements of the story of Hamlet but focuses on Ophelia . In Svich 's play , Ophelia is resurrected and rises from a pool of water , after her death in Hamlet . The play is a series of scenes and songs , and was first staged at public swimming pool in Brooklyn . David Davalos ' Wittenberg is a `` tragical - comical - historical '' prequel to Hamlet that depicts the Danish prince as a student at Wittenberg University ( now known as the University of Halle - Wittenberg ) , where he is torn between the conflicting teachings of his mentors John Faustus and Martin Luther . The New York Times reviewed the play , saying , `` Mr. Davalos has molded a daft campus comedy out of this unlikely convergence , '' and Nytheatre.com 's review said the playwright `` has imagined a fascinating alternate reality , and quite possibly , given the fictional Hamlet a back story that will inform the role for the future . '' Mad Boy Chronicle by Canadian playwright Michael O'Brien is a dark comedy loosely based on Hamlet , set in Viking Denmark in 999 A.D. Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The gravedigger scene is in Hamlet 5.1. 1 -- 205 . Jump up ^ In his 1936 book The Problem of Hamlet : A Solution Andrew Cairncross asserted that the Hamlet referred to in 1589 was written by Shakespeare ; Peter Alexander , Eric Sams and , more recently , Harold Bloom have agreed . However Harold Jenkins , the editor of the second series Arden edition of the play , considers that there are not grounds for thinking that the Ur - Hamlet is an early work by Shakespeare , which he then rewrote . Jump up ^ Polonius was close to the Latin name for Robert Pullen , founder of Oxford University , and Reynaldo too close for safety to John Rainolds , the President of Corpus Christi College . Jump up ^ MacCary suggests 1599 or 1600 ; James Shapiro offers late 1600 or early 1601 ; Wells and Taylor suggest that the play was written in 1600 and revised later ; the New Cambridge editor settles on mid-1601 ; the New Swan Shakespeare Advanced Series editor agrees with 1601 ; Thompson and Taylor , tentatively ( `` according to whether one is the more persuaded by Jenkins or by Honigmann '' ) suggest a terminus ad quem of either Spring 1601 or sometime in 1600 . Jump up ^ The whole conversation between Rozencrantz , Guildenstern and Hamlet concerning the touring players ' departure from the city is at Hamlet F1 2.2. 324 -- 360 . Jump up ^ The Arden Shakespeare third series published Q2 , with appendices , in their first volume , and the F1 and Q1 texts in their second volume . The RSC Shakespeare is the F1 text with additional Q2 passages in an appendix . The New Cambridge Shakespeare series has begun to publish separate volumes for the separate quarto versions that exist of Shakespeare 's plays . Jump up ^ Also used in Love 's Labour 's Lost and A Midsummer Night 's Dream . Jump up ^ This compares with about two to three hours for a typical Elizajacobean play . ^ Jump up to : The `` Nunnery Scene '' is Hamlet 3.1. 87 -- 160 . Jump up ^ This interpretation is widely held , but has been challenged by , among others , Harold Jenkins . He finds the evidence for a precedent for that interpretation to be insufficient and inconclusive , and considers the literal interpretation to be better suited to the dramatic context . Jump up ^ In the New Testament , see Romans 12 : 19 : `` ' vengeance is mine , I will repay ' sayeth the Lord '' . Jump up ^ See the articles on the Reformation in Denmark -- Norway and Holstein and Church of Denmark for details . Jump up ^ The `` Closet Scene '' is Hamlet 3.4 . Jump up ^ `` There is a recent ' Be kind to Gertrude ' fashion among some feminist critics ... '' Jump up ^ Hamlet has 208 quotations in The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations ; it takes up 10 of 85 pages dedicated to Shakespeare in the 1986 Bartlett 's Familiar Quotations ( 14th ed. 1968 ) . For examples of lists of the greatest books , see Harvard Classics , Great Books , Great Books of the Western World , Harold Bloom 's The Western Canon , St. John 's College reading list , and Columbia College Core Curriculum . Jump up ^ Hattaway asserts that `` Richard Burbage ... played Hieronimo and also Richard III but then was the first Hamlet , Lear , and Othello '' and Thomson argues that the identity of Hamlet as Burbage is built into the dramaturgy of several moments of the play : `` we will profoundly misjudge the position if we do not recognise that , whilst this is Hamlet talking about the groundlings , it is also Burbage talking to the groundlings '' . See also Thomson on the first player 's beard . Jump up ^ Samuel Pepys records his delight at the novelty of Hamlet `` done with scenes '' . Jump up ^ Letter to Sir William Young , 10 January 1773 , quoted by Uglow . Jump up ^ George Bernard Shaw in The Saturday Review on 2 October 1897 . Jump up ^ Sarah Bernhardt , in a letter to the London Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ For more on this production , see the MAT production of Hamlet article . Craig and Stanislavski began planning the production in 1908 but , due to a serious illness of Stanislavski 's , it was delayed until December , 1911 . Jump up ^ On Craig 's relationship to Symbolism , Russian symbolism , and its principles of monodrama in particular , see Taxidou ; on Craig 's staging proposals , see Innes ; on the centrality of the protagonist and his mirroring of the ' authorial self ' , see Taxidou and Innes . Jump up ^ The first court scene is Hamlet 1.2. 1 -- 128 . Jump up ^ A brightly lit , golden pyramid descended from Claudius 's throne , representing the feudal hierarchy , giving the illusion of a single , unified mass of bodies . In the dark , shadowy foreground , separated by a gauze , Hamlet lay , as if dreaming . On Claudius 's exit - line the figures remained but the gauze was loosened , so that they appeared to melt away as if Hamlet 's thoughts had turned elsewhere . For this effect , the scene received an ovation , which was unheard of at the MAT . Jump up ^ According to the Internet Broadway Database Romeo and Juliet is the second most - produced Shakespeare play on Broadway , with thirty - four different productions , followed by Twelfth Night , with thirty . Jump up ^ The `` Fencing Scene '' is Hamlet 5.2. 203 -- 387 . References ( edit ) All references to Hamlet , unless otherwise specified , are taken from the Arden Shakespeare Q2 . Under their referencing system , 3.1. 55 means act 3 , scene 1 , line 55 . References to the First Quarto and First Folio are marked Hamlet Q1 and Hamlet F1 , respectively , and are taken from the Arden Shakespeare Hamlet : the texts of 1603 and 1623 . Their referencing system for Q1 has no act breaks , so 7.115 means scene 7 , line 115 . Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , p. 74 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor 2002 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Crystal & Crystal 2005 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 1.4 . Jump up ^ Trilling 2009 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 5.1. 1 -- 205 Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , pp. 36 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , pp. 16 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , pp. 5 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , pp. 1 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , pp. 25 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Edwards 1985 , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , pp. 66 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Jenkins 1982 , pp. 82 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Cairncross 1975 . Jump up ^ Alexander 1964 . Jump up ^ Jackson 1991 , p. 267 . Jump up ^ Bloom 2001 , pp. xiii , 383 . Jump up ^ Bloom 2003 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Jenkins 1982 , p. 84 n4 . Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , pp. 66 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Greenblatt 2004a , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Greenblatt 2004b . Jump up ^ Chambers 1930 , p. 418 . Jump up ^ Wilson 1932 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Rowse 1963 , p. 323 . Jump up ^ Winstanley 1977 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Cecil 2012 . Jump up ^ Jenkins 1982 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Hibbard 1987 , pp. 74 -- 5 . Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Shapiro 2005 , p. 341 . Jump up ^ Wells & Taylor 1988 , p. 653 . Jump up ^ Edwards 1985 , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Lott 1970 , p. xlvi . Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , p. 58 -- 9 . Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Edwards 1985 , pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Hamlet F1 2.2. 337 . Jump up ^ Hamlet F1 2.2. 324 -- 360 Jump up ^ Duncan - Jones 2001 , pp. 143 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Edwards 1985 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Hattaway 1987 , pp. 13 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Chambers 1923b , pp. 486 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Halliday 1964 , pp. 204 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , p. 465 . ^ Jump up to : Halliday 1964 , p. 204 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson & Taylor 2006a , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Hibbard 1987 , pp. 22 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Hattaway 1987 , p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson & Taylor 2006a . ^ Jump up to : Thompson & Taylor 2006b . Jump up ^ Bate & Rasmussen 2007 , p. 1923 . ^ Jump up to : Irace 1998 . Jump up ^ Burrow 2002 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 3.4 and 4.1 . Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , pp. 543 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Jenkins 1982 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Hamlet Q1 14 . Jump up ^ Irace 1998 , pp. 1 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Jackson 1986 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , pp. 85 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006b , pp. 36 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , pp. 18 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Bate & Rasmussen 2008 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Crowl 2014 , pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Wofford 1994 . Jump up ^ Kirsch 1969 . Jump up ^ Vickers 1974a , p. 447 . Jump up ^ Vickers 1974b , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Wofford 1994 , p. 184 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Vickers 1974c , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Wofford 1994 , p. 185 . ^ Jump up to : Wofford 1994 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg 1992 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 67 -- 72 , 84 . Jump up ^ Kermode 2000 , p. 256 . Jump up ^ Evans 1974 . Jump up ^ Hirrel 2010 . Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 84 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 3.1. 63 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 1.2. 85 -- 86 . Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 89 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 3.1. 87 -- 160 Jump up ^ OED 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Kiernan 2007 , p. 34 . ^ Jump up to : Jenkins 1982 , pp. 493 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 2.1. 63 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 3.1. 151 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 3.1. 154 . Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 87 -- 8 . Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 91 -- 3 . Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 37 -- 8 . Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Hamlet F1 2.2. 247 -- 248 . Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 47 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 3.1. 55 -- 87 . ^ Jump up to : MacCary 1998 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Knowles 1999 , pp. 1049 , 1052 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , pp. 73 -- 4 . ^ Jump up to : Freud 1900 , pp. 367 -- 8 . ^ Jump up to : Britton 1995 , pp. 207 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Morrison 1997 , pp. 4 , 129 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Cotsell 2005 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Jones 1910 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 3.4 . Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 104 -- 7 , 113 -- 16 . Jump up ^ de Grazia 2007 , pp. 168 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Smallwood 2002 , p. 102 . ^ Jump up to : Bloom & Foster 2008 , p. xii . Jump up ^ Rothman 2013 . Jump up ^ Gontar 2013 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 4.5 . Jump up ^ Wofford 1994 , pp. 199 -- 202 . Jump up ^ Howard 2003 , pp. 411 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Heilbrun 1957 . Jump up ^ Bloom 2003 , pp. 58 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Thompson 2001 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Bloom 2003 . Jump up ^ Showalter 1985 . Jump up ^ Bloom 2003 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 111 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Osborne 2007 , pp. 114 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Kerrigan 1996 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Warren 2016 , p. 367 . Jump up ^ Warren 2016 , p. 379 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson & Taylor 2006a , pp. 123 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Welsh 2001 , p. 131 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson & Taylor 2006a , pp. 126 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Novy 1994 , pp. 62 , 77 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 3.1. 55 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Braun 1982 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Taylor 2002 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Banham 1998 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Hattaway 1982 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Thomson 1983 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Thomson 1983 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Taylor 2002 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , pp. 53 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Chambers 1930 , p. 334 . ^ Jump up to : Dawson 2002 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Pitcher & Woudhuysen 1969 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Hibbard 1987 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Marsden 2002 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Holland 2007 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Marsden 2002 , pp. 21 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 1996 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Taylor 1989 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , pp. 98 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Uglow 1977 , p. 473 . Jump up ^ Morrison 2002 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Moody 2002 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Moody 2002 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Gay 2002 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Dawson 2002 , pp. 185 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Morrison 2002 , pp. 232 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Morrison 2002 , pp. 235 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Winter 1875 . ^ Jump up to : Morrison 2002 , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Schoch 2002 , pp. 58 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Shaw 1961 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Moody 2002 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ O'Connor 2002 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Gay 2002 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Holland 2002 , pp. 203 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Dawson 2002 , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Dawson 2002 , p. 188 . ^ Jump up to : Gillies et al. 2002 , pp. 259 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Dawson 2002 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Benedetti 1999 , pp. 188 -- 211 . Jump up ^ Benedetti 1999 , pp. 189 , 195 . Jump up ^ Taxidou 1998 , pp. 38 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Innes 1983 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Taxidou 1998 , p. 181 , 188 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 1.2. 1 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Innes 1983 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Innes 1983 , pp. 165 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Innes 1983 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Innes 1983 , pp. 140 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Hortmann 2002 , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Hortmann 2002 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Burian 2004 . Jump up ^ Hortmann 2002 , pp. 224 -- 5 . ^ Jump up to : Gillies et al. 2002 , pp. 267 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Morrison 2002 , pp. 247 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Morrison 2002 , p. 249 . Jump up ^ Morrison 2002 , pp. 249 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Blum 1981 , p. 307 . Jump up ^ Tanitch 1985 . Jump up ^ Smallwood 2002 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ National Theatre n.d. Jump up ^ Canby 1995 . ^ Jump up to : Gussow 1992 . Jump up ^ Guernsey & Sweet 2000 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Panagako 1978 . Jump up ^ McKellen et al. 1990 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Barratt 2005 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Davison 1999 , pp. 170 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Billington 2001 . Jump up ^ Gardner 2002 . Jump up ^ Billington 2008 . Jump up ^ Brown 2016 . Jump up ^ Shenton 2007 . Jump up ^ Broadwayworld 2009 . Jump up ^ Daily Mirror 2009 . Jump up ^ Law 2009 , 53 : 55 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff 2009 . Jump up ^ Fine 2013 . Jump up ^ Globe to Globe Hamlet n.d. Jump up ^ Stewart 2014 . Jump up ^ Calia 2014 . Jump up ^ Sulcas 2017 . Jump up ^ Hamlet 5.2. 203 -- 387 . ^ Jump up to : Brode 2001 , pp. 117 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Davies 2000 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Fox 2009 . Jump up ^ Brennan n.d. Jump up ^ Guntner 2000 , pp. 120 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Brode 2001 , pp. 125 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Cartmell 2000 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Guntner 2000 , pp. 121 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Crowl 2000 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Starks 1999 , p. 272 . Jump up ^ Keyishian 2000 , pp. 78 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Burnett 2003 . Jump up ^ Warren n.d. Jump up ^ Gilbert 1892 , pp. 349 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Schultz 2008 . Jump up ^ Grode 2011 . Jump up ^ Todoroff 2011 . Jump up ^ Brandes 2001 . Sources ( edit ) Editions of Hamlet ( edit ) Bate , Jonathan ; Rasmussen , Eric , eds. ( 2007 ) . Complete Works . The RSC Shakespeare . New York : Royal Shakespeare Company . ISBN 0 - 679 - 64295 - 1 . Bate , Jonathan ; Rasmussen , Eric , eds. ( 2008 ) . Hamlet . The RSC Shakespeare . The Royal Shakespeare Company . ISBN 978 - 0230217867 . Edwards , Phillip , ed. ( 1985 ) . Hamlet , Prince of Denmark . New Cambridge Shakespeare . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521293662 . Evans , G. Blakemore , ed. ( 1974 ) . The Riverside Shakespeare . The Riverside Shakespeare . Houghton Mifflin for Riverside Shakespeare Company . ISBN 9780395044025 . Hibbard , G.R. , ed. ( 1987 ) . Hamlet . Oxford World 's Classics . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 283416 - 9 . Irace , Kathleen O. , ed. ( 1998 ) . The First Quarto of Hamlet . New Cambridge Shakespeare . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 65390 - 8 . Jenkins , Harold , ed. ( 1982 ) . Hamlet . The Arden Shakespeare , second series . London : Methuen . ISBN 1 - 903436 - 67 - 2 . Lott , Bernard , ed. ( 1970 ) . Hamlet . New Swan Shakespeare , Advanced series ( New ed . ) . London : Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 52742 - 2 . Thompson , Ann ; Taylor , Neil , eds. ( 2006 ) . Hamlet . The Arden Shakespeare , third series . 1 . London : Cengage Learning . ISBN 1 - 904271 - 33 - 2 . Thompson , Ann ; Taylor , Neil , eds. ( 2006 ) . Hamlet : The Texts of 1603 and 1623 . The Arden Shakespeare , third series . 2 . London : Cengage Learning . ISBN 1 - 904271 - 80 - 4 . Wells , Stanley ; Taylor , Gary , eds. ( 1988 ) . The Complete Works . The Oxford Shakespeare ( Compact ed . ) . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 871190 - 5 . Secondary sources ( edit ) Alexander , Peter ( 1964 ) . Alexander 's Introductions to Shakespeare . London : Collins . OCLC 257743100 . Banham , Martin , ed. ( 1998 ) . The Cambridge Guide to Theatre . Cambridge Guides . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 43437 - 8 . Barratt , Mark ( 2005 ) . Ian Mckellen : An Unofficial Biography . Virgin Books . 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Hamlet in his Modern Guises . Princeton University Press . ISBN 9780691050935 . Winstanley , Lilian ( 1977 ) ( 1921 ) . Hamlet and the Scottish succession , Being an Examination of the Relations of the Play of Hamlet to the Scottish Succession and the Essex Conspiracy . Philadelphia : R. West . ISBN 0 - 8492 - 2912 - X . Winter , William ( 26 October 1875 ) . `` Fifth Avenue Theater -- Edwin Booth as Hamlet '' . The Drama . New - York Tribune . p. 5 . ISSN 1941 - 0646 . LCCN sn83030214 . OCLC 9405688 . Wofford , Susanne L. ( 1994 ) . `` A Critical History of Hamlet '' . Hamlet : Complete , Authoritative Text with Biographical and Historical Contexts , Critical History , and Essays from Five Contemporary Critical Perspectives . Boston : Bedford Books . pp. 181 -- 207 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 08986 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Library resources about Hamlet Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Hamlet '' dated 2011 - 10 - 14 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Hamlet at the British Library Hamlet at the Internet Broadway Database Hamlet at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Hamlet public domain audiobook at LibriVox Texts ( edit ) Hamlet Complete text on one page with definitions of difficult words and explanations of difficult passages . Hamlet -- Digital text by the Folger Shakespeare Library Hamlet at the Internet Shakespeare Editions -- Transcripts and facsimiles of Q1 , Q2 and F1 . Shakespeare Quartos Archive -- Transcriptions and facsimiles of thirty - two copies of the five pre-1642 quarto editions . Hamlet at Open Source Shakespeare -- A complete text of Hamlet based on Q2 . Hamlet -- Annotated text aligned to Common Core standards . Analysis ( edit ) Hamlet on the Ramparts -- The MIT 's Shakespeare Electronic Archive . Hamletworks.org -- Scholarly resource with multiple versions of Hamlet , commentaries , concordances , and more . Depictions and commentary of Hamlet paintings Clear Shakespeare Hamlet -- A word - by - word audio guide through the play . Related works ( edit ) The Danish History ( Books I - IX ) by Saxo Grammaticus at The Online Medieval & Classical Library ( public domain translation into English of the Gesta Danorum ) . William Shakespeare Plays Tragedies Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Hamlet Julius Caesar King Lear Macbeth Othello Romeo and Juliet Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus Troilus and Cressida Comedies All 's Well That Ends Well As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Cymbeline Love 's Labour 's Lost Measure for Measure The Merchant of Venice The Merry Wives of Windsor A Midsummer Night 's Dream Much Ado About Nothing Pericles , Prince of Tyre * The Taming of the Shrew The Tempest Twelfth Night The Two Gentlemen of Verona The Two Noble Kinsmen * The Winter 's Tale Histories King John Edward III * Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI 1 * Richard III Henry VIII * See also Problem plays Late romances Characters A -- K L -- Z Ghost character Chronology Performances Settings Quarto publications First Folio Second Folio Poems Shakespeare 's sonnets comparison to Petrarch A Lover 's Complaint The Phoenix and the Turtle The Rape of Lucrece Venus and Adonis Apocrypha Plays Arden of Faversham The Birth of Merlin Cardenio * Double Falsehood Edmund Ironside Fair Em Locrine The London Prodigal Love 's Labour 's Won The Merry Devil of Edmonton Mucedorus The Puritan The Second Maiden 's Tragedy Sejanus His Fall Sir John Oldcastle Sir Thomas More * The Spanish Tragedy Thomas Lord Cromwell Thomas of Woodstock Vortigern and Rowena A Yorkshire Tragedy Poems The Passionate Pilgrim To the Queen Life and works Birthplace and childhood home Bibliography Complete Works of William Shakespeare Translations Early editions Editors English Renaissance theatre Globe Theatre Handwriting Lord Chamberlain 's Men / King 's Men The Theatre Curtain Theatre New Place Portraits Religious views Sexuality Spelling of his name Stratford - upon - Avon Style Legacy Attribution studies Authorship question Influence Memorials Screen adaptations Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Folger Shakespeare Library Shakespeare Quarterly Shakespeare 's Globe ( replica ) Bardolatry Titles of works taken from Shakespeare Family Anne Hathaway ( wife ) Susanna Hall ( daughter ) Hamnet Shakespeare ( son ) Judith Quiney ( daughter ) Elizabeth Barnard ( granddaughter ) John Shakespeare ( father ) Mary Arden ( mother ) Gilbert Shakespeare ( brother ) Joan Shakespeare ( sister ) Edmund Shakespeare ( brother ) Richard Shakespeare ( grandfather ) John Hall ( son - in - law ) Thomas Quiney ( son - in - law ) Thomas Nash ( grandson - in - law ) * Shakespeare and other authors Lost William Shakespeare 's Hamlet Characters Hamlet Claudius Gertrude Ghost Polonius Laertes Ophelia Horatio Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Fortinbras The Gravediggers Yorick Soliloquies `` To be , or not to be '' `` Mortal coil '' `` What a piece of work is a man '' `` Speak the speech '' Words and phrases `` The lady doth protest too much , methinks '' `` Thy name is '' `` Primrose path '' Terminology Dumbshow Induction Quiddity Substitution Sources Criticism Legend of Hamlet The Spanish Tragedy Ur - Hamlet Critical approaches Bibliographies Horwendill Saxo Grammaticus House of Gonzaga Damon and Pythias Influence Common phrases from Hamlet Hamlet in popular culture References to Ophelia Language of flowers Human skull symbolism Performances Moscow Art Theatre ( 1911 -- 1912 ) Richard Burton ( 1964 ) On screen 1900 1907 1908 1912 1913 1917 1921 1935 1948 1954 1961 1964 1969 2000 2011 Adaptations Films The Rest Is Silence ( 1959 ) The Bad Sleep Well ( 1960 ) Ophelia ( 1963 ) Johnny Hamlet ( 1968 ) One Hamlet Less ( 1973 ) The Angel of Vengeance -- The Female Hamlet ( 1977 ) Strange Brew ( 1983 ) Hamlet Goes Business ( 1987 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Let the Devil Wear Black ( 1999 ) The Banquet ( 2006 ) Tardid ( 2009 ) Karmayogi ( 2012 ) Haider ( 2014 ) Hamlet A.D.D. ( 2014 ) The Lion King ( 2019 ) Novels Gertrude and Claudius ( 2000 ) Dating Hamlet ( 2002 ) Ophelia 's Revenge ( 2003 ) The Dead Fathers Club ( 2006 ) Something Rotten ( 2007 ) Hamlet 's Father ( 2008 ) The Story of Edgar Sawtelle ( 2008 ) Plays Hamletmachine ( 1977 ) Dogg 's Hamlet ( 1979 ) Fortinbras ( 1991 ) Musicals Rockabye Hamlet ( 1973 ) The Lion King ( 1997 ) Television Hamlet ( Australian TV , 1959 ) Hamlet at Elsinore ( BBC , 1964 ) Hamlet , Prince of Denmark ( BBC , 1980 ) Hamlet ( BBC 2 , animated , 1992 ) Hamlet ( BBC 2 , 2009 ) Parodies 15 - Minute Hamlet The Complete Works of William Shakespeare ( Abridged ) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Io , Amleto The Klingon Hamlet `` Lyle the Kindly Viking '' To Be or Not to Be : That is the Adventure Songs `` My Robin is to the Greenwood Gone '' ( 16th century ) `` Pull Me Under '' ( 1992 ) `` Song for Athene '' ( 1997 ) Opera / classical Hamlet ( Thomas ) Amleto ( Faccio ) Hamlet ( Tchaikovsky ) Tristia ( Berlioz ) Die Hamletmaschine ( Rihm ) Hamlet ( Dean ) Story within a story Films To Be or Not to Be ( 1942 ) Acting Hamlet in the Village of Mrdusa Donja ( 1973 ) To Be or Not to Be ( 1983 ) Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1990 ) Renaissance Man ( 1994 ) In the Bleak Midwinter ( 1995 ) Hamlet 2 ( 2008 ) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Undead ( 2009 ) Three Days ( 2012 ) Plays Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1966 ) Stage Blood ( 1974 ) I Hate Hamlet ( 1991 ) To Be or Not to Be ( 2008 ) Novels Hamlet , Revenge ! ( 1937 ) Theatre of War ( 1994 ) `` The Undiscovered '' ( 1997 ) The Shakespeare Stealer ( 1998 ) Interred with Their Bones ( 2007 ) Television `` The Producer '' ( 1966 ) Slings & Arrows ( 2003 ) Art Ophelia Affe mit Schädel Video game Last Action Hero ( 1993 ) Hamlet ( 2010 ) Intertextuality Asterix and the Great Crossing The Seagull Sharpe 's Havoc Related Hamlet and Oedipus Hamlet Had an Uncle Hamlet and His Problems Hebenon Hamlet Q1 Ostalo je ćutanje The Chronicles of Amber `` Symphony No. 65 '' ( Haydn ) War Highlander II : The Quickening The Hobart Shakespeareans Gertrude -- The Cry Poor Murderer Something Rotten ! `` The Conscience of the King '' `` Born to Be King '' Laurence Olivier Award for Best Revival ( 2001 -- 2025 ) Twelfth Night / Uncle Vanya ( 2003 ) Mourning Becomes Electra ( 2004 ) Hamlet ( 2005 ) Hedda Gabler ( 2006 ) The Crucible ( 2007 ) Saint Joan ( 2008 ) The Histories ( 2009 ) Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 2010 ) After the Dance ( 2011 ) Anna Christie ( 2012 ) Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 2013 ) Ghosts ( 2014 ) A View from the Bridge ( 2015 ) Ma Rainey 's Black Bottom ( 2016 ) Yerma ( 2017 ) Complete list ( 1991 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2025 ) Portals Access related topics Shakespeare portal Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource VIAF : 176993890 LCCN : n80008522 GND : 4099350 - 4 SUDOC : 027294773 BNF : cb11936813g ( data ) BNE : XX2961793 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamlet&oldid=821725172 '' Categories : Hamlet 1600s plays English Renaissance plays Fratricide in fiction Ghosts in popular culture Metafictional plays British plays adapted into films Plays adapted into operas Plays adapted into radio programs Plays adapted into television programs Plays adapted into video games Plays set in Denmark Regicide in fiction Revenge plays Suicide in fiction Works based on Gesta Danorum Works set in castles Familicide in fiction Hidden categories : Use British English from August 2011 Use dmy dates from August 2011 Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing Russian - language text Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages with login required references or sources Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with LibriVox links Featured articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bislama Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 贛語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Лакку Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray ייִדיש 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 07 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet	1,823
you remind me of the babe david bowie			Magic Dance	magic dance	`` Magic Dance '' is a song written and recorded by David Bowie for the 1986 Jim Henson movie Labyrinth . It was released as a single in limited markets worldwide in January 1987 . Upon Bowie 's death in 2016 , the single version of `` Magic Dance '' reached # 63 on the iTunes chart in the UK .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Details 2 Track listing 2.1 12 `` : EMI America / V - 19217 ( US ) 2.2 Download : EMI / i19217 ( US ) 3 Personnel 4 References Details ( edit ) `` Magic Dance , '' described as a `` simple dance number that 's driven by an electric bass and emphatic drums , '' , includes song lyrics that make reference to the 1947 movie The Bachelor and the Bobby - Soxer starring Cary Grant and Shirley Temple , in which the two have a call and reply verse : `` You remind me of a man . '' `` What man ? '' `` The man with the power . '' `` What power ? '' `` The power of hoodoo . '' `` Who do ? '' `` You do ! '' . In `` Magic Dance , '' `` man '' is replaced with `` babe '' and `` hoodoo '' with `` voodoo '' . Bowie performed the baby 's gurgles in the song , as the real baby who would have provided the sounds would n't gurgle on microphone . During the movie 's production , and in the end credits , the song was referred to as `` Dance Magic . '' The single was released on 12 '' in limited markets , including the US . A single version was mixed but never released , and an edit of the `` Dance Mix '' ( incorrectly labeled as the ' single mix ' ) was released on the New Zealand edition of Best of Bowie ( 2002 ) . The single was not released commercially in the UK until the digital download version was made available in early 2007 . Track listing ( edit ) 12 `` : EMI America / V - 19217 ( US ) ( edit ) `` Magic Dance '' ( A Dance Mix ) -- 7 : 06 `` Magic Dance '' ( Dub ) -- 5 : 22 `` Within You '' -- 3 : 28 Download : EMI / i19217 ( US ) ( edit ) `` Magic Dance '' ( Single Version / Edit of 7 '' Remix ) -- 4 : 00 `` Magic Dance '' ( 12 '' Remix / Dance Mix ) -- 7 : 16 `` Magic Dance '' ( Dub ) -- 5 : 31 `` Magic Dance '' ( 7 '' Remix ) -- 4 : 39 Personnel ( edit ) David Bowie -- vocals , backing vocals , producer Arif Mardin -- producer Dann Huff -- guitar Will Lee -- additional bass , background vocals Steve Ferrone -- drums Robbie Buchanan -- keyboards , synthesizer , arrangement Diva Gray - background vocals Fonzi Thornton -- background vocals References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Pegg , Nicholas ( October 2016 ) . `` The Complete David Bowie New Edition : Expanded and Updated '' . Titan Books . Jump up ^ Magic Dance Discogs Jump up ^ `` David Bowie - ' Magic Dance ( Single Version ) ' British iTunes Chart Performance '' . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Block , Paula ; Erdmann , Terry ( 2016 ) . Labyrinth : The Ultimate Visual History . Insight Editions . p. 166 & 167 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60887 - 810 - 9 . David Bowie singles 1960s `` Liza Jane '' `` I Pity the Fool '' `` You 've Got a Habit of Leaving '' `` Ca n't Help Thinking About Me '' `` Do Anything You Say '' `` I Dig Everything '' `` Rubber Band '' `` The Laughing Gnome '' `` Love You till Tuesday '' `` Space Oddity '' `` Ragazzo solo , ragazza sola '' 1970s `` The Prettiest Star '' `` Memory of a Free Festival '' `` Holy Holy '' `` Moonage Daydream '' `` Hang On to Yourself '' `` Changes '' `` Starman '' `` John , I 'm Only Dancing '' `` The Jean Genie '' `` Drive - In Saturday '' `` Time '' `` Life on Mars '' `` Let 's Spend the Night Together '' `` Sorrow '' `` Rebel Rebel '' `` Rock ' n ' Roll Suicide '' `` Diamond Dogs '' `` 1984 '' `` Knock on Wood '' `` Rock ' n ' Roll with Me '' `` Young Americans '' `` Fame '' `` Golden Years '' `` TVC 15 '' `` Suffragette City '' `` Stay '' `` Sound and Vision '' `` Be My Wife '' `` ' Heroes ' '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` Breaking Glass '' `` Boys Keep Swinging '' `` DJ '' `` Yassassin '' `` Look Back in Anger '' `` John , I 'm Only Dancing ( Again ) '' 1980s `` Alabama Song '' `` Crystal Japan '' `` Ashes to Ashes '' `` Fashion '' `` Scary Monsters ( And Super Creeps ) '' `` Up the Hill Backwards '' `` Under Pressure '' `` Wild Is the Wind '' `` The Drowned Girl '' `` Cat People ( Putting Out Fire ) '' `` Peace on Earth / Little Drummer Boy '' `` Let 's Dance '' `` China Girl '' `` Modern Love '' `` Without You '' `` White Light / White Heat '' `` Blue Jean '' `` Tonight '' `` This Is Not America '' `` Loving the Alien '' `` Dancing in the Street '' `` Absolute Beginners '' `` Underground '' `` As the World Falls Down '' `` Magic Dance '' `` When the Wind Blows '' `` Day - In Day - Out '' `` Time Will Crawl '' `` Never Let Me Down '' `` Under the God '' `` Heaven 's in Here '' `` Tin Machine '' / `` Maggie 's Farm ( live ) '' `` Prisoner of Love '' 1990s `` Fame ' 90 '' `` You Belong in Rock n ' Roll '' `` Baby Universal '' `` One Shot '' `` Real Cool World '' `` Jump They Say '' `` Black Tie White Noise '' `` Miracle Goodnight '' `` The Buddha of Suburbia '' `` Ziggy Stardust '' `` The Hearts Filthy Lesson '' `` Strangers When We Meet '' / `` The Man Who Sold the World ( live ) '' `` Hallo Spaceboy '' `` Telling Lies '' `` Little Wonder '' `` Dead Man Walking '' `` Seven Years in Tibet '' `` Pallas Athena '' `` I 'm Afraid of Americans '' `` I Ca n't Read '' `` Without You I 'm Nothing '' `` Thursday 's Child '' `` The Pretty Things Are Going to Hell '' 2000s `` Survive '' `` Seven '' `` Slow Burn '' `` Everyone Says ' Hi ' '' `` I 've Been Waiting for You '' `` Shadow Man '' `` New Killer Star '' `` Just for One Day ( Heroes ) '' `` Never Get Old '' `` Rebel Never Gets Old '' 2010s `` Where Are We Now ? '' `` The Stars ( Are Out Tonight ) '' `` The Next Day '' `` Valentine 's Day '' `` Love Is Lost '' `` ' Tis a Pity She Was a Whore '' `` Sue ( Or in a Season of Crime ) '' `` Blackstar '' `` Lazarus '' `` I Ca n't Give Everything Away '' `` Life on Mars ? ( 2016 Mix ) '' Discography Book : David Bowie Book : Bowie singles and songs Category : David Bowie Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magic_Dance&oldid=825658563 '' Categories : 1986 songs David Bowie songs Song recordings produced by David Bowie Songs written by David Bowie EMI America Records singles Songs about dancing Hidden categories : Use British English from January 2014 Use dmy dates from January 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Magyar Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Português Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 17 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic%20Dance	1,824
what kind of animal is boots from dora	The series centers around Dora , a 7 ( Later 8 ) year old American girl of Indigenous Mexican heritage , with a love of embarking on quests related to an activity that she wants to partake of or a place that she wants to go to , accompanied by her talking purple backpack and anthropomorphic monkey companion named Boots ( named for his beloved pair of red boots ) . Each episode is based around a series of cyclical events that occur along the way during Dora 's travels , along with obstacles that she and Boots are forced to overcome or puzzles that they have to solve ( with `` assistance '' from the viewing audience ) relating to riddles , the Spanish language , or counting . Common rituals may involve Dora 's encounters with Swiper , a bipedal , anthropomorphic masked thieving fox whose theft of the possessions of others must be prevented through fourth wall - breaking interaction with the viewer . To stop Swiper , Dora must say `` Swiper no swiping '' three times . However , on occasions where Swiper steals the belongings of other people , the viewer is presented with the challenge of helping Boots and Dora locate the stolen items . Another obstacle involves encounters with another one of the program 's antagonists ; the `` Grumpy Old Troll '' dwelling beneath a bridge that Dora and Boots must cross , who challenges them with a riddle before permitting them the past that needs to be solved with the viewer 's help . Known for the constant breaking of the fourth - wall depicted in every episode , the audience is usually presented to two primary landmarks that must be passed before Dora can reach her destination , normally being challenged with games or puzzles along the way . The episode always ends with Dora successfully reaching the locale , singing the `` We Did It ! '' song with Boots in triumph .	anthropomorphic monkey	Dora the Explorer	dora the explorer	Dora the Explorer is an American educational animated TV series created by Chris Gifford , Valerie Walsh , and Eric Weiner . Dora the Explorer became a regular series in 2000 . The show is carried on the Nickelodeon cable television network , including the associated Nick Jr. channel . It aired on CBS until September 2006 . A Spanish - dubbed version first aired as part of a Nick en español block on NBC Universal - owned Telemundo through September 2006 ; since April 2008 , this version of the program has been carried on Univision as part of the Planeta U block . The series is co-produced by Nickelodeon Productions and Nickelodeon Animation Studio . Dora the Explorer is one of the longest - running shows of Nick Jr . During the sixth season , the show became the Nick Jr. series with the most episodes , surpassing Blue 's Clues with 143 episodes , having 144 after it had completed broadcasting on television . It won a Peabody Award in 2003 `` for outstanding efforts in making learning a pleasurable experience for pre-schoolers . '' It ended on June 5 , 2014 after 8 seasons and 172 episodes .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voices 2.1 Guest voices 2.2 Guest stars 3 Episode list 4 Development 4.1 Dora 's Explorer Girls 5 Foreign adaptations 6 Stage adaptations 7 Dora the Explorer merchandise 7.1 Toys 7.2 Books 7.2. 1 Dora the Explorer series 7.2. 2 Ready To Read series -- Level 1 7.2. 3 A Lift - the - Flap Story 7.2. 4 Treasury books and collection books 7.2. 5 Sticker books 7.3 DVDs and videos 7.4 Video games 8 Mobile streaming 9 Sequel 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Plot From left to right : Swiper ( in background ) , Dora , and Boots The series centers around Dora , a 7 ( Later 8 ) year old American girl of Indigenous Mexican heritage , with a love of embarking on quests related to an activity that she wants to partake of or a place that she wants to go to , accompanied by her talking purple backpack and anthropomorphic monkey companion named Boots ( named for his beloved pair of red boots ) . Each episode is based around a series of cyclical events that occur along the way during Dora 's travels , along with obstacles that she and Boots are forced to overcome or puzzles that they have to solve ( with `` assistance '' from the viewing audience ) relating to riddles , the Spanish language , or counting . Common rituals may involve Dora 's encounters with Swiper , a bipedal , anthropomorphic masked thieving fox whose theft of the possessions of others must be prevented through fourth wall - breaking interaction with the viewer . To stop Swiper , Dora must say `` Swiper no swiping '' three times . However , on occasions where Swiper steals the belongings of other people , the viewer is presented with the challenge of helping Boots and Dora locate the stolen items . Another obstacle involves encounters with another one of the program 's antagonists ; the `` Grumpy Old Troll '' dwelling beneath a bridge that Dora and Boots must cross , who challenges them with a riddle before permitting them the past that needs to be solved with the viewer 's help . Known for the constant breaking of the fourth - wall depicted in every episode , the audience is usually presented to two primary landmarks that must be passed before Dora can reach her destination , normally being challenged with games or puzzles along the way . The episode always ends with Dora successfully reaching the locale , singing the `` We Did It ! '' song with Boots in triumph . On numerous occasions , television specials have been aired for the series in which the usual events of regular episodes are altered , threatened , or replaced . Usually said specials will present Dora with a bigger , more whimsical adventure than usual or with a magical task that must be fulfilled , or perhaps even offer a series of different adventures for Boots and Dora to travel through . They might be presented with an unusual , difficult task ( such as assisting Swiper in his attempts to be erased from Santa Claus 's Naughty List ) that normally is not featured in average episodes , or challenge Dora with a goal that must be achieved ( such as the emancipation of a trapped mermaid ) . Sometimes , the specials have involved the debut of new characters , such as the birth of Dora 's superpowered twin baby siblings and the introduction of the enchanted anthropomorphic stars that accompany Dora on many of her quests . Voices Dora Márquez ( aka Dora the Explorer ) : Kathleen Herles ( 2000 -- 2007 ) , Caitlin Sanchez ( 2008 -- 2011 ) , Fátima Ptacek ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Boots : Harrison Chad ( 2000 -- 2007 ) , Regan Mizrahi ( 2008 -- 2012 ) , Koda Gursoy ( 2012 - 2014 ) Backpack : Sasha Toro ( 2000 -- 2007 ) , Alexandria Suarez ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Swiper : Marc Weiner ( 2000 -- 2014 ) Map : Marc Weiner ( 2000 -- 2014 ) Isa the Iguana : Ashley Fleming ( 2000 -- 2007 ) , Lenique Vincent ( 2008 -- 2011 ) , Skai Jackson ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Tico the Squirrel : Jose Zelaya ( 2002 -- 2007 ) , Jean Carlos Celi ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Benny the Bull : Jake Burbage ( 2000 -- 2007 ) , Matt Gumley ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Big Red Chicken : Chris Gifford ( 2000 -- 2014 ) Explorer Stars : Christiana Anbri , Henry Gifford , Katie Gifford , Aisha Shickler , Muhammed Cunningham , Jose Zeleya Diego : Felipe and Andre Dieppa ( 2003 -- 2006 ) , Jake T. Austin ( 2005 -- 2010 ) , Brandon Zambrano ( 2011 -- 2012 ) , Jacob Medrano ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Elaine Del Valle - Val the Octopus , various Eileen Galindo - Mrs. Marquez Chris Gifford - Big Red Chicken , Grumpy Old Troll , various K.J. Sanchez Adam Sietz - Boots ' Daddy , various Leslie Valdes Marc Weiner Guest voices John Leguizamo Cheech Marin Ricardo Montalbán Esai Morales - Mr. Marquez Amy Principe Irwin Reese Chita Rivera ( Dora 's Fairytale Adventure , 2004 ) Antonia Rey Paul Rodriguez Frankie Grande Guest stars Johnny Weir , ( Dora 's Ice Skating Spectacular , 2013 ) Hilary Duff , ( Dora 's Ice Skating Spectacular , 2013 ) Jewel Kilcher ( Dora in Wonderland , 2014 ) Mel Brooks ( Dora in Wonderland , 2014 ) Alan Cumming ( Dora in Wonderland , 2014 ) Sara Ramirez ( Dora in Wonderland , 2014 ) Episode list Main article : List of Dora the Explorer episodes Development Dora is a Latina . According to a Nickelodeon spokesman , `` She was developed to be pan-Latina to represent the diversity of Latino cultures . '' Dora the Explorer as a tween , as seen after being revealed in 2009 . On March 8 , 2009 , Mattel and Nickelodeon announced that Dora will receive a tweenage makeover , switching from a young age to a teenage attending middle school . Initially , it was announced that the new look would not be revealed until late 2009 , but after a short controversy , the tween Dora was unveiled on March 16 , 2009 . The change was criticized by one writer that did not support the feminization of Dora 's image . In 2012 , a CGI opening was created for new episodes of the series . Dora 's Explorer Girls In 2009 , Mattel and Nickelodeon introduced a preteen version of Dora , with four friends named Naiya , Kate , Emma , and Alana , who call themselves the Explorer Girls . The Explorer Girls were included in the Dora and Friends spin - off in 2014 . Foreign adaptations Dora the Explorer has been produced in various other languages worldwide . It facilitates the learning of important foreign language words or phrases ( mostly English , interspersed with a local language ( e.g. Norwegian , Russian , Hindi , or German ) , with occasional use of Spanish ( used in the Gaelic , Serbian , and Turkish versions ) ) through its simplicity and use of repetition . Arabic -- The Arabic language version is broadcast on the `` Nickelodeon on MBC3 '' block of MBC3 , and is presented in Arabic - English . Cantonese -- The Cantonese language version ( Chinese : 愛探險的朵拉 ; literally : `` Explore - loving Dora '' ) is sold in Hong Kong . It is presented in Cantonese - English . Danish -- The Danish language version is called `` Dora -- udforskeren '' and there are commands and expressions in English . It is broadcast on the national public children 's channel , DR Ramasjang , and also on Nick Jr. through various pay TV providers . Dutch -- The Dutch language version broadcasts on Nickelodeon and Nick . Jr , It is presented in Dutch - English . The voice actors are Lottie Hellingman as Dora and Dieter Jansen as Boots . French -- The French language version , Dora l'exploratrice , broadcasts on TF1 in France and Télé - Québec in Canada . It is presented in French - English , with Dora and Boots ( called Babouche ) speaking French and other protagonists speaking and answering in English . Filipino -- The Filipino language version broadcasts on ABS - CBN and has the same English title `` Dora , the Explorer '' . The characters speak Filipino and some English , Dora teaches English in this version . German -- The German language version broadcasts on the German branch of Nickelodeon . The bilingualism is German - English . Greek -- The Greek language version is called `` Ντόρα η μικρή εξερευνήτρια '' ( or Dora the Little Explorer ) . It broadcasts on Nickelodeon and Star Channel . The bilingualism is Greek - English . Dora and Boots ( called Botas ) speak Greek and other protagonists speak and answer in English . Hebrew -- The Hebrew language version broadcasts on HOP channel . The bilingualism is Hebrew - English . The series is called מגלים עם דורה ( or Megalim Im Dora -- English : Discovering with Dora ) . Hindi -- In the Hindi language version , Dora and the other characters speak Hindi . It broadcasts on Nickelodeon and Nick Jr . Dora teaches the viewers English words and numbers . Hungarian -- In the Hungarian language version , Dora and the other characters speak Hungarian with some English words or phrases . It broadcasts on Nickelodeon ( Hungary ) . The series is called Dóra a felfedező . Indonesian -- The Indonesian language version broadcasts on Global TV . The bilingualism is Indonesian - English . Irish -- The Irish language version broadcasts on the Irish station TG4 . The bilingualism is Irish - Spanish with Dora and Boots speaking in Irish and some other characters speaking Spanish as in the original American version . Italian -- The Italian language version broadcasts on Cartoonito and on Nickelodeon . The bilingualism is Italian - English . The series is called Dora l'esploratrice ( `` Dora the Explorer '' ) . Most characters speak Italian , but some characters and especially Dora 's parents and backpack speak English along with Italian . Japanese -- The Japanese language version broadcasts on Nick Japan . The bilingualism is Japanese - English , with Dora and Boots speaking Japanese and other protagonists speaking and answering in English . The version is called ドーラといっしょに大冒険 ( Dōra to issho ni dai bōken / Adventures with Dora ) . Kannada -- The Kannada language version broadcasts on Chintu TV and is a very popular program on that network . Hindi is the second language in this version . Korean -- The Korean language version broadcasts on Nick Jr in Korea . The title is `` Hi Dora '' and is introduced by a real person whose name is Dami -- she introduces key English vocabulary for each episode . The episode is primarily in Korean with some English . Macedonian -- The Macedonian language version broadcasts on MRT 1 in Macedonia . The title is `` Дора истражува '' ( or Dora the Explorer ) . The bilingualism is Macedonian - English . Malay -- The Malay language version broadcasts on TV9 . The bilingualism is Malay - English . Dora speaks primarily in Malay , and the secondary language is English . The original English - Spanish version , however , is also available on Nickelodeon South East Asia via the Nick Jr. programming slot to subscribers of the ASTRO satellite TV service . Malayalam -- The Malayalam language version is called Dorayude Prayanam ( ഡോറയുടെ പ്രയാണം ) and broadcasts on a local kids programming channel Kochu TV , which is the Malayalam dubbed version of Chutti TV . Mandarin -- In the Mandarin Chinese language version Dora the characters speak mainly Mandarin with limited English . It broadcasts on Yo - yo TV in Taiwan ( Channel 25 ) . Maori -- The Māori language version is called `` Dora Mātātoa '' . Norwegian -- In the Norwegian language version , the bilingualism is Norwegian - English . Polish -- The Polish language version broadcasts on Nickelodeon in Poland . The bilingualism is Polish - English . The series is called Dora poznaje świat ( `` Dora explores the world '' ) . Portuguese -- In the Portuguese language versions , Dora a Exploradora broadcasts on RTP2 and Nickelodeon Portugal . On Nickelodeon Brazil , the show is called Dora a Aventureira , and Dora and Boots ( called Boots in the Portuguese version and Botas in the Brazilian version ) speak Portuguese , while the other protagonists speak and answer in English . Some Portuguese episodes are available on DVD . Persian -- The Persian language version broadcasts on Persian Toon . The bilingualism is Persian - English . Russian -- The Russian language version broadcasts on TNT and Nickelodeon . The bilingualism is Russian - English . The series is called Dasha - sledopyt ( `` Dasha the Pathfinder '' ) . Dasha is the children 's name of Daria ( Darya ) . Serbian -- The Serbian language version broadcasts on B92 . The bilingualism is Serbian - Spanish . The series is called Dora istražuje ( Dora is exploring ) . Spanish -- There are different Spanish language versions for Mexico , Latin America , and Spain . Dora la Exploradora broadcasts on Nickelodeon in Latin America ( and up to September 2006 on Telemundo in the USA ; from April 2008 on Univisión ) . Dora and Boots ( called Botas ) speak Spanish and the other protagonists speak and answer in English . Some Spanish episodes are available to US viewers on VHS , and some DVDs have a Spanish track ( including Dora 's Egg Hunt ) . This version is entirely the reverse of the original English version ; Tico and Señor Tucan ( called Mr. Toucan ) only speak English . Additionally , Univision has added on - screen captions of the Spanish words spoken in English . In Spain , Dora la exploradora is aired on TVE 1 , Clan TVE and Nickelodeon . It is another reverse of the original English version ( the characters speak mainly Spanish but there are commands and expressions in English ) . Swedish -- In the Swedish language version Dora - utforskaren the characters speak mainly Swedish but there are commands and expressions in English . It broadcasts on Nickelodeon and TV4 . Tamil -- In the Tamil language version Doravin Payanangal ( டோராவின் பயணங்கள் ) , the characters all speak Tamil , with some English interspersed . It broadcasts on a local kids programming channel Chutti TV . Thai -- In the Thai language version ด อ ร่า ดิ เอก ซ์ พล อ เรอ ร์ or ด อ ร่า สาว น้อย นัก ผจญ ภัย , the characters speak Thai ; however , Tico speaks English . It broadcasts on Gang Cartoon Channel , Nick Jr. , Thai PBS . Turkish -- In the Turkish language version Dora the characters speak mainly Turkish , Spanish , and English but there are commands and expressions in Turkish . It broadcasts on Nickelodeon and CNBC - e . As shown by the list above , the usual second language is English , but Spanish is used in the original American version in English ( broadcast also for Malay speakers ) , in the Gaelic ( Irish ) , Serbian , and the trilingual Turkish versions . Stage adaptations Two stage versions of Dora the Explorer toured North America , the first being `` City of Lost Toys '' , and the second being `` Dora 's Pirate Adventure '' . Produced by Nickelodeon and LiveNation , these productions featured live actors portraying the roles of Dora and her friends , including Boots , Diego , Isa , and the Fiesta Trio . Many of the characters wore elaborate foam costumes designed to resemble the Dora characters . Each production featured a structure similar to an episode of the television series . City of Lost Toys featured Christina Bianco as Dora while Dora 's Pirate Adventure featured Danay Ferrer of the band Innosense in the role of Dora and Frankie Grande as Boots . Both productions featured a version of the popular Gloria Estefan song `` Get On Your Feet '' as the final number of the show . Both productions were conceived by Chris Gifford , creator of the television show , and directed by Gip Hoppe . There have been three Dora touring companies . The `` City of Lost Toys '' company and the `` Pirate Adventure '' company featured actors and crew that were members of Actor 's Equity and IATSE , respectively , the unions for professional actors and stagehands in the United States . The third company performs a reduced version of `` Pirate Adventure '' and does not employ union personnel . This production is currently touring North America , and scheduled to travel to the United Kingdom and France . Dora the Explorer merchandise There are many action figures and playsets available in many markets , along with DVDs , cosmetics , hygiene products , ride - ons , books , board games , plush dolls , apparel , handbags , play tents , play kitchens , and more . Licensees include Fisher - Price in the United States and Holland Publishing in the United Kingdom . Toys In 2004 Lego released four sets based on the TV series ' characters . These include 7330 Dora 's Treasure Island , 7331 Diego 's Rescue Truck , 7332 Dora and Boots at Play Park , and 7333 Dora and Diego 's Animal Adventure . In 2007 , lead paint used by a contract toy manufacturer in China prompted Mattel to issue recalls for nearly a million toys , many of which featured Sesame Street and Nickelodeon characters , including Dora the Explorer . Nickelodeon responded that they would introduce `` third - party monitoring '' of all manufacturers of products under its brands . Books Dora the Explorer series Dora 's Backpack ( ISBN 978 - 0689847202 ) Little Star ( ISBN 978 - 0689847219 ) Happy Mother 's Day Mami ! ( ISBN 978 - 0689852336 ) Meet Diego ! ( ISBN 978 - 0689859939 ) Dora 's Thanksgiving ( ISBN 978 - 0689858420 ) Dora Loves Boots ( ISBN 978 - 0689863738 ) Dora 's Book of Manners ( ISBN 978 - 0689865336 ) Dora Goes to School ( ISBN 978 - 0689864940 ) Dora 's Fairy - Tale Adventure ( ISBN 978 - 0689870125 ) Dora 's Chilly Day ( ISBN 978 - 0689867958 ) Show Me Your Smile ! ( ISBN 978 - 0689871696 ) Dora 's Pirate Adventure ( ISBN 978 - 0689875830 ) Big Sister Dora ! ( ISBN 978 - 0689878466 ) At the Carnival ( ISBN 978 - 0689858413 ) Dora 's Costume Party ! ( ISBN 978 - 1416900108 ) Dance to the Rescue ( ISBN 978 - 1416902164 ) Dora 's Starry Christmas ( ISBN 978 - 1416902492 ) Super babies ( ISBN 978 - 1416914853 ) The Birthday Dance Party ( ISBN 978 - 1416913030 ) Dora 's World Adventure ( ISBN 978 - 1416924470 ) Dora Climbs Star Mountain ( ISBN 978 - 1416940593 ) It 's Sharing Day ! ( ISBN 978 - 1416915751 ) Dora Had a Little Lamb ( ISBN 978 - 1416933687 ) Dora Saves Mermaid Kingdom ! ( ISBN 978 - 1416938415 ) Dora and the Stuck Truck ( ISBN 978 - 1416947998 ) Ready To Read series -- Level 1 Dora 's Picnic ( ISBN 978 - 0689852381 ) Follow Those Feet ! ( ISBN 978 - 0689852398 ) Dora in the Deep Sea ( ISBN 978 - 0689858451 ) I Love My Papi ! ( ISBN 978 - 0689864957 ) Say `` Cheese ! '' ( ISBN 978 - 0689864964 ) The Halloween Cat ( ISBN 978 - 0689867996 ) Eggs for Everyone ! ( ISBN 978 - 0689871764 ) Just Like Dora ! ( ISBN 978 - 0689876752 ) I Love My Mami ! ( ISBN 978 - 1416906506 ) Puppy Takes a Bath ( ISBN 978 - 1416914839 ) Around the World ! ( ISBN 978 - 1416924784 ) Dora 's Sleepover ( ISBN 978 - 1416915089 ) Dora Helps Diego ! ( ISBN 978 - 1416915096 ) Dora 's Perfect Pumpkin ( ISBN 978 - 1416934387 ) Dora 's Mystery of the Missing Shoes ( ISBN 978 - 1416938248 ) A Lift - the - Flap Story Good Night , Dora ! : A Lift - the - Flap Story ( ISBN 978 - 0689847745 ) Where Is Boots ? : A Lift - the - Flap Story ( ISBN 978 - 0689847752 ) Let 's Play Sports ! : A Lift - the - Flap Story ( ISBN 978 - 1416933502 ) All Dressed Up ! : A Lift - the - Flap Book ( ISBN 978 - 0689877186 ) Treasury books and collection books Dora 's Ready - to - Read Adventures ( ISBN 978 - 0689878152 ) Contains : Dora 's picnic , Follow those feet , Dora in the deep sea , I love my Papi ! , Say `` Cheese '' Dora 's Storytime Collection ( ISBN 978 - 0689866234 ) Contains : Dora 's Backpack , Little Star , Happy Birthday , Mami ! , Meet Diego ! , Dora Saves the Prince , Dora 's Treasure Hunt , Good Night , Dora ! Dora 's Big Book of Stories ( ISBN 978 - 1416907084 ) Contains : Dora 's Book of Manners , Dora Goes to School , Dora 's Fairy - Tale Adventure , Dora 's Chilly Day , Show Me Your Smile ! , Dora 's Pirate Adventure , Big Sister Dora ! Sticker books Dora 's Magic Watering Can ( ISBN 978 - 1416947721 ) DVDs and videos Main article : List of Dora the Explorer videos Video games Main article : Dora the Explorer ( video game series ) Video games based on the 2000 television show Dora the Explorer were released . In Canada , Cheerios offered a free Dora the Explorer the Game CD - ROMs in specially marked packages . However , packages sold in Quebec would only have the French version . Dora the Explorer : Barnyard Buddies is a video game released for the PlayStation in 2003 in the US . It was not released in Europe until 2005 being one of the very last games released on that platform in that territory . Dora the Explorer : Super Star Adventures is an adventure video game for the Game Boy Advance released in 2004 . It was developed by Imaginengine and published by Global Star . Dora the Explorer : Journey to the Purple Planet is an action - adventure video game , developed by Monkey Bar Games , published by Global Star Software and powered by Vicious Engine . The game was released for GameCube in North America on October 13 , 2005 , and later in PAL regions on December 16 , 2005 . The PlayStation 2 version was released on PAL regions on December 2 , 2005 , and later in North America on February 9 , 2006 . The game is about Dora and Boots who finds some lost aliens from the purple planet . However , to take them home , she and Boots are required to collect keys to open the space gate , leading to the saturn planet . The game is unique in that it uses pictures and symbols to communicate rather than words . The object of the game is to capture one of the six explorer stars . Each explorer star has a special power such as the ability to be noisy or the ability to create music . In order to capture the star , the player must complete a hide - and - seek activity . These activities include maze navigation , matching games , side - scrolling race games , a `` Frogger '' - type game , a complete - the - pattern activity and a song playing game . Dora Puppy is a puppy simulator where players must help Dora take care of her puppy , Perrito , and help train him for doggie competitions . All the actions are performed by either tracing certain shapes with the stylus or calling out commands into the DS 's microphone . It was developed by Take - Two Interactive for the Nintendo DS and published by 2K Play in North America and Australia in 2009 , and in Europe in 2010 . Dora the Explorer : Dora 's Cooking Club is a cooking video game for the Nintendo DS . It was published by 2K Play in 2010 . In the game , players have to chop veggies , stir soups , top pizzas , and more using math skills . They may be sorting cookies into numbered groups or counting out different amounts of ingredients . Dora the Explorer : Dora Saves the Snow Princess is a video game that was released for the PlayStation 2 and the Wii console in 2008 . Dora the Explorer : Dora Saves the Crystal Kingdom is a video game that was released for the PlayStation 2 and the Wii console in 2009 . Mobile streaming ^ On August 31st , 2017 , the first five seasons of the show were added to the NOGGIN app . Sequel In 2013 , Nickelodeon announced that it will have a sequel to Dora the Explorer titled as Dora and Friends : Into the City ! . It will star the Latina heroine Dora as a 10 - year - old who goes on city adventures with the Explorer Girls , accompanied by a male pal named Pablo . The series has been picked up for 20 episodes and aired on Nickelodeon on August 18 , 2014 . See also Go , Diego , Go ! References Jump up ^ 63rd Annual Peabody Awards , May 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Grandma 's House '' . Dora the Explorer . Season 1 . Episode 12 . August 29 , 2000 . Event occurs at 2 : 00 . Nickelodeon . ¡ Hola , señora Márquez ! access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Dora and Diego 's Amazing Animal Circus '' . Dora the Explorer . Season 7 . Episode 8 . October 16 , 2012 . Nickelodeon . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Dora 's Thanksgiving Day Parade '' . Dora the Explorer . Season 7 . Episode 15 . November 19 , 2012 . Nickelodeon . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Friedman , Emily ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` Is Dora The Explorer an Illegal Immigrant ? '' . ABC News . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dora the Explorer Updates Her Look '' . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` After Dora uproar , Nick and Mattel soothe moms '' . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` New Tween `` Dora The Explorer '' Revealed `` . Popcrunch.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Vicki Passmore ( February 1 , 2011 ) . `` Boy , How You 've Changed : Nine Big Mascot Makeovers '' . Walletpop.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dora the Explorer 's Makeover '' . thesocietypages.org . Jump up ^ Calabash Animation Creates New ' Dora ' Opening . Animationinsider.net Jump up ^ `` Dora 's Explorer Girls '' . Nickjr.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Addley , Esther ( 2007 - 08 - 03 ) . `` Mattel recalls nearly 100,000 toys after lead paint alert '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Gregory , Angela ( 2007 - 08 - 03 ) . `` Dora the Explorer leads toy giant 's recall '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Story , Louise ( 2007 - 08 - 02 ) . `` Lead Paint Prompts Mattel to Recall 967,000 Toys ( registration required to read article ) '' . NY Times . Jump up ^ `` Dora the Explorer : Super Star Adventures '' . IGN . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Dora the Explorer : Journey to the Purple Planet '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` Dora the Explorer : Journey to the Purple Planet '' . IGN . Jump up ^ Global Star ( 2004 ) Dora the Explorer : Super Star Adventures Manual Jump up ^ 2K Play ( 2009 ) Dora the Explorer : Dora Puppy Manual Jump up ^ `` Dora the Explorer : Dora Puppy '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` Dora 's Cooking Club '' . IGN . Jump up ^ 2K Play ( 2010 ) Dora 's Cooking Club Manual Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Unveils New Generation Of Content For New Generation Of Kids At Annual Upfront Presentation '' ( Press release ) . Reuters. 25 February 2013 . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Villaneda , Rebecca ( 28 February 2013 ) . `` ' Dora and Friends ' : New Spin - off Will Star the Little Latina Heroine '' . Hispanic Business . Archived from the original on 15 October 2013 . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon `` Dora And Friends : In The City '' TV Show `` . Nickutopia. 8 March 2013 . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Peel , Sarah ( 11 March 2013 ) . `` Nickelodeon Announces Dora and Friends : Into the City '' . BSC Kids . Archived from the original on 13 March 2013 . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dora & Friends Music Video -- Video Clip -- Nick Jr . '' . nickjr.com . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Times ( 18 August 2014 ) . `` Dora the Explorer is growing up and getting a spinoff series '' . latimes.com . External links Dora The Explorer on Nick Jr . Australia Dora The Explorer On Nick Jr . US Dora The Explorer On Nick Jr . UK Dora The Explorer on Treehouse Dora The Explorer On Nick Canada Dora the Explorer on IMDb Nick Jr. original programming Former 1980s debuts Eureeka 's Castle ( 1989 -- 1995 ) 1990s debuts Nick Jr . Rocks ( 1991 ) Dick Bruna 's Miffy Story Books ( 1992 ) Gullah Gullah Island ( 1994 -- 1998 ) Allegra 's Window ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Little Bear ( 1995 -- 2003 ) Blue 's Clues ( 1996 -- 2006 ) Franklin ( 1997 -- 2004 ) Maisy ( 1998 -- 2001 ) 64 Zoo Lane ( 1999 -- 2013 ) Phred on Your Head Show ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Little Bill ( 1999 -- 2004 ) 2000s debuts Dora the Explorer ( 2000 -- 2014 ) Maggie and the Ferocious Beast ( 2000 -- 2002 ) Tiny Planets ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Oswald ( 2001 -- 2003 ) The URL with Phred Show ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Play with Me Sesame ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Oobi ( 2003 -- 2005 ) Miffy and Friends ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Moose and Zee ( 2003 -- 2012 ) Connie the Cow ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Whoopi 's Littleburg ( 2004 ) Blue 's Room ( 2004 -- 2007 ) LazyTown ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Miss Spider 's Sunny Patch Friends ( 2004 -- 2008 ) The Backyardigans ( 2004 -- 2010 ) Cooking for Kids with Luis ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Pinky Dinky Doo ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Go , Diego , Go ! ( 2005 -- 2011 ) Jack 's Big Music Show ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Wonder Pets ! ( 2006 -- 2013 ) Wow ! Wow ! Wubbzy ! ( 2006 -- 2010 ) The Upside Down Show ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Yo Gabba Gabba ! ( 2007 -- 2015 ) Ni Hao , Kai - Lan ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Toot & Puddle ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Olivia ( 2009 -- 2011 ) The Fresh Beat Band ( 2009 -- 2013 ) 2010s debuts Pocoyo ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Team Umizoomi ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Bubble Guppies ( 2011 -- 2016 ) Franklin and Friends ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Mike the Knight ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Tickety Toc ( 2012 -- 2015 ) Peter Rabbit ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Lalaloopsy ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Julius Jr. ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Fresh Beat Band of Spies ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Current Teletubbies ( since 1997 ) Max & Ruby ( since 2002 ) Peppa Pig ( since 2003 ) Ben & Holly 's Little Kingdom ( since 2009 ) Dino Dan ( since 2010 ) Mia and Me ( since 2011 ) Play Along with Sam ( since 2013 ) PAW Patrol ( since 2013 ) Wallykazam ! ( since 2014 ) Zack & Quack ( since 2014 ) Dora and Friends : Into the City ! ( since 2014 ) Blaze and the Monster Machines ( since 2014 ) Hey Duggee ( since 2014 ) Little Charmers ( since 2015 ) Nick Jr . Puppies ( since 2015 ) Mutt & Stuff ( since 2015 ) Shimmer and Shine ( since 2015 ) Miffy 's Adventures Big and Small ( since 2015 ) Rusty Rivets ( since 2016 ) Nella the Princess Knight ( since 2017 ) Sunny Day ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Rainbow Rangers ( Fall 2017 ) Butterbean 's Café ( 2017 ) Top Wing ( 2017 ) Abby Hatcher ( 2017 ) See also Nickelodeon on CBS Nickelodeon Book Nickelodeon portal Children 's programming on CBS in the 2000s First - run animated series Dora the Explorer ( 2000 -- 2006 ) Little Bill ( 2000 -- 2006 ) Little Bear ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Franklin ( 1998 -- 1999 ; 2000 -- 2002 ) Kipper ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Maisy ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Maggie and the Ferocious Beast ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Oswald ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Bob the Builder ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Hey Arnold ! ( 2002 -- 2004 ) The Wild Thornberrys ( 2002 -- 2004 ) As Told by Ginger ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Pelswick ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Rugrats ( 2003 ) ChalkZone ( 2003 -- 2004 ) All Grown Up ! ( 2004 ) Miss Spider 's Sunny Patch Friends ( 2005 -- 2006 ) The Backyardigans ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Go , Diego , Go ! ( 2006 ) Horseland ( 2006 -- 2008 ; 2011 ) Strawberry Shortcake ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Sushi Pack ( 2007 -- 2009 ) DinoSquad ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Busytown Mysteries ( 2009 -- 2013 ) First - run live - action series Blue 's Clues ( 2000 -- 2006 ) The Brothers García ( 2004 ) LazyTown ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Cake ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Dance Revolution ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Rebroadcasts Madeline ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Sabrina 's Secret Life ( 2006 -- 2008 ; 2010 -- 2011 ) Care Bears : Adventures in Care - a-lot ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Noonbory and the Super Seven ( 2009 ) Sabrina : The Animated Series ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Schedules 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dora_the_Explorer&oldid=801297161 '' Categories : Dora the Explorer 2000 American television series debuts 2015 American television series endings 2000s American animated television series 2010s American animated television series American children 's adventure television series American children 's animated television series American children 's fantasy television series English - language television programs Children 's television characters Fictional Hispanic and Latino American people Fictional explorers Nick Jr. shows Telemundo network shows Television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters Univision network shows Peabody Award - winning television programs 2000s Nickelodeon shows 2010s Nickelodeon shows CBS network shows Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Articles containing Chinese - language text Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Български Brezhoneg Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Hawaiʻi हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kurdî Latina Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 21 : 17 . 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where does the new york marathon start and finish			New York City Marathon	new york city marathon		New York City Marathon Date First Sunday in November Location New York City , NY , U.S. Event type Road Distance Marathon 26.219 miles ( 42.195 km ) Primary sponsor TCS Established 1970 , 48 years ago Course records 2 : 05 : 05 , Geoffrey Mutai ( 2011 ) 2 : 22 : 31 Margaret Okayo ( 2003 ) Official site www.nycmarathon.org New York City Location in the United States New York City Location in state of New York The New York City Marathon ( currently branded TCS New York City Marathon for sponsorship reasons ) is an annual marathon ( 42.195 km or 26.219 mi ) that courses through the five boroughs of New York City . It is the largest marathon in the world , with 51,394 finishers in 2016 and 98,247 applicants for the 2017 race . Along with the Boston Marathon and Chicago Marathon , it is among the pre-eminent long - distance annual running events in the United States and is one of the World Marathon Majors . The race is organized by New York Road Runners and has been run every year since 1970 , with the exception of 2012 , when it was cancelled due to the landfall of Hurricane Sandy . In past years , it has been sponsored by the financial group ING . In 2014 , Tata Consultancy Services , a multinational information technology ( IT ) service , consulting , and business solutions company headquartered in India , began an eight - year term as the title sponsor . The race is held on the first Sunday of November and attracts professional competitors and amateurs from all over the world . Because of the popularity of the race , participation is chosen largely by a lottery system . Guaranteed entry to the marathon can be gained by satisfying the requirements of the 9 + 1 program or the 9 + $1 K program ( where NYRR members run in nine sponsored races and either volunteer at another event or donate $1,000 to support NYRR programs for young athletes ) , having completed 15 or more previous NYC Marathons , or meeting time qualification standards . In addition , runners can gain an entry by joining a team to raise funds for one of a number of charities . Contents 1 Course 2 History 3 Past Marathons 3.1 1974 3.2 1978 3.3 1979 3.4 1981 3.5 1983 3.6 1992 3.7 1994 3.8 2003 3.9 2004 3.10 2005 3.11 2006 3.12 2007 3.13 2008 3.14 2009 3.15 2010 3.16 2011 3.17 2012 3.18 2013 3.19 2014 3.20 2015 3.21 2016 3.22 2017 4 References 5 External links Course ( edit ) Course of the New York City Marathon 2013 ; this is similar to the courses used in previous years . Thousands of runners on Verrazano - Narrows Bridge . The race was founded by Fred Lebow . Ted Corbitt helped plan the course of the New York City Marathon . The initial course of 1970 consisted of repeated racing around Central Park . From 1976 , the course covers all five boroughs of New York City . It begins on Staten Island , in Fort Wadsworth , near the approach to the Verrazano - Narrows Bridge . The bridge , which normally carries only vehicular traffic , is closed for the event . Runners use both sides of the upper level of the bridge and the westbound side of the lower level . In the opening minutes of the race , the bridge is filled with runners , creating a dramatic spectacle that is closely associated with the event . After descending the bridge , the course winds through Brooklyn , mostly along Fourth Avenue and Bedford Avenue , for approximately the next 11 miles ( 18 km ) . Runners pass through a variety of neighborhoods , including : Bay Ridge , Sunset Park , Park Slope , Bedford - Stuyvesant , Williamsburg , and Greenpoint . At 13.1 miles ( 21.1 km ) , runners cross the Pulaski Bridge , marking the halfway point of the race and the entrance into Long Island City , Queens . After about 2.5 miles ( 4.0 km ) in Queens , runners cross the East River via the Queensboro ( 59th Street ) Bridge into Manhattan . It is at this point in the race when many runners begin to tire , as the climb up the bridge is considered one of the most difficult points in the marathon . Reaching Manhattan after about 16 miles ( 26 km ) , the race proceeds north on First Avenue , then crosses into The Bronx via the Willis Avenue Bridge for one mile before returning to Manhattan via the Madison Avenue Bridge . It then proceeds south through Harlem down Fifth Avenue and into Central Park . At the southern end of the park , the race proceeds along 59th Street / Central Park South , where thousands of spectators cheer runners on during the last mile . At Columbus Circle , the race reenters the park and finishes beside Tavern on the Green . The time limit for this course is 81⁄2 hours from the 10 : 10 a.m. start . In 2008 , the race initiated a corral system . Professional women runners were given a separate , earlier start and the balance of the runners began in three staggered starts . The official times are those recorded by a computer chip attached to the back of the runner 's bib number , which calculates when a runner crosses the start and when she crosses the finish , known as `` net time '' ( as opposed to `` gun time '' ) . Runners also pass timing mats at 5 km intervals along the course , and e-mail notifications can be received by people following runners during the race to track their progress . Whereas the distance is the same , there are different courses taken through Bay Ridge and up Fourth Avenue in Brooklyn until the course reaches Lafayette Avenue in Brooklyn at Mile 8 . Although the marathon publicity material uses miles , the timing mats are at 5 km intervals to accommodate the publishing of splits and also enabling potential world records for 20 km , 30 km and other sub-marathon distances to be recorded . History ( edit ) Paula Radcliffe , the victor of the 2007 NYC Marathon . The first New York City Marathon was held 48 years ago in 1970 , organized by New York Road Runners presidents Fred Lebow and Vincent Chiappetta , with 127 competitors running several loops around the Park Drive of Central Park . Only about 100 spectators watched Gary Muhrcke win the race in 2 : 31 : 38 . In fact , a total of only 55 runners crossed the finish line . Over the years , the marathon grew larger and larger . To celebrate the U.S. bicentennial in 1976 , city auditor George Spitz proposed that the race traverse all five boroughs . With the support of Manhattan Borough President Percy Sutton , the men convinced Mayor Beame and , eventually , race director Fred Lebow . The race was a huge success , and what was intended as a one - time celebration , became the annual course . Dick Traum became the first person to complete a marathon with a prosthetic leg when he finished the 1976 New York City Marathon . The marathon grew in popularity two years later when Norwegian Grete Waitz broke the women 's world record , finishing in 2 : 32 : 30 . She went on to win the race an unprecedented nine times . An official wheelchair and handcycle division was introduced in 2000 , and starting in 2002 , the elite women are given a 35 - minute head start before the elite men and rest of the field . The New York City Marathon has now become the largest marathon anywhere in the world . Each year nearly two million spectators line the course . Prior to 2013 , the marathon was broadcast live in the New York area on WNBC , and on Universal Sports for the entire country , However , in 2013 , WABC - TV and ESPN announced they would begin broadcasting the New York City Marathon . The Marathon can also be watched online . Past Marathons ( edit ) On September 29 , 1974 , Norbert Sander and Kathrine Switzer became the only New York City residents to win the New York City Marathon . 1978 ( edit ) Grete Waitz , the Norwegian long distance runner , sets a new course record for women at 2 : 32 : 30 and wins her first New York Marathon . Waitz goes on to win 9 New York Marathons , the most course wins in any category to date . She is widely acknowledged for having made a significant contribution to promote marathon and long - distance running for women . The New York Road Runners club annually sponsors `` Grete 's Great Gallop , '' a 10 kilometer race around the Central Park loop , in her honor . 1979 ( edit ) Grete Waitz again won the women 's race with a finish time of 2 : 27 : 33 , becoming the first woman ever to break 2 : 30 . In a normally trivial mistake , Rosie Ruiz was accidentally given a finish time of 2 : 56 : 29 . This qualified her for the 1980 Boston Marathon , where she crossed the finish line with a record time of 2 : 31 : 56 . It was quickly determined that she had not run the entire course in either race , igniting the best - known scandal in the history of modern distance running . New York Marathon chief Fred Lebow rescinded Ruiz 's time after determining she had not finished the 1979 race , and officials in Boston quickly followed suit . 1981 ( edit ) Alberto Salazar 's 2 : 08 : 13 was initially considered to be a world 's best in the marathon , but the mark was later rescinded by The Athletics Congress , now known as USA Track & Field , when the course was measured to be short by approximately 150 meters . Salazar remarked in 1985 that he would continue to believe that he ran a full marathon , since the lack of crowd control forced him to run wide during his turns . He has also suggested that a change in how courses were measured after the 1981 race attributed to the discrepancy in the course length . The national television audience was treated to a thrilling race as England 's Geoff Smith held a lead through the last half of the race . He was caught at the 26 mile mark in Central Park by 1972 Olympic 1500 metres bronze medalist Rod Dixon from New Zealand , who won by just 9 seconds . Dixon had been as far as 2 and a half minutes behind with 10 km to go , but steadily loomed over Smith 's shoulder . The result was also one of the great `` Thrill of Victory / Agony of Defeat '' photos of all time as Dixon stood at the finish line celebrating with a collapsed and defeated Smith on the ground behind him . Video highlights on YouTube 1992 ( edit ) Grete Waitz completed her last New York Marathon with her friend and race co-founder , Fred Lebow , in celebration of Lebow 's 60th birthday . Lebow had been diagnosed with brain cancer and died two years later in 1994 . They both completed the race with a time of 5 : 32 : 35 . Waitz would herself succumb to cancer in 2011 after what she called the toughest fight of her life . 1994 ( edit ) During the 1994 event , Germán Silva recovered from a wrong turn seven - tenths of a mile before the finish that put him temporarily in second place 40 yards behind Benjamín Paredes . He ran a 5 : 15 final mile , including the detour , to beat Paredes and win the event by two seconds with a time of 2 : 11 : 21 . The incident earned him the nickname `` Wrong Way Silva '' 2003 ( edit ) A record 34,729 people participated in the race . The top male finisher was Martin Lel of Kenya in a time of 2 : 10 : 30 . The top female finisher was Margaret Okayo of Kenya in time of 2 : 22 : 31 , breaking her previous course record of 2 : 24 : 21 set in 2001 . In recent years , runners from Kenya have dominated the event . The top Americans were Matt Downin ( 2 : 18 : 48 ) and Sylvia Mosqueda ( 2 : 33 : 10 ) , both from California . Rapper P. Diddy also ran for charity and raised $2,000,000 for the New York City Education system . The top female finisher was Britain 's Paula Radcliffe in a time of 2 : 23 : 10 , beating Kenya 's Susan Chepkemei by 4 seconds , the closest finish up to that time . The top male was Hendrik Ramaala of South Africa with a time of 2 : 09 : 28 . The top Americans were Meb Keflezighi ( 2nd , 2 : 18 : 48 ) from California and Jenny Crain ( 15th , 2 : 41 : 06 ) , from Wisconsin . 2005 ( edit ) In the closest finish in New York City Marathon history , Paul Tergat of Kenya barely outsprinted Hendrick Ramaala of South Africa in the final meters of the race for a time of 2 : 09 : 30 , beating Ramaala by one second . In the women 's race , Jeļena Prokopčuka of Latvia won in a time of 2 : 24 : 41 . Tops amongst the Americans were Meb Keflezighi of California ( 2 : 09 : 56 ) and Jen Rhines of California ( 2 : 37 : 07 ) . South African Ernst Van Dyk took the wheelchair race in 1 : 31 : 11 . The 2005 event was administered by new NYRR CEO Mary Wittenberg . It is notable that she was the first woman director of an international Major marathon . 2006 ( edit ) The top male finisher was Marílson Gomes dos Santos of Brazil in a time of 2 : 09 : 58 , while Jeļena Prokopčuka of Latvia won the female marathon for the second consecutive time in a time of 2 : 25 : 05 . Gomes dos Santos becomes the first South American ever to win the race . Stephen Kiogora of Kenya placed second , and Paul Tergat , the 2005 defending champion and former marathon world record holder , placed third . Former American professional road racing cyclist and triathlete Lance Armstrong ran in the 2006 race , finishing 868th with a time of 2 : 59 : 36 . He also ran the same year in the British 10K . Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee also completed the race in 2006 , finishing in 5 : 33 : 43 , and wearing bib # 110 , signifying the 110 pounds lost during his weight loss campaign . Amanda McGrory won the female wheelchair race in the time of 1 : 54 : 17 , the male wheelchair division was won by Kurt Fearnley in a time of 1 : 29 : 22 . 2007 ( edit ) Runners before the race at Verrazano - Narrows Bridge in the 2007 marathon . Professional wheelers heading for the starting line in 2007 . The 2007 New York City Marathon was held on Sunday , November 4 . It was the final race of the 2006 -- 2007 World Marathon Majors , a two - year series of elite marathon racing that also includes the Boston , Chicago , London and Berlin marathons . However , there were very few elite American marathoners participating in 2007 because they competed the day before at the 2008 USA Men 's Olympic Marathon Trials , which was held in conjunction with the New York City Marathon on some of the same course , three loops of which Trials were in Central Park . Martin Lel from Kenya won the men 's race in a time of 2 : 09 : 04 , completing an impressive double of the 2007 London and New York Marathons . The women 's winner was the world Marathon record holder Paula Radcliffe from Great Britain in a time of 2 : 23 : 09 , one second faster than her 2004 win . 2008 ( edit ) The 2008 New York City Marathon was held on Sunday , November 2 . A field of 37,899 runners participated . The men 's winner was Marílson Gomes dos Santos in 2 : 08 : 43 . Paula Radcliffe won her third NYC marathon in 2 : 23 : 56 . The 2008 marathon events were marred by the deaths of three marathon participants : Carlos Jose Gomes , 58 , of Brazil fell unconscious shortly after completing the race in 4 : 12 : 15 . An autopsy revealed that he had a pre-existing heart condition and died of a heart attack . Joseph Marotta , 66 , of Staten Island , N.Y. succumbed to a heart attack hours after he completed his fourth New York City Marathon . He walked the course in 9 : 16 : 46 . Fred Costa , 41 , from Cincinnati , OH collapsed at the marathon and died on November 15 of a heart attack . 2009 ( edit ) The 2009 New York City Marathon was held Sunday November 1 , 2009 . Meb Keflezighi of the United States won the men 's race ( the first American since Alberto Salazar in 1982 ) with a time of 2 : 09 : 15 while Ethiopian Derartu Tulu took the women 's crown in 2 : 28 : 52 , the first Ethiopian woman to do so . This was the first marathon in history with more than 40,000 official finishers , as 43,660 crossed the finish , 5,053 more than the previous best at the 2008 edition of this race . Women lead pack at mile 17 in Manhattan Main article : 2010 New York City Marathon The 2010 New York City Marathon was held on November 7 . Gebregziabher Gebremariam of Ethiopia , in his first - ever marathon , won the race after breaking away from his last rival , Emmanuel Mutai of Kenya , in the 25th mile to finish in a time of 2 : 08 : 14 . The race featured 37 - year - old world record holder Haile Gebrselassie , who ran with a bad knee and dropped out of the race at the 16th mile . Afterwards , he announced his retirement , but later reversed this decision . Edna Kiplagat won the women 's title with a time of 2 hours , 28 minutes , 20 seconds , ahead of American Shalane Flanagan . The total number of official finishers , 44,829 ( 28,757 men and 16,072 women ) was a new world record for a marathon race . 2011 ( edit ) Lead women in Brooklyn Main article : 2011 New York City Marathon The 2011 Marathon was held on November 6 . The men 's event was won by Geoffrey Mutai of Kenya in a time of 2 : 05 : 05 , breaking the 10 - year - old course record . Second - place runner Emmanuel Mutai , also of Kenya , and third - place runner Tsegaye Kebede of Ethiopia also beat the previous record for the event , with times of 2 : 06 : 28 and 2 : 07 : 14 , respectively . Geoffrey Mutai , who won the Boston Marathon earlier in the year , became the first man to win both races in course - record time in the same year . Firehiwot Dado of Ethiopia won the women 's race in a time of 2 : 23 : 15 , her first major marathon victory . Coming second , 4 seconds behind the leader originally from Ethiopia , but now living in the Bronx , was Bizunesh Deba with a time of 2 : 23 : 19 . There were a world record 46,795 official finishers : 29,867 men and 16,928 women . Edison Peña , famous for maintaining his running routine during the 69 days he was trapped in the 2010 Copiapó mining accident , ran the race . Former NHL player , Mark Messier , finished with a time just over 4 hours at age 50 . Retired Dutch soccer player , Edwin van der Sar , ran in 4 : 19 and said it was the toughest thing he had ever done . Former CART champion Alex Zanardi won the handcycle class . 2012 ( edit ) The 2012 marathon was scheduled for November 4 , 2012 . Organizers planned to hold the event despite the Effects of Hurricane Sandy in New York the week before . On November 2 , 2012 , the marathon was cancelled ; Mayor Michael Bloomberg explained that : `` While holding the race would not require diverting resources from the recovery effort , it is clear that it has become the source of controversy and division ... We would not want a cloud to hang over the race or its participants , and so we have decided to cancel it . '' Three days earlier , Bloomberg said the marathon would take place . That declaration started a debate on whether to hold the race with thousands of residents still without electricity , public transportation , and other basic needs . Proponents for going ahead said that the event would give an economic and morale boost to the city , while opponents said the resources ( such as food , water , and police ) were better used elsewhere . Some of the entrants ended up helping with cleanup efforts . Others chose to congregate and run an informal `` Shadow Marathon '' in Central Park . Controversy over the cancellation of the Marathon , the timing of the announcement and the repercussions of the decision , including criticism of New York Road Runners CEO Mary Wittenberg , continued well after the 2012 race was meant to have taken place . As a resolution , all who were registered to run the 2012 race were offered three options : a refund ; guaranteed , non-complimentary entry to the New York City Marathon in 2013 , 2014 , or 2015 ; or guaranteed , non-complimentary entry to the NYC Half 2013 . 2013 ( edit ) Entering the Queensboro Bridge Main article : 2013 New York City Marathon The 2013 New York City Marathon was run November 3 , 2013 . The race proved to be the clincher for the 2013 World Marathon Majors titles for both men and women . Duplicating their London Marathon wins from April 2013 , Tsegaye Kebede and Priscah Jeptoo each won $500,000 for their season - wide efforts . After the 2012 cancellation , Geoffrey Mutai returned to become the first repeat winner in 15 years ( after John Kagwe in 1997 - 1998 ) . Under windy conditions , his 2 : 08 : 24 was more than 3 minutes slower than in 2011 . Mutai broke away around mile 22 to win by almost a minute over Ethiopian Tsegaye Kebede , who had finished third two years earlier . Jeptoo spotted Buzunesh Deba , an Ethiopian runner who has lived in the Bronx since 2009 , three and a half minutes at the half - marathon mark , but came back to pass her in the 24th mile . 2014 ( edit ) Lead women in Greenpoint , Brooklyn Main article : 2014 New York City Marathon The 2014 New York City Marathon was run on Sunday , November 2 , 2014 . It was announced on October 2 , 2013 , that the marathon 's main sponsor would be Tata Consultancy Services starting in 2014 . It is an eight - year deal , and the race was renamed the TCS New York City Marathon . Wind was unusually high , blowing from the north on a mostly northbound course . Winners were Wilson Kipsang and Mary Keitany . 2015 ( edit ) Main article : 2015 New York City Marathon The 2015 New York City Marathon was run on Sunday , November 1 , 2015 . Winners were Stanley Biwott and Mary Keitany . 2016 ( edit ) Main article : 2016 New York City Marathon The 2016 New York City Marathon was run on Sunday , November 6 . Ghirmay Ghebreslassie won Male open competition with a time of 2 : 07 : 51 . Female open race winner is Mary Keitany from Kenya 2 : 24 : 26 . Male wheelchair race winner is Marcel Hug with a time of 1 : 35 : 49 , and Female wheelchair race winner is Tatyana McFadden with a time of 1 : 47 : 43 . In 2016 , Lauren Lubin ran as the first openly genderqueer / non-binary athlete in the New York City Marathon . 2017 ( edit ) Main article : 2017 New York City Marathon Union Street , Brooklyn Geoffrey Kamworor , a native of Kenya , won the men 's competition with a time of 2 : 10 : 53 , 3 seconds ahead of 2nd - place finisher Wilson Kipsang . In 3rd place was Lelisa Desisa with a time of 2 : 11 : 32 . On the women 's side , the winner was Shalane Flanagan , a native of Marblehead , Massachusetts . She was the first American to win since 1977 . Her time was 2 : 26 : 53 . Mary Keitany got 2nd with 2 : 27 : 54 , and Mamitu Daska finished 3rd with a time of 2 : 28 : 08 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` November in New York City Weather and Event Guide '' . Gonyc.about.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NYC Marathon gets new sponsor '' . ESPN New York . October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kit Fox ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 New York City Marathon Entrants By the Numbers - Applications for the world 's largest race were at an all - time high for 2017 '' . Runner 's World - Rodale Inc . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AIMS - World 's Largest Marathons '' . Aims-association.org . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TCS New York City Marathon '' . New York Road Runners . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Corbitt , Ted ( 2003 ) . `` Ted Corbitt : A Willingness to Suffer '' . In Kislevitz , Gail Waesche . The Spirit of the Marathon : What to Expect in Your First Marathon and How to Run Them the Rest of Your Life . Halcottsville , New York : Breakaway Books . p. 234 . ISBN 1 - 891369 - 36 - 9 . ISBN 9781891369360 . Jump up ^ Marius Bakken . `` New York City Marathon '' . Retrieved April 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Results '' . The TCS New York City Marathon . Retrieved January 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York City Marathon Explained '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the New York City Marathon '' , New York City Marathon website , retrieved November 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Admur , Neil ( October 22 , 1983 ) . `` NY runners tout benefits '' . Spokesman - Review . ( Spokane , Washington ) . New York Times . p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 ING New York City Marathon on ESPN and WABC - TV 7online.com '' . Abclocal.go.com. 2013 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` '' Tune In and Watch - TCS New York City Marathon `` '' . tcsnycmarathon.org . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rosie Ruiz Pulls The Ultimate Prank '' , The Boston Globe , April 22 , 1980 . ^ Jump up to : `` Salazar , Recovering From Injuries , Is on the Road Again , Ready to Race '' . The Los Angeles Times . June 22 , 1986 . Jump up ^ Withers , Bud ( January 31 , 1985 ) . `` The Measure '' . The Register - Guard ( Eugene , Oregon ) . p. 1B . Jump up ^ Amacher , Walt ( 2000 ) . `` Alberto Salazar : The Marathon Legend Talks About His Life '' . ontherunevents.com . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2009 . Retrieved July 31 , 2009 . For instance , my disputed world record , even with the change in measuring systems , I was unlucky to be holding a record when they decided to change the measuring system . All of a sudden it comes out a little short . Jump up ^ `` Recover Your Stride : Rod Dixon , the NYC Marathon , and the Helmet Cam '' . Recoveryourstride.blogspot.com. 2011 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Dowell , James ( 2015 - 01 - 22 ) . `` New York City Marathon '' . ProMarathon.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Guinness book of records 2014 . 2014 . p. 247 . Kenya 's Margaret Okayo ran the New York marathon in a time of 2 hr 22 min 31 sec on 2 November 2003 Jump up ^ `` ING New York City Marathon Results '' . Web2.nyrrc.org . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Liz ( November 5 , 2005 ) . `` New Race Director Infuses Marathon With Energy and Ideas '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gomes dos Santos , Prokopcuka Win New York City Marathon Titles `` , Bloomberg , November 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` New York City Marathon 2006 Results '' , New York City Marathon website , retrieved November 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Huckabee Finishes New York Marathon Despite Sore Knee '' , The Associated Press , November 6 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Race Officials Confirm That 2 Died After Marathon - NYTimes.com . November 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Half Marathons 2018 - Half Marathons 2019 - Half Marathon Calendar USA '' . Half Marathons 2018 - Half Marathons 2019 - Half Marathon Calendar USA . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patrick , Dick ( November 1 , 2009 ) . `` Keflezighi breaks 27 - year NYC Marathon drought for USA '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gagne , Matt ( November 2 , 2009 ) . `` Derartu Tulu takes home New York City Marathon as Paula Radcliffe falters in women 's race '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Liz ( November 7 , 2010 ) . `` Gebre Gebremariam Wins New York in Marathon Debut '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Gebremariam , Kiplagat win NYC Marathon titles '' . ESPN.com . November 7 , 2010 . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Male Finishers '' . The ING New York City Marathon . November 6 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2011 . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Liz ( November 6 , 2011 ) . `` Geoffrey Mutai Wins New York Marathon With Course RecordGeoffrey Mutai Wins New York Marathon With Course Record '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Top Female finishers Archived November 8 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... NYC Marathon . Retrieved on November 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rescued Chilean miner drops out of NY marathon '' . Agence France - Presse . November 7 , 2011 . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mijn marathon - medialle geef ik vaak kusjes ' '' . Agence Spits Nieuws . January 9 , 2012 . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Zanardi wins New York Marathon 's handcycle class '' . AutoWeek . November 7 , 2011 . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Race - Week Schedule '' . New York City Marathon . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2012 . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NYC Marathon moving forward with preparations as city digs out from Sandy 's wreckage '' . Washington Post . Associated Press . October 30 , 2012 . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Reports : The New York Marathon Has Been Cancelled '' . Atlantic Wire . November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andrew Mach and Elizabeth Chuck ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` New York Marathon wo n't be held Sunday , NBC 4 New York reports '' . NBC News . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Belson , Ken ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Marathon Presses On in Face of Growing Opposition '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sports News & Articles -- Scores , Pictures , Videos - ABC News '' . Abcnews.go.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Macur , Juliet ; Eder , Steve ( November 4 , 2012 ) . `` Marathon runners embrace chance to help storm stricken New Yorkers '' . New York Times . Associated Press . Retrieved November 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pilon , Mary ( November 4 , 2012 ) . `` Marathoners hold a race of their own in New York '' . New York Times . Associated Press . Retrieved November 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Belson , Ken ; Pilon , Mary ( November 6 , 2012 ) . `` Hostility lingers over handling of New York City Marathons cancellation '' . New York Times . Associated Press . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Liz ; Belson , Ken ( November 3 , 2012 ) . `` Marathons cancellation sure to carry huge costs '' . New York Times . Associated Press . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 New York City Marathon Resolution Process '' . New York Road Runners . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guaranteed Entry Guidelines for the 2013 New York City Marathon '' . New York City Marathon . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Chris ( November 3 , 2013 ) . `` PHOTOS : NYC Marathon Returns With Double Win For Kenya '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Evans , Sophie ( November 2 , 2014 ) . `` Thousands running wintry New York marathon '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New York Marathon : Kenyans Biwott and Keitany win titles '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 TCS New York City Marathon is World 's Largest Marathon Ever '' . NYRR. 2016 - 11 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` This Gender Neutral Athlete Wants to End Sex Segregation in Sports '' . Vice . 2016 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Malika ( November 5 , 2017 ) . `` Geoffrey Kamworor of Kenya Wins New York City Marathon by 3 Seconds '' . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ Schonbrun , Zach ( November 5 , 2017 ) . `` Shalane Flanagan Solves N.Y.C. Marathon for American Women '' . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 -- via NYTimes.com . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to New York City Marathon . Official website NYC Marathon Course Route NYC Marathon Course Elevation Profile New York City Marathon Weather History NYC Marathon Course Pace Wristband based on elevation New York City Marathon Course Flyover Map , therunscout.com `` New York City Marathon collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . 40 ° 46 ′ 19 '' N 73 ° 58 ′ 41 '' W / 40.772 ° N 73.978 ° W / 40.772 ; - 73.978 Coordinates : 40 ° 46 ′ 19 '' N 73 ° 58 ′ 41 '' W / 40.772 ° N 73.978 ° W / 40.772 ; - 73.978 Awards Preceded by José María Olazábal Prince of Asturias Award for Sports 2014 Succeeded by Marc and Pau Gasol New York City Marathon ... 1987 ... ... 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 List of winners World Marathon Majors Marathons Tokyo winners Boston winners London winners Berlin winners Chicago winners New York City winners Results Final standings IAAF World Championships World Marathon Cup Marathons at the Olympics IAAF Gold Label Road Races Marathons Amsterdam Beijing Berlin Boston Cape Town Chicago Dubai Frankfurt Fukuoka Gold Coast Hong Kong Istanbul Lake Biwa Lisbon London Madrid Nagoya New York City Ottawa Paris Prague Rotterdam Seoul Shanghai Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto Valencia Vienna Xiamen Yellow River Estuary Half marathons Bogotá České Budějovice Copenhagen Delhi Gifu Seiryu Istanbul Karlovy Vary Lisbon Rock ' n ' Roll Lisbon Olomouc Prague Roma - Ostia Ústí nad Labem Valencia Yangzhou Jianzhen 10 km Ottawa 10K Prague Grand Prix San Juan World 's Best 10K GND : 4391308 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_Marathon&oldid=855608802 '' Categories : 1970 establishments in New York ( state ) Annual events in New York City Annual sporting events in the United States Marathons in the United States New York City Marathon November sporting events Recurring sporting events established in 1970 World Marathon Majors Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with dead external links from August 2018 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from April 2014 Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Use American English from November 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from February 2015 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Coordinates not on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 August 2018 , at 15 : 14 ( UTC ) . 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when was the last time the detroit lions lost on thanksgiving	Season Visiting Team Score Home Team Score OT Nov. 23 , 2006 Miami Dolphins 27 Detroit Lions 10 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 10 Dallas Cowboys 38 Denver Broncos 10 Kansas City Chiefs 19 Nov. 22 , 2007 Green Bay Packers 37 Detroit Lions 26 New York Jets Dallas Cowboys 34 Indianapolis Colts 31 Atlanta Falcons 13 Nov. 27 , 2008 Tennessee Titans 47 Detroit Lions 10 Seattle Seahawks 9 Dallas Cowboys 34 Arizona Cardinals 20 Philadelphia Eagles 48 Nov. 26 , 2009 Green Bay Packers 34 Detroit Lions 12 Oakland Raiders 7 Dallas Cowboys 24 New York Giants 6 Denver Broncos 26 Nov. 25 , 2010 New England Patriots 45 Detroit Lions 24 New Orleans Saints 30 Dallas Cowboys 27 Cincinnati Bengals 10 New York Jets 26 Nov. 24 , 2011 Green Bay Packers 27 Detroit Lions 15 Miami Dolphins 19 Dallas Cowboys 20 San Francisco 49ers 6 Baltimore Ravens 16 Nov. 22 , 2012 Houston Texans 34 Detroit Lions 31 ( OT ) Washington Redskins 38 Dallas Cowboys 31 New England Patriots 49 New York Jets 19 Nov. 28 , 2013 Green Bay Packers 10 Detroit Lions 40 Oakland Raiders 24 Dallas Cowboys 31 Pittsburgh Steelers 20 Baltimore Ravens 22 Nov. 27 , 2014 Chicago Bears 17 Detroit Lions 34 Philadelphia Eagles 33 Dallas Cowboys 10 Seattle Seahawks 19 San Francisco 49ers Nov. 26 , 2015 Philadelphia Eagles 14 Detroit Lions 45 Carolina Panthers 33 Dallas Cowboys 14 Chicago Bears 17 Green Bay Packers 13 Nov. 24 , 2016 Minnesota Vikings 13 Detroit Lions 16 Washington Redskins 26 Dallas Cowboys 31 Pittsburgh Steelers 28 Indianapolis Colts 7 Nov. 23 , 2017 Minnesota Vikings 30 Detroit Lions 23 Los Angeles Chargers 28 Dallas Cowboys 6 New York Giants 10 Washington Redskins 20	Nov. 24 , 2016	NFL on Thanksgiving Day	nfl on thanksgiving day	The National Football League ( NFL ) on Thanksgiving Day is a traditional series of games played during the Thanksgiving holiday in the United States . It has been a regular occurrence since the league 's inception in 1920 . Currently , three NFL games are played every Thanksgiving . The first two are hosted by the Detroit Lions and the Dallas Cowboys ; a third game , with no fixed opponents , has been played annually since 2006 .	Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Throwback uniforms 1.2 Memorable games 1.3 Home team controversy 2 Game results 2.1 1920 -- 1940 2.2 1945 -- 1959 2.3 1960 -- 1969 2.4 1970 -- 2005 2.5 2006 -- present 3 Thanksgiving Day standings 3.1 Notable appearance droughts 3.2 Thanksgiving Day records of defunct teams 4 Game MVPs 4.1 Turkey Leg Award ( CBS & FOX ) 4.2 Galloping Gobbler / Game Ball ( FOX ) 4.3 All - Iron Award ( CBS ) 4.4 Prime time games ( NFLN & NBC ) 4.5 Complete list 5 Broadcasting 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Bibliography 8 External links History ( edit ) The concept of American football games being played on Thanksgiving Day dates back to 1876 , shortly after the game had been invented , as it was a day that most people had off from work . In that year , the college football teams at Yale and Princeton began an annual tradition of playing each other on Thanksgiving Day . The University of Michigan also made it a tradition to play annual Thanksgiving games , holding 19 such games from 1885 to 1905 . The Thanksgiving Day games between Michigan and the Chicago Maroons in the 1890s have been cited as `` The Beginning of Thanksgiving Day Football . '' In some areas , high - school teams play on Thanksgiving , usually to wrap - up the regular - season . By the time football had become a professional event , playing on Thanksgiving had already become an institution . Records of pro football being played on Thanksgiving date back to as early as the 1890s , with the first pro -- am team , the Allegheny Athletic Association of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . In 1902 , the `` National '' Football League , a Major League Baseball - backed organization based entirely in Pennsylvania and unrelated to the current NFL , attempted to settle its championship over Thanksgiving weekend ; after the game ended in a tie , eventually all three teams in the league claimed to have won the title . Members of the Ohio League , during its early years , usually placed their marquee matchups on Thanksgiving Day . For instance , in 1905 and 1906 the Latrobe Athletic Association and Canton Bulldogs , considered at the time to be two of the best teams in professional football ( along with the Massillon Tigers ) , played on Thanksgiving . A rigging scandal with the Tigers leading up to the 1906 game led to severe drops in attendance for the Bulldogs and ultimately led to their suspension of operations . During the 1910s , the Ohio League stopped holding Thanksgiving games because many of its players coached high school teams and were unavailable . This was not the case in other regional circuits : in 1919 , the New York Pro Football League featured a Thanksgiving matchup between the Buffalo Prospects and the Rochester Jeffersons . The game ended in a scoreless tie , leading to a rematch the next Sunday for the league championship . Several other NFL teams played regularly on Thanksgiving in the first eighteen years of the league , including the Chicago Bears and Chicago Cardinals ( 1922 -- 33 ; the Bears played the Lions from 1934 to 1938 while the Cardinals switched to the Green Bay Packers for 1934 and 1935 ) , Frankford Yellow Jackets , Pottsville Maroons , Buffalo All - Americans , Canton Bulldogs ( even after the team moved to Cleveland they played the 1924 Thanksgiving game in Canton ) , and the New York Giants ( 1929 -- 38 , who always played a crosstown rival ) . The first owner of the Lions , George A. Richards , started the tradition of the Thanksgiving Day game as a gimmick to get people to go to Lions football games , and to continue a tradition begun by the city 's previous NFL teams . What differentiated the Lions ' efforts from other teams that played on the holiday was that Richards owned radio station WJR , a major affiliate of the NBC Blue Network ; he was able to negotiate an agreement with NBC to carry his Thanksgiving games live across the network . During the Franksgiving controversy in 1939 and 1940 , the only two teams to play the game were the Pittsburgh Steelers and Philadelphia Eagles , as both teams were in the same state ( Pennsylvania ) . ( At the time , then - president Franklin Roosevelt wanted to move the holiday for economic reasons and many states were resistant to the move ; half the states recognized the move and the other half did not . This complicated scheduling for Thanksgiving games . Incidentally , the two teams were also exploring the possibility of a merger at the time . ) Because of the looming World War II and the resulting shorter seasons , the NFL did not schedule any Thanksgiving games in 1941 , nor did it schedule any in the subsequent years until the war ended in 1945 . When the Thanksgiving games resumed in 1945 , only the Lions ' annual home game would remain on the Thanksgiving holiday . In 1951 , the Packers began a thirteen - season run as the perpetual opponent to the Lions each year through 1963 . The All - America Football Conference and American Football League , both of which would later be absorbed into the NFL , also held Thanksgiving contests , although neither of those leagues had permanent hosts . Likewise , the AFL of 1926 also played two Thanksgiving games in its lone season of existence , while the AFL of 1936 hosted one in its first season , which featured the Cleveland Rams , a future NFL team , and the 1940 -- 41 incarnation of the American Football League played two games in 1940 on the earlier `` Franksgiving '' date . In 1966 , the Dallas Cowboys , who had been founded six years earlier , adopted the practice of hosting Thanksgiving games . It is widely rumored that the Cowboys sought a guarantee that they would regularly host Thanksgiving games as a condition of their very first one ( since games on days other than Sunday were uncommon at the time and thus high attendance was not a certainty ) . This is only partly true ; Dallas had in fact decided to host games on Thanksgiving by their own decision because there was nothing else to do or watch on that day . In 1975 and 1977 , at the behest of then - Commissioner Pete Rozelle , the St. Louis Cardinals replaced Dallas as a host team ( Dallas then hosted St. Louis in 1976 ) . Although the Cardinals , at the time known as the `` Cardiac Cards '' due to their propensity for winning very close games , were a modest success at the time , they were nowhere near as popular nationwide as the Cowboys , who were regular Super Bowl contenders during this era . This , combined with St. Louis 's consistently weak attendance , a series of ugly Cardinals losses in the three - game stretch , and opposition from the Kirkwood -- Webster Groves Turkey Day Game ( a local high school football contest ) led to Dallas resuming regular hosting duties in 1978 ; it was then , after Rozelle asked Dallas to resume hosting Thanksgiving games , that the Cowboys requested ( and received ) an agreement guaranteeing the Cowboys a spot on Thanksgiving Day forever . Notwithstanding the aforementioned St. Louis - hosted games in 1975 and 1977 , the two `` traditional '' Thanksgiving Day pro football games since the 1970 AFL -- NFL merger have then been in Detroit and Dallas . Because of TV network commitments in place through the 2013 season , to make sure that both the AFC - carrying network ( NBC from the 1970 merger to 1997 , and CBS since 1998 ) and the NFC - carrying network ( CBS from the 1970 merger to 1993 , and Fox since 1994 ) got at least one game each , one of these games was between NFC opponents , and one featured AFC - NFC opponents . Thus , the AFC could showcase only one team on Thanksgiving , and the AFC team was always the visiting team . Since 2006 , a third NFL game on Thanksgiving has been played at night . It originally aired on the NFL Network as part of its Thursday Night Football package until 2011 ; NBC began carrying the night game in 2012 . The Thanksgiving night game has no fixed opponents or conferences , enabling the league to freely choose whatever marquee match - up to feature on that night . The 2012 changes also allowed both Dallas and Detroit in the future to offer NFC games ( one would be played at night ) , and CBS can offer a game with two AFC teams . In 2014 , the NFL added the cross-flex rule , allowing CBS to televise NFC away games , and Fox to broadcast AFC away games , under select circumstances on Sunday afternoons ; however , this did not cover the Thanksgiving contests . CBS also signed a separate contract to carry Thursday Night Football from the 2014 season onward , which allowed that network to carry games from either conference on Thursdays ; from that year through 2016 , CBS carried all - NFC contests every year on Thanksgiving , and in 2014 and 2015 , no AFC teams played in any of the Thanksgiving games . The NFL 's flexible scheduling rule currently does not apply for Thanksgiving games ; however , the NFL in theory could in the future apply the rule to change start times and networks for the three games . Throwback uniforms ( edit ) Since 2001 teams playing on Thanksgiving have worn throwback uniforms on numerous occasions . In some years ( namely 2002 ) , it extended to nearly all games of the weekend , and in some cases also involved classic field logos at the respective stadiums . In 2001 -- 2004 , and again in 2008 , 2010 , and 2017 the Detroit Lions have worn throwback uniforms based on their very early years . From 2001 to 2003 , Dallas chose to represent the 1990s Cowboys dynasty by wearing the navy `` Double - Star '' jersey not seen since 1995 . In 2004 , the team wore uniforms not seen since 1963 . In 2009 , to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the AFL , both Dallas and Oakland played in a `` AFL Legacy Game . '' In 2013 , the Cowboys intended to wear their 1960s throwbacks , but chose not to do so after the NFL adopted a new policy requiring players and teams to utilize only one helmet a season to address the league 's new concussion protocol ; rather than sport an incomplete throwback look , the Cowboys instead wore their standard blue jerseys at home for the first time since 1963 . In 2015 , the Cowboys resurrected their 1994 white `` Double - Star '' jerseys only this time wore them with white pants as part of the league 's `` Color Rush '' , a trial run of specially - designed , monochromatic jerseys to be worn during Thursday games . Memorable games ( edit ) 1920 : An urban legend states that the Chicago Tigers and Decatur Staleys challenged each other to a Thanksgiving duel , in Chicago , in the league 's inaugural season , with the loser being relegated out of the league at the end of the season , purportedly explaining why the Tigers were the only NFL team to fold after the 1920 season ( no other team would fold until 1921 ) . The claims of it being a duel are unsubstantiated and no evidence exists that the Tigers were ever officially league members ; nevertheless , the Tigers , after a 27 -- 0 win over the non-league Thorn Tornadoes the next week , never played football again . The Staleys would move to Chicago during the next season , later renaming themselves the Bears . 1921 : In a matchup of two of the league 's best teams , the Staleys lose to the Buffalo All - Americans at home . The Staleys demand a rematch , with Buffalo agreeing to a December match only on the terms of it being considered an off - the - record exhibition game . That later match , which Chicago won , ended up counting despite the All - Americans ' insistence , controversially handing Chicago the championship . 1952 : The Dallas Texans are forced to move their lone remaining home game to the Rubber Bowl in Akron , Ohio as the undercard to a high school football contest . Their opponent for that game , the Chicago Bears , underestimated the then - winless Texans and sent their second string team to the game ; the Texans scored a 27 -- 23 upset over the Bears for their only win of their existence . 1962 : The Lions handed the 10 -- 0 Green Bay Packers their lone defeat of the season . 1964 -- 65 : The 1964 and 1965 AFL contests featured the Buffalo Bills and San Diego Chargers , the two teams that would eventually meet in those years ' American Football League Championship Games . 1974 : Unknown Cowboys backup quarterback Clint Longley took over for an injured Roger Staubach with the team down 16 -- 3 and rallied them to an improbable victory over Washington on two deep passes . 1976 : The Bills offense put forth one of the best and the worst performances in Thanksgiving history . O.J. Simpson set the NFL record for most rushing yards in a single game , with 273 . However , Bills backup quarterback Gary Marangi completed only 4 of 21 pass attempts , for 29 yards passing , and a rating of 19.7 . The Lions defeated the Bills 27 - 14 . 1980 : With the Lions and Bears tied 17 - 17 at the end of regulation , the game went to overtime , the first Thanksgiving game to do so ( overtime was not added to the NFL regular season until 1974 ) , and the first overtime game at the Silverdome . Bears running back Dave Williams returned the fifth - quarter opening kickoff 95 yards for a game - winning touchdown , ending the shortest overtime period in NFL history at the time . 1986 : The Lions and the Packers had the highest scoring game in Thanksgiving history . It was the best day of receiver Walter Stanley 's career ; Stanley netted 207 all - purpose yards and three touchdowns , including an 83 - yard punt return to win the game for Green Bay , 44 -- 40 . Stanley had an otherwise undistinguished career in the NFL . 1989 : Known as the `` Bounty Bowl '' , the Eagles crushed the Cowboys by a score of 27 -- 0 . Allegations surfaced that the Eagles had placed a bounty on the Cowboys kicker , thus becoming the first of a string of three bitterly contested games between the two teams , the other two being Bounty Bowl II and the Porkchop Bowl a year later . 1993 : In one of the more famous Thanksgiving Day games in recent history , the Cowboys led the Dolphins 14 -- 13 with just seconds remaining in a rare , snow - filled Texas Stadium . Miami 's Pete Stoyanovich attempted a game winning 40 - yard field goal that was blocked by the Cowboys ' Jimmie Jones . Dick Enberg of NBC proclaimed `` The Cowboys will win . '' Indeed , since the kick landed beyond the line of scrimmage , once the ball stopped moving the play would be declared dead and Dallas would gain possession . However , the ball landed and began spinning on its tip , leading Cowboys lineman Leon Lett to try to gain possession . Lett slipped , fell , and knocked the ball forward . By rule , the ball was live and the Dolphins fell on it at the two yard line . With the recovery , Stoyanovich got a second chance to win the game and hit the much shorter field goal . The Dolphins won 16 -- 14 . 1994 : Troy Aikman was injured and third - string quarterback Jason Garrett was forced to start for Dallas against the Green Bay Packers . The Cowboys won a 42 -- 31 shoot - out against Brett Favre . 1998 : In another controversial Thanksgiving Day game , the Steelers and Lions went to overtime tied 16 -- 16 . Pittsburgh 's Jerome Bettis called the coin toss in the air , but head referee Phil Luckett awarded Detroit the ball after Bettis tried to call both heads and tails at the same time . The Lions went on to kick a field goal on the first possession , winning 19 -- 16 . As a result of the fiasco , team captains are now required to call the coin toss before the coin is tossed , and a later rule change now prevents teams from automatically winning a game by scoring a field goal on the first possession . The day also saw a memorable performance by the Minnesota Vikings in a 46 -- 36 win over the Dallas Cowboys as Vikings rookie Randy Moss caught three touchdowns , all of over 50 yards . 2008 : The 10 -- 1 Titans routed the 0 -- 11 Lions by a score of 47 -- 10 , one of the most lopsided results in history on Thanksgiving . The Lions would go on to finish the season 0 -- 16 . 2011 : The trio of games was lauded as one of the better Thanksgiving Day slates of games in NFL history . The night game between Baltimore and San Francisco pitted head coaches and brothers John and Jim Harbaugh against each other -- a preview of Super Bowl XLVII . 2012 : The prime time contest became infamous for the `` Butt fumble '' , an incident in which Jets quarterback Mark Sanchez ran headfirst into the buttocks of his own offensive lineman . He subsequently fumbled the ball ; it was recovered by New England , who returned it for a touchdown . In the earlier game , one of the NFL 's most infamous rule changes came when former Lions coach Jim Schwartz challenged a play in which Texans running back Justin Forsett 's knee clearly touched the ground before sprinting for an 81 - yard touchdown . Referee Walt Coleman stated that , by rule , scoring plays are automatically reviewed and the play was not challengeable by a coach . Because of the improper attempted challenge , the review was cancelled and Coleman assessed a 15 - yard kickoff penalty for unsportsmanlike conduct . The NFL then passed a new rule that stated that if a coach attempted to challenge a play that is automatically reviewed , the review would continue . It was called the ' Jim Schwartz rule ' . Home team controversy ( edit ) It has remained a tradition for Dallas and Detroit to host the afternoon games dating back several decades . However , in recent years , other teams have expressed interest in hosting Thanksgiving games . Lamar Hunt , the former owner of the Chiefs ( who had hosted Thanksgiving games from 1967 -- 69 as an AFL team prior to the merger ) , lobbied heavily in favor of his team hosting a game on the holiday . When the NFL adopted a third , prime time game , the Chiefs were selected as the first team to host such a contest , but the team was not made a permanent host , and Hunt 's death shortly after the 2006 contest ended the lobbying on behalf of that team . The host issue came to a head in 2008 , focusing particularly on the winless Lions . Going into the game , Detroit had lost their last four Thanksgiving games , and opinions amongst the media had suggested removing Detroit and replacing them with a more attractive matchup . The team also required an extension to prevent a local television blackout . The Lions were routed by Tennessee 47 -- 10 , en route to the team 's 0 -- 16 season . NFL commissioner Roger Goodell confirmed that the Lions would stay on Thanksgiving for the 2009 season , but kept the issue open to revisit in the future . Conversely , the Dallas Cowboys , who typically represent a larger television draw , have had much fewer public calls to be replaced on Thanksgiving . One issue that has been debated is a perceived unfair advantage of playing at home on Thanksgiving . The advantage is given in the form of an extra day of practice for the home team while the road team has to travel to the game site . This is true for most Thursday games , but with the night games , the visitor can travel to the game site after practice and hold the final walk - thru the following morning . With the introduction of the prime time game , which effectively allows all teams in the league an opportunity to play on Thanksgiving , along with the introduction of year - long Thursday Night Football ensuring all teams have one Thursday game during the regular season ( thus negating any on - field advantages or disadvantages to being selected for Thanksgiving ) , the calls for Detroit and Dallas to be removed have curtailed . Game results ( edit ) ( Winning teams are denoted by boldface type ; tie games are italicized . ) 1920 -- 1940 ( edit ) All three of the generally recognized iterations of the American Football League that played during this era ( AFL I in 1926 , AFL II in 1936 and AFL III in 1940 ) played Thanksgiving games , which are also listed as indicated . Non-NFL team games between league teams and non league teams counted in the 1920 standings . The All - Tonawanda Lumberjacks later joined the league as the Tonawanda Kardex , albeit only for one game . Thanksgiving fell on the final Thursday in November until 1938 and was held on two conflicting days from 1939 to 1941 . Season Visiting Team Score Home Team Score Nov. 25 , 1920 Canton Bulldogs 0 Akron Pros 7 Decatur Staleys 6 Chicago Tigers 0 Detroit Heralds 0 Dayton Triangles 28 Columbus Panhandles 0 Elyria Athletics * 0 Hammond Pros 0 Chicago Boosters * 27 All - Tonawanda * 14 Rochester Jeffersons Nov. 24 , 1921 Canton Bulldogs 14 Akron Pros 0 Buffalo All - Americans 7 Chicago Staleys 6 Nov. 30 , 1922 Buffalo All - Americans 21 Rochester Jeffersons 0 Chicago Bears 0 Chicago Cardinals 6 Milwaukee Badgers 0 Racine Legion Oorang Indians 18 Columbus Panhandles 6 Akron Pros 0 Canton Bulldogs 14 Nov. 29 , 1923 Toledo Maroons 0 Canton Bulldogs 28 Chicago Cardinals 0 Chicago Bears Hammond Pros 0 Green Bay Packers 19 Milwaukee Badgers 16 Racine Legion 0 Nov. 27 , 1924 Buffalo Bisons 0 Akron Pros 22 Chicago Bears 21 Chicago Cardinals 0 Dayton Triangles 7 Frankford Yellowjackets 32 Milwaukee Badgers 10 Cleveland Bulldogs ( at Canton ) 53 Green Bay Packers 17 Kansas City Blues 6 Nov. 26 , 1925 Chicago Cardinals 0 Chicago Bears 0 Kansas City Cowboys 17 Cleveland Bulldogs ( at Hartford ) 0 Rock Island Independents 6 Detroit Panthers Green Bay Packers 0 Pottsville Maroons 31 Nov. 25 , 1926 New York Giants 17 Brooklyn Lions 0 Los Angeles Buccaneers 9 Detroit Panthers 6 Chicago Cardinals 0 Chicago Bears 0 Green Bay Packers 14 Frankford Yellowjackets 20 Providence Steam Roller 0 Pottsville Maroons 8 Akron Pros 0 Canton Bulldogs 0 ( AFL I ) Los Angeles Wildcats 0 Chicago Bulls 0 ( AFL I ) Philadelphia Quakers 13 New York Yankees 10 Nov. 24 , 1927 Chicago Cardinals Chicago Bears 0 Providence Steam Roller 0 Pottsville Maroons 6 Green Bay Packers 17 Frankford Yellowjackets 9 Cleveland Bulldogs 30 New York Yankees 19 Season Visiting Team Score Home Team Score Nov. 29 , 1928 Providence Steam Roller 7 Pottsville Maroons 0 Dayton Triangles 0 Detroit Wolverines 33 Green Bay Packers 0 Frankford Yellow Jackets Chicago Cardinals 0 Chicago Bears 34 Nov. 28 , 1929 New York Giants 21 Staten Island Stapletons 7 Green Bay Packers 0 Frankford Yellow Jackets 0 Chicago Cardinals 40 Chicago Bears 6 Nov. 27 , 1930 New York Giants 6 Staten Island Stapletons 7 Providence Steam Roller 12 Brooklyn Dodgers 33 Green Bay Packers 25 Frankford Yellowjackets 7 Chicago Cardinals 0 Chicago Bears 6 Nov. 26 , 1931 Green Bay Packers 38 Providence Steam Roller 7 New York Giants 6 Staten Island Stapletons 9 Chicago Cardinals 7 Chicago Bears 18 Nov. 24 , 1932 Green Bay Packers 7 Brooklyn Dodgers 0 New York Giants 13 Staten Island Stapletons 13 Chicago Cardinals 0 Chicago Bears 24 Nov. 30 , 1933 New York Giants 10 Brooklyn Dodgers 0 Chicago Bears 22 Chicago Cardinals 6 Nov. 29 , 1934 Green Bay Packers 0 Chicago Cardinals 6 New York Giants 27 Brooklyn Dodgers 0 Chicago Bears 19 Detroit Lions 16 Nov. 28 , 1935 Green Bay Packers 7 Chicago Cardinals 9 New York Giants 21 Brooklyn Dodgers 0 Chicago Bears Detroit Lions 14 Nov. 26 , 1936 Chicago Bears 7 Detroit Lions 13 New York Giants 14 Brooklyn Dodgers 0 ( AFL II ) Cleveland Rams 7 Rochester Tigers 6 Nov. 25 , 1937 Chicago Bears 13 Detroit Lions 0 New York Giants 13 Brooklyn Dodgers 13 Nov. 24 , 1938 Chicago Bears 7 Detroit Lions 14 New York Giants 7 Brooklyn Dodgers 7 Nov. 23 , 1939 Pittsburgh Pirates 14 Philadelphia Eagles 17 Nov. 21 , 1940 ( AFL III ) New York Yankees 16 Columbus Bullies 17 ( AFL III ) Buffalo Tigers 13 Milwaukee Chiefs 30 Nov. 28 , 1940 Pittsburgh Steelers 0 Philadelphia Eagles 7 1945 -- 1959 ( edit ) No Thanksgiving games were held from 1941 to 1944 due to World War II . Thanksgiving games were played on the fourth Thursday in November from 1945 onward . The All - America Football Conference ( AAFC ) also played Thanksgiving games from 1946 to 1949 . Season League Visiting Team Score Home Team Score Nov. 22 , 1945 NFL Cleveland Rams 28 Detroit Lions 21 Nov. 28 , 1946 NFL Boston Yanks 34 Detroit Lions 10 AAFC New York Yankees 21 Brooklyn Dodgers 7 Nov. 27 , 1947 NFL Chicago Bears 34 Detroit Lions 14 AAFC Cleveland Browns 27 Los Angeles Dons 17 AAFC San Francisco 49ers 21 Brooklyn Dodgers 7 Nov. 25 , 1948 NFL Chicago Cardinals 28 Detroit Lions 14 AAFC Cleveland Browns 31 Los Angeles Dons 14 AAFC Buffalo Bills 39 Chicago Rockets 35 Nov. 24 , 1949 NFL Chicago Bears 28 Detroit Lions 7 AAFC New York Yankees 17 Los Angeles Dons 16 AAFC Cleveland Browns 14 Chicago Hornets 6 Nov. 23 , 1950 NFL New York Yanks 14 Detroit Lions 49 Pittsburgh Steelers 28 Chicago Cardinals 17 Nov. 22 , 1951 NFL Green Bay Packers 35 Detroit Lions 52 Nov. 27 , 1952 NFL Green Bay Packers 24 Detroit Lions 48 Chicago Bears 23 Dallas Texans ( at Akron , Ohio ) 27 Nov. 26 , 1953 NFL Green Bay Packers 15 Detroit Lions 34 Nov. 25 , 1954 NFL Green Bay Packers 24 Detroit Lions 28 Nov. 24 , 1955 NFL Green Bay Packers 10 Detroit Lions 24 Nov. 22 , 1956 NFL Green Bay Packers 24 Detroit Lions 20 Nov. 28 , 1957 NFL Green Bay Packers 6 Detroit Lions 18 Nov. 27 , 1958 NFL Green Bay Packers 14 Detroit Lions 24 Nov. 26 , 1959 NFL Green Bay Packers 24 Detroit Lions 17 1960 -- 1969 ( edit ) The American Football League ( AFL ) also played Thanksgiving Day games during this decade . The Dallas Cowboys started playing their traditional series in 1966 . Season League Visiting Team Score Home Team Score Nov. 24 , 1960 NFL Green Bay Packers 10 Detroit Lions 23 AFL Dallas Texans 35 New York Titans 41 Nov. 23 , 1961 NFL Green Bay Packers 17 Detroit Lions 9 AFL Buffalo Bills 14 New York Titans 21 Nov. 22 , 1962 NFL Green Bay Packers 14 Detroit Lions 26 AFL New York Titans 46 Denver Broncos 45 Nov. 28 , 1963 NFL Green Bay Packers 13 Detroit Lions 13 AFL Oakland Raiders 26 Denver Broncos 10 Nov. 26 , 1964 NFL Chicago Bears 27 Detroit Lions 24 AFL Buffalo Bills 27 San Diego Chargers 24 Nov. 25 , 1965 NFL Baltimore Colts 24 Detroit Lions 24 AFL Buffalo Bills 20 San Diego Chargers 20 Nov. 24 , 1966 NFL San Francisco 49ers 41 Detroit Lions 14 Cleveland Browns 14 Dallas Cowboys 26 AFL Buffalo Bills 31 Oakland Raiders 10 Nov. 23 , 1967 NFL Los Angeles Rams 31 Detroit Lions 7 St. Louis Cardinals 21 Dallas Cowboys 46 AFL Oakland Raiders 44 Kansas City Chiefs 22 Denver Broncos 20 San Diego Chargers 24 Nov. 28 , 1968 NFL Philadelphia Eagles 12 Detroit Lions 0 Washington Redskins 20 Dallas Cowboys 29 AFL Buffalo Bills 10 Oakland Raiders 13 Houston Oilers 10 Kansas City Chiefs 24 Nov. 27 , 1969 NFL Minnesota Vikings 27 Detroit Lions 0 San Francisco 49ers 24 Dallas Cowboys 24 AFL Denver Broncos 17 Kansas City Chiefs 31 San Diego Chargers 21 Houston Oilers 17 1970 -- 2005 ( edit ) From 1970 to 2005 , three NFC teams and one AFC team played each Thanksgiving . The two afternoon games were held at Detroit ( 12 : 30 p.m. EST ) and Dallas ( 4 : 15 p.m. EST ) , respectively . Detroit always hosts the `` early '' game because a 12 : 30 p.m. EST kick - off at Dallas would be 11 : 30 a.m. local time ( CST ) , and the NFL avoids starting games before noon locally . The two games rotate annually as intra-conference ( NFC vs. NFC ) and inter-conference ( AFC vs. NFC ) games . This is to satisfy the television contract balance between CBS ( which broadcasts games in which the visiting team is from the AFC ) and Fox ( which broadcasts games in which the visiting team is from the NFC ) . The `` early '' game kicks off at a special time of 12 : 30 p.m. EST as opposed to the typical afternoon start time of 1 p.m. This provides an additional 30 minutes to prevent overlapping of the `` late '' game , and also gave the network time for a pregame show and some additional time for an expanded halftime show ( selected years ) . When Fox carries the `` early '' game , they typically start their pregame coverage ( Fox NFL Sunday ) at 11 : 30 a.m. ( with the addition of Fox NFL Kickoff to the Fox lineup , its pregame will begin at 10 : 30 a.m. for 2015 ) . When CBS carries the `` early '' game , they start their pregame coverage ( The NFL Today ) at 12 : 00 p.m. , due to the fact that their morning parade coverage runs until noon . The network with the 4 : 15 `` late '' game begins pregame coverage at 3 : 30 p.m. EST . Dallas was replaced by the St. Louis Cardinals as a host team in 1975 and 1977 ; Dallas and St. Louis faced each other at Texas Stadium in 1976 . Because of the Missouri Turkey Day Game , the long - established Kirkwood -- Webster Groves high school football game that takes place on Thanksgiving in St. Louis , weak fan support in St. Louis , and general national preference of the Cowboys over the historically weaker Cardinals , the Cardinals ' hosting of the Thanksgiving game was not popular . Dallas returned to hosting the game in 1978 and has hosted since . Likewise , the Rams never played on Thanksgiving while in St. Louis , in part because of the Turkey Day Game and also because the Missouri State High School Activities Association has held its state football championship games on Thanksgiving weekend at The Dome at America 's Center since 1996 . Since the time NFL began its current alignment in 2002 , no team from the AFC North can play a Thanksgiving Day game against the traditional hosts . This is because under the current rotation , the Cowboys and the Lions each play AFC North teams in years that FOX is scheduled to broadcast its Thanksgiving Day game , requiring an NFC opponent . To date , the last game to feature a team currently in the AFC North was the Lions matchup against the Pittsburgh Steelers in 1998 . AFC North teams can play in the prime time game , as the Cincinnati Bengals did in 2010 . Season Visiting Team Score Home Team Score OT Nov. 26 , 1970 Oakland Raiders 14 Detroit Lions 28 Green Bay Packers Dallas Cowboys 16 Nov. 25 , 1971 Kansas City Chiefs 21 Detroit Lions 32 Los Angeles Rams 21 Dallas Cowboys 28 Nov. 23 , 1972 New York Jets 20 Detroit Lions 37 San Francisco 49ers 31 Dallas Cowboys 10 Nov. 22 , 1973 Washington Redskins 20 Detroit Lions 0 Miami Dolphins 14 Dallas Cowboys 7 Nov. 28 , 1974 Denver Broncos 31 Detroit Lions 27 Washington Redskins 23 Dallas Cowboys 24 Nov. 27 , 1975 Los Angeles Rams 20 Detroit Lions 0 Buffalo Bills 32 St. Louis Cardinals 14 Nov. 25 , 1976 Buffalo Bills 14 Detroit Lions 27 St. Louis Cardinals 14 Dallas Cowboys 19 Nov. 24 , 1977 Chicago Bears 31 Detroit Lions 14 Miami Dolphins 55 St. Louis Cardinals 14 Nov. 23 , 1978 Denver Broncos 14 Detroit Lions 17 Washington Redskins 10 Dallas Cowboys 37 Nov. 22 , 1979 Chicago Bears 0 Detroit Lions 20 Houston Oilers 30 Dallas Cowboys 24 Nov. 27 , 1980 Chicago Bears 23 Detroit Lions 17 ( OT ) Seattle Seahawks 7 Dallas Cowboys 51 Nov. 26 , 1981 Kansas City Chiefs 10 Detroit Lions 27 Chicago Bears 9 Dallas Cowboys 10 Nov. 25 , 1982 New York Giants 13 Detroit Lions 6 Cleveland Browns 14 Dallas Cowboys 31 Nov. 24 , 1983 Pittsburgh Steelers Detroit Lions 45 St. Louis Cardinals 17 Dallas Cowboys 35 Nov. 22 , 1984 Green Bay Packers 28 Detroit Lions 31 New England Patriots 17 Dallas Cowboys 20 Nov. 28 , 1985 New York Jets 20 Detroit Lions 31 St. Louis Cardinals 17 Dallas Cowboys 35 Nov. 27 , 1986 Green Bay Packers 44 Detroit Lions 40 Seattle Seahawks 31 Dallas Cowboys 14 Nov. 26 , 1987 Kansas City Chiefs 27 Detroit Lions 20 Minnesota Vikings 44 Dallas Cowboys 38 ( OT ) Nov. 24 , 1988 Minnesota Vikings 23 Detroit Lions 0 Houston Oilers 25 Dallas Cowboys 17 Nov. 23 , 1989 Cleveland Browns 10 Detroit Lions 13 Philadelphia Eagles 27 Dallas Cowboys 0 Nov. 22 , 1990 Denver Broncos 27 Detroit Lions 40 Washington Redskins 17 Dallas Cowboys 27 Nov. 28 , 1991 Chicago Bears 6 Detroit Lions 16 Pittsburgh Steelers 10 Dallas Cowboys 20 Nov. 26 , 1992 Houston Oilers 24 Detroit Lions 21 New York Giants Dallas Cowboys 30 Nov. 25 , 1993 Chicago Bears 10 Detroit Lions 6 Miami Dolphins 16 Dallas Cowboys 14 Nov. 24 , 1994 Buffalo Bills 21 Detroit Lions 35 Green Bay Packers 31 Dallas Cowboys 42 Nov. 23 , 1995 Minnesota Vikings 38 Detroit Lions 44 Kansas City Chiefs 12 Dallas Cowboys 24 Nov. 28 , 1996 Kansas City Chiefs 28 Detroit Lions 24 Washington Redskins 10 Dallas Cowboys 21 Nov. 27 , 1997 Chicago Bears 20 Detroit Lions 55 Tennessee Oilers 27 Dallas Cowboys 14 Nov. 26 , 1998 Pittsburgh Steelers 16 Detroit Lions 19 ( OT ) Minnesota Vikings 46 Dallas Cowboys 36 Nov. 25 , 1999 Chicago Bears 17 Detroit Lions 21 Miami Dolphins 0 Dallas Cowboys 20 Nov. 23 , 2000 New England Patriots 9 Detroit Lions 34 Minnesota Vikings 27 Dallas Cowboys 15 Nov. 22 , 2001 Green Bay Packers 29 Detroit Lions 27 Denver Broncos 26 Dallas Cowboys 24 Nov. 28 , 2002 New England Patriots 20 Detroit Lions 12 Washington Redskins 20 Dallas Cowboys 27 Nov. 27 , 2003 Green Bay Packers 14 Detroit Lions 22 Miami Dolphins 40 Dallas Cowboys 21 Nov. 25 , 2004 Indianapolis Colts 41 Detroit Lions 9 Chicago Bears 7 Dallas Cowboys 21 Nov. 24 , 2005 Atlanta Falcons 27 Detroit Lions 7 Denver Broncos 24 Dallas Cowboys 21 ( OT ) 2006 -- present ( edit ) Since 2006 , three contests have been played on Thanksgiving . In addition to the traditional Detroit and Dallas home afternoon games , a third game is now played in primetime and televised by NFL Network ( 2006 -- 2011 ) or NBC ( since 2012 ) . Current plans call for the various NFL teams ( other than the Lions and Cowboys ) to take turns hosting the night game on a rotation basis . In 2006 , Kansas City hosted the first prime time Thanksgiving game . The game marked a new `` Thanksgiving Tripleheader '' tradition . The Denver / Kansas City game marked the first time more than two games were played on Thanksgiving ( as well as the first all - AFC holiday matchup ) since the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 . Rule changes in the 2012 -- 2022 television contracts permit `` cross flexing '' , whereby selected games can be switched between CBS and FOX , effectively allowing CBS to schedule an NFC vs. NFC matchup on Thanksgiving Day rather than an AFC at NFC game . The 2014 season was the first in which all three games feature NFC vs. NFC opponents under these rules ; the league again scheduled an all - NFC Thanksgiving for 2015 . Season Visiting Team Score Home Team Score OT Nov. 23 , 2006 Miami Dolphins 27 Detroit Lions 10 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 10 Dallas Cowboys 38 Denver Broncos 10 Kansas City Chiefs 19 Nov. 22 , 2007 Green Bay Packers 37 Detroit Lions 26 New York Jets Dallas Cowboys 34 Indianapolis Colts 31 Atlanta Falcons 13 Nov. 27 , 2008 Tennessee Titans 47 Detroit Lions 10 Seattle Seahawks 9 Dallas Cowboys 34 Arizona Cardinals 20 Philadelphia Eagles 48 Nov. 26 , 2009 Green Bay Packers 34 Detroit Lions 12 Oakland Raiders 7 Dallas Cowboys 24 New York Giants 6 Denver Broncos 26 Nov. 25 , 2010 New England Patriots 45 Detroit Lions 24 New Orleans Saints 30 Dallas Cowboys 27 Cincinnati Bengals 10 New York Jets 26 Nov. 24 , 2011 Green Bay Packers 27 Detroit Lions 15 Miami Dolphins 19 Dallas Cowboys 20 San Francisco 49ers 6 Baltimore Ravens 16 Nov. 22 , 2012 Houston Texans 34 Detroit Lions 31 ( OT ) Washington Redskins 38 Dallas Cowboys 31 New England Patriots 49 New York Jets 19 Nov. 28 , 2013 Green Bay Packers 10 Detroit Lions 40 Oakland Raiders 24 Dallas Cowboys 31 Pittsburgh Steelers 20 Baltimore Ravens 22 Nov. 27 , 2014 Chicago Bears 17 Detroit Lions 34 Philadelphia Eagles 33 Dallas Cowboys 10 Seattle Seahawks 19 San Francisco 49ers Nov. 26 , 2015 Philadelphia Eagles 14 Detroit Lions 45 Carolina Panthers 33 Dallas Cowboys 14 Chicago Bears 17 Green Bay Packers 13 Nov. 24 , 2016 Minnesota Vikings 13 Detroit Lions 16 Washington Redskins 26 Dallas Cowboys 31 Pittsburgh Steelers 28 Indianapolis Colts 7 Nov. 23 , 2017 Minnesota Vikings 30 Detroit Lions 23 Los Angeles Chargers 28 Dallas Cowboys 6 New York Giants 10 Washington Redskins 20 Thanksgiving Day standings ( edit ) Of current NFL franchises . This includes American Football League ( AFL ) games ; however , it does not include All - America Football Conference ( AAFC ) games . Team Last Game Wins Losses Ties Win % Other names appeared under Baltimore Ravens 2013 0 1.000 Carolina Panthers 2015 0 1.000 Houston Texans 2012 0 1.000 New Orleans Saints 0 1.000 Philadelphia Eagles 2015 7 . 875 Minnesota Vikings 2017 6 . 750 Los Angeles Rams . 750 Cleveland Rams ( 1937 -- 1945 ) , does not include 1936 AFL 's Cleveland Rams Miami Dolphins 2011 5 . 714 Tennessee Titans 2008 5 . 714 Houston Oilers ( 1960 -- 1996 ) Tennessee Oilers ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Indianapolis Colts 2016 . 625 Baltimore Colts ( 1953 -- 1983 ) Los Angeles Chargers 2017 . 625 San Diego Chargers ( 1961 -- 2016 ) Dallas Cowboys 2017 30 19 . 622 New York Giants 2017 7 6 . 607 New England Patriots 2012 . 600 Chicago Bears 2015 17 15 . 529 Decatur Staleys ( 1920 ) Chicago Staleys ( 1921 ) Kansas City Chiefs 2006 5 5 . 500 Dallas Texans ( 1960 -- 1962 ) , does not include 1 -- 0 record of unrelated NFL Dallas Texans . New York Jets 2012 . 500 New York Titans ( 1960 -- 1962 ) San Francisco 49ers 2014 . 500 Does not include 1 -- 0 record when team was a member of the AAFC . Seattle Seahawks 2014 . 500 Atlanta Falcons 2007 . 500 Detroit Lions 2017 37 39 . 494 Buffalo Bills 1994 . 438 Does not include 1 -- 0 record of unrelated AAFC team of same name . Oakland Raiders 2013 . 429 Green Bay Packers 2015 14 20 . 417 Denver Broncos 2009 7 . 364 Arizona Cardinals 2008 6 15 . 304 Chicago Cardinals ( 1920 -- 1959 ) St. Louis Cardinals ( 1960 -- 1987 ) Phoenix Cardinals ( 1988 -- 1993 ) Pittsburgh Steelers 2016 6 . 250 Washington Redskins 2017 7 . 364 Cincinnati Bengals 0 . 000 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2006 0 . 000 Cleveland Browns 1989 0 . 000 Does not include 3 -- 0 record when team was a member of the AAFC . Jacksonville Jaguars None 0 0 -- Only active franchise to have never played on Thanksgiving . Notable appearance droughts ( edit ) The last currently active franchise to have never played on Thanksgiving through 2017 is the Jacksonville Jaguars , who joined the league in 1995 . An idiosyncrasy in the NFL 's current scheduling formula , which has been in effect since 2002 and revised in 2010 , effectively prevents teams from the AFC North from playing the Lions or Cowboys on Thanksgiving , as the formula has the AFC North playing in Dallas or Detroit in years when the other team is slated to play the AFC game on Thanksgiving . These teams can , under the 2014 television contracts , play only in the third ( night ) game ; should cross-flex be expanded to Thursdays or Fox win the Thursday Night contract in 2018 ( either scenario would allow both Fox and CBS to carry AFC games ) , this idiosyncrasy will be eliminated . The Los Angeles Rams have the longest active appearance drought of any team , with their last appearance coming in 1975 . Among current NFL markets , Cleveland has had the longest wait to have a team from its city play on Thanksgiving ; the Browns last appeared in 1989 , several years before being suspended in the Cleveland Browns relocation controversy , and have not appeared in the game since rejoining the league as an expansion team . Since 2010 , the league has made efforts to end the longest droughts . New Orleans , Cincinnati , Baltimore , Houston , and Carolina all played their first Thanksgiving games during this time frame . San Francisco likewise played their first Thanksgiving game since 1972 in 2011 , and the Los Angeles Chargers , who last played on the holiday in 1969 ( while the team was still an AFL franchise in San Diego ) before actually joining the league , appeared for the first time as an NFL member in 2017 . Thanksgiving Day records of defunct teams ( edit ) League teams only , since 1920 . Team Wins Losses Ties Win Pct . Other names appeared under Frankford Yellow Jackets 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1931 ) New York Yankees 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1949 ) Pottsville Maroons 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1928 ) Boston Yanks 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1948 ) Buffalo Bills 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1949 ) , unrelated to current NFL team with this name Dallas Texans 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1952 ) , does not count AFL 's Dallas Texans , which are now the Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Buccaneers 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1926 ) Oorang Indians 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1923 ) Rock Island Independents 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1925 ) All - Tonawanda Lumberjacks 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1921 ) Akron Pros . 700 Defunct ( 1926 ) Buffalo Bisons . 500 Buffalo All - Americans ( 1920 -- 1923 ) , Defunct ( 1929 ) Canton Bulldogs . 500 Defunct ( 1926 ) Cleveland Bulldogs . 500 Defunct ( 1927 ) Dayton Triangles . 500 Defunct ( 1929 ) Kansas City Cowboys . 500 Kansas City Blues ( 1924 ) , Defunct ( 1926 ) Milwaukee Badgers . 500 Defunct ( 1926 ) Brooklyn Lions 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1926 ) Chicago Tigers 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1920 ) Detroit Heralds 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1920 ) New York Yanks 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1950 ) Providence Steam Roller 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1931 ) Racine Legion 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1926 ) Toledo Maroons 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1923 ) Brooklyn Dodgers 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1949 ) Chicago Hornets 0 . 000 Chicago Rockets ( 1946 -- 1948 ) , Defunct ( 1949 ) Columbus Panhandles 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1926 ) Detroit Panthers 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1926 ) Hammond Pros 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1926 ) Rochester Jeffersons 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1925 ) Los Angeles Dons 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1949 ) * All - America Football Conference team . Game MVPs ( edit ) Since 1989 , informal and sometimes lighthearted Man of the Match awards have been issued by the networks broadcasting the respective games . Running back Emmitt Smith holds the record for most Thanksgiving MVPs with five ( 1990 , 1992 , 1994 , 1996 and 2002 ) . Voting on the respective awards is typically done informally by the announcing crew themselves , and criteria are loose . Noteworthy statistical accomplishments weigh heavily , and `` group '' awards are common . The announcement of the winner ( s ) , and the presentation of the award is normally done immediately following the game , during post-game network coverage . Turkey Leg award ( CBS & Fox ) ( edit ) In 1989 , John Madden of CBS awarded the first `` Turkey Leg Award '' , for the game 's most valuable player . Pursuant to its name , it was an actual cooked turkey leg , and players typically took a celebratory bite out of the leg for the cameras during post-game interviews . Reggie White of the Eagles was the first recipient . The gesture was seen mostly as a humorous gimmick relating to Madden 's famous multi-legged turkey , cooked and delivered by local restaurant owner Joe Pat Fieseler of Harvey 's Barbecue ( located less than a mile from Texas Stadium ) . Since then , however , the award has gained subtle notoriety . Madden brought the award to FOX in 1994 , and it continued through 2001 . Because of the loose and informal nature of the award , at times it has been awarded to multiple players . On one occasion in 1994 , it was given to players of both teams . Galloping Gobbler / game ball ( Fox ) ( edit ) When John Madden left FOX after 2001 , the network introduced a new award starting in 2002 , named the `` Galloping Gobbler . '' It was represented by a small figurine of a silver turkey wearing a football helmet striking a Heisman - like pose . Much like Cleatus and Digger , the original Galloping Gobbler trophy reflected Fox 's irreverent mascots , and went through several iterations . Unimpressed by its tackiness , 2002 winner Emmitt Smith ( who holds the record for most Thanksgiving MVP awards and had won the Turkey Leg Award four previous times ) famously threw his in a trash can . In 2007 , the kitschy statuette was replaced with a bronze - colored statue of a nondescript turkey holding a football . In 2011 , the trophies were discarded altogether and replaced by an attractive plaque . Unlike the aforementioned `` Turkey Leg Award '' , the `` Galloping Gobbler '' is normally awarded to only one player annually , however in 2016 , co-winners were honored . For 2017 , the Galloping Gobbler was permanently retired , and replaced with the `` Game Ball , '' an stylish , ornate football - shaped trophy , reminiscent of the tradition where game - used balls are typically awarded to players of the game . No one at Fox seemed to notice the first ball awarded has the stripe markings of a college ball . All - Iron award ( CBS ) ( edit ) When the NFL returned to CBS in 1998 , they introduced their own award , the `` All - Iron Award '' , which is , suitably enough , a small silver iron , a reference to Phil Simms ' All - Iron team for toughness . The All - Iron winner also receives a skillet of blackberry cobbler made by Simms ' mother . Through 2006 , the trophy was only awarded to one player annually . Occasionally , it has been issued as a `` group award '' in addition to a single player award . In 2008 , Simms stated it was `` too close to call '' and named four players to the trophy ; he then gave the award to several people every year until 2013 , after which he reverted to a single MVP in 2014 . Simms was removed from the broadcast booth for the 2017 season and no player of the game was chosen that year . Prime time games ( nfln & NBC ) ( edit ) During the time when NFL Network held the broadcast rights the prime time game , from 2007 to 2011 they gave out the `` Pudding Pie Award '' for MVPs . The award was an actual pie . In 2009 , NFL Network gave Brandon Marshall a pumpkin pie rather than the chocolate pudding pie of the previous two years . NBC , which carried Thanksgiving afternoon games through 1997 , did not issue an MVP award during that time . NBC began broadcasting the Thanksgiving prime time game in 2012 , at which point the MVP award was added . The award is currently called the Sunday Night Football on Thanksgiving Night Player of the Game , and is typically awarded to multiple players on the winning team . From 2012 to 2015 , the NBC award was referred to as the `` Madden Thanksgiving Player - of - the - Game '' , honoring John Madden ( who announced NBC games from 2006 to 2008 ) . In the first few years , the award specifically went to players on both offense and defense , but in recent years , defensive players have not necessarily been recognized . The winning players are presented with ceremonial game balls and , as a gesture to Madden , a cooked turkey leg . Complete list ( edit ) CBS Turkey Leg Award Year MVP ( Team ) 1989 Reggie White ( Phi ) 1990 Troy Aikman & Emmitt Smith ( Dal ) 1991 Barry Sanders ( Det ) 1992 Emmitt Smith & Cowboys Offensive line 1993 Richard Dent ( Chi ) CBS All - Iron Award 1998 Stephen Boyd ( Det ) 1999 Dexter Coakley ( Dal ) 2000 Charlie Batch ( Det ) 2001 Mike Anderson ( Den ) 2002 Troy Brown ( NE ) 2003 Jay Fiedler & Chris Chambers ( Mia ) Peyton Manning & Colts Offensive line 2005 Ron Dayne ( Den ) 2006 Joey Harrington ( Mia ) 2007 Tony Romo & Cowboys defense * 2008 Albert Haynesworth ( Ten ) Chris Johnson ( Ten ) Kevin Mawae ( Ten ) LenDale White ( Ten ) 2009 Miles Austin ( Dal ) Tony Romo ( Dal ) Jason Witten ( Dal ) Tom Brady ( NE ) 2011 DeMarcus Ware ( Dal ) 2012 Andre Johnson ( Hou ) Matt Schaub ( Hou ) J.J. Watt ( Hou ) 2013 Tony Romo ( Dal ) DeMarco Murray ( Dal ) Lance Dunbar ( Dal ) HM : Matthew McGloin ( Oak ) 2014 Calvin Johnson ( Det ) 2015 Luke Kuechly ( Car ) Jerricho Cotchery ( Car ) Kurt Coleman ( Car ) Cam Newton ( Car ) 2016 Matt Prater ( Det ) Darius Slay ( Det ) Matthew Stafford ( Det ) 2017 no award FOX Turkey Leg Award Year MVP ( Team ) 1994 Emmitt Smith & Jason Garrett ( Dal ) Brett Favre & Sterling Sharpe ( GB ) 1995 Herman Moore ( Det ) Brett Perriman ( Det ) Johnnie Morton ( Det ) Emmitt Smith ( Dal ) 1997 Luther Ellis ( Det ) 1998 Randy Moss ( Min ) 1999 Gus Frerotte ( Det ) Greg Hill ( Det ) Johnnie Morton ( Det ) Robert Porcher ( Det ) 2000 Robert Smith ( Min ) Randy Moss ( Min ) Daunte Culpepper ( Min ) Cris Carter ( Min ) 2001 Brett Favre & Ahman Green ( GB ) FOX Galloping Gobbler Award 2002 Emmitt Smith ( Dal ) 2003 Dré Bly ( Det ) Julius Jones ( Dal ) 2005 Michael Vick ( Atl ) 2006 Tony Romo ( Dal ) 2007 Brett Favre ( GB ) 2008 DeMarcus Ware ( Dal ) 2009 Donald Driver ( GB ) Drew Brees ( NO ) 2011 Aaron Rodgers ( GB ) 2012 Robert Griffin III ( Was ) 2013 Reggie Bush ( Det ) 2014 LeSean McCoy ( Phi ) 2015 Matthew Stafford ( Det ) 2016 Dak Prescott & Ezekiel Elliott ( Dal ) FOX Game Ball 2017 Case Keenum ( Min ) NFLN Pudding Pie Award Year MVP ( Team ) 2006 Not given 2007 Reggie Wayne ( Ind ) 2008 Donovan McNabb & Brian Westbrook ( Phi ) 2009 Brandon Marshall ( Den ) Brad Smith & Darrelle Revis ( NYJ ) 2011 Terrell Suggs ( Bal ) NBC Player of the Game 2012 Tom Brady ( NE ) Vince Wilfork ( NE ) Steve Gregory ( NE ) 2013 Jacoby Jones ( Bal ) Justin Tucker ( Bal ) 2014 Russell Wilson ( Sea ) Richard Sherman ( Sea ) 2015 Jay Cutler ( Chi ) Tracy Porter ( Chi ) 2016 Le'Veon Bell ( Pit ) Ben Roethlisberger ( Pit ) Antonio Brown ( Pit ) 2017 Kirk Cousins ( Was ) Jamison Crowder ( Was ) Ryan Kerrigan ( Was ) Of the members of the 2007 Cowboys defense , Chris Canty , DeMarcus Ware , Terence Newman and Greg Ellis were particularly noted . In 2017 no official CBS award was handed out , though Phillip Rivers ( Chargers ) was interviewed after the game during post-game coverage . Broadcasting ( edit ) DuMont was the first network to televise Thanksgiving games in 1953 ; CBS took over in 1956 , and in 1965 , the first ever color television broadcast of an NFL game was the Thanksgiving match between the Lions and the Baltimore Colts . Starting in 2012 , all three broadcast networks with NFL rights will carry one game apiece . The first two games are split between CBS and Fox . These games are rotated annually , with CBS getting the 12 : 30 p.m. ( EST ) `` early '' game , and Fox getting the 4 : 25 p.m. `` late '' game in even - numbered years , while Fox likewise gets the `` early '' game and CBS the `` late '' game in odd - numbered years . The third game , with a prime time 8 : 30 p.m. start , is carried by NBC . The NFL may involve the Flexible Scheduling rule in the future to reassign games if the night game has less importance than the Dallas or Detroit game . Westwood One holds national radio broadcast rights to all three games , with Compass Media Networks sharing rights to the Cowboys contest . ( Under league rules , only radio stations that carry at least 12 Cowboys games in a season are allowed to carry the Compass broadcast . ) The participating teams also air the games on their local flagship stations and regional radio networks . The Cowboys Thanksgiving game has regularly been the most watched NFL regular season telecast each year , with the Lions Thanksgiving game usually in the top five . See also ( edit ) American football on Thanksgiving References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Navy vs Michigan st ( NJ ) '' . College Football Data Warehouse . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1885 Football Team '' . University of Michigan , Bentley Historical Library . Jump up ^ `` 1887 Football Team '' . University of Michigan , Bentley Historical Library . Jump up ^ `` 1888 Football Team '' . University of Michigan , Bentley Historical Library . Jump up ^ `` 1889 Football Team '' . University of Michigan , Bentley Historical Library . Jump up ^ `` 1891 Football Team '' . University of Michigan , Bentley Historical Library . Jump up ^ `` Football on Thanksgiving : A Brief But Comprehensive History '' . Midwest Sports Fans . November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Origins of the Thanksgiving Day Tradition '' . Detroit Lions . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Jaworowski , Matt ( November 24 , 2016 ) . Timeline : How football became a Thanksgiving tradition . WIVB - TV . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ See also : Pennsylvania Keystoners Jump up ^ Scales , Kristi ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` Why Do the Cowboys Play on Thanksgiving Day ? '' . 5 Points Blue ( Dallas Cowboys ) . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McManaman , Bob ( November 22 , 2017 ) . Cardinals , not Cowboys , could have been an NFL Thanksgiving Day staple . azcentral.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NFL announces Week 13 flex plan '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Best , Neil ( December 14 , 2011 ) . `` NFL renews lucrative TV deals '' . Newsday . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` 2014 NFL Schedule : Flex games can now start in Week 5 '' . National Football League . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Thursday , Saturday , and Monday games are not affected . Jump up ^ `` CBS to broadcast eight Thursday night football games in 2014 '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eatman , Nick ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Cowboys To Wear Blue Jerseys At Home Thursday '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Splash of color for Thursday Night teams . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Buffalo Bills at Detroit Lions - November 25th , 1976 Pro-Football-Reference.com Jump up ^ 1993 - Dolphins @ Cowboys - Leon Lett Opps - YouTube Jump up ^ Miami Dolphins at Dallas Cowboys - November 25th , 1993 Pro-Football-Reference.com Jump up ^ `` NFL Thanksgiving Day Football Preview : Games , TV Schedule , Point Spreads , Picks and Predictions '' . Midwestsportsfans.com. 2011 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Silver , Michael ( 2011 - 11 - 21 ) . `` NFL Thanksgiving games are appealing , for once -- NFL -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Bakay , Nick ( 12 November 2008 ) . `` Manly House of Football : Another helping of Lions football for the holiday ? No , thanks ! '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Kulfan , Ted . Annual Lions game is roasted . The Detroit News . 25 November 2008 Jump up ^ Slevin , Peter ( November 27 , 2008 ) . `` In Detroit , Tradition Takes a Hike ; Annual Thanksgiving Football Game Offers Little Joy for Troubled City '' . Washington Post . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Lage , Larry ( November 28 , 2008 ) . `` Once - beaten Titans dominate winless Lions 47 -- 10 '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Niyo , John ( 31 January 2009 ) . `` Turkey game safe ... for now '' . Detroit Free Press . p . C6 . Jump up ^ Kowalski , Tom ( 22 March 2009 ) . `` Lions president says NFL will not take away team 's Thanksgiving Day game '' . mlive.com . Jump up ^ Horn , Barry ( 10 March 2009 ) . `` Networks vie for Dallas Cowboys ' home opener '' . Dallas Morning News . Jump up ^ King , Peter ( 1 December 2008 ) . `` The best football writer of our time '' . si.com . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( 23 April 2014 ) . `` 2014 NFL Schedule : No AFC teams on Thanksgiving Day '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Bergman , Jeremy ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Previewing the 2017 Thanksgiving Day slate '' . National Football League . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Imnam , Cam ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` John Madden talks Thanksgiving , his health , Raiders rise , 49ers fall , NFL TV ratings '' . The Mercury News . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Galloping Gobbler : An evolution of greatness '' . Laces Out -- Fox Blog . Fox Sports . November 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Thanksgiving Day Football History , Trivia , and Fun Facts '' . Sports Geekery . November 24 , 2014 . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Thanksgiving Day Football History , Trivia , and Fun Facts - Sports Geekery '' . 2010 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Ezekiel Elliott , Dak Prescott win Galloping Gobbler after Thanksgiving win vs. Washington Jump up ^ 2016 Steelers - Colts Game Broadcast on NBC , Post-game coverage : November 24 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Easton - P'burg TV coverage wo n't crash gate '' . The Morning Call . November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . As an added bonus , John Madden will return to NBC to open the broadcast and will give his first `` Madden Thanksgiving Player of the - Game '' award Jump up ^ `` Thanksgiving Night Game on NBC New England Patriots vs. New York Jets '' ( Press release ) . NBCUniversal . November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Turkey Leg Award is the best NFL football on Thanksgiving tradition . SB Nation ( November 24 , 2016 ) . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBC 's `` Turkey Day '' tradition begins `` . NBC Sports History Page . Bibliography ( edit ) 2003 NFL Record and Fact Book ( ISBN 0 - 7611 - 3148 - 5 ) ( for game results through 2002 ) Detroit Lions 2003 , 2004 and 2005 game schedules ( for game results 2003 to 2005 ) Dallas Cowboys 2003 , 2004 and 2005 game schedules ( for game results 2003 to 2005 ) External links ( edit ) NFL.com Thanksgiving Page All - Time NFL Thanksgiving Day game results , from the Pro Football Hall of Fame American Football League Thanksgiving game boxscores Links to related articles Detroit Lions Founded in 1930 Formerly the Portsmouth Spartans ( 1930 -- 33 ) Based in Detroit , Michigan Headquartered in Allen Park , Michigan Franchise Franchise Team history Seasons Players First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Coaches Stadiums Universal Stadium University of Detroit Stadium Tiger Stadium Pontiac Silverdome Ford Field Culture NFL on Thanksgiving Day Paper Lion ( film ) `` What 's Going On '' ( Marvin Gaye song ) Beverly Hills Cop Home Improvement Cheerleaders Lore 1932 Playoff Game Curse of Bobby Layne Mike Utley gives a thumbs up Marty Mornhinweg takes the wind `` Fire Millen '' 0 -- 16 `` Calvin Johnson rule '' Miracle in Motown Rivalries Chicago Bears Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Notable people William Clay & Martha Firestone Ford Barry Sanders Bobby Layne Glenn Presnell Calvin Johnson Wayne Fontes Division championships ( 4 ) 1935 1991 1993 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1952 1953 1954 1957 League championships ( 4 ) 1935 1952 1953 1957 Media Broadcasters Radio : Radio network Dan Miller Jim Brandstatter Tony Ortiz WJR TV : Television network Matt Shepard Chris Spielman Jennifer Hammond WJBK Fox Sports Detroit Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 88 ) 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Dallas Cowboys Founded in 1960 Based in Arlington , Texas Headquartered in Frisco , Texas Franchise Franchise History Coaches Players Seasons Expansion draft Draft history Starting quarterbacks First - 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FM Brad Sham Babe Laufenberg Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold American Football League Eastern Division Boston Patriots Buffalo Bills Houston Oilers New York Titans / Jets Miami Dolphins Western Division Denver Broncos Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders Cincinnati Bengals General Seasons Playoffs All - League Teams All - Star game AFL Draft All - Time Team AFL -- NFL merger NFL Thanksgiving Day games Players Officials Broadcasters ABC AFL All - Star Game AFL Championship Game Boston Patriots Buffalo Bills Cincinnati Bengals Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs Denver Broncos Houston Oilers NBC Los Angeles / San Diego Chargers Miami Dolphins New York Titans / Jets Oakland Raiders Super Bowl Commissioners Joe Foss Al Davis Milt Woodard ( President ) National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Awards All - Pro Numbers ( retired ) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger International Foreign players London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Media TV NFL Network Radio Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement NFLPA Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Tied games Canceled games Lockouts Controversies Cheerleading Mascots Color Rush Thanksgiving History and traditions Canada Samuel de Champlain Martin Frobisher Halifax First Nations United States Pilgrims Mayflower Plymouth Colony Plymouth , Massachusetts Plymouth Rock Native Americans Samoset Squanto Wampanoag Cornucopia National Thanksgiving Proclamation Franksgiving National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation William Penn Sarah Josepha Hale Blackout Wednesday Abraham Lincoln Mourt 's Relation Cuisine Thanksgiving dinner Turkey Deep - fried Tofurkey Stuffing Gravy Butternut squash Apple cider Hazelnuts Cranberry sauce Carrots Mashed potatoes Sweet potatoes Acorn squash Yams Corn Green bean casserole Apple pie Pumpkin pie Pecan pie Sweet potato pie Tamale Songs `` Alice 's Restaurant '' `` Bless This House '' `` Bringing In the Sheaves '' `` Come , Ye Thankful People , Come '' `` For the Beauty of the Earth '' `` Jingle Bells '' `` Let All Things Now Living '' `` Now Thank We All Our God '' `` Over the River and Through the Wood '' `` Simple Gifts '' `` The Thanksgiving Song '' `` We Gather Together '' `` We Plough the Fields and Scatter '' Associated events Cultural Christmas and holiday season Harvest festivals Thanksgiving in film Thanksgiving television specials Winter festivals Lighting of the Macy 's Great Tree World 's Largest Disco Black Friday Parades Novant Health ( Charlotte ) McDonald 's ( Chicago ) America 's ( Detroit ) Oktoberfest ( Kitchener - 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what is the education system like in puerto rico			Education in Puerto Rico	education in puerto rico	Education in Puerto Rico is overseen by the Department of Education of Puerto Rico and the Puerto Rico Education Council . The Department oversees all elementary and secondary public education while the Council oversees all academic standards and issues licenses to educational institutions wishing to operate or establish themselves in Puerto Rico .	Instruction in Puerto Rico is compulsory between the ages of 5 and 18 , which comprises the elementary and high school grades . Students in Puerto Rico may attend either public or private schools . As of 2013 , the island had 1,460 public schools , 764 private schools , 606,515 K - 12 students , 64,335 vocational students , and 250,011 university students . The literacy rate of the Puerto Rican population was 94.1 % in 2002 ; when divided by gender , this is distributed as 93.9 % for males and 94.4 % for females . According to the 2000 Census , 60.0 % of the population attained a high school degree or higher level of education , and 18.3 % has a bachelor 's degree or higher . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Levels 3 Elementary and secondary education 3.1 Public education 3.1. 1 Language 3.2 Private schools 3.3 Homeschooling 4 Higher education in Puerto Rico 4.1 Community colleges & technical institutes 4.2 Colleges and universities 5 Contemporary issues 5.1 Dropout rate 5.2 Parents participation 5.3 Poor performance in public schools 5.4 Market demand for college graduates 6 Notable Puerto Rico educators 7 Further reading 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading History ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2012 ) Education in the United States By state and in insular areas By subject area History of Issues : Finance -- Law -- Literacy -- Reform Levels : Primary -- Secondary -- Higher Organizations Education portal United States portal The first school in Puerto Rico was the Escuela de Gramática ( English : Grammar School ) . The school was established by Bishop Alonso Manso in 1513 , in the area where the Cathedral of San Juan was to be constructed . The school was free of charge and the courses taught were Latin language , literature , history , science , art , philosophy and theology . Levels ( edit ) The educational system in Puerto Rico consists of seven categories . These categories are based on the educational levels covered : # Level Age Commonly known as Compulsion Remarks nursery school 0 -- 4 pre-K optional comprises Early Head Start , Head Start , and pre-kindergarten preschool 5 compulsory comprises kindergarten elementary education 6 -- 11 1 -- 6 compulsory comprises first grade to sixth grade junior high school 12 -- 14 7 -- 9 compulsory comprises seventh grade to ninth grade 5 high school 15 -- 17 10 -- 12 compulsory comprises tenth grade to twelfth grade 6 undergraduate 18 + college optional comprises associate and / or bachelor 's degree 7 graduate 22 + graduate school optional comprises master 's degree , doctorate , and / or post-doctorate Some Puerto Rican schools , most notably in rural areas , offer kinder to ninth grade ( K -- 9 ) at the same institution and are referred to as Segunda Unidad ( English : Second Unit ) . Other schools offer seventh grade to twelfth grade ( 7 -- 12 ) at the same institution and are referred to as Nivel Secundario ( English : Secondary Level ) . Elementary and secondary education ( edit ) See also : List of high schools in Puerto Rico Public education ( edit ) The Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico grants the right to an education to every citizen on the island . To this end , public schools in Puerto Rico provide free and secular education at the elementary and secondary levels . The public school system is funded by the commonwealth and is operated by the Puerto Rico Department of Education ( Departamento de Educación del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico ) ( 1 ) . The department employs over 45 thousand teachers of which 32,000 have full - time tenureships and are organized under several independent unions , including the Puerto Rico Teachers Association and the Teachers ' Federation of Puerto Rico . The remaining teachers are either temporary or contracted on a yearly basis . Preschool education , care , and services ( including Early Head Start and Head Start ) are free for low income families with private daycares being common and within walking distance in urban areas . Primary and secondary education is compulsory and free regardless of income through more than 1,400 public schools . Ten public schools are considered prestigious locally . All of them being magnet schools , which graduate the highest scores on the island of the College Board 's PEAU ( Latin America 's equivalent of the SAT ) . Two examples of these are CIMATEC and CROEM which focus on science , technology , and mathematics . Public schools in Puerto Rico are subject to the federal laws of the United States . The NCLB , No Child Left Behind Act included Puerto Rico until president Obama approved a waiver in October 22 , 2013 . ( http://www.ed.gov/news/press-releases/obama-administration-approves-nclb-flexibility-request-puerto-rico ) Education Department spokeswoman Yolanda Rosaly told The Associated Press on May 5 , 2017 that approximately 27,000 students will be moved , as a result of 184 public school planned closings . The economic crisis in Puerto Rico drove the decision to close the schools , which officials have said will save millions of dollars . Language ( edit ) Unlike most schools in the United States , public school instruction in Puerto Rico is conducted entirely in Spanish . English is taught as a second language and is a compulsory subject at all levels . In the early years following the 1898 American occupation of the island , the opposite was true : public schooling was entirely conducted in English , and Spanish was treated as a special subject ( the practice ended in 1915 ) . In 2012 , pro-statehood Governor Luis Fortuño caused controversy when he proposed that all courses in Puerto Rico public schools be taught in English instead of Spanish as they currently are . Private schools ( edit ) Private schools in Puerto Rico are operated by non-governmental institutions . Accredited elementary and secondary private schools in Puerto Rico must meet minimum public education requirements for academic work ( P.R. Laws Ann . Tit. 18 , § 57 ) . There are more than 700 private schools on the island , most of them Catholic . It is constitutionally illegal to deny entrance or take action against students that profess a difference faith than the school they attend or intend to attend . Students from differing denominations are legally freed from attending religious activities on the schools they attend . Prominent private schools include Colegio Católico Notre Dame , Academia Bautista de Puerto Nuevo , Academia del Perpetuo Socorro , Academia Maria Reina , Academia San Jorge , Colegio Marista Guaynabo , Colegio San Ignacio de Loyola , and Colegio San José which maintain a high rate of students being accepted into prominent universities in the United States . Homeschooling ( edit ) Homeschooling , an alternative form of education , is legal in Puerto Rico but is neither regulated nor legislated . The issue of legislation has caused a serious rift within the homeschooling community . While some of these parents want the government to establish a public policy on homeschooling , others oppose all forms of legislation . They also allege that the lack of regulation has led them to confront difficulties when interacting with the government , as evidenced in the case of a homeschooled student who was denied federal Social Security benefits . From the Applicable Law portion of the decision : Student benefits are payable if the student meets the Federal standards for full - time attendance ( FTA ) ( RS 00205.300 C . ) ; the law of the State in which the home school is located recognizes home school as an educational institution ( El ) ; the home school the student attends meets the requirements of State law in which the home school is located ; and the student meets all the other requirements for benefits . Education is compulsory in Puerto Rico between the ages of six and seventeen years . 3L. P.R.A. § 391 ( a ). Attendance in public elementary and secondary schools is compulsory for students except for those students attending `` schools established under non-governmental auspices . '' - Puerto Rico Constitution , Article II § 5 ; 18 L.P.R.A. § 2 . After careful consideration of all the evidence , the undersigned Administrative Law Judge concludes the claimant did not attend a sanctioned homeschool program approved by the Puerto Rican legislature within the meaning of the Social Security Act from December 1 , 2003 to August 1 , 2004 . Higher education in Puerto Rico ( edit ) Over half of the students entering college level institutions in Puerto Rico , never graduate : 41 % of 4 - year students in public universities and 33 % in private institutions get a diploma . Community colleges & technical institutes ( edit ) There are a number of junior colleges on the island , the most prominent being the Huertas College , the ICPR Junior College , the Instituto de Banca y Comercio , and the National University College ( NUC ) . There is one state - run system , the Puerto Rico Technological Institute , which possesses several prestigious programs at the local level and whose costs are significantly below market prices . Instituto de Banca y Comercio Ponce Paramedical College Colleges and universities ( edit ) This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards , as section . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( January 2015 ) Main article : List of colleges and universities in Puerto Rico The three major university systems on the island are the University of Puerto Rico with 11 campuses , the Ana G. Méndez University System ( SUAGM ) with 3 major campuses and some satellites , and the Interamerican University of Puerto Rico ( Inter ) with 9 campuses and 2 specialized schools . The University of Puerto Rico performs the following '' it produces more than 80 % of all post-secondary research on the island , it graduates the largest number of Hispanic engineers in the United States , it graduates the largest number of chemical engineers in the United States , it graduates the second largest number of female engineers in the United States , it owns the largest number of patents by a university on the island , it has the largest enrollment on the island and one of the largest in the United States , it has the largest faculty body on the island and one of the largest in the United States , it offers the largest number of academic programs on the island and one of the largest in the United States , it offers the largest number of doctoral programs on the island , it has the largest number of campuses on the island , it has the highest ratio of students from the island that enroll in graduate studies , it confers the largest number of post-secondary degrees on the island , it conducts almost all medical research on the island , it is considered the best university in all the Caribbean , its flagship campus has won 24 out of the 88 global cups of the Puerto Rico college athletics , and it has graduated six out of ten governors of Puerto Rico . The system is a source of patronage . Its board of trustees , chancellor , rectors , deans , and program directors changing whenever a different political party gains power ( about every 4 or 8 years ) as the university is a government - owned corporation . Its flagship campus is also prone to student strikes , averaging about one strike every three years that halts the whole campus , with the system as a whole averaging about one strike every five years that halts the whole system . Most strikes derive from the university management attempting to raise the cost per credit the institution offers . This has been $55 per undergraduate credit and $117 per graduate credit . It is highly unlikely that a student graduates with college debt as a full Pell Grant covers most costs for low income students , and those that do n't receive a full Pell Grant or a Pell Grant at all can easily cover tuition costs . This economic accessibility comes at a price for the taxpayers of Puerto Rico : 9.6 % of the General Budget of the Government of Puerto Rico is automatically assigned to the university by law . In 2008 , when the economy shrunk , so did the university 's endowment . This resulted in problems for an already highly indebted university incapable of generating enough revenue to maintain itself . Because of this , the board of trustees increased tuition costs , which led to strikes . Other strikes were caused by the suggestion of reducing the percentage automatically assigned to the university . No bill has been filed for such purpose . The University of Puerto Rico offers the largest academic choices with 472 academic programs of which 32 can lead to a doctorate . UPR is also the only system with a business school , an engineering school , a law school , a nursing school , a school of architecture , and a school of medicine . Almost all its schools and programs rank first on the island although competition has increased in the last decades with private universities gaining track at a fast pace . The Ana G. Méndez System , the Interamerican University , and the University of the Sacred Heart possess a business school with the University of Sacred Heart leading in non-profit management and social enterprise , as well as in communications . The Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico and the Turabo University both have engineering schools with the Polytechnic University leading in computer security and offering the only master 's degree in computer science on the island . Ranking regarding law schools is subjective with the University of Puerto Rico School of Law , the Interamerican University of Puerto Rico School of Law , and the Eugenio María de Hostos School of Law considered the best although UPR still leads in constitutional law . The University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine and the University of Puerto Rico School of Dental Medicine lead in medicine and dentistry . The Interamerican University School of Optometry is the only school of optometry on the island . The Carlos Albizu University leads in psychology . The Metropolitan University leads in environmental management , The UPR leads in environmental science . In terms of arts , the Atlantic University College leads in digital arts . The Conservatory of Music of Puerto Rico and the Escuela de Artes Plásticas y Diseño de Puerto Rico are considered leaders in music and arts respectively . The school of international relations was created in November 2013 under the name of Morales Carrión Diplomatic and Foreign Relations School , ascribed to the Department of State of Puerto Rico and still in development . Almost all junior colleges , colleges , universities , and schools are accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools . Specific programs tend to possess their respective accreditation as well ( such as ABET , AACSB , LCME , and so on ) although it is not uncommon for programs to not possess its expected accreditation -- for example , only two business schools are accredited by AACSB . University Public / Private Locations American University of Puerto Rico Private Bayamón , Manatí Atlantic College of Puerto Rico Private Guaynabo Caribbean University Private Bayamón , Carolina , Ponce , Vega Baja Carlos Albizu University Private San Juan Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Puerto Rico y el Caribe Private San Juan Colegio Universitario de San Juan Public San Juan Conservatorio de Música de Puerto Rico Public San Juan Escuela de Artes Plásticas y Diseño de Puerto Rico Public San Juan Facultad de Derecho Eugenio Maria de Hostos Private Mayagüez National University College Private Arecibo , Bayamón , Ponce , Rio Grande Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico Private San Juan Ponce School of Medicine Private Ponce Pontífica Universidad Católica de Puerto Rico Private Arecibo , Coamo , Mayaguez , Ponce San Juan Bautista School of Medicine Private Caguas Seminario Evangélico de Puerto Rico Private Rio Piedras Universidad Adventista de las Antillas Private Mayagüez Universidad Central de Bayamón Private Bayamón Universidad Central del Caribe Private Bayamón Universidad de Puerto Rico Public Aguadilla , Arecibo , Bayamón , Carolina , Cayey , Humacao , Mayagüez , Ponce , San Juan , Utuado Universidad del Este Private Cabo Rojo , Carolina , Manatí , Santa Isabel , Utuado , Yauco Universidad del Sagrado Corazón Private San Juan Universidad del Turabo Private Gurabo Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico Private Aguadilla , Arecibo , Barranquitas , Bayamón , Fajardo , Guayama , Ponce , San Germán , San Juan Universidad Metropolitana Private Aguadilla , Bayamón , Jayuya , San Juan University of Phoenix Private Guaynabo Contemporary issues ( edit ) Dropout rate ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2012 ) A recent study by the Department of Education of Puerto Rico showed that about 40 % of all the students that enter tenth grade in public schools in Puerto Rico drop out and never finish secondary education . Parents participation ( edit ) A January 2014 news report stated that 55 % of parents with children in public schools picked up their children 's grades for the first semester of 2013 -- 2014 school year on the scheduled day . Poor Performance in public schools ( edit ) ( hide ) This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2012 ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section includes inline citations , but they are not properly formatted . Please improve this article by correcting them . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) According to the Economist Intelligence Unit , ninety - five percent ( 95 % ) of public school students in Puerto Rico graduate at a sub-basic level while sixty percent ( 60 % ) do not even graduate . Furthermore , according to the Department of Education of Puerto Rico , thirty - nine percent ( 39 % ) of public school students perform at a basic level ( average performance ) in Spanish in the Puerto Rican Tests of Academic Achievement . Likewise , 36 % perform at a basic level in Mathematics while 35 % perform at a basic level in English and 43 % at a basic level in Science in said tests . Moreover , studies published in 2003 , 2005 , and 2007 by the United States National Center for Education Statistics as part of the National Assessment of Educational Progress ( NAEP ) concluded that Puerto Rico falls below basic levels when compared to the United States -- being basic defined as `` partial mastery of the knowledge and skills that are fundamental for proficient work '' according to NAEP . In particular the findings showed that : Overall , fourth - and eighth - grade students in Puerto Rico scored lower , on average , than public school students in the United States . Twelve percent ( 12 % ) of students in Puerto Rico scored at or above basic in fourth grade in comparison to the United States where 79 % of students scored at or above basic in the same grade . Six percent ( 6 % ) of students in Puerto Rico scored at or above basic in eighth grade in comparison to the United States where 68 % of students in the United States scored at or above basic in the same grade . As a result of this , 1,321 out of 1,466 public schools in Puerto Rico ( about 90 % ) do not comply with the academic progress requirements established by the No Child Left Behind Act . Market demand for College graduates ( edit ) Puerto Rico is atypical as many youngsters pursue post-secondary studies even though the local market has no demand for them . For example , in 2012 50,000 students graduated at the undergraduate and graduate level while the labor market generated about 6,000 jobs per year of which 25 % of those required that level of education . This effectively means that the Puerto Rican market has no demand for 97 % of those who graduate with an undergraduate or graduate degree in Puerto Rico , although many find jobs out of the island . Notable Puerto Rico educators ( edit ) Puerto Rico portal Education portal Lolita Tizol Alfredo M. Aguayo Mariano Villaronga - Toro Maria Teresa Babin Elias Lopez Soba Eugenio María de Hostos Further reading ( edit ) La Junta Local de Instrucción Pública de Ponce : una Experiencia Histórica ( 1900 - 1910 ) . Cristina R. Torres . Caribbean University , Recinto de Ponce. 2011 . ( Accessible through La Revista de Investigación Cualitativa , ISSN 2164 - 7216 , Unión Puertorriqueña de Investigadores Cualitativos ( UPIC ) , sistema de acceso abierto ( OJS ) . `` Revistas de la Universidad de Puerto Rico . '' University of Puerto Rico . ) Discusses the topic of the municipalization of public education in Puerto Rico . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Calderón ( 2013 ; in Spanish ) `` En 2012 , se graduaron cerca de 50,000 estudiantes de nivel subgraduado y graduado y se proyectaba que el mercado laboral generara en promedio cerca de 6,000 * empleos por año , de los cuales sólo el 25 % requiere esos niveles de educación . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Conoce el Departamento de Educación Departamento de Educación de Puerto Rico '' . de.gobierno.pr . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Calderón , Jaime ( October 2013 ) . `` Panorama del sector educativo '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Puerto Rico Education Council . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ CIA FactBook ^ Jump up to : Census 2000 Educational Attainment Data Jump up ^ `` Hispanic Firsts '' , By ; Nicolas Kanellos , publisher Visible Ink Press ; ISBN 0 - 7876 - 0519 - 0 ; p. 40 Jump up ^ Online Guide to Educational Systems Around the World - Puerto Rico . NAFSA. Page 4 . Retrieved 28 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico Will Close 184 Public Schools Amid Severe Economic Crisis '' . Time . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Coto , Danica ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` Puerto Rico Governor Luis Fortuño Proposes Plan For Island 's Public Schools To Teach In English Instead Of Spanish '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Muchos estudiantes y pocos los diplomas . Jason Rodríguez Grafal . La Perla del Sur . Ponce , Puerto Rico . Year 30 . Retrieved 22 June 1012 . Jump up ^ https://www.moodys.com/research/Moodys-downgrades-University-of-Puerto-Ricos-University-System-Revenue-Bonds--PR_292520 Jump up ^ `` Home - El Nuevo Día '' . elnuevodia.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Poco más de la mitad de los padres fueron a buscar notas de sus hijos '' ( in Spanish ) . Metro International . January 10 , 2014 . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Carta de Ricardo Rossello a Claridad '' . scribd.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Puerto Rico Department of Education , Library and Information Services Program ( 21 September 2012 ) . `` Puerto Rico Five Year Plan 2013 - 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 9 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : G.P. , Baxter , M.M. , Bleeker , T.L. Waits and S. Salvucci ( 14 March 2007 ) . `` The Nation 's Report Card : Mathematics 2003 and 2005 Performance in Puerto Rico '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 9 February 2014 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ G.S. Dion ; J.G. Haberstroh ; A.R. Dresher ( 15 March 2007 ) . `` The Nation 's Report Card : Mathematics 2005 Performance in Puerto Rico : Focus on the Content Areas '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 9 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Commissioner 's Remarks - National Assessment of Educational Progress The Nation 's Report Card : Mathematics 2003 and 2005 Performance in Puerto Rico -- Highlights The Nation 's Report Card : Mathematics 2005 Performance in Puerto Rico -- Focus on the Content Areas - March 29 , 2007 `` . nces.ed.gov . Retrieved 9 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Home - El Nuevo Día '' . elnuevodia.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 09 . Further reading ( edit ) Solsiree del Moral , Negotiating Empire : The Cultural Politics of Schools in Puerto Rico , 1898 -- 1952 . Madison , WI ; University of Wisconsin Press , 2013 . 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Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Education in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Puerto_Rico&oldid=805841640 '' Categories : Education in Puerto Rico Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2012 Articles needing footnote reformatting All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with obsolete information from December 2012 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2012 Articles to be expanded from December 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from January 2015 All articles needing rewrite Articles needing additional references from December 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 October 2017 , at 23 : 59 . 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who was the first to introduce the forced-air furnace for residential heating			Central heating	central heating	A central heating system provides warmth to the whole interior of a building ( or portion of a building ) from one point to multiple rooms . When combined with other systems in order to control the building climate , the whole system may be an HVAC ( heating , ventilation and air conditioning ) system .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 History 2.1 Ancient Rome and Greece 2.2 Modern central heating systems 2.2. 1 Hot air 2.2. 2 Steam 2.2. 3 Hot water 3 Energy sources 4 Calculating output of heater required 5 Water heating 6 Steam heating 7 Electric heaters 8 Heat pumps 9 Environmental aspects 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 Sources 14 External links Overview ( edit ) Central heating differs from space heating in that the heat generation occurs in one place , such as a furnace room or basement in a house or a mechanical room in a large building ( though not necessarily at the geometrically `` central '' point ) . The heat is distributed throughout the building , typically by forced - air through ductwork , by water circulating through pipes , or by steam fed through pipes . The most common method of heat generation involves the combustion of fossil fuel in a furnace or boiler . In much of the temperate climate zone , most detached housing has had central heating installed since before the Second World War . Where coal was readily available ( i.e. the Anthracite coal region in northeast Pennsylvania ) coal - fired steam or hot water systems were common . In more recent times , these have been updated to use fuel oil or gas as the source of combustion , eliminating the need for a large coal storage bin near the boiler and the need to remove and discard ashes after the coal is burned . Coal - fired systems are now mostly reserved for larger buildings . A cheaper alternative to hot water or steam heat is forced hot air . A furnace burns fuel oil , which heats air in a heat exchanger , and blower fans circulate the warmed air through a network of ducts to the rooms in the building . This system is cheaper because the air moves through a series of ducts instead of pipes , and does not require a pipe fitter to install . The space between floor joists can be boxed in and used as some of the ductwork , further lowering costs . Electrical heating systems occur less commonly and are practical only with low - cost electricity or when ground source heat pumps are used . Considering the combined system of thermal power station and electric resistance heating , the overall efficiency will be less than for direct use of fossil fuel for space heating . More and more buildings utilize solar - powered heat sources , in which case the distribution system normally uses water circulation . Alternatives to such systems are gas heaters and district heating . District heating uses the waste heat from an industrial process or electrical generating plant to provide heat for neighboring buildings . This requires underground piping to circulate hot water or steam , and is only practical in a relatively small area ( i.e. several city blocks ) . History ( edit ) Ancient rome and greece ( edit ) Ruins of the hypocaust under the floor of a Roman villa at La Olmeda , Province of Palencia ( Castile and León , Spain ) . The ancient Greeks originally developed central heating . The temple of Ephesus was heated by flues planted in the ground and circulating the heat which was generated by fire . Some buildings in the Roman Empire used central heating systems , conducting air heated by furnaces through empty spaces under the floors and out of pipes in the walls -- a system known as a hypocaust . The Roman hypocaust continued to be used on a smaller scale during late Antiquity and by the Umayyad caliphate , while later Muslim builders employed a simpler system of underfloor pipes . After the collapse of the Roman Empire , overwhelmingly across Europe , heating reverted to more primitive fireplaces for almost a thousand years . In the early medieval Alpine upland , a simpler central heating system where heat travelled through underfloor channels from the furnace room replaced the Roman hypocaust at some places . In Reichenau Abbey a network of interconnected underfloor channels heated the 300 m2 large assembly room of the monks during the winter months . The degree of efficiency of the system has been calculated at 90 % . In the 13th century , the Cistercian monks revived central heating in Christian Europe using river diversions combined with indoor wood - fired furnaces . The well - preserved Royal Monastery of Our Lady of the Wheel ( founded 1202 ) on the Ebro River in the Aragon region of Spain provides an excellent example of such an application . Modern central heating systems ( edit ) The three main methods of central heating were developed in the late 18th to mid-19th centuries . Hot air ( edit ) Sylvester 's warm - air stove , 1819 William Strutt designed a new mill building in Derby with a central hot air furnace in 1793 , although the idea had been already proposed by John Evelyn almost a hundred years earlier . Strutt 's design consisted of a large stove that heated air brought from the outside by a large underground passage . The air was ventilated through the building by large central ducts . In 1807 , he collaborated with another eminent engineer , Charles Sylvester , on the construction of a new building to house Derby 's Royal Infirmary . Sylvester was instrumental in applying Strutt 's novel heating system for the new hospital . He published his ideas in The Philosophy of Domestic Economy ; as exemplified in the mode of Warming , Ventilating , Washing , Drying , & Cooking , ... in the Derbyshire General Infirmary in 1819 . Sylvester documented the new ways of heating hospitals that were included in the design , and the healthier features such as self - cleaning and air - refreshing toilets . The infirmary 's novel heating system allowed the patients to breathe fresh heated air whilst old air was channeled up to a glass and iron dome at the centre . Their designs proved very influential . They were widely copied in the new mills of the Midlands and were constantly improved , reaching maturity with the work of de Chabannes on the ventilation of the House of Commons in the 1810s . This system remained the standard for heating small buildings for the rest of the century . Steam ( edit ) Thomas Tredgold , a noted engineer and authority on central heating systems in the early 19th century . The English writer Hugh Plat proposed a steam based central heating system for a greenhouse in 1594 , although this was an isolated occurrence and was not followed up until the 18th century . Colonel Coke devised a system of pipes that would carry steam around the house from a central boiler , but it was James Watt the Scottish inventor who was the first to build a working system in his house . A central boiler supplied high - pressure steam that then distributed the heat within the building through a system of pipes embedded in the columns . He implemented the system on a much larger scale at a textile factory in Manchester . Robertson Buchanan wrote the definitive description of these installations in his treatises published in 1807 and 1815 . Thomas Tredgold 's work Principles of Warming and Ventilating Public Buildings , delineated the method of the application of hot steam heating to smaller , non-industrial buildings . This method had superseded the hot air systems by the late 19th century . Hot water ( edit ) The Summer Palace in St. Petersburg had an early system of hydrologic central heating . Early hot water systems were used in Russia for central heating of the Summer Palace ( 1710 -- 1714 ) of Peter the Great in Saint Petersburg . Slightly later , in 1716 , came the first use of water in Sweden to distribute heating in buildings . Mårten Triewald , a Swedish engineer , used this method for a greenhouse at Newcastle upon Tyne. Jean Simon Bonnemain ( 1743 -- 1830 ) , a French architect , introduced the technique to industry on a cooperative , at Château du Pêcq , near Paris . However , these scattered attempts were isolated and mainly confined in their application to greenhouses . Tredgold originally dismissed its use as impractical , but changed his mind in 1836 , when the technology went into a phase of rapid development . Early systems had used low pressure water systems , which required very large pipes . One of the first modern hot water central heating systems to remedy this deficiency were installed by Angier March Perkins in London in the 1830s . At that time central heating was coming into fashion in Britain , with steam or hot air systems generally being used . Details of furnace and expansion tube from Perkins ' 1838 Patent . Perkins ' 1832 apparatus distributed water at 200 degrees Celsius ( 392 ° F ) through small diameter pipes at high pressure . A crucial invention to make the system viable was the thread screwed joint , that allowed the joint between the pipes to bear a similar pressure to the pipe itself . He also separated the boiler from the heat source to reduce the risk of explosion . The first unit was installed in the home of Governor of the Bank of England John Horsley Palmer so that he could grow grapes in England 's cold climate . His systems were installed in factories and churches across the country , many of them remaining in usable condition for over 150 years . His system was also adapted for use by bakers in the heating of their ovens and in the making of paper from wood pulp . Franz San Galli , a Prussian - born Russian businessman living in St. Petersburg , invented the radiator between 1855 and 1857 , which was a major step in the final shaping of modern central heating . The Victorian cast iron radiator became widespread by the end of the 19th century as companies , such as the American Radiator Company , expanded the market for low cost radiators in the US and Europe . Energy sources ( edit ) The energy source selected for a central heating system varies by region . The primary energy source is selected on the basis of cost , convenience , efficiency and reliability . The energy cost of heating is one of the main costs of operating a building in a cold climate . Some central heating plants can switch fuels for reasons of economy and convenience ; for example , a home owner may install a wood - fired furnace with electrical backup for occasional unattended operation . Solid fuels such as wood , peat or coal can be stockpiled at the point of use , but are inconvenient to handle and difficult to automatically control . Wood fuel is still used where the supply is plentiful and the occupants of the building do n't mind the work involved in hauling in fuel , removing ashes , and tending the fire . Pellet fuel systems can automatically stoke the fire , but still need manual removal of ash . Coal was once an important residential heating fuel but today is rarely found . Liquid fuels are petroleum products such as heating oil and kerosene . These are still widely applied where other heat sources are unavailable . Fuel oil can be automatically fired in a central heating system and requires no ash removal and little maintenance of the combustion system . However , the variable price of oil on world markets leads to erratic and high prices compared to some other energy sources . Institutional heating systems ( office buildings or schools , for example ) can use low - grade , inexpensive bunker fuel to run their heating plants , but capital cost is high compared to more easily managed liquid fuels . Natural gas is a widespread heating fuel in North America and northern Europe . Gas burners are automatically controlled and require no ash removal and little maintenance . However , not all areas have access to a natural gas distribution system . Liquified petroleum gas or propane can be stored at the point of use and periodically replenished by a truck - mounted mobile tank . Some areas have low cost electric power , making electric heating economically practical . Electric heating can either be purely resistance - type heating or make use of a heat pump system to take advantage of low - grade heat in the air or ground . A district heating system uses centrally located boilers or water heaters and circulates heat energy to individual customers by circulating hot water or steam . This has the advantage of a central highly efficient energy converter than can use the best available pollution controls , and that is professionally operated . The district heating system can use heat sources impractical to deploy to individual homes , such as heavy oil , wood byproducts , or ( hypothetically ) nuclear fission . The distribution network is more costly to build than for gas or electric heating , and so is only found in densely populated areas or compact communities . Not all central heating systems require purchased energy . A few buildings are served by local geothermal heat , using hot water or steam from a local well to provide building heat . Such areas are uncommon . A passive solar system requires no purchased fuel but needs to be carefully designed for the site . Calculating output of heater required ( edit ) Heater outputs are measured in kilowatts or BTU per hour . For placement in a house , the heater , and the level of output required for the house , needs to be calculated . This calculation is achieved by recording a variety of factors - namely , what is above and below the room you wish to heat , how many windows there are , the type of external walls in the property and a variety of other factors that will determine the level of heat output that is required to adequately heat the space . This calculation is called a heat loss calculation and can be done with a BTU Calculator . Depending on the outcome of this calculation , the heater can be exactly matched to the house . Water heating ( edit ) Active indirect water heater Main article : Water heating Circulating hot water can be used for central heating . Sometimes these systems are called hydronic heating systems . Common components of a central heating system using water - circulation include : A supply of fuel , electric power or district heating supply lines A Boiler ( or a heat exchanger for district heating ) which heats water in the system Pump to circulate the water Radiators which are wall - mounted panels through which the heated water passes in order to release heat into rooms . The circulating water systems use a closed loop ; the same water is heated and then reheated . A sealed system provides a form of central heating in which the water used for heating circulates independently of the building 's normal water supply . Expansion tank in a sealed system An expansion tank contains compressed gas , separated from the sealed - system water by a diaphragm . This allows for normal variations of pressure in the system . A safety valve allows water to escape from the system when pressure becomes too high , and a valve can open to replenish water from the normal water supply if the pressure drops too low . Sealed systems offer an alternative to open - vent systems , in which steam can escape from the system , and gets replaced from the building 's water supply via a feed and central storage system . Heating systems in the United Kingdom and in other parts of Europe commonly combine the needs of space heating with domestic hot - water heating . These systems occur less commonly in the USA . In this case , the heated water in a sealed system flows through a heat exchanger in a hot - water tank or hot - water cylinder where it heats water from the regular potable water supply for use at hot - water taps or appliances such as washing machines or dishwashers . Hydronic radiant floor heating systems use a boiler or district heating to heat water and a pump to circulate the hot water in plastic pipes installed in a concrete slab . The pipes , embedded in the floor , carry heated water that conducts warmth to the surface of the floor , where it broadcasts heat energy to the room above . Hydronic heating systems are also used with antifreeze solutions in ice and snow melt systems for walkways , parking lots and streets . They are more commonly used in commercial and whole house radiant floor heat projects , whereas electric radiant heat systems are more commonly used in smaller `` spot warming '' applications . Steam heating ( edit ) A steam heating system takes advantage of the high latent heat which is given off when steam condenses to liquid water . In a steam heating system , each room is equipped with a so - called `` radiator '' which is connected to a source of low - pressure steam ( a boiler ) . Steam entering the radiator condenses and gives up its latent heat , returning to liquid water . The radiator in turn heats the air of the room , and provides some direct radiant heat . The condensate water returns to the boiler either by gravity or with the assistance of a pump . Some systems use only a single pipe for combined steam and condensate return . Since trapped air prevents proper circulation , such systems have vent valves to allow air to be purged . In domestic and small commercial buildings , the steam is generated at relatively low pressure , less than 15 psig ( 200 kPa ) . Steam heating systems are rarely installed in new single - family residential construction owing to the cost of the piping installation . Pipes must be carefully sloped to prevent trapped condensate blockage . Compared to other methods of heating , it is more difficult to control the output of a steam system . However , steam can be sent , for example , between buildings on a campus to allow use of an efficient central boiler and low cost fuel . Tall buildings take advantage of the low density of steam to avoid the excessive pressure required to circulate hot water from a basement - mounted boiler . In industrial systems , process steam used for power generation or other purposes can also be tapped for space heating . Steam for heating systems may also be obtained from heat recovery boilers using otherwise wasted heat from industrial processes . Electric heaters ( edit ) Electric heating or resistance heating converts electricity directly to heat . Electric heat is often more expensive than heat produced by combustion appliances like natural gas , propane , and oil . Electric resistance heat can be provided by baseboard heaters , space heaters , radiant heaters , furnaces , wall heaters , or thermal storage systems . Electric heaters are usually part of a fan oil which is part of a central air conditioner . They circulate heat by blowing air across the heating element which is supplied to the furnace through return air ducts . Blowers in electric furnaces move air over one to five resistance coils or elements which are usually rated at five kilowatts . The heating elements activate one at a time to avoid overloading the electrical system . Overheating is prevented by a safety switch called a limit controller or limit switch . This limit controller may shut the furnace off if the blower fails or if something is blocking the air flow . The heated air is then sent back through the home through supply ducts . In larger commercial applications , central heating is provided through an air handler which incorporates similar components as a furnace but on a larger scale . Heat pumps ( edit ) Main article : Heat pump Outdoor components of a residential air - source heat pump In mild climates an air source heat pump can be used to air condition the building during hot weather , and to warm the building using heat extracted from outdoor air in cold weather . Air - source heat pumps are generally uneconomic for outdoor temperatures much below freezing . In colder climates , geothermal heat pumps can be used to extract heat from the ground . For economy , these systems are designed for average low winter temperatures and use supplemental heating for extreme low temperature conditions . The advantage of the heat pump is that it reduces the purchased energy required for building heating ; often geothermal source systems also supply domestic hot water . Even in places where fossil fuels provide most electricity , a geothermal system may offset greenhouse gas production since most of the heat is supplied from the surrounding environment , with only 15 -- 30 % as electrical consumption . Environmental aspects ( edit ) From an energy - efficiency standpoint considerable heat gets lost or goes to waste if only a single room needs heating , since central heating has distribution losses and ( in the case of forced - air systems particularly ) may heat some unoccupied rooms without need . In such buildings which require isolated heating , one may wish to consider non-central systems such as individual room heaters , fireplaces or other devices . Alternatively , architects can design new buildings which can virtually eliminate the need for heating , such as those built to the Passive House standard . However , if a building does need full heating , combustion central heating may offer a more environmentally friendly solution than electric resistance heating . This applies when electricity originates from a fossil fuel power station , with up to 60 % of the energy in the fuel lost ( unless utilized for district heating ) and about 6 % in transmission losses . In Sweden proposals exist to phase out direct electric heating for this reason ( see oil phase - out in Sweden ) . Nuclear , wind , solar and hydroelectric sources reduce this factor . In contrast , hot - water central heating systems can use water heated in or close to the building using high - efficiency condensing boilers , biofuels , or district heating . Wet underfloor heating has proven ideal . This offers the option of relatively easy conversion in the future to use developing technologies such as heat pumps and solar combisystems , thereby also providing future - proofing . Typical efficiencies for central heating ( measured at the customer 's purchase of energy ) are : 65 -- 97 % for gas fired heating ; 80 - 89 % for oil - fired , and 45 - 60 % for coal - fired heating . See also ( edit ) District heating Energy conservation Forced air Forced - air gas Geothermal Systems Hearth Hydronics HVAC Oil heater OpenTherm Renewable energy Solar combisystem Thermostat Underfloor heating Water heating Wind energy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` energy. og - Electrical Resistance Heating '' . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Romans - Technology '' . BBC . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Hypocaust '' . Encyclopedic . Britannica Online . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Hugh N. Kennedy , Hugh ( 1985 ) . `` From Polis To Madina : Urban Change In Late Antique And Early Islamic Syria '' . Past & Present . Oxford University Press . 106 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 27 ( 10 -- 1 ) . doi : 10.1093 / past / 106.1. 3 . Jump up ^ Hägermann & Schneider 1997 , pp. 456 -- 459 Jump up ^ Robert Bruegmann . `` Central Heating and Ventilation : Origins and Effects on Architectural Design '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Sylvester , Charles ( 1819 ) . The philosophy of domestic economy : as exemplified in the mode of warming ... p. 48 et al . Jump up ^ Elliott , Paul ( 2000 ) . `` The Derbyshire General Infirmary and the Derby Philosophers : The Application of Industrial Architecture and Technology to Medical Institutions in Early - Nineteenth - Century England '' . Medical History . 46 : 65 -- 92 . PMC 1044459 . PMID 11877984 . doi : 10.1017 / S0025727300068745 . Jump up ^ Patrick Mitchell ( 2008 ) . Central Heating , Installation , Maintenance and Repair . WritersPrintShop . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Emmanuelle Gallo : `` Jean Simon Bonnemain ( 1743 -- 1830 ) and the Origins of Hot Water Central Heating '' in Proceedings of the Second International Congress on Construction History ( 2006 - 06 - 17 ) , pages 1043 -- 1060 ; retrieved from http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00080479/en/ on 2007 - 02 - 05 Jump up ^ Adam Gopnik ( 2012 ) . `` 1 '' . Winter : Five Windows on the Season . Quercus . Jump up ^ McConnell , A. ( 2004 ) . `` Perkins , Angier March ( 1799 -- 1881 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . Accessed 14 August 2007 ( subscription required ) . Jump up ^ Family Sangalli / San Galli Jump up ^ The hot boxes of San Galli ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Warmteverliesberekening Jump up ^ Warmteverliesberekening : software Jump up ^ Heat loss calculation Jump up ^ 2012 ASHRAE Handbook : Heating , Refrigeration , and Air Conditioning. 2012 , ISBN 978 1936 504 251 : Page 13.1 Jump up ^ 2012 ASHRAE Handbook : Heating , Refrigeration , and Air Conditioning. 2012 , ISBN 978 1936 504 251 : chapter 11 Jump up ^ EERE Consumer 's Guide : Selecting Heating Fuel and System Types Further reading ( edit ) Adams , Sean Patrick . Home Fires : How Americans Kept Warm in the 19th Century ( Johns Hopkins University Press , 2014 ) , 183 pp Sources ( edit ) Hägermann , Dieter ; Schneider , Helmuth ( 1997 ) . Propyläen Technikgeschichte . Landbau und Handwerk , 750 v. Chr . bis 1000 n . Chr ( 2nd ed . ) . Berlin . ISBN 3 - 549 - 05632 - X External links ( edit ) BBC Wales History - Life before central heating ( hide ) Heating , ventilation and air conditioning Fundamental concepts Air changes per hour Bake - out Building envelope Convection Dilution Domestic energy consumption Enthalpy Fluid dynamics Gas compressor Heat pump and refrigeration cycle Heat transfer Humidity Infiltration Latent heat Noise control Outgassing Particulates Psychrometrics Sensible heat Stack effect Thermal comfort Thermal destratification Thermal mass Thermodynamics Vapour pressure of water Technology Absorption refrigerator Air barrier Air conditioning Antifreeze Automobile air conditioning Autonomous building Building insulation materials Central heating Central solar heating Chilled beam Chilled water Constant air volume ( CAV ) Coolant Dedicated outdoor air system ( DOAS ) Deep water source cooling Demand - controlled ventilation ( DCV ) Displacement ventilation District cooling District heating Electric heating Energy recovery ventilation ( ERV ) Firestop Forced - air Forced - air gas Free cooling Heat recovery ventilation ( HRV ) Hybrid heat Hydronics HVAC Ice storage air conditioning Kitchen ventilation Mixed - mode ventilation Microgeneration Natural ventilation Passive cooling Passive house Radiant heating and cooling system Radiant cooling Radiant heating Radon mitigation Refrigeration Renewable heat Room air distribution Solar air heat Solar combisystem Solar cooling Solar heating Thermal insulation Underfloor air distribution Underfloor heating Vapor barrier Vapor - compression refrigeration ( VCRS ) Variable air volume ( VAV ) Variable refrigerant flow ( VRF ) Ventilation Components Air conditioner inverter Air door Air filter Air handler Air ionizer Air - mixing plenum Air purifier Air source heat pumps Automatic balancing valve Back boiler Barrier pipe Blast damper Boiler Centrifugal fan Chiller Condensate pump Condenser Condensing boiler Convection heater Cooling tower Damper Dehumidifier Duct Economizer Electrostatic precipitator Evaporative cooler Evaporator Exhaust hood Expansion tank Fan coil unit Fan heater Fire damper Fireplace Fireplace insert Freeze stat Flue Freon Fume hood Furnace Furnace room Gas compressor Gas heater Gasoline heater Geothermal heat pump Grease duct Grille Ground - coupled heat exchanger Heat exchanger Heat pipe Heat pump Heating film Heating system High efficiency glandless circulating pump High - efficiency particulate air ( HEPA ) High pressure cut off switch Humidifier Infrared heater Inverter compressor Kerosene heater Louver Mechanical fan Mechanical room Oil heater Packaged terminal air conditioner Plenum space Pressurisation ductwork Process duct work Radiator Radiator reflector Recuperator Refrigerant Register Reversing valve Run - around coil Scroll compressor Solar chimney Solar - assisted heat pump Space heater Smoke exhaust ductwork Thermal expansion valve Thermal wheel Thermosiphon Thermostatic radiator valve Trickle vent Trombe wall Turning vanes Ultra-low particulate air ( ULPA ) Whole - house fan Windcatcher Wood - burning stove Measurement and control Air flow meter Aquastat BACnet Blower door Building automation Carbon dioxide sensor Clean Air Delivery Rate ( CADR ) Gas sensor Home energy monitor Humidistat HVAC control system Intelligent buildings LonWorks Minimum efficiency reporting value ( MERV ) OpenTherm Programmable communicating thermostat Programmable thermostat Psychrometrics Room temperature Smart thermostat Thermostat Thermostatic radiator valve Professions , trades , and services Architectural acoustics Architectural engineering Architectural technologist Building services engineering Building information modeling ( BIM ) Deep energy retrofit Duct leakage testing Environmental engineering Hydronic balancing Kitchen exhaust cleaning Mechanical engineering Mechanical , electrical , and plumbing Mold growth , assessment , and remediation Refrigerant reclamation Testing , adjusting , balancing Industry organizations ACCA AMCA ASHRAE ASTM International BRE BSRIA CIBSE LEED SMACNA Health and safety Indoor air quality ( IAQ ) Passive smoking Sick building syndrome ( SBS ) Volatile organic compound ( VOC ) See also ASHRAE Handbook Building science Fireproofing Glossary of HVAC terms Template : Home automation Template : Solar energy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_heating&oldid=793496553 '' Categories : Plumbing Residential heating Greek inventions Ancient Greek technology Ancient Roman technology Hidden categories : Articles with Russian - language external links Articles needing additional references from December 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with inconsistent citation formats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski עברית Nederlands 日本語 Română Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська ייִדיש Edit links This page was last edited on 2 August 2017 , at 03 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20heating	1,829
where is the republic day of india celebrated	The main Republic Day celebration is held in the national capital , New Delhi , at the Rajpath before the President of India . On this day , ceremonious parades take place at the Rajpath , which are performed as a tribute to India ; its unity in diversity and rich cultural heritage .	in the national capital , New Delhi , at the Rajpath before the President of India	Republic Day ( India )	republic day ( india )	Republic Day honours the date on which the Constitution of India came into effect on 26 January 1950 replacing the Government of India Act ( 1935 ) as the governing document of India .	The Constitution was adopted by the Indian Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949 , and came into effect on 26 January 1950 with a democratic government system , completing the country 's transition towards becoming an independent republic . 26 January was chosen as the Republic day because it was on this day in 1930 when Declaration of Indian Independence ( Purna Swaraj ) was proclaimed by the Indian National Congress as opposed to the Dominion status offered by British Regime . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of Republic Day 2 Celebrations 2.1 Delhi Republic Day parade 2.2 Beating Retreat 3 Gallery 4 Republic Day parade chief guest 5 Notes 6 See also 7 References History of Republic Day ( edit ) India achieved independence from British Raj on 15 August 1947 following the Indian independence movement noted for largely peaceful non-violent resistance and civil disobedience led by Mahatma Gandhi . The independence came through the Indian Independence Act 1947 ( 10 & 11 Geo 6 c 30 ) , an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that partitioned British India into the two new independent Dominions of the British Commonwealth ( later Commonwealth of Nations ) . India obtained its independence on 15 August 1947 as a constitutional monarchy with George VI as head of state and the Earl Mountbatten as governor - general . The country , though , did not yet have a permanent constitution ; instead its laws were based on the modified colonial Government of India Act 1935 . On 28 August 1947 , the Drafting Committee was appointed to draft a permanent constitution , with Dr BR Ambedkar as chairman . While India 's Independence Day celebrates its freedom from British Rule , the Republic Day celebrates the coming into force of its constitution . A draft constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the Assembly on 4 November 1947 . The Assembly met , in sessions open to public , for 166 days , spread over a period of two years , 11 months and 18 days before adopting the Constitution . After many deliberations and some modifications , the 308 members of the Assembly signed two hand - written copies of the document ( one each in Hindi and English ) on 24 January 1950 . Two days later , it came into effect throughout the whole nation . Celebrations ( edit ) President Rajendra Prasad ( in the horse - drawn carriage ) readies to take part in the first Republic Day parade on Rajpath , New Delhi , in 1950 . The main Republic Day celebration is held in the national capital , New Delhi , at the Rajpath before the President of India . On this day , ceremonious parades take place at the Rajpath , which are performed as a tribute to India ; its unity in diversity and rich cultural heritage . Delhi Republic Day parade ( edit ) Main article : Delhi Republic Day parade Delhi Republic Day parade is held in the capital , New Delhi . Commencing from the gates of the Rashtrapati Bhavan ( the President 's residence ) , Raisina Hill on Rajpath past the India Gate , this event is the main attraction of India 's Republic Day Celebrations lasting three days . The parade showcases India 's Defence Capability , Cultural and Social Heritage . Nine to twelve different regiments of the Indian Army in addition to the Navy , and Air Force with their bands march past in all their finery and official decorations . The President of India who is the Commander - in - Chief of the Indian Armed Forces , takes the salute . Twelve contingents of various para-military forces of India and other civil forces also take part in this parade . Beating Retreat ( edit ) Main article : Beating Retreat The Beating Retreat ceremony is held after officially denoting the end of Republic Day festivities . It is conducted on the evening of 29 January , the third day after the Republic Day . It is performed by the bands of the three wings of the military , the Indian Army , Indian Navy and Indian Air Force . The venue is Raisina Hill and an adjacent square , Vijay Chowk , flanked by the North and South block of the Rashtrapati Bhavan ( President 's Palace ) towards the end of Rajpath . The Chief Guest of the function is the President of India who arrives escorted by the ( PBG ) , a cavalry unit . When the President arrives , the PBG commander asks the unit to give the National Salute , which is followed by the playing of the Indian National Anthem , Jana Gana Mana , by the Army . The Army develops the ceremony of display by the massed bands in which Military Bands , Pipe and Drum Bands , Buglers and Trumpeters from various Army Regiments besides bands from the Navy and Air Force take part which play popular tunes like Abide With Me , Mahatma Gandhi 's favourite hymn , and Saare Jahan Se Achcha at the end . Gallery ( edit ) Buildings on Raisina Hill including Rashtrapati Bhavan , lit up during Republic Day 2008 . Surya Kiran Aerobatics Team displaying tricolor . Border Security Force personnel on Republic Day . Republic Day parade chief guest ( edit ) Countries invited as chief guests for the Republic Day parade . Erstwhile Yugoslavia ( twice invited ) has not been depicted in the map . 5 times ( France , UK ) 4 times ( Bhutan , Russia / USSR ) Thrice ( Indonesia , Mauritius ) Twice ( Brazil , Japan , Nepal , Nigeria , Pakistan , Singapore , Phillipines Sri Lanka , Thailand , Vietnam ) Once Uninvited Since 1950 , India has been hosting head of state or government of another country as the state guest of honour for Republic Day celebrations in New Delhi . During 1950 -- 1954 , Republic Day celebrations were organised at different venues ( like Irwin Stadium , Kingsway , Red Fort and Ramlila Grounds ) . It was only starting 1955 when the parade in its present form was organised at Rajpath . The guest country is chosen after a deliberation of strategic , economic and political interests . During 1950s -- 1970s , a number of NAM and Eastern Bloc countries were hosted by India . In 1968 and 1974 , India played host to two countries on the same Republic Day . This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Year Guest name Country Note 1950 President Sukarno Indonesia 1951 King Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah Nepal 1952 1953 1954 King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck Bhutan 1955 Governor General Malik Ghulam Muhammad Pakistan First guest for parade at Rajpath 1956 Chancellor of the Exchequer R.A. Butler United Kingdom Note Two guests Chief Justice Kōtarō Tanaka Japan 1957 Minister of Defence Georgy Zhukov Soviet Union 1958 Marshall Ye Jianying China 1959 Duke of Edinburgh Prince Philip United Kingdom 2nd invitation 1960 Chairman Kliment Voroshilov Soviet Union 2nd invitation 1961 Queen Elizabeth II United Kingdom 3rd invitation , Note 1962 Prime Minister Viggo Kampmann Denmark Note 1963 King Norodom Sihanouk Cambodia 1964 Chief of Defence Staff Lord Louis Mountbatten United Kingdom 4th invitation , Note 1965 Food and Agriculture Minister Rana Abdul Hamid Pakistan 2nd invitation 1966 No invitation No invitation Note 1967 King Mohammed Zahir Shah Afghanistan Note 1968 Chairman Alexei Kosygin Soviet Union 3rd invitation Two guests President Josip Broz Tito Yugoslavia 1969 Prime Minister Todor Zhivkov Bulgaria 1970 King of the Belgians Baudouin Belgium Note 1971 President Julius Nyerere Tanzania 1972 Prime Minister Seewoosagur Ramgoolam Mauritius 1973 President Mobutu Sese Seko Zaire President Josip Broz Tito Yugoslavia 2nd invitation Two guests Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike Sri Lanka President Kenneth Kaunda Zambia 1976 Prime Minister Jacques Chirac France 1977 First Secretary Edward Gierek Poland 1978 President Patrick Hillery Ireland 1979 Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser Australia 1980 President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing France 2nd invitation 1981 President Jose Lopez Portillo Mexico 1982 King Juan Carlos I Spain President Shehu Shagari Nigeria 1984 King Jigme Singye Wangchuck Bhutan 2nd invitation 1985 President Raúl Alfonsín Argentina 1986 Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou Greece President Alan Garcia Peru President J.R. Jayewardene Sri Lanka 2nd invitation General Secretary Nguyen Van Linh Vietnam Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth Mauritius 2nd invitation 1991 President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom Maldives President Mário Soares Portugal Prime Minister John Major United Kingdom 5th invitation Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong Singapore 1995 President Nelson Mandela South Africa President Fernando Henrique Cardoso Brazil Prime Minister Basdeo Panday Trinidad and Tobago 1998 President Jacques Chirac France 3rd invitation 1999 King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev Nepal 2nd invitation 2000 President Olusegun Obasanjo Nigeria 2nd invitation President Abdelaziz Bouteflika Algeria 2002 President Cassam Uteem Mauritius 3rd invitation 2003 President Mohammed Khatami Iran President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva Brazil 2nd invitation 2005 King Jigme Singye Wangchuck Bhutan 3rd invitation 2006 King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz al - Saud Saudi Arabia 2007 President Vladimir Putin Russia 4th invitation 2008 President Nicolas Sarkozy France 4th invitation 2009 President Nursultan Nazarbayev Kazakhstan President Lee Myung Bak South Korea 2011 President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Indonesia 2nd invitation 2012 Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra Thailand 2013 King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck Bhutan 4th invitation 2014 Prime Minister Shinzo Abe Japan 2nd invitation 2015 President Barack Obama United States 2016 President François Hollande France 5th invitation 2017 Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan United Arab Emirates 2018 Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah Brunei Ten guests ( Heads of ASEAN states ) Prime Minister Hun Sen Cambodia 2nd invitation President Joko Widodo Indonesia 3rd invitation Prime Minister Thongloun Sisoulith Laos Prime Minister Najib Razak Malaysia State Counsellor Daw Aung San Suu Kyi Myanmar President Rodrigo Roa Duterte Philippines Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Singapore 2nd invitation Prime Minister Prayuth Chan - ocha Thailand 2nd invitation Prime Minister Nguyễn Xuân Phúc Vietnam 2nd invitation Notes ( edit ) 1. ^ On each of these occasions , Lady Edwina Mountbatten from United Kingdom was also the official guest for the parade . 2. ^ Duke of Edinburgh Prince Philip also accompanied Queen Elizabeth II during the parade . 3. ^ Danish Prime Minister attended Republic Day in Madras ( Chennai ) . 4. ^ No invitations were sent out possibly due to the demise of Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri on 11 January 1966 in Tashkent . The new government headed by Indira Gandhi was sworn on 24 January 1966 ( only two days before the Republic Day ) . 5. ^ For the first time , the President of India ( S. Radhakrishnan ) could not take the salute at the Republic Day parade due to ill - health . Zahir Shah arrived on 28 January . 6. ^ Attended only the Beating Retreat See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Republic Day ( India ) . History of India Independence Day ( India ) Constitution Day ( India ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Introduction to Constitution of India '' . Ministry of Law and Justice of India . 29 July 2008 . Retrieved 14 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Independence Act 1947 '' . The National Archives , Her Majesty 's Government . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Constituent Assembly DEBATES ( PROCEEDINGS ) '' . Jump up ^ `` India Celebrates 63rd Republic Day '' . Efi-news.com . Eastern Fare. 26 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 15 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chap '' . Mod.nic.in . Archived from the original on 7 March 2011 . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Republic Day Beating Retreat Ceremony 2017 at Vijay Chowk , New Delhi '' . DNA India . 29 January 2017 . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Curtain Raiser -- Beating Retreat Ceremony 2011 '' . Ministry of Defence. 28 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beating Retreat weaves soul - stirring musical evening '' . The Times of India . 29 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Martial music rings down the curtain '' . The Times of India . 30 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Yog Sandesh Jan - 10 English '' . Scribd.com . Archived from the original on 6 November 2012 . Retrieved 24 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Republic Day celebrations : President Pranab Mukherjee tweets images from 1950 onwards '' . 25 July 2017 -- via The Economic Times . Jump up ^ India , President of ( 18 January 2015 ) . `` King Tribhuvan of Nepal was the guest of honour for the Republic Day in 1951 # 26Januarypic.twitter.com/piqaZUKolr '' . Jump up ^ `` Selected works of Jawaharlal Nehru '' ( PDF ) . claudearpi.net . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20050205163551/http://www.dawn.com/2005/01/31/fea.htm Jump up ^ Rajan , Mannaraswamighala Sreeranga ( 1964 ) . `` India in world affairs , 1954 -- 56 '' . Jump up ^ The Times of India , News Service . ( 1956 , Jan 22 ) . REPUBLIC DAY IN DELHI . The Times of India ( 1861 - Current ) Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/501661043 Jump up ^ British Pathé ( 13 April 2014 ) . `` Zhukov At India 's National Day Aka Zhukov -- India ( 1957 ) '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Deepak , B. R ( 2005 - 01 - 01 ) . India & China , 1904 -- 2004 : A century of peace and conflict . ISBN 9788178271125 . Jump up ^ `` In India , they have been celebrating Republic Day . After the parade ... '' Jump up ^ http://mealib.nic.in/?pdf2547?000 Jump up ^ British Pathé ( 13 April 2014 ) . `` Duke Popular Everywhere ( 1959 ) '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Prasad , Rajendra ( 1984 ) . Dr. Rajendra Prasad : Correspondence and Select Documents . ISBN 9788170230021 . Jump up ^ `` Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru , News Photo , Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth be '' . Timescontent.com. 1961 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://mealib.nic.in/?pdf2488?000 Jump up ^ Indian Information . 1962 . Jump up ^ British Pathé ( 13 April 2014 ) . `` Republic Celebration ( 1964 ) '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ http://mealib.nic.in/?pdf2555?000 Jump up ^ `` visit to New Delhi of Mr Kosygin on the occasion of Republic Day -- Google zoeken '' . Google.com. 2013 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Recorder '' . 1969 . Jump up ^ http://mealib.nic.in/?pdf2558?000 Jump up ^ Link : Indian Newsmagazine. 25 July 1970 . Jump up ^ `` India '' . 1971 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Affairs Record '' . 1972 . Jump up ^ Reed , Sir Stanley ( 1974 ) . `` The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who 's who '' . Jump up ^ `` Indian and Foreign Review '' . 1973 . Jump up ^ Lok Sabha ( 1975 ) . `` Lok Sabha Debates '' . Jump up ^ http://www.ambafrance-au.org/france_australie/spip.php?article1521 Jump up ^ `` The Eastern Economist '' . 1977 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick J. Hillery '' . Clarelibrary.ie . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Bilateral Visits '' . Hcindia-au.org . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` MEA MEA Links : Indian Missions Abroad '' . Mealib.nic.in. 2013 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` MEA MEA Links : Indian Missions Abroad '' . Mealib.nic.in. 2013 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` MEA MEA Links : Indian Missions Abroad '' . Mealib.nic.in. 2013 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` MEA MEA Links : Indian Missions Abroad '' . Mealib.nic.in. 2013 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` India Argentina Relations '' ( PDF ) . Mea.gov.in . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report 2000 -- 2001 '' ( PDF ) . Mea.gov.in . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` meacommunity.org '' . meacommunity.org . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` meacommunity.org '' . meacommunity.org . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` meacommunity.org '' . meacommunity.org . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://www.indianexpress.com/news/choosing-rday-chief-guest-behind-the-warm-welcome-a-cold-strategy/571348/6 ^ Jump up to : `` Choosing R - Day chief guest : Behind the warm welcome , a cold strategy '' . Indian Express . 2010 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` General South African History timeline '' sahistory.org.za Accessed on 13 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Choosing R - Day chief guest : Behind the warm welcome , a cold strategy '' . Indian Express . 2010 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesian President next R - Day parade chief guest -- Rediff.com India News '' . News.rediff.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesian President next R - Day parade chief guest -- Rediff.com India News '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 25 January 2012 . Jump up ^ New Delhi , 2 Dec ( IANS ) ( 20 January 2012 ) . `` Thai PM to be chief guest on India 's Republic Day '' . Deccan Herald . Retrieved 25 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` India invites King of Bhutan as chief guest at Republic Day celebrations '' . Ibnlive.in.com. 2013 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` India likely to Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe as Republic Day chief guest : India , News -- India Today '' . Indiatoday.intoday.in . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Obama in India joins Modi at Delhi Republic Day parade '' . 26 January 2015 -- via www.bbc.com . Jump up ^ `` French President Hollande invited as Republic Day guest '' . 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Abu Dhabi Crown Prince to be chief guest on Republic Day '' . Jump up ^ `` India to invite heads of 10 Asean nations for Republic Day celebrations -- Times of India '' . Jump up ^ The Times of India , News Service . ( 1956 , Jan 22 ) . REPUBLIC DAY IN DELHI . The Times of India ( 1861 - Current ) Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/501661043 Jump up ^ British Pathé ( 13 April 2014 ) . `` Republic Celebration ( 1964 ) '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru , News Photo , Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth be '' . Timescontent.com. 1961 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ DANISH PREMIER TO VISIT INDIA. ( 1962 , Jan 04 ) . The Times of India ( 1861 - Current ) Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/365725781 Jump up ^ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=OOmK1lPWq80C&pg=PA277&lpg=PA277&dq=indira+gandhi+1966+republic+day&source=bl&ots=bSUOrdVuLx&sig=ici8mLsxXq72A3hZaS2AcajlYfs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiMj9Tn1u_XAhWLlxoKHZzkALA4ChDoAQhfMAg#v=onepage&q=indira%20gandhi%201966%20republic%20day&f=false Jump up ^ `` Asian Recorder '' . 25 July 1967 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Asian Almanac '' . V.T. Sambandan. 25 July 1967 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ http://mealib.nic.in/?pdf2558?000 Jump up ^ Link : Indian Newsmagazine. 25 July 1970 . 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how long is the legend of korra game	The game takes about four to six hours to play through , but contains `` a New Game+ of sorts '' . These include an endless runner with Naga , and pro-bending matches , where teams of three try to bend each other out of an arena . This mode , which implements the pro-bending rules depicted in the series , is available after completing the game , with the player controlling the `` Fire Ferrets '' team made up of Korra and her friends Mako and Bolin .	about four to six hours	The Legend of Korra ( video game )	the legend of korra ( video game )	The Legend of Korra is a 2014 third - person action beat ' em up video game developed by PlatinumGames and published by Activision , based on the animated television series The Legend of Korra . It was released in October 2014 for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox 360 and Xbox One , and received mixed reviews .	The game is one of two video games based on the same plot from the series . The other , The Legend of Korra : A New Era Begins , is a turn - based strategy game for the Nintendo 3DS . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Setting and plot 3 Development 4 Reception 4.1 Pre-release 4.2 Post-release 5 References 6 External links Gameplay ( edit ) The Legend of Korra is a third - person action game , supporting single - player play only . Players control Korra , the series ' heroine , as she fights villains from the first two seasons of the series with the bending arts , a spiritual and physical practice similar in appearance to Eastern martial arts by which practitioners move and alter the elements of water , earth , fire and air . Korra can switch between four different elements on the fly , each with its own combat styles and special moves . Waterbending is acquired first and specializes in ranged attacks . Earthbending , acquired next , features slow attacks that are very powerful and can not be blocked . Firebending is a balanced style that once upgraded , features all three forms of attacks : Fast combos , slow but powerful , and ranged . Airbending , acquired late in the game , features fast and powerful attacks that can affect all surrounding targets . Korra also acquires the `` avatar state '' near the end of the game ; it lasts a shorts period , but grants Korra powerful attacks that combine all four elements . The game tries to persuade the player into using counterattacks . The player can initiate a counterattack by blocking an enemy attack just before it connects . Counterattacks are orders of magnitude more powerful than direct attacks . Counterattacking is the only way of defeating bosses in a reasonable amount of time , as defeating them with direct attacks can take hours . Electrical and earth - based attacks can not be countered . The game takes about four to six hours to play through , but contains `` a New Game+ of sorts '' . These include an endless runner with Naga , and pro-bending matches , where teams of three try to bend each other out of an arena . This mode , which implements the pro-bending rules depicted in the series , is available after completing the game , with the player controlling the `` Fire Ferrets '' team made up of Korra and her friends Mako and Bolin . Setting and plot ( edit ) The events of the game occur in the two weeks between what happened in the second and third seasons of the series , which aired in 2013 and 2014 respectively . Korra is opposed by a `` chi - blocker '' who , at the start of the game , strips Korra of her bending abilities , which she has to regain in the course of the game . The game 's main villain , Hundun , is named after a chaotic entity in Chinese mythology . An ancient , evil being previously trapped in the spirit world , he was released into the physical world by Korra 's opening of the spirit portals at the end of the second season . The game sees him sow chaos in the world and pursue his grudge against the Avatar . Development ( edit ) This screenshot from an early development version of the game shows Korra fighting opponents using waterbending . The game 's cel - shaded art style is intended to resemble the animation of the TV series The Legend of Korra , the animated drama TV series on which the game is based , aired on Nickelodeon and online from 2012 to 2014 as a sequel to the series Avatar : The Last Airbender . It received critical acclaim , and was commissioned to run for four seasons and a total of 52 episodes . The game based on the series was announced in June 2014 . It was developed by PlatinumGames , known for the Bayonetta series of action games among others , and published by Activision . The game is scripted by Tim Hedrick , a writer of the TV series , who collaborated with series creators Bryan Konietzko and Michael Dante DiMartino on the plot and main villain . The cutscenes are animated by Titmouse , Inc. , and the cover art ( chosen by public vote ) is by series character designer Christie Tseng . The game made use of the voice actors and the music of the TV series . Robert Conkey of Activision explained that they chose Platinum on account of their record of developing action games , which he described as having a `` very smooth , very flashy , and very cool '' style . Platinum producer Atsushi Kurooka said that Platinum chose to adapt The Legend of Korra , a series unknown in Japan , after watching it with the aid of translated scripts , and being impressed by the series 's blend of `` interesting action , a really good story , comedy , and romance '' . According to Kurooka , the studio aimed to make the game emulate the look and feel of the television series as closely as possible , including its visual and sound direction : Kurooka said that screenshots of the game were indistinguishable from those of the series . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic ( PC ) 64 / 100 ( PS4 ) 54 / 100 ( XONE ) 49 / 100 Review scores Publication Score CVG 2 / 10 Destructoid 7 / 10 Eurogamer 4 / 10 Game Informer 5.5 / 10 GameSpot 3 / 10 GameTrailers 6.5 / 10 IGN 4.2 / 10 PC Gamer ( US ) 63 / 100 Polygon 5 / 10 Hardcore Gamer 3 / 5 Pre-release ( edit ) Appraisals of the game during development were positive . After playing an alpha build of the game in June 2014 , Destructoid described the game as a `` pretty solid action brawler '' . The reviewer praised the thorough implementation of the various bending styles , the detailed and fluid combat system , and the cel - shaded art style . GameSpot 's reporter was `` encouraged by the art style and some aspects of the combat '' , but uncertain whether the developers would be able to balance the demands of faithfulness to a franchise and the expectations of quality combat gameplay raised by their previous titles . IGN described the early version as having `` all the depth I 'd expect to see from this developer bundled with a faithful artistic interpretation '' of the source material , noting the `` surprisingly deep '' combat system and the `` tastefully re-created animations '' from the series . Post-release ( edit ) The Legend of Korra received `` mixed or average '' reviews , according to video game review aggregator Metacritic . It was panned by Dan Stapleton of IGN as a `` poorly made tie - in that ca n't even stand up as a competent third - person action game '' . The reviewer noted the game 's simplistic combat , the absence of the series ' wit and charm , and the low - quality cutscenes . Kevin VanOrd of GameSpot was also highly critical of the game , writing that it `` tries its best to boot M. Night Shyamalan 's The Last Airbender film out of its rightful position as ' worst Avatar - related thing yet produced . ' '' Chris Carter at Destructoid summed up the game as a `` nice but brief romp '' with no real narrative that `` plays out like a ' light ' version of Platinum 's previous games '' . At Polygon , Philip Kollar described the game as a `` shallow , short experience full of segments that feel poorly designed and ill - considered '' , with frustrating mechanics and annoying mini-games . Paul Tassi of Forbes , noting the `` scathing '' reviews the game received , wrote that , like other adaptations of the series , it showed `` a fundamental misunderstanding of the source material , all but completely devoid of a plot and other characters outside Korra herself '' . For Eurogamer 's Simon Parkin , the game 's shortcomings were the `` hallmarks of a work - for - hire project rushed to meet a Christmas deadline '' , and he considered the game `` a misfire that means Platinum 's name no longer guarantees quality '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` THE LEGEND OF KORRA : GAME RELEASE DATE AND NEW MODE , PLUS WHAT TO EXPECT IN BOOK 4 '' . IGN . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Narcisse , Evan ( 25 June 2014 ) . `` Legend of Korra Game Coming from Makers of Bayonetta '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 25 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Newhouse , Alex ( 26 June 2014 ) . `` I Played With Fire in Platinum Game 's The Legend of Korra '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Aziz , Hamza ( 26 June 2014 ) . `` Platinum is making a Legend of Korra game , and it 's pretty awesome '' . Destructoid . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bailey , Kat ( 26 June 2014 ) . `` Platinum 's Surprising Foray into Licensed Games '' . USGamer . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Bayonetta 's combat made Platinum Games the perfect match for The Legend of Korra '' . Polygon . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dyer , Mitch ( 25 June 2014 ) . `` PLATINUM GAMES ' THE LEGEND OF KORRA COMING IN 2014 '' . IGN . Retrieved 25 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Up at Noon : The Legend of Korra : Old Men vs. 17 Year Olds '' . IGN. 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Barr , Merrill ( 23 September 2013 ) . `` Has ' The Legend Of Korra ' Created A New Television Genre ? '' . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Konietzko , Bryan . `` Platinum Games ' The Legend of Korra Coming in 2014 - IGN '' . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Legend of Korra for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Legend of Korra for PlayStation 4 Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Legend of Korra for Xbox One Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tamoor Hussain ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` Review : The Legend of Korra is a blotch to Platinum 's reputation '' . Computer and Video Games . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Carter , Chris ( 21 October 2014 ) . `` A nice but brief romp with Korra and Naga '' . Destructoid . Retrieved 21 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Parkin , Simon . `` The Legend of Korra review : Earth , wind and misfire . '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 27 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Matt Miller ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` The Legend of Korra review : Solid Groundwork , Failed Execution '' . Game Informer . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : VanOrd , Kevin ( 21 October 2014 ) . `` The Legend of Korra Review : Spiritual unenlightenment '' . Gamespot . Retrieved 21 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael Damiani ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` Legend of Korra - Review '' . GameTrailers . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dan , Stapleton ( 21 October 2014 ) . `` BENT OUT OF SHAPE '' . IGN . Retrieved 21 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Tom Marks ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` The Legend of Korra review '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kollar , Philip ( 22 October 2014 ) . `` THE LEGEND OF KORRA REVIEW : ELEMENTARY '' . Polygon . Retrieved 23 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Carlson , Alex ( 24 October 2014 ) . `` Review : The Legend of Korra '' . Hardcore Gamer . Hardcore Gamer . Retrieved 30 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Otero , Jose ( 26 June 2014 ) . `` THE LEGEND OF KORRA BLENDS BAYONETTA 'S COMBAT WITH MYSTIC ELEMENTS '' . IGN . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Tassi , Paul ( 22 October 2014 ) . `` The Strange , Sad Abuse Of ' The Last Airbender ' And ' The Legend of Korra ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved 23 October 2014 . External links ( edit ) Video games portal Official website Avatar Created by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko The Last Airbender Episodes Book 1 : Water Book 2 : Earth Book 3 : Fire `` Sozin 's Comet '' Comics The Promise The Search The Rift Smoke and Shadow North and South Characters Aang Appa Zuko Katara Sokka Toph Beifong Iroh Azula Video games Avatar : The Last Airbender The Burning Earth Into the Inferno Other Lego Roller coaster ride Trading card game The Legend of Korra Episodes Book 1 : Air `` Welcome to Republic City '' Book 2 : Spirits `` Rebel Spirit '' `` The Southern Lights '' `` Civil Wars '' Book 3 : Change Book 4 : Balance Comics Turf Wars Characters Korra Asami Sato Bolin Mako Tenzin Lin Beifong Zaheer Kuvira Video games The Legend of Korra A New Era Begins Film The Last Airbender video game soundtrack Zuko 's Story Related Nicktoons Nitro Nicktoons MLB Book PlatinumGames Games MadWorld Infinite Space Bayonetta Vanquish Anarchy Reigns Metal Gear Rising : Revengeance The Wonderful 101 Bayonetta 2 The Legend of Korra Transformers : Devastation Star Fox Zero Star Fox Guard Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Mutants in Manhattan Nier : Automata People Atsushi Inaba Hideki Kamiya Shinji Mikami Related Clover Studio Bayonetta : Bloody Fate Scalebound Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Legend_of_Korra_(video_game)&oldid=800860346 '' Categories : 2014 video games Action video games Activision games Beat ' em ups Avatar : The Last Airbender games Nicktoons video games PlatinumGames games PlayStation 4 games PlayStation 3 games PlayStation Network games Video games developed in Japan Video games featuring female protagonists Windows games Xbox 360 games Xbox 360 Live Arcade games Xbox One games Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Español Français Italiano Nederlands Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 03 : 30 . 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which section of the kidney does the glomerulus belong to	The glomerulus ( / ɡləˈmɛr ( j ) əl əs , ɡloʊ - / ) , plural glomeruli , is a network of capillaries known as a tuft , located at the beginning of a nephron in the kidney . The tuft is structurally supported by intraglomerular mesangial cells . The blood is filtered across the capillary walls of this tuft through the glomerular filtration barrier , which yields its filtrate of water and soluble substances to a cup - like sac known as Bowman 's capsule . The filtrate then enters the renal tubule , of the nephron .	the beginning of a nephron	Glomerulus ( kidney )	glomerulus ( kidney )	The glomerulus ( / ɡləˈmɛr ( j ) əl əs , ɡloʊ - / ) , plural glomeruli , is a network of capillaries known as a tuft , located at the beginning of a nephron in the kidney . The tuft is structurally supported by intraglomerular mesangial cells . The blood is filtered across the capillary walls of this tuft through the glomerular filtration barrier , which yields its filtrate of water and soluble substances to a cup - like sac known as Bowman 's capsule . The filtrate then enters the renal tubule , of the nephron .	The glomerulus receives its blood supply from an afferent arteriole of the renal arterial circulation . Unlike most capillary beds , the glomerular capillaries exit into efferent arterioles rather than venules . The resistance of the efferent arterioles causes sufficient hydrostatic pressure within the glomerulus to provide the force for ultrafiltration . The glomerulus and its surrounding Bowman 's capsule constitute a renal corpuscle , the basic filtration unit of the kidney . The rate at which blood is filtered through all of the glomeruli , and thus the measure of the overall renal function , is the glomerular filtration rate ( GFR ) . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Blood supply 1.2 Lining 2 Intraglomerular mesangial cells 2.1 Intrarenal circulation 2.2 Filtrate drainage 3 Function 3.1 Filtration 3.1. 1 Permeability 3.1. 2 Starling equation 3.2 Regulation of blood pressure 4 Clinical significance 5 History 6 Additional images 7 References 8 Sources Structure ( edit ) The glomerulus is a tuft of small blood vessels called capillaries located within Bowman 's capsule within the kidney . Glomerular mesangial cells structurally support the tufts . Blood enters the capillaries of the glomerulus by a single arteriole called an afferent arteriole and leaves by an efferent arteriole . The capillaries consist of a tube lined by endothelial cells with a central lumen . The walls have a unique structure : there are pores between the cells that allow water and soluble substances to exit , and after passing through the glomerular basement membrane , and between podocyte foot processes , enter the capsule as ultrafiltrate . Blood supply ( edit ) Figure 2 : ( a ) Diagram of the juxtaglomerular apparatus : it has specialized cells working as a unit which monitor the sodiujuxtaglomerular apparatus : it has three types of specm content of the fluid in the distal convoluted tubule ( not labelled - it 's the tubule on the left ) and adjust the glomerular filtration rate and the rate of renin release . ( b ) Micrograph showing the glomerulus and surrounding structures . Lining ( edit ) Scanning electron microscope view of the inner surface of an opened ( broken ) capillary with fenestrae visible. ( 100,000 x magnification ) Capillaries of the glomerulus are lined by endothelial cells . These contain numerous pores - also called fenestrae - 50 -- 100 nm in diameter . Unlike those of other capillaries with fenestrations , these fenestrations are not spanned by diaphragms . They allow for the filtration of fluid , blood plasma solutes and protein , at the same time preventing the filtration of red blood cells , white blood cells , and platelets . The glomerulus has a glomerular basement membrane ( GBM ) consisting mainly of laminins , type IV collagen , agrin and nidogen , which are synthesized and secreted by both endothelial cells and podocytes : thus the GBM is sandwiched between the glomerular capillaries and the podocytes . The GBM is 250 -- 400 nm in thickness , which is thicker than basement membranes of other tissue . It is a barrier to blood proteins such as albumin and globulin . The part of the podocyte in contact with the GBM is called a podocyte foot process or pedicle ( Fig. 3 ) : there are gaps between the foot processes through which the filtrate flows into Bowman 's space of the capsule. . The space between adjacent podocyte foot processes is spanned by slit diaphragms consisting of a mat of proteins , including podocin and nephrin . In addition , foot processes have a negatively charged coat ( glycocalyx ) that repels negatively charged molecules such as serum albumin . Intraglomerular mesangial cells ( edit ) The space between the capillaries of a glomerulus is occupied by intraglomerular mesangial cells . They are not part of the filtration barrier but are specialized pericytes that participate in the regulation of the filtration rate by contracting or expanding : they contain actin and myosin filaments to accomplish this . Some mesangial cels are in physical contact with capillaries , others are in physical contact with podocytes . There is two - way chemical cross talk among the mesangial cells , the capillaries , and the podocytes to fine - tune the GFR . Intrarenal circulation ( edit ) ( Fig. 4 ) Diagram ( with labels ) of the circulation related to a single glomerulus , associated tubule , and collecting system . Blood exits the glomerular capillaries by an efferent arteriole instead of a venule , as is seen in the majority of capillary systems ( Fig. 4 ) . This provides tighter control over the blood flow through the glomerulus , since arterioles dilate and constrict more readily than venules , owing to their thick circular smooth muscle layer ( tunica media ) . The blood exiting the efferent arteriole enters a renal venule , which in turn enters a renal interlobular vein and then into the renal vein . Cortical nephrons near the corticomedullary junction ( 15 % of all nephrons ) are called juxtamedullary nephrons . The blood exiting the efferent arterioles of these nephrons enter the vasa recta , which are straight capillary branches that deliver blood to the renal medulla . These vasa recta run adjacent to the descending and ascending loop of Henle , and participate in the maintenance of the medullary countercurrent exchange system . Filtrate drainage ( edit ) The filtrate that has passed through the three - layered filtration unit enters Bowman 's space . From there , it flows into the renal tubule - the nephron - which follows a U-shaped path to the collecting ducts , finally exiting into a renal calyx as urine . Function ( edit ) Filtration ( edit ) Scheme of filtration barrier ( blood - urine ) in the kidney . A . The endothelial cells of the glomerulus ; 1 . pore ( fenestra ) . B. Glomerular basement membrane : 1 . lamina rara interna 2 . lamina densa 3 . lamina rara externa C. Podocytes : 1 . enzymatic and structural proteins 2 . filtration slit 3 . diaphragma The main function of the glomerulus is to filter plasma to produce glomerular filtrate , which passes down the length of the nephron tubule to form urine . The rate at which the glomerulus produces filtrate from plasma ( the glomerular filtration rate ) is much higher than in systemic capillaries because of the particular anatomical characteristics of the glomerulus . Unlike systemic capillaries , which receive blood from high - resistance arterioles and drain to low - resistance venules , glomerular capillaries are connected in both ends to high - resistance arterioles : the afferent arteriole , and the efferent arteriole . This arrangement of two arterioles in series determines the high hydrostatic pressure on glomerular capillaries , which is one of the forces that favour filtration to the Bowman 's capsule . If a substance has passed through the glomerular capillary endothelial cells , glomerular basement membrane , and podocytes , then it enters the lumen of the tubule and is known as glomerular filtrate . Otherwise , it exits the glomerulus through the efferent arteriole and continues circulation as discussed below and as shown on the picture . Permeability ( edit ) See also : Table of permselectivity for different substances The structures of the layers determine their permeability - selectivity ( permselectivity ) . The factors that influence permselectivity are the negative charge of the basement membrane and the podocytic epithelium , and the effective pore size of the glomerular wall ( 8 nm ) . As a result , large and / or negatively charged molecules will pass through far less frequently than small and / or positively charged ones . For instance , small ions such as sodium and potassium pass freely , while larger proteins , such as hemoglobin and albumin have practically no permeability at all . The oncotic pressure on glomerular capillaries is one of the forces that resist filtration . Because large and negatively charged proteins have a low permeability , they can not filtrate easily to the Bowman 's capsule . Therefore , the concentration of these proteins tends to increase as the glomerular capillaries filtrate plasma , increasing the oncotic pressure along the length of a glomerular capillary . Starling equation ( edit ) The rate of filtration from the glomerulus to the Bowman 's capsule is determined ( as in systemic capillaries ) by the Starling equation : G F R = K f ( ( P g c − P b c ) − ( π g c − π b c ) ) ( \ displaystyle \ GFR = K_ ( \ mathrm ( f ) ) ( ( P_ ( \ mathrm ( gc ) ) - P_ ( \ mathrm ( bc ) ) ) - ( \ pi _ ( \ mathrm ( gc ) ) - \ pi _ ( \ mathrm ( bc ) ) ) ) ) GFR is the glomerular filtration rate . K is the filtration coefficient -- a proportionality constant P is the glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure P is the Bowman 's capsule hydrostatic pressure π is the glomerular capillary oncotic pressure π is the Bowman 's capsule oncotic pressure Regulation of blood pressure ( edit ) The walls of the afferent arteriole contain specialized smooth muscle cells that synthesize renin . These juxtaglomerular cells play a major role in the renin -- angiotensin system , which helps regulate blood volume and pressure . Clinical significance ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2015 ) Damage to the glomerulus by disease can allow passage through the glomerular filtration barrier of red blood cells , white blood cells , platelets , and blood proteins such as albumin and globulin . Underlying causes for glomerular injury can be inflammatory , toxic or metabolic . These can be seen in the urine ( urinalysis ) on microscopic and chemical ( dipstick ) examination . Examples are diabetic kidney disease , glomerulonephritis , and IgA nephropathy . History ( edit ) In 1666 , Italian biologist and anatomist Marcello Malpighi first described the glomeruli and demonstrated their continuity with the renal vasculature ( 281,282 ) . About 175 years later , surgeon and anatomist William Bowman elucidated in detail the capillary architecture of the glomerulus and the continuity between its surrounding capsule and the proximal tubule . Additional images ( edit ) Glomerulus . Scanning electron microscope of a glomerulus in a mouse ( 1000x magnification ) Scanning electron microscope of a glomerulus in a mouse ( 5000x magnification ) Scanning Electron Microscope of a glomerulus in a mouse ( 10,000 x magnification ) Renal corpuscle References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pavenstädt H , ; Kriz W , ; Kretzler M. `` Cell biology of the glomerular podocyte '' . doi : 10.1152 / physrev. 00020.2002 . PMID 12506131 . ^ Jump up to : WHEATER 2006 , p. 304 . ^ Jump up to : WHEATER 2006 , p. 307 . ^ Jump up to : WHEATER 2006 , p. 310 . Jump up ^ Suh , JH ; Miner , JH ( 2013 ) . `` The glomerular basement membrane as a barrier to albumin '' . Nature Reviews . Nephrology. 9 ( 8 ) : 470 -- 477 . doi : 10.1038 / nrneph. 2013.109 . PMC 3839671 . PMID 23774818 . ^ Jump up to : Boron , WF. ; Boulapep , EL. ( 2012 ) . Medical Physiology ( 2nd ed . ) . Philadelphia : Saunders . pp. 771 , 774 . ISBN 978 - 1437717532 . Jump up ^ Guyton , Arthur C. ; Hall , John E. ( 2006 ) . Textbook of Medical Physiology . Philadelphia : Elsevier Saunders . pp. 316 -- 317 . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 0240 - 1 . Jump up ^ Wiggins , RC . `` The spectrum of podocytopathies : a unifying view of glomerular diseases '' . doi : 10.1038 / sj. ki. 5002222 . PMID 17410103 . Jump up ^ `` lippicotts histology for pathologesits ; satcey e. mills Sources ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Glomerulus . Hall , Arthur C. Guyton , John E. ( 2005 ) . Textbook of medical physiology ( 11th ed . ) . Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders . p . Chapter 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7216 - 0240 - 0 . Deakin , Barbara Young ... ( ) ; drawings by Philip J. ; et al. ( 2006 ) . Wheater 's functional histology : a text and colour atlas ( 5th ed . ) . ( Edinburgh ? ) : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . p . Chapter 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 443068508 . Anatomy of the urinary system Kidneys Layers Fascia Capsule Cortex column Medulla sinus pyramids medullary interstitium Lobe Cortical lobule Medullary ray Nephron Circulation Arteries Renal artery segmental interlobar arcuate interlobular afferent Veins Renal vein Peritubular capillaries Vasa recta arcuate interlobar efferent Nephron Renal corpuscle Glomerulus Bowman 's capsule Glomerular basement membrane Podocyte Filtration slits Mesangium Intraglomerular mesangial cell Renal tubule Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Descending Thin ascending Thick ascending Distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct system Connecting tubule Papillary duct Tubular fluid Renal papilla Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis Juxtaglomerular apparatus Macula densa Juxtaglomerular cells Mesangium Extraglomerular mesangial cell Ureters Ureteropelvic junction Bladder Apex Uvula Neck Median umbilical ligament Muscular layer Trigone Detrusor Mucosa Submucosa Urethra Urethral sphincters External sphincter male female Internal sphincter Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glomerulus_(kidney)&oldid=847703947 '' Categories : Kidney anatomy Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Articles to be expanded from April 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית Кыргызча Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย 粵語中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 June 2018 , at 06 : 06 ( UTC ) . 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who plays the bad guy in elmo in grouchland	Mandy Patinkin as Huxley	Mandy Patinkin	The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland	the adventures of elmo in grouchland	The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland is a 1999 American - German musical fantasy - comedy adventure film directed by Gary Halvorson . It is the second theatrical feature - length film based on the popular U.S. children 's series Sesame Street , the first being Sesame Street Presents Follow That Bird in 1985 . Produced by Jim Henson Pictures in association with Sesame Workshop and released by Columbia Pictures on October 1 , 1999 , the film co-stars Mandy Patinkin and Vanessa Williams . The film was shot in Wilmington , North Carolina , at EUE / Screen Gems in 1998 . This is one of the few Sesame Street productions directly produced by Jim Henson Pictures . Alongside Muppets from Space , this the final Muppet - themed feature film to have the involvement of Frank Oz , who retired from being a full - time puppeteer the following year .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main characters 2.2 Humans of Sesame Street 2.3 Muppet performers 3 Soundtrack 3.1 Track listing 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Home media 5 Book series 6 References 7 External links Plot Elmo is playing with his blanket in his house . After he bumps his blanket on a juice cup , he dries off his blanket at the laundromat . On the way home , Elmo sees Zoe feeling depressed because her father can not take her to the zoo , so he decides to make Zoe happy again by imitating zoo animals . When Zoe sees his blanket , Elmo refuses to share , resulting in a tug of war that rips Elmo 's blanket . Elmo is upset and declares that Zoe is no longer his friend . Suddenly , Telly Monster inadvertently takes away the blanket while rollerskating out of control . They go around Finders Keepers and knock over a tray of glasses that Ruthie is carrying . Telly hits Cookie Monster at the revolving door of Furry Arms hotel . The blanket accidentally lands in the hands of Oscar the Grouch , who drops it in his trash can after sneezing on it . Elmo drops into the bottom of Oscar 's trash can , where he finds the blanket snagged on a door . While attempting to retrieve it , they are both teleported to Grouchland USA , a world filled with Grouches where a manipulative and greedy man named Huxley ( Mandy Patinkin ) steals anything he can grab including Elmo 's blanket . Elmo is determined to find his blanket and begins a journey through Grouchland . A kind Grouch girl named Grizzy tells Elmo that his blanket is in Huxley 's castle at the top of the faraway Mount Pickanose , and Elmo begins a journey to get his blanket back . Meanwhile , the Sesame Street residents are informed of Elmo 's absence and go to Grouchland to find him , with help from Oscar . When Big Bird and Zoe find a Grouch Police Officer and ask him for help , the entire group ends up arrested and put in jail as the police officer informs them that it is against the law to ask for help in Grouchland . Meanwhile , Huxley 's sidekick Bug and the Pesties trap Elmo in a tunnel using a trap door . However , he gets out with the help of fireflies . Then , he meets the Queen of Trash ( Vanessa Williams ) in a garbage dump . At first she thinks that Elmo might be in league with Huxley . Elmo says he is not , but then realizes that he refused to share his blanket with Zoe and feels ashamed . The Queen gives him a test by asking him to blow 100 raspberries in 30 seconds . Elmo succeeds and continues his journey to Huxley 's castle . Elmo is later confronted by Huxley 's humongous chicken and gets tossed far away . Resting on a rock , he realizes that night has come , and becomes discouraged . Grizzy visits the jail and tells Elmo 's friends that he went to Huxley 's castle . Oscar is convinced to help set things right as well as admitting that Elmo is his friend . He then convinces the Grouch Police Officer and all the Grouches of Grouchland that even though Grouches hate cooperation , the only way they can finally stop Huxley from stealing any more of their trash once and for all , is if they swallow their pride and work together just for once . The Grouch Police Officer releases the Sesame Street residents and the Grouches aid them to go to Huxley 's castle to fight for their trash and rescue Elmo . A caterpillar wakes up Elmo the next morning on the rock . He gives Elmo advice to look inside himself and he 'll see that he has what it takes be brave . He then makes it to Huxley 's before he could make Elmo 's blanket `` his '' blanket . However , Huxley prevents Elmo from escaping by grabbing him with a claw and deciding to label them `` MINE '' . Just as Elmo is about to face the fate of never seeing his friends again , the Sesame Street and Grouchland citizens appear in time to rescue Elmo and the Pesties flee . Bug takes Elmo 's blanket from Huxley and turns against him as Elmo catapults a basket over his shoulders . Bug then gives Elmo his blanket back . Elmo is hailed a hero by the Sesame Street and Grouchland citizens and Huxley unanimously tries to change his mind about his selfishness but fails . Elmo is happy to get his blanket back , He goes with his friends back to Sesame Street and apologizes to Zoe for not sharing his blanket and hurting her feelings . He gives his blanket to her and she happily accepts for being kind by sharing with her . Elmo says goodbye to the audience when Ernie and Bert head home as the film ends , but Bert stays to look at the credits . Cast Main characters Kevin Clash as Elmo , Pestie , Grouch Jailer , Grouch Taxicab Driver Mandy Patinkin as Huxley Vanessa Williams as the Queen of Trash Caroll Spinney as Big Bird , Oscar the Grouch Jerry Nelson as Count von Count , Grouch Mayor , Grouch Cop , Mr. Johnson , Pestie Frank Oz as Cookie Monster , Bert , Grover Steve Whitmire as Ernie , Football Stenchman Dave Goelz as Humongous Chicken Martin P. Robinson as Telly Monster , Pestie Fran Brill as Zoe , Pestie Joey Mazzarino as Bug Stephanie D'Abruzzo as Grizzy , Pestie David Rudman as Caterpillar , Pestie , Collander Stenchman Humans of Sesame Street Roscoe Orman as Gordon Sonia Manzano as Maria Alison Bartlett - O'Reilly as Gina Ruth Buzzi as Ruthie Emilio Delgado as Luis Loretta Long as Susan Bob McGrath as Bob Muppet performers Jim Martin , Pam Arciero , Peter Linz , Noel MacNeal , Alice Dinnean , Bryant Young , John Tartaglia , Rick Lyon , Alison Mork , Jim Kroupa as Various Grouches Matt Vogel as Big Bird ( puppetry in some scenes where Big Bird and Oscar are together ) Carmen Osbahr as Rosita Soundtrack The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland Soundtrack album by Sesame Street Released 1999 Genre Soundtrack Label Sony Sesame Street chronology Elmo Saves Christmas ( 1998 ) Elmo Saves Christmas 1998 The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland ( 1999 ) CinderElmo ( 2000 ) CinderElmo 2000 This album , released in 1999 , is the soundtrack to The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland . This album won the Grammy Award for Best Musical Album for Children in 2000 . Track listing 1 . Welcome to Grouchland - The Grouchland Ensemble 2 . Together Forever - Elmo 3 . Take the First Step - Stuckweed 4 . I See a Kingdom - Vanessa Williams 5 . Precious Wings - Tatyana Ali 6 . Elmo Tells His Grouchland Story ( Spoken Word ) 7 . The Grouch Song - Elmo / Grizzy / Oscar the Grouch 8 . There 's a Big Heap of Trash at the End of the Rainbow - The Stenchman 9 . I Love Trash - Steven Tyler Reception The film has a rating of 77 % on Rotten Tomatoes , based on 43 reviews . The film 's consensus states , `` This fun and moral tale entertains both first - time Sesame Street watchers and seasoned veterans . '' On Metacritic , which uses an average of critics ' reviews , the film holds a 59 / 100 , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Box office The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland was the only family film playing in most theaters at the time of its release . Sony had planned a scaled - back release , making it difficult to make its money back . The film opened at # 8 , with a weekend gross of $3,255,033 from 1,210 theaters , averaging $2,690 per venue . In total , The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland earned back less than half its $26 million budget , grossing $11,683,047 during its two - and - a-half - month theatrical run . It is currently the lowest - grossing Muppet film to date . Home media The movie was released on VHS and DVD on December 21 , 1999 . Book series The film inspired a trilogy of children 's books , published in 1999 : Happy Grouchy Day , The Grouchiest Lovey and Unwelcome to Grouchland . The book series was written by Suzanne Weyn and illustrated by Tom Brannon . References ^ Jump up to : `` Detail view of Movies Page '' . afi.com . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland at Metacritic External links Official website The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland on IMDb The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland at the TCM Movie Database The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland at AllMovie The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland at Box Office Mojo The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland at Rotten Tomatoes The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland at Metacritic ( hide ) Sesame Street General Fictional location Sesame Workshop productions Characters Muppets human animated Educational goals Format Influence Licensing Recurring segments Accolades People Joan Ganz Cooney Lloyd Morrisett Gerald S. Lesser Jon Stone Jim Henson Joe Raposo Kevin Clash Kermit Love Joey Mazzarino Carol - Lynn Parente List of crew List of guest stars List of puppeteers Production History Research International co-productions characters Elmo 's World `` Snuffy 's Parents Get a Divorce '' Music discography songs theme song Films Sesame Street Presents Follow That Bird ( 1985 ) The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland ( 1999 ) Television specials Julie on Sesame Street ( 1973 ) Out to Lunch ( 1974 ) Christmas Eve on Sesame Street ( 1978 ) A Special Sesame Street Christmas ( 1978 ) Big Bird in China ( 1983 ) Do n't Eat the Pictures ( 1983 ) Sesame Street ... 20 Years & Still Counting ( 1989 ) Big Bird in Japan ( 1989 ) Sesame Street Jam : A Musical Celebration ( 1993 - 1994 ) Sesame Street Stays Up Late ! ( 1993 ) Elmo Saves Christmas ( 1996 ) Elmopalooza ( 1998 ) The Best of Kermit on Sesame Street ( 1998 ) CinderElmo ( 1999 ) Elmo 's Christmas Countdown ( 2007 ) Abby in Wonderland ( 2008 ) The Cookie Thief ( 2015 ) Once Upon a Sesame Street Christmas ( 2016 ) U.S. spin - offs Play with Me Sesame Sesame Beginnings Bert and Ernie 's Great Adventures International Sesame Street spin - offs Open Sesame ( worldwide ) 1 , rue Sésame ( France ) 5 , Rue Sésame ( France ) Alam Simsim ( Egypt ) Baghch - e-Simsim ( Afghanistan ) Barrio Sésamo ( Spain ) Batibot ( Philippines ) The Furchester Hotel ( UK ) Galli Galli Sim Sim ( India ) Hikayat Simsim ( Jordan ) Iftah Ya Simsim ( Kuwait / Arab world ) Jalan Sesama ( Indonesia ) Kilimani Sesame ( Tanzania ) Plaza Sésamo ( Mexico / Latin America ) Rechov Sumsum ( Israel ) Sabai Sabai Sesame ( Cambodia ) Sesam Stasjon ( Norway ) Sesame Park ( Canada ) Sesame Square ( Nigeria ) Sesame Tree ( UK ) Sesamstraat ( Netherlands ) Sesamstraße ( Germany ) Shalom Sesame ( Israel ) Shara'a Simsim ( Palestine ) Sim Sim Hamara ( Pakistan ) Sisimpur ( Bangladesh ) Susam Sokağı ( Turkey ) Svenska Sesam ( Sweden ) Takalani Sesame ( South Africa ) Ulica Sezamkowa ( Poland ) Ulitsa Sezam ( Russia ) Vila Sésamo ( Brazil ) Zhima Jie ( China ) Sesamisutorīto ( Japan ) Szezám utca ( Hungary ) Books The Monster at the End of This Book ( 1971 ) Sesame Street Together Book ( 1971 ) Monster Bubbles : A Counting Book ( 1976 ) The Sesame Street Bedtime Storybook ( 1978 ) Ernie 's Work of Art ( 1979 ) The House of Seven Colors ( 1985 ) Happy Birthday , Cookie Monster ( 1986 ) Literature Children and Television : Lessons from Sesame Street Street Gang : The Complete History of Sesame Street The Sesame Street Dictionary Sesame Street Magazine Video games Alpha Beam with Ernie The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland Elmo 's A-to - Zoo Adventure Cookie 's Counting Carnival Ready , Set , Grover ! Once Upon a Monster Elmo 's Musical Monsterpiece Kinect Sesame Street TV Attractions Air Grover Grover 's Alpine Express Sesame Place Spaghetti Space Chase Related Sesame Street in the UK Sesame Street Live Comic strip Syndication packages The Muppets Being Elmo : A Puppeteer 's Journey I Am Big Bird : The Caroll Spinney Story The World According to Sesame Street Big Bag Oobi Panwapa Teletape Studios Kaufman Astoria Studios The Joan Ganz Cooney Center Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Adventures_of_Elmo_in_Grouchland&oldid=808673723 '' Categories : 1999 films English - language films Sesame Street features 1990s adventure films 1990s comedy films 1990s fantasy films 1990s musical films American films American adventure comedy films American children 's adventure films American children 's comedy films American children 's fantasy films American musical comedy films Directorial debut films Fantasy adventure films Films shot in North Carolina Musical fantasy films Columbia Pictures films The Jim Henson Company films Films featuring puppetry German films Film scores by John Debney Sesame Street Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Cebuano فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Polski Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 11 : 32 . 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where is longitudinal growth occurring in long bones	Endochondral ossification is responsible for the initial bone development from cartilage in utero and infants and the longitudinal growth of long bones in the epiphyseal plate . The plate 's chondrocytes are under constant division by mitosis . These daughter cells stack facing the epiphysis while the older cells are pushed towards the diaphysis . As the older chondrocytes degenerate , osteoblasts ossify the remains to form new bone . In puberty increasing levels of estrogen , in both females and males , leads to increased apoptosis of chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plate . Depletion of chondrocytes due to apoptosis leads to less ossification and growth slows down and later stops when the entire cartilage have become replaced by bone , leaving only a thin epiphyseal scar which later disappears .	in the epiphyseal plate	Epiphyseal plate	epiphyseal plate	The epiphyseal plate ( or epiphysial plate , physis , or growth plate ) is a hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone . It is the part of a long bone where new bone growth takes place ; that is , the whole bone is alive , with maintenance remodeling throughout its existing bone tissue , but the growth plate is the place where the long bone grows longer ( adds length ) .	The plate is not only found in children and adolescents ; in adults , who have stopped growing , the plate is replaced by an epiphyseal line . This replacement is known as epiphyseal closure or growth plate fusion . Complete fusion happens between ages 12 -- 16 for girls and 14 - 19 for boys . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Development 1.2 Histology 2 Clinical significance 3 Other animals 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Structure ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Endochondral ossification is responsible for the initial bone development from cartilage in utero and infants and the longitudinal growth of long bones in the epiphyseal plate . The plate 's chondrocytes are under constant division by mitosis . These daughter cells stack facing the epiphysis while the older cells are pushed towards the diaphysis . As the older chondrocytes degenerate , osteoblasts ossify the remains to form new bone . In puberty increasing levels of estrogen , in both females and males , leads to increased apoptosis of chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plate . Depletion of chondrocytes due to apoptosis leads to less ossification and growth slows down and later stops when the entire cartilage have become replaced by bone , leaving only a thin epiphyseal scar which later disappears . Histology ( edit ) The growth plate has a very specific morphology in having a zonal arrangement as follows : Epiphyseal plate zone ( from epiphysis to diaphysis ) Description Zone of reserve Quiescent chondrocytes are found at the epiphyseal end Zone of proliferation Chondrocytes undergo rapid mitosis under influence of growth hormone Zone of maturation and hypertrophy Chondrocytes stop mitosis , and begin to hypertrophy by accumulating glycogen , lipids , and alkaline phosphatase Zone of calcification Chondrocytes undergo apoptosis . Cartilagenous matrix begins to calcify . Zone of ossification Osteoclasts and osteoblasts from the diaphyseal side break down the calcified cartilage and replace with mineralized bone tissue . A mnemonic for remembering the names of the epiphyseal plate growth zones is `` Real People Have Career Options , '' standing for : Resting zone , Proliferative zone , Hypertrophic cartilage zone , Calcified cartilage zone , Ossification zone . The growth plate is clinically relevant in that it is often the primary site for infection , metastasis , fractures and the effects of endocrine bone disorders . Masson Goldner trichrome stain of rabbit epiphysial plate . Clinical significance ( edit ) Defects in the development and continued division of epiphyseal plates can lead to growth disorders . The most common defect is achondroplasia , where there is a defect in cartilage formation . Achondroplasia is the most common cause of dwarfism . Salter -- Harris fractures are fractures involving epiphyseal plates and hence tend to interfere with growth , height or physiologic functions . Osgood - Schlatter disease results from stress on the epiphyseal plate in the tibia , leading to excess bone growth and a painful lump at the knee . Other animals ( edit ) John Hunter studied growing chickens . He observed bones grew at the ends and thus demonstrated the existence of the epiphyseal plates . Hunter is considered the `` father of the growth plate '' . See also ( edit ) Human development ( biology ) Salter -- Harris fracture References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Crowder , C ; Austin , D ( September 2005 ) . `` Age ranges of epiphyseal fusion in the distal tibia and fibula of contemporary males and females '' . Journal of Forensic Sciences . 50 ( 5 ) : 1001 -- 7 . PMID 16225203 . complete fusion in females occurs as early as 12 years in the distal tibia and fibula . All females demonstrated complete fusion by 16 years with no significant differences between ancestral groups . Complete fusion in males occurs as early as 14 years in both epiphyses . All males demonstrated complete fusion by 19 years Jump up ^ Zhong , M ; Carney , DH ; Boyan , BD ; Schwartz , Z ( January 2011 ) . `` 17β - Estradiol regulates rat growth plate chondrocyte apoptosis through a mitochondrial pathway not involving nitric oxide or MAPKs '' . Endocrinology. 152 ( 1 ) : 82 -- 92 . doi : 10.1210 / en. 2010 - 0509 . PMID 21068162 . Jump up ^ `` Skeletal System / Bone Development and Growth '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Ovalle , William K. ; Nahirney , Patrick C. ( 2007 ) . Netter 's essential histology : with Student consult online access ( 1st ed . ) . Philadelphia , Pa. : Elsevier Saunders . ISBN 9781929007868 . Jump up ^ `` Medical Mnemonics '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Mirghasemi , Alireza ; Mohamadi , Amin ; Ara , Ali Majles ; Gabaran , Narges Rahimi ; Sadat , Mir Mostafa ( November 2009 ) . `` Completely displaced S - 1 / S - 2 growth plate fracture in an adolescent : case report and review of literature '' . Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma . 23 ( 10 ) : 734 -- 738 . doi : 10.1097 / BOT. 0b013e3181a23d8b . ISSN 1531 - 2291 . PMID 19858983 . Jump up ^ `` Growth Plate ( Physeal ) Fractures '' . EMedicine.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 15 . External links ( edit ) Normal bones at GetTheDiagnosis.org , showing the development of epiphyseal plates for different ages and bones . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Epiphyseal plate . Bone and cartilage Cartilage perichondrium fibrocartilage callus metaphysis Cells chondroblast chondrocyte Types hyaline elastic fibrous Bone Ossification Primary bone intramembranous endochondral Cells osteoblast osteoid osteocyte osteoclast Types cancellous cortical Regions subchondral bone epiphysis epiphyseal plate / metaphysis diaphysis Condyle Epicondyle Structure Osteon Haversian canals Volkmann 's canals connective tissue endosteum periosteum Sharpey 's fibres enthesis lacunae canaliculi trabeculae medullary cavity bone marrow Shapes long short flat irregular sesamoid Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epiphyseal_plate&oldid=864768574 '' Categories : Skeletal system Medical mnemonics Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский کوردی 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2018 , at 10 : 17 ( UTC ) . 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did june lockhart play in a christmas carol	June Lockhart as Belinda Cratchit ( uncredited )		A Christmas Carol ( 1938 film )	a christmas carol ( 1938 film )	A Christmas Carol is a 1938 American film adaptation of Charles Dickens 's 1843 novella of the same name , starring Reginald Owen as Ebenezer Scrooge , an elderly miser who learns the error of his ways on Christmas Eve after visitations by three spirits .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Theatrical release 5 Television broadcast 6 Home media releases 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) On Christmas Eve in 19th - century London , Fred is sliding on ice on a sidewalk . He meets Peter and Tim Cratchit , sons of his uncle Ebenezer 's clerk , Bob Cratchit . When Fred reveals who he is , the boys take off in terror . Fred soon arrives at the counting - house of his miserly maternal uncle , Ebenezer Scrooge . After declining an invitation from his nephew to dine with him on Christmas , Scrooge dismisses two gentlemen 's collecting money for charity . That night , Scrooge reluctantly allows his employee Bob Cratchit to have Christmas off with pay but orders him back all the earlier the day after . Later on , Bob accidentally knocks off Scrooge 's hat with a snowball . Scrooge removes Bob from his position , withholding a week 's pay to compensate for his ruined hat as well as demanding a shilling to make up the difference . Bob spends the last of his wages on food for his family 's Christmas dinner . In his house , Scrooge is confronted by the ghost of his deceased business partner , Jacob Marley , who warns Scrooge to repent his wicked ways or he will be condemned in the afterlife as Marley was . He tells Scrooge he will be haunted by three time - traveling spirits . At one o'clock , Scrooge is visited by the youthful Ghost of Christmas Past , who takes him back in time to his early life . Scrooge is shown his unhappiness when he was left to spend the holidays alone at school , and his joy when his sister , Fran , came to take him home for Christmas . The spirit reminds Scrooge that Fran , dead for some years , is the mother of his nephew . Scrooge begins a successful career in business and money lending as an employee under Fezziwig . At two o'clock , Scrooge meets the merry Ghost of Christmas Present , who shows Scrooge how others keep Christmas . At a church service , Fred and his fiancée , Bess , are seen as happy and in love . The couple must wait to marry because of Fred 's financial circumstances , and the spirit observes that perhaps they will not marry at all and their love may end , just how Scrooge lost his unnamed fiancée in his youth . Scrooge is then shown the Cratchit home . Despite wearing a cheery manner for his family 's sake , Bob is deeply troubled by the loss of his job , though he confides in no one except his daughter Martha . The spirit hints that Bob 's youngest son , Timothy `` Tiny Tim '' , will die of his unknown illness by the same time next year if things do not change . At three o'clock , the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come arrives , appearing as a silent , cloaked figure . The spirit shows Scrooge what will happen if he does not change . Scrooge discovers Tiny Tim is dead and his family mourns for him . Scrooge also discovers that his own death will not be mourned . Scrooge promises to repent and returns home . Awakening in his own bed on Christmas Day , Scrooge is now a changed man . He orders a boy in the street below his window to buy a turkey for him , meaning to take it to the Cratchits . Running into the two men who petitioned him for charity the evening before , Scrooge gives a large donation . He visits Fred and makes him his new partner , then goes to the Cratchit house where he rehires Bob and increases his wages . Cast ( edit ) Reginald Owen as Ebenezer Scrooge Gene Lockhart as Bob Cratchit Kathleen Lockhart as Mrs. Cratchit Terry Kilburn as Tiny Tim Cratchit Barry MacKay as Fred ( Scrooge 's nephew ) Lynne Carver as Bess ( Fred 's fiancée ) Bunny Beatty as Martha Cratchit ( uncredited ) June Lockhart as Belinda Cratchit ( uncredited ) John O'Day as Peter Cratchit ( uncredited ) Leo G. Carroll as Marley 's Ghost Ann Rutherford as Spirit of Christmas Past Lionel Braham as Spirit of Christmas Present D'Arcy Corrigan as Spirit of Christmas Future Ronald Sinclair as Young Scrooge Elvira Stevens as Fran Scrooge ( uncredited ) Forrester Harvey as Old Fezzwig ( uncredited ) Olaf Hytten as Schoolmaster ( uncredited ) I. Stanford Jolley as Man walking on Sidewalk ( extra ) ( uncredited ) Charles Coleman as Solicitor Matthew Boulton as Solicitor Cliff Severn as Boy Buying Turkey Production ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Made by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer , and originally intended to star Lionel Barrymore ( who played the role of Scrooge annually on radio but was forced to drop out of the film because of his arthritis , though he narrated its trailer ) , the movie starred Reginald Owen as Scrooge and the married couple Gene and Kathleen Lockhart as the Cratchits . Terry Kilburn , better known for his portrayal of Colley in Goodbye , Mr. Chips , costarred as Tiny Tim and a young June Lockhart ( Gene and Kathleen 's daughter ) made her screen debut as one of the Cratchit daughters . Leo G. Carroll played Marley 's Ghost . The characters of Fred ( Scrooge 's nephew ) and Elizabeth , his fianceé ( his wife in the novelette ) , were greatly expanded in order to work in a romantic angle to the story that Dickens did not intend . The couple was played by Barry MacKay and Lynne Carver . Ann Rutherford , better known as Polly Benedict in the Andy Hardy films and as Carreen O'Hara in Gone with the Wind , was a young and attractive Ghost of Christmas Past , rather than the somewhat unusual creation that Dickens described . The music for the film was composed by Franz Waxman , in contrast to most MGM films of the period , whose scores were composed by Herbert Stothart . Some of the grimmer aspects of the story went completely unmentioned or unseen , in order to make this a `` family film '' in the style of other MGM literary adaptations , and also to accommodate a 69 - minute run time . Although Marley 's Ghost did appear , the phantoms wailing outside Scrooge 's window were not shown . Scrooge 's fiancée , who eventually leaves him because of his miserly ways , was completely dropped from the film , as were the two starving children `` Want '' and `` Ignorance '' , who hid within the folds of the Ghost of Christmas Present 's robe . Also gone were the thieves who ransack Scrooge 's belongings after he `` dies '' in the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come segment . While Gene Lockhart 's performance as Bob Cratchit is admired , he is often criticized for looking too `` well - fed '' for the role . In this production , unlike Dickens ' original story , Scrooge actually fires Cratchit rather than just threatening to do so . One of the changes made in this film that differs from the novel is the arrival of the ghosts . While the first still arrives at 1 : 00 a.m. , the second appears at 2 : 00 and the third appears at 3 : 00 . In the original novel , the second appears the next night at 1 : 00 and the last appears the third night when the last stroke of 12 : 00 has ceased to vibrate . This change was also used in other versions such as Scrooge ( 1970 ) , Mickey 's Christmas Carol ( 1983 ) , and A Christmas Carol ( 1984 ) . Theatrical release ( edit ) Originally intended as a 1939 release , A Christmas Carol was rushed into production in October 1938 and was finished in a matter of weeks . It opened in December 1938 at New York City 's Radio City Music Hall where it did moderately well . One of many adaptations of the work , it was frequently revived in theaters by MGM . Television broadcast ( edit ) The film was shown on local television stations in the United States throughout the 1960s and 1970s , and was a staple of Chicago 's WGN television 's Family Classics . It ran in syndication throughout the United States from the 1960s to the 1990s on various local networks until the advent of Cable Television . Since the late 1990s , it has been almost exclusively broadcast on the Turner Classic Movies cable network , airing several times during December . Home media releases ( edit ) In 1988 , MGM / UA Home Video and Turner Entertainment released A Christmas Carol on VHS celebrating its 50th anniversary , for the first time in a colorized version . In an interview with The Hollywood Reporter in 1988 promoting the film 's release on home video , actress June Lockhart admitted that , despite being an MGM production , it was `` a ' B ' picture '' . The colorized version was released once again on VHS by Warner Home Video in 2000 . On November 8 , 2005 , the black and white version was released on DVD in a `` Classic Holiday Collection '' box set including Boys Town and Christmas in Connecticut , two other MGM titles with a holiday / family theme ; it was also released as an individual title . Since its first DVD release , it has seen multiple releases in various Christmas movie collection box sets . A Blu - ray version was released in November 2014 . See also ( edit ) List of ghost films List of A Christmas Carol adaptations References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A Christmas Carol ( 1938 ) -- Original Print Information '' . Turner Classic Movies . Jump up ^ Guida , Fred ( 1999 ) . A Christmas Carol and Its Adaptations : A Critical Examination of Dickens 's Story and Its Productions on Screen and Television . McFarland . pp. 95 -- 98 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2840 - 3 . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( 2015 ) . Turner Classic Movies Presents Leonard Maltin 's Classic Movie Guide : From the Silent Era Through 1965 ( 3rd ed . ) . Penguin Publishing Group . p. 106 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 698 - 19729 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Christmas Carol ( 1938 film ) A Christmas Carol at the American Film Institute Catalog A Christmas Carol at AllMovie A Christmas Carol on IMDb A Christmas Carol at the TCM Movie Database A Christmas Carol : With Original Illustrations in Full Color Print Edition Charles Dickens 's A Christmas Carol Characters Ebenezer Scrooge Bob Cratchit Mr. Fezziwig Ghost of Christmas Past Ghost of Christmas Present Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come Jacob Marley Tiny Tim Films Scrooge , or , Marley 's Ghost A Christmas Carol ( 1908 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1910 ) Scrooge ( 1913 ) Scrooge ( 1935 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1938 ) Scrooge ( 1951 ) It 's Never Too Late A Christmas Carol ( 1960 ) Scrooge ( 1970 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1971 ) An American Christmas Carol Mickey 's Christmas Carol Scrooged The Muppet Christmas Carol A Christmas Carol ( 1997 ) A Diva 's Christmas Carol Christmas Carol : The Movie A Carol Christmas Springtime with Roo Chasing Christmas A Christmas Carol ( 2006 ) A Dennis the Menace Christmas An American Carol Ghosts of Girlfriends Past A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) The Smurfs : A Christmas Carol ( 2011 ) Television `` The Christmas Carol '' ( 1949 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1954 ) Mister Magoo 's Christmas Carol A Carol for Another Christmas Rich Little 's Christmas Carol A Special Sesame Street Christmas The Stingiest Man in Town Bugs Bunny 's Christmas Carol A Christmas Carol ( 1982 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1984 ) Blackadder 's Christmas Carol A Flintstones Christmas Carol Ebbie Ebenezer An All Dogs Christmas Carol A Christmas Carol ( 1999 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2000 ) An Easter Carol A Christmas Carol ( 2004 ) Karroll 's Christmas Bah , Humduck ! A Looney Tunes Christmas Nan 's Christmas Carol `` A Christmas Carol '' ( Doctor Who ) It 's Christmas , Carol ! Kelly Clarkson 's Cautionary Christmas Music Tale Musicals Scrooge ( 1992 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) Mrs. Bob Cratchit 's Wild Christmas Binge ( 2002 ) Plays A Christmas Carol ( 1988 ) Fellow Passengers ( 2004 ) A Klingon Christmas Carol ( 2007 ) Soundtracks A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Doctor Who : A Christmas Carol ( 2011 ) Other Adaptations of A Christmas Carol Batman : Noël ( comic ) `` Green Christmas '' ( single ) The Misadventures of the Wholesome Twins Films directed by Edwin L. Marin The Death Kiss ( 1932 ) A Study in Scarlet ( 1933 ) Bombay Mail ( 1934 ) The Crosby Case ( 1934 ) Affairs of a Gentleman ( 1934 ) Paris Interlude ( 1934 ) The Casino Murder Case ( 1935 ) Pursuit ( 1935 ) Moonlight Murder ( 1936 ) Speed ( 1936 ) I 'd Give My Life ( 1936 ) Sworn Enemy ( 1936 ) All American Chump ( 1936 ) Man of the People ( 1937 ) Everybody Sing ( 1938 ) Listen , Darling ( 1938 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1938 ) Fast and Loose ( 1939 ) Society Lawyer ( 1939 ) Maisie ( 1939 ) Henry Goes Arizona ( 1939 ) Florian ( 1940 ) Gold Rush Maisie ( 1940 ) Hullabaloo ( 1940 ) Maisie Was a Lady ( 1941 ) Ringside Maisie ( 1941 ) Paris Calling ( 1941 ) A Gentleman After Dark ( 1942 ) Miss Annie Rooney ( 1942 ) Invisible Agent ( 1942 ) Two Tickets to London ( 1943 ) Show Business ( 1944 ) Tall in the Saddle ( 1944 ) Johnny Angel ( 1945 ) Abilene Town ( 1946 ) Young Widow ( 1946 ) Mr. Ace ( 1946 ) Lady Luck ( 1946 ) Nocturne ( 1946 ) Christmas Eve ( 1947 ) Intrigue ( 1947 ) Race Street ( 1948 ) The Younger Brothers ( 1949 ) Canadian Pacific ( 1949 ) Fighting Man of the Plains ( 1949 ) Colt . 45 ( 1950 ) The Cariboo Trail ( 1950 ) Sugarfoot ( 1951 ) Raton Pass ( 1951 ) Fort Worth ( 1951 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Christmas_Carol_(1938_film)&oldid=816936702 '' Categories : 1938 films English - language films 1930s drama films American Christmas films American films American black - and - white films Films scored by Franz Waxman Films based on A Christmas Carol Films directed by Edwin L. Marin Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Films produced by Joseph L. Mankiewicz Hidden categories : Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles needing additional references from December 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch فارسی Nederlands Polski Română Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 24 December 2017 , at 20 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Christmas%20Carol%20%281938%20film%29	1,835
hurrican katrina made landfall at baton rouge north of new orleans			Hurricane Katrina	hurricane katrina		Category 5 Atlantic hurricane in 2005 Hurricane Katrina Category 5 major hurricane ( SSHWS / NWS ) Hurricane Katrina at peak intensity in the Gulf of Mexico on August 28 , 2005 Formed August 23 , 2005 Dissipated August 31 , 2005 ( Extratropical after August 30 ) Highest winds 1 - minute sustained : 175 mph ( 280 km / h ) Lowest pressure 902 mbar ( hPa ) ; 26.64 inHg Fatalities 1,836 total Damage $125 billion ( 2005 USD ) ( Tied as costliest tropical cyclone on record ) Areas affected Bahamas South Florida , Central Florida and the Florida Panhandle Cuba Louisiana ( especially Greater New Orleans ) Mississippi Alabama most of the Eastern United States Eastern Canada Part of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season Hurricane Katrina 2005 Atlantic hurricane season General Timeline Meteorological history Tornado outbreak Preparations New Orleans preparedness Impact Economic effects Political effects Criticism of government response Social effects Effects by region Effects on Florida Effects on Mississippi Effects on New Orleans Levee failures New Orleans Hornets New Orleans Saints Superdome Tulane University Infrastructure repairs Reconstruction Relief Disaster relief International response Analysis Global warming Media coverage External links Media related to Hurricane Katrina at Wikimedia Commons News related to Katrina stories at Wikinews Works related to Katrina sources at Wikisource Hurricane Katrina was an extremely destructive and deadly Category 5 hurricane that struck the Gulf Coast of the United States in August 2005 , causing catastrophic damage from central Florida to eastern Texas . Subsequent flooding , caused largely as a result of fatal engineering flaws in the flood protection system around the city of New Orleans , precipitated most of the loss of lives . The storm was the third major hurricane of the record - breaking 2005 Atlantic hurricane season , as well as the fourth-most intense tropical cyclone on record to make landfall in the United States , behind only the 1935 Labor Day hurricane , Hurricane Camille in 1969 , and Hurricane Michael in 2018 . The storm originated over the Bahamas on August 23 , 2005 , from the merger of a tropical wave and the remnants of Tropical Depression Ten . Early on the following day , the new tropical depression intensified into a tropical storm and headed generally westward toward Florida , strengthening into a hurricane only two hours before making landfall at Hallandale Beach and Aventura on August 25 . After very briefly weakening again to a tropical storm , Katrina emerged into the Gulf of Mexico on August 26 and began to rapidly intensify . The storm strengthened into a Category 5 hurricane over the warm waters of the Gulf , but weakened before making its second landfall as a Category 3 hurricane on August 29 , over southeast Louisiana and Mississippi . As Katrina made landfall , its front right quadrant , which held the strongest winds , slammed into Gulfport , Mississippi , devastating it . Overall , at least 1,836 people died in the hurricane and subsequent floods , making Katrina the deadliest United States hurricane since the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane . Severe property damage occurred in numerous coastal areas , such as Mississippi beachfront towns where boats and casino barges rammed buildings , pushing cars and houses inland ; water reached 6 -- 12 miles ( 10 -- 19 km ) from the beach . Total property damage was estimated at $125 billion ( 2005 USD ) , roughly four times the damage wrought by Hurricane Andrew in 1992 , tying Katrina with Hurricane Harvey of 2017 as the costliest Atlantic tropical cyclone on record . Over fifty breaches in surge protection levees surrounding the city of New Orleans , Louisiana were the cause of the majority of the death and destruction during Katrina . Eventually 80 % of the city , as well as large tracts of neighboring parishes , became flooded , and the floodwaters lingered for weeks . Most of the transportation and communication networks servicing New Orleans were damaged or disabled by the flooding , and tens of thousands of people who had not evacuated the city prior to landfall became stranded with little access to food , shelter or basic necessities . The scale of the disaster in New Orleans provoked massive national and international response efforts ; federal , local and private rescue operations evacuated displaced persons out of the city over the following weeks . Multiple investigations in the aftermath of the storm concluded that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , which had designed and built the region 's levees decades earlier , was responsible for the failure of the flood - control systems , though federal courts later ruled that the Corps could not be held financially liable because of sovereign immunity in the Flood Control Act of 1928 . There were also widespread criticisms and investigations of the emergency responses from federal , state and local governments , which resulted in the resignations of Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) director Michael D. Brown and New Orleans Police Department ( NOPD ) Superintendent Eddie Compass . Many other government officials were criticized for their responses , especially New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin , Louisiana Governor Kathleen Blanco and President George W. Bush . Several agencies including the United States Coast Guard ( USCG ) , National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) and National Weather Service ( NWS ) were commended for their actions . The NHC was found to have provided accurate hurricane forecasts with sufficient lead time . Contents 1 Meteorological history 2 Preparations 2.1 Federal government 2.1. 1 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) 2.2 Florida and Gulf Coast 2.2. 1 Louisiana 3 Impact 3.1 Florida , Bahamas , and Cuba 3.2 Louisiana 3.2. 1 New Orleans 3.3 Mississippi 3.4 Southeast United States 3.5 Other U.S. states and Canada 4 Aftermath 4.1 Economic effects 4.2 Environmental effects 4.3 Reestablishing governance 4.4 Government response 4.5 Criticism of government response 4.6 International response 4.7 Non-governmental organization response 4.8 Analysis of New Orleans levee failures 4.9 Media involvement 4.10 Retirement 4.11 Studies concerning post-Katrina victims 5 Reconstruction 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Meteorological history Main article : Meteorological history of Hurricane Katrina Map plotting the track and the intensity of the storm , according to the Saffir -- Simpson scale Hurricane Katrina formed as Tropical Depression Twelve over the southeastern Bahamas on August 23 , 2005 , as the result of an interaction between a tropical wave and the remnants of Tropical Depression Ten . The storm strengthened into Tropical Storm Katrina on the morning of August 24 . The tropical storm moved towards Florida , and became a hurricane only two hours before making landfall between Hallandale Beach and Aventura on the morning of August 25 . The storm weakened over land , but it regained hurricane status about one hour after entering the Gulf of Mexico , and it continued strengthening over open waters . On August 27 , the storm reached Category 3 intensity on the Saffir - Simpson hurricane wind scale , becoming the third major hurricane of the season . An eyewall replacement cycle disrupted the intensification , but caused the storm to nearly double in size . The storm rapidly intensified after entering the Gulf , growing from a Category 3 hurricane to a Category 5 hurricane in just nine hours . This rapid growth was due to the storm 's movement over the `` unusually warm '' waters of the Loop Current . Katrina on August 28 , nearing the Gulf Coast . Katrina attained Category 5 status on the morning of August 28 and reached its peak strength at 1800 UTC that day , with maximum sustained winds of 175 mph ( 280 km / h ) and a minimum central pressure of 902 mbar ( 26.6 inHg ) . The pressure measurement made Katrina the fifth most intense Atlantic hurricane on record at the time , only to be surpassed by Hurricanes Rita and Wilma later in the season ; it was also the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the Gulf of Mexico at the time . However , this record was later broken by Hurricane Rita . The hurricane subsequently weakened due to another eyewall replacement cycle , and Katrina made its second landfall at 1110 UTC on August 29 , as a Category 3 hurricane with sustained winds of 125 mph ( 205 km / h ) , near Buras - Triumph , Louisiana . At landfall , hurricane - force winds extended outward 120 miles ( 190 km ) from the center and the storm 's central pressure was 920 mbar ( 27 inHg ) . After moving over southeastern Louisiana and Breton Sound , it made its third landfall near the Louisiana -- Mississippi border with 120 mph ( 190 km / h ) sustained winds , still at Category 3 intensity . Katrina maintained strength well into Mississippi , finally losing hurricane strength more than 150 miles ( 240 km ) inland near Meridian , Mississippi . It was downgraded to a tropical depression near Clarksville , Tennessee , but its remnants were last distinguishable in the eastern Great Lakes region on August 31 , when it was absorbed by a frontal boundary . The resulting extratropical storm moved rapidly to the northeast and affected eastern Canada . Preparations Main article : Preparations for Hurricane Katrina Federal government Flanked by Michael Chertoff , Secretary of Homeland Security , left , and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld , President George W. Bush meets with members of the White House Task Force on Hurricane Katrina Recovery on August 31 , 2005 , in the Cabinet Room of the White House . The United States Coast Guard began pre-positioning resources in a ring around the expected impact zone and activated more than 400 reservists . On August 27 , it moved its personnel out of the New Orleans region prior to the mandatory evacuation . Aircrews from the Aviation Training Center , in Mobile , staged rescue aircraft from Texas to Florida . All aircraft were returning towards the Gulf of Mexico by the afternoon of August 29 . Air crews , many of whom lost their homes during the hurricane , began a round - the - clock rescue effort in New Orleans , and along the Mississippi and Alabama coastlines . President of the United States George W. Bush declared a state of emergency in selected regions of Louisiana , Alabama and Mississippi on August 27 . `` On Sunday , August 28 , President Bush spoke with Governor Blanco to encourage her to order a mandatory evacuation of New Orleans . '' However , during the testimony by former Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) chief Michael Brown before a U.S. House subcommittee on September 26 , Representative Stephen Buyer ( R - IN ) inquired as to why President Bush 's declaration of state of emergency of August 27 had not included the coastal parishes of Orleans , Jefferson , and Plaquemines . The declaration actually did not include any of Louisiana 's coastal parishes , whereas the coastal counties were included in the declarations for Mississippi and Alabama . Brown testified that this was because Louisiana Governor Blanco had not included those parishes in her initial request for aid , a decision that he found `` shocking . '' After the hearing , Blanco released a copy of her letter , which showed she had requested assistance for `` all the southeastern parishes including the City of New Orleans '' as well specifically naming 14 parishes , including Jefferson , Orleans , St. Bernard , and Plaquemines . Voluntary and mandatory evacuations were issued for large areas of southeast Louisiana as well as coastal Mississippi and Alabama . About 1.2 million residents of the Gulf Coast were covered under a voluntary or mandatory evacuation order . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) On the afternoon of August 26 , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) realized that Katrina had yet to make the turn toward the Florida Panhandle and ended up revising the predicted track of the storm from the panhandle to the Mississippi coast . The National Weather Service 's New Orleans / Baton Rouge office issued a vividly worded bulletin on August 28 predicting that the area would be `` uninhabitable for weeks '' after `` devastating damage '' caused by Katrina , which at that time rivaled the intensity of Hurricane Camille . During video conferences involving the president later that day and on August 29 , NHC director Max Mayfield expressed concern that Katrina might push its storm surge over the city 's levees and flood walls . In one conference , he stated , `` I do not think anyone can tell you with confidence right now whether the levees will be topped or not , but that 's obviously a very , very great concern . '' Additionally , the National Hurricane Center issued many tropical cyclone warnings and watches throughout the duration of Katrina : Summary of tropical cyclone warnings and watches associated with Hurricane Katrina hide Date Time Warning type Areas August 23 23 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning Central and northwest Bahamas August 24 03 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Watch Seven Mile Bridge to Vero Beach , Florida 15 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Watch Seven Mile Bridge to Florida City , Florida Tropical Storm Warning and Hurricane Watch Florida City to Vero Beach , Florida 21 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Watch Vero Beach to Titusville , Florida Tropical Storm Warning and Hurricane Watch Lake Okeechobee August 25 03 : 00 UTC Hurricane Warning Florida City to Vero Beach , Florida , and Lake Okeechobee 09 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Watch Florida City to Englewood , Florida , including Florida Bay 15 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning Grand Bahama , Bimini , and the Berry Islands , Bahamas 21 : 00 UTC Hurricane Warning Florida City to Jupiter Inlet , Florida Tropical Storm Warning Jupiter Inlet to Florida Keys and Florida City to Longboat Key , Florida Tropical Storm Watch Longboat Key to Anclote Key , Florida 23 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning discontinued Grand Bahama , Bimini , and the Berry Islands , Bahamas August 26 03 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Watch discontinued Vero Beach to Titusville , Florida Tropical Storm Warning discontinued Jupiter Inlet to Vero Beach , Florida 05 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning Deerfield Beach to Florida City , Florida Hurricane Warning discontinued Deerfield Beach to Jupiter , Florida , and Lake Okeechobee Tropical Storm Warning Florida Keys including Florida Bay and Florida City to Longboat Key , Florida 15 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning Florida City to Longboat Key and all the Florida Keys and Florida Bay 21 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Watch discontinued All Tropical Storm Warning discontinued Florida City to Longboat Key , Florida August 27 09 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning Dry Tortugas to Longboat Key , Florida 15 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning Dry Tortugas to Key West , Florida Hurricane Watch Morgan City to Pearl River , Louisiana 21 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warnings discontinued All Hurricane Watch Intracoastal City , Louisiana , to Florida - Alabama border August 28 03 : 00 UTC Hurricane Warning Morgan City , Louisiana , to Florida - Alabama border , including Lake Pontchartrain Tropical Storm Warning Florida - Alabama border to Destin , Florida Tropical Storm Warning Intracoastal City to Morgan City , Louisiana Hurricane Watch Florida - Alabama border to Destin , Florida 09 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning Destin to Indian Pass , Florida , and Intracoastal City to Cameron , Louisiana August 29 15 : 00 UTC Hurricane Watches discontinued All 21 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning Pearl River , Louisiana , to Florida - Alabama border Tropical Storm and Hurricane Warning discontinued Cameron to Pearl River , Louisiana , and Florida - Alabama border to Destin , Florida August 30 03 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning discontinued All Florida and Gulf Coast In Florida , Governor Jeb Bush declared a state of emergency on August 24 in advance of Hurricane Katrina 's landfall . By the following day , Florida 's Emergency Operations Center was activated in Tallahassee to monitor the progress of the hurricane . Before Katrina moved ashore , schools and businesses were closed in the Miami area . Cruise ships altered their paths due to seaports in southeastern Florida closing . Officials in Miami - Dade County advised residents in mobile homes or with special needs to evacuate . To the north in Broward County , residents east of the Intracoastal Waterway or in mobile homes were advised to leave their homes . Evacuation orders were issued for offshore islands in Palm Beach County , and for residents in mobile homes south of Lantana Road . Additionally , a mandatory evacuation was ordered for vulnerable housing in Martin County . Shelters were opened across the region . Officials closed the Miami International Airport , Fort Lauderdale -- Hollywood International Airport , Key West International Airport , and Florida Keys Marathon Airport due to the storm . In Monroe and Collier counties , schools were closed , and a shelter was opened in Immokalee . Radar loop of Hurricane Katrina making landfall in Louisiana On August 28 , Alabama Governor Bob Riley declared a state of emergency for the approaching Hurricane Katrina . On the same day , he requested President Bush to declare `` expedited major disaster declaration '' for six counties of south Alabama , which was quickly approved . Three - hundred and fifty national guardsmen were called on duty by August 30 . The state of Mississippi activated its National Guard on August 26 in preparation for the storm 's landfall . Additionally , the state government activated its Emergency Operations Center the next day , and local governments began issuing evacuation orders . By 6 : 00 pm CDT on August 28 , 11 counties and cities issued evacuation orders , a number which increased to 41 counties and 61 cities by the following morning . Moreover , 57 emergency shelters were established on coastal communities , with 31 additional shelters available to open if needed . By Sunday , August 28 , most infrastructure along the Gulf Coast had been shut down , including all freight and Amtrak rail traffic into the evacuation areas as well as the Waterford Nuclear Generating Station . Louisiana See also : Hurricane preparedness for New Orleans Vertical cross-section of New Orleans , showing maximum levee height of 23 feet ( 7 m ) . Vertical scale exaggerated . In Louisiana , the state 's hurricane evacuation plan calls for local governments in areas along and near the coast to evacuate in three phases , starting with the immediate coast 50 hours before the start of tropical storm force winds . Persons in areas designated Phase II begin evacuating 40 hours before the onset of tropical storm winds and those in Phase III areas ( including New Orleans ) evacuate 30 hours before the start of such winds . Many private caregiving facilities that relied on bus companies and ambulance services for evacuation were unable to evacuate their charges because they waited too long . Louisiana 's Emergency Operations Plan Supplement 1C ( Part II , Section II , Paragraph D ) calls for use of school and other public buses in evacuations . Although buses that later flooded were available to transport those dependent upon public transportation , not enough bus drivers were available to drive them as Governor Blanco did not sign an emergency waiver to allow any licensed driver to transport evacuees on school buses . By August 26 , the possibility of unprecedented cataclysm was already being considered . Many of the computer models had shifted the potential path of Katrina 150 miles ( 240 km ) westward from the Florida Panhandle , putting the city of New Orleans directly in the center of their track probabilities ; the chances of a direct hit were forecast at 17 % , with strike probability rising to 29 % by August 28 . This scenario was considered a potential catastrophe because some parts of New Orleans and the metro area are below sea level . Since the storm surge produced by the hurricane 's right - front quadrant ( containing the strongest winds ) was forecast to be 28 feet ( 8.5 m ) , while the levees offered protection to 23 feet ( 7.0 m ) , emergency management officials in New Orleans feared that the storm surge could go over the tops of levees protecting the city , causing major flooding . At a news conference at 10 a.m. EDT on August 28 , shortly after Katrina was upgraded to a Category 5 storm , New Orleans mayor Ray Nagin ordered the first - ever mandatory evacuation of the city , calling Katrina `` a storm that most of us have long feared . '' The city government also established several `` refuges of last resort '' for citizens who could not leave the city , including the massive Louisiana Superdome , which sheltered approximately 26,000 people and provided them with food and water for several days as the storm came ashore . Some estimates claimed that 80 % of the 1.3 million residents of the greater New Orleans metropolitan area evacuated , leaving behind substantially fewer people than remained in the city during the Hurricane Ivan evacuation . Impact Main article : Hurricane Katrina effects by region Play media In Katrina 's Wake -- short film by NASA Deaths by state Alabama Florida 14 Georgia Kentucky Louisiana 986 -- 1,577 * Mississippi 238 Ohio Total 1,245 -- 1,836 Missing 135 * Includes out - of - state evacuees counted by Louisiana On August 29 , Katrina 's storm surge caused 53 breaches to various flood protection structures in and around the greater New Orleans area , submerging 80 % of the city . A June 2007 report by the American Society of Civil Engineers indicated that two - thirds of the flooding was caused by the multiple failures of the city 's floodwalls . The storm surge also devastated the coasts of Mississippi and Alabama , making Katrina one of the most destructive hurricanes , the costliest natural disaster in the history of the United States , tied with Hurricane Harvey in 2017 , and the deadliest hurricane since the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane . The total damage from Katrina is estimated at $125 billion ( 2005 U.S. dollars ) . The death toll from Katrina is uncertain , with reports differing by hundreds . According to the National Hurricane Center , 1,836 fatalities can be attributed to the storm : 1 in Kentucky , 2 each in Alabama , Georgia , and Ohio , 14 in Florida , 238 in Mississippi , and 1,577 in Louisiana . However , 135 people remain categorized as missing in Louisiana , and many of the deaths are indirect , but it is almost impossible to determine the exact cause of some of the fatalities . A 2008 report by the Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness journal indicates that 966 deaths can be directly attributed to the storm in Louisiana , including out of state evacuees , and another 20 indirectly ( such as firearm related deaths and gas poisoning ) . Due to uncertain causes of death with 454 evacuees , an upper - bound of 1,440 is noted in the paper . A follow - up study by the Louisiana Department of Health & Hospitals determined that the storm was directly responsible for 1,170 fatalities in Louisiana . Federal disaster declarations covered 90,000 square miles ( 230,000 km ) of the United States , an area almost as large as the United Kingdom . The hurricane left an estimated three million people without electricity . On September 3 , 2005 , Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff described the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina as `` probably the worst catastrophe , or set of catastrophes , '' in the country 's history , referring to the hurricane itself plus the flooding of New Orleans . Even in 2010 , debris remained in some coastal communities . Florida , Bahamas , and Cuba Damage to a mobile home in Davie , Florida following Hurricane Katrina Main article : Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida Hurricane Katrina first made landfall between Hallandale Beach and Aventura , Florida on August 25 . The storm dropped heavy rainfall in portions of the Miami metropolitan area , with a peak total of 16.43 in ( 417 mm ) in Perrine . As a result , local flooding occurred in Miami - Dade County , damaging approximately 100 homes . Farther south in the Florida Keys , a tornado was spawned in Marathon on August 26 . The tornado damaged a hangar at the airport there and caused an estimated $5 million in damage . The rains caused flooding , and the combination of rains and winds downed trees and power lines , leaving 1.45 million people without power . Damage in South Florida was estimated at $523 million , mostly as a result of crop damage . Twelve deaths occurred in South Florida , of which three were caused by downed trees in Broward County , three from drowning in Miami - Dade County , three were from carbon monoxide poisoning caused by generators , one was due to a vehicle accident , one occurred during debris cleanup , and one was associated with a lack of electricity . Significant impact was also reported in the Florida Panhandle . Although Katrina moved ashore in Louisiana and Mississippi , its outer periphery produced a 5.37 ft ( 1.64 m ) storm surge in Pensacola . High waves caused beach erosion and closed nearby roadways . There were five tornadoes in the northwestern portion of the state , though none of them caused significant damage . Throughout the Florida Panhandle , the storm resulted in an estimated $100 million in damage . There were two indirect fatalities from Katrina in Walton County as a result of a traffic accident . In the Florida Panhandle , 77,000 customers lost power . Overall , the hurricane killed 14 people and caused at least $623 million in damage . Before striking South Florida , Katrina traversed the Bahamas as a tropical storm . However , minimal impact was reported , with only `` fresh breezes '' on various islands . Although Hurricane Katrina stayed well to the north of Cuba , on August 29 it brought tropical - storm force winds and rainfall of over 8 in ( 200 mm ) to western regions of the island . Telephone and power lines were damaged and around 8,000 people were evacuated in the Pinar del Río Province . According to Cuban television reports the coastal town of Surgidero de Batabanó was 90 % underwater . Louisiana Flooding in Venice , Louisiana On August 29 , Hurricane Katrina made landfall near Buras - Triumph , Louisiana , with 125 mph ( 200 km / h ) winds , a strong Category 3 storm . However , as it had only just weakened from Category 4 strength and the radius of maximum winds was large , it is possible that sustained winds of Category 4 strength briefly impacted extreme southeastern Louisiana . Although the storm surge to the east of the path of the eye in Mississippi was higher , a very significant surge affected the Louisiana coast . The height of the surge is uncertain because of a lack of data , although a tide gauge in Plaquemines Parish indicated a storm tide in excess of 14 feet ( 4.3 m ) and a 12 - foot ( 3.7 m ) storm surge was recorded in Grand Isle . Hurricane Katrina made final landfall near the mouth of the Pearl River , with the eye straddling St. Tammany Parish , Louisiana , and Hancock County , Mississippi , on the morning of August 29 at about 9 : 45M CST . Hurricane Katrina also brought heavy rain to Louisiana , with 8 -- 10 inches ( 200 -- 250 mm ) falling on a wide swath of the eastern part of the state . In the area around Slidell , the rainfall was even higher , and the highest rainfall recorded in the state was approximately 15 inches ( 380 mm ) . As a result of the rainfall and storm surge the level of Lake Pontchartrain rose and caused significant flooding along its northeastern shore , affecting communities from Slidell to Mandeville . Several bridges were destroyed , including the I - 10 Twin Span Bridge connecting Slidell to New Orleans . Almost 900,000 people in Louisiana lost power as a result of Hurricane Katrina . Katrina 's storm surge inundated all parishes surrounding Lake Pontchartrain , including St. Tammany , Tangipahoa , St. John the Baptist , and St. Charles Parishes . St. Tammany Parish received a two - part storm surge . The first surge came as Lake Pontchartrain rose and the storm blew water from the Gulf of Mexico into the lake . The second came as the eye of Katrina passed , westerly winds pushed water into a bottleneck at the Rigolets Pass , forcing it farther inland . The range of surge levels in eastern St. Tammany Parish is estimated at 13 -- 16 feet ( 4.0 -- 4.9 m ) , not including wave action . Hard - hit St. Bernard Parish was flooded because of breaching of the levees that contained a navigation channel called the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet ( MR - GO ) and the breach of the 40 Arpent canal levee that was designed and built by the Orleans Levee Board . The search for the missing was undertaken by the St. Bernard Fire Department because of the assets of the United States Coast Guard being diverted to New Orleans . In the months after the storm , many of the missing were tracked down by searching flooded homes , tracking credit card records , and visiting homes of family and relatives . Hurricane Katrina making landfall in New Orleans , Louisiana . According to the U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development , in St. Bernard Parish , 81 % ( 20,229 ) of the housing units were damaged . In St. Tammany Parish , 70 % ( 48,792 ) were damaged and in Placquemines Parish 80 % ( 7,212 ) were damaged . In addition , the combined effect of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita was the destruction of an estimated 562 square kilometres ( 217 sq mi ) of coastal wetlands in Louisiana . New Orleans Main articles : Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans and 2005 levee failures in Greater New Orleans Flooded I - 10 / I - 610 / West End Blvd interchange and surrounding area of northwest New Orleans and Metairie , Louisiana As the eye of Hurricane Katrina swept to the northeast , it subjected the city to hurricane conditions for hours . Although power failures prevented accurate measurement of wind speeds in New Orleans , there were a few measurements of hurricane - force winds . From this the NHC concluded that it is likely that much of the city experienced sustained winds of Category 1 or Category 2 strength . Katrina 's storm surge led to 53 levee breaches in the federally built levee system protecting metro New Orleans and the failure of the 40 Arpent Canal levee . Many levees in metro New Orleans were breached as Hurricane Katrina passed just east of the city limits . There were no breaches of Mississippi River levees in metro New Orleans . Failures occurred in New Orleans and surrounding communities , especially St. Bernard Parish . The Mississippi River Gulf Outlet ( MR - GO ) breached its levees in approximately 20 places , flooding much of east New Orleans , most of St. Bernard Parish and the East Bank of Plaquemines Parish . The major levee breaches in the city included breaches at the 17th Street Canal levee , the London Avenue Canal , and the wide , navigable Industrial Canal , which left approximately 80 % of the city flooded . Most of the major roads traveling into and out of the city were damaged . The only major highway routes out of the city were the westbound Crescent City Connection and the Huey P. Long Bridge , as large portions of the I - 10 Twin Span Bridge traveling eastbound towards Slidell , Louisiana had collapsed . Both the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway and the Crescent City Connection only carried emergency traffic . However , access to downtown New Orleans and the `` shelter of last resort '' at the Convention Center was never closed because River Road in Jefferson Parish and Leake Avenue and Tchoupitoulas Street in New Orleans were not flooded , and would have allowed access throughout the immediate post-storm emergency period . On August 29 , at 7 : 40 am CDT , it was reported that most of the windows on the north side of the Hyatt Regency New Orleans had been blown out , and many other high rise buildings had extensive window damage . The Hyatt was the most severely damaged hotel in the city , with beds reported to be flying out of the windows . Insulation tubes were exposed as the hotel 's glass exterior was completely sheared off . The Superdome , which was sheltering many people who had not evacuated , sustained significant damage . Two sections of the Superdome 's roof were compromised and the dome 's waterproof membrane had essentially been peeled off . Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport was closed before the storm but did not flood . On August 30 , it was reopened to humanitarian and rescue operations . Limited commercial passenger service resumed at the airport on September 13 and regular carrier operations resumed in early October . Levee breaches in New Orleans also caused a significant number of deaths , with over 700 bodies recovered in New Orleans by October 23 , 2005 . Some survivors and evacuees reported seeing dead bodies lying in city streets and floating in still - flooded sections , especially in the east of the city . The advanced state of decomposition of many corpses , some of which were left in the water or sun for days before being collected , hindered efforts by coroners to identify many of the dead . A U.S. Coast Guardsman searches for survivors in New Orleans in the Katrina aftermath . The first deaths reported from the city were reported shortly before midnight on August 28 , as three nursing home patients died during an evacuation to Baton Rouge , most likely from dehydration . An estimated 215 bodies were found in nursing homes and hospitals in New Orleans , the largest number being at Memorial Medical Center where 45 corpses were recovered . Some 200 patients at Charity Hospital were not evacuated until Friday September 2 , having been without power or fresh water for five days . While there were also early reports of fatalities amid mayhem at the Superdome , only six deaths were confirmed there , with four of these originating from natural causes , one from a drug overdose , and one a suicide . At the Convention Center , four bodies were recovered . One of the four is believed to be the result of a homicide . There is evidence that many prisoners were abandoned in their cells during the storm , while the guards sought shelter . Hundreds of prisoners were later registered as `` unaccounted for '' . Mississippi Main article : Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Mississippi U.S. Route 90 's Bay St. Louis Bridge on Pass Christian was destroyed as a result of Katrina . The Gulf coast of Mississippi suffered massive damage from the impact of Hurricane Katrina on August 29 , leaving 238 people dead , 67 missing , and billions of dollars in damage : bridges , barges , boats , piers , houses and cars were washed inland . Katrina traveled up the entire state , and afterwards , all 82 counties in Mississippi were declared disaster areas for federal assistance , 47 for full assistance . After making a brief initial landfall in Louisiana , Katrina had made its final landfall near the state line , and the eyewall passed over the cities of Bay St. Louis and Waveland as a Category 3 hurricane with sustained winds of 120 mph ( 190 km / h ) . Katrina 's powerful right - front quadrant passed over the west and central Mississippi coast , causing a powerful 27 - foot ( 8.2 m ) storm surge , which penetrated 6 miles ( 10 km ) inland in many areas and up to 12 miles ( 19 km ) inland along bays and rivers ; in some areas , the surge crossed Interstate 10 for several miles . Hurricane Katrina brought strong winds to Mississippi , which caused significant tree damage throughout the state . The highest unofficial reported wind gust recorded from Katrina was one of 135 mph ( 217 km / h ) in Poplarville , in Pearl River County . Damage to Long Beach , Mississippi following Hurricane Katrina The storm also brought heavy rains with 8 -- 10 inches ( 200 -- 250 mm ) falling in southwestern Mississippi and rain in excess of 4 inches ( 100 mm ) falling throughout the majority of the state . Katrina caused eleven tornadoes in Mississippi on August 29 , some of which damaged trees and power lines . Battered by wind , rain and storm surge , some beachfront neighborhoods were completely leveled . Preliminary estimates by Mississippi officials calculated that 90 % of the structures within half a mile of the coastline were completely destroyed , and that storm surges traveled as much as 6 miles ( 10 km ) inland in portions of the state 's coast . One apartment complex with approximately thirty residents seeking shelter inside collapsed . More than half of the 13 casinos in the state , which were floated on barges to comply with Mississippi land - based gambling laws , were washed hundreds of yards inland by waves . A number of streets and bridges were washed away . On U.S. Highway 90 along the Mississippi Gulf Coast , two major bridges were completely destroyed : the Bay St. Louis -- Pass Christian bridge , and the Biloxi -- Ocean Springs bridge . In addition , the eastbound span of the I - 10 bridge over the Pascagoula River estuary was damaged . In the weeks after the storm , with the connectivity of the coastal U.S. Highway 90 shattered , traffic traveling parallel to the coast was reduced first to State Road 11 ( parallel to I - 10 ) then to two lanes on the remaining I - 10 span when it was opened . Surge damage in Pascagoula , Mississippi All three coastal counties of the state were severely affected by the storm . Katrina 's surge was the most extensive , as well as the highest , in the documented history of the United States ; large portions of Hancock , Harrison and Jackson counties were inundated by the storm surge , in all three cases affecting most of the populated areas . Surge covered almost the entire lower half of Hancock County , destroying the coastal communities of Clermont Harbor and Waveland , much of Bay St. Louis , and flowed up the Jourdan River , flooding Diamondhead and Kiln . In Harrison County , Pass Christian was completely inundated , along with a narrow strip of land to the east along the coast , which includes the cities of Long Beach and Gulfport ; the flooding was more extensive in communities such as D'Iberville , which borders Back Bay . Biloxi , on a peninsula between the Back Bay and the coast , was particularly hard hit , especially the low - lying Point Cadet area . In Jackson County , storm surge flowed up the wide river estuary , with the combined surge and freshwater flooding cutting the county in half . Remarkably , over 90 % of Pascagoula , the easternmost coastal city in Mississippi , and about 75 miles ( 120 km ) east of Katrina 's landfall near the Louisiana - Mississippi border , was flooded from surge at the height of the storm . Other large Jackson County neighborhoods such as Porteaux Bay and Gulf Hills were severely damaged with large portions being completely destroyed , and St. Martin was hard hit ; Ocean Springs , Moss Point , Gautier and Escatawpa also suffered major surge damage . Mississippi Emergency Management Agency officials also recorded deaths in Forrest , Hinds , Warren and Leake counties . Over 900,000 people throughout the state experienced power outages . Southeast United States Flood waters come up the steps of Mobile 's federal courthouse . Although Hurricane Katrina made landfall well to the west , Alabama and the Florida Panhandle were both affected by tropical - storm force winds and a storm surge varying from 12 to 16 feet ( 3.7 -- 4.9 m ) around Mobile Bay , with higher waves on top . Sustained winds of 67 mph ( 108 km / h ) were recorded in Mobile , Alabama , and the storm surge there was approximately 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) . The surge caused significant flooding several miles inland along Mobile Bay . Four tornadoes were also reported in Alabama . Ships , oil rigs , boats and fishing piers were washed ashore along Mobile Bay : the cargo ship M / V Caribbean Clipper and many fishing boats were grounded at Bayou La Batre . An oil rig under construction along the Mobile River broke its moorings and floated 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) northwards before striking the Cochrane Bridge just outside Mobile . No significant damage resulted to the bridge and it was soon reopened . The damage on Dauphin Island was severe , with the surge destroying many houses and cutting a new canal through the western portion of the island . An offshore oil rig also became grounded on the island . As in Mississippi , the storm surge caused significant beach erosion along the Alabama coastline . More than 600,000 people lost power in Alabama as a result of Hurricane Katrina and two people died in a traffic accident in the state . Residents in some areas , such as Selma , were without power for several days . Bayou La Batre : cargo ship and fishing boats were grounded Northern and central Georgia were affected by heavy rains and strong winds from Hurricane Katrina as the storm moved inland , with more than 3 inches ( 75 mm ) of rain falling in several areas . At least 18 tornadoes formed in Georgia on August 29 , the most on record in that state for one day in August . The most serious of these tornadoes was an F2 tornado which affected Heard County and Carroll County . This tornado caused three injuries and one fatality and damaged several houses . The other tornadoes caused significant damages to buildings and agricultural facilities . In addition to the fatality caused by the F2 tornado , there was another fatality in a traffic accident . Eastern Arkansas received light rain from the passage of Katrina . Gusty winds downed some trees and power lines , though damage was minimal . Katrina also caused a number of power outages in many areas , with over 100,000 customers affected in Tennessee , primarily in the Memphis and Nashville areas . Other U.S. States and Canada This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Total rainfall from Katrina in the United States . Data for the New Orleans area is not available . In Kentucky , a storm that had moved through the weekend before had already produced flooding and the rainfall from Katrina added to this . A 10 - year - old girl drowned in Hopkinsville . Dozens of business were closed and several families evacuated due to rising flood waters . As a result of the flooding , Kentucky Governor Ernie Fletcher declared three counties disaster areas and a statewide state of emergency . Additionally , wind gusts up to 72 mph ( 116 km / h ) resulted in some damage . Downed trees and power lines were reported in several counties in western Kentucky , especially Calloway and Christian counties . Overall , more than 10,000 utility customers in western Kentucky experienced power outages . The remnants of Katrina spawned a tornado in Virginia , damaging at least 13 homes in Marshall . In addition , approximately 4,000 people lost electricity . Over 3 in ( 76 mm ) of rain fell in portions of West Virginia , causing localized flooding in several counties . At least 103 homes and 7 buildings suffered some degree of water damage . A number of roads and bridges were inundated or washed out . The remnants of Katrina produced locally heavy precipitation in northeast Ohio , ranging from about 2 to 4 in ( 51 to 102 mm ) . Numerous streams and rivers overflowed their banks , forcing the closure of several roads , including Interstate 90 in Cleveland . Two deaths occurred due to a flood - related automobile accident in Huron County . Additionally , hundreds of homes and businesses suffered flood damage . Katrina spawned five tornadoes in Pennsylvania , though none resulted in significant damage . Up to 5 in ( 130 mm ) of rain fell in western New York . Gusty winds also left approximately 4,500 people in Buffalo without electricity . The remnants of Katrina brought 3 to 6 in ( 76 to 152 mm ) of rain to portions of Massachusetts , causing flash flooding in Bristol and Plymouth counties . Several roads were closed due to floodwater inundation in Acushnet , Dartmouth , New Bedford , and Wareham , including Route 18 in New Bedford . Very minimal impact was reported in Rhode Island , with winds downing a tree and two electrical poles in the city of Warwick . In Vermont , 2.5 in ( 64 mm ) of rain in Chittenden County caused cars to hydroplane on Interstate 89 , resulting in many automobile accidents . The storm brought 3 to 5 in ( 76 to 127 mm ) of precipitation to isolated areas of Maine and up to 9 in ( 230 mm ) near Patten . Several roads were inundated or washed out by overflowing brooks and streams , including sections of U.S. Route 1 and Maine routes 11 and 159 . Several structures and one parked vehicle were also affected by the waters . Wind gusts up to 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) also impacted parts of Maine , felling trees and causing power outages in Bar Harbor , Blue Hill , Dover - Foxcroft , Sedgwick Ridge , and Sorrento . In Canada , the remnants of Katrina brought rainfall amounts in excess of 3.94 in ( 100 mm ) to many locations between the Niagara Peninsula and the Saint Lawrence River valley . Severe local flooding occurred in Quebec , forcing the evacuations of dozens of homes in some communities as rivers began overflowing their banks and sewage systems were becoming overwhelmed by the influx of precipitation . Inundated and washed out roads , including Route 138 along the north shore of the Saint Lawrence River , Route 172 north of Tadoussac , and Route 385 near Forestville left several communities isolated for at least a week . Aftermath See also : Social effects of Hurricane Katrina , Political effects of Hurricane Katrina , Hurricane Katrina disaster relief , and IDPs in the United States Economic effects Costliest U.S. Atlantic hurricanes Rank Hurricane Season Damage Katrina 2005 $125 billion Harvey 2017 Maria 2017 $90 billion Sandy 2012 $65 billion 5 Irma 2017 $53.4 billion 6 Ike 2008 $30 billion 7 Andrew $27 billion 8 Ivan $20.5 billion 9 Wilma 2005 $19 billion 10 Rita 2005 $18.5 billion Source : National Hurricane Center Main article : Economic effects of Hurricane Katrina The economic effects of the storm reached high levels . The Bush Administration sought $105 billion for repairs and reconstruction in the region , which did not account for damage to the economy caused by potential interruption of the oil supply , destruction of the Gulf Coast 's highway infrastructure , and exports of commodities such as grain . Katrina damaged or destroyed 30 oil platforms and caused the closure of nine refineries ; the total shut - in oil production from the Gulf of Mexico in the six - month period following Katrina was approximately 24 % of the annual production and the shut - in gas production for the same period was about 18 % . The forestry industry in Mississippi was also affected , as 1.3 million acres ( 5,300 km ) of forest lands were destroyed . The total loss to the forestry industry from Katrina is calculated to rise to about $5 billion . Furthermore , hundreds of thousands of local residents were left unemployed . Before the hurricane , the region supported approximately one million non-farm jobs , with 600,000 of them in New Orleans . It is estimated that the total economic impact in Louisiana and Mississippi may eventually exceed $150 billion . Forensic accountants were involved in the assessment of economic damages resulting from this catastrophe . Katrina displaced over one million people from the central Gulf coast to elsewhere across the United States , becoming the largest diaspora in the history of the United States . Houston , Texas , had an increase of 35,000 people ; Mobile , Alabama , gained over 24,000 ; Baton Rouge , Louisiana , over 15,000 ; and Hammond , Louisiana , received over 10,000 , nearly doubling its size . Chicago , Illinois received over 6,000 people , the most of any non-southern city . By late January 2006 , about 200,000 people were once again living in New Orleans , less than half of the pre-storm population . By July 1 , 2006 , when new population estimates were calculated by the U.S. Census Bureau , the state of Louisiana showed a population decline of 219,563 , or 4.87 % . Additionally , some insurance companies have stopped insuring homeowners in the area because of the high costs from Hurricanes Katrina and Rita , or have raised homeowners ' insurance premiums to cover their risk . Environmental effects See also : Murphy Oil USA refinery spill Large oil spills caused by Hurricane Katrina Spills exceeding 10,000 US gallons ( 38,000 L ) Spill Location Quantity ( US gal ) ( L ) Bass Enterprises ( Cox Bay ) 3,780,000 14,300,000 Shell ( Pilot Town ) 1,050,000 4,000,000 Chevron ( Empire ) 991,000 3,750,000 Murphy Oil ( Meraux and Chalmette ) 819,000 3,100,000 Bass Enterprises ( Pointe à la Hache ) 461,000 1,750,000 Chevron ( Port Fourchon ) 53,000 200,000 Venice Energy Services ( Venice ) 25,000 95,000 Shell Pipeline Oil ( Nairn ) 13,440 50,900 Sundown Energy ( West Potash ) 13,000 49,000 Katrina also had a profound impact on the environment . The storm surge caused substantial beach erosion , in some cases completely devastating coastal areas . In Dauphin Island ( a barrier island ) , approximately 90 mi ( 140 km ) to the east of the point where the hurricane made landfall , the sand that comprised the island was transported across the island into the Mississippi Sound , pushing the island towards land . The storm surge and waves from Katrina also severely damaged the Chandeleur Islands , which had been affected by Hurricane Ivan the previous year . The US Geological Survey has estimated 217 sq mi ( 560 km ) of land was transformed to water by the hurricanes Katrina and Rita . Before the storm , subsidence and erosion caused loss of land in the Louisiana wetlands and bayous . This , along with the canals built in the area , let Katrina keep more of its intensity when it struck . The lands that were lost were breeding grounds for marine mammals , brown pelicans , turtles , and fish , and migratory species such as redhead ducks . Overall , about 20 % of the local marshes were permanently overrun by water as a result of the storm . The damage from Katrina forced the closure of 16 National Wildlife Refuges . Breton National Wildlife Refuge lost half its area in the storm . As a result , the hurricane affected the habitats of sea turtles , Mississippi sandhill cranes , Red - cockaded woodpeckers and Alabama Beach mice . Katrina also produced massive tree loss along the Gulf Coast , particularly in Louisiana'a Pearl River Basin and among bottomland hardwood forests . Before the storm the standard mortality rate for the area 's trees was 1.9 % , but this interval increased to 20.5 % by the end of 2006 . Delayed mortality as an effect of the storm continued with rates up to 5 % until 2011 . This significant loss in biomass caused greater decay and an increase in carbon emissions . For example , by 2006 the decreased biomass in bottomland hardwood forests contributed an amount of carbon which equated to roughly 140 % of the net annual U.S. carbon sink in forest trees . The Chandeleur Islands , before Katrina ( left ) and after ( right ) , showing the impact of the storm along coastal areas . The storm caused oil spills from 44 facilities throughout southeastern Louisiana , which resulted in over 7 million US gallons ( 26,000 m ) of oil being leaked . Some spills were only a few hundred gallons and most were contained on - site , though some oil entered the ecosystem and residential areas . After a spill at the Murphy Oil refinery , for example , 1,800 homes were oiled in the towns of Chalmette and Meraux . Unlike Hurricane Ivan no offshore oil spills were officially reported after Hurricane Katrina . However , Skytruth reported some signs of surface oil in the Gulf of Mexico . Finally , as part of the cleanup effort , the flood waters that covered New Orleans were pumped into Lake Pontchartrain , a process that took 43 days to complete . These residual waters contained a mix of raw sewage , bacteria , heavy metals , pesticides , toxic chemicals , and oil , which sparked fears in the scientific community of massive numbers of fish dying . Reestablishing governance Further information : Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans § Civil disturbances U.S. Army Infantry on patrol in New Orleans in an area previously underwater , September 2005 . A Border Patrol Special Response Team searches a hotel room - by - room in New Orleans in response to Hurricane Katrina . Shortly after the hurricane moved away on August 30 , 2005 , some residents of New Orleans who remained in the city began looting stores . Many were in search of food and water that were not available to them through any other means , as well as non-essential items . Additionally , there were reports of carjacking , murders , thefts and rapes in New Orleans . Some sources later determined that many of the reports were inaccurate , greatly exaggerated or completely false , leading news agencies to print retractions . Thousands of National Guard and federal troops were mobilized and sent to Louisiana , with 7,841 in the area on August 29 , to a maximum of 46,838 on September 10 . A number of local law enforcement agents from across the country were temporarily deputized by the state . `` They have M16s and are locked and loaded . These troops know how to shoot and kill and I expect they will , '' Louisiana Governor Kathleen Blanco said . Congressman Bill Jefferson told ABC News : `` There was shooting going on . There was sniping going on . Over the first week of September , law and order were gradually restored to the city . '' Several shootings occurred between police and New Orleans residents , some involving police misconduct ; including an incident that killed two unarmed civilians and seriously injured four others at Danziger Bridge . Five former police officers pleaded guilty to charges connected to the Danziger Bridge shootings in the aftermath of the hurricane . Six other former or current officers appeared in court in June 2011 . Overall , a number of arrests were made throughout the affected area , including some near the New Orleans Convention Center . A temporary jail was constructed of chain link cages in the New Orleans Union Passenger Terminal , the city 's main train station . In West Virginia , where roughly 350 refugees were located , local officials took fingerprints to run criminal background checks on the refugees . The background checks found that 45 % of the refugees had a criminal record of some nature , and that 22 % had a violent criminal record . Media speculation fueled a popular perception that the displaced New Orleans residents brought a wave of crime into the communities where they relocated , however , detailed studies of crime statistics in these communities did not reveal a significant increase in violent crime . Government response Chart showing some common uses of the FEMA marking system in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina President Bush stands with Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld , Secretary of Labor Elaine Chao and Secretary of Health and Human Services Mike Leavitt during a press conference from the Rose Garden , regarding the devastation along the Gulf Coast caused by Katrina . Within the United States and as delineated in the National Response Plan , disaster response and planning is first and foremost a local government responsibility . When local government exhausts its resources , it then requests specific additional resources from the county level . The request process proceeds similarly from the county to the state to the federal government as additional resource needs are identified . Many of the problems that arose developed from inadequate planning and back - up communication systems at various levels . Some disaster recovery response to Katrina began before the storm , with Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) preparations that ranged from logistical supply deployments to a mortuary team with refrigerated trucks . A network of volunteers began rendering assistance to local residents and residents emerging from New Orleans and surrounding parishes as soon as the storm made landfall ( even though many were directed to not enter the area ) , and continued for more than six months after the storm Of the 60,000 people stranded in New Orleans , the Coast Guard rescued more than 33,500 . Congress recognized the Coast Guard 's response with an official entry in the Congressional Record , and the Armed Service was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation . The United States Northern Command established Joint Task Force ( JTF ) Katrina based out of Camp Shelby , Mississippi , to act as the military 's on - scene response on Sunday , August 28 , with US Army Lieutenant General Russel L. Honoré as commander . Approximately 58,000 National Guard personnel were activated to deal with the storm 's aftermath , with troops coming from all 50 states . The Department of Defense also activated volunteer members of the Civil Air Patrol . Michael Chertoff , Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security , decided to take over the federal , state , and local operations officially on August 30 , 2005 , citing the National Response Plan . This was refused by Governor Blanco who indicated that her National Guard could manage . Early in September , Congress authorized a total of $62.3 billion in aid for victims . Additionally , President Bush enlisted the help of former presidents Bill Clinton and George H.W. Bush to raise additional voluntary contributions , much as they did after the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami . American flags were also ordered to be half - staff from September 2 , 2005 , to September 20 , 2005 , in honor of the victims . FEMA provided housing assistance ( rental assistance , trailers , etc . ) to more than 700,000 applicants -- families and individuals . However , only one - fifth of the trailers requested in Orleans Parish were supplied , resulting in an enormous housing shortage in the city of New Orleans . Many local areas voted to not allow the trailers , and many areas had no utilities , a requirement prior to placing the trailers . To provide for additional housing , FEMA has also paid for the hotel costs of 12,000 individuals and families displaced by Katrina through February 7 , 2006 , when a final deadline was set for the end of hotel cost coverage . After this deadline , evacuees were still eligible to receive federal assistance , which could be used towards either apartment rent , additional hotel stays , or fixing their ruined homes , although FEMA no longer paid for hotels directly . As of March 30 , 2010 , there were still 260 families living in FEMA - provided trailers in Louisiana and Mississippi . Law enforcement and public safety agencies , from across the United States , provided a `` mutual aid '' response to Louisiana and New Orleans in the weeks following the disaster . Many agencies responded with manpower and equipment from as far away as California , Michigan , Nevada , New York , and Texas . This response was welcomed by local Louisiana authorities as their staff were either becoming fatigued , stretched too thin , or even quitting from the job . Two weeks after the storm , more than half of the states were involved in providing shelter for evacuees . By four weeks after the storm , evacuees had been registered in all 50 states and in 18,700 zip codes -- half of the nation 's residential postal zones . Most evacuees had stayed within 250 miles ( 400 km ) , but 240,000 households went to Houston and other cities over 250 miles ( 400 km ) away and another 60,000 households went over 750 miles ( 1,200 km ) away . Criticism of government response Main article : Criticism of government response to Hurricane Katrina USNS Comfort takes on supplies at Mayport , Florida , en route to the Gulf Coast . The criticisms of the government 's response to Hurricane Katrina primarily consisted of criticism of mismanagement and lack of leadership in the relief efforts in response to the storm and its aftermath . More specifically , the criticism focused on the delayed response to the flooding of New Orleans , and the subsequent state of chaos in the city . The neologism Katrina gate was coined to refer to this controversy , and was a runner - up for `` 2005 word of the year . '' Within days of Katrina 's August 29 landfall , public debate arose about the local , state and federal governments ' role in the preparations for and response to the hurricane . Criticism was initially prompted by televised images of visibly shaken and frustrated political leaders , and of residents who remained stranded by flood waters without water , food , or shelter . Deaths from thirst , exhaustion and violence days after the storm had passed fueled the criticism , as did the dilemma of the evacuees at facilities such as the Louisiana Superdome and the New Orleans Civic Center . Some alleged that race , class , and other factors could have contributed to delays in government response . For example , during A Concert for Hurricane Relief , a benefit concert for victims of the hurricane , rapper Kanye West veered off script and harshly criticized the government 's response to the crisis , stating that `` George Bush does n't care about black people . '' In accordance with federal law , President George W. Bush directed the Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security , Michael Chertoff , to coordinate the Federal response . Chertoff designated Michael D. Brown , head of the Federal Emergency Management Agency , as the Principal Federal Official to lead the deployment and coordination of all federal response resources and forces in the Gulf Coast region . However , the President and Secretary Chertoff initially came under harsh criticism for what some perceived as a lack of planning and coordination . Brown claimed that Governor Blanco resisted their efforts and was unhelpful . Governor Blanco and her staff disputed this . Eight days later , Brown was recalled to Washington and Coast Guard Vice Admiral Thad W. Allen replaced him as chief of hurricane relief operations . Three days after the recall , Michael D. Brown resigned as director of FEMA in spite of having received recent praise from President Bush . Politicians , activists , pundits , and journalists also directed criticism at the local and state governments headed by Mayor Nagin of New Orleans and Louisiana Governor Blanco . Nagin and Blanco were criticized for failing to implement New Orleans ' evacuation plan and for ordering residents to a shelter of last resort without any provisions for food , water , security , or sanitary conditions . Perhaps the most important criticism of Nagin was that he delayed his emergency evacuation order until 19 hours before landfall , which led to hundreds of deaths of people who could not find any way out of the city . The destruction wrought by Hurricane Katrina raised other , more general public policy issues about emergency management , environmental policy , poverty , and unemployment . The discussion of both the immediate response and of the broader public policy issues may have affected elections and legislation enacted at various levels of government . The storm 's devastation also prompted a Congressional investigation , which found that FEMA and the Red Cross `` did not have a logistics capacity sophisticated enough to fully support the massive number of Gulf coast victims . '' Additionally , it placed responsibility for the disaster on all three levels of government . An ABC News poll conducted on September 2 , 2005 , showed more blame was being directed at state and local governments ( 75 % ) than at the Federal government ( 67 % ) , with 44 % blaming Bush 's leadership directly . A later CNN / USAToday / Gallup poll showed that respondents disagreed widely on who was to blame for the problems in the city following the hurricane -- 13 % said Bush , 18 % said federal agencies , 25 % blamed state or local officials and 38 % said no one was to blame . International response Main article : International response to Hurricane Katrina United States Navy personnel unload Canadian relief supplies from a Royal Canadian Air Force transport aircraft in Pensacola , Florida . Over seventy countries pledged monetary donations or other assistance . Cuba and Venezuela ( both considered as hostile to US government interest ) were the first countries to offer assistance , pledging over $1 million , several mobile hospitals , water treatment plants , canned food , bottled water , heating oil , 1,100 doctors and 26.4 metric tons of medicine , though this aid was rejected by the U.S. government . Kuwait made the largest single pledge , $500 million ; other large donations were made by Qatar and United Arab Emirates ( each $100 million ) , South Korea ( $30 million ) , Australia ( $10 million ) , India , China ( both $5 million ) , New Zealand ( $2 million ) , Pakistan ( $1.5 million ) , Norway ( $1.8 million ) , and Bangladesh ( $1 million ) . India sent tarps , blankets and hygiene kits . An Indian Air Force IL - 76 aircraft delivered 25 tonnes of relief supplies for the Hurricane Katrina victims at the Little Rock Air Force Base , Arkansas , on September 13 , 2005 . Israel sent an IDF delegation to New Orleans to transport aid equipment including 80 tons of food , disposable diapers , beds , blankets , generators and additional equipment which were donated from different governmental institutions , civilian institutions and the IDF . The Bush Administration announced in mid-September that it did not need Israeli divers and physicians to come to the United States for search and rescue missions , but a small team landed in New Orleans on September 10 to give assistance to operations already under way . The team administered first aid to survivors , rescued abandoned pets and discovered hurricane victims . Countries like Sri Lanka , which was still recovering from the Indian Ocean Tsunami , also offered to help . Countries including Canada , Mexico , Singapore and Germany sent supplies , relief personnel ( like Technisches Hilfswerk ) , troops , ships and water pumps to aid in the disaster recovery . Belgium sent in a team of relief personnel . Britain 's donation of 350,000 emergency meals did not reach victims because of laws regarding mad cow disease . Russia 's initial offer of two jets was declined by the U.S. State Department but accepted later . The French offer was also declined and requested later . Non-governmental organization response Residents of Louisiana , who had to flee their homes because of Hurricane Katrina , are inside the Houston Astrodome and being helped by the Red Cross and other agencies and associations . The American Red Cross , America 's Second Harvest ( now known as Feeding America ) , Southern Baptist Convention , Salvation Army , Oxfam , Common Ground Collective , Burners Without Borders , Emergency Communities , Habitat for Humanity , Catholic Charities , Service International , `` A River of Hope '' , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , and many other charitable organizations provided aid to victims in the aftermath of the storm . They were not allowed into New Orleans proper by the National Guard for several days after the storm because of safety concerns . These organizations raised US $4.25 billion in donations from the public , with the Red Cross receiving over half of these donations . Some smaller organizations and individuals ignored the access restrictions and provided early relief . For example , two privately chartered planes from FasterCures evacuated 200 patients from Charity Hospital in New Orleans . Volunteers from the Amateur Radio Emergency Service provided communications in areas where the communications infrastructure had been damaged or totally destroyed , relaying everything from 911 traffic to messages home . In Hancock County , Mississippi , ham radio operators provided the only communications into or out of the area , and even served as 911 dispatchers . Many private corporations also contributed to relief efforts . On September 13 , 2005 , it was reported that corporate donations amounted to $409 million , and were expected to exceed $1 billion . During and after the Hurricanes Katrina , Wilma and Rita , the American Red Cross had opened 1,470 shelters and registered 3.8 million overnight stays . None were allowed in New Orleans , however . A total of 244,000 Red Cross workers ( 95 % of which were non-paid volunteers ) were utilized throughout these three hurricanes . In addition , 346,980 comfort kits ( including such basic necessities as toothpaste , soap , washcloths and toys for children ) and 205,360 cleanup kits ( containing brooms , mops and bleach ) were distributed . For mass care , the organization served 68 million snacks and meals to victims of the disasters and to rescue workers . The Red Cross also had its Disaster Health services meet 596,810 contacts , and Disaster Mental Health services met 826,590 contacts . Red Cross emergency financial assistance was provided to 1.4 million families . Hurricane Katrina was the first natural disaster in the United States in which the American Red Cross utilized its `` Safe and Well '' family location website . In the year following Katrina 's strike on the Gulf Coast , The Salvation Army allocated donations of more than $365 million to serve more than 1.7 million people in nearly every state . The organization 's immediate response to Hurricane Katrina included more than 5.7 million hot meals and about 8.3 million sandwiches , snacks , and drinks served in and around New Orleans . Its SATERN network of amateur radio operators picked up where modern communications left off to help locate more than 25,000 survivors . Salvation Army pastoral care counselors were on hand to comfort the emotional and spiritual needs of 277,000 individuals . As part of the overall effort , Salvation Army officers , employees , and volunteers contributed more than 900,000 hours of service . Analysis of New Orleans levee failures Main article : 2005 levee failures in Greater New Orleans View of the eyewall of Hurricane Katrina taken on August 28 , 2005 , as seen from a NOAA WP - 3D hurricane hunter aircraft before the storm made landfall on the United States Gulf Coast According to a modeling exercise conducted by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers ( USACE ) , two - thirds of the deaths in Greater New Orleans were due to levee and flood wall failure . On April 5 , 2006 , months after independent investigators had demonstrated that levee failures were not caused by natural forces beyond intended design strength , Lieutenant General Carl Strock , Chief of Engineers and Commander of the Corps of Engineers , testified before the United States Senate Subcommittee on Energy and Water that `` We have now concluded we had problems with the design of the structure . '' A June 2007 report released by the American Society of Civil Engineers determined that the failures of the levees and flood walls in New Orleans were found to be primarily the result of system design and construction flaws . The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers had been federally mandated in the Flood Control Act of 1965 with responsibility for the conception , design and construction of the region 's flood - control system . All of the major studies in the aftermath of Katrina concluded that the USACE was responsible for the failure of the levees . This was primarily attributed to a decision to use shorter steel sheet pilings during construction in an effort to save money . According to a report published in August 2015 in the official journal of the World Water Council , the Corps misinterpreted the results of a 1985 study and wrongly concluded that sheet piles in the flood walls needed to be driven to depths of only 17 feet ( 5 m ) instead of between 31 and 46 feet ( 9 and 14 m ) . That decision saved approximately US $100 million , but significantly reduced overall engineering reliability . In January 2008 , Judge Stanwood Duval of the U.S. District Court ruled that despite the Corps ' role in the flooding , the agency could not be held financially liable because of sovereign immunity in the Flood Control Act of 1928 . Exactly ten years after Katrina , J. David Rogers , lead author of a new report in the official journal of the World Water Council , concluded that the flooding during Katrina `` could have been prevented had the corps retained an external review board to double - check its flood - wall designs . '' Other factors may have contributed to the flooding . According to the authors of Catastrophe in the Making ( Island Press , 2009 ) , the straight design and lack of outward flow into the Gulf allowed the Mississippi River - Gulf Outlet Canal to become `` the perfect shortcut for salt - water intrusion '' which damaged buffering cypress forests and wetlands which historically had protected New Orleans from storm surge . The Army Corps of Engineers built and maintained the canal . Furthermore , according to storm surge researcher Hassan Mashriqui : Storm surge pushing across shallow Lake Borgne from the east is constrained by these MRGO levees to the south and , to the north , by the long - standing levees of the Intracoastal Waterway ( GIWW ) . Initially ten or more miles apart , these two channels meet , and when they do , the water building between their levees is squeezed into a single channel -- the Funnel -- only 260 yards wide , constrained by levees 14 feet to 16 feet high .... In concert with the denuded marshes , it could increase the local storm surge hitting the Intracoastal Waterway by 20 percent to 40 percent -- a critical and fundamental flaw . View of flooded New Orleans in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina The Corps of Engineers disputes these causalities . Nonetheless , in June 2008 , the Army Corps of Engineers New Orleans District submitted a Deep - Draft De-authorization Study of the MRGO which stated that `` an economic evaluation of channel navigation use does not demonstrate a Federal interest in continued operation and maintenance of the channel . '' Congress ordered the MRGO closed as a direct result . Many of the levees have been reconstructed since Katrina . In reconstructing them , precautions were taken to bring the levees up to modern building code standards and to ensure their safety . For example , in every situation possible , the Corps of Engineers replaced I - walls with T - walls , which have a horizontal concrete base that protects against soil erosion underneath the flood walls . Funding battles continue over the remaining levee improvements . In February 2008 , the Bush administration requested that the state of Louisiana pay about $1.5 billion of an estimated $7.2 billion for Corps of Engineers levee work ( in accordance with the principles of local cost sharing required by Congress as early as the Flood Control Act of 1928 ) , a proposal which angered many Louisiana leaders . On May 2 , 2008 , Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal used a speech to The National Press Club to request that President Bush free up money to complete work on Louisiana 's levees . Bush promised to include the levee funding in his 2009 budget , but rejected the idea of including the funding in a war bill , which would pass sooner . Media involvement Main article : Media coverage of Hurricane Katrina Many representatives of the news media reporting on the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina became directly involved in the unfolding events , instead of simply reporting . Because of the loss of most means of communication , such as land - based and cellular telephone systems , field reporters in many cases became conduits for information between victims and authorities . The authorities , who monitored local and network news broadcasts , as well as internet sites , would then attempt to coordinate rescue efforts based on the reports . One illustration was when Geraldo Rivera of Fox News tearfully pleaded for authorities to either send help or evacuate the thousands of evacuees stranded at the Ernest N. Morial Convention Center . The role of AM radio was also of importance to the hundreds of thousands of persons with no other ties to news , providing emergency information regarding access to assistance for hurricane victims . Immediately after Katrina , WWL - AM was one of the few area radio stations in the area remaining on the air . This emergency service , simulcasted on shortwave outlet WHRI , was named `` The United Radio Broadcasters of New Orleans . '' Their ongoing nighttime broadcasts continued to be available up to 500 mi ( 800 km ) away . Announcers continued to broadcast from improvised studio facilities after the storm damaged their main studios . The cellular phone antenna network was severely damaged and completely inoperable for several months . The storm also brought a dramatic rise in the role of Internet sites -- especially blogging and community journalism . One example was the effort of NOLA.com , the web affiliate of New Orleans ' Times - Picayune . A group of reporters were awarded the Breaking News Pulitzer Prize , and shared the Public Service Pulitzer with the Biloxi - based Sun Herald . The newspaper 's coverage was carried for days only on NOLA 's blogs , as the newspaper lost its presses and evacuated its building as water rose around it on August 30 . The site became an international focal point for news by local media , and also became a vital link for rescue operations and later for reuniting scattered residents , as it accepted and posted thousands of individual pleas for rescue on its blogs and forums . NOLA was monitored constantly by an array of rescue teams -- from individuals to the Coast Guard -- which used information in rescue efforts . Much of this information was relayed from trapped victims via the SMS functions of their cell phones , to friends and relatives outside the area , who then relayed the information back to NOLA.com . The aggregation of community journalism , user photos and the use of the internet site as a collaborative response to the storm attracted international attention , and was called a watershed moment in journalism . In the wake of these online - only efforts , the Pulitzer Committee for the first time opened all its categories to online entries . As the U.S. military and rescue services regained control over the city , there were restrictions on the activity of the media . On September 9 , the military leader of the relief effort announced that reporters would have `` zero access '' to efforts to recover bodies in New Orleans . Immediately following this announcement , CNN filed a lawsuit and obtained a temporary restraining order against the ban . The next day the government backed down and reversed the ban . Retirement See also : List of retired Atlantic hurricane names Because of the large death toll and destruction of property along the Gulf Coast , the name Katrina was officially retired on April 6 , 2006 , by the World Meteorological Organization at the request of the U.S. government . The name will never again be used for another North Atlantic hurricane . It was replaced by Katia on List III of the Atlantic hurricane naming lists , which was used in the 2011 Atlantic hurricane season . Studies concerning post-Katrina victims An article published in the Community Mental Health Journal from January 2016 revealed information about a recent study on the psychosocial needs of Hurricane Katrina evacuees that temporarily resided in Dallas , Texas . More than one - fourth of the sample met the criteria for major depressive disorder ( MDD ) . About one - third of the individuals received a referral to mental health services for meeting symptom criteria for incident MDD and PTSD . In a study published in Maternal and Child Health Journal , five - to seven years after the disaster , 308 New Orleans pregnant women were interviewed about their exposure to Katrina . Researchers found that there were associations between experiencing damage during Katrina and birthweight , thus researchers concluded that natural disasters may have long - term effects on pregnancy outcomes . Furthermore , it was concluded that women who are most vulnerable to disaster may be more vulnerable to poor pregnancy outcome . From a September 2015 journal of Current Psychology , a study examined the attitudes of older , long - term residents of Baton Rouge , Louisiana toward displaced newcomers to their community . After using multiple tests , analyses , and descriptive statistics , the study suggested residents grew to become more patient , tolerant , and friendly towards newcomers . The study also suggests , however , that residents felt more fearful and suspicious of the evacuees , as well as the fact that they were being taken advantage of more . Reconstruction Main article : Reconstruction of New Orleans Volunteers from AmeriCorps in New Orleans , January 2006 Reconstruction of each section of the southern portion of Louisiana has been addressed in the Army Corps LACPR ( Louisiana Coastal Protection and Restoration ) Final Technical Report , which identifies areas to not be rebuilt and areas where buildings need to be elevated . The Technical Report includes : locations of possible new levees to be built suggested existing levee modifications `` Inundation Zones '' , `` Water depths less than 14 feet , Raise - In - Place of Structures '' , `` Water depths greater than 14 feet , Buyout of Structures '' , `` Velocity Zones '' and `` Buyout of Structures '' areas for five different scenarios . The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers submitted the report to the U.S. Congress for consideration , planning , and response in mid-2009 . See also Tropical cyclones portal Disasters portal New Orleans portal Louisiana portal Mississippi portal 2000s portal Crescent Rising Hurricanes and climate change Hurricane Katrina in fiction Hurricane on the Bayou Katrina Aid Today List of Atlantic hurricanes List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes List of Florida hurricanes ( 2000 -- present ) List of storms in the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season Reconstruction of New Orleans Timeline of Hurricane Katrina Timeline of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season U.S. Army Corps of Engineers civil works controversies ( New Orleans ) Wetlands of Louisiana North Sea flood of 1953 Notes Jump up ^ All damage figures in this table are in the USD amounts of their respective year . References ^ Jump up to : Knabb , Richard D ; Rhome , Jamie R ; Brown , Daniel P ; National Hurricane Center ( December 20 , 2005 ) . Hurricane Katrina : August 23 -- 30 , 2005 ( PDF ) ( Tropical Cyclone Report ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/news/UpdatedCostliest.pdf Jump up ^ `` Decade After Katrina , Pointing Finger More Firmly at Army Corps '' . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- Heat in the Gulf '' . www.nasa.gov . September 16 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Zimmermann , Kim Ann ( 2015 ) . `` Hurricane Katrina : Facts , Damage and Aftermath '' . Hurricane Katrina : Facts , Damage and Aftermath . Jump up ^ Rappaport , Edward N ; National Hurricane Center ( December 10 , 1993 ) . Hurricane Andrew : August 16 -- 28 ( Preliminary Report ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved January 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Blake , Eric S ; Landsea , Christopher W ; Gibney , Ethan J ; National Hurricane Center ( August 2011 ) . The Deadliest , Costliest , and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones from 1851 to 2010 ( And Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts ) ( PDF ) ( NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC - 6 ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on November 27 , 2012 . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Charles F. Anderson , Jurjen A. Battjes ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` The New Orleans Hurricane Protection System : What Went Wrong and Why '' ( PDF ) . American Society of Civil Engineers . Retrieved 2016 - 7 - 25 . Jump up ^ Plyer , Allison ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` Facts for Features : Katrina Impact '' . The Data Center . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Robertson , Campbell ( May 23 , 2015 ) . `` Decade after Katrina pointing finger more firmly at Army Corps '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Nossiter , Adam ( 2008 - 02 - 01 ) . `` In Court Ruling on Floods , More Pain for New Orleans '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : United States Congress ( February 19 , 2006 ) . A Failure of Initiative : Final Report of the Select Bipartisan Committee to Investigate the Preparation for and Response to Hurricane Katrina ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : Government Printing Office . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 26 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Leben , Robert ; Born , George ; Scott , Jim ( September 15 , 2005 ) . `` CU - Boulder Researchers Chart Katrina 's Growth In Gulf Of Mexico '' . University of Colorado at Boulder . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Monsters of the Atlantic : The Basin 's Category 5 Hurricanes '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Amanda Ripley ( October 23 , 2005 ) . `` Hurricane Katrina : How the Coast Guard Got it Right '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bruce Jones ; David Callahan . Leadership Talent Emerges During Hurricane Katrina Aviation Rescue Operations ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Mobile , Alabama : United States Coast Guard . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Water Damage Jump up ^ Stephen Barr ( September 6 , 2005 ) . `` Coast Guard 's Response to Katrina a Silver Lining in the Storm '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ George W. Bush ( August 27 , 2005 ) . `` Statement on Federal Emergency Assistance for Louisiana '' . White House Office of the Press Secretary . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Congressional Reports : S. Rpt. 109 - 322 -- Hurricane Katrina : A Nation Still Unprepared ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Washington , D.C. : Federal Digital System . 2006 . p. 235 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Former FEMA Director Testifies Before Congress '' . The New York Times . September 27 , 2005 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ George W. Bush ( August 28 , 2005 ) . `` Statement on Federal Emergency Assistance for Mississippi '' . White House Office of the Press Secretary . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ George W. Bush ( August 28 , 2005 ) . `` Statement on Federal Emergency Assistance for Alabama '' . White House Office of the Press Secretary . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kathleen Blanco ( August 28 , 2005 ) . Governor Blanco asks President to Declare an Emergency for the State of Louisiana due to Hurricane Katrina ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Baton Rouge , Louisiana : Government of the State of Louisiana . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 4 , 2012 . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stacy R. Stewart ( August 26 , 2005 ) . Hurricane Katrina Discussion Number 14 . National Hurricane Center ( Report ) . Miami , Florida : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Urgent -- Weather Message . National Weather Service New Orleans / Baton Rouge , Louisiana ( Report ) . New Orleans , Louisiana : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . August 28 , 2005 . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2006 . Retrieved July 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Transcripts , tape show Bush , Brown warned on Katrina '' . CNN . Washington , D.C. March 2 , 2006 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Staff writer . `` Hurricane Katrina Situation Report No. 3 . '' Florida State Emergency Response Team . August 26 , 2005 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Officials Urge Preparedness As Katrina Intensifies ( Report ) . Federal Emergency Management Agency . August 25 , 2005 . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2010 . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Katrina drenches Florida '' . Television New Zealand . Reuters. 2005 - 08 - 26 . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Shadi Rahimi ( 2005 - 08 - 25 ) . `` Tropical Storm Becomes a Hurricane as it Nears Florida '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Reeling from hurricane , Florida braces for 2nd hit '' . New York Times . Agence France - Presse. 2005 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Joseph B. Treaster ; Shadi Rahimi ( 2005 - 08 - 26 ) . `` Hurricane Moves Over Gulf After Soaking Southern Florida '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Riley declares state of emergency due to Katrina threat '' . KATC , WorldNow. 2005 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved October 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Service Alert : Hurricane Katrina Update -- City of New Orleans , Crescent , Sunset Limited -- Revised Service Information '' . Amtrak . September 1 , 2005 . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2008 . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Louisiana Homeland Security ; Emergency Preparedness . `` Louisiana Citizen Awareness and Disaster Evacuation Guide '' . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Connole , Patrick ( February 2011 ) . `` Long Term Care Providers Tackle Disaster Preparedness In A Post-Katrina World '' . Provider Magazine . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` State Of Louisiana Emergency Operations Plan Supplement 1C '' ( PDF ) . July 2000 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 9 , 2006 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Todd Litman ( April 13 , 2006 ) . `` Lessons From Katrina and Rita : What Major Disasters Can Teach Transportation Planners '' ( PDF ) . Victoria Transport Policy Institute . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 25 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Katrina Probabilities Report Number 15 , '' and `` Hurricane Katrina Probabilities Report Number 21 . '' National Hurricane Center . August 26 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Drye , Willie . `` Hurricane Katrina Pulls Its Punches in New Orleans . '' National Geographic . August 29 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` Katrina Heads for New Orleans . '' Fox News / Associated Press . August 29 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer. `` 26,000 shelter at Superdome Archived November 12 , 2005 , at Archive - It . '' Times - Picayune . August 28 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Diary From the Dome is a 2008 memoir written by a tourist who was stuck inside the Superdome during Katrina and the levee failures . It offers an overview of the conditions inside the stadium as well as a critique of the media 's coverage of the disaster . Jump up ^ Brown , Aaron ( August 29 , 2005 ) . `` Hurricane Katrina Pummels Three States '' . CNN . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : John L. Beven II ; Lixion A Avila ; Eric S. Blake ; Daniel P. Brown ; James L. Franklin ; Richard D. Knabb ; Richard J. Pasch ; Jamie R. Rhome ; Stacy R. Stewart ( March 2008 ) . `` Annual Summary : Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Monthly Weather Review . 136 ( 3 ) : 1131 -- 1141 . Bibcode : 2008MWRv ... 136.1109 B. CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.212. 8973 . doi : 10.1175 / 2007MWR2074. 1 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Joan Brunkard ; Gonza Namulanda ; Raoult Ratard ( August 28 , 2008 ) . `` Hurricane Katrina deaths , Louisiana , 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. 2 ( 4 ) : 215 -- 223 . doi : 10.1097 / DMP. 0b013e31818aaf55 . PMID 18756175 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 31 , 2015 . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Reports of Missing and Deceased ( Report ) . Baton Rouge , Louisiana : Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals . August 2 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Christine F. Andersen ; et al. ( 2007 ) . The New Orleans Hurricane Protection System : What Went Wrong and Why ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Reston , Virginia : American Society of Civil Engineers Hurricane Katrina External Review Panel . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 2 , 2007 . Retrieved August 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Hurricane Katrina Service Assessment Report ( PDF ) . National Weather Service ( Report ) . Silver Spring , Maryland : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . June 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Poppy Markwell ; Raoult Ratard . `` Deaths Directly Caused by Hurricane Katrina '' ( PDF ) . Louisiana Department of Health & Hospitals . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Aftermath of Katrina '' . CNN . September 3 , 2005 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lesley Clark ( June 20 , 2010 ) . `` Spill colors fabric of Gulf coastal life '' . The McClatchy Company . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2010 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Devenas , Andy `` Marathon Tornado Survey Report . '' National Weather Service Forecast Office Key West , Florida Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Associated Press , `` Katrina at a Glance '' ( August 31 , 2005 ) , page 4A , Mobile Register , web : MobileRegister - 083105 - PDF Archived October 1 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ RA IV Hurricane Committee Twent - Eight Session ( PDF ) ( Report ) . San Juan , Puerto Rico : World Meteorological Organization . 2006 . p. 58 . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` Flooding and power outages as ' Katrina ' batters western Cuba . '' ^ Jump up to : Staff Writer . `` Hurricane Katrina Situation Report # 11 . '' Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability ( OE ) United States Department of Energy . August 30 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` FEMA : Louisiana Katrina Surge Inundation Map , January 2006 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Cannizaro , Steve . `` List of Missing Residents Down to 47 , and More ... '' St. Bernard Parish Government ( press release ) . December 17 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Current Housing Unit Damage Estimates , Hurricanes Katrina , Rita , and Wilma '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development . February 12 , 2006 . Retrieved June 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosenzweig , C. , G. Casassa , D.J. Karoly , A. Imeson , C. Liu , A. Menzel , S. Rawlins , T.L. Root , B. Seguin , P. Tryjanowski. ( 2007 ) . `` Assessment of observed changes and responses in natural and managed systems . Climate Change 2007 : Impacts , Adaptation and Vulnerability '' . Chapter 1 in Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , ( M.L. Parry , O.F. Canziani , J.P. Palutikof , P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson , Eds . ) , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , UK . ( url : http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg2/ar4-wg2-chapter1.pdf ) . Pp 92 . Accessed 19 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Verity . `` Fixing New Orleans ' thin grey line . '' BBC News . October 4 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Meghan . `` Causeway closed but hardly damaged . '' Times Picayune . August 31 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Transcript from , The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer . `` Hurricane Damages Gulf Coast . '' PBS . August 29 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Mowbray , Rebecca . `` Evacuations to hotels come with own set of hazards Archived July 1 , 2009 , at the Portuguese Web Archive . '' Times - Picayune . August 30 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Christine ( August 1 , 2006 ) . `` Our 10 Greatest Natural Disasters '' . American Heritage . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Katrina from the Airport 's Point of View '' . Web Archive of Fly MSY website . September 21 , 2005 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2006 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Warner , Coleman ; Travis , Robert . `` Where They Died . '' Times - Picayune . October 23 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , Ann . `` Identifying victims a grueling task . '' CNN . September 9 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Davis , Robert ; Johnson , Kevin ( 17 October 2005 ) . `` La . looks into 215 Katrina deaths -- Inquiry includes euthanasia report '' . USA Today . Arlington , VA . Jump up ^ Canfield , Sabrina ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` Hospital Settles Katrina Deaths Class Action '' . Courthouse News Service . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Patients finally rescued from Charity Hospital '' . cnn.com . Cable News Network . 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Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved September 27 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Staff Writer . `` Mississippi Coast Areas Wiped Out . '' CBS News . September 1 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Federal Emergency Management Agency ( November 2005 ) . `` Mississippi Hurricane Katrina Surge Inundation and Advisory Base Flood Elevation Map Panel Overview '' ( PDF ) . FEMA . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Westbrook , Robby ; WFO Peachtree City Staff . `` Katrina Spawns Tornadoes in Georgia -- August 29 , 2005 . '' National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . December 1 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Katrina Rainfall Summary '' . Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . 2005 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` Hopkinsville Swamped By Floodwaters ; 10 - Year - Old Drowns . '' WAVE ( TV ) . September 6 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` Gov. Fletcher Declares Three Kentucky Counties Disaster Areas . '' WKYT . Accessed on April 18 , 2006 . Retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Blanton , Carla ; Goins , Michael ; Whitaker , Jodi . `` Governor Fletcher declares state of emergency in Kentucky . '' Commonwealth of Kentucky ( Press Release ) . August 30 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Canadian Tropical Cyclone Season Summary for 2005 ( Report ) . Gatineau , Quebec : Environment Canada . January 15 , 2014 . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rain from Katrina washes out Quebec north shore roads '' . CBC News . September 1 , 2005 . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Costliest U.S. tropical cyclones tables update ( PDF ) ( Report ) . United States National Hurricane Center . January 12 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2018 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ St. Onge , Jeff ; Epstein , Victor . `` Ex-chief says FEMA readiness even worse . '' Boston.com. April 1 , 2006 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Fagot , Caryl ; Winbush , Debra . `` Hurricane Katrina / Hurricane Rita Evacuation and Production Shut - in Statistics Report as of Wednesday , February 22 , 2006 Archived May 10 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' U.S. Government Minerals Management Service Archived November 26 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine ... February 22 , 2006 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Sheikh , Pervaze A. ( October 18 , 2005 ) . `` The Impact of Hurricane Katrina on Biological Resources '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 24 , 2008 . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Burton , Mark L. ; Hicks , Michael J. `` Hurricane Katrina : Preliminary Estimates of Commercial and Public Sector Damages Archived October 17 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Marshall University : Center for Business and Economic Research . September 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Insurance Institute . `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 21 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 20 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Retrieved on May 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Anthony E. Ladd , John Marszalek , and Duane A. Gill . The Other Diaspora : New Orleans Student Evacuation Impacts and Responses Surrounding Hurricane Katrina . Retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Mema Ayi ( August 30 , 2006 ) . `` Katrina evacuees at home in Chicago '' . Chicago Defender . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Greg Stone ; Tim Grant ; Nathaniel Weaver ( 2006 ) . `` Rapid Population Estimate Project : January 28 -- 29 , 2006 Survey Report '' ( PDF ) . Emergency Operations Center , City of New Orleans . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 7 , 2010 . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Christie , Les . `` Growth states : Arizona overtakes Nevada : Texas adds most people overall ; Louisiana population declines nearly 5 % . '' CNN . December 22 , 2006 . Retrieved on December 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` More Bad News Blows In From Katrina . '' CBS News . May 28 , 2006 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Miguel Llanos ( September 19 , 2005 ) . `` 44 oil spills found in southeast Louisiana '' . MSNBC . MSNBC . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ United States Geological Survey ( September 14 , 2005 ) . `` Daupin Island -- Pre - and Post-Storm 3D Topography '' . Hurricane Katrina Impact Studies . USGS . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ United States Geological Survey ( September 14 , 2005 ) . `` Before and After Photo Comparisons : Chandeleur Islands '' . Hurricane Katrina Impact Studies . USGS . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` USGS Reports Latest Land Change Estimates for Louisiana Coast '' , USGS National Wetlands Research Center , Oct 3 , 2006 , accessed May 7 , 2008 Jump up ^ Mike Tidwell ( 2006 ) . The Ravaging Tide : Strange Weather , Future Katrinas , and the Coming Death of America 's Coastal Cities . Free Press . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 9470 - 6 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : United States Fish and Wildlife Service ( September 9 , 2005 ) . `` U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Conducting Initial Damage Assessments to Wildlife and National Wildlife Refuges '' . USFWS . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Elise ( 2008 ) . `` Hurricane Katrina Impacts on Forest Trees of Louisiana 's Pearl River Basin '' . Forest Ecology and Management . 256 ( 5 ) : 883 -- 889 . doi : 10.1016 / j. foreco. 2008.05. 057 . Jump up ^ Henkel , Theryn ( 2016 ) . `` Delayed Tree Mortality and Chinese Tallow Explosion in Louisiana Bottomland Hardwood Forest Following Hurricane Katrina '' . Forest Ecology and Management . 378 : 222 -- 232 . doi : 10.1016 / j. foreco. 2016.07. 036 . Jump up ^ Chambers , Jeffrey Q. ; Fisher , Jeremy I. ; Zeng , Hongcheng ; Chapman , Elise L. ; Baker , David B. ; Hurtt , George C. ( January 1 , 2007 ) . `` Hurricane Katrina 's Carbon Footprint on U.S. Gulf Coast Forests '' . Science . 318 ( 5853 ) : 1107 . Bibcode : 2007Sci ... 318.1107 C . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1148913 . JSTOR 20051600 . PMID 18006740 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Katrina : Aug 31 : Looting in Mississippi '' . KLRT. Little Rock , Arkansas . August 31 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Sarah Rosenblatt ; James Rainey ( September 27 , 2005 ) . `` Rita 's Aftermath ; Katrina Takes a Toll on Truth , News Accuracy '' . Los Angeles Times . p . A16 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans rocked by huge blasts '' . BBC . 2005 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Jake Tapper ( September 13 , 2005 ) . `` Amid Katrina Chaos , Congressman Used National Guard to Visit Home '' . ABC News . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Police kill at least 5 in New Orleans '' . MSNBC . September 4 , 2005 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-cop gets 8 years for role in post-Katrina shootings '' . CNN . December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` At the Train Station , New Orleans ' Newest Jail is Open For Business '' . KOMO - TV . New Orleans , Louisiana . September 6 , 2005 . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2014 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Schubert ( September 18 , 2005 ) . `` Some Katrina Evacuees at Camp Dawson Have Criminal Records '' . WBOY - TV . Associated Press . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2011 . Retrieved June 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Verano , Paul ( January 1 , 2010 ) . `` A Tale of Three Cities : Crime and Displacement after Hurricane Katrina '' . Journal of Criminal Justice . 38 : 42 -- 50 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jcrimjus. 2009.11. 006 . Jump up ^ Settles , Tanya ; Lindsay , Bruce ( August 23 , 2010 ) . `` Crime in post-Katrina Houston : the effects of moral panic on emergency planning '' . Disasters. 35 ( 1 ) : 200 -- 219 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7717.2010. 01200. x . PMID 20735458 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans gang wars spill into Houston area '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Federal Response to Hurricane Katrina : Lessons Learned '' . The White House . January 20 , 2009 . Retrieved June 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ United States Government Accountability Office ( July 2006 ) . Coast Guard : Observations on the Preparation , Response , and Recovery Missions Related to Hurricane Katrina ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ United States Congress ( September 21 , 2005 ) . Senate Resolution 246 : To express the sense of the Senate regarding the missions and performance of the United States Coast Guard in responding to Hurricane Katrina ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` USCG Message Traffic : Award of the Presidential Unit Citation to the Coast Guard '' . United States Coast Guard . May 25 , 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Special Defense Department Briefing with Commander of Joint Task Force Katrina '' . United States Department of Defense , News Transcript . September 1 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Kyra . `` Bush Discusses Displaced Students ; Department of Defense Briefs Press on Katrina Response ( CNN Live Transcript ) . '' CNN . September 6 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ California Political Desk . `` Pelosi : Davis Report on Katrina Leaves Unfinished Business Archived October 27 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' California Chronicle Archived June 17 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine ... February 15 , 2006 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Baker , Peter ; Goldstein , Amy . `` Congress Approves $51.8 Billion For Victims . '' Washington Post . September 9 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Bush , George W. `` President Asks Bush and Clinton to Assist in Hurricane Relief . '' White House , Press Release . September 1 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Proclamation by the President : Honoring the Memory of the Victims of Hurricane Katrina '' . Whitehouse.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Times - Picayune , September 26 , 2005 , page A-12 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Foster , Mary . `` Judge : FEMA Off Hook For Hotel Costs . '' CBC News . February 13 , 2006 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Al Showers ( 2010 - 03 - 30 ) . `` Hancock Co. woman struggles to get out of FEMA trailer '' . WLOX Channel 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Treaster , Joseph B. ( September 4 , 2005 ) . `` Law Officers , Overwhelmed , Are Quitting the Force '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Quigley , Bill ( February 21 , 2006 ) . `` Six Months After Katrina : Who Was Left Behind Then and Who is Being Left Behind Now ? '' . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2009 . Retrieved November 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Clark , Heather . `` Linguists Vote ' Truthiness ' Word of 2005 . '' ABC News . January 6 , 2006 . Retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( 2005 - 09 - 03 ) . `` Kanye West 's Torrent of Criticism , Live on NBC '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ David Kirkpatrick ; Scott Shane ( September 15 , 2005 ) . `` Ex-FEMA Chief Tells of Frustration and Chaos '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Meserve , Jeanne ; Barrett , Ted . `` Admiral takes over Katrina relief . '' CNN . September 9 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Office of the Press Secretary ( September 2 , 2005 ) . `` President Arrives in Alabama , Briefed on Hurricane Katrina '' . The White House . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Langer , Gary . `` Poll : Bush Not Taking Brunt of Katrina Criticism . '' ABC News . September 12 , 2005 . Retrieved on July 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` Poll : Most Americans believe New Orleans will never recover . '' CNN . September 8 , 2005 . Retrieved on July 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Venezuela and Cuba offer US aid . '' Al Jazeera , September 7 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Venezuela and Cuba offer aid to Katrina victims . '' The Free Press , Volume 1 , Issue 4 . Retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` From abroad , offers of aid for Katrina victims . '' People 's Weekly World , September 10 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` France , Cuba , Venezuela among those offering aid . '' USA Today , Sept 2 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2007 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Tuesday , September 6 , 2005 , 3 : 47 pm Press Release : New Zealand Government . `` Scoop : Further NZ assistance in wake of Hurricane Katrina '' . Scoop.co.nz . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 27 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` U.S. Grateful for Pakistan 's Assistance for Hurricane Katrina Victims . '' Embassy of the United States . September 8 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Katastroferammede i USA får hjelp fra Norge på 10 millioner kroner '' . October 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` Asian nations offer U.S. assistance . '' BBC News . September 5 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs . `` Israel Aids Hurricane Katrina Victims . '' MFA . September 5 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Jewish Virtual Library . `` Israel 's Aid to Hurricane Katrina Victims . '' Jewish Virtual Library . Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` U.S. rejects British Katrina beef . '' BBC News . October 15 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` U.S. receives aid offers from around the world . '' CNN . September 4 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Jones , Steven T. ( 2006 - 02 - 22 ) . `` From here to Katrina '' . San Francisco Bay Guardian . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Church Providing Relief to Hurricane Katrina Victims '' . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints. 2005 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Latter - day Saints to Mobilize Another 4,000 Volunteers in Chainsaw Brigade 's Second Wave '' . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints. 2005 - 09 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ Jared Johnson ( October 20 , 2005 ) . `` Mormon Helping Hands Make a Difference '' . Meridian Magazine . Retrieved June 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( 2006 ) . `` Where Did The Money Go ? '' . Hurricane Katrina : One Year Later . Charity Navigator . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Al Gore Airlifts Evacuees -- Politics Republican Party Democratic Party Political Spectrum -- FOXNews.com '' . FOXnews.com . September 9 , 2005 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2007 . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer ( 2005 - 09 - 16 ) . `` ARRL President Submits Congressional Testimony on Hams ' Katrina Response '' . 24 ( 36 ) . American Radio Relay League . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Rick Palm . `` ARES E-Letter for September 22 , 2005 . '' The American Radio Relay League . September 22 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Corporate Katrina gifts could top $1 B . '' CNN . September 13 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` A Year of Healing '' ( PDF ) . American Red Cross . September 29 , 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Season 2005 : Facts and Figures '' . American Red Cross . 2006 - 09 - 29 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Salvation Army Reflects on Largest Disaster Response Ever at One - Year Anniversary of Hurricane Katrina '' . The Salvation Army . August 28 , 2006 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Charles F. Anderson , Jurjen A. Battjes ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` The New Orleans Hurricane Protection System : What Went Wrong and Why '' ( PDF ) . American Society of Civil Engineers . Retrieved 2016 - 7 - 25 . Jump up ^ Staff Writers `` Problems with the design of levees . '' Unregistered News . September 29 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ J. David Rogers ; G. Paul Kemp ( 2015 ) . `` Interaction between the US Army Corps of Engineers and the Orleans Levee Board preceding the drainage canal wall failures and catastrophic flooding of New Orleans in 2005 '' . Water Policy . p. 707 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Stoltz , Mary Helen ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` Flood damage after Katrina could have been prevented , S&T expert says '' . Missouri S&T . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Freudenburg , William R. , Robert Gramling et al. ( 2009 ) . Catastrophe in the Making . Island Press . p. 120 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 15 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Heerden , Ivor van ; Bryan , Mike ( May 18 , 2006 ) . The Storm : What Went Wrong and Why During Hurricane Katrina -- the Inside Story from One Louisiana Scientist . Penguin . ISBN 9781101201701 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Warrick , Joby ; Grunwald , Michael . `` Investigators Link Levee Failures to Design Flaws . '' Washington Post . October 24 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Crenson , Matt ( 2006 - 02 - 02 ) . `` Levee Repairs to Be Finished By First Day of Hurricane Season '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Burdeau , Cain ( 2008 - 02 - 12 ) . `` White House Budget for Levee Work Riles Many Louisiana Elected Officials '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Shields , Gerard ( 2008 - 05 - 03 ) . `` Jindal asks Bush for levee cash '' . 2theadvocate.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Geraldo Rivera & Shepard Smith Unleashed '' . Spike.com. 2005 - 09 - 05 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Katy Bachman ; Tony Sanders ( 2005 - 08 - 31 ) . `` Local Media Outlets Struggle to Carry On Post Katrina '' . Billboard Radio Monitor . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ The Pulitzer Board ( 2006 ) . `` 2006 Pulitzer Prize Winners -- Breaking News Reporting '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ The Pulitzer Board ( 2006 ) . `` 2006 Pulitzer Prize Winners -- Public Service '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Mark Glaser ( September 13 , 2005 ) . `` NOLA.com blogs and forums help save lives after Katrina '' . Online Journalism Review . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Paul Steiger ( May 22 , 2006 ) . `` Remarks at Pulitzer Prize luncheon '' . The Pulitzer Board . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` U.S. wo n't ban media from New Orleans searches . '' CNN . September 11 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Dennis , Katrina , Rita , Stan , and Wilma `` Retired '' from List of Storm Names `` . NOAA. April 6 , 2006 . Retrieved August 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ King , Richard V. ; Polatin , Peter B. ; Hogan , David ; Downs , Dana L. ; North , Carol S. ( 2016 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Needs Assessment of Hurricane Katrina Evacuees Residing Temporarily in Dallas '' . Community Mental Health Journal . 52 ( 1 ) : 18 -- 24 . doi : 10.1007 / s10597 - 015 - 9938 - 5 . ISSN 1573 - 2789 . PMID 26507550 . Jump up ^ Harville , Emily W. ; Giarratano , Gloria ; Savage , Jane ; Barcelona de Mendoza , Veronica ; Zotkiewicz , TrezMarie ( 2015 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Birth Outcomes in a Disaster Recovery Environment : New Orleans Women After Katrina '' . Maternal and Child Health Journal . 19 ( 11 ) : 2512 -- 2522 . doi : 10.1007 / s10995 - 015 - 1772 - 4 . ISSN 1573 - 6628 . PMC 4596760 . PMID 26122255 . Jump up ^ Kamo , Yoshinori ; Henderson , Tammy L. ; Roberto , Karen A. ; Peabody , Kimberly L. ; White , Jamikka K. ( 2015 - 08 - 02 ) . `` Perceptions of Older Adults in a Community Accepting Displaced Survivors of Hurricane Katrina '' . Current Psychology . 34 ( 3 ) : 551 -- 563 . doi : 10.1007 / s12144 - 015 - 9356 - 4 . ISSN 1046 - 1310 . Jump up ^ United States Army Corps of Engineers ( 2009 ) . `` The LACPR Home Page '' . United States Army . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2009 . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Further reading Augustson , Alan ( 2008 - 08 - 31 ) . Bernstein , Jonathan , ed . `` Katrina : Three Years Later , The Lessons We Have n't Learned '' . Crisis Manager . Bernstein Crisis Management . ISSN 1528 - 3836 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Brennan , Virginia ( 2009 ) . Natural Disasters and Public Health : Hurricanes Katrina , Rita , and Wilma . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 9199 - 1 . Center for Public Integrity , ed. ( 2007 ) . City Adrift : New Orleans Before and After Katrina . Baton Rouge : LSU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 3284 - 5 . Dyson , Michael Eric ( 2006 ) . Come Hell or High Water : Hurricane Katrina and the Color of Disaster . New York : Perseus Books Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 01761 - 4 . Eggers , Dave ( 2009 ) . Zeitoun . San Francisco : McSweeney 's Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 934781 - 63 - 0 . Eyerman , Ron ( 2015 ) . Is This America ? Katrina as Cultural Trauma . The Katrina Bookshelf . Austin : University of Texas Press . ISBN 9781477303689 . OCLC 900609113 . Harris , Paul ( 2008 ) . Diary From the Dome . New York : Vantage Press . ASIN B003M69KSC . Hartman , Chester ; Squires , Gregory D. , eds. ( 2006 ) . There Is No Such Thing as a Natural Disaster : Race , Class , and Hurricane Katrina . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 95487 - 7 . Saint - Saens , Alain ( 2010 ) . Ordeal at the Superdome . Escaping Katrina 's Wrath . New Orleans : University Press of the South . ISBN 978 - 1 - 889431 - 87 - 1 . Scott , Cathy ( 2008 ) . Pawprints of Katrina : Pets Saved and Lessons Learned . Hoboken : Howell Book House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 22851 - 7 . Spielman , David G. ( 2007 ) . Katrinaville Chronicles : Images and Observations from a New Orleans Photographer . Baton Rouge : LSU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 3252 - 4 . Taylor , William M. , ed. ( 2015 ) . The `` Katrina Effect '' : On the Nature of Catastrophe . London ; New York : Bloomsbury Academic . ISBN 9781472595164 . OCLC 893894307 . 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where does paris go at the beginning of act v scene 3			Romeo and Juliet	romeo and juliet	Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star - crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families . It was among Shakespeare 's most popular plays during his lifetime and along with Hamlet , is one of his most frequently performed plays . Today , the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers .	Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity . The plot is based on an Italian tale translated into verse as The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet by Arthur Brooke in 1562 and retold in prose in Palace of Pleasure by William Painter in 1567 . Shakespeare borrowed heavily from both but expanded the plot by developing a number of supporting characters , particularly Mercutio and Paris . Believed to have been written between 1591 and 1595 , the play was first published in a quarto version in 1597 . The text of the first quarto version was of poor quality , however , and later editions corrected the text to conform more closely with Shakespeare 's original . Shakespeare 's use of his poetic dramatic structure ( especially effects such as switching between comedy and tragedy to heighten tension , his expansion of minor characters , and his use of sub-plots to embellish the story ) has been praised as an early sign of his dramatic skill . The play ascribes different poetic forms to different characters , sometimes changing the form as the character develops . Romeo , for example , grows more adept at the sonnet over the course of the play . Romeo and Juliet has been adapted numerous times for stage , film , musical , and opera venues . During the English Restoration , it was revived and heavily revised by William Davenant . David Garrick 's 18th - century version also modified several scenes , removing material then considered indecent , and Georg Benda 's Romeo und Julie omitted much of the action and added a happy ending . Performances in the 19th century , including Charlotte Cushman 's , restored the original text and focused on greater realism . John Gielgud 's 1935 version kept very close to Shakespeare 's text and used Elizabethan costumes and staging to enhance the drama . In the 20th and into the 21st century , the play has been adapted in versions as diverse as George Cukor 's 1935 film Romeo and Juliet , Franco Zeffirelli 's 1968 version Romeo and Juliet , and Baz Luhrmann 's 1996 MTV - inspired Romeo + Juliet . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 2 Synopsis 3 Sources 3.1 Modern form 4 Date and text 5 Themes and motifs 5.1 Love 5.2 Fate and chance 5.3 Duality ( light and dark ) 5.4 Time 6 Criticism and interpretation 6.1 Critical history 6.2 Dramatic structure 6.3 Language 6.4 Psychoanalytic criticism 6.5 Feminist criticism 6.6 Queer theory 6.7 The balcony scene 7 Legacy 7.1 Shakespeare 's day 7.2 Restoration and 18th - century theatre 7.3 19th - century theatre 7.4 20th - century theatre 7.4. 1 Ballet 7.5 Music 7.6 Literature and art 7.7 Screen 7.8 Modern social media and virtual world productions 8 Scene by scene 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Secondary sources 11 External links Characters Main article : Characters in Romeo and Juliet Ruling house of Verona Prince Escalus is the ruling Prince of Verona . Count Paris is a kinsman of Escalus who wishes to marry Juliet . Mercutio is another kinsman of Escalus , a friend of Romeo . House of Capulet Capulet is the patriarch of the house of Capulet . Lady Capulet is the matriarch of the house of Capulet . Juliet is the 13 - year - old daughter of Capulet , the play 's female protagonist . Tybalt is a cousin of Juliet , the nephew of Lady Capulet . The Nurse is Juliet 's personal attendant and confidante . Rosaline is Lord Capulet 's niece , Romeo 's love in the beginning of the story . Peter , Sampson , and Gregory are servants of the Capulet household . House of Montague Montague is the patriarch of the house of Montague . Lady Montague is the matriarch of the house of Montague . Romeo is the son of Montague , the play 's male protagonist . Benvolio is Romeo 's cousin and best friend . Abram and Balthasar are servants of the Montague household . Others Friar Laurence is a Franciscan friar and Romeo 's confidant . Friar John is sent to deliver Friar Laurence 's letter to Romeo . An Apothecary who reluctantly sells Romeo poison . A Chorus reads a prologue to each of the first two acts . Synopsis L'ultimo bacio dato a Giulietta da Romeo by Francesco Hayez . Oil on canvas , 1823 . The play , set in Verona , Italy , begins with a street brawl between Montague and Capulet servants who , like their masters , are sworn enemies . Prince Escalus of Verona intervenes and declares that further breach of the peace will be punishable by death . Later , Count Paris talks to Capulet about marrying his daughter Juliet , but Capulet asks Paris to wait another two years and invites him to attend a planned Capulet ball . Lady Capulet and Juliet 's nurse try to persuade Juliet to accept Paris 's courtship . Meanwhile , Benvolio talks with his cousin Romeo , Montague 's son , about Romeo 's recent depression . Benvolio discovers that it stems from unrequited infatuation for a girl named Rosaline , one of Capulet 's nieces . Persuaded by Benvolio and Mercutio , Romeo attends the ball at the Capulet house in hopes of meeting Rosaline . However , Romeo instead meets and falls in love with Juliet . Juliet 's cousin , Tybalt , is enraged at Romeo for sneaking into the ball but is only stopped from killing Romeo by Juliet 's father , who does not wish to shed blood in his house . After the ball , in what is now called the `` balcony scene '' , Romeo sneaks into the Capulet orchard and overhears Juliet at her window vowing her love to him in spite of her family 's hatred of the Montagues . Romeo makes himself known to her and they agree to be married . With the help of Friar Laurence , who hopes to reconcile the two families through their children 's union , they are secretly married the next day . Tybalt , meanwhile , still incensed that Romeo had sneaked into the Capulet ball , challenges him to a duel . Romeo , now considering Tybalt his kinsman , refuses to fight . Mercutio is offended by Tybalt 's insolence , as well as Romeo 's `` vile submission '' , and accepts the duel on Romeo 's behalf . Mercutio is fatally wounded when Romeo attempts to break up the fight . Grief - stricken and wracked with guilt , Romeo confronts and slays Tybalt . Montague argues that Romeo has justly executed Tybalt for the murder of Mercutio . The Prince , now having lost a kinsman in the warring families ' feud , exiles Romeo from Verona , under penalty of death if he ever returns . Romeo secretly spends the night in Juliet 's chamber , where they consummate their marriage . Capulet , misinterpreting Juliet 's grief , agrees to marry her to Count Paris and threatens to disown her when she refuses to become Paris 's `` joyful bride '' . When she then pleads for the marriage to be delayed , her mother rejects her . Juliet visits Friar Laurence for help , and he offers her a potion that will put her into a deathlike coma for `` two and forty hours '' . The Friar promises to send a messenger to inform Romeo of the plan so that he can rejoin her when she awakens . On the night before the wedding , she takes the drug and , when discovered apparently dead , she is laid in the family crypt . The messenger , however , does not reach Romeo and , instead , Romeo learns of Juliet 's apparent death from his servant , Balthasar . Heartbroken , Romeo buys poison from an apothecary and goes to the Capulet crypt . He encounters Paris who has come to mourn Juliet privately . Believing Romeo to be a vandal , Paris confronts him and , in the ensuing battle , Romeo kills Paris . Still believing Juliet to be dead , he drinks the poison . Juliet then awakens and , finding Romeo dead , stabs herself with his dagger . The feuding families and the Prince meet at the tomb to find all three dead . Friar Laurence recounts the story of the two `` star - cross 'd lovers '' . The families are reconciled by their children 's deaths and agree to end their violent feud . The play ends with the Prince 's elegy for the lovers : `` For never was a story of more woe / Than this of Juliet and her Romeo . '' Sources Title page of Arthur Brooke 's poem , Romeus and Juliet . Romeo and Juliet borrows from a tradition of tragic love stories dating back to antiquity . One of these is Pyramus and Thisbe , from Ovid 's Metamorphoses , which contains parallels to Shakespeare 's story : the lovers ' parents despise each other , and Pyramus falsely believes his lover Thisbe is dead . The Ephesiaca of Xenophon of Ephesus , written in the 3rd century , also contains several similarities to the play , including the separation of the lovers , and a potion that induces a deathlike sleep . One of the earliest references to the names Montague and Capulet is from Dante 's Divine Comedy , who mentions the Montecchi ( Montagues ) and the Cappelletti ( Capulets ) in canto six of Purgatorio : Come and see , you who are negligent , Montagues and Capulets , Monaldi and Filippeschi One lot already grieving , the other in fear . However , the reference is part of a polemic against the moral decay of Florence , Lombardy , and the Italian Peninsula as a whole ; Dante , through his characters , chastises German King Albert I for neglecting his responsibilities towards Italy ( `` you who are negligent '' ) , and successive popes for their encroachment from purely spiritual affairs , thus leading to a climate of incessant bickering and warfare between rival political parties in Lombardy . History records the name of the family Montague as being lent to such a political party in Verona , but that of the Capulets as from a Cremonese family , both of whom play out their conflict in Lombardy as a whole rather than within the confines of Verona . Allied to rival political factions , the parties are grieving ( `` One lot already grieving '' ) because their endless warfare has led to the destruction of both parties , rather than a grief from the loss of their ill - fated offspring as the play sets forth , which appears to be a solely poetic creation within this context . The earliest known version of the Romeo and Juliet tale akin to Shakespeare 's play is the story of Mariotto and Gianozza by Masuccio Salernitano , in the 33rd novel of his Il Novellino published in 1476 . Salernitano sets the story in Siena and insists its events took place in his own lifetime . His version of the story includes the secret marriage , the colluding friar , the fray where a prominent citizen is killed , Mariotto 's exile , Gianozza 's forced marriage , the potion plot , and the crucial message that goes astray . In this version , Mariotto is caught and beheaded and Gianozza dies of grief . Modern form Luigi da Porto ( 1485 -- 1529 ) adapted the story as Giulietta e Romeo and included it in his Historia novellamente ritrovata di due Nobili Amanti , written in 1524 and published posthumously in 1531 in Venice . Da Porto drew on Pyramus and Thisbe , Boccacio 's Decameron , and Salernitano 's Mariotto e Ganozza , but it is likely that his story is also autobiographical : present as a soldier at a ball on 26 February 1511 , at a residence of the Savorgnan clan in Udine , following a peace ceremony with the opposite Strumieri , Da Porta fell in love with Lucina , the daughter of the house , but relationships of their mentors prevented advances . The next morning , the Savorgnans led an attack on the city , and many members of the Strumieri were murdered . When years later , half - paralyzed from a battle - wound , he wrote Giulietta e Romeo in Montorso Vicentino ( from where he could see the `` castles '' of Verona ) , he dedicated the novella to bellisima e leggiadra madonna Lucina Savorgnan . Da Porto presented his tale as historically true and claimed it took place a century earlier than Salernitano had it , in the days Verona was ruled by Bartolomeo II della Scala ( anglicized as Prince Escalus ) . Da Porto gave Romeo and Juliet most of its modern form , including the names of the lovers , the rival families of Montecchi and Capuleti , and the location in Verona . He named the friar Laurence ( frate Lorenzo ) and introduced the characters Mercutio ( Marcuccio Guertio ) , Tybalt ( Tebaldo Cappelleti ) , Count Paris ( conti ( Paride ) di Lodrone ) , the faithful servant , and Giulietta 's nurse . Da Porto originated the remaining basic elements of the story : the feuding families , Romeo - left by his mistress - meeting Giulietta at a dance at her house , the love scenes ( including the balcony scene ) , the periods of despair , Romeo killing Giulietta 's cousin ( Tebaldo ) , and the families ' reconciliation after the lovers ' suicides . In da Porto 's version , Romeo takes poison and Giulietta stabs herself with his dagger . In 1554 , Matteo Bandello published the second volume of his Novelle , which included his version of Giuletta e Romeo , probably written between 1531 and 1545 . Bandello lengthened and weighed down the plot while leaving the storyline basically unchanged ( though he did introduce Benvolio ) . Bandello 's story was translated into French by Pierre Boaistuau in 1559 in the first volume of his Histories Tragiques . Boaistuau adds much moralising and sentiment , and the characters indulge in rhetorical outbursts . In his 1562 narrative poem The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet , Arthur Brooke translated Boaistuau faithfully but adjusted it to reflect parts of Chaucer 's Troilus and Criseyde . There was a trend among writers and playwrights to publish works based on Italian novelles -- Italian tales were very popular among theatre - goers -- and Shakespeare may well have been familiar with William Painter 's 1567 collection of Italian tales titled Palace of Pleasure . This collection included a version in prose of the Romeo and Juliet story named `` The goodly History of the true and constant love of Romeo and Juliett '' . Shakespeare took advantage of this popularity : The Merchant of Venice , Much Ado About Nothing , All 's Well That Ends Well , Measure for Measure , and Romeo and Juliet are all from Italian novelle . Romeo and Juliet is a dramatisation of Brooke 's translation , and Shakespeare follows the poem closely but adds extra detail to both major and minor characters ( in particular the Nurse and Mercutio ) . Christopher Marlowe 's Hero and Leander and Dido , Queen of Carthage , both similar stories written in Shakespeare 's day , are thought to be less of a direct influence , although they may have helped create an atmosphere in which tragic love stories could thrive . Date and text Title page of the first edition It is unknown when exactly Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet . Juliet 's nurse refers to an earthquake she says occurred 11 years ago . This may refer to the Dover Straits earthquake of 1580 , which would date that particular line to 1591 . Other earthquakes -- both in England and in Verona -- have been proposed in support of the different dates . But the play 's stylistic similarities with A Midsummer Night 's Dream and other plays conventionally dated around 1594 -- 95 , place its composition sometime between 1591 and 1595 . One conjecture is that Shakespeare may have begun a draft in 1591 , which he completed in 1595 . Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet was published in two quarto editions prior to the publication of the First Folio of 1623 . These are referred to as Q1 and Q2 . The first printed edition , Q1 , appeared in early 1597 , printed by John Danter . Because its text contains numerous differences from the later editions , it is labelled a so - called ' bad quarto ' ; the 20th - century editor T.J.B. Spencer described it as `` a detestable text , probably a reconstruction of the play from the imperfect memories of one or two of the actors '' , suggesting that it had been pirated for publication . An alternative explanation for Q1 's shortcomings is that the play ( like many others of the time ) may have been heavily edited before performance by the playing company . However , ' the theory , formulated by ( Alfred ) Pollard , '' that the ' bad quarto ' was `` reconstructed from memory by some of the actors is now under attack . Alternative theories are that some or all of ' the bad quartos ' are early versions by Shakespeare or abbreviations made either for Shakespeare 's company or for other companies . '' In any event , its appearance in early 1597 makes 1596 the latest possible date for the play 's composition . The superior Q2 called the play The Most Excellent and Lamentable Tragedie of Romeo and Juliet . It was printed in 1599 by Thomas Creede and published by Cuthbert Burby . Q2 is about 800 lines longer than Q1 . Its title page describes it as `` Newly corrected , augmented and amended '' . Scholars believe that Q2 was based on Shakespeare 's pre-performance draft ( called his foul papers ) since there are textual oddities such as variable tags for characters and `` false starts '' for speeches that were presumably struck through by the author but erroneously preserved by the typesetter . It is a much more complete and reliable text and was reprinted in 1609 ( Q3 ) , 1622 ( Q4 ) and 1637 ( Q5 ) . In effect , all later Quartos and Folios of Romeo and Juliet are based on Q2 , as are all modern editions since editors believe that any deviations from Q2 in the later editions ( whether good or bad ) are likely to arise from editors or compositors , not from Shakespeare . The title page from the First Folio , printed in 1623 . The First Folio text of 1623 was based primarily on Q3 , with clarifications and corrections possibly coming from a theatrical prompt book or Q1 . Other Folio editions of the play were printed in 1632 ( F2 ) , 1664 ( F3 ) , and 1685 ( F4 ) . Modern versions -- that take into account several of the Folios and Quartos -- first appeared with Nicholas Rowe 's 1709 edition , followed by Alexander Pope 's 1723 version . Pope began a tradition of editing the play to add information such as stage directions missing in Q2 by locating them in Q1 . This tradition continued late into the Romantic period . Fully annotated editions first appeared in the Victorian period and continue to be produced today , printing the text of the play with footnotes describing the sources and culture behind the play . Themes and motifs Scholars have found it extremely difficult to assign one specific , overarching theme to the play . Proposals for a main theme include a discovery by the characters that human beings are neither wholly good nor wholly evil , but instead are more or less alike , awaking out of a dream and into reality , the danger of hasty action , or the power of tragic fate . None of these have widespread support . However , even if an overall theme can not be found it is clear that the play is full of several small , thematic elements that intertwine in complex ways . Several of those most often debated by scholars are discussed below . Love `` Romeo If I profane with my unworthiest hand This holy shrine , the gentle sin is this : My lips , two blushing pilgrims , ready stand To smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss . Juliet Good pilgrim , you do wrong your hand too much , Which mannerly devotion shows in this ; For saints have hands that pilgrims ' hands do touch , And palm to palm is holy palmers ' kiss . '' -- Romeo and Juliet , Act I , Scene V Romeo and Juliet is sometimes considered to have no unifying theme , save that of young love . Romeo and Juliet have become emblematic of young lovers and doomed love . Since it is such an obvious subject of the play , several scholars have explored the language and historical context behind the romance of the play . On their first meeting , Romeo and Juliet use a form of communication recommended by many etiquette authors in Shakespeare 's day : metaphor . By using metaphors of saints and sins , Romeo was able to test Juliet 's feelings for him in a non-threatening way . This method was recommended by Baldassare Castiglione ( whose works had been translated into English by this time ) . He pointed out that if a man used a metaphor as an invitation , the woman could pretend she did not understand him , and he could retreat without losing honour . Juliet , however , participates in the metaphor and expands on it . The religious metaphors of `` shrine '' , `` pilgrim '' , and `` saint '' were fashionable in the poetry of the time and more likely to be understood as romantic rather than blasphemous , as the concept of sainthood was associated with the Catholicism of an earlier age . Later in the play , Shakespeare removes the more daring allusions to Christ 's resurrection in the tomb he found in his source work : Brooke 's Romeus and Juliet . Watercolor by John Massey Wright of Act II , Scene ii ( the balcony scene ) . In the later balcony scene , Shakespeare has Romeo overhear Juliet 's soliloquy , but in Brooke 's version of the story , her declaration is done alone . By bringing Romeo into the scene to eavesdrop , Shakespeare breaks from the normal sequence of courtship . Usually , a woman was required to be modest and shy to make sure that her suitor was sincere , but breaking this rule serves to speed along the plot . The lovers are able to skip courting and move on to plain talk about their relationship -- agreeing to be married after knowing each other for only one night . In the final suicide scene , there is a contradiction in the message -- in the Catholic religion , suicides were often thought to be condemned to hell , whereas people who die to be with their loves under the `` Religion of Love '' are joined with their loves in paradise . Romeo and Juliet 's love seems to be expressing the `` Religion of Love '' view rather than the Catholic view . Another point is that although their love is passionate , it is only consummated in marriage , which keeps them from losing the audience 's sympathy . The play arguably equates love and sex with death . Throughout the story , both Romeo and Juliet , along with the other characters , fantasise about it as a dark being , often equating it with a lover . Capulet , for example , when he first discovers Juliet 's ( faked ) death , describes it as having deflowered his daughter . Juliet later erotically compares Romeo and death . Right before her suicide , she grabs Romeo 's dagger , saying `` O happy dagger ! This is thy sheath . There rust , and let me die . '' Fate and chance `` O , I am fortune 's fool ! '' -- Romeo , Act III Scene I Scholars are divided on the role of fate in the play . No consensus exists on whether the characters are truly fated to die together or whether the events take place by a series of unlucky chances . Arguments in favour of fate often refer to the description of the lovers as `` star - cross 'd '' . This phrase seems to hint that the stars have predetermined the lovers ' future . John W. Draper points out the parallels between the Elizabethan belief in the four humours and the main characters of the play ( for example , Tybalt as a choleric ) . Interpreting the text in the light of humours reduces the amount of plot attributed to chance by modern audiences . Still , other scholars see the play as a series of unlucky chances -- many to such a degree that they do not see it as a tragedy at all , but an emotional melodrama . Ruth Nevo believes the high degree to which chance is stressed in the narrative makes Romeo and Juliet a `` lesser tragedy '' of happenstance , not of character . For example , Romeo 's challenging Tybalt is not impulsive ; it is , after Mercutio 's death , the expected action to take . In this scene , Nevo reads Romeo as being aware of the dangers of flouting social norms , identity , and commitments . He makes the choice to kill , not because of a tragic flaw , but because of circumstance . Duality ( light and dark ) `` O brawling love , O loving hate , O any thing of nothing first create ! O heavy lightness , serious vanity , Misshapen chaos of well - seeming forms , Feather of lead , bright smoke , cold fire , sick health , Still - waking sleep , that is not what it is ! '' -- Romeo , Act I Scene I Scholars have long noted Shakespeare 's widespread use of light and dark imagery throughout the play . Caroline Spurgeon considers the theme of light as `` symbolic of the natural beauty of young love '' and later critics have expanded on this interpretation . For example , both Romeo and Juliet see the other as light in a surrounding darkness . Romeo describes Juliet as being like the sun , brighter than a torch , a jewel sparkling in the night , and a bright angel among dark clouds . Even when she lies apparently dead in the tomb , he says her `` beauty makes This vault a feasting presence full of light . '' Juliet describes Romeo as `` day in night '' and `` Whiter than snow upon a raven 's back . '' This contrast of light and dark can be expanded as symbols -- contrasting love and hate , youth and age in a metaphoric way . Sometimes these intertwining metaphors create dramatic irony . For example , Romeo and Juliet 's love is a light in the midst of the darkness of the hate around them , but all of their activity together is done in night and darkness while all of the feuding is done in broad daylight . This paradox of imagery adds atmosphere to the moral dilemma facing the two lovers : loyalty to family or loyalty to love . At the end of the story , when the morning is gloomy and the sun hiding its face for sorrow , light and dark have returned to their proper places , the outward darkness reflecting the true , inner darkness of the family feud out of sorrow for the lovers . All characters now recognise their folly in light of recent events , and things return to the natural order , thanks to the love and death of Romeo and Juliet . The `` light '' theme in the play is also heavily connected to the theme of time since light was a convenient way for Shakespeare to express the passage of time through descriptions of the sun , moon , and stars . Time `` These times of woe afford no time to woo . '' -- Paris , Act III Scene IV Time plays an important role in the language and plot of the play . Both Romeo and Juliet struggle to maintain an imaginary world void of time in the face of the harsh realities that surround them . For instance , when Romeo swears his love to Juliet by the moon , she protests `` O swear not by the moon , th'inconstant moon , / That monthly changes in her circled orb , / Lest that thy love prove likewise variable . '' From the very beginning , the lovers are designated as `` star - cross 'd '' referring to an astrologic belief associated with time . Stars were thought to control the fates of humanity , and as time passed , stars would move along their course in the sky , also charting the course of human lives below . Romeo speaks of a foreboding he feels in the stars ' movements early in the play , and when he learns of Juliet 's death , he defies the stars ' course for him . Another central theme is haste : Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet spans a period of four to six days , in contrast to Brooke 's poem 's spanning nine months . Scholars such as G. Thomas Tanselle believe that time was `` especially important to Shakespeare '' in this play , as he used references to `` short - time '' for the young lovers as opposed to references to `` long - time '' for the `` older generation '' to highlight `` a headlong rush towards doom '' . Romeo and Juliet fight time to make their love last forever . In the end , the only way they seem to defeat time is through a death that makes them immortal through art . Time is also connected to the theme of light and dark . In Shakespeare 's day , plays were most often performed at noon or in the afternoon in broad daylight . This forced the playwright to use words to create the illusion of day and night in his plays . Shakespeare uses references to the night and day , the stars , the moon , and the sun to create this illusion . He also has characters frequently refer to days of the week and specific hours to help the audience understand that time has passed in the story . All in all , no fewer than 103 references to time are found in the play , adding to the illusion of its passage . Criticism and interpretation Critical History Portrait of the earliest recorded critic of the play , Samuel Pepys , by John Hayls . Oil on canvas , 1666 . The earliest known critic of the play was diarist Samuel Pepys , who wrote in 1662 : `` it is a play of itself the worst that I ever heard in my life . '' Poet John Dryden wrote 10 years later in praise of the play and its comic character Mercutio : `` Shakespear show 'd the best of his skill in his Mercutio , and he said himself , that he was forc 'd to kill him in the third Act , to prevent being killed by him . '' Criticism of the play in the 18th century was less sparse , but no less divided . Publisher Nicholas Rowe was the first critic to ponder the theme of the play , which he saw as the just punishment of the two feuding families . In mid-century , writer Charles Gildon and philosopher Lord Kames argued that the play was a failure in that it did not follow the classical rules of drama : the tragedy must occur because of some character flaw , not an accident of fate . Writer and critic Samuel Johnson , however , considered it one of Shakespeare 's `` most pleasing '' plays . In the later part of the 18th and through the 19th century , criticism centred on debates over the moral message of the play . Actor and playwright David Garrick 's 1748 adaptation excluded Rosaline : Romeo abandoning her for Juliet was seen as fickle and reckless . Critics such as Charles Dibdin argued that Rosaline had been purposely included in the play to show how reckless the hero was and that this was the reason for his tragic end . Others argued that Friar Laurence might be Shakespeare 's spokesman in his warnings against undue haste . With the advent of the 20th century , these moral arguments were disputed by critics such as Richard Green Moulton : he argued that accident , and not some character flaw , led to the lovers ' deaths . Dramatic structure In Romeo and Juliet , Shakespeare employs several dramatic techniques that have garnered praise from critics ; most notably the abrupt shifts from comedy to tragedy ( an example is the punning exchange between Benvolio and Mercutio just before Tybalt arrives ) . Before Mercutio 's death in Act three , the play is largely a comedy . After his accidental demise , the play suddenly becomes serious and takes on a tragic tone . When Romeo is banished , rather than executed , and Friar Laurence offers Juliet a plan to reunite her with Romeo , the audience can still hope that all will end well . They are in a `` breathless state of suspense '' by the opening of the last scene in the tomb : If Romeo is delayed long enough for the Friar to arrive , he and Juliet may yet be saved . These shifts from hope to despair , reprieve , and new hope , serve to emphasise the tragedy when the final hope fails and both the lovers die at the end . Shakespeare also uses sub-plots to offer a clearer view of the actions of the main characters . For example , when the play begins , Romeo is in love with Rosaline , who has refused all of his advances . Romeo 's infatuation with her stands in obvious contrast to his later love for Juliet . This provides a comparison through which the audience can see the seriousness of Romeo and Juliet 's love and marriage . Paris ' love for Juliet also sets up a contrast between Juliet 's feelings for him and her feelings for Romeo . The formal language she uses around Paris , as well as the way she talks about him to her Nurse , show that her feelings clearly lie with Romeo . Beyond this , the sub-plot of the Montague -- Capulet feud overarches the whole play , providing an atmosphere of hate that is the main contributor to the play 's tragic end . Language Shakespeare uses a variety of poetic forms throughout the play . He begins with a 14 - line prologue in the form of a Shakespearean sonnet , spoken by a Chorus . Most of Romeo and Juliet is , however , written in blank verse , and much of it in strict iambic pentameter , with less rhythmic variation than in most of Shakespeare 's later plays . In choosing forms , Shakespeare matches the poetry to the character who uses it . Friar Laurence , for example , uses sermon and sententiae forms , and the Nurse uses a unique blank verse form that closely matches colloquial speech . Each of these forms is also moulded and matched to the emotion of the scene the character occupies . For example , when Romeo talks about Rosaline earlier in the play , he attempts to use the Petrarchan sonnet form . Petrarchan sonnets were often used by men to exaggerate the beauty of women who were impossible for them to attain , as in Romeo 's situation with Rosaline . This sonnet form is used by Lady Capulet to describe Count Paris to Juliet as a handsome man . When Romeo and Juliet meet , the poetic form changes from the Petrarchan ( which was becoming archaic in Shakespeare 's day ) to a then more contemporary sonnet form , using `` pilgrims '' and `` saints '' as metaphors . Finally , when the two meet on the balcony , Romeo attempts to use the sonnet form to pledge his love , but Juliet breaks it by saying `` Dost thou love me ? '' By doing this , she searches for true expression , rather than a poetic exaggeration of their love . Juliet uses monosyllabic words with Romeo but uses formal language with Paris . Other forms in the play include an epithalamium by Juliet , a rhapsody in Mercutio 's Queen Mab speech , and an elegy by Paris . Shakespeare saves his prose style most often for the common people in the play , though at times he uses it for other characters , such as Mercutio . Humour , also , is important : scholar Molly Mahood identifies at least 175 puns and wordplays in the text . Many of these jokes are sexual in nature , especially those involving Mercutio and the Nurse . Psychoanalytic criticism Early psychoanalytic critics saw the problem of Romeo and Juliet in terms of Romeo 's impulsiveness , deriving from `` ill - controlled , partially disguised aggression '' , which leads both to Mercutio 's death and to the double suicide . Romeo and Juliet is not considered to be exceedingly psychologically complex , and sympathetic psychoanalytic readings of the play make the tragic male experience equivalent with sicknesses . Norman Holland , writing in 1966 , considers Romeo 's dream as a realistic `` wish fulfilling fantasy both in terms of Romeo 's adult world and his hypothetical childhood at stages oral , phallic and oedipal '' -- while acknowledging that a dramatic character is not a human being with mental processes separate from those of the author . Critics such as Julia Kristeva focus on the hatred between the families , arguing that this hatred is the cause of Romeo and Juliet 's passion for each other . That hatred manifests itself directly in the lovers ' language : Juliet , for example , speaks of `` my only love sprung from my only hate '' and often expresses her passion through an anticipation of Romeo 's death . This leads on to speculation as to the playwright 's psychology , in particular to a consideration of Shakespeare 's grief for the death of his son , Hamnet . Feminist criticism Feminist literary critics argue that the blame for the family feud lies in Verona 's patriarchal society . For Coppélia Kahn , for example , the strict , masculine code of violence imposed on Romeo is the main force driving the tragedy to its end . When Tybalt kills Mercutio , Romeo shifts into this violent mode , regretting that Juliet has made him so `` effeminate '' . In this view , the younger males `` become men '' by engaging in violence on behalf of their fathers , or in the case of the servants , their masters . The feud is also linked to male virility , as the numerous jokes about maidenheads aptly demonstrate . Juliet also submits to a female code of docility by allowing others , such as the Friar , to solve her problems for her . Other critics , such as Dympna Callaghan , look at the play 's feminism from a historicist angle , stressing that when the play was written the feudal order was being challenged by increasingly centralised government and the advent of capitalism . At the same time , emerging Puritan ideas about marriage were less concerned with the `` evils of female sexuality '' than those of earlier eras and more sympathetic towards love - matches : when Juliet dodges her father 's attempt to force her to marry a man she has no feeling for , she is challenging the patriarchal order in a way that would not have been possible at an earlier time . Queer theory The playbill from a 1753 production at the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane starring David Garrick A number of critics have found the character of Mercutio to have unacknowledged homoerotic desire for Romeo . Jonathan Goldberg examined the sexuality of Mercutio and Romeo utilising `` queer theory '' in Queering the Renaissance , comparing their friendship with sexual love . Mercutio , in friendly conversation , mentions Romeo 's phallus , suggesting traces of homoeroticism . An example is his joking wish `` To raise a spirit in his mistress ' circle ... letting it there stand / Till she had laid it and conjured it down . '' Romeo 's homoeroticism can also be found in his attitude to Rosaline , a woman who is distant and unavailable and brings no hope of offspring . As Benvolio argues , she is best replaced by someone who will reciprocate . Shakespeare 's procreation sonnets describe another young man who , like Romeo , is having trouble creating offspring and who may be seen as being a homosexual . Goldberg believes that Shakespeare may have used Rosaline as a way to express homosexual problems of procreation in an acceptable way . In this view , when Juliet says `` ... that which we call a rose , by any other name would smell as sweet '' , she may be raising the question of whether there is any difference between the beauty of a man and the beauty of a woman . The balcony scene The balcony scene was introduced by Da Porto in 1524 . He had Romeo walk frequently by her house , `` sometimes climbing to her chamber window '' and wrote , `` It happened one night , as love ordained , when the moon shone unusually bright , that whilst Romeo was climbing the balcony , the young lady ... opened the window , and looking out saw him '' . After this they have a conversation in which they declare eternal love to each other . A few decades later , Bandello greatly expanded this scene , diverging from the familiar one : Julia has her nurse deliver a letter asking Romeo to come to her window with a rope ladder , and he climbs the balcony with the help of his servant , Julia and the nurse ( the servants discreetly withdraw after this ) . Nevertheless , in October 2014 , Lois Leveen speculated in The Atlantic that the original Shakespeare play did not contain a balcony . The word , balcone , did not exist in the English language until two years after Shakespeare 's death . The balcony was certainly used in Thomas Otway 's 1679 play , The History and Fall of Caius Marius , which had borrowed much of its story from Romeo and Juliet and placed the two lovers in a balcony reciting a speech similar to that between Romeo and Juliet . Leveen suggested that during the 18th century , David Garrick chose to use a balcony in his adaptation and revival of Romeo and Juliet and modern adaptations have continued this tradition . Legacy Shakespeare 's day Richard Burbage , probably the first actor to portray Romeo Romeo and Juliet ranks with Hamlet as one of Shakespeare 's most performed plays . Its many adaptations have made it one of his most enduring and famous stories . Even in Shakespeare 's lifetime , it was extremely popular . Scholar Gary Taylor measures it as the sixth most popular of Shakespeare 's plays , in the period after the death of Christopher Marlowe and Thomas Kyd but before the ascendancy of Ben Jonson during which Shakespeare was London 's dominant playwright . The date of the first performance is unknown . The First Quarto , printed in 1597 , says that `` it hath been often ( and with great applause ) plaid publiquely '' , setting the first performance before that date . The Lord Chamberlain 's Men were certainly the first to perform it . Besides their strong connections with Shakespeare , the Second Quarto actually names one of its actors , Will Kemp , instead of Peter , in a line in Act Five . Richard Burbage was probably the first Romeo , being the company 's actor , and Master Robert Goffe ( a boy ) the first Juliet . The premiere is likely to have been at `` The Theatre '' , with other early productions at `` The Curtain '' . Romeo and Juliet is one of the first Shakespearean plays to have been performed outside England : a shortened and simplified version was performed in Nördlingen in 1604 . Restoration and 18th - century Theatre All theatres were closed down by the puritan government on 6 September 1642 . Upon the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 , two patent companies ( the King 's Company and the Duke 's Company ) were established , and the existing theatrical repertoire divided between them . Mary Saunderson , probably the first woman to play Juliet professionally Sir William Davenant of the Duke 's Company staged a 1662 adaptation in which Henry Harris played Romeo , Thomas Betterton Mercutio , and Betterton 's wife Mary Saunderson Juliet : she was probably the first woman to play the role professionally . Another version closely followed Davenant 's adaptation and was also regularly performed by the Duke 's Company . This was a tragicomedy by James Howard , in which the two lovers survive . Thomas Otway 's The History and Fall of Caius Marius , one of the more extreme of the Restoration adaptations of Shakespeare , debuted in 1680 . The scene is shifted from Renaissance Verona to ancient Rome ; Romeo is Marius , Juliet is Lavinia , the feud is between patricians and plebeians ; Juliet / Lavinia wakes from her potion before Romeo / Marius dies . Otway 's version was a hit , and was acted for the next seventy years . His innovation in the closing scene was even more enduring , and was used in adaptations throughout the next 200 years : Theophilus Cibber 's adaptation of 1744 , and David Garrick 's of 1748 both used variations on it . These versions also eliminated elements deemed inappropriate at the time . For example , Garrick 's version transferred all language describing Rosaline to Juliet , to heighten the idea of faithfulness and downplay the love - at - first - sight theme . In 1750 , a `` Battle of the Romeos '' began , with Spranger Barry and Susannah Maria Arne ( Mrs. Theophilus Cibber ) at Covent Garden versus David Garrick and George Anne Bellamy at Drury Lane . The earliest known production in North America was an amateur one : on 23 March 1730 , a physician named Joachimus Bertrand placed an advertisement in the Gazette newspaper in New York , promoting a production in which he would play the apothecary . The first professional performances of the play in North America were those of the Hallam Company . 19th - century Theatre The American Cushman sisters , Charlotte and Susan , as Romeo and Juliet in 1846 Garrick 's altered version of the play was very popular , and ran for nearly a century . Not until 1845 did Shakespeare 's original return to the stage in the United States with the sisters Susan and Charlotte Cushman as Juliet and Romeo , respectively , and then in 1847 in Britain with Samuel Phelps at Sadler 's Wells Theatre . Cushman adhered to Shakespeare 's version , beginning a string of eighty - four performances . Her portrayal of Romeo was considered genius by many . The Times wrote : `` For a long time Romeo has been a convention . Miss Cushman 's Romeo is a creative , a living , breathing , animated , ardent human being . '' Queen Victoria wrote in her journal that `` no - one would ever have imagined she was a woman '' . Cushman 's success broke the Garrick tradition and paved the way for later performances to return to the original storyline . Professional performances of Shakespeare in the mid-19th century had two particular features : firstly , they were generally star vehicles , with supporting roles cut or marginalised to give greater prominence to the central characters . Secondly , they were `` pictorial '' , placing the action on spectacular and elaborate sets ( requiring lengthy pauses for scene changes ) and with the frequent use of tableaux . Henry Irving 's 1882 production at the Lyceum Theatre ( with himself as Romeo and Ellen Terry as Juliet ) is considered an archetype of the pictorial style . In 1895 , Sir Johnston Forbes - Robertson took over from Irving and laid the groundwork for a more natural portrayal of Shakespeare that remains popular today . Forbes - Robertson avoided the showiness of Irving and instead portrayed a down - to - earth Romeo , expressing the poetic dialogue as realistic prose and avoiding melodramatic flourish . American actors began to rival their British counterparts . Edwin Booth ( brother to John Wilkes Booth ) and Mary McVicker ( soon to be Edwin 's wife ) opened as Romeo and Juliet at the sumptuous Booth 's Theatre ( with its European - style stage machinery , and an air conditioning system unique in New York ) on 3 February 1869 . Some reports said it was one of the most elaborate productions of Romeo and Juliet ever seen in America ; it was certainly the most popular , running for over six weeks and earning over $60,000 ( equal to about $1,080,000 today ) . The programme noted that : `` The tragedy will be produced in strict accordance with historical propriety , in every respect , following closely the text of Shakespeare . '' The first professional performance of the play in Japan may have been George Crichton Miln 's company 's production , which toured to Yokohama in 1890 . Throughout the 19th century , Romeo and Juliet had been Shakespeare 's most popular play , measured by the number of professional performances . In the 20th century it would become the second most popular , behind Hamlet . 20th - century Theatre In 1933 , the play was revived by actress Katharine Cornell and her director husband Guthrie McClintic and was taken on a seven - month nationwide tour throughout the United States . It starred Orson Welles , Brian Aherne and Basil Rathbone . The production was a modest success , and so upon the return to New York , Cornell and McClintic revised it and for the first time , the play was presented with almost all the scenes intact , including the Prologue . The new production opened on Broadway in December 1934 . Critics wrote that Cornell was `` the finest Juliet of her time '' , `` endlessly haunting '' , and `` the most lovely and enchanting Juliet our present - day theatre has seen '' . John Gielgud , who was among the more famous 20th - century actors to play Romeo , Friar Laurence and Mercutio on stage John Gielgud 's New Theatre production in 1935 featured Gielgud and Laurence Olivier as Romeo and Mercutio , exchanging roles six weeks into the run , with Peggy Ashcroft as Juliet . Gielgud used a scholarly combination of Q1 and Q2 texts and organised the set and costumes to match as closely as possible to the Elizabethan period . His efforts were a huge success at the box office , and set the stage for increased historical realism in later productions . Olivier later compared his performance and Gielgud 's : `` John , all spiritual , all spirituality , all beauty , all abstract things ; and myself as all earth , blood , humanity ... I 've always felt that John missed the lower half and that made me go for the other ... But whatever it was , when I was playing Romeo I was carrying a torch , I was trying to sell realism in Shakespeare . '' Peter Brook 's 1947 version was the beginning of a different style of Romeo and Juliet performances . Brook was less concerned with realism , and more concerned with translating the play into a form that could communicate with the modern world . He argued , `` A production is only correct at the moment of its correctness , and only good at the moment of its success . '' Brook excluded the final reconciliation of the families from his performance text . Throughout the century , audiences , influenced by the cinema , became less willing to accept actors distinctly older than the teenage characters they were playing . A significant example of more youthful casting was in Franco Zeffirelli 's Old Vic production in 1960 , with John Stride and Judi Dench , which would serve as the basis for his 1968 film . Zeffirelli borrowed from Brook 's ideas , altogether removing around a third of the play 's text to make it more accessible . In an interview with The Times , he stated that the play 's `` twin themes of love and the total breakdown of understanding between two generations '' had contemporary relevance . Recent performances often set the play in the contemporary world . For example , in 1986 , the Royal Shakespeare Company set the play in modern Verona . Switchblades replaced swords , feasts and balls became drug - laden rock parties , and Romeo committed suicide by hypodermic needle . In 1997 , the Folger Shakespeare Theatre produced a version set in a typical suburban world . Romeo sneaks into the Capulet barbecue to meet Juliet , and Juliet discovers Tybalt 's death while in class at school . The play is sometimes given a historical setting , enabling audiences to reflect on the underlying conflicts . For example , adaptations have been set in the midst of the Israeli -- Palestinian conflict , in the apartheid era in South Africa , and in the aftermath of the Pueblo Revolt . Similarly , Peter Ustinov 's 1956 comic adaptation , Romanoff and Juliet , is set in a fictional mid-European country in the depths of the Cold War . A mock - Victorian revisionist version of Romeo and Juliet 's final scene ( with a happy ending , Romeo , Juliet , Mercutio , and Paris restored to life , and Benvolio revealing that he is Paris 's love , Benvolia , in disguise ) forms part of the 1980 stage - play The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby . Shakespeare 's R&J , by Joe Calarco , spins the classic in a modern tale of gay teenage awakening . A recent comedic musical adaptation was The Second City 's The Second City 's Romeo and Juliet Musical : The People vs. Friar Laurence , the Man Who Killed Romeo and Juliet , set in modern times . In the 19th and 20th century , Romeo and Juliet has often been the choice of Shakespeare plays to open a classical theatre company , beginning with Edwin Booth 's inaugural production of that play in his theatre in 1869 , the newly re-formed company of the Old Vic in 1929 with John Gielgud , Martita Hunt , and Margaret Webster , as well as the Riverside Shakespeare Company in its founding production in New York City in 1977 , which used the 1968 film of Franco Zeffirelli 's production as its inspiration . In 2013 , Romeo and Juliet ran on Broadway at Richard Rodgers Theatre from 19 September to 8 December for 93 regular performances after 27 previews starting on 24 August with Orlando Bloom and Condola Rashad in the starring roles . Ballet The best - known ballet version is Prokofiev 's Romeo and Juliet . Originally commissioned by the Kirov Ballet , it was rejected by them when Prokofiev attempted a happy ending and was rejected again for the experimental nature of its music . It has subsequently attained an `` immense '' reputation , and has been choreographed by John Cranko ( 1962 ) and Kenneth MacMillan ( 1965 ) among others . In 1977 , Michael Smuin 's production of one of the play 's most dramatic and impassioned dance interpretations was debuted in its entirety by San Francisco Ballet . This production was the first full - length ballet to be broadcast by the PBS series `` Great Performances : Dance in America '' ; it aired in 1978 . Dada Masilo , a South African dancer and choreographer , reinterpreted Romeo and Juliet in a new modern light . She introduced changes to the story notably that of presenting the two familes as multiracial . Music `` Romeo loved Juliet Juliet , she felt the same When he put his arms around her He said Julie , baby , you 're my flame Thou givest fever ... '' -- Peggy Lee 's rendition of `` Fever '' . At least 27 operas have been based on Romeo and Juliet . The earliest , Romeo und Julie in 1776 , a Singspiel by Georg Benda , omits much of the action of the play and most of its characters and has a happy ending . It is occasionally revived . The best - known is Gounod 's 1867 Roméo et Juliette ( libretto by Jules Barbier and Michel Carré ) , a critical triumph when first performed and frequently revived today . Bellini 's I Capuleti ei Montecchi is also revived from time to time , but has sometimes been judged unfavourably because of its perceived liberties with Shakespeare ; however , Bellini and his librettist , Felice Romani , worked from Italian sources -- principally Romani 's libretto for Giulietta e Romeo by Nicola Vaccai -- rather than directly adapting Shakespeare 's play . Among later operas , there is Heinrich Sutermeister 's 1940 work Romeo und Julia . Roméo et Juliette by Berlioz is a `` symphonie dramatique '' , a large - scale work in three parts for mixed voices , chorus , and orchestra , which premiered in 1839 . Tchaikovsky 's Romeo and Juliet Fantasy - Overture ( 1869 , revised 1870 and 1880 ) is a 15 - minute symphonic poem , containing the famous melody known as the `` love theme '' . Tchaikovsky 's device of repeating the same musical theme at the ball , in the balcony scene , in Juliet 's bedroom and in the tomb has been used by subsequent directors : for example , Nino Rota 's love theme is used in a similar way in the 1968 film of the play , as is Des'ree 's Kissing You in the 1996 film . Other classical composers influenced by the play include Henry Hugh Pearson ( Romeo and Juliet , overture for orchestra , Op. 86 ) , Svendsen ( Romeo og Julie , 1876 ) , Delius ( A Village Romeo and Juliet , 1899 -- 1901 ) , Stenhammar ( Romeo och Julia , 1922 ) , and Kabalevsky ( Incidental Music to Romeo and Juliet , Op. 56 , 1956 ) . The play influenced several jazz works , including Peggy Lee 's `` Fever '' . Duke Ellington 's Such Sweet Thunder contains a piece entitled `` The Star - Crossed Lovers '' in which the pair are represented by tenor and alto saxophones : critics noted that Juliet 's sax dominates the piece , rather than offering an image of equality . The play has frequently influenced popular music , including works by The Supremes , Bruce Springsteen , Tom Waits , Lou Reed , and Taylor Swift . The most famous such track is Dire Straits ' `` Romeo and Juliet '' . The most famous musical theatre adaptation is West Side Story with music by Leonard Bernstein and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim . It débuted on Broadway in 1957 and in the West End in 1958 and became a popular film in 1961 . This version updated the setting to mid-20th - century New York City and the warring families to ethnic gangs . Other musical adaptations include Terrence Mann 's 1999 rock musical William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet , co-written with Jerome Korman , Gérard Presgurvic 's 2001 Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour and Riccardo Cocciante 's 2007 Giulietta & Romeo . Literature and art Romeo at Juliet 's Deathbed , Henry Fuseli , 1809 Romeo and Juliet had a profound influence on subsequent literature . Before then , romance had not even been viewed as a worthy topic for tragedy . In Harold Bloom 's words , Shakespeare `` invented the formula that the sexual becomes the erotic when crossed by the shadow of death '' . Of Shakespeare 's works , Romeo and Juliet has generated the most -- and the most varied -- adaptations , including prose and verse narratives , drama , opera , orchestral and choral music , ballet , film , television , and painting . The word `` Romeo '' has even become synonymous with `` male lover '' in English . Romeo and Juliet was parodied in Shakespeare 's own lifetime : Henry Porter 's Two Angry Women of Abingdon ( 1598 ) and Thomas Dekker 's Blurt , Master Constable ( 1607 ) both contain balcony scenes in which a virginal heroine engages in bawdy wordplay . The play directly influenced later literary works . For example , the preparations for a performance form a major plot arc in Charles Dickens ' Nicholas Nickleby . Romeo and Juliet is one of Shakespeare 's most - illustrated works . The first known illustration was a woodcut of the tomb scene , thought to be by Elisha Kirkall , which appeared in Nicholas Rowe 's 1709 edition of Shakespeare 's plays . Five paintings of the play were commissioned for the Boydell Shakespeare Gallery in the late 18th century , one representing each of the five acts of the play . The 19th - century fashion for `` pictorial '' performances led to directors drawing on paintings for their inspiration , which , in turn , influenced painters to depict actors and scenes from the theatre . In the 20th century , the play 's most iconic visual images have derived from its popular film versions . In 2014 , Simon & Schuster published Juliet 's Nurse , a novel by historian and former college professor Lois M. Leveen imagining the fourteen years leading up to the events in the play from the point of view of the nurse . The nurse has the third largest number of lines in the original play ; only the eponymous characters have more lines . The play was the subject of a 2017 GCSE question by the Oxford , Cambridge and RSA Examinations board that was administered to c. 14000 students . The board attracted widespread media criticism and derision after the question appeared to confuse the Capulets and the Montagues . with Ofqual describing the error as unacceptable . Screen Main article : Romeo and Juliet on screen Romeo and Juliet may be the most - filmed play of all time . The most notable theatrical releases were George Cukor 's multi-Oscar - nominated 1936 production , Franco Zeffirelli 's 1968 version , and Baz Luhrmann 's 1996 MTV - inspired Romeo + Juliet . The latter two were both , in their time , the highest - grossing Shakespeare film ever . Romeo and Juliet was first filmed in the silent era , by Georges Méliès , although his film is now lost . The play was first heard on film in The Hollywood Revue of 1929 , in which John Gilbert recited the balcony scene opposite Norma Shearer . Leslie Howard as Romeo and Norma Shearer as Juliet , in the 1936 MGM film directed by George Cukor . Shearer and Leslie Howard , with a combined age over 75 , played the teenage lovers in George Cukor 's MGM 1936 film version . Neither critics nor the public responded enthusiastically . Cinemagoers considered the film too `` arty '' , staying away as they had from Warner 's A Midsummer Night Dream a year before : leading to Hollywood abandoning the Bard for over a decade . Renato Castellani won the Grand Prix at the Venice Film Festival for his 1954 film of Romeo and Juliet . His Romeo , Laurence Harvey , was already an experienced screen actor . By contrast , Susan Shentall , as Juliet , was a secretarial student who was discovered by the director in a London pub and was cast for her `` pale sweet skin and honey - blonde hair '' . Stephen Orgel describes Franco Zeffirelli 's 1968 Romeo and Juliet as being `` full of beautiful young people , and the camera and the lush technicolour , make the most of their sexual energy and good looks '' . Zeffirelli 's teenage leads , Leonard Whiting and Olivia Hussey , had virtually no previous acting experience but performed capably and with great maturity . Zeffirelli has been particularly praised , for his presentation of the duel scene as bravado getting out - of - control . The film courted controversy by including a nude wedding - night scene while Olivia Hussey was only fifteen . Baz Luhrmann 's 1996 Romeo + Juliet and its accompanying soundtrack successfully targeted the `` MTV Generation '' : a young audience of similar age to the story 's characters . Far darker than Zeffirelli 's version , the film is set in the `` crass , violent and superficial society '' of Verona Beach and Sycamore Grove . Leonardo DiCaprio was Romeo and Claire Danes was Juliet . The play has been widely adapted for TV and film . In 1960 , Peter Ustinov 's cold - war stage parody , Romanoff and Juliet was filmed . The 1961 film of West Side Story -- set among New York gangs -- featured the Jets as white youths , equivalent to Shakespeare 's Montagues while the Sharks , equivalent to the Capulets , are Puerto Rican . The 1994 film The Punk uses both the rough plot outline of Romeo and Juliet and names many of the characters in ways that reflect the characters in the play . In 2006 , Disney 's High School Musical made use of Romeo and Juliet 's plot , placing the two young lovers in different high school cliques instead of feuding families . Film - makers have frequently featured characters performing scenes from Romeo and Juliet . The conceit of dramatising Shakespeare writing Romeo and Juliet has been used several times , including John Madden 's 1998 Shakespeare in Love , in which Shakespeare writes the play against the backdrop of his own doomed love affair . An anime series produced by Gonzo and SKY Perfect Well Think , called Romeo x Juliet , was made in 2007 and the 2013 version is the latest English - language film based on the play . In 2013 , Sanjay Leela Bhansali directed the Bollywood film Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela , a contemporary version of the play which starred Ranveer Singh and Deepika Padukone in leading roles . The film was a commercial and critical success . In February 2014 , BroadwayHD released a filmed version of the 2013 Broadway Revival of Romeo and Juliet . The production starred Orlando Bloom and Condola Rashad . The film was released internationally in April 2014 . Modern social media and virtual world productions In April and May 2010 , the Royal Shakespeare Company and the Mudlark Production Company presented a version of the play , entitled Such Tweet Sorrow , as an improvised , real - time series of tweets on Twitter . The production used RSC actors who engaged with the audience as well each other , performing not from a traditional script but a `` Grid '' developed by the Mudlark production team and writers Tim Wright and Bethan Marlow . The performers also make use of other media sites such as YouTube for pictures and video . Scene by scene Title page of the Second Quarto of Romeo and Juliet published in 1599 Act I prologue Act I scene 1 : Quarrel between Capulets and Montagues Act I scene 2 Act I scene 3 Act I scene 4 Act I scene 5 Act I scene 5 : Romeo 's first interview with Juliet Act II prologue Act II scene 3 Act II scene 5 : Juliet intreats her nurse Act II scene 6 Act III scene 5 : Romeo takes leave of Juliet Act IV scene 5 : Juliet 's fake death Act IV scene 5 : Another depiction Act V scene 3 : Juliet awakes to find Romeo dead See also Shakespeare portal Book : Romeo and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Mem and Zin References Notes All references to Romeo and Juliet , unless otherwise specified , are taken from the Arden Shakespeare second edition ( Gibbons , 1980 ) based on the Q2 text of 1599 , with elements from Q1 of 1597 . Under its referencing system , which uses Roman numerals , II. ii. 33 means act 2 , scene 2 , line 33 , and a 0 in place of a scene number refers to the prologue to the act . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. i. 73 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. v. 115 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , IV. i. 105 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , V. iii. 308 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 93 ) . Jump up ^ Gibbons ( 1980 : 33 ) . Jump up ^ Moore ( 1930 : 264 -- 77 ) . Jump up ^ Higgins ( 1998 : 223 ) . ^ Jump up to : Higgins ( 1998 : 585 ) ^ Jump up to : Hosley ( 1965 : 168 ) . Jump up ^ Gibbons ( 1980 : 33 -- 34 ) ; Levenson ( 2000 : 4 ) . ^ Jump up to : Luigi da Porto di Vicenza , Giulietta e Romeo , original novella with introduction and footnotes ( in Italian ) Jump up ^ Prunster , Nicole ( 2000 ) . Romeo and Juliet Before Shakespeare : Four Early Stories of Star - crossed Love . Toronto : Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies . pp. 2 -- 3 . ISBN 0 - 7727 - 2015 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Moore ( 1937 : 38 -- 44 ) . Jump up ^ Muir , Edward ( 1998 ) . Mad Blood Stirring : Vendetta and Factions in Friuli During the Renaissance . Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 86 -- 89 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5849 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Scarci , Manuela ( 2015 ) . `` From Mariotto and Ganozza to Romeo and Guilietta : Metamorphoses of a Renaissance Tale '' . Scripta Mediterranea . Canadian Institute for Mediterranean Studies . 14 . Retrieved 6 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Gibbons ( 1980 : 34 -- 35 ) . Jump up ^ Gibbons ( 1980 : 35 -- 36 ) . ^ Jump up to : Gibbons ( 1980 : 37 ) . Jump up ^ Keeble ( 1980 : 18 ) . Jump up ^ Roberts ( 1902 : 41 -- 44 ) . Jump up ^ Gibbons ( 1980 : 32 , 36 -- 37 ) . Jump up ^ Levenson ( 2000 : 8 -- 14 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet : I. iii. 23 . ^ Jump up to : Gibbons ( 1980 : 26 -- 27 ) . Jump up ^ Gibbons ( 1980 : 29 -- 31 ) . As well as A Midsummer Night 's Dream , Gibbons draws parallels with Love 's Labour 's Lost and Richard II . Jump up ^ Gibbons ( 1980 : 29 ) . ^ Jump up to : Spencer ( 1967 : 284 ) . ^ Jump up to : Halio ( 1998 : 1 -- 2 ) . Jump up ^ Wells ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Gibbons ( 1980 : 21 ) . Jump up ^ Gibbons ( 1980 : ix ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 8 -- 9 ) . ^ Jump up to : Bowling ( 1949 : 208 -- 220 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 65 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v. 92 -- 99 . ^ Jump up to : Honegger ( 2006 : 73 -- 88 ) . Jump up ^ Groves ( 2007 : 68 -- 69 ) . Jump up ^ Groves ( 2007 : 61 ) Jump up ^ Siegel ( 1961 : 371 -- 392 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. v. 38 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , V. iii. 169 -- 170 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie ( 2007 : 22 -- 42 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. i. 138 . Jump up ^ Evans ( 1950 : 841 -- 865 ) . ^ Jump up to : Draper ( 1939 : 16 -- 34 ) . ^ Jump up to : Nevo ( 1969 : 241 -- 258 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.i. 167 -- 171 . ^ Jump up to : Parker ( 1968 : 663 -- 674 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v. 42 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii. 26 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v. 85 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. ii. 17 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 55 -- 56 ) . ^ Jump up to : Tanselle ( 1964 : 349 -- 361 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. iv. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii. 109 -- 111 Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I. 0.6 . Levenson ( 2000 : 142 ) defines `` star - cross 'd '' as `` thwarted by a malign star '' . Jump up ^ Muir ( 2005 : 34 -- 41 ) . Jump up ^ Lucking ( 2001 : 115 -- 126 ) . Jump up ^ When performed in the central yard of an inn and in public theaters such as the Globe Theatre the only source of lighting was daylight . When performed at Court , inside the stately home of a member of the nobility and in indoor theaters such as the Blackfriars theatre candle lighting was used and plays could be performed even at night . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 55 -- 58 ) ; Driver ( 1964 : 363 -- 370 ) . ^ Jump up to : Scott ( 1987 : 415 ) . Jump up ^ Scott ( 1987 : 410 ) . Jump up ^ Scott ( 1987 : 411 -- 412 ) . Jump up ^ Shapiro ( 1964 : 498 -- 501 ) . Jump up ^ Bonnard ( 1951 : 319 -- 327 ) . ^ Jump up to : Halio ( 1998 : 20 -- 30 ) . ^ Jump up to : Halio ( 1998 : 51 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 47 -- 48 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 48 -- 49 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii. 90 . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 49 -- 50 ) . Jump up ^ Levin ( 1960 : 3 -- 11 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 51 -- 52 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 52 -- 55 ) . Jump up ^ Bloom ( 1998 : 92 -- 93 ) . Jump up ^ Wells ( 2004 : 11 -- 13 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 82 ) quoting Karl A. Meninger 's 1938 Man Against Himself . Jump up ^ Appelbaum ( 1997 : 251 -- 272 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet V.i. 1 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 83 , 81 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet I.v. 137 . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 84 -- 85 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 85 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. i. 112 . Jump up ^ Kahn ( 1977 : 5 -- 22 ) ; Halio ( 1998 : 87 -- 88 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 89 -- 90 ) . Jump up ^ Levenson ( 2000 : 25 -- 26 ) Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 85 -- 86 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. i. 24 -- 26 Jump up ^ Rubinstein ( 1989 : 54 ) Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Goldberg ( 1994 : 221 -- 227 ) . Jump up ^ `` Avenne una notte , come Amor volse , la luna più del solito rilucendo , che mentre Romeo era per salire sopra il detto balcone , la giovane ... '' Pace - Sanfelice , G ( 1868 ) . The original story of Romeo and Juliet by Luigi da Porto . From which Shakespeare evidently drew the subject of his drama . Being the Italian text of 1530 , and an English translation , together with a critical preface , historical and bibliographical notes and illustrations . Cambridge : Deighton , Bell , and co . ^ Jump up to : Leveen , Lois ( 28 October 2014 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet Has No Balcony '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Balcony '' . Merriam-Webster.com . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Halio ( 1998 : 97 ) . ^ Jump up to : Halio ( 1998 : ix ) . Jump up ^ Taylor ( 2002 : 18 ) . The five more popular plays , in descending order , are Henry VI , Part 1 , Richard III , Pericles , Hamlet and Richard II . Jump up ^ Levenson ( 2000 : 62 ) . Jump up ^ Dawson ( 2002 : 176 ) Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2002 : 21 ) . ^ Jump up to : Halio ( 1998 : 100 -- 102 ) . Jump up ^ Levenson ( 2000 : 71 ) . Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2002 : 26 -- 27 ) . Jump up ^ Branam ( 1984 : 170 -- 179 ) ; Stone ( 1964 : 191 -- 206 ) . Jump up ^ Pedicord ( 1954 : 14 ) . Jump up ^ Morrison ( 2007 : 231 ) . Jump up ^ Morrison ( 2007 : 232 ) . Jump up ^ Gay ( 2002 : 162 ) . Jump up ^ Halliday ( 1964 : 125 , 365 , 420 ) . Jump up ^ The Times 30 December 1845 , cited by Gay ( 2002 : 162 ) . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2001 : 194 -- 195 ) . Jump up ^ Levenson ( 2000 : 84 ) Jump up ^ Schoch ( 2002 : 62 -- 63 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 104 -- 105 ) . Jump up ^ Winter ( 1893 : 46 -- 47 , 57 ) . Booth 's Romeo and Juliet was rivalled in popularity only by his own `` hundred night Hamlet '' at The Winter Garden of four years before . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ First page of the program for the opening night performance of Romeo and Juliet at Booth 's Theatre , 3 February 1869 . Jump up ^ Holland ( 2002 : 202 -- 203 ) Jump up ^ Levenson ( 2000 : 69 -- 70 ) . Jump up ^ Tad Mosel , Leading Lady : The World and Theatre of Katharine Cornell , Little , Brown & Co. , Boston ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ Smallwood ( 2002 : 102 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 105 -- 107 ) . Jump up ^ Smallwood ( 2002 : 110 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 107 -- 109 ) . ^ Jump up to : Levenson ( 2000 : 87 ) . Jump up ^ Holland ( 2001 : 207 ) . Jump up ^ The Times 19 September 1960 , cited by Levenson ( 2000 : 87 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 110 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 110 -- 112 ) . Jump up ^ Pape ( 1997 : 69 ) . Jump up ^ Quince ( 2000 : 121 -- 125 ) . Jump up ^ Lujan ( 2005 ) . ^ Jump up to : Howard ( 2000 : 297 ) . Jump up ^ Edgar ( 1982 : 162 ) . Jump up ^ Marks ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Houlihan Mary , `` Wherefore Art Thou , Romeo ? To Make Us Laugh at Navy Pier '' , Chicago Sun - Times ( 16 May 2004 ) Jump up ^ Barranger ( 2004 : 47 ) . Jump up ^ New York Times ( 1977 ) . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam & Andrew Gans ( 2013 - 11 - 19 ) . `` Broadway Revival of Romeo and Juliet , Starring Orlando Bloom and Condola Rashad , Will Close Dec. 8 '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 29 May 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Nestyev ( 1960 : 261 ) . Jump up ^ Sanders ( 2007 : 66 -- 67 ) Jump up ^ Winn , Steven ( 24 April 2007 ) . `` Michael Smuin : 1938 - 2007 / Prolific dance director had showy career '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ CNN , From Robyn Curnow , . `` Dada Masilo : South African dancer who breaks the rules '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Buhler ( 2007 : 156 ) ; Sanders ( 2007 : 187 ) . Jump up ^ Meyer ( 1962 : 34 -- 37 ) . Jump up ^ Sadie ( 1996 : 31 ) ; Holden ( 1993 : 393 ) . Jump up ^ Collins ( 1982 : 532 -- 538 ) . Jump up ^ Sanders ( 2007 : 43 -- 45 ) . Jump up ^ Stites ( 1995 : 5 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet I.v , II. ii , III. v , V. iii . Jump up ^ Sanders ( 2007 : 42 -- 43 ) . Jump up ^ Sanders ( 2007 : 42 ) . Jump up ^ Sanders ( 2007 : 187 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet I. 0.6 . Jump up ^ Sanders ( 2007 : 20 ) . Jump up ^ Sanders ( 2007 : 187 - 8 ) Jump up ^ `` Interview with Taylor Swift '' . Time . Time Warner . 23 April 2009 . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Buhler ( 2007 : 157 ) Jump up ^ Sanders ( 2007 : 75 -- 76 ) . Jump up ^ Ehren ( 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Arafay ( 2005 : 186 ) . Jump up ^ Levenson ( 2000 : 49 -- 50 ) . Jump up ^ Bloom ( 1998 : 89 ) . Jump up ^ Levenson ( 2000 : 91 ) , crediting this list of genres to Stanley Wells . Jump up ^ `` Romeo '' , Merriam - Webster Online . Jump up ^ Bly ( 2001 : 52 ) Jump up ^ Muir ( 2005 : 352 -- 362 ) . Jump up ^ Fowler ( 1996 : 111 ) Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet V. iii . Jump up ^ Fowler ( 1996 : 112 -- 113 ) . Jump up ^ Fowler ( 1996 : 120 ) . Jump up ^ Fowler ( 1996 : 126 -- 127 ) Jump up ^ Orgel ( 2007 : 91 ) . Jump up ^ Simon & Schuster author page , retrieved 4 / 19 / 2014 http://books.simonandschuster.com/Juliets-Nurse/Lois-Leveen/9781476757445 Jump up ^ Rozina Sabur ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` Exam board apologises after error in English GCSE paper which confused characters in Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarah Marsh ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` A plague o ' both your houses : error in GCSE exam paper forces apology '' . Guardian newspapers . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Hannah Richardson ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` GCSE exam error : Board accidentally rewrites Shakespeare '' . BBC news . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Raquel Pells ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` Capulets and Montagues : UK exam board admit mixing names up in Romeo and Juliet paper '' . The Independent . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brode ( 2001 : 42 ) . Jump up ^ Rosenthal ( 2007 : 225 ) . Jump up ^ Brode ( 2001 : 43 ) . Jump up ^ Brode ( 2001 : 48 ) . Jump up ^ Tatspaugh ( 2000 : 138 ) . Jump up ^ Brode ( 2001 : 48 -- 9 ) Jump up ^ Brode ( 2001 : 51 ) quoting Renato Castellani . Jump up ^ Orgel ( 2007 : 91 ) . Jump up ^ Brode ( 2001 : 51 -- 52 ) ; Rosenthal ( 2007 : 218 ) . Jump up ^ For example , by Anthony West of Vogue and Mollie Panter - Downes of The New Yorker , cited by Brode ( 2001 : 51 -- 53 ) . Jump up ^ Brode ( 2001 : 53 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. v . Jump up ^ Rosenthal ( 2007 : 218 -- 20 ) . Jump up ^ Tatspaugh ( 2000 : 140 ) . Jump up ^ Tatspaugh ( 2000 : 142 ) . Jump up ^ Rosenthal ( 2007 : 215 -- 16 ) . Jump up ^ Symonds , Dominic ( 2017 ) . `` ' We 're all in this together ' : being girls and boys in High School Music ( 2006 ) '' . In Rodosthenous , George . The Disney Musical on Stage and Screen : Critical Approaches from ' Snow White ' to ' Frozen ' . Bloomsbury . ISBN 9781474234191 . Jump up ^ McKernan and Terris ( 1994 : 141 -- 56 ) list 39 instances of uses of Romeo and Juliet , not including films of the play itself . Jump up ^ Lanier ( 2007 : 96 ) ; McKernan and Terris ( 1994 : 146 ) . Jump up ^ Howard ( 2000 : 310 ) ; Rosenthal ( 2007 : 228 ) . Jump up ^ Goyal , Divya ( 6 December 2013 ) . `` ' Ram Leela ' box office collections hit massive Rs 100 crore , pulverises prediction '' . The Financial Express . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Ram - leela ' Review Roundup : Critics Hail Film as Best Adaptation of ' Romeo and Juliet ' '' . International Business Times . 15 November 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Romeo & Juliet bloom becomes V day film '' , Big story , Associated press . Jump up ^ `` Cinemas & tickets '' , Romeo & Juliet cinema . Jump up ^ `` Modern take for Shakespeare play Romeo and Juliet '' . BBC News . 12 April 2010 . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Gibbons ( 1980 : vii ) . Secondary sources Appelbaum , Robert ( 1997 ) . `` '' Standing to the Wall `` : The Pressures of Masculinity in Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 48 ( 38 ) : 251 -- 72 . doi : 10.2307 / 2871016 . ISSN 0037 - 3222 . JSTOR 2871016 . Arafay , Mireia ( 2005 ) . Books in Motion : Adaptation , Adaptability , Authorship . Rodopi . ISBN 978 - 90 - 420 - 1957 - 7 . Barranger , Milly S. ( 2004 ) . Margaret Webster : A Life in the Theatre . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 11390 - 3 . Bauch , Marc A. ( 2007 ) . Friar Lawrence 's Plan in William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet And His Function as A Counsellor . Munich : Grin . ISBN 978 - 3 - 638 - 77449 - 9 . Bloom , Harold ( 1998 ) . Shakespeare : The Invention of the Human . New York : Riverhead Books . ISBN 1 - 57322 - 120 - 1 . Bly , Mary ( 2001 ) . `` The Legacy of Juliet 's Desire in Comedies of the Early 1600s '' . In Alexander , Margaret M. S ; Wells , Stanley . Shakespeare and Sexuality . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 52 -- 71 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 80475 - 2 . Bonnard , Georges A. ( 1951 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet : A Possible Significance ? '' . Review of English Studies . II ( 5 ) : 319 -- 27 . doi : 10.1093 / res / II. 5.319 . Bowling , Lawrence Edward ( 1949 ) . `` The Thematic Framework of Romeo and Juliet '' . PMLA . Modern Language Association of America . 64 ( 1 ) : 208 -- 20 . doi : 10.2307 / 459678 . JSTOR 459678 . Branam , George C. ( 1984 ) . `` The Genesis of David Garrick 's Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 35 ( 2 ) : 170 -- 79 . doi : 10.2307 / 2869925 . JSTOR 2869925 . Brode , Douglas ( 2001 ) . Shakespeare in the Movies : From the Silent Era to Today . New York : Berkley Boulevard Books . ISBN 0 - 425 - 18176 - 6 . Buchanan , Judith ( 2009 ) . Shakespeare on Silent Film : An Excellent Dumb Discourse . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87199 - 0 . Buhler , Stephen M. ( 2007 ) . `` Musical Shakespeares : attending to Ophelia , Juliet , and Desdemona '' . In Shaughnessy , Robert . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Popular Culture . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 150 -- 74 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 60580 - 9 . Collins , Michael ( 1982 ) . `` The Literary Background of Bellini 's ' I Capuleti ed i Montecchi ' '' . Journal of the American Musicological Society . 35 ( 3 ) : 532 -- 38 . doi : 10.1525 / jams. 1982.35. 3.03 a00050 . Dawson , Anthony B. ( 2002 ) . `` International Shakespeare '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 174 -- 193 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Draper , John W. ( 1939 ) . `` Shakespeare 's ' Star - Crossed Lovers ' '' . Review of English Studies . os - XV ( 57 ) : 16 -- 34 . doi : 10.1093 / res / os - XV. 57.16 . Driver , Tom F. ( 1964 ) . `` The Shakespearian Clock : Time and the Vision of Reality in Romeo and Juliet and The Tempest '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 15 ( 4 ) : 363 -- 370 . doi : 10.2307 / 2868094 . JSTOR 2868094 . Edgar , David ( 1982 ) . The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby . New York : Dramatists ' Play Service . ISBN 0 - 8222 - 0817 - 2 . Ehren , Christine ( 3 September 1999 ) . `` Sweet Sorrow : Mann - Korman 's Romeo and Juliet Closes Sept. 5 at MN 's Ordway '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 30 April 2008 . Retrieved 13 August 2008 . Evans , Bertrand ( 1950 ) . `` The Brevity of Friar Laurence '' . PMLA . Modern Language Association . 65 ( 5 ) : 841 -- 865 . doi : 10.2307 / 459577 . JSTOR 459577 . Fowler , James ( 1996 ) . Stanley Wells , ed . `` Picturing Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Survey . Shakespeare Survey . Cambridge University Press . 49 : 111 -- 129 . doi : 10.1017 / CCOL0521570476. 009 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 57047 - 6 . Gay , Penny ( 2002 ) . `` Women and Shakespearean Performance '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 155 -- 173 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Gibbons , Brian , ed. ( 1980 ) . Romeo and Juliet . The Arden Shakespeare Second Series . London : Thomson Learning . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903436 - 41 - 7 . Goldberg , Jonathan ( 1994 ) . Queering the Renaissance . Durham : Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 1385 - 5 . Groves , Beatrice ( 2007 ) . Texts and Traditions : Religion in Shakespeare , 1592 -- 1604 . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 920898 - 0 . Halio , Jay ( 1998 ) . Romeo and Juliet : A Guide to the Play . Westport : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30089 - 5 . Halliday , F.E. ( 1964 ) . A Shakespeare Companion 1564 -- 1964 . Baltimore : Penguin . Higgins , David H. , ed. ( 1998 ) . The Divine Comedy . Oxford World Classics . translated by C.H. Sisson . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 283502 - 5 . Holden , Amanda , ed. ( 1993 ) . The Viking Opera Guide . London : Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 81292 - 7 . Holland , Peter ( 2001 ) . `` Shakespeare in the Twentieth - Century Theatre '' . In Wells , Stanley ; deGrazia Margreta . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 199 -- 215 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 65881 - 0 . Holland , Peter ( 2002 ) . `` Touring Shakespeare '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 194 -- 211 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Honegger , Thomas ( 2006 ) . `` ' Wouldst thou withdraw love 's faithful vow ? ' : The negotiation of love in the orchard scene ( Romeo and Juliet Act II ) '' . Journal of Historical Pragmatics. 7 ( 1 ) : 73 -- 88 . doi : 10.1075 / jhp. 7.1. 04hon . Hosley , Richard ( 1965 ) . Romeo and Juliet . New Haven : Yale University Press . Howard , Tony ( 2000 ) . `` Shakespeare 's Cinematic Offshoots '' . In Jackson , Russell . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Film . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 295 -- 313 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 63975 - 1 . Kahn , Coppélia ( 1977 ) . `` Coming of Age in Verona '' . Modern Language Studies . The Northeast Modern Language Association . 8 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 22 . doi : 10.2307 / 3194631 . ISSN 0047 - 7729 . JSTOR 3194631 . Keeble , N.H. ( 1980 ) . Romeo and Juliet : Study Notes . York Notes . Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 78101 - 9 . Lanier , Douglas ( 2007 ) . `` Shakespeare : myth and biographical fiction '' . In Shaughnessy , Robert . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Popular Culture . Cambridge University Press . pp. 93 -- 113 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 60580 - 9 . Lanzara , Joseph ( 2010 ) . William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Uncensored . New Arts Library . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9639621 - 2 - 6 . Levenson , Jill L. , ed. ( 2000 ) . Romeo and Juliet . The Oxford Shakespeare ( Oxford World 's Classics ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 281496 - 6 . Levin , Harry ( 1960 ) . `` Form and Formality in Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 11 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 11 . doi : 10.2307 / 2867423 . JSTOR 2867423 . Lucking , David ( 2001 ) . `` Uncomfortable Time in Romeo And Juliet '' . English Studies . 82 ( 2 ) : 115 -- 126 . doi : 10.1076 / enst. 82.2. 115.9595 . Lujan , James ( 2005 ) . `` A Museum of the Indian , Not for the Indian '' . The American Indian Quarterly . 29 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 510 -- 516 . doi : 10.1353 / aiq. 2005.0098 . ISSN 0095 - 182X . MacKenzie , Clayton G. ( 2007 ) . `` Love , sex and death in Romeo and Juliet '' . English Studies . 88 ( 1 ) : 22 -- 42 . doi : 10.1080 / 00138380601042675 . McKernan , Luke ; Terris , Olwen ( 1994 ) . Walking Shadows : Shakespeare in the National Film and Television Archive . London : British Film Institute . ISBN 0 - 85170 - 486 - 7 . Marks , Peter ( 29 September 1997 ) . `` Juliet of the Five O'Clock Shadow , and Other Wonders '' . New York Times . Retrieved 10 November 2008 . Marsden , Jean I. ( 2002 ) . `` Shakespeare from the Restoration to Garrick '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 21 -- 36 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Meyer , Eve R. ( 1968 ) . `` Measure for Measure : Shakespeare and Music '' . Music Educators Journal . The National Association for Music Education . 54 ( 7 ) : 36 -- 38 , 139 -- 143 . doi : 10.2307 / 3391243 . ISSN 0027 - 4321 . JSTOR 3391243 . Moore , Olin H. ( 1930 ) . `` The Origins of the Legend of Romeo and Juliet in Italy '' . Speculum . Medieval Academy of America . 5 ( 3 ) : 264 -- 277 . doi : 10.2307 / 2848744 . ISSN 0038 - 7134 . JSTOR 2848744 . Moore , Olin H. ( 1937 ) . `` Bandello and `` Clizia '' `` . Modern Language Notes . Johns Hopkins University Press . 52 ( 1 ) : 38 -- 44 . doi : 10.2307 / 2912314 . ISSN 0149 - 6611 . JSTOR 2912314 . Morrison , Michael A. ( 2007 ) . `` Shakespeare in North America '' . In Shaughnessy , Robert . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Popular Culture . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 230 -- 258 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 60580 - 9 . Muir , Kenneth ( 2005 ) . Shakespeare 's Tragic Sequence . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 35325 - 0 . Nestyev , Israel ( 1960 ) . Prokofiev . Stanford : Stanford University Press . Nevo , Ruth ( 1972 ) . Tragic Form in Shakespeare . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 06217 - X . `` Shakespeare on the Drive '' . The New York Times . 19 August 1977 . Orgel , Stephen ( 2007 ) . `` Shakespeare Illustrated '' . In Shaughnessy , Robert . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Popular Culture . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 60580 - 9 . Parker , D.H. ( 1968 ) . `` Light and Dark Imagery in Romeo and Juliet '' . Queen 's Quarterly . 75 ( 4 ) . Pedicord , Harry William ( 1954 ) . The Theatrical Public in the Time of David Garrick . New York : King 's Crown Press . Potter , Lois ( 2001 ) . `` Shakespeare in the Theatre , 1660 -- 1900 '' . In Wells , Stanley ; deGrazia Margreta . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 183 -- 198 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 65881 - 0 . Quince , Rohan ( 2000 ) . Shakespeare in South Africa : Stage Productions During the Apartheid Era . New York : Peter Lang . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8204 - 4061 - 3 . Roberts , Arthur J. ( 1902 ) . `` The Sources of Romeo and Juliet '' . Modern Language Notes . Johns Hopkins University Press . 17 ( 2 ) : 41 -- 44 . doi : 10.2307 / 2917639 . ISSN 0149 - 6611 . JSTOR 2917639 . `` Romeo -- Definition from the Merriam -- Webster Online Dictionary '' . Merriam -- Webster . Retrieved 16 August 2008 . Rosenthal , Daniel ( 2007 ) . BFI Screen Guides : 100 Shakespeare Films . London : British Film Institute . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84457 - 170 - 3 . Rubinstein , Frankie ( 1989 ) . A Dictionary of Shakespeare 's Sexual Puns and their Significance ( Second Edition ) . London : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 48866 - 0 . Sadie , Stanley ( 1992 ) . The New Grove Dictionary of Opera . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56159 - 228 - 9 . Sanders , Julie ( 2007 ) . Shakespeare and Music : Afterlives and Borrowings . Cambridge : Polity Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7456 - 3297 - 1 . Schoch , Richard W. ( 2002 ) . `` Pictorial Shakespeare '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 62 -- 63 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Scott , Mark W. ; Schoenbaum , S. , eds. ( 1987 ) . Shakespearean Criticism. 5 . Detroit : Gale Research Inc . ISBN 0 - 8103 - 6129 - 9 . Shapiro , Stephen A. ( 1964 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet : Reversals , Contraries , Transformations , and Ambivalence '' . College English . National Council of Teachers of English . 25 ( 7 ) : 498 -- 501 . doi : 10.2307 / 373235 . JSTOR 373235 . Siegel , Paul N. ( 1961 ) . `` Christianity and the Religion of Love in Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 12 ( 4 ) : 371 -- 92 . doi : 10.2307 / 2867455 . JSTOR 2867455 . Smallwood , Robert ( 2002 ) . `` Twentieth - century Performance : the Stratford and London companies '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 98 -- 117 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Spencer , T.J.B , ed. ( 1967 ) . Romeo and Juliet . The New Penguin Shakespeare . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 070701 - 4 . Stites , Richard , ed. ( 1995 ) . Culture and Entertainment in Wartime Russia . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 20949 - 8 . Stone , George Winchester Jr ( 1964 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet : The Source of its Modern Stage Career '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 15 ( 2 ) : 191 -- 206 . doi : 10.2307 / 2867891 . JSTOR 2867891 . Tanselle , G. Thomas ( 1964 ) . `` Time in Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 15 ( 4 ) : 349 -- 61 . doi : 10.2307 / 2868092 . JSTOR 2868092 . Tatspaugh , Patricia ( 2000 ) . `` The tragedies of love on film '' . In Jackson , Russell . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Film . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 135 -- 59 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 63975 - 1 . Taylor , Gary ( 2002 ) . `` Shakespeare plays on Renaissance Stages '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 1 -- 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Wells , Stanley ( 2004 ) . Looking for Sex in Shakespeare . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 54039 - 9 . Wells , Stanley ( 2013 ) . An A-Z Guide to Shakespeare ( 2 ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 191 - 74076 - 3 . Winter , William ( 1893 ) . The Life and Art of Edwin Booth . London : MacMillan and Co . External links Find more aboutRomeo and Julietat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Romeo and Juliet Plain vanilla text from Project Gutenberg Romeo and Juliet at the British Library Romeo and Juliet HTML version at MIT Romeo and Juliet Complete Annotated Text on One Page Without Ads or Images Romeo and Juliet HTML Annotated Play Easy Read Romeo and Juliet Full text with portraits and location drawings to make the play easy to follow from the printed page . Romeo and Juliet public domain audiobook at LibriVox William Shakespeare Plays Tragedies Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Hamlet Julius Caesar King Lear Macbeth Othello Romeo and Juliet Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus Troilus and Cressida Comedies All 's Well That Ends Well As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Cymbeline Love 's Labour 's Lost Measure for Measure The Merchant of Venice The Merry Wives of Windsor A Midsummer Night 's Dream Much Ado About Nothing Pericles , Prince of Tyre * The Taming of the Shrew The Tempest Twelfth Night The Two Gentlemen of Verona The Two Noble Kinsmen * The Winter 's Tale Histories King John Edward III * Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI * Richard III Henry VIII * See also Problem plays Late romances Characters A -- K L -- Z Ghost character Chronology Performances Settings Quarto publications First Folio Second Folio Poems Shakespeare 's sonnets comparison to Petrarch Venus and Adonis The Rape of Lucrece The Phoenix and the Turtle A Lover 's Complaint Apocrypha Arden of Faversham * Cardenio * Double Falsehood * Love 's Labour 's Won Sejanus His Fall * Sir Thomas More * The Spanish Tragedy * The Passionate Pilgrim * Life and works Birthplace and childhood home Bibliography Complete Works of William Shakespeare Translations Early editions Editors English Renaissance theatre Globe Theatre Handwriting Lord Chamberlain 's Men / King 's Men The Theatre Curtain Theatre New Place Portraits Religious views Sexuality Spelling of his name Stratford - upon - Avon Style Legacy Attribution studies Authorship question Influence Memorials Screen adaptations Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Folger Shakespeare Library Shakespeare Quarterly Shakespeare 's Globe ( replica ) Bardolatry Titles of works taken from Shakespeare Family Anne Hathaway ( wife ) Susanna Hall ( daughter ) Hamnet Shakespeare ( son ) Judith Quiney ( daughter ) Elizabeth Barnard ( granddaughter ) John Shakespeare ( father ) Mary Arden ( mother ) Gilbert Shakespeare ( brother ) Joan Shakespeare ( sister ) Edmund Shakespeare ( brother ) Richard Shakespeare ( grandfather ) John Hall ( son - in - law ) Thomas Quiney ( son - in - law ) Thomas Nash ( grandson - in - law ) * Shakespeare and other authors Lost William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Atomy Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ballets Romeo and Juliet ( 1938 , Prokofiev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1962 , Cranko ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , MacMillan ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1977 , Nureyev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , Lavery ) Radio and Juliet ( 2005 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 2007 , Martins ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2008 , Pastor ) Operas Romeo und Julie ( 1776 , Benda ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1796 , Zingarelli ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1825 , Vaccai ) I Capuleti ei Montecchi ( 1830 , Bellini ) Gloria ( 1874 , Cilea ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1867 , Gounod ) A Village Romeo and Juliet ( 1907 , Delius ) Romeo und Julia ( 1940 , Sutermeister ) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair ( 1906 ) West Side Story ( 1957 ) Once on This Island ( 1990 ) Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour ( 2001 ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 2007 ) Classical Beethoven 's String Quartet No. 1 ( c. 1800 ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1839 , Berlioz ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1870 , Tchaikovsky ) On screen 1900 1908 1916 Metro Pictures 1916 Fox 1936 1953 1954 1955 1968 1978 ( TV ) 1992 ( TV ) 2006 2007 2013 Film adaptations English Beneath the 12 - Mile Reef ( 1953 ) Romanoff and Juliet ( 1961 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Gonks Go Beat ( 1965 ) Lonesome Cowboys ( 1968 ) The Secret Sex Lives of Romeo and Juliet ( 1969 ) Romie - 0 and Julie - 8 ( TV ; 1979 ) The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ( 1982 ) Valley Girl ( 1983 ) Bullies ( 1986 ) China Girl ( 1987 ) Romeo. Juliet ( 1990 ) Tromeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) Love Is All There Is ( 1996 ) Rose by Any Other Name ... ( 1997 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns ( 1999 ) Romeo Must Die ( 2000 ) Brooklyn Babylon ( 2001 ) Pizza My Heart ( TV ; 2005 ) West Bank Story ( 2005 ) Life and Lyrics ( 2006 ) Romeo & Juliet : Sealed with a Kiss ( 2006 ) Rome & Jewel ( 2006 ) David & Fatima ( 2008 ) The Cross Road ( 2008 ) Vicious Circle ( 2008 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Private Romeo ( 2011 ) Warm Bodies ( 2013 ) Make Your Move ( 2013 ) Romeo & Juliet ( 2013 ) Sherlock Gnomes ( 2018 ) Foreign Ambikapathy ( Tamil 1937 ) Romeo and Juliet ( Spanish 1940 ) Les amants de Vérone ( French 1949 ) Romeo , Juliet and Darkness ( Czech 1960 ) Los Tarantos ( Spanish 1963 ) Fury of Johnny Kid ( Italian 1967 ) Ma che musica maestro ( Italian 1971 ) Maro Charitra ( Telugu 1978 ) Mônica e Cebolinha : No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta ( Portuguese 1979 ) Ek Duuje Ke Liye ( Hindi 1981 ) The Sea Prince and the Fire Child ( Japanese 1981 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( Hindi 1988 ) Saudagar ( Hindi 1991 ) The Phantom Lover ( Mandarin 1995 ) 30 : e november ( Swedish / Spanish 1995 ) Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi ( Telugu 1996 ) Chicken Rice War ( Cantonese / English 2000 ) Kalisundam Raa ( Telugu 2000 ) Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein ( Hindi 2002 ) Bollywood Queen ( English / Hindi 2002 ) Amar te duele ( Spanish 2002 ) Ondagona Baa ( Kannada 2003 ) Mamay ( Ukrainian 2003 ) The District ! ( Hungarian 2004 ) O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta ( Portuguese 2005 ) In Fair Palestine : A Story of Romeo and Juliet ( 2006 ) The Bubble ( Hebrew / Arabic 2006 ) Maro Charitra ( Telugu 2010 ) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela ( Hindi 2013 ) Issaq ( Hindi 2013 ) Priyatama ( Marathi 2014 ) Arshinagar ( Bengali 2015 ) TV series Sons and Daughters ( 1982 ) Family and Friends ( 1990 ) Villa Quintana ( 1995 ) Yo amo a Paquita Gallego ( 1998 ) Skin ( 2003 ) A Touch Away ( 2006 ) Dangerous ( 2007 ) Romeo × Juliet ( 2007 ) Romeo y Julieta ( 2007 ) Saints & Sinners ( 2007 ) Harina de otro costal ( 2010 ) Villa Quintana ( 2013 ) Westside ( 2013 pilot ) Star - Crossed ( 2014 ) Still Star - Crossed ( 2017 ) Plays Romanoff and Juliet ( 1956 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2013 ) Songs Lan và Điệp ( 1930s ) `` Montagues and Capulets '' ( 1935 ) `` Fever '' ( 1956 ) Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' ( 1976 ) `` Angelo '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1981 ) `` Cherish '' ( 1989 ) `` Amor Prohibido '' ( 1994 ) `` Kissing You '' ( 1996 ) `` Exit Music '' ( 1997 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1998 ) `` Starcrossed '' ( 2004 ) `` Peut - être toi '' ( 2006 ) `` Mademoiselle Juliette '' ( 2007 ) `` Love Story '' ( 2008 ) `` Love Me Again '' ( 2013 ) Albums Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) Romeo & Julia ( 2006 ) Tragic Lovers ( 2008 ) Literature Les Chouans The Wandering Jew ( 1844 ) The Stolen Dormouse ( 1941 ) The Faraway Lurs ( 1963 ) Romiette and Julio ( 2001 ) New Moon ( 2006 ) Warm Bodies ( 2010 ) Art Romeo and Juliet : the Tomb Scene ( 1790 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1978 ) Phrases `` Star - crossed '' `` A rose by any other name would smell as sweet '' Story within a story Nicholas Nickleby 1912 film 1947 film 1980 play 2001 film 2002 film The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 film 1917 film 1918 film 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 film Harlequinade W Juliet `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' Panic Button Bare : A Pop Opera `` '' Into the Light '' Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady `` Moonshine River '' Rendez - vous Fame `` I Am Unicorn '' The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds `` The Thief of Baghead '' The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km. 0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son K - On ! Foreign stories Adam Khan and Durkhanai Tum Teav Yusuf Khan and Sherbano Solomon & Gaenor Butterfly Lovers Hani and Sheh Mureed Lục Vân Tiên film Teav Aek Layla and Majnun Lovers of Teruel film Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie Ishaqzaade Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect After Juliet `` Upper West Side Story '' ( 2012 ) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Do n't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Book : Romeo and Juliet Arthur Laurents , Leonard Bernstein and Stephen Sondheim 's West Side Story ( 1957 ) Characters Maria Inspiration William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Adaptations West Side Story ( 1961 film ) West Side Story Suite ( 1995 ballet ) Variations Deaf Side Story ( c. 2002 musical ) Swango ( 2002 musical ) West Bank Story ( 2005 parody film ) Boogie Town ( 2012 film ) Songs Act 1 `` Something 's Coming '' `` Maria '' `` Tonight '' `` America '' `` Cool '' `` One Hand , One Heart '' `` Tonight ( Quintet & Chorus ) '' Act 2 `` I Feel Pretty '' `` Somewhere '' `` A Boy Like That '' Albums West Side Story ( 1957 original cast ) West Side Story ( 1959 Previn ) West Side Story ( 1961 soundtrack ) West Side Story ( 1961 Tjader ) Bernstein Plays Brubeck Plays Bernstein ( 1961 Brubeck Quartet ) West Side Story ( 1962 Peterson Trio ) Kenton 's West Side Story ( 1962 Kenton ) Toshiko -- Mariano Quartet ( in West Side ) ( 1963 Akiyoshi ) West Side Story ( 1974 Earl Hines ) Related `` The First Time '' `` Upper West Side Story '' Wild Side Story China Girl `` Roses '' Play It Again Josh Superjail ! VIAF : 313670221 LCCN : n82116107 GND : 4099369 - 3 SUDOC : 02814385X BNF : cb12003684p ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romeo_and_Juliet&oldid=808835013 '' Categories : Romeo and Juliet 1590s plays English Renaissance plays Literary duos Love stories British plays adapted into films Plays adapted into operas Plays adapted into radio programs Plays adapted into television programs Suicide in fiction Plays set in Italy Plays set in the 16th century Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use British English from August 2012 Use dmy dates from August 2011 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with LibriVox links Featured articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 13 : 48 . 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who invented the atomic battery what purpose did it serve			Atomic battery	atomic battery	The terms atomic battery , nuclear battery , tritium battery and radioisotope generator are used to describe a device which uses energy from the decay of a radioactive isotope to generate electricity . Like nuclear reactors , they generate electricity from atomic energy , but differ in that they do not use a chain reaction . Compared to other batteries they are very costly , but have an extremely long life and high energy density , and so they are mainly used as power sources for equipment that must operate unattended for long periods of time , such as spacecraft , pacemakers , underwater systems and automated scientific stations in remote parts of the world .	Nuclear battery technology began in 1913 , when Henry Moseley first demonstrated the beta cell . The field received considerable in - depth research attention for applications requiring long - life power sources for space needs during the 1950s and 1960s . In 1954 RCA researched a small atomic battery for small radio receivers and hearing aids . Since RCA 's initial research and development in the early 1950s , many types and methods have been designed to extract electrical energy from nuclear sources . The scientific principles are well known , but modern nano - scale technology and new wide bandgap semiconductors have created new devices and interesting material properties not previously available . Batteries using the energy of radioisotope decay to provide long - lived power ( 10 -- 20 years ) are being developed internationally . Conversion techniques can be grouped into two types : thermal and non-thermal . The thermal converters ( whose output power is a function of a temperature differential ) include thermoelectric and thermionic generators . The non-thermal converters ( whose output power is not a function of a temperature difference ) extract a fraction of the incident energy as it is being degraded into heat rather than using thermal energy to run electrons in a cycle . Atomic batteries usually have an efficiency of 0.1 -- 5 % . High efficiency betavoltaics have 6 -- 8 % . Contents ( hide ) 1 Thermal converters 1.1 Thermionic converter 1.2 Radioisotope thermoelectric generator 1.3 Thermophotovoltaic cells 1.4 Alkali - metal thermal to electric converter 1.5 Stirling radioisotope generator 2 Non-thermal converters 2.1 Direct charging generators 2.2 Betavoltaics 2.3 Alphavoltaics 2.4 Optoelectric 2.5 Reciprocating Electromechanical Atomic Batteries 3 Radioisotopes used 4 Atomic battery manufacturer countries 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Thermal converters ( edit ) Thermionic converter ( edit ) A thermionic converter consists of a hot electrode which thermionically emits electrons over a space charge barrier to a cooler electrode , producing a useful power output . Caesium vapor is used to optimize the electrode work functions and provide an ion supply ( by surface ionization ) to neutralize the electron space charge . Radioisotope thermoelectric generator ( edit ) Main article : Radioisotope thermoelectric generator Radioisotope - powered cardiac pacemaker being developed by the Atomic Energy Commission , is planned to stimulate the pulsing action of a malfunctioning heart . Circa 1967 . A radioisotope thermoelectric generator ( RTG ) uses thermocouples . Each thermocouple is formed from two wires of different metals ( or other materials ) . A temperature gradient along the length of each wire produces a voltage gradient from one end of the wire to the other ; but the different materials produce different voltages per degree of temperature difference . By connecting the wires at one end , heating that end but cooling the other end , a usable , but small ( millivolts ) , voltage is generated between the unconnected wire ends . In practice , many are connected in series to generate a larger voltage from the same heat source , as heat flows from the hot ends to the cold ends . Metal thermocouples have low thermal - to - electrical efficiency . However , the carrier density and charge can be adjusted in semiconductor materials such as bismuth telluride and silicon germanium to achieve much higher conversion efficiencies . Thermophotovoltaic cells ( edit ) Thermophotovoltaic cells work by the same principles as a photovoltaic cell , except that they convert infrared light ( rather than visible light ) emitted by a hot surface , into electricity . Thermophotovoltaic cells have an efficiency slightly higher than thermoelectric couples and can be overlaid on thermoelectric couples , potentially doubling efficiency . The University of Houston TPV Radioisotope Power Conversion Technology development effort is aiming at combining thermophotovoltaic cells concurrently with thermocouples to provide a 3 - to 4-fold improvement in system efficiency over current thermoelectric radioisotope generators . Alkali - metal thermal to electric converter ( edit ) The alkali - metal thermal to electric converter ( AMTEC ) is an electrochemical system which is based on the electrolyte used in the sodium - sulfur battery , sodium beta - alumina . The device is a sodium concentration cell which uses a ceramic , polycrystalline β - alumina solid electrolyte ( BASE ) , as a separator between a high pressure region containing sodium vapor at 900 - 1300 K and a low pressure region containing a condenser for liquid sodium at 400 - 700 K. Efficiency of AMTEC cells has reached 16 % in the laboratory and is predicted to approach 20 % . Stirling radioisotope generator ( edit ) A Stirling radioisotope generator is a Stirling engine driven by the temperature difference produced by a radioisotope . A more efficient version , the advanced Stirling radioisotope generator , was under development by NASA , but was cancelled in 2013 due to large - scale cost overruns . Non-thermal converters ( edit ) Non-thermal converters extract a fraction of the nuclear energy as it is being degraded into heat . Their outputs are not functions of temperature differences as are thermoelectric and thermionic converters . Non-thermal generators can be grouped into three classes . Direct charging generators ( edit ) In the first type , the primary generator consists of a capacitor which is charged by the current of charged particles from a radioactive layer deposited on one of the electrodes . Spacing can be either vacuum or dielectric . Negatively charged beta particles or positively charged alpha particles , positrons or fission fragments may be utilized . Although this form of nuclear - electric generator dates back to 1913 , few applications have been found in the past for the extremely low currents and inconveniently high voltages provided by direct charging generators . Oscillator / transformer systems are employed to reduce the voltages , then rectifiers are used to transform the AC power back to direct current . English physicist H.G.J. Moseley constructed the first of these . Moseley 's apparatus consisted of a glass globe silvered on the inside with a radium emitter mounted on the tip of a wire at the center . The charged particles from the radium created a flow of electricity as they moved quickly from the radium to the inside surface of the sphere . As late as 1945 the Moseley model guided other efforts to build experimental batteries generating electricity from the emissions of radioactive elements . Betavoltaics ( edit ) Main article : Betavoltaics Betavoltaics are generators of electric current , in effect a form of battery , which use energy from a radioactive source emitting beta particles ( electrons ) . A common source used is the hydrogen isotope , tritium . Unlike most nuclear power sources , which use nuclear radiation to generate heat , which then generates electricity ( thermoelectric and thermionic sources ) , betavoltaics use a non-thermal conversion process , using a semiconductor p-n junction . Betavoltaics are particularly well - suited to low - power electrical applications where long life of the energy source is needed , such as implantable medical devices or military and space applications . Alphavoltaics ( edit ) Alphavoltaic power sources are devices that use a semiconductor junction to produce electrical particle from energetic alpha particles . Optoelectric ( edit ) Main article : Optoelectric nuclear battery An optolectric nuclear battery has also been proposed by researchers of the Kurchatov Institute in Moscow . A beta - emitter ( such as technetium - 99 ) would stimulate an excimer mixture , and the light would power a photocell . The battery would consist of an excimer mixture of argon / xenon in a pressure vessel with an internal mirrored surface , finely - divided Tc - 99 , and an intermittent ultrasonic stirrer , illuminating a photocell with a bandgap tuned for the excimer . The advantage of this design is that precision electrode assemblies are not needed , and most beta particles escape the finely - divided bulk material to contribute to the battery 's net power . Reciprocating electromechanical atomic batteries ( edit ) Main article : Radioisotope piezoelectric generator Electromechanical atomic batteries use the buildup of charge between two plates to pull one bendable plate towards the other , until the two plates touch , discharge , equalizing the electrostatic buildup , and spring back . The mechanical motion produced can be used to produce electricity through flexing of a piezoelectric material or through a linear generator . Milliwatts of power are produced in pulses depending on the charge rate , in some cases multiple times per second ( 35 Hz ) . Radioisotopes used ( edit ) Atomic batteries use radioisotopes that produce low energy beta particles or sometimes alpha particles of varying energies . Low energy beta particles are needed to prevent the production of high energy penetrating Bremsstrahlung radiation that would require heavy shielding . Radioisotopes such as tritium , nickel - 63 , promethium - 147 , and technetium - 99 have been tested . Plutonium - 238 , curium - 242 , curium - 244 and strontium - 90 have been used . Atomic battery manufacturer countries ( edit ) America ( US ) , Britain ( UK ) , France , Russia , Iran See also ( edit ) Radioisotope thermoelectric generator Induced gamma emission from long - lived excited nuclei of specific nuclear isomers . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A nuclear battery the size and thickness of a penny . '' Gizmag , 9 October 2009 Jump up ^ `` Tiny ' nuclear batteries ' unveiled . '' BBC News , Thursday 8 October 2009 Jump up ^ `` Atomic Battery Converts Radioactivity Directly Into Electricity . '' Popular Mechanics , April 1954 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ `` Thermoelectric Generators '' . electronicbus.com . Retrieved 2015 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , G.O. `` Thermionic converter '' . scitechconnect.com . Retrieved 2015 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ McCoy , J.C. `` An overview of the Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator Transportation System Program '' . scitechconnect.com . Retrieved 2015 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ The ASRG Cancellation in Context Future Planetary Exploration Jump up ^ NASA Glenn Research Center , Alpha - and Beta - voltaics ( accessed Oct. 4 , 2011 ) Jump up ^ Sheila G. Bailey , David M. Wilt , Ryne P. Raffaelle , and Stephanie L. Castro , Alpha - Voltaic Power Source Designs Investigated Archived 16 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , Research and Technology 2005 , NASA TM - 2006 - 214016 , ( accessed Oct. 4 , 2011 ) Jump up ^ Lal , Amit ; Rajesh Duggirala ; Hui Li ( 2005 ) . `` Pervasive Power : A Radioisotope - Powered Piezoelectric Generator '' ( PDF ) . IEEE Pervasive Computing . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Bindu , K.C. ; Harmon , Frank ; Starovoitova , Valeriia ; Stoner , Jon ; Wells , Douglas ( 2013 ) . `` Optimization of commercial scale photonuclear production of radioisotopes '' . AIP Conference Proceedings . 1525 ( 1 ) : 407 -- 411 . doi : 10.1063 / 1.4802359 . External links ( edit ) Cantilever Electromechanical Atomic Battery Types of Radioisotopic Batteries Americium Battery Concept Proposed for Space Applications - TFOT article Nuclear Batteries ( 25 MW ) Tiny ' nuclear batteries ' unveiled , BBC article about the research of Jae Wan Kwon et al. from The University of Missouri . GND : 4162576 - 6 NDL : 00575216 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atomic_battery&oldid=820916307 '' Categories : Battery types Electrical generators Nuclear technology Nuclear power in space Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from August 2013 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 עברית 日本語 Polski Русский Suomi Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 January 2018 , at 10 : 35 . 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my life is love and pleasure josef strauss			Josef Strauss	josef strauss	Josef Strauss ( 20 August 1827 -- 22 July 1870 ) was an Austrian composer .	He was born in Mariahilf ( now Vienna ) , the son of Johann Strauss I and Maria Anna Streim , and brother of Johann Strauss II and Eduard Strauss . His father wanted him to choose a career in the Austrian Habsburg military . He studied music with Franz Dolleschal and learned to play the violin with Franz Anton Ries . He received training as an engineer , and worked for the city of Vienna as an engineer and designer . He designed a horse - drawn revolving brush street - sweeping vehicle and published two textbooks on mathematical subjects . Strauss had talents as an artist , painter , poet , dramatist , singer , composer and inventor . Contents 1 Family orchestra 2 Family life 3 Music 4 Death 5 Works of Josef Strauss 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Family orchestra ( edit ) He joined the family orchestra , along with his brothers , Johann Strauss II and Eduard Strauss in the 1850s . His first published work was called `` Die Ersten und Letzten '' ( The First and the Last ) . When Johann became seriously ill in 1853 Josef led the orchestra for a while . The waltz - loving Viennese were appreciative of his early compositions so he decided to continue in the family tradition of composing dance music . He was known as ' Pepi ' by his family and close friends , and Johann once said of him : `` Pepi is the more gifted of us two ; I am merely the more popular ... '' Family life ( edit ) Josef Strauss married Caroline Pruckmayer at the church of St. Johann Nepomuk in Vienna on 8 June 1857 , and had one daughter , Karolina Anna , who was born on March 27 , 1858 . Music ( edit ) Josef Strauss wrote 283 opus numbers . He wrote many waltzes , including : Sphären - Klänge ( Music of the Spheres ) , Delirien ( Deliriums ) , Transaktionen ( Transactions ) , Mein Lebenslauf ist Lieb ' und Lust ( My Character is Love and Joy ) , and Dorfschwalben aus Österreich ( Village Swallows from Austria ) , polkas , most famously the Pizzicato Polka ( It ) with his brother Johann , quadrilles , and other dance music . The waltz The Mysterious Powers of Magnetism ( Dynamiden ) with the use of minor keys showed a quality that distinguished his waltzes from those of his more popular elder brother . The polka - mazurka shows influence by Strauss , where he wrote many examples like Die Emancipierte and Die Libelle . Death ( edit ) Josef Strauss was sickly most of his life . He suffered fainting spells and intense headaches . During a tour in 1870 , he fell unconscious from the conductor 's podium in Warsaw , while conducting his ' Musical Potpourri ' , and hit his head . His wife brought him back home to Vienna , to the Hirschenhaus , where he died on 22 July 1870 . A final diagnosis only reported a decomposition of blood . There were rumors that he was beaten by drunken Russian soldiers after he allegedly refused to perform music for them one night . His cause of death was not determined , as his widow forbade an autopsy . Originally buried in the St. Marx Cemetery , Strauss was later exhumed and reburied in the Vienna Central Cemetery , alongside his mother Anna . His dance pieces might have surpassed those of his older brother , had he survived , as Johann was by then concentrating on writing music for operettas and other stage works . Works of Josef Strauss ( edit ) The works of Josef Strauss include : Die Ersten und Letzten ( ' The First and the Last ' ) waltz op . 1 ( 1853 ) Die Ersten nach den Letzten ( ' The First after the Last ' ) waltz op . 12 ( 1854 ) Die Guten , Alten Zeiten ( ' The Good Old Times ' ) waltz op . 26 ( 1856 ) Mai - Rosen ( ' May - Rose ' ) waltz op . 34 ( 1857 ) Perlen der Liebe ( ' Pearls of Love ' ) concert - waltz op . 39 ( 1857 ) Moulinet - Polka ( ' Little Mill Pond ' ) polka francaise op . 57 ( 1858 ) Sympathie ( ' Sympathy ' ) polka - mazurka op . 73 ( 1859 ) Lustschwärmer ( ' Joy Seeker ' ) waltz op . 91 ( 1860 ) Schabernack ( ' Shenanigans ' ) , fast polka op . 98 Wiener Bonmots ( ' Viennese Bon - mots ' ) waltz op . 108 ( 1861 ) Winterlust ( ' Winter Joy ' ) polka op . 121 ( 1862 ) Brennende Liebe polka - mazurka op . 129 ( 1862 ) Auf Ferienreisen ! ( ' On a Holiday ! ' ) polka op . 133 ( 1863 ) Die Schwätzerin ( ' The Gossip ' ) polka - mazurka op . 144 ( 1863 ) Wiener Couplets ( ' Viennese Couplets ' ) waltz op . 150 ( 1863 ) Dorfschwalben aus Österreich ( ' Village Swallows from Austria ' ) waltz op . 164 ( 1864 ) Frauenherz ( ' A Woman 's Heart ' ) polka - mazurka op . 166 ( 1864 ) Sport - Polka op . 170 ( 1864 ) Dynamiden ( Geheimne Anziehungskräfte ) ( ' Mysterious Powers of Magnetism ' ) waltz op . 173 ( 1865 ) Stiefmütterchen ( ' Pansies ' ) polka - mazurka op . 183 ( 1865 ) Transaktionen ( ' Transactions ' ) waltz op . 184 ( 1865 ) Carrière , fast polka , op . 200 Die Marketenderin ( ' The Camp Follower ' ) polka op . 202 ( 1866 ) Die Libelle ( ' The Dragonfly ' ) polka - mazurka op . 204 ( 1866 ) Delirien ( ja ) ( ' Deliriums ' ) waltz op . 212 ( 1867 ) Herbstrosen ( ' Autumn Rose ' ) waltz op . 232 ( 1867 ) Sphärenklänge ( ja ) ( ' Music of the Spheres ' ) waltz op . 235 ( 1868 ) Eingesendet ( ' Letters to the Editor ' ) polka op . 240 ( 1868 ) Plappermäulchen ( ' Chatterboxes ' ) polka op . 245 ( 1868 ) Aquarellen ( waltz ) ( ja ) ( ' Watercolours ' ) waltz op . 258 ( 1869 ) Eislauf ( ' Ice - Skating ' ) polka op . 261 ( 1869 ) Neckerei ( ' Teasing ' ) polka mazur op . 262 Mein Lebenslauf Ist Lieb ` Und Lust ! ( ja ) ( ' My Character is Love and Joy ' ) waltz op . 263 ( 1869 ) Die Tanzende Muse ( ' The Dancing Muse ' ) polka - mazurka op . 266 ( 1869 ) Feuerfest ! ( ' Fireproof ! ' ) polka francaise op . 269 ( 1869 ) . Aus der Ferne Polka Mazur op . 270 ( 1869 ) Ohne Sorgen ! ( ' Without a Care ! ' ) polka op . 271 ( 1869 ) Nilfluthen ( ' Nile 's Waters ' ) waltz op . 275 ( 1870 ) Frauenwürde waltz op . 277 ( 1870 ) Jokey - Polka ( ' Jockey ' ) op . 278 ( 1870 ) Hesperusbahnen ( ' Hesperus ' Path ' ) waltz op . 279 ( 1870 ) Die Emancipierte ( ' The Emancipated Woman ' ) polka - mazurka op . 282 ( 1870 ) See also ( edit ) The Strauss Family -- TV Drama Strauss Museum Vienna References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Johann Strauss Society : Josef Strauss '' . Johann Strauss Society of Great Britain . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Talents - Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 Jump up ^ Josef Strauss Jump up ^ Program Notes Jump up ^ Strauss Jump up ^ Josef Strauss works Archived 2011 - 07 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Media related to Josef Strauss at Wikimedia Commons Josef Strauss on the Johann Strauss Society of Great Britain Complete list of Josef Strauss 's compositions Free scores by Josef Strauss at the International Music Score Library Project ( IMSLP ) Josef Strauss at Find a Grave Johann Strauss II Operettas Indigo und die vierzig Räuber ( 1871 ) Der Karneval in Rom ( 1873 ) Die Fledermaus ( 1874 ) Cagliostro in Wien ( 1875 ) Prinz Methusalem ( 1877 ) Blindekuh ( 1878 ) Das Spitzentuch der Königin ( 1880 ) Der lustige Krieg ( 1881 ) Eine Nacht in Venedig ( 1883 ) Der Zigeunerbaron ( 1885 ) Simplicius ( 1887 ) Waldmeister ( 1895 ) Wiener Blut ( arr . by Adolf Müller , 1899 ) Waltzes Sinngedichte , Op. 1 ( 1844 ) Gunstwerber , Op. 4 ( 1844 ) Sträußchen , Op. 15 ( 1846 ) Klange aus der Walachei , Op. 50 ( 1850 ) Frohsinns - Spenden , Op. 73 ( 1850 ) Lava - Ströme , Op. 74 ( 1850 ) Rhadamantus - Klänge , Op. 94 ( 1851 ) Idyllen , Op. 95 ( 1851 ) Mephistos Höllenrufe , Op. 101 ( 1851 ) Liebeslieder , Op. 114 ( 1852 ) Phönix - Schwingen , Op. 125 ( 1853 ) Novellen , Op. 146 ( 1854 ) Nachtfalter , Op. 157 ( 1855 ) Glossen , Op. 163 ( 1855 ) Man lebt nur einmal ! , Op. 167 ( 1855 ) Abschieds - Rufe , Op. 179 ( 1856 ) Phänomene , Op. 193 ( 1857 ) Abschied von St. Petersburg , Op. 210 ( 1858 ) Hell und voll , Op. 216 ( 1859 ) Promotionen , Op. 221 ( 1859 ) Accelerationen , Op. 234 ( 1860 ) Immer heiterer , Op. 235 ( 1860 ) Grillenbanner , Op. 247 ( 1861 ) Klangfiguren , Op. 251 , ( 1861 ) Dividenden , Op. 252 Karnevalsbotschafter , Op. 270 ( 1862 ) Leitartikel , Op. 273 ( 1863 ) Morgenblätter , Op. 279 ( 1863 ) Studentenlust , Op. 285 ( 1864 ) Aus den Bergen , Op. 292 ( 1864 ) Bürgersinn , Op. 295 ( 1865 ) Flugschriften , Op. 300 ( 1865 ) Wiener Bonbons , Op. 307 ( 1866 ) An der schönen blauen Donau , Op. 314 ( 1867 ) Künstlerleben , Op. 316 ( 1867 ) Die Publicisten , Op. 321 ( 1868 ) G'schichten aus dem Wienerwald , Op. 325 ( 1868 ) Illustrationen , Op. 331 ( 1869 ) Wein , Weib und Gesang , Op. 333 ( 1869 ) Freuet Euch des Lebens , Op. 340 ( 1870 ) Neu Wien , Op. 342 ( 1870 ) Tausend und eine Nacht , Op. 346 ( 1871 ) Wiener Blut ( waltz ) , Op. 354 ( 1873 ) Carnevalsbilder , Op. 357 ( 1873 ) Bei uns Z'haus , Op. 361 ( 1873 ) Wo die Zitronen blühen , Op. 364 ( 1874 ) Du und du , Op. 367 ( 1874 ) Cagliostro - Walzer , Op. 370 ( 1875 ) O schöner Mai ! , Op. 375 ( 1877 ) Rosen aus dem Süden , Op. 388 ( 1880 ) Nordseebilder , Op. 390 ( 1880 ) Kuss - Walzer , Op. 400 ( 1881 ) Frühlingsstimmen , Op. 410 ( 1883 ) Lagunen - Walzer , Op. 411 ( 1883 ) Schatz - Walzer , Op. 418 ( 1885 ) Wiener Frauen , Op. 423 ( 1886 ) Donauweibchen , Op. 427 ( 1887 ) Kaiser - Jubiläum - Jubelwalzer , Op. 434 ( 1888 ) Kaiser - Walzer , Op. 437 ( 1888 ) Rathausball - Tänze , Op. 438 ( 1890 ) Gross - Wien , Op. 440 ( 1891 ) Seid umschlungen , Millionen ! , Op. 443 ( 1892 ) Trau , schau , wem ! , Op. 463 ( 1895 ) Farewell to America Polkas Herzenslust , Op. 3 Explosions - Polka , Op. 43 Tritsch - Tratsch - Polka , Op. 214 ( 1858 ) Demolirer , Op. 269 ( 1862 ) Vergnügungszug , Op. 281 ( 1864 ) ' S gibt nur a Kaiserstadt , ' s gibt nur a Wien ! , Op. 291 Lob der Frauen , Op. 315 Postillon d'amour , Op. 317 ( 1867 ) Leichtes Blut , Op. 319 ( 1867 ) Figaro - Polka , Op. 320 ( 1867 ) Ein Herz , ein Sinn ! , Op. 323 Freikugeln , Op. 326 ( 1868 ) Éljen a Magyar ! , Op. 332 Im Krapfenwald'l , Op. 336 ( 1869 ) Die Bajadere , Op. 351 Vom Donaustrande , Op. 358 Bitte schön ! , Op. 372 ( 1875 ) Auf der Jagd , Op. 373 ( 1875 ) Banditen - Galopp , Op. 378 ( 1877 ) Waldine , Op. 385 ( 1879 ) Neue Pizzicato Polka , Op. 449 Marches Persischer Marsch , Op. 289 ( 1864 ) Indigo - Marsch , Op. 349 Quadrille Debut - Quadrille , Op. 2 ( 1844 ) Le beau Monde , Op. 199 ( 1857 ) Other Ritter Pázmán ( Opera 1892 ) Aschenbrödel ( Ballet 1899 ) Compositions Operettas Family Henrietta Treffz ( wife ) Johann Strauss I ( father ) Eduard Strauss ( brother ) Josef Strauss ( brother ) Johann Strauss III ( nephew ) Eduard Strauss II ( grandnephew ) In media Waltzes from Vienna ( 1934 ) The Great Waltz ( 1938 ) Vienna Waltzes ( 1951 ) The Strauss Family ( 1972 ) The Great Waltz ( 1972 ) BNE : XX840806 BNF : cb139001232 ( data ) CiNii : DA05432818 GND : 118809555 ISNI : 0000 0001 2031 4611 LCCN : n79077314 LNB : 000037363 MusicBrainz : 9942ef92 - 91a2 - 46f7 - aff4 - 32389df33c9e NDL : 00457910 SELIBR : 206354 SUDOC : 067019277 VIAF : 100251784 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josef_Strauss&oldid=842675491 '' Categories : Strauss family 1827 births 1870 deaths 19th - century Austrian people 19th - century classical composers Austrian classical composers Austrian male classical composers Austrian people of Jewish descent Austrian Romantic composers Burials at the Vienna Central Cemetery Jewish classical composers People from Mariahilf Viennese composers Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Interlanguage link template link number All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Composers with IMSLP links Articles with International Music Score Library Project links Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LNB identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 23 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef%20Strauss	1,838
when will the new predator movie be released	The film stars Boyd Holbrook , Olivia Munn , Trevante Rhodes , Keegan - Michael Key , Sterling K. Brown , Jacob Tremblay , Yvonne Strahovski , Alfie Allen , and Thomas Jane . It completed filming in June 2017 , and is set to be released on September 14 , 2018 , by 20th Century Fox in IMAX , 3D , as well as standard formats .	September 14 , 2018	The Predator ( film )	the predator ( film )	The Predator ( also known as Predator 4 ) is an upcoming American sci - fi action horror film directed by Shane Black and written by Black and Fred Dekker . It is the fourth installment in the Predator film series , set to take place between Predator 2 ( 1990 ) and Predators ( 2010 ) . Black had a supporting role in the original 1987 Predator film , while Joel Silver , John Davis , and Lawrence Gordon all return as producers from the first two installments .	The film stars Boyd Holbrook , Olivia Munn , Trevante Rhodes , Keegan - Michael Key , Sterling K. Brown , Jacob Tremblay , Yvonne Strahovski , Alfie Allen , and Thomas Jane . It completed filming in June 2017 , and is set to be released on September 14 , 2018 , by 20th Century Fox in IMAX , 3D , as well as standard formats . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Pre-production 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) The story will be focusing on military veterans encountering a Predator ship in a suburban neighborhood . After denial from government personnel they band together to deal with the intergalactic hunter . Assisting them will be scientists and a young autistic boy who is a language savant . Cast ( edit ) Boyd Holbrook as Quinn McKenna , Emma 's ex-husband and the father of Rory and a former Marine and Special Forces commando who discovers the existence of the fierce Predators but finds that no one believes they exist . James Franco was originally offered the role but passed on it before Benicio del Toro was cast , who later had to back out due to scheduling conflicts . Olivia Munn as Casey Bracket , a scientist opposite Quinn . Trevante Rhodes as Nebraska Williams , a former Marine who enlists in a special Predator - hunting operation headed up by Quinn , his best friend . Keegan - Michael Key as a man who teams up with Quinn and Williams to fight the Predators . Sterling K. Brown as a government agent who jails Quinn but later needs his help with fighting the Predators . Jacob Tremblay as Rory McKenna , Emma and Quinn 's troubled son , who has a form of autism and is bullied in school but becomes a key player in the fight against the Predators due to his preternatural ability to learn languages . Yvonne Strahovski as Emma McKenna , Quinn 's ex-wife and the mother to Rory . Alfie Allen as a former Marine who teams with several other outsiders , including Quinn , to stop the human - hunting Predators in suburbia . Thomas Jane as a military veteran from the Afghanistan and Iraq wars who is suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder . Augusto Aguilera Jake Busey as the son of Peter Keyes . Edward James Olmos as a military general . Niall Matter as Sapir Production ( edit ) Pre-production ( edit ) In June 2014 , Fox announced a sequel which Shane Black , who also starred as supporting character Rick Hawkins in Predator , will direct and co-write with Fred Dekker , and John Davis will produce . Davis has said of the film that he thinks it is fresh and reimagines the franchise in a `` different , interesting way '' . In February 2016 , Black confirmed the title of the new sequel would be The Predator . Shane Black has referred to the project as an event film which aims to elevate the Predator series : `` It 's an attempt to ' event - ise ' the Predator again ... ( An attempt to ) make it more mysterious . '' Black also expressed that the film would mark a return to the `` intimate '' scale of the original film and that the film - makers hoped to achieve `` the same sense of wonderment and newness that Close Encounters had when that came out . '' Shane Black has confirmed that the film is set in the present day and the titular character will have an upgraded set of armor . Black has also indicated that the film would be a sequel set in present - day 2018 , following the events of Predator and Predator 2 , but set prior to the events of the 2010 film Predators . He also mentioned that he looked for plot details set up in the previous Predator movies that he could retrospectively link back to with the new film . To that end , Jake Busey was cast as the son of Peter Keyes , a character who was portrayed by Busey 's father Gary Busey in Predator 2 . In February 2016 , the studio revealed a teaser image of the film , confirming the title The Predator . Martin Whist served as the film 's production designer , while effects house Amalgamated Dynamics provided the creature effects for The Predator , having done so previously for the first two Alien vs. Predator films . In an interview with Variety on September , Stacey Snider , the current chief - executive - officer of 20th Century Fox , talked a little about The Predator and her thoughts on Shane Black and Fred Dekker 's script : We 've got a `` Predator '' film coming out that is unexpected and utterly fresh . I just imagined that it would take 500 hours to read the script -- that it would be interior jungle , exterior more jungle and then fighting happens , but Emma ( Watts ) went out and recruited Shane Black . From the first page , it did n't read like a `` Predator '' film . It 's set in suburbia . There 's a little boy and his dad at the center of the action . Casting ( edit ) Arnold Schwarzenegger discussed with Black about returning to the film as his character after the first Predator film . Rapper 50 Cent also spoke of the possibility of being involved in the film but ended up dropping out . By September 2016 , Benicio del Toro had signed on to star in the film . However , in the following month , Boyd Holbrook replaced del Toro , who departed due to scheduling issues . In November 2016 , Olivia Munn joined the cast . In January 2017 , Trevante Rhodes , Keegan - Michael Key , Sterling K. Brown , Thomas Jane and Jacob Tremblay joined the cast . In February , Alfie Allen and Yvonne Strahovski were added to the cast . In March , the last main role was filled by Augusto Aguilera while Jake Busey was also cast in a supporting role . Filming ( edit ) Filming was scheduled to begin in February 2017 in Vancouver , British Columbia . On November 21 , 2016 , Larry Fong was confirmed to be hired as cinematographer for the film . Black announced on his Twitter that filming began on February 20 , 2017 . Filming wrapped on June 2 , 2017 . Additional photography in Vancouver took place in March 2018 . Keegan - Michael Key stated that the film 's third act was mostly rewritten and reshot during additional photography . Music ( edit ) Henry Jackman is set to provide the music score for the film . Release ( edit ) The Predator was originally slated by 20th Century Fox for a March 2 , 2018 release date , before the date was pushed forward to February 9 , 2018 . It was then pushed back to August 3 , 2018 . In February 2018 , the movie got pushed back to September 14 , 2018 . The film will also be released in IMAX theatres . See also ( edit ) List of monster movies Alien portal Film portal Speculative fiction portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NEW PREDATOR ARTWORK MAKES UP FOR LACK OF PREDATOR 4 MOVIE TRAILER '' . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fox Moves Release of James Cameron 's ' Alita : Battle Angel ' '' . Variety . February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alter , Ethan ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Moonlight ' Star Trevante Rhodes on His Crazy Oscars Night and Tackling ' The Predator ' '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Moonlight ' Star Trevante Rhodes Joins Shane Black 's ' The Predator ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` Keegan - Michael Key Joining Shane Black 's ' The Predator ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' People v. O.J. Simpson ' Star Sterling K. Brown in Talks to Join Shane Black 's ' Predator ' Reboot '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Actor Alfie Allen Joins Shane Black 's ' The Predator ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ^ Jump up to : Hipes , Patrick ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Augusto Aguilera Joins Hunt For ' The Predator ' '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` Jake Busey Joins Fox 's ' The Predator ' '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` Edward James Olmos Joins Shane Black 's ' Predator ' Reboot '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Edward James Olmos Talks ' The Predator ' ; `` So Crazy '' and `` Really Funny '' `` . Bloody Disgusting . Jump up ^ Hill , Ruth ( November 12 , 2017 ) . `` Interview with Actor Niall Matter `` Engaging Father Christmas '' `` . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` Shane Black Says His Predator Film Is a Sequel , Not a Reboot '' . Collider . Retrieved June 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( August 13 , 2016 ) . `` Shane Black 's ' Predator ' Sequel Will ' Reinvent the Franchise ' , Says Producer John Davis '' . Collider . Retrieved June 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Shane Black 's ' Predator ' Sequel Is Called ' The Predator ' ; First Poster Revealed '' . Collider . Retrieved June 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patches , Matt ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Nice Guys ' Director Shane Black on Trailer , ' Doc Savage , ' ' Predator ' Reboot '' . Thrillist . Retrieved June 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nugent , John ( May 19 , 2016 ) . `` Shane Black Reveals Leader Character in The Predator '' . EmpireOnline.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Shane Black Reveals When ' The Predator ' Will Take Place '' . Collider . Retrieved June 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` Predator Costume Will Get Upgraded for Sequel '' . Coming Soon.net . Jump up ^ Guidry , Ken ( May 21 , 2016 ) . `` Shane Black Talks More ' Predator ' Details , Defending Mel Gibson , ' Lethal Weapon 5 ' & More '' . The Playlist . Jump up ^ `` Shane Black Talks The Predator 's Place In Continuity '' . AVPGalaxy.net . May 28 , 2016 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's everything we know about ' The Predator ' movie '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How The Predator Will Solidify The Series ' Complicated Continuity , According To Shane Black '' . Cinemablend.com . May 2016 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Predator ' : Jake Busey Reveals He 's Playing the Son of Gary Busey 's ' Predator 2 ' Character '' . Slashfilm . June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` You Never Saw This Predator Teaser Image Coming '' . ComingSoon.net . February 16 , 2016 . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Whist To Serve As Production Designer for The Predator '' . AVPGalaxy.net . July 27 , 2016 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amalgamated Dynamics Inc. to Provide Creature Effects for The Predator ! '' . AVPGalaxy.net . August 8 , 2016 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( 20 September 2017 ) . `` Fox 's Stacey Snider Gets Candid About Netflix , Diversity and the Future of Wolverine '' . Jump up ^ The Gillinator ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` Arnold to Discuss `` The Predator '' with Director Shane Black ! `` . The Arnold Fans . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ WEDR 99 JAMZ ( 27 March 2016 ) . `` 99Jamz UnCensored 50 Cent '' . Retrieved 28 January 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` Benicio Del Toro in Talks to Star in Shane Black 's ' Predator ' Reboot '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Boyd Holbrook to Replace Benicio del Toro in Fox 's ' The Predator ' Reboot '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Olivia Munn Joining Boyd Holbrook in Shane Black 's ' Predator ' Reboot '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Moonlight ' Star Trevante Rhodes Joins Shane Black 's ' The Predator ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Thomas Jane in Talks to Join Shane Black 's ' Predator ' Movie '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` Jacob Tremblay to Star in Shane Black 's ' Predator ' Movie '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` Jacob Tremblay to Star in Shane Black 's ' Predator ' Movie '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Yvonne Strahovski Joins Shane Black 's ' The Predator ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Jake Busey Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( 3 March 2017 ) . `` Augusto Aguilera Joins Hunt For ' The Predator ' '' . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` Filming Locations for Deadpool 2 , The Predator , and Aquaman '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` Larry Fong to Shoot Shane Black 's ' The Predator ' '' . / Film . Jump up ^ @ BonafideBlack ( February 20 , 2017 ) . `` Partial cast ... beautiful human beings , good people . Also , killers . Cameras roll today . Follow me on Twitter for updates . Wish us luck '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` The Predator Wraps Filming Today ! '' . AvPGalaxy . Jump up ^ https://www.dgc.ca/assets/Uploads/BritishColumbia/AvailsProductionLists/Documents/Production-List.pdf Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` The Predator Reshoots Have Changed Most Of The Third Act '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://filmmusicreporter.com/2018/03/29/henry-jackman-to-score-shane-blacks-the-predator/ Jump up ^ D'Orazio , Dante ( February 28 , 2016 ) . `` The Predator set for March 2nd , 2018 , Gambit and Alien : Covenant get new release dates '' . The Verge . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( February 28 , 2016 ) . `` Predator sequel lands March 2018 release date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Release Dates for Alita : Battle Angel , Predator and Marvel Films '' . ComingSoon.net . May 29 , 2016 . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Predator ' Release Date Pushed to Summer 2018 '' . Collider . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fox 's Untitled Marvel Project , ' Maze Runner ' Sequel to Receive IMAX Releases '' . Variety . February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) The Predator on IMDb The Predator at Rotten Tomatoes Predator Films Predator ( 1987 ) Predator 2 ( 1990 ) Predators ( 2010 ) The Predator ( 2018 ) Music Predator Predator 2 Predators Comics Predator : Bad Blood Batman Versus Predator Predator vs. Judge Dredd Superman vs. Predator Archie vs. Predator Tarzan vs. Predator : At the Earth 's Core Games Predator Predator 2 ( 1990 ) Predator 2 ( 1992 ) Predator : Concrete Jungle Other Characters Predator Novels Accolades for the film series Alien vs. Predator franchise Related articles Alien franchise Predatoroonops Films by Shane Black Written and directed Kiss Kiss Bang Bang ( 2005 ) Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) Edge ( 2015 ) The Nice Guys ( 2016 ) The Predator ( 2018 ) Written only Lethal Weapon ( 1987 ) The Monster Squad ( 1987 ) Lethal Weapon 2 ( 1989 ) The Last Boy Scout ( 1991 ) Last Action Hero ( 1993 ) The Long Kiss Goodnight ( 1996 ) A.W.O.L. ( 2006 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Predator_(film)&oldid=836563645 '' Categories : Upcoming films 2018 films English - language films American films 2018 horror films 2010s science fiction films 20th Century Fox films American science fiction action films American science fiction horror films American sequel films Davis Entertainment films Films about autism Films directed by Shane Black Predator ( franchise ) films Prequel films Science fiction adventure films Upcoming action films Upcoming horror films Upcoming science fiction films Upcoming IMAX films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Română Русский Suomi Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 15 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Predator%20%28film%29	1,839
who sings the song have i told you lately that i love you			Have I Told You Lately	have i told you lately	`` Have I Told You Lately '' is a hit song written by Northern Irish singer - songwriter Van Morrison and recorded for his album Avalon Sunset ( 1989 ) . It is a romantic ballad that is often played at weddings , although it was originally written as a prayer .	`` Have I Told You Lately '' has become a classic song and has received acclaim by winning a Grammy Award and a BMI Million - Air certificate . When released as a single in 1989 , it reached number 12 on the U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary chart , and has been a popular cover song with many vocal and instrumental versions recorded by numerous artists and bands . In 1993 , Rod Stewart 's version charted at number 5 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and on the UK Singles Chart . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Acclaim 3 Rod Stewart version 4 Chart history 4.1 Van Morrison 4.2 Rod Stewart 4.3 Weekly charts 4.3. 1 Year - end charts 5 Other versions 6 Other releases 7 In the media 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Composition ( edit ) Composed as a love ballad and built on the framework of `` Someone Like You '' , it is preceded on Avalon Sunset by the song , `` I 'd Love to Write Another Song '' proclaiming `` In poetry I 'd carve it well / I 'd even make it rhyme . '' Then , in the words of Brian Hinton what follows is : One of the finest love songs of the century , which I remember devastated me when I first heard it , as it seemed both something never quite said before , and yet a song I felt I had known forever . Earthly love transmutes into that for God , just like in Dante , ' there 's a love that 's divine and it 's yours and it 's mine . ' The morning sun has set by the end of the song , suggesting love shading into death , but subtly . Acclaim ( edit ) `` Have I Told You Lately '' was listed as No. 261 on the `` All Time 885 Greatest Songs '' list compiled in 2004 by Philadelphia radio station WXPN from listeners ' votes . In August 2006 , Van Morrison 's original recording was voted No. 6 on a list of the `` Top 10 First Dance Wedding Songs '' , based on a poll of 1,300 DJs in the UK . Van Morrison 's original version of this song was No. 98 on the New York Daily News , The 100 Greatest Love Songs , from the list published on 12 February 2007 . In October 2007 , Van Morrison received a Million - Air certificate for over four million air plays of `` Have I Told You Lately '' from the prestigious BMI awards held in London , England . Rod Stewart version ( edit ) `` Have I Told You Lately '' Single by Rod Stewart from the album Unplugged ... and Seated B - side `` Gasoline Alley '' Released March 1993 ( 1993 - 03 ) Genre Soft rock Length 4 : 08 Label Warner Bros . Songwriter ( s ) Van Morrison Producer ( s ) Michael Ostin `` Have I Told You Lately '' has been performed by many unknown as well as many famous artists . Rod Stewart covered the song for his album Vagabond Heart ( 1991 ) . A live version from his album Unplugged ... and Seated ( 1993 ) was released as a single , becoming a number - five hit in the US and the UK . This version also reached No. 4 on the US Billboard Mainstream Top 40 chart , and spent five weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard US Adult Contemporary chart . It was certified gold in the US and sold 700,000 copies there . Another live version by Stewart from his 2013 performance at The Troubadour , West Hollywood was included on the deluxe edition of his album Time . Chart history ( edit ) Van Morrison ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 ) Peak position UK 74 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 12 Coney Island Medley Chart ( 1990 ) Peak position UK 76 with the Chieftains Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position UK 71 Rod Stewart ( edit ) Studio version Chart ( 1992 - 93 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary 33 Llive Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 12 Canada ( RPM ) Top Singles Canada ( RPM ) Adult Contemporary Germany 12 Ireland 13 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 41 Sweden 39 UK Singles Chart 5 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 5 U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary U.S. Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Rank Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 9 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 32 U.S. Cash Box 22 Other versions ( edit ) Some of the other known covers of the song are by Kenny Rogers , Barbara Mandrell , Michael Ball , Della Reese , Engelbert Humperdinck and an instrumental cover by Floyd Cramer . Andy Williams covered it on his album , I Do n't Remember Ever Growing Up ( 2007 ) and performed a live version in 2007 at Royal Albert Hall in London , England . In 2006 , Thomas Anders covered the song for his swing album Songs Forever . Barry Manilow included this song on his album , The Greatest Songs of the Eighties released in November 2008 . `` Have I Told You Lately '' has also been a popular cover song internationally . Tejano group Mazz also recorded the song on their 1993 album Que Esperabas . In 1999 , the Belgian band Clouseau released a Dutch language translation ( `` Heb ik ooit gezegd '' , literally : `` Have I ever told you '' ) , that charted 16 weeks in the Flemish Ultratop 50 ( peaking at No. 7 ) . A version on German language , entitled Warum komm ich nur so selten dazu , was published in 2003 by the German soul singer Stefan Gwildis on his album Neues Spiel . In 2009 the German band Brings released a Kölsch version entitled `` Han ich dir jesaht '' on their album Poppe , Kaate , Danze . Emilio Navaira released a single of it from his album , Life Is Good , which also included a version in Spanish . His version peaked at No. 62 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in 1996 . Contemporary jazz / new - age pianist Chris Geith covered the song from his album `` Timeless World . '' Other releases ( edit ) Morrison chose `` Have I Told You Lately '' to be one of the songs included on 1990s The Best of Van Morrison , his first greatest - hits album . It was also one of the songs on two of the compilation albums that were issued in 2007 : Still on Top - The Greatest Hits contains a remastered version of this song and it was also featured on the compilation album , Van Morrison at the Movies - Soundtrack Hits . A live performance version was included on his 1994 album , A Night in San Francisco . In 1995 Morrison accompanied The Chieftains on a recording of the song for their album The Long Black Veil ; this version was awarded the 1996 Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals . Filmed performances of the song include a version recorded in 1989 that was featured on Morrison 's video album Van Morrison : The Concert the following year . In 1997 Morrison performed the song in a duet with Sinéad O'Connor on Late Show with David Letterman ; this version was subsequently released on the Live on Letterman : Music from the Late Show CD . In the media ( edit ) `` Have I Told You Lately '' was featured in the 1996 film , One Fine Day , starring George Clooney and Michelle Pfeiffer , at the end of the Amanda Bynes 2003 film , What a Girl Wants , covered by Matt Acheson , and the 2014 film 5 Flights Up , starring Morgan Freeman and Diane Keaton . Impressionist and comedian Rory Bremner included the song as one of his eight Desert Island Discs on BBC Radio 4 on 20 April 2003 . Television and radio presenter Gloria Hunniford also included the song on her list on 24 December 2006 . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals - The 38th Annual Grammy Awards ( 1995 ) '' . The Recording Academy . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2018 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Music Chart '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Hage . The Words and Music of Van Morrison . p. 109 Jump up ^ Hinton . Celtic Crossroads . p. 278 Jump up ^ `` Countdowns '' . xpn.org . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 First Dance Wedding Songs '' . Uk-disco.co.uk . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Music : Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Pop Songs Chart '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Music Chart '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American certifications -- Rod Stewart -- Have I Told You Lately '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Jump up ^ `` Best - Selling Records of 1993 '' . Billboard . BPI Communications . 106 ( 3 ) : 73 . 15 January 1994 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Have I Told You Lately - Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Chart - Billboard '' , Billboard , retrieved January 29 , 2018 Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 230 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 1993 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 1993 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Rod Stewart - Have I Told You Lately '' . Official New Zealand Music Chart . Recorded Music NZ. 27 June 1993 . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Have I Told You Lately - Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . June 26 , 1993 . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ Adult Contemporary Chart - Billboard , Billboard , May 29 , 1993 , retrieved February 16 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 Singles , July 10 , 1993 '' . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Hit Tracks of 1993 '' . RPM . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1993 '' . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 31 , 1993 '' . Jump up ^ `` allmusic ( ( ( It Works For Me > Overview ) ) ) '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` allmusic : Secrets of Love '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` allmusic ( ( ( Engelbert Humperdinck > Songs ) ) ) '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` I Do n't Remember Ever Growing Up : Overview '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Barry Manilow returns with the Greatest Songs of the Eighties '' . accesshollywood.com . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2013 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 -- 2012 . Record Research , Inc. p. 111 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89820 - 203 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Timeless World overview '' . Allmusic.com . Jump up ^ `` What We 're Listening To * * February '' . SmoothVibes.com . Jump up ^ `` Van Morrison at IMDb '' . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Acheson '' . IMDb . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Flights Up Soundtrack List '' . The Ultimate Source for Soundtrack Lists . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Desert Island Discs - Rory Bremner '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Desert Island Discs - Gloria Hunniford '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 09 . References ( edit ) Hinton , Brian ( 1997 ) . Celtic Crossroads : The Art of Van Morrison . London : Sanctuary . ISBN 1 - 86074 - 169 - X . Hage , Erik ( 2009 ) . ' The Words and Music of Van Morrison . Praeger Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35862 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Tell Me What You Dream '' by Restless Heart Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one single 29 May -- 26 June 1993 Succeeded by `` By the Time This Night Is Over '' by Kenny G with Peabo Bryson Van Morrison singles discography 1960s 1967 `` Brown Eyed Girl '' 1970s 1970 `` Come Running '' `` Crazy Love '' `` Domino '' 1971 `` Blue Money '' `` Call Me Up in Dreamland '' `` Wild Night '' 1972 `` Tupelo Honey '' `` Jackie Wilson Said ( I 'm in Heaven When You Smile ) '' `` Redwood Tree '' 1973 `` Warm Love '' `` Bein ' Green '' `` Bulbs '' `` Caldonia '' `` Gloria '' 1977 `` The Eternal Kansas City '' `` Moondance '' 1978 `` Wavelength '' 1979 `` Bright Side of the Road '' `` Full Force Gale '' 1980s 1980 `` You Make Me Feel So Free '' 1982 `` Cleaning Windows '' `` Scandinavia '' 1984 `` Dweller on the Threshold '' 1985 `` Tore Down a la Rimbaud '' 1986 `` Ivory Tower '' `` Did Ye Get Healed ? '' `` Someone Like You '' `` Queen of the Slipstream `` I 'll Tell Me Ma 1989 `` Have I Told You Lately '' `` Whenever God Shines His Light '' `` Orangefield '' 1990s `` Coney Island '' `` Gloria '' `` Real Real Gone '' 1991 `` Enlightenment '' `` I Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` Why Must I Always Explain ? '' `` Gloria '' 1995 `` Have I Told You Lately '' `` Days Like This '' `` Perfect Fit '' `` That 's Life '' `` The Healing Game '' `` Rough God Goes Riding '' 1999 `` Precious Time '' `` Back on Top '' 2000s 2002 `` Hey Mr. DJ '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Have_I_Told_You_Lately&oldid=827987555 '' Categories : 1989 singles 1989 songs 1993 singles 1995 singles Songs written by Van Morrison Van Morrison songs Rod Stewart songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Emilio songs Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals Live singles Mercury Records singles RCA Records singles Rock ballads RPM Top Singles number - one singles Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2014 Use British English from August 2014 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 日本語 Norsk Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 22 : 11 . 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who is the actor that plays jesus on walking dead	Thomas Payne ( born 21 December 1982 ) is an English actor . He is best known for appearing on AMC 's The Walking Dead as Paul `` Jesus '' Rovia .	Thomas Payne	Tom Payne ( actor )	tom payne ( actor )	Thomas Payne ( born 21 December 1982 ) is an English actor . He is best known for appearing on AMC 's The Walking Dead as Paul `` Jesus '' Rovia .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Payne was born in Chelmsford , Essex , and grew up in Bath , Somerset , where he attended King Edward 's School and was a prolific contributor to the school 's drama department . He attended the Royal Central School of Speech & Drama , graduating in June 2005 . He then appeared in Miss Pettigrew Lives for a Day . Career ( edit ) In January 2007 , he first appeared in Waterloo Road for the BBC , playing sixth former Brett Aspinall . Despite being 24 at the time , Payne portrayed a 17 - year - old character . He remained in the series until the end of the following season in March 2008 . It was revealed afterwards that he would not be returning for the new season , beginning in January 2009 . In 2009 , Payne played George Best in Best : His Mother 's Son , a BBC 2 film about the legendary footballer . In the same year he appeared in Marple : They Do It With Mirrors and Wuthering Heights for ITV . Payne was named as one of Screen International 's Stars of Tomorrow 2007 . On 8 March 2010 , it was announced that Tom had joined the cast of Luck a new pilot for HBO directed by Michael Mann , written by David Milch , starring Dustin Hoffman and Nick Nolte . He plays the role of a Cajun jockey . In 2012 , he was cast in the title role of The Physician ( based on the book of the same name ) alongside Stellan Skarsgard and Ben Kingsley . Payne was cast with a recurring role in Season 6 of The Walking Dead , as Paul `` Jesus '' Rovia , and promoted to series regular for season 7 . Personal life ( edit ) Payne has been dating singer Jennifer Åkerman since late 2013 . His younger brother Will Payne is also an actor . Filmography ( edit ) List of appearances and roles in feature films Year Title Role Notes 2008 Miss Pettigrew Lives for a Day Phil Goldman 2009 Into the Rose - Garden Sam Short film 2011 The Task Stanton 2011 Generation Perdue Toby Perdue Short film 2012 The Inheritance Matthew 2012 My Funny Valentine Zander 2012 Still Young Edward Short film 2013 The Physician Rob Cole 2015 Winter Tom 2015 MindGamers Jaxon 2017 It 's No Game East Short film List of appearances in television series and specials Year Title Role Notes 2005 Casualty Toby Tyler Episode : `` Love and Duty '' 2007 Skins Spencer Episode : `` Effy '' 2007 Miss Marie Lloyd Bernard Television film 2007 -- 2008 Waterloo Road Brett Aspinall 32 episodes 2008 He Kills Coppers Jonny Taylor Television film 2009 Wuthering Heights Linton 2 episodes 2009 Miss Marple Edgar Lawson Episode : `` They Do It with Mirrors '' 2009 Best : His Mother 's Son George Best Television film 2009 Beautiful People Mr. Carr Episode : `` How I Got My Plumes '' The People vs. George Lucas Himself Documentary 2011 -- 2012 Luck Leon Micheaux 9 episodes 2014 New Worlds Monmouth 4 episodes 2016 -- present The Walking Dead Paul `` Jesus '' Rovia 17 episodes 2016 -- 2017 Talking Dead Himself 6 episodes 2017 The Nightly Show Himself Episode : `` With David Walliams - Night Four '' 2018 Fear the Walking Dead Paul `` Jesus '' Rovia Episode : `` What 's Your Story ? '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon ( 27 November 2008 ) . `` Payne to star as George Best in BBC drama '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Dobson , Patricia ( 2007 - 07 - 12 ) . `` UK Stars Of Tomorrow 2007 : The Actors ( 3 ) '' . Screendaily.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Four trying their ' Luck ' in HBO pilot '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2010 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Jesus Speaks ! The Walking Dead 's Tom Payne Talks His Big Arrival and Surprising Connection to Andrew Lincoln '' . E ! News . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jesus speaks ! New ' Walking Dead ' cast addition Tom Payne gives first interview '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' Promotes 4 to Series Regular for Season 7 ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Tom Payne on IMDb VIAF : 63504962 LCCN : no2012006295 ISNI : 0000 0003 6565 3670 GND : 1051778913 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Payne_(actor)&oldid=836659961 '' Categories : 1982 births Alumni of the Central School of Speech and Drama English male film actors English male television actors Living people People educated at King Edward 's School , Bath 21st - century English male actors Male actors from Essex People from Chelmsford Actors from Somerset People from Bath , Somerset English male stage actors Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2016 Use British English from August 2016 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Pages using authority control with parameters VIAF different on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Polski Português Suomi 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 02 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Payne%20%28actor%29	1,841
who were called as father's of congress			Indian National Congress	indian national congress	The Indian National Congress ( pronunciation ( help info ) ) ( INC , often called Congress ) is a broadly based political party in India . Founded in 1885 , it was the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British Empire in Asia and Africa . From the late 19th century , and especially after 1920 , under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi , Congress became the principal leader of the Indian independence movement , with over 15 million members and over 70 million participants . Congress led India to independence from Great Britain , and powerfully influenced other anti-colonial nationalist movements in the British Empire .	Congress is a secular party whose social liberal platform is generally considered to be on the centre - left of Indian politics . Congress ' social policy is based upon the Gandhian principle of Sarvodaya -- the lifting up of all sections of society -- which involves the improvement of the lives of economically underprivileged and socially marginalised people . The party primarily endorses social liberalism -- seeking to balance individual liberty and social justice , and secularism -- asserting the right to be free from religious rule and teachings . After India 's independence in 1947 , Congress formed the central government of India , and many regional state governments . Congress became India 's dominant political party ; as of 2015 , in the 15 general elections since independence , it has won an outright majority on six occasions and has led the ruling coalition a further four times , heading the central government for 49 years . There have been seven Congress Prime Ministers , the first being Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1947 -- 1964 ) , and the most recent Manmohan Singh ( 2004 -- 2014 ) . Although it did not fare well in the last general elections in India in 2014 , it remains one of two major , nationwide , political parties in India , along with the right - wing , Hindu nationalist , Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) . In the 2014 general election , Congress had its poorest post-independence general election performance , winning only 44 seats of the 543 - member Lok Sabha . From 2004 to 2014 , the Congress - led United Progressive Alliance , a coalition of several regional parties , formed the Indian government , and was headed by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh . The leader of the party during the period , Sonia Gandhi has served the longest term as the president of the party . As of May 2018 , the party is in power in four legislative assemblies : Punjab , Mizoram , Karnataka ( in an alliance with the JD ( S ) ) , and the union territory of Puducherry . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Pre-independence 1.1. 1 Foundation 1.1. 2 Early years 1.1. 3 Congress as a mass movement 1.2 Post-independence 1.2. 1 Nehru / Shastri era ( 1947 -- 1966 ) 1.2. 2 Indira era ( 1966 -- 1984 ) 1.2. 3 Rajiv Gandhi and Rao era ( 1985 -- 1998 ) 1.2. 4 Modern era 2 Election symbols 3 In general elections 4 Current structure and composition 4.1 Dynasticism 4.2 State and territorial units 5 Ideology and policies 5.1 Economic policy 5.2 Healthcare and education 5.3 Security and home affairs 5.4 Foreign policy 6 Presence in state governments 6.1 List of current INC and UPA governments 7 List of Prime Ministers 7.1 List of Prime Ministers ( former Congress members ) 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Notes 9.2 Citations 10 Further reading 11 External links History Main article : History of the Indian National Congress The history of the Indian National Congress ( INC ) falls into two distinct eras : The pre-independence era , when the party was the umbrella organisation leading the campaign for independence ; The post-independence era , when the party has had a prominent place in Indian politics . A.O. Hume , one of the founders of the Indian National Congress Pre-independence See also : Indian independence movement First session of Indian National Congress , Bombay , 28 -- 31 December 1885 Mahatma Gandhi spinning yarn , in the late 1920s Foundation The Indian National Congress conducted its first session in Bombay from 28 -- 31 December 1885 at the initiative of retired Civil service officer Allan Octavian Hume . In 1883 , Hume had outlined his idea for a body representing Indian interests in an open letter to graduates of the University of Calcutta . Its aim was to obtain a greater share in government for educated Indians , and to create a platform for civic and political dialogue between them and the British Raj . Hume took the initiative , and in March 1885 a notice convening the first meeting of the Indian National Union to be held in Poona the following December was issued . Due to a cholera outbreak there , it was moved to Bombay . Hume organised the first meeting in Bombay with the approval of the Viceroy Lord Dufferin . Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee was the first president of Congress ; the first session was attended by 72 delegates . Representing each province of India , the delegates comprised 54 Hindus and two Muslims ; the rest were of Parsi and Jain backgrounds . Notable representatives included Scottish ICS officer William Wedderburn , Dadabhai Naoroji , Pherozeshah Mehta of the Bombay Presidency Association , Ganesh Vasudeo Joshi of the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha , social reformer and newspaper editor Gopal Ganesh Agarkar , Justice K.T. Telang , N.G. Chandavarkar , Dinshaw Wacha , Behramji Malabari , journalist and activist Gooty Kesava Pillai , and P. Rangaiah Naidu of the Madras Mahajana Sabha . This small elite group , unrepresentative of the Indian masses at the time , functioned more as a stage for elite Indian ambitions than a political party for the first decade of its existence . Early years Within the next few years , Congress ' demands became more radical in the face of constant opposition from the British government , and the party decided to advocate in favour of the independence movement because it would allow a new political system in which Congress could be a major party . By 1905 , a division opened between the moderates led by Gokhale , who downplayed public agitation , and the new `` extremists '' who advocated agitation , and regarded the pursuit of social reform as a distraction from nationalism . Bal Gangadhar Tilak , who tried to mobilise Hindu Indians by appealing to an explicitly Hindu political identity displayed in the annual public Ganapati festivals he inaugurated in western India , was prominent among the extremists . Congress included a number of prominent political figures . Dadabhai Naoroji , a member of the sister Indian National Association , was elected president of the party in 1886 and was the first Indian Member of Parliament in the British House of Commons ( 1892 -- 1895 ) . Congress also included Bal Gangadhar Tilak , Bipin Chandra Pal , Lala Lajpat Rai , Gopal Krishna Gokhale , and Mohammed Ali Jinnah -- later leader of the Muslim League and instrumental in the creation of Pakistan . Congress was transformed into a mass movement by Surendranath Banerjea during the partition of Bengal in 1905 , and the resultant Swadeshi movement . Gopal Krishna Gokhale , a constitutional social reformer and moderate nationalist , was elected president of the Indian National Congress in 1905 . Congress `` extremist '' Bal Gangadhar Tilak speaking in 1907 as the Party split into moderates and extremists . Seated at the table is Aurobindo Ghosh and to his right ( in the chair ) is G.S. Khaparde , both allies of Tilak . Congress as a mass movement Mahatma Gandhi returned from South Africa in 1915 . With the help of the moderate group led by Ghokhale , Gandhi became president of Congress . After the First World War , the party became associated with Gandhi , who remained its unofficial spiritual leader and icon . He formed an alliance with the Khilafat Movement in 1920 to fight for preservation of the Ottoman Caliphate , and rights for Indians using civil disobedience or satyagraha as the tool for agitation . In 1923 , after the deaths of policemen at Chauri Chaura , Gandhi suspended the agitation . In protest , a number of leaders , Chittaranjan Das , Annie Besant , and Motilal Nehru , resigned to set up the Swaraj Party . The Khilafat movement collapsed and Congress was split . The rise of Gandhi 's popularity and his satyagraha art of revolution led to support from Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel , Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru , Dr. Rajendra Prasad , Khan Mohammad Abbas Khan , Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan , Chakravarti Rajgopalachari , Dr. Anugraha Narayan Sinha , Jayaprakash Narayan , Jivatram Kripalani , and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad . As a result of prevailing nationalism , Gandhi 's popularity , and the police 's attempts at eradicating caste differences , untouchability , poverty , and religious and ethnic divisions , Congress became a forceful and dominant group . Although its members were predominantly Hindu , it had members from other religions , economic classes , and ethnic and linguistic groups . At the Congress 1929 Lahore session under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru , Purna Swaraj ( complete independence ) was declared as the party 's goal , declaring 26 January 1930 as `` Purna Swaraj Diwas '' ( Independence Day ) . The same year , Srinivas Iyenger was expelled from the party for demanding full independence , not just home rule as demanded by Gandhi . Subhas Chandra Bose served as president of the Congress during 1938 -- 39 . After the passage of the Government of India Act of 1935 , provincial elections were held in India in the winter of 1936 -- 37 in eleven provinces : Madras , Central Provinces , Bihar , Orissa , United Provinces , Bombay Presidency , Assam , NWFP , Bengal , Punjab , and Sindh . After contesting these elections , the Indian National Congress gained power in eight of them except Bengal , Punjab , and Sindh . The All - India Muslim League failed to form a government in any province . Congress ministries resigned in October and November 1939 in protest against Viceroy Lord Linlithgow 's declaration that India was a belligerent in the Second World War without consulting the Indian people . In 1939 , Subhas Chandra Bose , the elected president in both 1938 and 1939 , resigned from Congress over the selection of the working committee . The party was not the sole representative of the Indian polity , other parties included the Hindu Mahasabha , and the Forward Bloc . The party was an umbrella organisation , sheltering radical socialists , traditionalists , and Hindu and Muslim conservatives . Gandhi expelled all the socialist groupings , including the Congress Socialist Party , the Krishak Praja Party , and the Swarajya Party , along with Subhas Chandra Bose , in 1939 . Azad , Patel and Gandhi at an AICC meeting in Bombay , 1940 Azad Hind , an Indian provisional government , had been established in Singapore in 1943 , and was supported by Japan . In 1946 , the British tried the Indian soldiers who had fought alongside the Japanese during World War II in the INA trials . In response , Congress helped form the INA Defence Committee , which assembled a legal team to defend the case of the soldiers of the Azad Hind government . The team included several famous lawyers , including Bhulabhai Desai , Asaf Ali , and Jawaharlal Nehru . The same year , Congress members initially supported the sailors who led the Royal Indian Navy mutiny , but they withdrew support at a critical juncture and the mutiny failed . Post-independence After Indian independence in 1947 , the Indian National Congress became the dominant political party in the country . In 1952 , in the first general election held after Independence , the party swept to power in the national parliament and most state legislatures . It held power nationally until 1977 , when it was defeated by the Janata coalition . It returned to power in 1980 and ruled until 1989 , when it was once again defeated . The party formed the government in 1991 at the head of a coalition , as well as in 2004 and 2009 , when it led the United Progressive Alliance . During this period the Congress remained centre - left in its social policies while steadily shifting from a socialist to a neoliberal economic outlook . The Party 's rivals at state level have been national parties including the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) , the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) ( CPM ) , and various regional parties , such as the Telugu Desam Party . A post-partition successor to the party survived as the Pakistan National Congress , a party which represented the rights of religious minorities in the state . The party 's support was strongest in the Bengali - speaking province of East Pakistan . After the Bangladeshi War of Independence , it became known as the Bangladeshi National Congress , but was dissolved in 1975 by the government . Nehru / Shastri era ( 1947 -- 1966 ) Jawaharlal Nehru , the first Congress Prime Minister of India ( 1947 -- 64 ) From 1951 until his death in 1964 , Jawaharlal Nehru was Congress ' paramount leader under the tutelage of Mahatma Gandhi , whose Indian independence movement dominated the party . Congress gained power in landslide victories in the general elections of 1951 -- 52 , 1957 , and 1962 . During his tenure , Nehru implemented policies based on import substitution industrialisation , and advocated a mixed economy where the government - controlled public sector co-existed with the private sector . He believed the establishment of basic and heavy industries was fundamental to the development and modernisation of the Indian economy . The Nehru government directed investment primarily into key public sector industries -- steel , iron , coal , and power -- promoting their development with subsidies and protectionist policies . Nehru embraced secularism , socialistic economic practices based on state - driven industrialisation , and a non-aligned and non-confrontational foreign policy that became typical of the modern Congress Party . The policy of non-alignment during the Cold War meant Nehru received financial and technical support from both the Eastern and Western Blocs to build India 's industrial base from nothing . During his period in office , there were four known assassination attempts on Nehru . The first attempt on his life was during partition in 1947 while he was visiting the North - West Frontier Province in a car . The second was by a knife - wielding rickshaw - puller in Maharashtra in 1955 . A third attempt happened in Bombay in 1956 . The fourth was a failed bombing attempt on railway tracks in Maharashtra in 1961 . Despite threats to his life , Nehru despised having excess security personnel around him and did not like his movements to disrupt traffic . In 1964 , Nehru died because of an aortic dissection , raising questions about the party 's future . After his death , K. Kamaraj became the president of the All India Congress Committee . Kamaraj had also been involved in the Indian independence movement , and he introduced education to millions of rural poor by providing free education along with a free midday meal , when he was chief minister of Tamil Nadu ( 1954 -- 1963 ) . As a member of `` the syndicate '' , a group within Congress , he proposed the Kamaraj Plan that encouraged six Congress chief ministers and six senior cabinet ministers to resign to take up party work . Kamaraj was widely credited as the `` kingmaker '' in Indian politics for bringing Lal Bahadur Shastri to power in 1964 . No leader except Shastri had Nehru 's popular appeal . Shastri became a national hero following victory in the Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 . His slogan , `` Jai Jawan Jai Kisan '' ( `` Hail the soldier , Hail the farmer '' ) , became very popular during the war . Shastri retained many members of Nehru 's Council of Ministers ; T.T. Krishnamachari was retained as Finance Minister of India , as was Defence Minister Yashwantrao Chavan . Shastri appointed Swaran Singh to succeed him as External Affairs Minister . Shashtri appointed Indira Gandhi , Jawaharlal Nehru 's daughter and former party president , Minister of Information and Broadcasting . Gulzarilal Nanda continued as the Minister of Home Affairs . As Prime Minister , Shastri continued Nehru 's policy of non-alignment , but built closer relations with the Soviet Union . In the aftermath of the Sino - Indian War of 1962 , and the formation of military ties between China and Pakistan , Shastri 's government expanded the defence budget of India 's armed forces . He also promoted the White Revolution -- a national campaign to increase the production and supply of milk by creating the National Dairy Development Board . The Madras anti-Hindi agitation of 1965 occurred during Shastri 's tenure . On 11 January 1966 , a day after signing the Tashkent Declaration , Shastri died in Tashkent , reportedly of a heart attack ; but the circumstances of his death remain mysterious . Indira era ( 1966 -- 1984 ) See also : The Emergency ( India ) ; Assassination of Indira Gandhi ; Indian general election , 1977 ; and 1984 anti-Sikh riots After Shastri 's death , Congress elected Indira Gandhi as leader over Morarji Desai . Once again , politician K. Kamaraj was instrumental in achieving this result . In 1967 , following a poor performance in the general election , Indira Gandhi started moving towards the political left . In mid-1969 , she was involved in a dispute with senior party leaders on a number of issues . The two major issues were Gandhi supporting the independent candidate , V.V. Giri , rather than the official Congress party candidate , Neelam Sanjiva Reddy , for the vacant post of the President of India . The second issue was Mrs. Gandhi 's abrupt nationalization of the 14 biggest banks in India , which resulted in the resignation of the finance minister , Morarji Desai . Later in the year , the Congress party president , S. Nijalingappa , expelled her from the party for indiscipline . Mrs. Gandhi as a counter-move launched her own faction of the INC . Mrs. Gandhi 's faction , called Congress ( R ) , was supported by most of the Congress MPs while the original party had the support of only 65 MPs . In the mid-term parliamentary elections held in 1971 , the Gandhi - led Congress ( R ) Party won a landslide victory on a platform of progressive policies such as the elimination of poverty ( Garibi Hatao ) . The policies of the Congress ( R ) Party under Gandhi before the 1971 elections included proposals to abolish the Privy Purse to former rulers of the Princely states , and the 1969 nationalisation of India 's 14 largest banks . Indira Gandhi , second - longest - serving Prime Minister of India and the only woman to hold the office . The New Congress Party 's popular support began to wane in the mid-1970s . From 1975 , Gandhi 's government grew increasingly more authoritarian and unrest among the opposition grew . On 12 June 1975 , the High Court of Allahabad declared Indira Gandhi 's election to the Lok Sabha , the lower house of India 's parliament , void on the grounds of electoral malpractice . However , Gandhi rejected calls to resign and announced plans to appeal to the Supreme Court . She moved to restore order by ordering the arrest of most of the opposition participating in the unrest . In response to increasing disorder and lawlessness , Gandhi 's cabinet and government recommended that President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed declare a State of Emergency , which he did on 25 June 1975 based on the provisions of Article 352 of the Constitution . During the nineteen - month emergency , widespread oppression and abuse of power by Gandhi 's unelected younger son and political heir Sanjay Gandhi and his close associates occurred . This period of oppression ended on 23 January 1977 , when Gandhi released all political prisoners and called fresh elections for the Lok Sabha to be held in March . The Emergency officially ended on 23 March 1977 . In that month 's parliamentary elections , the opposition Janata Party won a landslide victory over Congress , winning 295 seats in the Lok Sabha against Congress ' 153 . Gandhi lost her seat to her Janata opponent Raj Narain . On 2 January 1978 , she and her followers seceded and formed a new opposition party , popularly called Congress ( I ) -- the I signifying Indira . During the next year , her new party attracted enough members of the legislature to become the official opposition . In November 1978 , Gandhi regained a parliamentary seat . In January 1980 , following a landslide victory for Congress ( I ) , she was again elected prime minister . The national election commission declared Congress ( I ) to be the real Indian National Congress for the 1984 general election , and the designation I was dropped . During Gandhi 's new term as prime minister , her youngest son Sanjay died in an aeroplane crash in June 1980 . This led her to encourage her elder son Rajiv , who was working as a pilot , to enter politics . Gradually , Indira Gandhi 's politics and outlook grew more authoritarian and autocratic , and she became the central figure within the Congress Party . As prime minister , she became known for her political ruthlessness and unprecedented centralisation of power . Gandhi 's term as prime minister also saw increasing turmoil in Punjab , with demands for Sikh autonomy by Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and his militant followers . In 1983 , they headquartered themselves in the Golden Temple in Amritsar and started accumulating weapons . In June 1984 , after several futile negotiations , Gandhi ordered the Indian Army to enter the Golden Temple to establish control over the complex and remove Bhindranwale and his armed followers . This event is known as Operation Blue Star . On 31 October 1984 , two of Gandhi 's bodyguards , Satwant Singh and Beant Singh , shot her with their service weapons in the garden of the prime minister 's residence in response to her authorisation of Operation Blue Star . Gandhi was due to be interviewed by British actor Peter Ustinov , who was filming a documentary for Irish television . Her assassination prompted the 1984 anti-Sikh riots , during which more than 3,000 people were killed . Rajiv Gandhi and Rao era ( 1985 -- 1998 ) Rajiv Gandhi , Prime Minister of India ( 1984 -- 1989 ) and President of the Indian National Congress In 1984 , Indira Gandhi 's son Rajiv Gandhi became nominal head of Congress , and went on to became prime minister upon her assassination . In December , he led Congress to a landslide victory , where it secured 401 seats in the legislature . His administration took measures to reform the government bureaucracy and liberalise the country 's economy . Rajiv Gandhi 's attempts to discourage separatist movements in Punjab and Kashmir backfired . After his government became embroiled in several financial scandals , his leadership became increasingly ineffectual . Gandhi was regarded as a non-abrasive person who consulted other party members and refrained from hasty decisions . The Bofors scandal damaged his reputation as an honest politician , but he was posthumously cleared of bribery allegations in 2004 . On 21 May 1991 , Gandhi was killed by a bomb concealed in a basket of flowers carried by a woman associated with the Tamil Tigers . He was campaigning in Tamil Nadu for upcoming parliamentary elections . In 1998 , an Indian court convicted 26 people in the conspiracy to assassinate Gandhi . The conspirators , who consisted of Tamil militants from Sri Lanka and their Indian allies , had sought revenge against Gandhi because the Indian troops he sent to Sri Lanka in 1987 to help enforce a peace accord there had fought with Tamil separatist guerrillas . P.V. Narasimha Rao served as the tenth Prime Minister of India ( 1991 -- 1996 ) . He was the first prime minister from South India and the state of Andhra Pradesh . Rajiv Gandhi was succeeded as party leader by P.V. Narasimha Rao , who was elected prime minister in June 1991 . His rise to the prime ministership was politically significant because he was the first holder of the office from South India . His administration oversaw major economic change and experienced several home incidents that affected India 's national security . Rao , who held the Industries portfolio , was personally responsible for the dismantling of the Licence Raj , which came under the purview of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry . He is often called the `` father of Indian economic reforms '' . Future prime ministers Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Manmohan Singh continued the economic reform policies begun by Rao 's government . Rao accelerated the dismantling of the Licence Raj , reversing the socialist policies of previous governments . He employed Manmohan Singh as his finance minister to begin a historic economic change . With Rao 's mandate , Singh launched India 's globalisation reforms that involved implementing International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) policies to prevent India 's impending economic collapse . Rao was also referred to as Chanakya for his ability to push tough economic and political legislation through the parliament while he headed a minority government . By 1996 , the party 's image was suffering from allegations of corruption , and in elections that year , Congress was reduced to 140 seats , its lowest number in the Lok Sabha to that point . Rao later resigned as prime minister and , in September , as party president . He was succeeded as president by Sitaram Kesri , the party 's first non-Brahmin leader . Modern era Sonia Gandhi , the leader of INC from 1998 to 2017 The 1998 general election saw Congress win 141 seats in the Lok Sabha , its lowest tally until then . To boost its popularity and improve its performance in the forthcoming election , Congress leaders urged Sonia Gandhi , Rajiv Gandhi 's widow , to assume leadership of the party . She had previously declined offers to become actively involved in party affairs , and had stayed away from politics . After her election as party leader , a section of the party that objected to the choice because of her Italian ethnicity broke away and formed the Nationalist Congress Party ( NCP ) , led by Sharad Pawar . The breakaway faction commanded strong support in the state of Maharashtra and limited support elsewhere . The remainder continued to be known as the Indian National Congress . Sonia Gandhi struggled to revive the party in her early years as its president ; she was under continuous scrutiny for her foreign birth and lack of political acumen . In the snap elections called by the National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) government in 1999 , Congress ' tally further plummeted to just 114 seats . Although the leadership structure was unaltered as the party campaigned strongly in the assembly elections that followed , Gandhi began to make such strategic changes as abandoning the party 's 1998 Pachmarhi resolution of ekla chalo , or `` go it alone '' policy , and formed alliances with other like - minded parties . In the intervening years , the party was successful at various legislative assembly elections ; at one point , Congress ruled 15 states . For the 2004 general election , Congress forged alliances with regional parties including the NCP and the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam . The party 's campaign emphasised social inclusion and the welfare of the common masses -- an ideology that Gandhi herself endorsed for Congress during her presidency -- with slogans such as Congress ka haath , aam aadmi ke saath ( `` Congress hand in hand with the common man '' ) , contrasting with the NDA 's `` India Shining '' campaign . The Congress - led United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) won 222 seats in the new parliament , defeating the NDA by a substantial margin . With the subsequent support of the communist front , Congress won a majority and formed a new government . Despite massive support from within the party , Gandhi declined the post of prime minister , choosing to appoint Manmohan Singh instead . She remained as party president and headed the National Advisory Council ( NAC ) . During its first term in office , the UPA government passed several social reform bills . These included an employment guarantee bill , the Right to Information Act , and a right to education act . The NAC , as well as the Left Front that supported the government from the outside , were widely seen as being the driving force behind such legislation . The Left Front withdrew its support of the government over disagreements about the U.S. -- India Civil Nuclear Agreement . Despite the effective loss of 62 seats in parliament , the government survived the trust vote that followed . In the Lok Sabha elections held soon after , Congress won 207 seats , the highest tally of any party since 1991 . The UPA as a whole won 262 , enabling it to form a government for the second time . The social welfare policies of the first UPA government , and the perceived divisiveness of the BJP , are broadly credited with the victory . By the 2014 Lok Sabha elections , the party had lost much of its popular support , mainly because of several years of poor economic conditions in the country , and growing discontent over a series of corruption allegations involving government officials , including the 2G spectrum case and the Indian coal allocation scam . Congress won only 44 seats , which was its worst - ever performance in a national election and brought into question whether it would continue to be identified as an officially recognised party . Gandhi retired as party president in December 2017 , having served for a record nineteen years . She was succeeded by her son Rahul Gandhi . Election symbols Election symbol of Indira 's Congress ( R ) party during the period 1971 -- 1977 As of 2014 , the election symbol of Congress , as approved by the Election Commission of India , is an image of a right hand with its palm facing front and its fingers pressed together ; this is usually shown in the centre of a tricolor flag . The hand symbol was first used by Indira Gandhi when she split from the Congress ( R ) faction following the 1977 elections and created the New Congress ( I ) . The symbol of the original Congress during elections held between 1952 and 1971 was an image of two bullocks with a plough . The symbol of Indira 's Congress ( R ) during the 1971 -- 1977 period was a cow with a suckling calf . In general elections Year General election Seats won Change in # of seats Percentage of vote Vote swing Outcome Indian general election , 1934 5th Central Legislative Assembly 42 42 N / A Indian general election , 1945 6th Central Legislative Assembly 59 17 Interim Government of India ( 1946 - 1947 ) Indian general election , 1951 1st Lok Sabha 364 44.99 % Government Indian general election , 1957 2nd Lok Sabha 371 7 47.78 % 2.79 % Government Indian general election , 1962 3rd Lok Sabha 361 10 44.72 % 3.06 % Government Indian general election , 1967 4th Lok Sabha 283 78 40.78 % 2.94 % Government Indian general election , 1971 5th Lok Sabha 352 69 43.68 % 2.90 % Government Indian general election , 1977 6th Lok Sabha 153 199 34.52 % 9.16 % Opposition Indian general election , 1980 7th Lok Sabha 351 198 42.69 % 8.17 % Government Indian general election , 1984 8th Lok Sabha 415 64 49.01 % 6.32 % Government Indian general election , 1989 9th Lok Sabha 197 218 39.53 % 9.48 % Opposition Indian general election , 1991 10th Lok Sabha 244 47 35.66 % 3.87 % Government Indian general election , 1996 11th Lok Sabha 140 104 28.80 % 7.46 % Opposition , later outside support for UF Indian general election , 1998 12th Lok Sabha 141 25.82 % 2.98 % Opposition Indian general election , 1999 13th Lok Sabha 114 27 28.30 % 2.48 % Opposition Indian general election , 2004 14th Lok Sabha 145 32 26.7 % 1.6 % Government Indian general election , 2009 15th Lok Sabha 206 61 28.55 % 2.02 % Government Indian general election , 2014 16th Lok Sabha 44 162 19.3 % 9.25 % Opposition Current structure and composition Congress is structured in a hierarchical manner , and the organisational structure , created by Mohandas Gandhi 's re-arrangement of the party between 1918 and 1920 , has been largely retained . A president and the All India Congress Committee ( AICC ) are elected by delegates from state and district parties at an annual national conference ; in every Indian state and union territory -- or pradesh -- there is a Pradesh Congress Committee ( PCC ) , which is the state - level unit of the party responsible for directing political campaigns at local and state levels , and assisting the campaigns for parliamentary constituencies . Each PCC has a working committee of twenty members , most of whom are appointed by the party president , the leader of the state party , who is chosen by the national president . Those elected as members of the states ' legislative assemblies form the Congress Legislature Parties in the various state assemblies ; their chairperson is usually the party 's nominee for Chief Ministership . The party is also organised into various committees , and sections ; it publishes a daily newspaper , the National Herald . Despite being a party with a structure , Congress under Indira did not hold any organizational elections after 1972 . The AICC is composed of delegates sent from the PCCs . The delegates elect Congress committees , including the Congress Working Committee , consisting of senior party leaders and office bearers . The AICC takes all important executive and political decisions . Since Indira Gandhi formed Congress ( I ) in 1978 , the President of the Indian National Congress has effectively been : the party 's national leader , head of the organisation , head of the Working Committee and all chief Congress committees , chief spokesman , and Congress ' choice for Prime Minister of India . Constitutionally , the president is elected by the PCCs and members of the AICC ; however , this procedure has often been by - passed by the Working Committee , which has elected its own candidate . The Congress Parliamentary Party ( CPP ) consists of elected MPs in the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha . There is also a Congress Legislative Party ( CLP ) leader in each state . The CLP consists of all Congress Members of the Legislative Assembly ( MLAs ) in each state . In cases of states where the Congress is single - handedly ruling the government , the CLP leader is the Chief Minister . Other directly affiliated groups include : the National Students Union of India ( NSUI ) , the Indian Youth Congress -- the party 's youth wing , the Indian National Trade Union Congress , Mahila Congress , its women 's division , and Congress Seva Dal -- its voluntary organisation . Dynasticism Dynasticism is fairly common in many political parties in India , however , the congress can be described as dynastic party par excellence. Six members of the Nehru - Gandhi family have been presidents of the party.In the last three elections to the Lok Sabha combined , 37 % of Congress party MPs had family members precede them in politics . State and territorial units Andaman and Nicobar PCC Andhra Pradesh PCC Arunachal Pradesh PCC Assam PCC Bihar PCC Chandigarh PCC Chhattisgarh PCC Dadra and Nagar Haveli PCC Daman and Diu PCC Delhi PCC Goa PCC Gujarat PCC Haryana PCC Himachal Pradesh PCC Jammu and Kashmir PCC Jharkhand PCC Karnataka PCC Kerala PCC Lakshadweep PCC Madhya Pradesh PCC Maharashtra PCC Manipur PCC Meghalaya PCC Mizoram PCC Nagaland PCC Odisha PCC Puducherry PCC Punjab PCC Rajasthan PCC Sikkim PCC Tamil Nadu PCC Telangana PCC Tripura PCC Uttarakhand PCC Uttar Pradesh PCC West Bengal PCC Further information : National Students Union of India , Indian Youth Congress , Indian National Trade Union Congress , Mahila Congress , and All India Minority Congress Ideology and policies Part of a series on Liberalism Schools ( show ) History of liberalism Contributions to liberal theory Ideas ( show ) Civil and political rights Cultural liberalism Democracy Liberal democracy Economic liberalism Egalitarianism Free market Free trade Freedom of the press Freedom of religion Freedom of speech Gender equality Harm principle Internationalism Laissez - faire Liberty Market economy Natural and legal rights Negative / positive liberty Open society Permissive society Private property Rule of law Secularism Separation of church and state Social contract Welfare state Variants ( show ) Civic nationalism Classical liberalism Conservative liberalism Democratic liberalism Green liberalism Liberal feminism Equity feminism Liberal autocracy Liberal conservatism Liberal internationalism Liberal socialism Libertarianism Agorism Anarcho - capitalism Christian libertarianism / Libertarian Christianity Geolibertarianism Green libertarianism Libertarian conservatism Minarchism Paleolibertarianism Voluntaryism Muscular liberalism Neoliberalism National liberalism Ordoliberalism Radical centrism Radicalism Religious liberalism Christian Islamic Jewish Secular liberalism Social liberalism Technoliberalism Third Way Whiggism People ( show ) Rifa'a al - Tahtawi Juan Bautista Alberdi Chu Anping Matthew Arnold Raymond Aron Frédéric Bastiat Simone de Beauvoir Jeremy Bentham Isaiah Berlin Eduard Bernstein William Beveridge Norberto Bobbio Ludwig Joseph Brentano John Bright Edmund Burke Thomas Carlyle Anders Chydenius Richard Cobden Marquis de Condorcet Benjamin Constant Benedetto Croce Jean le Rond d'Alembert Ralf Dahrendorf John Dewey Charles Dickens Denis Diderot Zhang Dongsun Ronald Dworkin Ahmed Lutfi el - Sayed Ralph Waldo Emerson Karl - Hermann Flach Milton Friedman John Kenneth Galbraith William Lloyd Garrison José Ortega y Gasset David Lloyd George William Gladstone Friedrich Hayek Auberon Herbert Thomas Hobbes Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse John A. 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Throughout much of the Cold War period , Congress supported a foreign policy of nonalignment that called for India to form ties with both the Western and Eastern Blocs , but to avoid formal alliances with either . American support for Pakistan led the party to endorse a friendship treaty with the Soviet Union in 1971 . In 2004 , when the Congress - led United Progressive Alliance came to power , its chairperson Sonia Gandhi unexpectedly relinquished the premiership to Manmohan Singh . This Singh - led `` UPA I '' government executed several key pieces of legislation and projects , including the Rural Health Mission , Unique Identification Authority , the Rural Employment Guarantee scheme , and the Right to Information Act . Economic policy The history of economic policy of Congress - led governments can be divided into two periods . The first period lasted from independence , in 1947 , to 1991 and put great emphasis on the public sector . The second period began with economic liberalization in 1991 . At the beginning of the first period , the Congress prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru implemented policies based on import substitution industrialization and advocated a mixed economy where the government - controlled public sector would co-exist with the private sector . He believed that the establishment of basic and heavy industry was fundamental to the development and modernisation of the Indian economy . The government , therefore , directed investment primarily into key public - sector industries -- steel , iron , coal , and power -- promoting their development with subsidies and protectionist policies . This period was called the Licence Raj , or Permit Raj , which was the elaborate system of licences , regulations , and accompanying red tape that were required to set up and run businesses in India between 1947 and 1990 . The Licence Raj was a result of Nehru and his successors ' desire to have a planned economy where all aspects of the economy were controlled by the state , and licences were given to a select few . Up to 80 government agencies had to be satisfied before private companies could produce something ; and , if the licence were granted , the government would regulate production . The licence raj system continued under Indira Gandhi.In addition , many key sectors such as banking , steel coal , and oil were nationalized . Under Rajiv Gandhi , small steps were taken to liberalize the economy . In 1991 , the new Congress - party government , led by P.V. Narasimha Rao , initiated reforms to avert the impending 1991 economic crisis . The reforms progressed furthest in opening up areas to foreign investment , reforming capital markets , deregulating domestic business , and reforming the trade regime . The goals of Rao 's government were to reduce the fiscal deficit , privatize the public sector , and increase investment in infrastructure . Trade reforms and changes in the regulation of foreign direct investment were introduced in order to open India to foreign trade while stabilising external loans . Rao chose Manmohan Singh for the job . Singh , an acclaimed economist and former chairman of the Resrve Bank , played a central role in implementing these reforms . In 2004 , Singh became prime minister of the Congress - led UPA government . Singh remained prime minister after the UPA won the 2009 general elections . The UPA government introduced policies aimed at reforming the banking and financial sectors , as well as public sector companies . It also introduced policies aimed at relieving farmers of their debt . In 2005 , Singh 's government introduced the value added tax , replacing the sales tax . India was able to resist the worst effects of the global Economic crisis of 2008 . Singh 's government continued the Golden Quadrilateral , the Indian highway modernisation program that was initiated by Vajpayee 's government . At present , Congress endorses a mixed economy in which the private sector and the state both direct the economy , which has characteristics of both market and planned economies . Congress advocates import substitution industrialisation -- the replacement of foreign imports with domestic products . Congress believes the Indian economy should be liberalised to increase the pace of development . Healthcare and education In 2005 , the Congress - led government started the National Rural Health Mission , which employed about 500,000 community health workers . It was praised by American economist Jeffrey Sachs . In 2006 , it implemented a proposal to reserve 27 % of seats in the All India Institute of Medical Studies ( AIIMS ) , the Indian Institutes of Technology ( IITs ) , the Indian Institutes of Management ( IIMs ) , and other central higher education institutions , for Other Backward Classes , which led to the 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests . The Singh government also continued the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan programme , which includes the introduction and improvement of mid-day school meals and the opening of new schools throughout India , especially in rural areas , to fight illiteracy . During Manmohan Singh 's prime - ministership , eight Institutes of Technology were opened in the states of Andhra Pradesh , Bihar , Gujarat , Orissa , Punjab , Madhya Pradesh , Rajasthan , and Himachal Pradesh . Security and home Affairs Congress has strengthened anti-terrorism laws with amendments to the Unlawful Activities ( Prevention ) Act ( UAPA ) . The National Investigation Agency ( India ) ( NIA ) was created by the UPA government soon after the November 2008 Mumbai terror attacks , in response to the need for a central agency to combat terrorism . The Unique Identification Authority of India was established in February 2009 to implement the proposed Multipurpose National Identity Card , with the objective of increasing national security . Foreign policy Manmohan Singh with American President Barack Obama at the White House Congress has continued the foreign policy started by P. V. Narasimha Rao . This includes the peace process with Pakistan , and the exchange of high - level visits by leaders from both countries . The party has tried to end the border dispute with the People 's Republic of China through negotiations . Relations with Afghanistan have also been a concern for Congress . During Afghan President Hamid Karzai 's visit to New Delhi in August 2008 , Manmohan Singh increased the aid package to Afghanistan for the development of schools , health clinics , infrastructure , and defence . India is now one of the single largest aid donors to Afghanistan . When in power between 2004 and 2014 , Congress worked on India 's relationship with the United States . Prime Minister Manmohan Singh visited the US in July 2005 to negotiate an Indo - US civilian nuclear agreement . US President George W. Bush visited India in March 2006 ; during this visit , a nuclear agreement that would give India access to American nuclear fuel and technology in exchange for the IAEA inspection of its civil nuclear reactors was proposed . Over two years of negotiations , followed by approval from the IAEA , the Nuclear Suppliers Group and the US Congress , the agreement was signed on 10 October 2008 . Congress ' policy has been to cultivate friendly relations with Japan as well as European Union countries including the United Kingdom , France , and Germany . Diplomatic relations with Iran have continued , and negotiations over the Iran - Pakistan - India gas pipeline have taken place . In April 2006 , New Delhi hosted an India -- Africa summit attended by the leaders of 15 African states . Congress ' policy has also been to improve relations with other developing countries , particularly Brazil and South Africa . Presence in state governments Current ruling parties in India BJP Coalition with BJP INC Coalition with INC Other parties ( AITC , BJD , TRS , TDP , AIADMK , CPI ( M ) , AAP ) As of June 2018 , Congress ( INC ) is in power in the states of Mizoram and Punjab where the party has majority support . In Karnataka and Puducherry it shares power with alliance partner Janata Dal ( Secular ) and Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam respectively . Previously , Congress governed Delhi , Andhra Pradesh , Tamil Nadu , Gujarat , Kerala , Madhya Pradesh , Goa , Maharashtra , Rajasthan , Himachal Pradesh , Arunachal Pradesh , Uttar Pradesh , West Bengal , Assam , Haryana , Bihar , Meghalaya , Uttarakhand and Manipur . List of current INC and UPA governments State / UT Chief Minister Party / alliance partner CM since Seats in Assembly Last election Karnataka H.D. Kumaraswamy ( JD ( S ) ) INC ( 79 ) , JD ( S ) ( 36 ) , BSP ( 1 ) , KPJP ( 1 ) , Independent ( 1 ) 23 May 2018 118 / 224 12 May 2018 Mizoram Lal Thanhawla ( INC ) INC ( 34 ) 11 December 2008 34 / 40 25 November 2013 Puducherry V. Narayanasamy ( INC ) INC ( 15 ) , DMK ( 2 ) 6 June 2016 17 / 30 16 May 2016 Punjab Amarinder Singh ( INC ) INC ( 77 ) 16 March 2017 78 / 117 4 February 2017 List of prime ministers No . Prime Ministers Year Duration Constituency Jawaharlal Nehru 1947 -- 64 17 years Phulpur Gulzarilal Nanda ( Acting Prime Minister ) May -- June 1964 ; January 1966 26 days Sabarkantha Lal Bahadur Shastri 1964 -- 66 2 years Allahabad Indira Gandhi 1966 -- 77 , 1980 -- 84 16 years Uttar Pradesh ( Rajya Sabha ) , Rae Bareli , Medak 5 Rajiv Gandhi 1984 -- 89 5 years Amethi 6 P.V. Narasimha Rao 1991 -- 96 5 years Nandyal 7 Manmohan Singh 2004 -- 14 10 years Assam ( Rajya Sabha ) List of prime ministers ( former Congress members ) A majority of non-Congress prime ministers of India are former Congress members . No . Prime Ministers Year Duration Constituency Morarji Desai 1977 -- 79 2 years Surat Charan Singh July 1979 ; January 1980 170 days Baghpat V.P. Singh 1989 -- 90 1 year Fatehpur Chandra Shekhar 223 Days Ballia 5 H.D. Deve Gowda 1996 -- 97 1 year Karnataka ( Rajya Sabha ) 6 I.K. Gujral 1997 -- 98 1 year Bihar ( Rajya Sabha ) See also Liberalism portal India portal Politics portal Congress Working Committee All India Congress Committee All India Mahila Congress Pradesh Congress Committee Statewise Election history of Congress Party Nehru - Feroze Gandhi family List of political parties in India Politics of India List of Presidents of the Indian National Congress References Notes Jump up ^ `` The first modern nationalist movement to arise in the non-European empire , and one that became an inspiration for many others , was the Indian Congress . '' Jump up ^ `` South Asian parties include several of the oldest in the post-colonial world , foremost among them the 129 - year - old Indian National Congress that led India to independence in 1947 '' Jump up ^ `` The organization that led India to independence , the Indian National Congress , was established in 1885 . '' Jump up ^ `` ... anti-colonial movements ... which , like many other nationalist movements elsewhere in the empire , were strongly infuenced by the Indian National Congress . '' Jump up ^ `` During the first five decades of India 's independence , the left - of - center , secular Indian National Congress ( INC ) and its factions have ruled almost continuously ... While the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) ... '' Citations Jump up ^ `` A day before Rahul takes over , Sonia says she 'll retire '' . The Hindu . 16 December 2017 . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indian National Congress - Policy and structure '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 17 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Saez , Lawrence ; Sinha , Aseema ( 2010 ) . `` Political cycles , political institutions and public expenditure in India , 1980 -- 2000 '' . British Journal of Political Science . 40 ( 01 ) : 91 -- 113 . doi : 10.1017 / s0007123409990226 . 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( 2001 ) , The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire , Cambridge University Press , p. 179 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 00254 - 7 Jump up ^ `` Information about the Indian National Congress '' . www.open.ac.uk . Arts & Humanities Research council . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Chiriyankandath , James ( 2016 ) , Parties and Political Change in South Asia , Routledge , p. 2 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 58620 - 3 ^ Jump up to : Kopstein , Jeffrey ; Lichbach , Mark ; Hanson , Stephen E. ( 2014 ) , Comparative Politics : Interests , Identities , and Institutions in a Changing Global Order , Cambridge University Press , p. 344 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 99138 - 4 Jump up ^ `` Indian National Congress -- about INC , history , symbol , leaders and more '' . Elections.in. 7 February 2014 . Retrieved 3 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Sahasrabuddhe , Vinay ( 8 August 2016 ) . `` In Decline Mode , Congress Struggles With a ' Crisis of Purpose ' '' . The Quint . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indian National Congress , Political Party , India '' . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Quote : `` broadly based political party of India . Formed in 1885 , the Indian National Congress dominated the Indian movement for independence from Great Britain . It subsequently formed most of India 's governments from the time of independence and often had a strong presence in many state governments . '' ^ Jump up to : Strömbäck , Jesper ; Kaid , Lynda Lee ( 2009 ) , The Handbook of Election News Coverage Around the World , Routledge , p. 126 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 70345 - 5 Jump up ^ Sitaramayya , B. Pattabhi ( 1935 ) . The history of the Indian National Congress ( 1885 -- 1935 ) . Working Committee of the Congress . pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Sitaramayya , B. Pattabhi. 1935 . The History of the Indian National Congress . Working Committee of the Congress . Scanned version Jump up ^ Sitaramayya , B. 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Without any funds or an secretariat , however ( other than Hume ) Congress remained , during its first decade at least , more of a sounding board for elite Indian aspirations than a political party . Jump up ^ Stanley A. Wolpert , Tilak and Gokhale : Revolution and Reform in the Making of Modern India ( 1962 ) p 67 ^ Jump up to : Mahatma Gandhi . The Gandhi Reader : A Sourcebook of His Life and Writings . Grove Press . p. 254 . ISBN 9780802131614 . Jump up ^ Agrawal , Lion M.G. ( 2008 ) . Freedom fighters of India . Gyan Publishing House . p. 121 . ISBN 9788182054721 . Jump up ^ `` Main Bharat Hun '' . Main Bharat Hun . Archived from the original on 21 July 2010 . Retrieved 3 May 2014 . Jump up ^ S.M. Ikram . Indian Muslims and Partition of India . Atlantic Publishers . p. 240 . ISBN 9788171563746 . Jump up ^ SN Sen. History Modern India . New Age International . p. 202 . ISBN 9788122417746 . Jump up ^ Dates of time spent in Britain : 1919 -- 21 . `` Subhas Chandra Bose `` . 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E-Healthcare Systems and Wireless Communications : Current and Future Challenges : Current and Future Challenges . IGI Global . p. 190 . ISBN 9781613501245 . Retrieved 6 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Position of negotiation '' . Firstpost . Firstpost staff . Network 18 . 9 January 2013 . Retrieved 18 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` India 's prime minister , Manmohan Singh , in Beijing to discuss matters of trade and border defence '' . The Economist . John Micklethwait . The Economist Group . 26 October 2013 . Retrieved 18 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh visits Beijing '' . China Briefing . Business Intelligence . Dezan Shira & Associates . 14 January 2008 . Retrieved 18 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Bajoria , Jayshree ( 23 October 2008 ) . `` India - Afghanistan Relations '' . Council on Foreign Relations . Archived from the original on 29 November 2008 . Retrieved 11 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC NEWS - South Asia - India announces more Afghan aid '' . bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` U.S. , India ink historic civilian nuclear deal '' . People 's Daily . 11 October 2008 . Retrieved 11 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Haass , Richard N. ( 23 November 2009 ) . `` A Conversation with Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh '' . cfr.org . Council on Foreign Relations . Archived from the original on 19 August 2014 . Retrieved 18 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The ' peace pipeline ' '' . www.thenational.ae . The National . Retrieved 18 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Several African leaders to attend Africa - India summit , AU says '' . African Press International . 28 March 2008 . Retrieved 11 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India - South Africa relations '' ( PDF ) . mea.gov.in . Ministry of External Affairs , Government of India . Retrieved 18 September 2014 . Further reading The Indian National Congress : An Historical Sketch , by Frederick Marion De Mello . Published by H. Milford , Oxford University Press , 1934 . The Indian National Congress , by Hemendra Nath Das Gupta . Published by J.K. Das Gupta , 1946 . Indian National Congress : A Descriptive Bibliography of India 's Struggle for Freedom , by Jagdish Saran Sharma . Published by S. Chand , 1959 . Social Factors in the Birth and Growth of the Indian National Congress Movement , by Ramparkash Dua . Published by S. Chand , 1967 . Split in a Predominant Party : The Indian National Congress in 1969 , by Mahendra Prasad Singh . Abhinav Publications , 1981 . ISBN 81 - 7017 - 140 - 7 . Concise History of the Indian National Congress , 1885 -- 1947 , by B.N. Pande , Nisith Ranjan Ray , Ravinder Kumar , Manmath Nath Das . Published by Vikas Pub . House , 1985 . ISBN 0 - 7069 - 3020 - 7 . The Indian National Congress : An Analytical Biography , by Om P. Gautam . Published by B.R. Pub . Corp. , 1985 . A Century of Indian National Congress , 1885 -- 1985 , by Pran Nath Chopra , Ram Gopal , Moti Lal Bhargava . Published by Agam Prakashan , 1986 . The Congress Ideology and Programme , 1920 -- 1985 , by Pitambar Datt Kaushik . Published by Gitanjali Pub . House , 1986 . ISBN 81 - 85060 - 16 - 9 . Struggling and Ruling : The Indian National Congress , 1885 -- 1985 , by Jim Masselos . Published by Sterling Publishers , 1987 . The Encyclopedia of Indian National Congress , by A. Moin Zaidi , Shaheda Gufran Zaidi , Indian Institute of Applied Political Research . Published by S. Chand , 1987 . Indian National Congress : A Reconstruction , by Iqbal Singh , Nehru Memorial Museum and Library . Published by Riverdale Company , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 913215 - 32 - 5 . INC , the Glorious Tradition , by A. Moin Zaidi , Indian National Congress . AICC . Published by Indian Institute of Applied Political Research , 1989 . Indian National Congress : A Select Bibliography , by Manikrao Hodlya Gavit , Attar Chand . Published by U.D.H. Pub . House , 1989 . ISBN 81 - 85044 - 05 - 8 . The Story of Congress PilgrFile : 1885 -- 1985 , by A. Moin Zaidi , Indian National Congress . Published by Indian Institute of Applied Political Research , 1990 . ISBN 81 - 85355 - 46 - 0 . ( 7 vols ) Indian National Congress in England , by Harish P. Kaushik . Published by Friends Publications , 1991 . Women in Indian National Congress , 1921 -- 1931 , by Rajan Mahan . Published by Rawat Publications , 1999 . History of Indian National Congress , 1885 -- 2002 , by Deep Chand Bandhu . Published by Kalpaz Publications , 2003 . ISBN 81 - 7835 - 090 - 4 . Bipan Chandra , Amales Tripathi , Barun De . Freedom Struggle . India : National Book Struggle . ISBN 978 - 81 - 237 - 0249 - 0 . 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when was the last time collingwood played finals	In 2018 Collingwood made the finals for the first time since 2013 , finishing in third place behind West Coast and Richmond . Losing the Second Qualifying Final to West Coast , they went on to beat GWS and the reigning premiers Richmond to reach the 2018 Grand Final , where they were defeated 79 - 74 by the West Coast Eagles .	2013	Collingwood Football club	collingwood football club		Collingwood Football Club Names Full name Collingwood Football Club Nickname ( s ) Magpies , Pies , Woods , Woodsmen Motto Floreat Pica 2018 season After finals Runners - up Home - and - away season 3rd Leading goalkicker Jordan De Goey ( 48 ) Copeland Trophy Steele Sidebottom & Brodie Grundy Club details Founded 1892 Colours Black white Chairman Eddie McGuire CEO Mark Anderson Coach AFL : Nathan Buckley AFLW : Wayne Siekman VFL : Jared Rivers Captain ( s ) AFL : Scott Pendlebury AFLW : Steph Chiocci VFL : Jack Hellier VFLW : Jess Edwards Premierships VFL / AFL ( 15 ) : 1902 , 1903 , 1910 , 1917 , 1919 , 1927 , 1928 , 1929 , 1930 , 1935 , 1936 , 1953 , 1958 , 1990 , 2010 VFA / VFL ( 1 ) : 1896 Championship of Australia ( 1 ) : 1896 Ground ( s ) ( capacity : 100,024 ) Former ground ( s ) Victoria Park ( 1892 -- 1999 ) Training ground ( s ) Melbourne Sports and Entertainment Centre ( indoor ) Olympic Park ( outdoor ) Uniforms Home Away Alternate Other information Official website collingwoodfc.com.au Current season The Collingwood Football Club , nicknamed the Magpies or even less formally the Pies , is a professional Australian rules football club playing in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Formed in 1892 in the then - working class Melbourne suburb of Collingwood , the club played in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) before joining seven other teams in 1896 to found the breakaway Victorian Football League ( now the national AFL ) . Originally based at Victoria Park , Collingwood now plays its home games at the Melbourne Cricket Ground with its training and administrative headquarters located at Olympic Park Oval and the Holden Centre . Collingwood has played in a record 44 VFL / AFL Grand Finals ( including rematches ) , winning 15 , drawing two and losing 27 ( also a record ) . Collingwood also won a record - breaking four premierships in a row between 1927 and 1930 . Collingwood is regarded as one of Australia 's most popular sports clubs , attracting the highest attendance figures and television ratings of any professional team in the nation . In 2013 , it became the first AFL club to reach 80,000 members . Collingwood 's home guernsey consists of black and white stripes , matching the colours of an Australian magpie . Throughout its history , the club has developed rivalries with cross-town Melbourne based clubs Carlton , Richmond and Essendon . More recently , the club developed a rivalry with the Brisbane Lions , based in Queensland . Collingwood fields a reserves team in the Victorian Football League ( formerly the VFA ) and a women 's side in the AFL Women 's competition . It also owns and operates a netball team in the National Netball League . Contents 1 History 1.1 Formation and early years 1.2 1920s and 1930s : Four consecutive premierships 1.3 1950s : Melbourne rivalry 1.4 1959 -- 89 : `` Colliwobbles '' 1.5 1990 -- present 2 Club symbols and identity 2.1 Guernsey 2.2 Song 2.3 Rivalries 2.3. 1 Carlton 2.3. 2 Brisbane 2.3. 3 Melbourne 2.3. 4 Essendon 2.3. 5 Port Adelaide 2.3. 6 Geelong 2.4 Supporters 3 Corporate 3.1 Membership 3.2 Off field 3.3 Sponsorship 4 Honours 4.1 Records - Senior Level 4.2 Records -- other levels 4.3 Head - to - head results 4.4 Team of the Century 4.5 Captains 4.6 Current playing list 4.7 Current coaching staff 5 Reserves team 5.1 Coaches 5.2 Captains 5.3 Season summaries 6 AFL Women 's team 6.1 Current squad 6.2 Coaches 6.3 Captains 6.4 Season summaries 7 Individual awards 7.1 Best and Fairest 7.2 Brownlow Medal winners 7.3 Leigh Matthews Trophy winners 7.4 Coleman Medal winners 7.5 Norm Smith Medal winners 7.6 E.J. Whitten Medalists 7.7 Mark of the Year winners 7.8 Goal of the Year winners 7.9 Anzac Day Medal winners 7.10 Neale Daniher Trophy winners 7.11 Bob Rose - Charlie Sutton Medal winners 7.12 Richard Pratt Medal winners 7.13 Jason McCartney Medal winners 7.14 All Australian Team 7.15 International rules representatives 7.16 Michael Tuck Medal winners 7.17 Jim Stynes Medal winners 8 Match records 8.1 Records set by players 9 In popular culture 10 See also 11 Footnotes 12 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Collingwood Football Club Formation and early years ( edit ) The Collingwood team that won the VFA premiership in 1896 . The Collingwood Football Club was established on 12 February 1892 . Collingwood played its first game in the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) against Carlton on 7 May 1892 . The club won the VFA Premiership in 1896 . In 1897 , Collingwood , along with fellow VFA clubs Fitzroy , Melbourne , St Kilda , Carlton , Essendon , South Melbourne and Geelong split from the VFA and formed the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) . Collingwood won its first premiership in 1902 , defeating Essendon by 33 points . 1920s and 1930s : four consecutive premierships ( edit ) Jock McHale coached the club to four consecutive Grand Final victories . Collingwood was the most successful club of the 1920s and 1930s , appearing in 13 out of a possible 20 Grand Finals during the period . Collingwood were premiers six times during this time , including four consecutive premierships between 1927 and 1930 , a VFL / AFL record , and two consecutive premierships in 1935 and 1936 . The club 's coach during this period was Jock McHale , who served as coach from 1912 to 1949 . Collingwood also had three Brownlow Medallists during the period , with Syd Coventry winning in 1927 , Albert Collier in 1929 and Harry Collier in 1930 1950s : Melbourne rivalry ( edit ) In the 1950s , rival club Melbourne enjoyed an era of unprecedented success , winning five premierships in six years ( the last coming in 1960 , and having been runner up in 1954 ) . Collingwood lost two Grand Finals to Melbourne in this decade , but bounced back to win premierships in 1953 and 1958 . Collingwood 's 1958 premiership is much cherished by the club as it prevented Melbourne from equalling Collingwood 's record four premierships in a row . The 1958 premiership was however to be Collingwood 's last for 32 years , as the club was to suffer a string of Grand Final defeats in coming decades . 1959 -- 89 : `` Colliwobbles '' ( edit ) Main article : Colliwobbles A string of eight Grand Final losses , often by narrow margins , between 1960 and 1981 gave rise to a perception that the club was prone to `` choking '' , a phenomenon wittily dubbed `` Colliwobbles '' . Whether this perception is accurate remains a subject of debate ; however , the club 's record in recent years has been much improved , having won two and drawn one of its last six Grand Finals . Lou Richards ceremoniously buried the Colliwobbles at Victoria Park after the club 's 1990 premiership . 1990 -- present ( edit ) See also : 1990 AFL Grand Final and 2010 AFL Grand Final Nathan Buckley captained Collingwood between 1999 and 2007 , and has served as the club 's senior coach since 2012 . The 1990 premiership team , coached by Leigh Matthews and captained by Tony Shaw , had a one - sided grand final win against Essendon , the Magpies recording a 48 - point victory and ending a 32 - year premiership drought which included eight grand final losses and one draw . After this , however , the club lapsed into a state of decline . The club ultimately received a second wooden spoon in 1999 . Within a few years , with a change of coach , playing list and club president , Collingwood reached and lost consecutive grand finals in 2002 and 2003 , both to the Brisbane Lions . Following those Grand Final losses , Collingwood struggled for the next two years , finishing 13th in 2004 and second - last in 2005 ; the latter meant Collingwood was eligible for a priority pick which the club used to recruit Dale Thomas . Collingwood made a return to the finals in 2006 , finishing fifth , but were defeated by the Western Bulldogs by 41 points in its elimination final . A loss to Essendon late in the season was to cost them the double chance . The 2007 season saw them finish sixth on the ladder at season 's conclusion , and in the finals they knocked out the grand finalists of the past two years , Sydney , in the elimination final and then West Coast in overtime at Subiaco Oval in the semi-final . Having earned a preliminary final against Geelong , Collingwood lost to the eventual premiers , by five points . Nathan Buckley would announce his retirement at season 's end after playing just five games in 2007 due to injury . Collingwood finished eighth in 2008 and were assigned an away final against Adelaide at AAMI Stadium . After at one point trailing in the match , Collingwood went on to end Adelaide 's season and earn a semi-final meeting against St Kilda . Having defeated the Saints in both their regular season meetings , Collingwood lost convincingly , ending their 2008 season . The 2009 season saw Collingwood finish inside the top - four for the first time since 2003 , but in the qualifying final were beaten by minor premiers St Kilda convincingly . Having won a second chance , Collingwood struggled against Adelaide for the second year in a row before John Anthony kicked the match - winning goal with a minute left to send them into another preliminary final meeting with Geelong . But the season ended abruptly for the Magpies , with a 73 - point loss to Geelong . In 2010 , Collingwood finished as minor premiers , and after wins in the qualifying and preliminary finals , reached the first Grand Final against St Kilda . The match finished as a draw , forcing the first grand final replay in 33 years . Collingwood won the replay by 56 points . The club won a second consecutive minor premiership in 2011 , and qualified for the Grand Final after a three - point victory against Hawthorn in the preliminary final . However , Collingwood was then beaten by Geelong by 38 points in the decider , after trailing by seven points at three - quarter time . Following the Grand Final loss , which also marked the end of the club 's 2011 AFL season , then coach Mick Malthouse left Collingwood after deciding not to stay on as `` director of coaching '' . Star midfielder Dane Swan won the 2011 Brownlow medal with a then record 34 votes . In 2012 , Collingwood once again finished in the top - four but in their first final they were convincingly defeated by Hawthorn forcing them to play in the next week against West Coast , winning by 13 points . The next week they were beaten by eventual premiers Sydney at ANZ Stadium , the first time the Swans had defeated the Magpies since 2005 . The 2013 season was a mixed one for Collingwood , losing to Gold Coast and suffering a fifth consecutive loss to Hawthorn in Round 21 , before being knocked out of the finals series by Port Adelaide at the MCG in the first week . Coach Nathan Buckley delisted several high - profile older players at the end of the season , including Alan Didak , Darren Jolly and Heath Shaw . Over the next two seasons , Collingwood would start the years with win - loss records of 8 -- 3 , but finished those seasons poorly and missed the finals. 2014 was the first season since 2005 where they did not make finals . In both 2016 and 2017 , Collingwood missed the finals again , though extended the contract of senior men 's coach Nathan Buckley an additional two years . In 2017 , the club made significant on - field and administrative changes , creating a senior women 's football team and senior women 's netball team in the AFL Women 's and National Netball League respectively , as well as revealing a new club logo for the first time in many years . In 2018 Collingwood made the finals for the first time since 2013 , finishing in third place behind West Coast and Richmond . Losing the Second Qualifying Final to West Coast , they went on to beat GWS and the reigning premiers Richmond to reach the 2018 Grand Final , where they were defeated 79 - 74 by the West Coast Eagles . Club symbols and identity ( edit ) Guernsey ( edit ) Collingwood 's logo ( in use from 2004 -- 2017 ) , featuring the Australian magpie Throughout the club 's history , Collingwood has worn a guernsey of black and white vertical stripes . The all white jumper , with the three black vertical stripes is the iconic strip that the club is most associated with . The current incarnation of the guernsey is mostly black , with white stripes on the front and lower half of the back , and white numbers . The main clash guernsey is the reverse of this : mostly white , with black stripes and black numbers , worn in away matches against clubs with a predominantly dark guernsey such as Fremantle Football Club and Port Adelaide Football Club . A secondary clash guernsey was introduced in 2011 and is used only in matches against North Melbourne due to similarity between the two uniforms . The alternate uniform is black with only two white stripes on each side instead of three . Traditionally , Collingwood has worn a white guernsey with black stripes . The club switched to the black guernsey with white stripes in 2001 . Song ( edit ) Collingwood player Tom Nelson wrote the lyrics to `` Good Old Collingwood Forever '' in 1906 . `` Good Old Collingwood Forever '' is the team song of the Collingwood Football Club . The lyrics were written by player Tom Nelson during Collingwood 's 1906 tour of Tasmania , making it the oldest of the team songs currently used in the AFL . It is sung to the tune of `` Goodbye , Dolly Gray '' , originally a song written in connection with the Spanish -- American War , then a popular Boer War and First World War anthem . It is the only AFL team song to reference the barracker , an Australian rules football term for fan . The current version of the song played at the ground during game day was recorded in 1972 by the Fable Singers . The lyrics are as follows : Good old Collingwood forever , They know how to play the game . Side by side , they stick together , To uphold the Magpies name . See , the barrackers are shouting , As all barrackers should . Oh , the premiership 's a cakewalk , For the good old Collingwood . Rivalries ( edit ) Carlton ( edit ) Carlton is considered to be the club 's most bitter arch - rival ( for full details see Carlton -- Collingwood AFL rivalry ) , with Richmond , Brisbane and Essendon close behind . The old rivalry with Melbourne has faded in recent decades because Melbourne have not enjoyed on - field success at the same time ; this rivalry also remains strong however and is an annual event on the Queens Birthday public holiday . Collingwood 's two opponents in the themed Rivalry Rounds staged to date have been Carlton ( 2005 -- 2006 , 2009 ) and Richmond ( 2007 -- 2008 ) . Brisbane ( edit ) The first signs of a Collingwood / Brisbane rivalry originated in 1999 , when Brisbane comprehensively beat the Magpies in the last ever AFL match at Victoria Park . In Round 8 2002 Collingwood beat Brisbane by three points in a tense match in front of 46,279 people at Colonial Stadium . This victory over the reigning premier took the Magpies to equal top of the league table ( 2nd on percentage ) with Brisbane . The rivalry grew with the 2002 Grand Final when Brisbane beat Collingwood by nine points . The rivalry grew again in 2003 when the two clubs clashed on four occasions . The Lions defeated the Magpies at The Gabba in Round 4 before thrashing them in Heritage Round -- Round 19 at the MCG . Collingwood then defeated Brisbane in the Qualifying Final with Alan Didak ensuring victory late in the final quarter , with two goals from the boundary line . The rivalry peaked in the 2003 Grand Final with Brisbane easily defeating Collingwood to win the premiership . The rivalry cooled off to a degree in the period following Brisbane 's loss in the 2004 Grand Final due a sustained period of success at Collingwood and a string of poor seasons at Brisbane , however Dayne Beams recent defection to the Lions has seemingly reignited the rivalry . Despite Brisbane 's string of poor seasons , the rivalry remains ignited due to many Collingwood supporters remaining bitter about the two grand final losses and the fact that the Brisbane Lions will forever be the last team to win a VFL / AFL match at Victoria Park . Melbourne ( edit ) The rivalry between Collingwood and Melbourne was at its peak between 1955 and 1964 , when the two played off in the grand final on five occasions . This included the 1958 Grand Final where Collingwood 's victory prevented Melbourne from equalling Collingwood 's record of four premierships in succession ( 1927 -- 1930 ) . Essendon ( edit ) Collingwood 's rivalry with Essendon has become more significant since 1995 , when the first ANZAC Day clash took place . After the 2015 match , Collingwood have won this contest 12 times and Essendon 8 times , with the first match being drawn . Port Adelaide ( edit ) The rivalry with Port Adelaide stems from them being known as the Magpies in their local SANFL competition before switching to the Power when entering the League in 1997 . Feelings were heightened when Port midfielder Kane Cornes ' flipped the bird ' at Nick Davis following the Power 's five - point victory over the Magpies at AAMI Stadium in Round 9 , 2002 , only moments after Anthony Rocca had missed the opportunity to tie the scores . Jarrod Molloy and Brodie Holland remonstrated with Cornes after the match , with a feeling of hostility lingering after the two sides had left the field . Collingwood unexpectedly beat the Power in the Qualifying Final that season , also at AAMI stadium . Collingwood again defeated Port Adelaide in the 2003 Preliminary Final at the MCG . This added to the ' choking ' phenomenon directed at the Power . The off - field battle over Port 's desire to wear its black and white `` prison bar '' guernsey has been a major talking point , especially between 2002 and 2007 , which added to the rivalry . A resolution was reached in favour of Collingwood . Geelong ( edit ) Games between Collingwood and Geelong have become highly anticipated since 2007 . In Round 15 Geelong beat Collingwood by 16 points in a high - quality match . In the Preliminary final Collingwood surprised many when they came within 5 points of the eventual premiers . In 2008 Collingwood thrashed Geelong by 86 points -- 20.14 ( 134 ) - 7.6 ( 48 ) causing Geelong 's only loss of the year . In 2009 , the sides again met in the preliminary final , but despite high hopes the Cats , who would again win the premiership , won by 73 points in front of another massive crowd of 87,258 . In 2010 , the two sides emerged as the favourites for the flag and twice met in front of blockbuster crowds at the MCG when they were placed 1st and 2nd on the ladder -- with the results evenly split . They again met in a Preliminary final , this time a resounding win to Collingwood by 41 points . In 2011 , both teams were undefeated going into their round eight ' blockbuster ' at the ' G. Geelong won by three points , after a controversial advantage was not paid to Magpie Scott Pendlebury in the dying minutes . Pendlebury kicked a goal and would have put the Pies in front , but the free kick was contentiously called back and Geelong managed to whisk the ball away . In the round 24 match , Geelong thumped the Magpies by a record margin of 96 points , which was also Collingwood 's biggest ever loss at the MCG . The 2011 Grand Final against the Cats concluded with a 38 - point loss for the Pies . Supporters ( edit ) Collingwood Magpies mascot Collingwood is a working - class suburb and the Collingwood Football Club supporter base traditionally came from the working class ( though its supporter base today goes far beyond ) . Many of the club 's supporters who regularly attend games still come from the working class or from lower socio - economic groups , leading to jokes from supporters of other clubs which typically stereotype their Collingwood counterparts as poor , crude and ignorant . Collingwood is traditionally reviled by non-Collingwood supporters ( `` You either love ' em or you hate ' em '' ) . The dislike of the club by outsiders is said to have originated during the 1920s and 1930s , a period of great success for the club which drew the envy and resentment of other clubs . In this period , Collingwood was also perceived as a Catholic and Irish club , at a time when these groups were looked down upon by the rest of Australian society and subjected to a considerable degree of social exclusion . Until recent years , racial vilification of opposition players in VFL / AFL games was not uncommon . According to a 2001 study , Collingwood 's old home ground of Victoria Park had a reputation as one of the worst venues for such vilification , though it has also been said that the problem was similar at all grounds . Collingwood has however been involved in several high - profile incidents of this type , such as those involving indigenous players Nicky Winmar in 1993 and Adam Goodes in 2013 . Michael Long 's accusation of racial vilification against Collingwood ruckman Damian Monkhorst in 1995 also led directly to the establishment of the AFL 's racial vilification regulations . Collingwood club president Eddie McGuire has been credited for taking a stand against racial vilification by club supporters and for harshly dealing with offenders . Corporate ( edit ) Membership ( edit ) Collingwood Membership 1984 -- present Year Members Position % 1984 16,313 3rd -- 1985 16,857 7th 3.28 % 1986 13,971 6th 20.65 % 9,500 12th 47.06 % 1988 11,985 4th 20.73 % 1989 13,620 5th 12.00 % 1990 14,808 1st 8.02 % 1991 18,469 7th 19.82 % 1992 18,921 5th 2.38 % 1993 21,882 8th 13.53 % 1994 20,843 8th 4.98 % 1995 22,543 10th 7.54 % 20,752 11th 8.63 % 1997 22,761 10th 8.82 % 1998 27,099 14th 16.00 % 1999 32,358 16th 16.25 % 2000 28,932 15th 11.84 % 2001 31,455 9th 8.02 % 2002 32,549 4th 3.36 % 2003 40,445 2nd 19.54 % 41,128 13th 1.66 % 2005 38,612 15th 6.51 % 2006 38,038 7th 1.50 % 2007 38,587 4th 1.42 % 2008 26,320 6th 46.60 % 2009 45,972 4th 42.74 % 57,617 1st 20.21 2011 71,271 1st 19.15 % 2012 72,688 4th 1.94 % 2013 80,000 6th 9.14 % 2014 80,793 11th 0.98 % 2015 76,497 12th 5.61 % 2016 74,643 12th 2.48 % 2017 75,879 13th 1.62 % 2018 75,507 3rd 0.49 % 2019 To be confirmed ( * Accurate as of August 29th 2018 ) In 2011 Collingwood reached 70,000 members for the first time creating a new AFL record , beating the previous AFL record of 58,249 set by Collingwood in 2010 , . The club 's membership base leads to large crowd pulling power which has caused the AFL to be accused of favouring Collingwood when scheduling to maximise the league 's attendance figures . However the AFL states that this is due to other clubs requesting home games at the MCG against Collingwood . Off field ( edit ) Collingwood was one of the last clubs to abandon its traditional stadium , the famous inner - city Victoria Park . Collingwood now plays home games at the MCG . It now also has its headquarters situated in the former Glasshouse Entertainment Centre . Due to a sponsorship deal , this facility is known as ' The Holden Centre ' . Collingwood continues to be financially viable through the loyal support of its huge following and numerous sponsors . After finishing 2nd in 2002 and 2003 the team fell to 13th and 15th ( out of 16 ) in 2004 and 2005 respectively . This trend has plagued the club since the glory days of pre-World War II VFL football . Since 1958 , the club has won only two VFL / AFL Premiership ( the inaugural AFL Premiership in 1990 , and in 2010 ) . Despite this , the club still has won more individual games , more finals and made more grand final appearances than any other club . On 9 March 2007 , former Collingwood and Fitzroy defender Gary Pert was appointed the Magpies ' CEO , seven weeks after Greg Swann departed for Carlton . In accepting the key Magpie post , Pert quit as a club director and as managing director of Channel 9 in Melbourne . In a press conference , it was stated that Collingwood has budgeted to turn over about $50 million this year . McGuire hopes the new administration will soon double that figure . `` A finance administration review has come up with how we are going to turn Collingwood in to its next phase of its life '' , McGuire said . `` What do we do to make ourselves go from a $45 million a year turnover business to a $100 million turnover business ? `` They sound like big figures but in 1999 we turned over $13 million , so that is where we are heading as a football club . '' The club made an operating profit of $5.23 million for the 2013 season , revenue increased from $2.6 million to more than $75 million . On 24 July 2017 , Pert resigned from his position as CEO of the club , with Peter Murphy replacing him as an interim CEO . Sponsorship ( edit ) The Collingwood guernsey is the most valuable sports sponsorship in Australia . Collingwood has different guernsey sponsors for home and away matches , generating an estimated $6.3 million worth of media exposure for the primary sponsor and $5.7 million for the secondary sponsor . These sponsorships are ranked first and second in Australia . High - profile sponsors include Emirates , Holden , CGU Insurance and Westpac . Honours ( edit ) Records - Senior Level ( edit ) Victorian / Australian Football League Premiers ( 15 ) : 1902 , 1903 , 1910 , 1917 , 1919 , 1927 , 1928 , 1929 , 1930 , 1935 , 1936 , 1953 , 1958 , 1990 , 2010 Runners - up ( 27 ) : 1901 , 1905 , 1911 , 1915 , 1918 , 1920 , 1922 , 1925 , 1926 , 1937 , 1938 , 1939 , 1952 , 1955 , 1956 , 1960 , 1964 , 1966 , 1970 , 1977 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 2002 , 2003 , 2011 , 2018 Victorian Football Association / League ( 1 ) : 1896 Championship of Australia ( 1 ) : 1896 Pre-Season / Night Series Premierships ( 2 ) : 1979 , 2011 Lightning Premierships ( 2 ) : 1941 , 1951 Minor premierships ( 19 ) : 1902 , 1903 , 1905 , 1915 , 1917 , 1919 , 1922 , 1926 , 1927 , 1928 , 1929 , 1930 , 1966 , 1969 , 1970 , 1973 , 1977 , 2010 , 2011 McClelland Trophy ( 8 ) : 1959 , 1960 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1970 , 2010 , 2011 Drawn Grand Finals ( 2 ) : 1977 , 2010 Wooden Spoons ( 2 ) : 1976 , 1999 Undefeated in the Home and Away season : 1929 * 18 Rounds Records -- other levels ( edit ) Premierships Reserves ( 7 ) : 1919 , 1920 , 1922 , 1925 , 1940 , 1965 , 1976 Under 19s ( 4 ) : 1960 , 1965 , 1974 , 1986 Head - to - head results ( edit ) Played : 2,518 Won : 1,527 Drawn : 27 Lost : 973 ( Last updated -- Round 23 2018 ) GP GF - BF For GA - BA Agn % Win % 100 + F 100 + A Adelaide 42 25 15 557.494 3836 493.505 3463 110.77 60.98 16 7 Brisbane Bears 16 13 251.232 1738 170.187 1207 143.99 86.67 12 Brisbane Lions 31 14 15 363.366 2544 406.368 2804 90.73 41.38 10 11 Carlton 256 125 127 2914.3086 20570 2869.2969 20183 101.92 48.43 70 64 5 Essendon 237 130 103 2747.2884 19366 2631.2803 18591 104.17 54.47 63 60 6 Fitzroy 209 131 75 2338.2683 16711 2058.2374 14722 113.51 63.40 66 31 7 Fremantle 30 19 11 407.344 2786 362.299 2471 112.75 60.71 14 7 8 Geelong 231 132 99 2643.2889 18747 2468.2723 17531 106.94 57.14 60 42 9 Gold Coast 8 6 114.100 784 70.70 490 160.00 71.43 5 10 Greater Western Sydney 7 5 104.74 698 66.63 459 152.07 83.33 11 Hawthorn 163 97 68 2207.2341 15584 2025.1977 14127 110.31 59.88 67 56 12 Melbourne 235 148 5 83 2793.3077 19735 2465.2704 17494 112.81 62.82 73 48 13 North Melbourne 159 107 50 2233.2343 15741 1788.1939 12667 124.27 67.09 71 38 14 Port Adelaide 29 14 15 386.342 2658 354.351 2475 107.39 48.28 11 5 15 Richmond 208 117 90 2472.2694 17526 2314.2509 16393 106.91 56.80 52 45 16 St Kilda 218 158 58 2830.3060 20040 2176.2375 15431 129.87 72.35 89 36 17 Sydney 226 141 84 2720.2983 19303 2277.2699 16361 117.98 62.67 66 43 18 University 14 13 132.199 991 72.110 542 182.84 96.43 0 19 West Coast 51 24 25 634.550 4354 640.609 4449 97.86 48.98 15 18 20 Western Bulldogs 155 107 47 2101.2021 14627 1712.1855 12127 120.62 68.83 59 29 Team of the century ( edit ) Collingwood announced its team of the century on 14 June 1997 , celebrating 100 years since the beginning of the VFL . Gavin Brown was added as the fourth interchange player in 2002 , when the team was named in 1997 only three interchange players were permitted on a team . Collingwood Team of the Century B : Harold Rumney Jack Regan Syd Coventry ( Captain ) HB : Billy Picken Albert Collier Nathan Buckley C : Thorold Merrett Bob Rose Darren Millane HF : Des Fothergill Murray Weideman Dick Lee F : Phonse Kyne Gordon Coventry Peter Daicos Foll : Len Thompson Des Tuddenham Harry Collier Int : Tony Shaw Wayne Richardson Marcus Whelan Gavin Brown Coach : James `` Jock '' McHale Captains ( edit ) This list comprises every captain of the club . This list does not include deputy captains filling in due to an injury to the named captain , but does include captains named after a player retires or steps down during the season . Bill Strickland 1897 Bill Proudfoot 1898 -- 99 , 1901 Dick Condon 1899 -- 1900 Lardie Tulloch 1902 -- 04 Charlie Pannam 1905 Alf Dummett 1906 Arthur Leach 1906 -- 08 Eddie Drohan 1908 Robert Nash 1908 -- 09 George Angus 1910 -- 11 Jock McHale 1912 -- 13 Dan Minogue 1914 -- 16 Percy Wilson 1917 -- 18 Con McCarthy 1919 Dick Lee 1920 -- 21 Tom Drummond 1922 Harry Curtis 1923 Charlie Tyson 1924 -- 26 Syd Coventry 1927 -- 34 Harry Collier 1935 -- 39 Jack Regan 1940 -- 41 , 1943 Phonse Kyne 1942 , 1946 -- 49 Pat Fricker 1944 Alby Pannam 1945 Gordon Hocking 1950 -- 51 Lou Richards 1952 -- 55 Neil Mann 1955 -- 56 Bill Twomey , Jr. 1957 Frank Tuck 1958 -- 59 Murray Weideman 1960 -- 63 Ray Gabelich 1964 -- 65 John Henderson 1965 Des Tuddenham 1966 -- 69 , 1976 Terry Waters 1970 -- 71 Wayne Richardson 1971 -- 75 Max Richardson 1977 Len Thompson 1978 Ray Shaw 1979 -- 80 Peter Moore 1981 -- 82 Mark Williams 1983 -- 86 Tony Shaw 1987 -- 93 Gavin Brown 1994 -- 98 Nathan Buckley 1999 -- 2007 Scott Burns 2008 Nick Maxwell 2009 -- 2013 Scott Pendlebury 2014 -- Current playing list ( edit ) Collingwood Football Club view talk Senior list Rookie list Coaching staff 2 Jordan De Goey 3 Daniel Wells 4 Brodie Grundy 5 Jamie Elliott 6 Tyson Goldsack 7 Adam Treloar 8 Tom Langdon 10 Scott Pendlebury ( c ) 12 Matthew Scharenberg 13 Taylor Adams 14 James Aish 15 Lynden Dunn 16 Chris Mayne 17 Callum Brown 18 Travis Varcoe 19 Levi Greenwood 20 Ben Reid 21 Tom Phillips 22 Steele Sidebottom ( vc ) 24 Josh Thomas 25 Jack Crisp 26 Josh Daicos 28 Nathan Murphy 30 Darcy Moore 32 Will Hoskin - Elliott 33 Rupert Wills 34 Tyler Brown 35 Jaidyn Stephenson 36 Brayden Sier 37 Brayden Maynard 38 Jeremy Howe 39 Ben Crocker 46 Mason Cox Dayne Beams Jordan Roughead 31 Flynn Appleby 41 Brody Mihocek 44 Jack Madgen ( B ) 45 Max Lynch Mark Keane ( B ) Anton Tohill ( B ) Head coach Nathan Buckley Assistant coaches Justin Longmuir ( defence ) Robert Harvey ( midfield ) Brenton Sanderson ( forward ) Garry Hocking ( stoppages ) Tarkyn Lockyer ( head of academy ) Brad Gotch ( academy coach ) Jamie Cassidy - McNamara ( academy coach ) Matthew Boyd ( development coach ) Shane Joules ( opposition analyst ) Anthony Rocca ( Ruck & bench coach ) Jared Rivers ( VFL coach ) Nick Maxwell ( leadership & culture manager ) Legend : ( c ) Captain ( s ) ( vc ) Vice captain ( s ) ( B ) Category B rookie Updated : 30 October 2018 Source ( s ) : Playing list , Coaching staff , Injury list Current coaching staff ( edit ) Senior coach : Nathan Buckley Assistant coaches : Robert Harvey Justin Longmuir Brenton Sanderson Garry Hocking Development coaches : Tarkyn Lockyer Nick Maxwell VFL coach : Jared Rivers Reserves team ( edit ) The VFL / AFL operated a reserves competition from 1919 -- 1991 , and a de facto AFL reserves competition was run by the Victorian State Football League from 1992 -- 1999 . Collingwood fielded a reserves team in both of these competitions , allowing players who were not selected for the senior team to play for Collingwood in the lower grade . After the AFL reserves competition was disbanded at the end of 1999 , the club fielded its reserves team in the new Victorian Football League during the 2000 season . In 2001 , Collingwood reserves team was dissolved and the club entered into an affiliation with the VFL 's Williamstown Football Club , such that Williamstown served as a feeder team and reserves players for Collingwood played senior football for Williamstown . Collingwood ended its affiliation with Williamstown after the 2007 season . The reserves team was re-established , and has competed in the VFL since 2008 . The reserves team currently splits home games between Olympic Park Oval and Victoria Park , although they do occasionally play at the MCG as a curtain raiser to Collingwood home matches , and uses the AFL team 's clash guernsey as its primary guernsey . The Collingwood VFL team is composed of both reserves players from the club 's primary and rookie AFL lists , and a separately maintained list of players eligible only for VFL matches . Premierships ( 7 ) Year Competition Opponent Score Venue 1919 VFL Reserves University 6.11 ( 47 ) -- 4.8 ( 32 ) MCG 1920 VFL Reserves University 7.14 ( 56 ) -- 7.2 ( 44 ) MCG 1922 VFL Reserves Essendon 8.10 ( 58 ) -- 1.9 ( 15 ) MCG 1925 VFL Reserves Fitzroy 13.16 ( 94 ) -- 11.4 ( 70 ) MCG 1940 VFL Reserves Carlton 6.16 ( 52 ) -- 3.12 ( 30 ) MCG 1965 VFL Reserves Geelong 16.9 ( 105 ) -- 10.20 ( 80 ) MCG 1976 VFL Reserves North Melbourne 23.17 ( 155 ) -- 19.15 ( 129 ) MCG Runners - up ( 8 ) Year Competition Opponent Score Venue 1921 VFL Reserves Essendon 8.13 ( 61 ) -- 10.9 ( 69 ) MCG 1937 VFL Reserves Geelong 9.11 ( 65 ) -- 12.12 ( 84 ) MCG 1944 VFL Reserves Fitzroy 9.9 ( 63 ) -- 11.12 ( 78 ) Victoria Park 1952 VFL Reserves Essendon 4.5 ( 29 ) -- 7.14 ( 56 ) MCG 1958 VFL Reserves Essendon 6.13 ( 49 ) -- 7.11 ( 53 ) MCG 1966 VFL Reserves Richmond 13.12 ( 90 ) -- 14.11 ( 95 ) MCG 1979 VFL Reserves North Melbourne 9.13 ( 67 ) -- 13.14 ( 92 ) VFL Park VFL Reserves Essendon 15.9 ( 99 ) -- 19.14 ( 128 ) MCG Coaches ( edit ) 2000 : Brad Gotch & Dean Laidley 2008 -- 10 : Gavin Brown 2011 -- 12 : Tarkyn Lockyer 2013 -- 16 : Dale Tapping 2017 -- present : Jared Rivers Captains ( edit ) 2008 : Nigel Carmody 2009 : Damien Peverill 2010 -- 12 : Kris Pendlebury 2013 : Jack Hellier & Nick Riddle 2014 -- present : Jack Hellier Season summaries ( edit ) show Season Win - Loss Ladder position Finals result Best & Fairest Leading goal kicker 2000 9 -- 10 11th DNQ Shane Watson Brad Obourne ( 20 ) 2008 5 -- 11 12th DNQ Justin Crow & Brent Macaffer Brent Macaffer ( 38 ) 2009 10 -- 8 7th Preliminary Final Ryan Cook Chris Bryan ( 34 ) 10 -- 8 7th Elimination Final Tom Young Scott Reed ( 38 ) 2011 4 -- 14 12th DNQ Tom Sundberg Brett Eddy ( 21 ) 2012 4 -- 14 12th DNQ Kris Pendlebury Caolan Mooney & Jackson Paine ( 17 ) 2013 10 -- 8 6th Elimination Final Kyle Martin Jackson Paine ( 45 ) 2014 12 -- 6 5th Elimination Final Kyle Martin Patrick Karnezis ( 31 ) 2015 12 -- 6 6th Semi Final Ben Moloney Patrick Karnezis ( 30 ) 2016 14 -- 4 2nd Preliminary Final Brent Macaffer Travis Cloke & Jordan Collopy ( 18 ) 2017 8 -- 10 8th Elimination Final Marty Hore Kayle Kirby ( 42 ) Source for coaches , captains and summaries : Collingwood Football Club VFL Honour Roll AFL women 's team ( edit ) The Collingwood team huddles prior to the inaugural AFL Women 's match in February 2017 . In April 2016 , the club launched a bid to enter a team in the inaugural AFL Women 's season in 2017 . Meg Hutchins was appointed Women 's Football Operations Manager some weeks prior , and given the responsibility of crafting the bid . The club was granted a license in June 2016 , becoming one of eight teams to compete in the league 's first season . In addition to her role off - field , Hutchins would become one of the club 's first players , along with marquees Moana Hope and Emma King . Collingwood selected a further 19 players in October 's inaugural draft as well as three non-drafted players and two first time footballing rookies . Dandenong Stingrays assistant and Victorian Metro Youth Girls head coach Wayne Siekman was appointed the team 's inaugural head coach in July 2016 . The team operates its training and administration base within the existing Collingwood home at Olympic Park . Current squad ( edit ) Collingwood Football Club ( AFL Women 's ) view talk Senior list Rookie list Coaching staff 2 Chloe Molloy 4 Sarah D'Arcy 5 Emma Grant ( vc ) 8 Brittany Bonnici ( vc ) 9 Melissa Kuys 10 Ashleigh Brazill 11 Eliza Hynes 12 Stacey Livingstone 13 Jaimee Lambert 17 Steph Chiocci ( c ) 18 Ruby Schleicher 19 Georgie Parker 20 Cecilia McIntosh 21 Iilish Ross 22 Sophie Casey 28 Holly Whitford 34 Darcy Guttridge 41 Kristy Stratton 46 Sarah Dargan Sophie Alexander Jordyn Allen Lauren Butler Mikala Cann Erica Fowler Georgia Gourlay Nicole Hildebrand Katie Lynch Jordan Membrey Maddie Shevlin Sharni Layton Sarah Rowe Head coach Wayne Siekman Assistant coaches Lynden Dunn Chloe McMillan Matthew Jones Penny Cula - Reid ( VFLW coach ) Legend : ( c ) Captain ( s ) ( vc ) Vice captain ( s ) Long - term injury list Updated : 25 October 2018 Source ( s ) : Playing list , Coaching staff Coaches ( edit ) 2017 -- present : Wayne Siekman Captains ( edit ) 2017 -- present : Steph Chiocci Season summaries ( edit ) show Season Win - Loss Ladder position Finals result Best & Fairest Leading goal kicker 2017 3 -- 4 5th DNQ Nicola Stevens Moana Hope ( 7 ) 2018 3 -- 4 6th DNQ Chloe Molloy Christina Bernardi ( 9 ) Individual awards ( edit ) Best and Fairest ( edit ) Further information : Copeland Trophy Brownlow Medal winners ( edit ) Syd Coventry ( 1927 ) Albert Collier ( 1929 ) Harry Collier ( 1930 tied ) Marcus Whelan ( 1939 ) Des Fothergill ( 1940 tied ) Len Thompson ( 1972 ) Peter Moore ( 1979 ) Nathan Buckley ( 2003 tied ) Dane Swan ( 2011 ) Leigh Matthews Trophy winners ( edit ) Darren Millane ( 1990 ) Dane Swan ( 2010 ) Coleman medal winners ( edit ) Gordon Coventry led the VFL in goal kicking six times . Instituted in 1981 , retrospective awards were dated back to 1955 ; prior to that , the League awarded the Leading Goalkicker Medal Ian Brewer ( 1958 ) Peter McKenna ( 1972 , 1973 ) Brian Taylor ( 1986 ) Leading Goal Kicker Medal Winners Archie Smith 1898 Teddy Lockwood 1900 ( tied ) , 1903 Charlie Pannam 1905 Dick Lee 1907 , 1908 , 1909 , 1914 , 1916 , 1917 , 1919 Gordon Coventry 1926 , 1927 , 1928 , 1929 , 1930 , 1933 Ron Todd 1938 , 1939 Des Fothergill 1946 Norm Smith Medal winners ( edit ) Scott Pendlebury , winner of the 2010 Norm Smith Medal Tony Shaw ( 1990 ) Nathan Buckley ( 2002 ) Scott Pendlebury ( 2010 ) E.J. Whitten Medalists ( edit ) Gavin Brown ( 1989 , 1997 ) Mark of the Year winners ( edit ) Alan Atkinson ( 1973 ) Billy Picken ( 1974 ) Billy Picken ( 1976 ) Peter Daicos ( 1980 ) Denis Banks ( 1984 ) Chris Tarrant ( 2003 ) Andrew Krakouer ( 2011 ) Jamie Elliott ( 2013 ) Goal of the Year winners ( edit ) Phil Manassa ( 1977 ) Peter Daicos ( 1991 ) Mick McGuane ( 1994 ) Leon Davis ( 2008 ) Anzac Day Medal winners ( edit ) Saverio Rocca ( 1995 , 1998 ) ^ Scott Russell ( 1996 ) ^ Damien Monkhorst ( 1997 ) ^ Chris Tarrant ( 2001 ) Mark McGough ( 2002 ) Ben Johnson ( 2006 ) Heath Shaw ( 2007 ) Paul Medhurst ( 2008 ) Scott Pendlebury ( 2010 , 2011 ) Dane Swan ( 2012 , 2014 ) Paul Seedsman ( 2015 ) Steele Sidebottom ( 2016 ) Adam Treloar ( 2018 ) ^ Awarded retrospectively in 2011 Neale Daniher Trophy winners ( edit ) Travis Cloke ( 2015 ) Mason Cox ( 2018 ) Bob Rose - Charlie Sutton Medal winners ( edit ) Ben Johnson ( 2008 ) Dane Swan ( 2009 ) Scott Pendlebury ( 2010 , 2012 , 2017 ) Heath Shaw ( 2011 , 2013 ) Tom Phillips ( 2018 ) Richard Pratt Medal winners ( edit ) Dane Swan ( 2013 ) Tom Langdon ( 2014 ) Scott Pendlebury ( 2015 ) Steele Sidebottom ( 2018 ) Jason McCartney Medal winners ( edit ) Anthony Rocca ( 2003 ) Ben Johnson ( 2004 ) Chris Tarrant ( 2006 ) James Clement ( 2007 ) Tarkyn Lockyer ( 2009 ) Scott Pendlebury ( 2013 ) Not awarded since 2013 All Australian Team ( edit ) Dayne Beams ( 2012 ) Gavin Brown ( 1991 , 1994 ) Nathan Buckley ( 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2001 , 2003 ) James Clement ( 2004 , 2005 ) Travis Cloke ( 2011 , 2013 ) Leon Davis ( 2009 , 2011 ) Alan Didak ( 2006 , 2010 ) Tony Francis ( 1991 ) Brodie Grundy ( 2018 ) Des Healey ( 1953 ) Nick Maxwell ( 2009 ) Mick McGuane ( 1992 ) Peter McKenna ( 1972 ) Paul Medhurst ( 2008 ) Peter Moore ( 1979 ) Harry O'Brien ( 2010 ) Scott Pendlebury ( 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 ) Geoff Raines ( 1985 ) Ben Reid ( 2011 ) Michael Richardson ( 1983 ) Bob Rose ( 1953 ) Steele Sidebottom ( 2018 ) Dane Swan ( 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 ) Chris Tarrant ( 2003 ) Dale Thomas ( 2011 ) Len Thompson ( 1972 ) Terry Waters ( 1969 ) Ricky Watt ( 1969 ) International rules representatives ( edit ) Gavin Brown ( 1990 ) Nathan Buckley ( 1998 ) , ( 1999 -- captain ) James Clement ( 2002 ) Alan Didak ( 2004 ) Scott Pendlebury ( 2008 ) , ( 2017 ) Dale Thomas ( 2008 ) Dane Swan ( 2010 ) Tyson Goldsack ( 2010 ) Michael Tuck Medal winners ( edit ) Heath Shaw ( 2011 ) Jim Stynes Medal winners ( edit ) Dane Swan ( 2010 ) Match records ( edit ) Highest score : R17 , 1980 -- Collingwood 32.19 ( 211 ) v St Kilda 16.11 ( 107 ) -- Waverley Park Lowest score : R6 , 1897 ( VP ) -- Collingwood 0.8 ( 8 ) v South Melbourne 2.15 ( 27 ) -- Victoria Park ( VP ) Lowest score since 1919 : Grand Final , 1960 -- 2.2 ( 14 ) v Melbourne 8.14 ( 62 ) -- Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) Highest losing score : R16 , 1937 -- Collingwood 21.16 ( 142 ) v Melbourne 22.21 ( 153 ) -- VP Lowest winning score : R9 , 1899 ( VP ) -- Collingwood 3.3 ( 21 ) v Melbourne 1.7 ( 13 ) -- VP Lowest winning score since 1919 : Grand Final , 1927 -- 2.13 ( 25 ) v Richmond 1.7 ( 13 ) -- MCG Biggest winning margin : 178 points ; R4 , 1979 -- Collingwood 31.21 ( 207 ) v St Kilda 3.11 ( 29 ) -- VP Biggest losing margin : 138 points ; R3 , 1942 -- Collingwood 5.7 ( 37 ) v Richmond 25.25 ( 175 ) -- Punt Road Oval Record attendance ( home and away game ) : R10 , 1958 -- 99,346 v Melbourne -- MCG Record attendance ( finals match ) : Grand Final , 1970 -- 121,696 v Carlton -- MCG Records set by players ( edit ) Most matches : Tony Shaw -- 313 ( 1978 -- 1994 ) Most consecutive matches : Jock McHale -- 191 ( 1906 -- 1917 ) -- VFL record until 1943 Most goals kicked in a match : Gordon Coventry -- 17 goals 4 behinds ( R12 , 1930 , VP ) -- VFL record until 1947 Most Best & Fairests : Nathan Buckley -- 6 ( 1994 , 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2003 ) Most matches as coach : Jock McHale -- 713 ( 1912 -- 1949 ) -- VFL / AFL record until 2015 ( Remains a record for the most matches as coach at one club . ) Most matches as captain / acting captain : Nathan Buckley -- 162 ( 1999 -- 2006 ) Most goals in a season : Peter McKenna -- 143 ( 1970 ) Most career goals : Gordon Coventry -- 1299 ( 1920 -- 1937 ) -- VFL / AFL record until 1999 ( Remains a record for the most career goals at one club . ) In popular culture ( edit ) David Williamson 's 1977 stage play , The Club , was inspired by the backroom dealings and antics of the Collingwood Football Club ; although Collingwood is never mentioned by name . The 1980 film version of the play -- directed by Bruce Beresford and starring John Howard , Jack Thompson , Graham Kennedy and Frank Wilson -- is set at Collingwood and featured Collingwood players in speaking and non-speaking roles . The film was almost entirely shot on location at Victoria Park , both inside and on the actual oval . Judd Apatow 's 2009 film , Funny People , starring Adam Sandler and Seth Rogen , featured a scene with Australian actor Eric Bana trying to explain the rules of Australian rules football . During this scene Bana 's character , a St Kilda supporter , voices his dislike for Collingwood while watching a televised game . Adam Elliot 's 2009 clay - animated film , Mary and Max , features a scene with a school - yard bully , named Bernie Clifford , who wears a 1970s VFL style Collingwood guernsey . A Collingwood garden gnome can also be seen in the film . In the 2010 independent Australian film Joffa : The Movie , Joffa Corfe and Shane McRae star as a couple of knockabout handymen with a passion for the Collingwood Football Club . John Brack 's 1953 painting Three of the Players ' depicts three Collingwood players . The players are thought by some to be Lou Richards , Jack Regan and Phonse Kyne . See also ( edit ) Melbourne portal Australian rules football portal History of the Collingwood Football Club List of Collingwood players List of Collingwood Football Club coaches Sport in Australia Sport in Victoria Footnotes ( edit ) Notes 1. ^ Including standing room . References Jump up ^ `` R.T. Rush Trophy - the runner up - collingwoodfc.com.au '' . Jump up ^ Matt Windley ( 15 May 2014 ) . `` Collingwood , Brisbane Broncos top rankings as Australia 's most popular football clubs '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved 13 June 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.afl.com.au/news/blogarticle/tabid/8123/newsid/89468/default.aspx Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 7 October 2009 . Retrieved 29 June 2012 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ A Century Of The Best , Michael Roberts p. viii pub : 1991 Jump up ^ A Century Of The Best , Michael Roberts p.x pub : 1991 Jump up ^ Let 's banish memories of Colliwobbles forever The Herald Sun , 24 September 2010 Jump up ^ Putting a price on Colliwobbles The Melbourne Age , 12 August 2010 Jump up ^ It 's still neck and neck after 44 years The Melbourne Age , 25 September 2010 Jump up ^ Colliwobbles : fact or fantasy ? Footy Almanac Jump up ^ `` Hunt a ' Churchie ' goer at best '' . The Age . Melbourne . Jump up ^ `` Pies ' ashes now in Tigerland '' . The Age . Melbourne . Jump up ^ Mason , Luke ( 30 August 2012 ) . `` Beyond 2000 -- Essendon '' . Collingwood FC . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bombers shock Magpies '' . ABC News ( Australian Broadcasting Corporation ) . 11 August 2006 . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Malthouse parts ways with Pies '' . ABC News . Australian Associated Press . Retrieved 22 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Collingwood has cut six including veterans ruckman Darren Jolly , Alan Didak and Andrew Krakouer '' . Herald Sun . 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A new logo , a new chapter '' . Collingwood FC. 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Eastman , David . `` Collingwood Home Jumpers '' . Retrieved 12 Nov 2011 . Jump up ^ McFarlane , Glenn ( 15 August 2014 ) . `` Glenn 's 18 Special Edition : we give you the definitive ranking of the AFL club songs '' , Herald Sun . Retrieved 27 September 2018 . Jump up ^ AFL Tunes to Remember -- The Age , 23 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Niall , Jake ( 29 August 2012 ) . `` Ramp up the rivalry '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ Clark , John ( 3 August 2012 ) . `` As Hawthorn and Geelong write another chapter , we look at five of the AFL 's most intense rivalries '' . Jump up ^ Davis , Greg ( 14 October 2014 ) . `` Dayne Beams traded to Brisbane Lions as part of five - way deal '' . Jump up ^ Browne , Ashley ( 21 October 2014 ) . `` Blockbusters and a grudge match set for round one , 2015 '' . Jump up ^ Mighty Roar ( 30 March 2015 ) . `` Collingwood Magpies vs Brisbane Lions - Round 22 - 1999 - Last AFL Game At Victoria Park '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Lovett 2010 , p. 92 Jump up ^ Humphrys , Elizabeth . `` Beyond a joke : Bogan loathing bring us all to shame '' . The Drum . ABC . Retrieved 8 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Cordy , Neil . `` AFL AFL DEPARTMENT OF TRADE NAB CUP SHOWS VIDEO GWS Giants supporters are about to learn why footy fans love to hate Collingwood , writes Neil Cordy '' . Jump up ^ Sapienza , Joseph . `` Everybody hates Collingwood ... but why ? '' . The Age . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Lawrence . `` On the Field and Off the Field : Sport and Racial Hatred '' . HREOC . Australian Human Rights Commission . Retrieved 31 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Klugman , Matthew . `` A game whose time has come : Winmar , Goodes and race in the AFL '' . The Conversation . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Klugman , Matthew . `` AFL : the ugly game of enlightened racism '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 31 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Baum , Greg . `` No room for smugness in long fight against bigotry '' . The Age . Retrieved 31 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Lovett 2010 , p. 732 Jump up ^ `` Collingwood Membership Website 2011 2011 Membership Home '' . Membership.collingwoodfc.com.au . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Club memberships hit 700,000 '' . afl.com.au . Archived from the original on 19 October 2012 . Retrieved 2 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Rielly , Stephen ( 16 August 2013 ) . `` Magpies hit 80,000 members '' . Collingwoodfc.com.au . BigPond . Jump up ^ Muling , Elizabeth ( 3 September 2014 ) . `` Pies surpass membership record '' . collingwoodfc.com.au . BigPond . Jump up ^ `` 2019 Membership '' . Collingwood Football Club . Jump up ^ Bowen , Nick ( 25 August 2016 ) . `` The membership ladder : Hawks overtake Pies , Dons slide '' . AFL.com.au . Bigpond . Jump up ^ Ralph , Jon ( 15 August 2017 ) . `` Collingwood back on top of the AFL membership ladder '' . Herald Sun . Jump up ^ Waterworth , Ben ( 2 August 2018 ) . `` AFL club membership numbers 2018 : Over 1 million members , Richmond surpasses six figures '' . Fox Sports Australia . Retrieved 29 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Collingwood membership tally hits 70,000 '' . Heraldsun.com.au. 13 May 2011 . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie 's Letter to Members '' . Collingwood FC. 13 May 2011 . Archived from the original on 16 May 2011 . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Brown , Matt ( 8 October 2003 ) . `` AFL denies draw favours Pies -- ABC News ( Australian Broadcasting Corporation ) '' . Australia : ABC . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pies , Blues big winners in AFL draw '' . Watoday.com.au. 24 October 2008 . Archived from the original on 28 October 2008 . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Caroline ( 13 May 2009 ) . `` Pies a drag on crowd numbers -- RFNews '' . The Age . Melbourne . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Collingwood AFL club builds build TV studio for digital marketing expansion '' . 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Pierik , Jon ( 24 July 2017 ) . `` Collingwood chief executive Gary Pert resigns '' . The Age . ^ Jump up to : `` Magpies guernsey most valuable '' . The Age . Australia . 9 March 2011 . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Team of the Century '' . Collingwood FC . Archived from the original on 21 September 2011 . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Collingwood Football Club in the VFL '' . collingwoodfc.com.au. 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VFL : Season 2008 '' . collingwoodfc.com.au . ^ Jump up to : Allen , Sarah ( 29 April 2016 ) . `` Collingwood launches bid for historic women 's AFL team '' . Collingwood Media . Bigpond . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Allen , Sarah ( 15 June 2016 ) . `` History made : Collingwood women 's team announced '' . Collingwood Media . Bigpond . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Bruce ( 27 July 2016 ) . `` Sixteen of the best : women 's marquees named '' . AFL.com.au . Bigpond . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Draftee defender named top AFLW Magpie '' . AFL.com.au . Telstra Media . 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Lechucki , Meagan ( 7 April 2018 ) . `` AFLW : Rising Star now a Best and Fairest '' . Collingwood . Telstra Media . Jump up ^ The Club ( 1980 ) , IMDb Jump up ^ McFarlane , G. & Roberts , M. , The Illustrated Collingwood Encyclopedia , 2004 ; Brown , G. , `` Collingwood Forever '' , 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Bana teaches AFL to Seth Rogan '' . News.ninemsn.com.au . Archived from the original on 13 July 2012 . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mary , Max and the Magpies '' . Brisbane Times . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Boland , Michaela ( 24 August 2010 ) . `` Collingwood opts to pass up on painting '' . The Australian . News Limited . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . Bibliography Lovett , Michael ( Chief editor ) ( 2010 ) . AFL Record Season Guide . Geoff Slattery Media Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9806274 - 5 - 9 . Victorian Government Hansard of November 1990 , pp. 2208 -- 2218 : Victorian Legislative Assembly 's debate on the Collingwood ( Victoria Park ) Land Bill on 21 November 1990 : features an informative interchange between Murray Weideman 's older brother , Graeme Weideman , and former South Melbourne footballer , Bill McGrath , both of whom were MLAs at the time . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Collingwood Football Club . Official website of the Collingwood Football Club Collingwood Football Club History Records Current squad Players Captains Coaches Awards Copeland Trophy AFL Women 's best and fairest Leading goalkickers Nickname : Magpies AFL coach : Nathan Buckley AFL captain : Scott Pendlebury AFLW coach : Wayne Siekman AFLW captain : Steph Chiocci AFL home grounds Victoria Park ( 1897 -- 1999 ) Melbourne Cricket Ground ( 2000 -- ) AFLW home grounds Olympic Park Oval ( 2017 -- ) AFL premierships ( 15 ) 1902 1903 1910 1917 1919 1927 1928 1929 1930 1935 1936 1953 1958 1990 Seasons ( 128 ) 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Related articles Women 's team VFL team Netball team Carlton -- Collingwood rivalry Anzac Day match Queen 's Birthday match Olympic Park Oval Victoria Park Colliwobbles Eddie McGuire Joffa Corfe New York Magpies Clubs in the Australian Football League Clubs Adelaide Brisbane Lions Carlton Collingwood Essendon Fremantle Geelong Gold Coast Greater Western Sydney Hawthorn Melbourne North Melbourne Port Adelaide Richmond St Kilda Sydney West Coast Western Bulldogs Former clubs Brisbane Bears ( 1987 -- 1996 ) Fitzroy ( 1897 -- 1996 ) University ( 1908 -- 1914 ) AFL Women 's Clubs Adelaide Brisbane Carlton Collingwood Fremantle Geelong Greater Western Sydney Melbourne North Melbourne Western Bulldogs Seasons 2017 2018 2019 Grand Finals 2017 2018 Related topics AFL Women 's National Championships Current AFLW team squads Hampson - Hardeman Cup Victorian Football League clubs Current clubs Box Hill Casey Demons Coburg Collingwood reserves Essendon reserves Footscray reserves Frankston Geelong reserves North Melbourne reserves Northern Blues Port Melbourne Richmond reserves Sandringham Werribee Williamstown Former clubs Albert Park Ballarat Ballarat Imperial Berwick Bendigo Brighton Brunswick Camberwell Carlton Carlton reserves Caulfield Collingwood Dandenong East Melbourne Essendon Essendon ' A ' Fitzroy Footscray Geelong Geelong ' A ' Geelong West Gold Coast Hawthorn Hotham / North Melbourne Kilsyth Melbourne Melbourne City Moorabbin Mordialloc Murray Kangaroos North Ballarat Northcote Oakleigh Prahran Richmond St Kilda St Kilda reserves South Ballarat South Melbourne South Williamstown Sunshine Tasmanian Devils Traralgon University Waverley West Melbourne Yarraville Professional sports teams based in Melbourne Australian rules football AFL : Carlton Collingwood Essendon Hawthorn Melbourne North Melbourne Richmond St Kilda Western Bulldogs AFL Women 's : Carlton Collingwood Melbourne Western Bulldogs Baseball ABL : Melbourne Aces Claxton Shield : Victoria Aces Basketball NBL : Melbourne United WNBL : Dandenong Rangers Melbourne Boomers Cricket Sheffield Shield / 50 overs : Victoria Big Bash League : Melbourne Renegades Melbourne Stars WNCL : Victoria Women 's Big Bash League : Melbourne Renegades Melbourne Stars Field hockey AHL : Victorian Vikings ( men 's division ) Victorian Vipers ( women 's division ) Futsal F - League : Vic Vipers Futsal Club Ice hockey AIHL : Melbourne Ice Melbourne Mustangs Motorsport Supercars : Charlie Schwerkolt Racing Dragon Motor Racing Eggleston Motorsport Erebus Motorsport Garry Rogers Motorsport Kelly Racing MW Motorsport Tickford Racing Walkinshaw Andretti United 23Red Racing Netball Suncorp Super Netball : Collingwood Magpies Netball Melbourne Vixens Rugby league NRL : Melbourne Storm Rugby union Super Rugby : Melbourne Rebels NRC : Melbourne Rising Soccer A-League : Melbourne City Melbourne Victory W - League : Melbourne City Melbourne Victory Water polo ANWPL : Victorian Seals Main Article : Sport in Victoria Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collingwood_Football_Club&oldid=866410577 '' Categories : Sports clubs established in 1892 Australian Football League clubs Collingwood Football Club Australian rules football clubs in Melbourne Former Victorian Football League clubs 1892 establishments in Australia AFL Women 's clubs Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Use dmy dates from September 2011 Use Australian English from July 2011 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Simple English 吴语中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 04 : 16 ( UTC ) . 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if the price of a complement increases what happens to supply			Complementary good	complementary good	In economics , a complementary goods or complement is a goods with a negative cross elasticity of demand , in contrast to a substitute goods . This means a good 's demand is increased when the price of another goods is decreased . Conversely , the demand for a goods is decreased when the price of another goods is increased . If goods A and B are complements , an increase in the price of A will result in a leftward movement along the demand curve of A and cause the demand curve for B to shift in ; less of each goods will be demanded . A decrease in price of A will result in a rightward movement along the demand curve of A and cause the demand curve B to shift outward ; more of each goods will be demanded . Basically this means that since the demand of one goods is linked to the demand of another goods , if a higher quantity is demanded of one goods , a higher quantity will also be demanded of the other , and if a lower quantity is demanded of one goods , a lower quantity will be demanded of the other . The prices of complementary goods are related in the same way : if the price of one goods rises , so will the price of the other , and vice versa . With substitute goods , however , the price and quantity demanded of one goods is related inversely to the price and quantity demanded of a substitute goods , meaning that if the price or quantity demanded of one goods rises , the price or quantity demanded of its substitute will fall .	When two goods are complements , they experience joint demand . For example , the demand for razor blades may depend upon the number of razors in use ; this is why razors have sometimes been sold as loss leaders , to increase demand for the associated blades . Recent work in food consumption has elucidated the psychological processes by which the consumption of one goods ( e.g. , cola ) stimulates demand for its complements ( e.g. , a cheeseburger , pizza , etc . ) . Consumption of a food or beverage activates a goal to consume its complements : foods that consumers believe would produce super-additive utility ( i.e. , would taste better together ) . Eating peanut - butter covered crackers , for instance , increases the consumption of grape - jelly covered crackers more than eating plain crackers . Drinking cola increases consumers ' willingness to pay for a voucher for a cheeseburger . This effect appears to be contingent on consumers ' perceptions of what foods are complements rather than their sensory properties . Contents 1 Examples 2 Perfect complement 2.1 Example 3 References Examples ( edit ) Supply and demand of hotdogs when the price of buns decreases An example of this would be the demand for cars and petrol . The supply and demand of cars is represented by the figure at the right with the initial demand D1 . Suppose that the initial price of cars is represented by P1 with a quantity demanded of Q1 . If the price of petrol were to decrease by some amount , this would result in a higher quantity of cars demanded . This higher quantity demanded would cause the demand curve to shift rightward to a new position D2 . Assuming a constant supply curve S of cars , the new increased quantity demanded will be at D2 with a new increased price P2 . Other examples include : Automobile and fuel , mobile phone and cellular service provider , Printer and Cartridge among others . Perfect complement ( edit ) Indifference curve for perfect complements A perfect complement is a good that has to be consumed with another good . The indifference curve of a perfect complement will exhibit a right angle , as illustrated by the figure at the right . Such preferences are often represented by a Leontief utility function . Few goods in the real world will behave as perfect complements . One example is a left shoe and a right ; shoes are naturally sold in pairs , and the ratio between sales of left and right shoes will never shift noticeably from 1 : 1 , even if , for example , someone is missing a leg and buys just one shoe . The degree of complementarity , however , does not have to be mutual ; it can be measured by cross price elasticity of demand . In the case of video games , a specific video game ( the complement good ) has to be consumed with a video game console ( the base good ) . It does not work the other way : a video game console does not have to be consumed with that game . Example ( edit ) A classic example of mutually perfect complements is the case of pencils and erasers . Imagine an accountant who will need to prepare financial statements , but in doing so must use pencils to make all calculations and erasers to correct errors . The accountant knows that for every three pencils , one eraser will be needed . Any more pencils will serve no purpose , because they will not be able to erase the calculations . Any more erasers will not be useful either , because there will not be enough pencils for them to make a large enough mess with in order to require more erasers . In this case the utility would be given by an increasing function of : min ( number of pencils , 3 × number of erasers ) In marketing , complementary goods give additional market power to the company . It allows vendor lock - in as it increases the switching cost . A few types of pricing strategy exist for complementary good and its base good : Pricing the base good at a relatively low price to the complementary good - this approach allows easy entry by consumers ( e.g. consumer printer vs. ink jet cartridge ) Pricing the base good at a relatively high price to the complementary good - this approach creates a barrier to entry and exit ( e.g. golf club membership vs. green fees ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Arthur ; Sheffrin , Steven M. ( 2003 ) . Economics : Principles in Action . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey : Pearson Prentice Hall . p. 88 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 063085 - 3 . Jump up ^ Carbaugh , Robert ( 2006 ) . Contemporary Economics : An Applications Approach . Cengage Learning . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 324 - 31461 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Customer in Marketing by David Mercer '' . Future Observatory . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Huh , Young Eun ; Vosgerau , Joachim ; Morewedge , Carey K. ( 2016 - 03 - 14 ) . `` Selective Sensitization : Consuming a Food Activates a Goal to Consume its Complements '' . Journal of Marketing Research . doi : 10.1509 / jmr. 12.0240 . ISSN 0022 - 2437 . ^ Jump up to : Mankiw , Gregory ( 2008 ) . Principle of Economics . Cengage Learning . pp. 463 -- 464 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 324 - 58997 - 9 . Types of goods Public goods Private goods ( includes household goods ) Common goods Common - pool resource Club goods Anti-rival goods Global public goods Global commons ( Non - ) Rivalrous goods and ( Non - ) Excludable goods Complementary goods vs. Substitute goods vs. Independent goods Free goods vs. Positional goods ( Non - ) Durable goods Intermediate goods ( producer goods ) Final goods Capital goods Inferior goods Normal goods ( Necessity goods ) Neutral goods Ordinary goods Information goods Giffen goods Luxury goods Veblen goods Superior goods Search goods ( Post - ) Experience goods Credence goods Merit goods Demerit goods Damaged goods Composite goods Intangible goods Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Complementary_good&oldid=852491982 '' Categories : Goods ( economics ) Utility function types Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی 한국어 हिन्दी עברית ქართული Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English தமிழ் ไทย Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 July 2018 , at 10 : 20 ( UTC ) . 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who is mulder's father on the x files	Fox Mulder The X-Files character First appearance `` Pilot '' ( September 10 , 1993 ) Portrayed by David Duchovny City Washington , D.C. Information Occupation FBI Special Agent Family The Smoking Man ( biological father ) Teena Mulder ( mother ) Bill Mulder ( legal father ) Jeffrey Spender ( paternal half - brother ) Samantha Mulder ( maternal half - sister ) William Scully ( son ) Unborn Child Partners Dana Scully Affiliations John Doggett Monica Reyes Walter Skinner The Lone Gunmen Duration 1993 -- 2002 , 2008 , 2016 , 2018 -- Seasons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Films The X-Files , The X-Files : I Want to Believe	The Smoking Man	Fox Mulder	fox mulder	FBI Special Agent Fox William Mulder ( / ˈmʌldər / ) is a fictional character in the Fox science fiction - supernatural television series The X-Files , played by David Duchovny . Mulder 's peers consider his ( often correct ) theories on extraterrestrial activity as spooky and far - fetched . With his FBI partner Dana Scully , he works in the X-Files office , which is concerned with cases with particularly mysterious or possibly paranormal circumstances that were left unsolved and shelved by the FBI . Mulder was a main character for the first seven seasons , but was limited to a recurring character for the following two seasons . He returns as a main character for the tenth and eleventh seasons .	Mulder made his first appearance in the first season pilot episode , broadcast in 1993 . Mulder believes in extraterrestrial unidentified flying objects ( UFOs ) and a government conspiracy to hide or deny the truth of their existence . Mulder considers the X-Files and the truth behind the supposed conspiracy so important that he has made them the main focus of his life . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character arc 1.1 Characterization 1.2 Relationships 1.3 Appearance 2 Conceptual history 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Character arc ( edit ) Mulder was born on October 13 , 1961 in Chilmark , Massachusetts . The mysterious disappearance of Mulder 's sister and his ensuing search for her became the consuming drive of his life . In 1982 , Mulder graduated with first class honours from University of Oxford with a Bachelor of Science degree in psychology . He then graduated with honors from the Quantico FBI Training Academy in 1984 . Mulder joined the FBI on October 24 , 1984 . On graduating from the Academy , Mulder began his work in the Behavioral Science Unit ( psychological profiling ) under Agent Bill Patterson , with whom he had a testy relationship . In 1988 , the FBI assigned Mulder to the Violent Crimes Unit . Around this time , Mulder first came across the X-Files , an obscure FBI section dealing with cases relating to the paranormal ; he pored over these cases in his spare time , becoming obsessed with them . In 1991 , Mulder re-opened the X-Files with Special agent Diana Fowley , but Fowley left shortly thereafter . Mulder investigated the X-Files by himself until March 1992 , when Dana Scully , an instructor at the FBI Academy 's Forensic Science Research and Training Center , was partnered with him for the purpose of applying scientific reasoning to Mulder 's work and theories . Mulder 's ultimate goal was to uncover what he believed to be a government conspiracy to hide the truth about alien life , and to find out what had happened to his sister . His quest and belief in the existence of aliens was , for most of the series , the driving force of the plot , or mytharc . However , during a period of time after Scully 's cancer went into remission ( season 5 ) , Mulder was convinced by Michael Kritschgau that aliens did not in fact exist , and that the government conspirators had merely concocted that threat as a smokescreen , to justify military activities and toy with him . During the seventh season , Mulder eventually discovers the truth about his sister . Samantha was abducted ( either by the alien colonists or the government conspirators ) , and various tests were performed on her . She was then returned to The Smoking Man to live out her life under his supervision , all the while undergoing additional tests . She was unable to bear the testing any longer so she ran away from her home and was eventually admitted to a nearby hospital , where she disappeared from her locked room . It is revealed that Samantha was taken by `` spiritual intervention '' , with the help of beings called `` Walk - ins '' . Mulder is briefly reunited with Samantha 's spirit . Mulder was also abducted by the aliens himself in 2000 , and returned to Earth , almost dead , a few months later . He had been infected by an alien virus ( for the second time ) , but Scully found a way to rescue him . After Mulder returned home to his apartment , an application was submitted to the FBI for his reinstatement to the X-Files but this was declined by Deputy Director Alvin Kersh , who had been promoted in charge of the X-Files shortly after Mulder had been abducted . He returned to work for a brief period of time , but was eventually fired for failure to follow orders not to investigate any X-Files . After Scully gave birth to William , Mulder went into hiding in New Mexico after Kersh said his life was in danger . After about a year in hiding , Mulder obtains crucial information from a secret facility about the date of the planned alien colonization effort , but is caught and put on trial for the murder of Knowle Rohrer . Despite a defense organized by Walter Skinner with numerous witnesses , the judges sentence Mulder to death . With help from several people , including a reformed Kersh and the ghost of Alex Krycek , Mulder breaks out of prison and escapes with Scully . As of the series finale , Mulder and Scully were on the run . Six years after the events of the ninth season , Fox Mulder 's fugitive status is clear . Scully mentions that he is wanted by the FBI and dialogue also shows that the FBI does not really want to find him and is simply happy to have him `` out of their hair '' . He is called to assist with the investigation of a missing FBI agent . In exchange for his help , all charges against him are dropped . Seven years later , Mulder returns to the FBI when the X-Files is re-opened , in order to look into a government conspiracy , when it transpires they have been using alien technology . Along with Scully , they investigate several cases together like they had done originally . Six weeks after their return to the X-Files , Mulder confronts an alive Smoking Man to try and prevent him carrying out a plan to depopulate the United States using a virus applied to smallpox vaccines . In a vision of Scully 's , Mulder falls sick to the disease , but refuses the Smoking Man 's help and his proposal to join his elite . Mulder is saved by Agent Miller and they regroup with Scully , however , she says Mulder needs a blood transfusion and only their son can give it to them . At that moment , an unidentified flying object hovers over the trio , which is where season ten ends . The beginning of season eleven reveals this vision came from Scully 's son , William . Over the course of season eleven , Scully and Mulder search for William . Skinner learns from the Smoking Man , that the Smoking Man , who is Mulder 's father , also artificially impregnated Scully , and thus is William 's father as well . In the third episode of the eleventh season , `` Plus One '' , Scully and Mulder are intimate again . In the season 11 finale , `` My Struggle IV '' , she reveals to Mulder that she is pregnant with his child . Characterization ( edit ) `` If there was a profiler like himself profiling him he would have to work from the fact that he has some oral fixation because he is constantly popping sunflower seeds . He does n't have a bedroom , you 've never seen him in his bed , you 've seen him sleeping only in the couch . '' -- David Duchovny talking about his character . Despite his aloofness and cynical sense of humor , Mulder displays unbridled enthusiasm and interest when it comes to the paranormal , especially because of his personal involvement after his sister 's abduction . Walter Skinner and other FBI officials have become concerned by his unprofessional behavior . This only proves true as Mulder makes a habit of letting his personal feelings cloud his judgment ; his emotional attachment to UFO cases becomes more severe throughout the series , because of Dana Scully 's eventual abduction and resultant cancer as well as his sister 's abduction . Mulder can lose his temper when Scully is involved ; on multiple occasions , he has become violent in his grief and unreserved in threatening physical force . Mulder 's overprotectiveness of Scully stems not only from his obvious devotion and love for her , but also a long - harbored guilt ; Mulder has admitted feeling indirectly responsible for the ordeals and tragedies Scully had gone through because of their investigations . In the episode `` Drive '' , Mulder facetiously apologizes on behalf of the `` international Jewish conspiracy '' in response to the abusive and anti-Semitic tirades of a suspect , to which Mulder appears to take offense ; the suspect also guesses Mulder 's ethnicity is Jewish based on his last name . Despite this , in the episode `` Kaddish '' , Mulder is unable to identify a Talmudic book , states that he does not know Hebrew , and quips that Jesus returned from the dead . Also , Mulder , as his father before him , had a Christian burial presided over by a Protestant minister following his apparent `` death '' in the episode `` Deadalive '' . This suggests he hails from a Protestant background , as Scully hails from a Catholic background . Mulder also seeks comfort in a Christian church following the events of the episode `` Conduit '' . Of course Mulder could conceivably be of a Jewish ethnic descent but a Christian background , perhaps through ancestral marriage or conversion . David Duchovny suggested Mulder is Jewish when interviewed during production of the second season . In the episode `` The Field Where I Died '' , Mulder went into a hypnotic trance and recalls a past life , where he is in a concentration camp during the Holocaust , and another where he was a Confederate soldier killed in the Battle of Chattanooga . Mulder is almost never seen sleeping in a bed . The bedroom in his apartment ( which appeared as late as the sixth season of the show 's run ) is apparently used for storage and is filled floor to ceiling with junk , including a couple of boxes of pornographic magazines . Instead , Mulder sleeps on his couch , often falling asleep to a blaring television . Mulder can seem to go through manic periods when worried or working on a case , contributing to or exacerbating his insomniac tendencies . Since `` Dreamland II '' where a `` man in black '' body - swaps with Mulder and takes over his life , Mulder gets his bedroom renovated and equipped with a waterbed . In `` Monday '' he finds himself soaked through when his waterbed ( which he ca n't remember getting because Morris Fletcher got it in Dreamland ) is leaking . Relationships ( edit ) `` He 's a guy who should be working , and he 's not working because he 's tried to make this relationship with Scully work . '' -- David Duchovny in an interview talking about The X-Files : I Want to Believe . Mulder had a rather strained relationship with his parents Bill and Teena Mulder , not least thanks to the X-Files . Initially , he had no idea his father was involved in the conspiracy and Samantha 's disappearance . Bill , who became disenchanted with the shadow government and his own role in the conspiracy , eventually approached Fox about his past deeds , but was shot and killed by Alex Krycek -- working as an assassin for the Syndicate -- before he could reveal any great amount of information . Over the next few years , Mulder got into several conflicts with his mother while trying to discover the extent of her own knowledge of his father 's precise involvement . Teena dies of an apparent suicide , when the stress of Samantha 's abduction finally becomes too painful . During the last years of his work on the X-Files , Mulder was even forced to doubt that Bill was his true father . He is led to consider the possibility that his mother had had an affair with the Smoking Man , a connection which may have resulted in the birth of either Samantha or Mulder himself . The possibility was hinted at later in the series , and Jeffrey Spender , who certainly was the Smoking Man 's son , said that Mulder was his half - brother . In the ninth season , `` William '' explains that Spender and Mulder have very similar DNA , providing strong evidence that they do have the same father . During his studies at Oxford , around the year of 1983 , he was dating Phoebe Green ; future investigator of Metropolitan Police Service ( season 1 , episode 11 , Fire ) . When he started his work on The X-Files , around 1991 , he was close with his current partner ; Diana Fowley ( season 5 , episode 20 , The End ) . None of those remained longterm and stable . Mulder 's closest friend was FBI partner Dana Scully , who was assigned to `` debunk ( his ) work '' by the conspirators and the FBI brass . But against their intentions , her loyalties quickly became affixed to Mulder 's quest and Mulder himself , a connection which seemed to pull Mulder 's work out of obscurity , as Scully 's scientific bent afforded them a certain amount of credibility . Their intense professional and personal relationship continued to strengthen through the years . While the relationship was platonic for the greater part of the series , there are clues that it developed into a romantic one by the last few seasons . Mulder and Scully almost always called each other by their surnames -- Mulder purportedly hated his first name , but Scully had no such aversion . At the fourth episode of season seven the romantic undertones were confirmed when the two shared a kiss . In the series finale , the very last scene depicted Mulder and Scully after running away together , in bed together , contemplating what the future held . In the season 11 finale Scully revealed to be pregnant with his unborn child . Mulder 's greatest nemesis was The Smoking Man , who , despite his obvious ill - intent , seemed to hold Mulder in special regard . Though he mocked Mulder to his face for his foolishness and the futility of his quest , in `` Two Fathers '' , he told his son Jeffrey Spender , `` You pale to Fox Mulder . '' Mulder also developed an intense enmity for Alex Krycek , a double agent who briefly worked with Mulder in the FBI as an infiltrator , and who continued to serve as a recurring adversary , acting as an assassin for the Syndicate in the murders of Bill Mulder and Melissa Scully . Appearance ( edit ) Duchovny portrays Mulder as a series regular for the first seven seasons of the show . Duchovny left the show following the seventh - season finale `` Requiem '' , wherein he was abducted by aliens . Although he makes a handful of cameos in the first part of season eight -- most notably in the episodes `` Within '' , `` Without '' , `` The Gift '' , and `` Per Manum '' -- Mulder is returned by the aliens and the latter part of the season deals with his death , subsequent resurrection , and his departure from the FBI . After the conclusion of the eighth season , Duchovny left the show , and only appeared in four ninth - season episodes : `` Trust No 1 '' , `` Jump the Shark '' , `` William '' , and `` The Truth '' . Duchovny 's appearances in `` Trust No 1 '' and `` Jump the Shark '' were via archival footage , and he only made a small cameo in the third . However , his appearance in `` The Truth '' , the program 's series finale , was substantial , and Duchovny was once again listed in the credits as starring . Conceptual history ( edit ) Duchovny portrayed Mulder , the main character in the first seven seasons and the tenth season , as well as a recurring character in the eighth and ninth seasons . David Duchovny had worked in Los Angeles three years prior to The X-Files . At first he wanted to base his acting career around films , but in 1993 his manager Melanie Green gave him a script of the `` pilot episode '' of The X-Files . Green and Duchovny were both convinced it was a good script , so Duchovny auditioned for the lead . When Duchovny was auditioning for the part of Fox Mulder , he made a `` terrific '' audition , but talked rather slowly . Chris Carter thought that he was a `` good judge of character '' , and thought that Duchovny was n't too `` bright '' . So he talked to Duchovny and asked him if he could `` please '' imagine himself as an FBI agent for the `` future '' weeks . The casting director of the show was very positive about him , while according to Carter , Duchovny turned out to be one of the best - read people he knew . After getting the role , Duchovny thought the show would n't last for long or that it would n't make as much impact as it did . Carter has said that he named Mulder after his mother 's maiden name . His first name , Fox , was actually not a tribute to the Fox network which aired The X-Files , as often assumed - Carter said he had a childhood friend named Fox . When Duchovny got the script many of his characteristics were `` fully formed '' . Executive producer Frank Spotnitz called portraying actor Duchovny `` amazingly smart '' . He further stated that Duchovny was behind some of the main characteristic ideas behind Mulder . At the end of the seventh season Duchovny was in negotiations with the Fox network , saying he wanted more money ( while not saying how much ) and an improved work schedule , among other issues . After settling his contract dispute , portraying actor Duchovny quit full - time participation in the show after the seventh season . This contributed to uncertainties over the likelihood of an eighth season . Carter and most fans felt the show was at its natural endpoint with Duchovny 's departure , but it was decided Mulder would be abducted at the end of the seventh season , leaving things open for the actor 's return in 12 episodes the following year . Duchovny 's character Mulder was replaced by John Jay Doggett ( portrayed by Robert Patrick ) . In season nine , Duchovny was n't available for shooting , so he only appeared in three episodes with small cameos , the first being an archive footage only in `` Trust No 1 '' , a brief cameo in `` William '' , which he also directed and appeared full - time in the series finale , `` The Truth '' . After the show ended , Carter and Frank Spotnitz started to talk about a movie sequel . Duchovny stated in an interview that very same year that it always had been a `` desire '' to come back to the franchise , saying it was a `` natural '' stage of development for the franchise to go to the cinema . When talking about Mulder in The X-Files : I Want to Believe , Duchovny said that he wanted to play him a `` little different '' . He continued saying that Mulder had `` lost every battle '' saying he was `` beaten down by life ( ... ) . He 's the same guy , but he is older Mulder '' . Mulder had a brief cameo on The Lone Gunmen , an X-Files spin - off featuring the characters of the same name . He appeared on the episode `` All About Yves '' . In the Millennium episode `` Lamentation '' , the main character , Frank Black , visits the FBI Academy in Quantico , Virginia , and Mulder and Dana Scully are briefly seen descending a stairway . In fact , they are Duchovny and Andersons ' stand - ins . Reception ( edit ) Duchovny was nominated for two Emmy Awards in 1997 and 1998 in the category `` Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series '' , but lost . He was nominated for a Golden Globe Award in 1995 in the category `` Best Actor -- Drama Series '' . Two years later he was again nominated for a Golden Globe in the same category and won , in 1997 and 1998 he was nominated in the same category but did n't win . Duchovny has been nominated five times in the category `` Outstanding Actor -- Drama Series '' by the Screen Actors Guild awards but did n't win once . Duchovny won a Satellite Award in the category `` Best Actor -- Drama Series '' in 1997 , and was nominated once again 1998 . Animated versions of Mulder appeared on The Simpsons and Eek ! the Cat ( both series which have been featured in episodes of The X-Files ) , in the episodes `` The Springfield Files '' and `` Eek Space - 9 '' , respectively . Both featured the voice acting of Duchovny . Duchovny appeared as Mulder on the sketch show Saturday Night Live with Molly Shannon as Scully , when he hosted an episode . Joining him was co-star Nicholas Lea , who would appear as Alex Krycek in a sketch that spoofed The X-Files . New York Times writer Joyce Millman said that Twin Peaks character Special agent Dale Cooper could have been Mulder 's `` quirky ( ... ) spiritual twin '' if David Duchovny had n't appeared in the show earlier . When reviewing The X-Files : I Want to Believe , reviewer Moira Macdonald said it was a `` kick '' watching Duchovny and Gillian Anderson ( portrayed Dana Scully ) . Jesse Hassenger from PopMatters when reviewing season eight , was throughout negative to the new season , claiming that Patrick was miscast and calling David Duchovny 's appearances as Mulder shallow . Critics and fans alike have praised Duchovny and Anderson 's `` on - screen chemistry '' for years . Richard Corliss from Time magazine praised Duchovny for settling in his role so `` quickly '' and calling the character `` an obsessive plodder '' . Robert Patrick , the actor who replaced Duchovny as the male lead after the seventh season , commented that the chemistry Duchovny and Gillian Anderson had could only happen `` once in a lifetime '' . TV Guide ranked Fox Mulder # 7 in its `` 50 Greatest Sci - Fi Legends '' list . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kim Manners & Michael Watkins ( directors ) ; Vince Gilligan , John Shiban & Frank Spotnitz ( writers ) . `` Dreamland '' . The X-Files . Season 6 . Episode 4 & 5 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : William Gibson , Tom Maddox ( writers ) . `` Kill Switch '' . The X-Files . Season 5 . Episode 11 . Fox . Jump up ^ Kim Manners ( director ) ; Vince Gilligan ( writer ) . `` Unusual Suspects '' . The X-Files . Season 5 . Episode 3 . Fox . Jump up ^ Kim Manners ( director ) ; Howard Gordon ( writer ) . `` Grotesque '' . The X-Files . Season 3 . Episode 14 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : Robert Mandel ( director ) ; Chris Carter ( writer ) . `` Pilot '' . The X-Files . Season 1 . Episode 1 . Fox . Jump up ^ R.W. Goodwin ( director ) ; Chris Carter ( writer ) . `` The End '' . The X-Files . Season 5 . Episode 20 . Fox . Jump up ^ R.W. Goodwin ( director ) ; Chris Carter ( writer ) . `` Gethsemane '' . The X-Files . Season 4 . Episode 24 . Fox . Jump up ^ R.W. Goodwin & Kim Manners ( directors ) ; Chris Carter ( writer ) . `` Redux '' . The X-Files . Season 5 . Episode 1 & 2 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : Kim Manners ( director ) ; Chris Carter & Frank Spotnitz ( writers ) . `` Closure '' . The X-Files . Season 7 . Episode 11 . Fox . Jump up ^ Kim Manners ( director ) ; Chris Carter ( writer ) . `` Requiem '' . The X-Files . Season 7 . Episode 22 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : Tony Wharmby ( director ) ; Chris Carter & Frank Spotnitz ( writers ) . `` Deadalive '' . The X-Files . Season 8 . Episode 15 . Fox . Jump up ^ Tony Wharmby ( director ) ; Chris Carter & Frank Spotnitz ( writers ) . `` Three Words '' . The X-Files . Season 8 . Episode 16 . Fox . Jump up ^ Rod Hardy ( director ) ; Steven Maeda ( writer ) . `` Vienen '' . The X-Files . Season 8 . Episode 17 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : Kim Manners ( director ) ; Chris Carter ( writer ) . `` Existence '' . The X-Files . Season 8 . Episode 21 . Fox . Jump up ^ Kim Manners ( director ) ; Chris Carter ( writer ) . `` The Truth '' . The X-Files . Season 9 . Episode 19 & 20 . Fox . Jump up ^ Chris Carter ( director ) ; Chris Carter & Frank Spotnitz ( writers ) . `` I Want to Believe '' . The X-Files . Episode 2 . Fox . Jump up ^ Carter , Chris , Anderson , Gillian , Duchovny , David , B. Davis , William and Williams , Steven ( 1998 ) . Inside The X-Files ( Season 5 ) ( DVD ) . Fox Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Kim Manners ( director ) ; Vince Gilligan , John Shiban & Frank Spotnitz ( writers ) . `` Emily '' . The X-Files . Season 5 . Episode 7 . Fox . Jump up ^ Rob Bowman ( director ) ; Vince Gilligan ( writer ) . `` Drive '' . The X-Files . Season 6 . Episode 2 . Fox . Jump up ^ Kim Manners ( director ) ; Howard Gordon ( writer ) . `` Kaddish '' . The X-Files . Season 4 . Episode 15 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : R.W. Goodwin ( director ) ; Chris Carter ( writer ) . `` The Blessing Way '' . The X-Files . Season 3 . Episode 1 . Fox . Jump up ^ Michael Lange ( director ) ; Howard Gordon & Chris Carter ( writers ) . `` Miracle Man '' . The X-Files . Season 1 . Episode 18 . Fox . Jump up ^ Daniel Sackheim ( director ) ; Alex Gansa & Howard Gordon ( writers ) . `` Conduit '' . The X-Files . Season 1 . Episode 4 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Truth Is Out There : The Official Guide to the X-Files Vol. 1 '' , by Brian Lowry , Chris Carter . Harper Paperbacks , 1995 . ^ Jump up to : David Nutter ( director ) ; Glen Morgan & James Wong ( writers ) . `` Tooms '' . The X-Files . Season 1 . Episode 21 . Fox . Jump up ^ Kim Manners ( director ) ; Vince Gilligan & John Shiban ( writers ) . `` Monday '' . The X-Files . Season 6 . Episode 14 . Fox . Jump up ^ Utichi , Jon ( August 1 , 2008 ) . `` David Duchovny on The X-Files , Californication and Directing '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : R.W. Goodwin ( director ) ; Chris Carter ( writer ) . `` Anasazi '' . The X-Files . Season 2 . Episode 25 . Fox . Jump up ^ R.W. Goodwin ( director ) ; Chris Carter & Frank Spotnitz ( writers ) . `` Sein Und Zeit '' . The X-Files . Season 7 . Episode 10 . Fox . Jump up ^ R.W. Goodwin ( director ) ; Chris Carter & David Duchovny ( writers ) . `` Talitha Cumi '' . The X-Files . Season 3 . Episode 24 . Fox . Jump up ^ David Duchovny ( director ) ; David Duchovny , Frank Spotnitz & Chris Carter ( writers ) . `` William '' . The X-Files . Season 9 . Episode 16 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : Kim Manners ( director ) ; Chris Carter & Frank Spotnitz ( writers ) . `` Two Fathers '' . The X-Files . Season 6 . Episode 11 . Fox . Jump up ^ Rob Bowman ( director ) ; Howard Gordon ( writer ) . `` Sleepless '' . The X-Files . Season 2 . Episode 4 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : `` Inside the actor 's studio -- David Duchovny ( part 1 ) '' . Youtube . Retrieved July 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Carter , Chris . `` Casting Mulder '' . BBC News . Retrieved July 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( 1995 ) . The Truth is Out There : The Official Guide to the X-Files. Harper Prism . p. 11 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 105330 - 9 . Jump up ^ Spotnitz , Frank . `` Amazingly Smart '' . BBC News . Retrieved July 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Germain , David ( April 28 , 2000 ) . `` Scully , Mulder go Hollywood in Duchovny 's ' X-Files ' tale '' . The Associated Press . Retrieved July 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Duchovny quits X-Files '' . BBC News . May 18 , 2001 . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Russ ( April 28 , 2000 ) . `` A close encounter with Chris Carter '' . Salon . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2009 . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Elber , Lynn ( May 18 , 2000 ) . `` Fox Mulder ' Ready to Get Back to Work ' '' . Associated Press / Space . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Carter , Chris , Patrick , Robert , Spotnitz , Frank and Gish , Annabeth ( 2002 ) . The Truth Behind Season 9 ( DVD ) . Fox Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ `` David Duchovny Wants To Believe '' . The Deadbolt . May 22 , 2002 . Retrieved July 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Winrich Kolbe ( director ) ; Chris Carter ( writer ) . `` Lamentation '' . Millennium . Season 1 . Episode 18 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` Advanced Primetime Awards Search '' . Academy of Television Arts & Science . Retrieved July 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` X-Files , The '' . HFPA . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2009 . Retrieved July 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Annual SAG Awards Nominees '' . Screen Actors Guild Award . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2008 . Retrieved July 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd Annual SAG Awards Nominees '' . Screen Actors Guild Award . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2008 . Retrieved July 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 4th Annual SAG Awards Nominees '' . Screen Actors Guild Award . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2008 . Retrieved July 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 5th Annual SAG Awards Nominees '' . Screen Actors Guild Award . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2008 . Retrieved July 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 6th Annual SAG Awards Nominees '' . Screen Actors Guild Award . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2010 . Retrieved July 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1st Annual SATELLITE Awards ( 1997 ) '' . International Press Academy Satellite Award . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2009 . Retrieved July 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Annual SATELLITE Awards ( 1998 ) '' . International Press Academy Satellite Award . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2008 . Retrieved October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` David Duchovny on Saturday Night Live '' . Youtube . Retrieved July 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Millman , Joyce ( May 19 , 2002 ) . `` TELEVISION / RADIO ; ' The X-Files ' Finds the Truth : Its Time Is Past '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Macdonald , Moira ( July 24 , 2008 ) . `` '' X-Files '' movie both satisfies and disappoints `` . The Seattle Times . Retrieved July 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hassenger , Jesse ( November 4 , 2003 ) . `` The X-Files : The Complete Eight Season '' . PopMatters . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Duchovny 's droll appeal '' . BBC . May 18 , 2001 . Retrieved July 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( July 24 , 2008 ) . `` '' X-Files '' Movie : For X-Philes Only `` . Time Magazine . Retrieved July 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Manners , Kim and Patrick , Robert ( 2001 ) . Audio Commentary for `` Within '' ( DVD ) . Fox Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ TV Guide Book of Lists . Running Press . 2007 . p. 168 . ISBN 0 - 7624 - 3007 - 9 . 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which geologic time span covers the majority of earth's history			Geologic time scale	geologic time scale	The geologic time scale ( GTS ) is a system of chronological dating that relates geological strata ( stratigraphy ) to time . It is used by geologists , paleontologists , and other Earth scientists to describe the timing and relationships of events that have occurred during Earth 's history . The table of geologic time spans , presented here , agree with the nomenclature , dates and standard color codes set forth by the International Commission on Stratigraphy ( ICS ) .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 Rationale 3 History and nomenclature of the time scale 3.1 Early history 3.2 Establishment of primary principles 3.3 Formulation of geologic time scale 3.4 Naming of geologic periods , eras and epochs 3.5 Dating of time scales 3.6 The Anthropocene 4 Table of geologic time 4.1 Proposed Precambrian timeline 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Terminology ( edit ) The primary defined divisions of time are eons , in sequence the Hadean , the Archean , the Proterozoic and the Phanerozoic . The first three of these can be referred to collectively as the Precambrian supereon . Eons are divided into eras , which are in turn divided into periods , epochs and ages . The following four timelines show the geologic time scale . The first shows the entire time from the formation of the Earth to the present , but this gives little space for the most recent eon . Therefore , the second timeline shows an expanded view of the most recent eon . In a similar way , the most recent era is expanded in the third timeline , and the most recent period is expanded in the fourth timeline . Millions of Years Corresponding to eons , eras , periods , epochs and ages , the terms `` eonothem '' , `` erathem '' , `` system '' , `` series '' , `` stage '' are used to refer to the layers of rock that belong to these stretches of geologic time in Earth 's history . Geologists qualify these units as `` early '' , `` mid '' , and `` late '' when referring to time , and `` lower '' , `` middle '' , and `` upper '' when referring to the corresponding rocks . For example , the lower Jurassic Series in chronostratigraphy corresponds to the early Jurassic Epoch in geochronology . The adjectives are capitalized when the subdivision is formally recognized , and lower case when not ; thus `` early Miocene '' but `` Early Jurassic . '' Rationale ( edit ) Evidence from radiometric dating indicates that Earth is about 4.54 billion years old . The geology or deep time of Earth 's past has been organized into various units according to events which took place . Different spans of time on the GTS are usually marked by corresponding changes in the composition of strata which indicate major geological or paleontological events , such as mass extinctions . For example , the boundary between the Cretaceous period and the Paleogene period is defined by the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event , which marked the demise of the non-avian dinosaurs and many other groups of life . Older time spans , which predate the reliable fossil record ( before the Proterozoic eon ) , are defined by their absolute age . Geologic units from the same time but different parts of the world often look different and contain different fossils , so the same time - span was historically given different names in different locales . For example , in North America , the Lower Cambrian is called the Waucoban series that is then subdivided into zones based on succession of trilobites . In East Asia and Siberia , the same unit is split into Alexian , Atdabanian , and Botomian stages . A key aspect of the work of the International Commission on Stratigraphy is to reconcile this conflicting terminology and define universal horizons that can be used around the world . Some other planets and moons in the Solar System have sufficiently rigid structures to have preserved records of their own histories , for example , Venus , Mars and the Earth 's Moon . Dominantly fluid planets , such as the gas giants , do not preserve their history in a comparable manner . Apart from the Late Heavy Bombardment , events on other planets probably had little direct influence on the Earth , and events on Earth had correspondingly little effect on those planets . Construction of a time scale that links the planets is , therefore , of only limited relevance to the Earth 's time scale , except in a Solar System context . The existence , timing , and terrestrial effects of the Late Heavy Bombardment are still debated . History and nomenclature of the time scale ( edit ) Life timeline view discuss edit - 4500 -- -- - 4000 -- -- - 3500 -- -- - 3000 -- -- - 2500 -- -- - 2000 -- -- - 1500 -- -- - 1000 -- -- - 500 -- -- 0 -- water Single - celled life photosynthesis Eukaryotes Multicellular life Arthropods Molluscs Plants Dinosaurs Mammals Flowers Birds Primates ← Earliest Earth ( − 4540 ) ← Earliest water ← Earliest life ← LHB meteorites ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Oxygen crisis ← Earliest sexual reproduction ← Earliest plants ← Ediacara biota ← Cambrian explosion ← Tetrapoda ← Earliest apes h n r o z o i r o r o z o i r h n d n Pongola Huronian Cryogenian Andean Karoo Quaternary ice ages Axis scale : million years Also see : Human timeline and Nature timeline Main articles : History of geology and History of paleontology Graphical representation of Earth 's history as a spiral Early history ( edit ) In Ancient Greece , Aristotle ( 384 - 322 BCE ) observed that fossils of seashells in rocks resembled those found on beaches -- he inferred that the fossils in rocks were formed by living animals , and he reasoned that the positions of land and sea had changed over long periods of time . Leonardo da Vinci ( 1452 -- 1519 ) concurred with Aristotle 's interpretation that fossils represented the remains of ancient life . The 11th - century Persian geologist Avicenna ( Ibn Sina , died 1037 ) and the 13th - century Dominican bishop Albertus Magnus ( died 1280 ) extended Aristotle 's explanation into a theory of a petrifying fluid . Avicenna also first proposed one of the principles underlying geologic time scales , the law of superposition of strata , while discussing the origins of mountains in The Book of Healing ( 1027 ) . The Chinese naturalist Shen Kuo ( 1031 -- 1095 ) also recognized the concept of `` deep time '' . Establishment of primary principles ( edit ) In the late 17th century Nicholas Steno ( 1638 -- 1686 ) pronounced the principles underlying geologic ( geological ) time scales . Steno argued that rock layers ( or strata ) were laid down in succession , and that each represents a `` slice '' of time . He also formulated the law of superposition , which states that any given stratum is probably older than those above it and younger than those below it . While Steno 's principles were simple , applying them proved challenging . Over the course of the 18th century geologists realized that : Sequences of strata often become eroded , distorted , tilted , or even inverted after deposition Strata laid down at the same time in different areas could have entirely different appearances The strata of any given area represented only part of Earth 's long history The Neptunist theories popular at this time ( expounded by Abraham Werner ( 1749 -- 1817 ) in the late 18th century ) proposed that all rocks had precipitated out of a single enormous flood . A major shift in thinking came when James Hutton presented his Theory of the Earth ; or , an Investigation of the Laws Observable in the Composition , Dissolution , and Restoration of Land Upon the Globe before the Royal Society of Edinburgh in March and April 1785 . John McPhee asserts that `` as things appear from the perspective of the 20th century , James Hutton in those readings became the founder of modern geology '' . Hutton proposed that the interior of Earth was hot , and that this heat was the engine which drove the creation of new rock : land was eroded by air and water and deposited as layers in the sea ; heat then consolidated the sediment into stone , and uplifted it into new lands . This theory , known as `` Plutonism '' , stood in contrast to the `` Neptunist '' flood - oriented theory . Formulation of geologic time scale ( edit ) The first serious attempts to formulate a geologic time scale that could be applied anywhere on Earth were made in the late 18th century . The most influential of those early attempts ( championed by Werner , among others ) divided the rocks of Earth 's crust into four types : Primary , Secondary , Tertiary , and Quaternary . Each type of rock , according to the theory , formed during a specific period in Earth history . It was thus possible to speak of a `` Tertiary Period '' as well as of `` Tertiary Rocks . '' Indeed , `` Tertiary '' ( now Paleogene and Neogene ) remained in use as the name of a geological period well into the 20th century and `` Quaternary '' remains in formal use as the name of the current period . The identification of strata by the fossils they contained , pioneered by William Smith , Georges Cuvier , Jean d'Omalius d'Halloy , and Alexandre Brongniart in the early 19th century , enabled geologists to divide Earth history more precisely . It also enabled them to correlate strata across national ( or even continental ) boundaries . If two strata ( however distant in space or different in composition ) contained the same fossils , chances were good that they had been laid down at the same time . Detailed studies between 1820 and 1850 of the strata and fossils of Europe produced the sequence of geologic periods still used today . Naming of geologic periods , eras and epochs ( edit ) Early work on developing the geologic time scale was dominated by British geologists , and the names of the geologic periods reflect that dominance . The `` Cambrian '' , ( the classical name for Wales ) and the `` Ordovician '' , and `` Silurian '' , named after ancient Welsh tribes , were periods defined using stratigraphic sequences from Wales . The `` Devonian '' was named for the English county of Devon , and the name `` Carboniferous '' was an adaptation of `` the Coal Measures '' , the old British geologists ' term for the same set of strata . The `` Permian '' was named after Perm , Russia , because it was defined using strata in that region by Scottish geologist Roderick Murchison . However , some periods were defined by geologists from other countries . The `` Triassic '' was named in 1834 by a German geologist Friedrich Von Alberti from the three distinct layers ( Latin trias meaning triad ) -- red beds , capped by chalk , followed by black shales -- that are found throughout Germany and Northwest Europe , called the ' Trias ' . The `` Jurassic '' was named by a French geologist Alexandre Brongniart for the extensive marine limestone exposures of the Jura Mountains . The `` Cretaceous '' ( from Latin creta meaning ' chalk ' ) as a separate period was first defined by Belgian geologist Jean d'Omalius d'Halloy in 1822 , using strata in the Paris basin and named for the extensive beds of chalk ( calcium carbonate deposited by the shells of marine invertebrates ) found in Western Europe . British geologists were also responsible for the grouping of periods into eras and the subdivision of the Tertiary and Quaternary periods into epochs . In 1841 John Phillips published the first global geologic time scale based on the types of fossils found in each era . Phillips ' scale helped standardize the use of terms like Paleozoic ( `` old life '' ) which he extended to cover a larger period than it had in previous usage , and Mesozoic ( `` middle life '' ) which he invented . Dating of time scales ( edit ) Main article : Chronological dating When William Smith and Sir Charles Lyell first recognized that rock strata represented successive time periods , time scales could be estimated only very imprecisely since estimates of rates of change were uncertain . While creationists had been proposing dates of around six or seven thousand years for the age of Earth based on the Bible , early geologists were suggesting millions of years for geologic periods , and some were even suggesting a virtually infinite age for Earth . Geologists and paleontologists constructed the geologic table based on the relative positions of different strata and fossils , and estimated the time scales based on studying rates of various kinds of weathering , erosion , sedimentation , and lithification . Until the discovery of radioactivity in 1896 and the development of its geological applications through radiometric dating during the first half of the 20th century , the ages of various rock strata and the age of Earth were the subject of considerable debate . The first geologic time scale that included absolute dates was published in 1913 by the British geologist Arthur Holmes . He greatly furthered the newly created discipline of geochronology and published the world - renowned book The Age of the Earth in which he estimated Earth 's age to be at least 1.6 billion years . In 1977 , the Global Commission on Stratigraphy ( now the International Commission on Stratigraphy ) began to define global references known as GSSP ( Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points ) for geologic periods and faunal stages . The commission 's most recent work is described in the 2004 geologic time scale of Gradstein et al . A UML model for how the timescale is structured , relating it to the GSSP , is also available . The Anthropocene ( edit ) The term `` Anthropocene '' is used informally by popular culture and a growing number of scientists to describe the current epoch in which we are living . The term was coined by Paul Crutzen and Eugene Stoermer in 2000 to describe the current time , in which humans have had an enormous impact on the environment . It has evolved to describe an `` epoch '' starting some time in the past and on the whole defined by anthropogenic carbon emissions and production and consumption of plastic goods that are left in the ground . Critics of this term say that the term should not be used because it is difficult , if not nearly impossible , to define a specific time when humans started influencing the rock strata -- defining the start of an epoch . Others say that humans have not even started to leave their biggest impact on Earth , and therefore the Anthropocene has not even started yet . as of September 2015 , the ICS has not officially approved the term . The Anthropocene Working Group met in Oslo in April 2016 to consolidate evidence supporting the argument for the Anthropocene as a true geologic epoch . Evidence was evaluated and the group voted to recommend `` Anthropocene '' as the new geological age in August 2016 . Should the International Commission on Stratigraphy approve the recommendation , the proposal to adopt the term will have to be ratified by the International Union of Geological Sciences before its formal adoption as part of the geologic time scale . Table of geologic time ( edit ) The following table summarizes the major events and characteristics of the periods of time making up the geologic time scale . This table is arranged with the most recent geologic periods at the top , and the most ancient at the bottom . The height of each table entry does not correspond to the duration of each subdivision of time . The content of the table is based on the current official geologic time scale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy , with the epoch names altered to the early / late format from lower / upper as recommended by the ICS when dealing with chronostratigraphy . A service providing a Resource Description Framework / Web Ontology Language representation of the timescale is available through the Commission for the Management and Application of Geoscience Information GeoSciML project as a service and at a SPARQL end - point . ( hide ) Supereon Eon Era Period Epoch Age Major events Start , million years ago n / a Phanerozoic Cenozoic Quaternary Holocene chrons : Subatlantic Subboreal Atlantic Boreal Preboreal Quaternary Ice Age recedes , and the current interglacial begins . Sahara forms from savannah . Rise of human civilization , beginning of agriculture . Stone Age cultures give way to Bronze Age ( 3300 BC ) and Iron Age ( 1200 BC ) , giving rise to many pre-historic cultures throughout the world . Little Ice Age ( stadial ) causes brief cooling in Northern Hemisphere from 1400 to 1850 . Following the Industrial Revolution , atmospheric CO levels rise from around 280 parts per million volume ( ppmv ) to the current level of 400 ppmv . 0.0117 Pleistocene Late ( locally Tarantian Tyrrhenian Eemian Sangamonian ) Flourishing and then extinction of Pleistocene megafauna . Evolution of anatomically modern humans . Quaternary Ice Age continues with glaciations and interstadials ( and the accompanying fluctuations from 100 to 300 ppmv in atmospheric CO levels ) , further intensification of Icehouse Earth conditions , roughly 1.6 Ma . Last glacial maximum ( 30000 years ago ) , last glacial period ( 18000 -- 15000 years ago ) . Dawn of human stone - age cultures , with increasing technical complexity relative to previous ice age cultures , such as engravings and clay statues ( e.g. Venus of Lespugue ) , particularly in the Mediterranean and Europe . Lake Toba supervolcano erupts 75000 years before present , causing a volcanic winter that possibly pushes humanity to the brink of extinction . Pleistocene ends with Oldest Dryas , Older Dryas / Allerød and Younger Dryas climate events , with Younger Dryas forming the boundary with the Holocene . 0.126 Middle ( formerly Ionian ) 0.781 Calabrian 1.8 Gelasian 2.58 Neogene Pliocene Piacenzian Intensification of present Icehouse conditions , present ( Quaternary ) ice age begins roughly 2.58 Ma ; cool and dry climate . Australopithecines , many of the existing genera of mammals , and recent mollusks appear . Homo habilis appears . 3.6 Zanclean 5.333 Miocene Messinian Moderate Icehouse climate , punctuated by ice ages ; Orogeny in Northern Hemisphere . Modern mammal and bird families become recognizable . Horses and mastodons diverse . Grasses become ubiquitous . First apes appear ( for reference see the article : `` Sahelanthropus tchadensis '' ) . Kaikoura Orogeny forms Southern Alps in New Zealand , continues today . Orogeny of the Alps in Europe slows , but continues to this day . Carpathian orogeny forms Carpathian Mountains in Central and Eastern Europe . Hellenic orogeny in Greece and Aegean Sea slows , but continues to this day . Middle Miocene Disruption occurs . Widespread forests slowly draw in massive amounts of CO , gradually lowering the level of atmospheric CO from 650 ppmv down to around 100 ppmv . 7.246 Tortonian 11.63 Serravallian 13.82 Langhian 15.97 Burdigalian 20.44 Aquitanian 23.03 Paleogene Oligocene Chattian Warm but cooling climate , moving towards Icehouse ; Rapid evolution and diversification of fauna , especially mammals . Major evolution and dispersal of modern types of flowering plants 28.1 Rupelian 33.9 Eocene Priabonian Moderate , cooling climate . Archaic mammals ( e.g. Creodonts , Condylarths , Uintatheres , etc . ) flourish and continue to develop during the epoch . Appearance of several `` modern '' mammal families . Primitive whales diversify . First grasses . Reglaciation of Antarctica and formation of its ice cap ; Azolla event triggers ice age , and the Icehouse Earth climate that would follow it to this day , from the settlement and decay of seafloor algae drawing in massive amounts of atmospheric carbon dioxide , lowering it from 3800 ppmv down to 650 ppmv . End of Laramide and Sevier Orogenies of the Rocky Mountains in North America . Orogeny of the Alps in Europe begins . Hellenic Orogeny begins in Greece and Aegean Sea . 37.8 Bartonian 41.2 Lutetian 47.8 Ypresian 56 Paleocene Thanetian Climate tropical . Modern plants appear ; Mammals diversify into a number of primitive lineages following the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs . First large mammals ( up to bear or small hippo size ) . Alpine orogeny in Europe and Asia begins . Indian Subcontinent collides with Asia 55 Ma , Himalayan Orogeny starts between 52 and 48 Ma . 59.2 Selandian 61.6 Danian 66 Mesozoic Cretaceous Late Maastrichtian Flowering plants proliferate , along with new types of insects . More modern teleost fish begin to appear . Ammonoidea , belemnites , rudist bivalves , echinoids and sponges all common . Many new types of dinosaurs ( e.g. Tyrannosaurs , Titanosaurs , duck bills , and horned dinosaurs ) evolve on land , as do Eusuchia ( modern crocodilians ) ; and mosasaurs and modern sharks appear in the sea . Primitive birds gradually replace pterosaurs . Monotremes , marsupials and placental mammals appear . Break up of Gondwana . Beginning of Laramide and Sevier Orogenies of the Rocky Mountains . atmospheric CO close to present - day levels . 72.1 ± 0.2 Campanian 83.6 ± 0.2 Santonian 86.3 ± 0.5 Coniacian 89.8 ± 0.3 Turonian 93.9 Cenomanian 100.5 Early Albian ~ 113 Aptian ~ 125 Barremian ~ 129.4 Hauterivian ~ 132.9 Valanginian ~ 139.8 Berriasian ~ 145 Jurassic Late Tithonian Gymnosperms ( especially conifers , Bennettitales and cycads ) and ferns common . Many types of dinosaurs , such as sauropods , carnosaurs , and stegosaurs . Mammals common but small . First birds and lizards . Ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs diverse . Bivalves , Ammonites and belemnites abundant . Sea urchins very common , along with crinoids , starfish , sponges , and terebratulid and rhynchonellid brachiopods . Breakup of Pangaea into Gondwana and Laurasia . Nevadan orogeny in North America . Rangitata and Cimmerian orogenies taper off . Atmospheric CO levels 3 -- 4 times the present day levels ( 1200 -- 1500 ppmv , compared to today 's 400 ppmv ) . 152.1 ± 0.9 Kimmeridgian 157.3 ± 1.0 Oxfordian 163.5 ± 1.0 Middle Callovian 166.1 ± 1.2 Bathonian 168.3 ± 1.3 Bajocian 170.3 ± 1.4 Aalenian 174.1 ± 1.0 Early Toarcian 182.7 ± 0.7 Pliensbachian 190.8 ± 1.0 Sinemurian 199.3 ± 0.3 Hettangian 201.3 ± 0.2 Triassic Late Rhaetian Archosaurs dominant on land as dinosaurs , in the oceans as Ichthyosaurs and nothosaurs , and in the air as pterosaurs . Cynodonts become smaller and more mammal - like , while first mammals and crocodilia appear . Dicroidium flora common on land . Many large aquatic temnospondyl amphibians . Ceratitic ammonoids extremely common . Modern corals and teleost fish appear , as do many modern insect clades . Andean Orogeny in South America . Cimmerian Orogeny in Asia . Rangitata Orogeny begins in New Zealand . Hunter - Bowen Orogeny in Northern Australia , Queensland and New South Wales ends , ( c. 260 -- 225 Ma ) ~ 208.5 Norian ~ 227 Carnian ~ 237 Middle Ladinian ~ 242 Anisian 247.2 Early Olenekian 251.2 Induan 251.902 ± 0.06 Paleozoic Permian Lopingian Changhsingian Landmasses unite into supercontinent Pangaea , creating the Appalachians . End of Permo - Carboniferous glaciation . Synapsid reptiles ( pelycosaurs and therapsids ) become plentiful , while parareptiles and temnospondyl amphibians remain common . In the mid-Permian , coal - age flora are replaced by cone - bearing gymnosperms ( the first true seed plants ) and by the first true mosses . Beetles and flies evolve . Marine life flourishes in warm shallow reefs ; productid and spiriferid brachiopods , bivalves , forams , and ammonoids all abundant . Permian - Triassic extinction event occurs 251 Ma : 95 % of life on Earth becomes extinct , including all trilobites , graptolites , and blastoids . Ouachita and Innuitian orogenies in North America . Uralian orogeny in Europe / Asia tapers off . Altaid orogeny in Asia . Hunter - Bowen Orogeny on Australian continent begins ( c. 260 -- 225 Ma ) , forming the MacDonnell Ranges . 254.14 ± 0.07 Wuchiapingian 259.1 ± 0.4 Guadalupian Capitanian 265.1 ± 0.4 Wordian 268.8 ± 0.5 Roadian 272.95 ± 0.5 Cisuralian Kungurian 283.5 ± 0.6 Artinskian 290.1 ± 0.26 Sakmarian 295 ± 0.18 Asselian 298.9 ± 0.15 Carbon - iferous Pennsylvanian Gzhelian Winged insects radiate suddenly ; some ( esp . Protodonata and Palaeodictyoptera ) are quite large . Amphibians common and diverse . First reptiles and coal forests ( scale trees , ferns , club trees , giant horsetails , Cordaites , etc . ) . Highest - ever atmospheric oxygen levels . Goniatites , brachiopods , bryozoa , bivalves , and corals plentiful in the seas and oceans . Testate forams proliferate . Uralian orogeny in Europe and Asia . Variscan orogeny occurs towards middle and late Mississippian Periods . 303.7 ± 0.1 Kasimovian 307 ± 0.1 Moscovian 315.2 ± 0.2 Bashkirian 323.2 ± 0.4 Mississippian Serpukhovian Large primitive trees , first land vertebrates , and amphibious sea - scorpions live amid coal - forming coastal swamps . Lobe - finned rhizodonts are dominant big fresh - water predators . In the oceans , early sharks are common and quite diverse ; echinoderms ( especially crinoids and blastoids ) abundant . Corals , bryozoa , goniatites and brachiopods ( Productida , Spiriferida , etc . ) very common , but trilobites and nautiloids decline . Glaciation in East Gondwana . Tuhua Orogeny in New Zealand tapers off . 330.9 ± 0.2 Viséan 346.7 ± 0.4 Tournaisian 358.9 ± 0.4 Devonian Late Famennian First clubmosses , horsetails and ferns appear , as do the first seed - bearing plants ( progymnosperms ) , first trees ( the progymnosperm Archaeopteris ) , and first ( wingless ) insects . Strophomenid and atrypid brachiopods , rugose and tabulate corals , and crinoids are all abundant in the oceans . Goniatite ammonoids are plentiful , while squid - like coleoids arise . Trilobites and armoured agnaths decline , while jawed fishes ( placoderms , lobe - finned and ray - finned fish , and early sharks ) rule the seas . First amphibians still aquatic. `` Old Red Continent '' of Euramerica . Beginning of Acadian Orogeny for Anti-Atlas Mountains of North Africa , and Appalachian Mountains of North America , also the Antler , Variscan , and Tuhua Orogeny in New Zealand . 372.2 ± 1.6 Frasnian 382.7 ± 1.6 Middle Givetian 387.7 ± 0.8 Eifelian 393.3 ± 1.2 Early Emsian 407.6 ± 2.6 Pragian 410.8 ± 2.8 Lochkovian 419.2 ± 3.2 Silurian Pridoli First vascular plants ( the rhyniophytes and their relatives ) , first millipedes and arthropleurids on land . First jawed fishes , as well as many armoured jawless fish , populate the seas . Sea - scorpions reach large size . Tabulate and rugose corals , brachiopods ( Pentamerida , Rhynchonellida , etc . ) , and crinoids all abundant . Trilobites and mollusks diverse ; graptolites not as varied . Beginning of Caledonian Orogeny for hills in England , Ireland , Wales , Scotland , and the Scandinavian Mountains . Also continued into Devonian period as the Acadian Orogeny , above . Taconic Orogeny tapers off . Lachlan Orogeny on Australian continent tapers off . 423 ± 2.3 Ludlow Ludfordian 425.6 ± 0.9 Gorstian 427.4 ± 0.5 Wenlock Homerian 430.5 ± 0.7 Sheinwoodian 433.4 ± 0.8 Llandovery Telychian 438.5 ± 1.1 Aeronian 440.8 ± 1.2 Rhuddanian 443.8 ± 1.5 Ordovician Late Hirnantian Invertebrates diversify into many new types ( e.g. , long straight - shelled cephalopods ) . Early corals , articulate brachiopods ( Orthida , Strophomenida , etc . ) , bivalves , nautiloids , trilobites , ostracods , bryozoa , many types of echinoderms ( crinoids , cystoids , starfish , etc . ) , branched graptolites , and other taxa all common . Conodonts ( early planktonic vertebrates ) appear . First green plants and fungi on land . Ice age at end of period . 445.2 ± 1.4 Katian 453 ± 0.7 Sandbian 458.4 ± 0.9 Middle Darriwilian 467.3 ± 1.1 Dapingian 470 ± 1.4 Early Floian ( formerly Arenig ) 477.7 ± 1.4 Tremadocian 485.4 ± 1.9 Cambrian Furongian Stage 10 Major diversification of life in the Cambrian Explosion . Numerous fossils ; most modern animal phyla appear . First chordates appear , along with a number of extinct , problematic phyla . Reef - building Archaeocyatha abundant ; then vanish . Trilobites , priapulid worms , sponges , inarticulate brachiopods ( unhinged lampshells ) , and numerous other animals . Anomalocarids are giant predators , while many Ediacaran fauna die out . Prokaryotes , protists ( e.g. , forams ) , fungi and algae continue to present day . Gondwana emerges . Petermann Orogeny on the Australian continent tapers off ( 550 -- 535 Ma ) . Ross Orogeny in Antarctica . Adelaide Geosyncline ( Delamerian Orogeny ) , majority of orogenic activity from 514 -- 500 Ma . Lachlan Orogeny on Australian continent , c. 540 -- 440 Ma . Atmospheric CO content roughly 15 times present - day ( Holocene ) levels ( 6000 ppmv compared to today 's 400 ppmv ) ~ 489.5 Jiangshanian ~ 494 Paibian ~ 497 Series 3 Guzhangian ~ 500.5 Drumian ~ 504.5 Stage 5 ~ 509 Series 2 Stage 4 ~ 514 Stage 3 ~ 521 Terreneuvian Stage 2 ~ 529 Fortunian ~ 541 ± 1.0 Precambrian Proterozoic Neoproterozoic Ediacaran Good fossils of the first multi-celled animals . Ediacaran biota flourish worldwide in seas . Simple trace fossils of possible worm - like Trichophycus , etc . First sponges and trilobitomorphs . Enigmatic forms include many soft - jellied creatures shaped like bags , disks , or quilts ( like Dickinsonia ) . Taconic Orogeny in North America . Aravalli Range orogeny in Indian Subcontinent . Beginning of Petermann Orogeny on Australian continent . Beardmore Orogeny in Antarctica , 633 -- 620 Ma . ~ 635 Cryogenian Possible `` Snowball Earth '' period . Fossils still rare . Rodinia landmass begins to break up . Late Ruker / Nimrod Orogeny in Antarctica tapers off . ~ 720 Tonian Rodinia supercontinent persists . Sveconorwegian orogeny ends . Trace fossils of simple multi-celled eukaryotes . First radiation of dinoflagellate - like acritarchs . Grenville Orogeny tapers off in North America . Pan-African orogeny in Africa . Lake Ruker / Nimrod Orogeny in Antarctica , 1,000 ± 150 Ma . Edmundian Orogeny ( c. 920 -- 850 Ma ) , Gascoyne Complex , Western Australia . Adelaide Geosyncline laid down on Australian continent , beginning of Adelaide Geosyncline ( Delamerian Orogeny ) in Australia . 1000 Mesoproterozoic Stenian Narrow highly metamorphic belts due to orogeny as Rodinia forms . Sveconorwegian orogeny starts . Late Ruker / Nimrod Orogeny in Antarctica possibly begins . Musgrave Orogeny ( c . 1,080 Ma ) , Musgrave Block , Central Australia . 1200 Ectasian Platform covers continue to expand . Green algae colonies in the seas . Grenville Orogeny in North America . 1400 Calymmian Platform covers expand . Barramundi Orogeny , McArthur Basin , Northern Australia , and Isan Orogeny , c. 1,600 Ma , Mount Isa Block , Queensland 1600 Paleoproterozoic Statherian First complex single - celled life : protists with nuclei . Columbia is the primordial supercontinent . Kimban Orogeny in Australian continent ends . Yapungku Orogeny on Yilgarn craton , in Western Australia . Mangaroon Orogeny , 1,680 -- 1,620 Ma , on the Gascoyne Complex in Western Australia . Kararan Orogeny ( 1,650 Ma ) , Gawler Craton , South Australia . 1800 Orosirian The atmosphere becomes oxygenic . Vredefort and Sudbury Basin asteroid impacts . Much orogeny . Penokean and Trans - Hudsonian Orogenies in North America . Early Ruker Orogeny in Antarctica , 2,000 -- 1,700 Ma . Glenburgh Orogeny , Glenburgh Terrane , Australian continent c . 2,005 -- 1,920 Ma . Kimban Orogeny , Gawler craton in Australian continent begins . 2050 Rhyacian Bushveld Igneous Complex forms . Huronian glaciation . 2300 Siderian Oxygen catastrophe : banded iron formations forms . Sleaford Orogeny on Australian continent , Gawler Craton 2,440 -- 2,420 Ma . 2500 Archean Neoarchean Stabilization of most modern cratons ; possible mantle overturn event . Insell Orogeny , 2,650 ± 150 Ma . Abitibi greenstone belt in present - day Ontario and Quebec begins to form , stabilizes by 2,600 Ma . 2800 Mesoarchean First stromatolites ( probably colonial cyanobacteria ) . Oldest macrofossils . Humboldt Orogeny in Antarctica . Blake River Megacaldera Complex begins to form in present - day Ontario and Quebec , ends by roughly 2,696 Ma . 3200 Paleoarchean First known oxygen - producing bacteria . Oldest definitive microfossils . Oldest cratons on Earth ( such as the Canadian Shield and the Pilbara Craton ) may have formed during this period . Rayner Orogeny in Antarctica . 3600 Eoarchean Simple single - celled life ( probably bacteria and archaea ) . Oldest probable microfossils . The first life forms and self - replicating RNA molecules evolve around 4,000 Ma , after the Late Heavy Bombardment ends on Earth . Napier Orogeny in Antarctica , 4,000 ± 200 Ma . ~ 4000 Hadean Early Imbrian ( Neohadean ) ( unofficial ) Indirect photosynthetic evidence ( e.g. , kerogen ) of primordial life . This era overlaps the beginning of the Late Heavy Bombardment of the Inner Solar System , produced possibly by the planetary migration of Neptune into the Kuiper belt as a result of orbital resonances between Jupiter and Saturn . Oldest known rock ( 4,031 to 3,580 Ma ) . 4130 Nectarian ( Mesohadean ) ( unofficial ) Possible first appearance of plate tectonics . This unit gets its name from the lunar geologic timescale when the Nectaris Basin and other greater lunar basins form by big impact events . Earliest evidence for life based on unusually high amounts of light isotopes of carbon , a common sign of life . 4280 Basin Groups ( Paleohadean ) ( unofficial ) End of the Early Bombardment Phase . Oldest known mineral ( Zircon , 4,404 ± 8 Ma ) . Asteroids and comets bring water to Earth . 4533 Cryptic ( Eohadean ) ( unofficial ) Formation of Moon ( 4,533 to 4,527 Ma ) , probably from giant impact , since the end of this era . Formation of Earth ( 4,570 to 4,567.17 Ma ) , Early Bombardment Phase begins . Formation of Sun ( 4,680 to 4,630 Ma ) . 4600 Proposed Precambrian timeline ( edit ) The ICS 's Geologic Time Scale 2012 book which includes the new approved time scale also displays a proposal to substantially revise the Precambrian time scale to reflect important events such as the formation of the Earth or the Great Oxidation Event , among others , while at the same time maintaining most of the previous chronostratigraphic nomenclature for the pertinent time span . ( See also Period ( geology ) # Structure . ) Hadean Eon -- 4600 -- 4031 MYA Chaotian Era -- 4600 -- 4404 MYA -- the name alluding both to the mythological Chaos and the chaotic phase of planet formation Jack Hillsian or Zirconian Era -- 4404 -- 4031 MYA -- both names allude to the Jack Hills Greenstone Belt which provided the oldest mineral grains on Earth , zircons Archean Eon -- 4031 -- 2420 MYA Paleoarchean Era -- 4031 -- 3490 MYA Acastan Period -- 4031 -- 3810 MYA -- named after the Acasta Gneiss Isuan Period -- 3810 -- 3490 MYA -- named after the Isua Greenstone Belt Mesoarchean Era -- 3490 -- 2780 MYA Vaalbaran Period -- 3490 -- 3020 MYA -- a portmanteau based on the names of the Kapvaal ( Southern Africa ) and Pilbara ( Western Australia ) cratons Pongolan Period -- 3020 -- 2780 MYA -- named after the Pongola Supergroup Neoarchean Era -- 2780 -- 2420 MYA Methanian Period -- 2780 -- 2630 MYA -- named for the inferred predominance of methanotrophic prokaryotes Siderian Period -- 2630 -- 2420 MYA -- named for the voluminous banded iron formations formed within its duration Proterozoic Eon -- 2420 -- 541 MYA Paleoproterozoic Era -- 2420 -- 1780 MYA Oxygenian Period -- 2420 -- 2250 MYA -- named for displaying the first evidence for a global oxidizing atmosphere Jatulian or Eukaryian Period -- 2250 -- 2060 MYA -- names are respectively for the Lomagundi -- Jatuli δ C isotopic excursion event spanning its duration , and for the ( proposed ) first fossil appearance of eukaryotes Columbian Period -- 2060 -- 1780 MYA -- named after the supercontinent Columbia Mesoproterozoic Era -- 1780 -- 850 MYA Rodinian Period -- 1780 -- 850 MYA -- named after the supercontinent Rodinia , stable environment Neoproterozoic Era -- 850 -- 541 MYA Cryogenian Period -- 850 -- 630 MYA -- named for the occurrence of several glaciations Ediacaran Period -- 630 -- 541 MYA Shown to scale : Compare with the current official timeline , not shown to scale : See also ( edit ) Age of the Earth Bubnoff unit Cosmic calendar Deep time Evolutionary history of life Geological history of Earth Geology of Mars / areology Geon Graphical timeline of the universe History of the Earth History of geology History of paleontology List of fossil sites Logarithmic timeline Lunar geologic timescale Natural history New Zealand geologic time scale Prehistoric life Timeline of the Big Bang Timeline of evolution Timeline of the geologic history of the United States Timeline of human evolution Timeline of natural history Timeline of paleontology Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Not enough is known about extra-solar planets for worthwhile speculation . Jump up ^ Paleontologists often refer to faunal stages rather than geologic ( geological ) periods . The stage nomenclature is quite complex . For a time - ordered list of faunal stages , see . ^ Jump up to : Dates are slightly uncertain with differences of a few percent between various sources being common . This is largely due to uncertainties in radiometric dating and the problem that deposits suitable for radiometric dating seldom occur exactly at the places in the geologic column where they would be most useful . The dates and errors quoted above are according to the International Commission on Stratigraphy 2015 time scale except the Hadean eon . Where errors are not quoted , errors are less than the precision of the age given . * indicates boundaries where a Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point has been internationally agreed upon . Jump up ^ References to the `` Post-Cambrian Supereon '' are not universally accepted , and therefore must be considered unofficial . Jump up ^ Historically , the Cenozoic has been divided up into the Quaternary and Tertiary sub-eras , as well as the Neogene and Paleogene periods . The 2009 version of the ICS time chart recognizes a slightly extended Quaternary as well as the Paleogene and a truncated Neogene , the Tertiary having been demoted to informal status . ^ Jump up to : For more information on this , see Atmosphere of Earth # Evolution of Earth 's atmosphere , Carbon dioxide in the Earth 's atmosphere , and Climate change . Specific graphs of reconstructed CO levels over the past ~ 550 , 65 , and 5 million years can be seen at File : Phanerozoic Carbon Dioxide. png , File : 65 Myr Climate Change. png , File : Five Myr Climate Change. png , respectively . Jump up ^ The start time for the Holocene epoch is here given as 11,700 years ago . For further discussion of the dating of this epoch , see Holocene . Jump up ^ In North America , the Carboniferous is subdivided into Mississippian and Pennsylvanian Periods . Jump up ^ The Precambrian is also known as Cryptozoic . ^ Jump up to : The Proterozoic , Archean and Hadean are often collectively referred to as the Precambrian Time or sometimes , also the Cryptozoic . ^ Jump up to : Defined by absolute age ( Global Standard Stratigraphic Age ) . Jump up ^ The age of the oldest measurable craton , or continental crust , is dated to 3,600 -- 3,800 Ma . Jump up ^ Though commonly used , the Hadean is not a formal eon and no lower bound for the Archean and Eoarchean have been agreed upon . The Hadean has also sometimes been called the Priscoan or the Azoic . Sometimes , the Hadean can be found to be subdivided according to the lunar geologic timescale . These eras include the Cryptic and Basin Groups ( which are subdivisions of the Pre-Nectarian era ) , Nectarian , and Early Imbrian units . ^ Jump up to : These unit names were taken from the lunar geologic timescale and refer to geologic events that did not occur on Earth . Their use for Earth geology is unofficial . Note that their start times do not dovetail perfectly with the later , terrestrially defined boundaries . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` International Stratigraphic Chart '' . International Commission on Stratigraphy . Archived from the original on 30 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : International Commission on Stratigraphy . `` Chronostratigraphic Units '' . International Stratigraphic Guide . Archived from the original on 9 December 2009 . Retrieved 14 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Age of the Earth '' . U.S. Geological Survey . 1997 . Archived from the original on 23 December 2005 . Retrieved 2006 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ Dalrymple , G. Brent ( 2001 ) . `` The age of the Earth in the twentieth century : a problem ( mostly ) solved '' . Special Publications , Geological Society of London . 190 ( 1 ) : 205 -- 221 . Bibcode : 2001GSLSP. 190 ... 205D . doi : 10.1144 / GSL. SP. 2001.190. 01.14 . Jump up ^ `` Statutes of the International Commission on Stratigraphy '' . Retrieved 26 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Janke , Paul R. `` Correlating Earth 's History '' . Jump up ^ Rudwick , M.J.S. ( 1985 ) . The Meaning of Fossils : Episodes in the History of Palaeontology . University of Chicago Press . p. 24 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 73103 - 0 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Alfred G. ; Garrison , Robert E. ( 2009 ) . `` The role of the Mediterranean region in the development of sedimentary geology : A historical overview '' . Sedimentology. 56 : 3 . Bibcode : 2009Sedim ... 56 ... 3F . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3091.2008. 01009. x . Jump up ^ `` The contribution of Ibn Sina ( Avicenna ) to the development of the Earth Sciences '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Sivin , Nathan ( 1995 ) . Science in Ancient China : Researches and Reflections . Brookfield , Vermont : Ashgate Publishing Variorum series . III , 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Hutton , James ( 1788 ) . `` Theory of the Earth ; or an investigation of the laws observable in the composition , dissolution , and restoration of land upon the Globe '' . Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 1 ( 2 ) : 209 -- 308 . doi : 10.1017 / s0080456800029227 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : McPhee , John ( 1981 ) . Basin and Range . New York : Farrar , Straus and Giroux . Jump up ^ Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( in Russian ) ( 3rd ed . ) . Moscow : Sovetskaya Enciklopediya. 1974 . vol. 16 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Rudwick , Martin ( 2008 ) . Worlds Before Adam : The Reconstruction of Geohistory in the Age of Reform . pp. 539 -- 545 . Jump up ^ `` Geologic Time Scale '' . Jump up ^ `` How the discovery of geologic time changed our view of the world '' . Bristol University . Jump up ^ Gradstein , Felix M. ; Ogg , James G. ; Smith , Alan G. , eds. ( 2005 ) . A Geologic Time Scale 2004 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 78673 - 8 . Jump up ^ Cox , Simon J.D. ; Richard , Stephen M. ( 2005 ) . `` A formal model for the geologic time scale and global stratotype section and point , compatible with geospatial information transfer standards '' . Geosphere . The Geological Society of America . 1 ( 3 ) : 119 -- 137 . Bibcode : 2005Geosp ... 1 ... 119C . doi : 10.1130 / GES00022. 1 . Retrieved 31 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official website '' . Archived from the original on 20 September 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Anthropocene : Age of Man -- Pictures , More From National Geographic Magazine '' . ngm.nationalgeographic.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Stromberg , Joseph . `` What is the Anthropocene and Are We in It ? '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Subcomission on Quaternary Stratigraphy , ICS '' Working Groups `` . quaternary.stratigraphy.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy -- Working Group on the ' Anthropocene ' '' . International Commission on Stratigraphy . Retrieved 28 November 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/aug/29/declare-anthropocene-epoch-experts-urge-geological-congress-human-impact-earth Jump up ^ George Dvorsky . `` New Evidence Suggests Human Beings Are a Geological Force of Nature '' . Gizmodo.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Geologic Timescale Elements in the International Chronostratigraphic Chart '' . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Cox , Simon J.D. `` SPARQL endpoint for CGI timescale service '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Cox , Simon J.D. ; Richard , Stephen M. `` A geologic timescale ontology and service '' . Earth Science Informatics. 8 : 5 -- 19 . doi : 10.1007 / s12145 - 014 - 0170 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` The Paleobiology Database '' . Archived from the original on 11 February 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 December 2009 . Retrieved 23 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NASA Scientists React to 400 ppm Carbon Milestone '' . NASA . Retrieved 15 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Royer , Dana L. ( 2006 ) . `` CO-forced climate thresholds during the Phanerozoic '' ( PDF ) . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 70 ( 23 ) : 5665 -- 75 . Bibcode : 2006GeCoA ... 70.5665 R . doi : 10.1016 / j. gca. 2005.11. 031 . Jump up ^ Ogg , J.G. ; Ogg , G. ; Gradstein , F.M. ( 2016 ) . A Concise Geologic Time Scale : 2016 . Elsevier . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 63771 - 0 . Jump up ^ Bowring , Samuel A. ; Williams , Ian S. ( 1999 ) . `` Priscoan ( 4.00 -- 4.03 Ga ) orthogneisses from northwestern Canada '' . Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. 134 ( 1 ) : 3 . Bibcode : 1999CoMP ... 134 ... 3B . doi : 10.1007 / s004100050465 . The oldest rock on Earth is the Acasta Gneiss , and it dates to 4.03 Ga , located in the Northwest Territories of Canada . ^ Jump up to : `` The Eons of Chaos and Hades '' ( PDF ) . Solid Earth . January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Geology.wisc.edu '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Van Kranendonk , Martin J. ( 2012 ) . `` 16 : A Chronostratigraphic Division of the Precambrian : Possibilities and Challenges '' . In Felix M. Gradstein ; James G. Ogg ; Mark D. Schmitz ; abi M. Ogg . The geologic time scale 2012 ( 1st ed . ) . Amsterdam : Elsevier . pp. 359 -- 365 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 44 - 459425 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Goldblatt , C. ; Zahnle , K.J. ; Sleep , N.H. ; Nisbet , E.G. ( 2010 ) . `` The Eons of Chaos and Hades '' ( PDF ) . Solid Earth . Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union . 1 : 1 -- 3 . Bibcode : 2010SolE ... 1 ... 1G . Jump up ^ Chambers , John E. ( July 2004 ) . `` Planetary accretion in the inner Solar System '' ( PDF ) . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 223 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 241 -- 252 . Bibcode : 2004E&PSL. 223 ... 241C . doi : 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2004.04. 031 . Jump up ^ El Albani , Abderrazak ; Bengtson , Stefan ; Canfield , Donald E. ; Riboulleau , Armelle ; Rollion Bard , Claire ; Macchiarelli , Roberto ; et al. ( 2014 ) . `` The 2.1 Ga Old Francevillian Biota : Biogenicity , Taphonomy and Biodiversity '' . PLoS ONE . 9 ( 6 ) : e99438 . Bibcode : 2014PLoSO ... 999438E . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0099438 . PMC 4070892 . PMID 24963687 . Jump up ^ El Albani , Abderrazak ; Bengtson , Stefan ; Canfield , Donald E. ; Bekker , Andrey ; Macchiarelli , Roberto ; Mazurier , Arnaud ; Hammarlund , Emma U. ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` Large colonial organisms with coordinated growth in oxygenated environments 2.1 Gyr ago '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 466 ( 7302 ) : 100 -- 104 . Bibcode : 2010Natur. 466 ... 100A . doi : 10.1038 / nature09166 . PMID 20596019 . Further reading ( edit ) Aubry , Marie - Pierre ; Van Couvering , John A. ; Christie - Blick , Nicholas ; Landing , Ed ; Pratt , Brian R. ; Owen , Donald E. ; Ferrusquia - Villafranca , Ismael ( 2009 ) . `` Terminology of geological time : Establishment of a community standard '' ( PDF ) . Stratigraphy. 6 ( 2 ) : 100 -- 105 . Retrieved 18 November 2011 . Gradstein , F.M. ; Ogg , J.G. ( 2004 ) . A Geologic Time scale 2004 -- Why , How and Where Next ! ( PDF ) . Retrieved 18 November 2011 . Gradstein , Felix M. ; Ogg , James G. ; Smith , Alan G. ( 2004 ) . A Geologic Time Scale 2004 . New York ; Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 78142 - 6 . Retrieved 18 November 2011 Paperback ISBN 0 - 521 - 78673 - 8 Gradstein , Felix M. ; Ogg , James G. ; Smith , Alan G. ; Bleeker , Wouter ; Laurens , Lucas , J. ( June 2004 ) . `` A new Geologic Time Scale , with special reference to Precambrian and Neogene '' ( PDF ) . Episodes. 27 ( 2 ) : 83 -- 100 . Retrieved 18 November 2011 . Ialenti , Vincent . `` Embracing ' Deep Time ' Thinking . '' `` . NPR Cosmos & Culture . Ialenti , Vincent . `` Pondering ' Deep Time ' Could Inspire New Ways To View Climate Change '' . NPR Cosmos & Culture . Knoll , Andrew H. ; Walter , Malcolm R. ; Narbonne , Guy M. ; Christie - Blick , Nicholas ( 30 July 2004 ) . `` A New Period for the Geologic Time Scale '' ( PDF ) . Science . 305 ( 5684 ) : 621 -- 622 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1098803 . PMID 15286353 . Retrieved 18 November 2011 . Levin , Harold L. ( 2010 ) . `` Time and Geology '' . The Earth Through Time . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 38774 - 0 . Retrieved 18 November 2011 . Montenari , Michael ( 2016 ) . Stratigraphy and Timescales ( 1st ed . ) . Amsterdam : Academic Press ( Elsevier ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 811549 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geologic time scale . The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of : Geological column NASA : Geologic Time GSA : Geologic Time Scale British Geological Survey : Geological Timechart GeoWhen Database International Commission on Stratigraphy Time Scale Chronos.org National Museum of Natural History -- Geologic Time SeeGrid : Geological Time Systems Information model for the geologic time scale Exploring Time from Planck Time to the lifespan of the universe Episodes , Gradstein , Felix M. et al. ( 2004 ) A new Geologic Time Scale , with special reference to Precambrian and Neogene , Episodes , Vol. 27 , no . 2 June 2004 ( pdf ) Lane , Alfred C , and Marble , John Putman 1937 . Report of the Committee on the measurement of geologic time Lessons for Children on Geologic Time Deep Time -- A History of the Earth : Interactive Infographic Geologic history of Earth Cenozoic era1 ( present -- 66.0 Mya ) Quaternary ( present -- 2.588 Mya ) Holocene ( present -- 11.784 kya ) Pleistocene ( 11.784 kya -- 2.588 Mya ) Neogene ( 2.588 -- 23.03 Mya ) Pliocene ( 2.588 -- 5.333 Mya ) Miocene ( 5.333 -- 23.03 Mya ) Paleogene ( 23.03 -- 66.0 Mya ) Oligocene ( 23.03 -- 33.9 Mya ) Eocene ( 33.9 -- 56.0 Mya ) Paleocene ( 56.0 -- 66.0 Mya ) Mesozoic era1 ( 66.0 -- 251.902 Mya ) Cretaceous ( 66.0 -- 145.0 Mya ) Late ( 66.0 -- 100.5 Mya ) Early ( 100.5 -- 145.0 Mya ) Jurassic ( 145.0 -- 201.3 Mya ) Late ( 145.0 -- 163.5 Mya ) Middle ( 163.5 -- 174.1 Mya ) Early ( 174.1 -- 201.3 Mya ) Triassic ( 201.3 -- 251.902 Mya ) Late ( 201.3 -- 237 Mya ) Middle ( 237 -- 247.2 Mya ) Early ( 247.2 -- 251.902 Mya ) Paleozoic era1 ( 251.902 -- 541.0 Mya ) Permian ( 251.902 -- 298.9 Mya ) Lopingian ( 251.902 -- 259.8 Mya ) Guadalupian ( 259.8 -- 272.3 Mya ) Cisuralian ( 272.3 -- 298.9 Mya ) Carboniferous ( 298.9 -- 358.9 Mya ) Pennsylvanian ( 298.9 -- 323.2 Mya ) Mississippian ( 323.2 -- 358.9 Mya ) Devonian ( 358.9 -- 419.2 Mya ) Late ( 358.9 -- 382.7 Mya ) Middle ( 382.7 -- 393.3 Mya ) Early ( 393.3 -- 419.2 Mya ) Silurian ( 419.2 -- 443.8 Mya ) Pridoli ( 419.2 -- 423.0 Mya ) Ludlow ( 423.0 -- 427.4 Mya ) Wenlock ( 427.4 -- 433.4 Mya ) Llandovery ( 433.4 -- 443.8 Mya ) Ordovician ( 443.8 -- 485.4 Mya ) Late ( 443.8 -- 458.4 Mya ) Middle ( 458.4 -- 470.0 Mya ) Early ( 470.0 -- 485.4 Mya ) Cambrian ( 485.4 -- 541.0 Mya ) Furongian ( 485.4 -- 497 Mya ) Series 3 ( 497 -- 509 Mya ) Series 2 ( 509 -- 521 Mya ) Terreneuvian ( 521 -- 541.0 Mya ) Proterozoic eon2 ( 541.0 Mya -- 2.5 Gya ) Neoproterozoic era ( 541.0 Mya -- 1 Gya ) Ediacaran ( 541.0 - ~ 635 Mya ) Cryogenian ( ~ 635 - ~ 720 Mya ) Tonian ( ~ 720 Mya - 1 Gya ) Mesoproterozoic era ( 1 -- 1.6 Gya ) Stenian ( 1 - 1.2 Gya ) Ectasian ( 1.2 - 1.4 Gya ) Calymmian ( 1.4 - 1.6 Gya ) Paleoproterozoic era ( 1.6 -- 2.5 Gya ) Statherian ( 1.6 - 1.8 Gya ) Orosirian ( 1.8 - 2.05 Gya ) Rhyacian ( 2.05 - 2.3 Gya ) Siderian ( 2.3 - 2.5 Gya ) Archean eon2 ( 2.5 -- 4 Gya ) Eras Neoarchean ( 2.5 -- 2.8 Gya ) Mesoarchean ( 2.8 -- 3.2 Gya ) Paleoarchean ( 3.2 -- 3.6 Gya ) Eoarchean ( 3.6 -- 4 Gya ) Hadean eon2 ( 4 -- 4.6 Gya ) kya = thousands years ago . Mya = millions years ago . Gya = billions years ago. 1 = Phanerozoic eon. 2 = Precambrian supereon . Source : ( 2017 / 02 ) . International Commission on Stratigraphy . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Divisions of Geologic Time -- Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units USGS Retrieved 10 March 2013 . 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where did the name whoopie pie come from	Pennsylvania , Maine , Massachusetts , Virginia and New Hampshire all claim to be the birthplace of the whoopie pie . The Pennsylvania Dutch Convention & Visitors Bureau notes that the whoopie pie recipe comes from the area 's Amish and Pennsylvania German culture -- origins that are unlikely to leave an official paper trail -- and has been handed down through generations . Labadie 's Bakery in Lewiston , Maine has been making the confection since 1925 . The now - defunct Berwick Cake Company of Roxbury , Massachusetts was selling `` Whoopee Pies '' as early as the 1920s , but officially branded the Whoopee Pie in 1928 to great success . Various claims suggest that the whoopie pie originated in Massachusetts and spread both north and south , or that German immigrants in Pennsylvania brought the predecessor of the whoopie pie to communities throughout the northeast . A clue into how the possibly Amish dessert got to be so popular in New England can be found in a 1930s cookbook called Yummy Book by the Durkee Mower Company , the manufacturer of Marshmallow Fluff . In this New England cookbook , a recipe for `` Amish Whoopie Pie '' was featured using Marshmallow Fluff in the filling .		Whoopie pie	whoopie pie		Whoopie pie Alternative names Black moon , gob , black - and - white , bob , BFO , Big Fat Oreo Type Cookie , pie , or cake Place of origin USA Region or state Contested Main ingredients Chocolate , pumpkin or gingerbread cake ; icing or Marshmallow creme Cookbook : Whoopie pie Media : Whoopie pie The whoopie pie ( alternatively called a black moon , gob ( term indigenous to the Pittsburgh region ) , black - and - white , bob , or `` BFO '' for Big Fat Oreo ( also recorded as `` Devil Dogs '' and `` Twins '' in 1835 ) ) is a US baked product that may be considered either a cookie , pie or cake . It is made of two round mound - shaped pieces of chocolate cake , or sometimes pumpkin or gingerbread cake , with a sweet , creamy filling or frosting sandwiched between them . Contents 1 History 2 Origin controversy 3 See also 4 References History ( edit ) While considered a New England classic and a Pennsylvania Amish tradition , they are increasingly sold throughout the United States . The whoopie pie is the official state treat of Maine ( not to be confused with the official state dessert , which is blueberry pie ) . Gob ( the term indigenous to the Pittsburgh region ) has been trademarked by the Dutch Maid Bakery in Johnstown . The owner , Tim Yost , bought the rights to the name and the process in 1980 . The world 's largest whoopie pie was created in South Portland , Maine , on March 26 , 2011 , weighing in at 1,062 pounds . Pieces of the giant whoopie pie were sold and the money was used to send Maine - made whoopie pies to soldiers serving overseas . The previous record holder , from Pennsylvania , weighed 200 pounds . The town of Dover - Foxcroft , in Piscataquis County , Maine , has hosted the Maine Whoopie Pie Festival since 2009 . In 2014 , more than 7,500 people attended the festival . The 2013 festival had eight different whoopie pie vendors in attendance . Bakers from across Maine compete for top whoopie pie in a number of categories . Origin controversy ( edit ) Pennsylvania , Maine , Massachusetts , Virginia and New Hampshire all claim to be the birthplace of the whoopie pie . The Pennsylvania Dutch Convention & Visitors Bureau notes that the whoopie pie recipe comes from the area 's Amish and Pennsylvania German culture -- origins that are unlikely to leave an official paper trail -- and has been handed down through generations . Labadie 's Bakery in Lewiston , Maine has been making the confection since 1925 . The now - defunct Berwick Cake Company of Roxbury , Massachusetts was selling `` Whoopee Pies '' as early as the 1920s , but officially branded the Whoopee Pie in 1928 to great success . Various claims suggest that the whoopie pie originated in Massachusetts and spread both north and south , or that German immigrants in Pennsylvania brought the predecessor of the whoopie pie to communities throughout the northeast . A clue into how the possibly Amish dessert got to be so popular in New England can be found in a 1930s cookbook called Yummy Book by the Durkee Mower Company , the manufacturer of Marshmallow Fluff . In this New England cookbook , a recipe for `` Amish Whoopie Pie '' was featured using Marshmallow Fluff in the filling . In 2011 , the Maine State Legislature considered naming the whoopie pie the official state pie . The proposal received bipartisan support . L.D. 71 , officially known as `` An Act to Designate the Whoopie Pie as the State Dessert '' , read `` The whoopie pie , a baked good made of two chocolate cakes with a creamy frosting between them , is the official state dessert '' . The Maine Legislature eventually decided to declare the whoopie pie the official state treat , and chose blueberry pie ( made with wild Maine blueberries ) as the official state dessert . See also ( edit ) Food portal Macaron Moon pie References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Annual Report of the State of Massachusetts Infirmary. 3 . 1835 . p. 92 . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Maynard , Mcheline ( March 17 , 2009 ) . `` Whoopie ! Cookie , Pie or Cake , It 's Having Its Moment '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stradley , Linda ( May 2 , 2015 ) . `` Whoopie Pie History and Recipe , Whats Cooking America '' . Whatscookingamerica.net . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press ( April 21 , 2011 ) . `` It 's the law : Whoopie pie official ' treat ' '' . Portland Press Herald . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Johnstown bakery owns rights to Gobs '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maine creates 1,062 pound Whoopie Pie '' . WHDH - TV . March 28 , 2011 . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sharrow , Dan ( July 2 , 2014 ) . `` Over 7,500 People Celebrate the Maine Whoopie Pie '' . mainewhoopiepiefestival.com . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Stapleton , Erica ( June 27 , 2014 ) . `` Bakers Prepare For Upcoming Whoopie Pie Festival in Dover - Foxcroft '' . WABI . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Save Our Whoopie '' . PAdutchcountry.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ Pompilio , Natalie ( February 16 , 2011 ) . `` Whoopie pies : Maine treat or Lancaster Co. delight ? '' . Philly.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Battle Brewing Over ' Whoopie Pies ' '' . Portland , Maine : WMTW.com . February 15 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ Stoneback , Diane W. `` Which state made the first whoopie pie ? '' . mcall.com . Tribune Company . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gorsegner , Michael ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` Pennsylvanians upset over Maine 's claim to Whoopie Pie creation '' . Fox43.com . East Lampeter Township , Lancaster County , Pennsylvania . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Whoopie Pie , Whoopie Pie Recipe , Gob History , How To Make Whoopie Pies , Whoopie Pie History '' . Whatscookingamerica.net . March 12 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Whoopie Pie History and Recipe , Gob History , How To Make Whoopie Pies , Whats Cooking America '' . whatscookingamerica.net . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Cover , Susan M. ( January 18 , 2011 ) . `` Maine legislators sweet on whoopie pies '' . Portland Press Herald . Augusta , Maine . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Whoopie pies . Snack cakes Alfajor Chocodile Twinkie Choco pie Ding Dong Fudge Rounds Gansito Ho Hos Hostess CupCake Jaffa Cakes Jos . Louis May West Moon pie Pryanik Sno Balls Suzy Q Twinkie Wagon Wheels Whoopie pie Yodels Zingers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whoopie_pie&oldid=851628399 '' Categories : American desserts Cookie sandwiches Snack foods Symbols of Maine New England cuisine Pennsylvania Dutch cuisine Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from October 2012 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from March 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Nederlands 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 July 2018 , at 15 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whoopie%20pie	1,847
who has won back to back champions league	List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals # Season Nation Winners Score Runners - up Nation Venue Att . 1955 -- 56 Spain Real Madrid 4 -- 3 Reims France Parc des Princes , Paris 38,239 1956 -- 57 Spain Real Madrid 2 -- 0 Fiorentina Italy Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , Madrid 124,000 1957 -- 58 Spain Real Madrid 3 -- 2 Milan Italy Heysel Stadium , Brussels 67,000 1958 -- 59 Spain Real Madrid 2 -- 0 Reims France Neckarstadion , Stuttgart 72,000 5 1959 -- 60 Spain Real Madrid 7 -- 3 Eintracht Frankfurt West Germany Hampden Park , Glasgow 127,621 6 1960 -- 61 Portugal Benfica 3 -- 2 Barcelona Spain Wankdorf Stadium , Bern 26,732 7 1961 -- 62 Portugal Benfica 5 -- 3 Real Madrid Spain Olympisch Stadion , Amsterdam 61,257 8 1962 -- 63 Italy Milan 2 -- 1 Benfica Portugal Wembley Stadium , London 45,715 9 1963 -- 64 Italy Internazionale 3 -- 1 Real Madrid Spain Prater Stadium , Vienna 71,333 10 1964 -- 65 Italy Internazionale 1 -- 0 Benfica Portugal San Siro , Milan 89,000 11 1965 -- 66 Spain Real Madrid 2 -- 1 Partizan Yugoslavia Heysel Stadium , Brussels 46,745 12 1966 -- 67 Scotland Celtic 2 -- 1 Internazionale Italy Estádio Nacional , Lisbon 45,000 13 1967 -- 68 England Manchester United 4 -- 1 Benfica Portugal Wembley Stadium , London 92,225 14 1968 -- 69 Italy Milan 4 -- 1 Ajax Netherlands Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , Madrid 31,782 15 1969 -- 70 Netherlands Feyenoord 2 -- 1 Celtic Scotland San Siro , Milan 53,187 16 1970 -- 71 Netherlands Ajax 2 -- 0 Panathinaikos Greece Wembley Stadium , London 83,179 17 1971 -- 72 Netherlands Ajax 2 -- 0 Internazionale Italy De Kuip , Rotterdam 61,354 18 1972 -- 73 Netherlands Ajax 1 -- 0 Juventus Italy Red Star Stadium , Belgrade 89,484 19 1973 -- 74 West Germany Bayern Munich 4 -- 0 Atlético Madrid Spain Heysel Stadium , Brussels 72,047 20 1974 -- 75 West Germany Bayern Munich 2 -- 0 Leeds United England Parc des Princes , Paris 48,374 21 1975 -- 76 West Germany Bayern Munich 1 -- 0 Saint - Étienne France Hampden Park , Glasgow 54,864 22 1976 -- 77 England Liverpool 3 -- 1 Borussia Mönchengladbach West Germany Stadio Olimpico , Rome 57,000 23 1977 -- 78 England Liverpool 1 -- 0 Club Brugge Belgium Wembley Stadium , London 92,500 24 1978 -- 79 England Nottingham Forest 1 -- 0 Malmö FF Sweden Olympiastadion , Munich 57,500 25 1979 -- 80 England Nottingham Forest 1 -- 0 Hamburg West Germany Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , Madrid 51,000 26 1980 -- 81 England Liverpool 1 -- 0 Real Madrid Spain Parc des Princes , Paris 48,360 27 1981 -- 82 England Aston Villa 1 -- 0 Bayern Munich West Germany De Kuip , Rotterdam 46,000 28 1982 -- 83 West Germany Hamburg 1 -- 0 Juventus Italy Olympic Stadium , Athens 73,500 29 1983 -- 84 England Liverpool 1 -- 1 * Roma Italy Stadio Olimpico , Rome 69,693 30 1984 -- 85 Italy Juventus 1 -- 0 Liverpool England Heysel Stadium , Brussels 58,000 31 1985 -- 86 Romania Steaua București 0 -- 0 * Barcelona Spain Estadio Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán , Seville 70,000 32 1986 -- 87 Portugal Porto 2 -- 1 Bayern Munich West Germany Prater Stadium , Vienna 57,500 33 1987 -- 88 Netherlands PSV Eindhoven 0 -- 0 * Benfica Portugal Neckarstadion , Stuttgart 68,000 34 1988 -- 89 Italy Milan 4 -- 0 Steaua București Romania Camp Nou , Barcelona 97,000 35 1989 -- 90 Italy Milan 1 -- 0 Benfica Portugal Prater Stadium , Vienna 57,558 36 1990 -- 91 Yugoslavia Red Star Belgrade 0 -- 0 * Marseille France Stadio San Nicola , Bari 56,000 37 1991 -- 92 Spain Barcelona 1 -- 0 Sampdoria Italy Wembley Stadium , London 70,827 38 1992 -- 93 France Marseille 1 -- 0 Milan Italy Olympiastadion , Munich 64,400 39 1993 -- 94 Italy Milan 4 -- 0 Barcelona Spain Olympic Stadium , Athens 70,000 40 1994 -- 95 Netherlands Ajax 1 -- 0 Milan Italy Ernst - Happel - Stadion , Vienna 49,730 41 1995 -- 96 Italy Juventus 1 -- 1 * Ajax Netherlands Stadio Olimpico , Rome 70,000 42 1996 -- 97 Germany Borussia Dortmund 3 -- 1 Juventus Italy Olympiastadion , Munich 59,000 43 1997 -- 98 Spain Real Madrid 1 -- 0 Juventus Italy Amsterdam Arena , Amsterdam 48,500 44 1998 -- 99 England Manchester United 2 -- 1 Bayern Munich Germany Camp Nou , Barcelona 90,245 45 1999 -- 00 Spain Real Madrid 3 -- 0 Valencia Spain Stade de France , Saint - Denis 80,000 46 2000 -- 01 Germany Bayern Munich 1 -- 1 * Valencia Spain San Siro , Milan 71,500 47 2001 -- 02 Spain Real Madrid 2 -- 1 Bayer Leverkusen Germany Hampden Park , Glasgow 50,499 48 2002 -- 03 Italy Milan 0 -- 0 * Juventus Italy Old Trafford , Manchester 62,315 49 2003 -- 04 Portugal Porto 3 -- 0 Monaco France Arena AufSchalke , Gelsenkirchen 53,053 50 2004 -- 05 England Liverpool 3 -- 3 * Milan Italy Atatürk Olympic Stadium , Istanbul 69,000 51 2005 -- 06 Spain Barcelona 2 -- 1 Arsenal England Stade de France , Saint - Denis 79,610 52 2006 -- 07 Italy Milan 2 -- 1 Liverpool England Olympic Stadium , Athens 63,000 53 2007 -- 08 England Manchester United 1 -- 1 * Chelsea England Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow 67,310 54 2008 -- 09 Spain Barcelona 2 -- 0 Manchester United England Stadio Olimpico , Rome 62,467 55 2009 -- 10 Italy Internazionale 2 -- 0 Bayern Munich Germany Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , Madrid 73,490 56 2010 -- 11 Spain Barcelona 3 -- 1 Manchester United England Wembley Stadium , London 87,695 57 2011 -- 12 England Chelsea 1 -- 1 * Bayern Munich Germany Allianz Arena , Munich 62,500 58 2012 -- 13 Germany Bayern Munich 2 -- 1 Borussia Dortmund Germany Wembley Stadium , London 86,298 59 2013 -- 14 Spain Real Madrid 4 -- 1 Atlético Madrid Spain Estádio da Luz , Lisbon 60,976 60 2014 -- 15 Spain Barcelona 3 -- 1 Juventus Italy Olympiastadion , Berlin 70,442 61 2015 -- 16 Spain Real Madrid 1 -- 1 * Atlético Madrid Spain San Siro , Milan 71,942 62 2016 -- 17 Spain Real Madrid 4 -- 1 Juventus Italy Millennium Stadium , Cardiff 65,842 63 2017 -- 18 Spain Real Madrid 3 -- 1 Liverpool England NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium , Kiev 61,561 Upcoming finals # Season Nation Finalist Match Finalist Nation Venue 64 2018 -- 19 Wanda Metropolitano , Madrid 65 2019 -- 20 Atatürk Olympic Stadium , Istanbul	Real Madrid\|Benfica\|Internazionale\|Ajax\|Bayern Munich\|Liverpool\|Nottingham Forest\|Milan	List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals	list of european cup and uefa champions league finals		List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals European Cup / Champions League trophy Founded 1955 Region Europe ( UEFA ) Number of teams 32 ( group stage ) 2 ( finalists ) Current champions Real Madrid ( 13th title ) Most successful club ( s ) Real Madrid ( 13 titles ) 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League The UEFA Champions League is a seasonal football competition established in 1955 . The UEFA Champions League is open to the league champions of all UEFA ( Union of European Football Associations ) member associations ( except Liechtenstein , which has no league competition ) , as well as to the clubs finishing from second to fourth position in the strongest leagues . Prior to the 1992 -- 93 season , the tournament was named the European Cup . Originally , only the champions of their respective national league and the defending champion of the competition were allowed to participate . However , this was changed in 1997 to allow the runners - up of the stronger leagues to compete as well . In the Champions League era , the defending champion of the competition did not automatically qualify until the rules were changed in 2005 to allow title holders Liverpool to enter the competition . Teams that have won the UEFA Champions League three times in a row , or five times overall , receive a multiple - winner badge . Six teams have earned this privilege : Real Madrid , Ajax , Bayern Munich , Milan , Liverpool and Barcelona . Until 2009 , clubs that had earned that badge were allowed to keep the European Champion Clubs ' Cup and a new one was commissioned ; since 2009 , the winning team each year has received a full - size replica of the trophy , while the original is retained by UEFA . A total of 22 clubs have won the Champions League / European Cup . Real Madrid hold the record for the most victories , having won the competition 13 times , including the inaugural competition . They have also won the competition the most times in a row , winning it five times from 1956 to 1960 . Juventus have been runners - up the most times , losing seven finals . Atlético Madrid is the only team to reach three finals without having won the trophy while Reims and Valencia have finished as runners - up twice without winning . Spain has provided the most champions , with 18 wins from two clubs . Italy have produced 12 winners from three clubs and England have produced 12 winners from five clubs . English teams were banned from the competition for five years following the Heysel disaster in 1985 . The current champions are Real Madrid , who beat Liverpool in the 2018 final . Contents 1 List of finals 2 Performances 2.1 By club 2.2 By nation 3 Venues 4 Notes 5 References List of finals ( edit ) Key Match was won during extra time * Match was won on a penalty shoot - out & Match was won after a replay The `` Season '' column refers to the season the competition was held , and wikilinks to the article about that season . The wikilinks in the `` Score '' column point to the article about that season 's final game . List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals # Season Nation Winners Score Runners - up Nation Venue Att . 1955 -- 56 Spain Real Madrid 4 -- 3 Reims France Parc des Princes , Paris 38,239 1956 -- 57 Spain Real Madrid 2 -- 0 Fiorentina Italy Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , Madrid 124,000 1957 -- 58 Spain Real Madrid 3 -- 2 Milan Italy Heysel Stadium , Brussels 67,000 1958 -- 59 Spain Real Madrid 2 -- 0 Reims France Neckarstadion , Stuttgart 72,000 5 1959 -- 60 Spain Real Madrid 7 -- 3 Eintracht Frankfurt West Germany Hampden Park , Glasgow 127,621 6 1960 -- 61 Portugal Benfica 3 -- 2 Barcelona Spain Wankdorf Stadium , Bern 26,732 7 1961 -- 62 Portugal Benfica 5 -- 3 Real Madrid Spain Olympisch Stadion , Amsterdam 61,257 8 1962 -- 63 Italy Milan 2 -- 1 Benfica Portugal Wembley Stadium , London 45,715 9 1963 -- 64 Italy Internazionale 3 -- 1 Real Madrid Spain Prater Stadium , Vienna 71,333 10 1964 -- 65 Italy Internazionale 1 -- 0 Benfica Portugal San Siro , Milan 89,000 11 1965 -- 66 Spain Real Madrid 2 -- 1 Partizan Yugoslavia Heysel Stadium , Brussels 46,745 12 1966 -- 67 Scotland Celtic 2 -- 1 Internazionale Italy Estádio Nacional , Lisbon 45,000 13 1967 -- 68 England Manchester United 4 -- 1 Benfica Portugal Wembley Stadium , London 92,225 14 1968 -- 69 Italy Milan 4 -- 1 Ajax Netherlands Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , Madrid 31,782 15 1969 -- 70 Netherlands Feyenoord 2 -- 1 Celtic Scotland San Siro , Milan 53,187 16 1970 -- 71 Netherlands Ajax 2 -- 0 Panathinaikos Greece Wembley Stadium , London 83,179 17 1971 -- 72 Netherlands Ajax 2 -- 0 Internazionale Italy De Kuip , Rotterdam 61,354 18 1972 -- 73 Netherlands Ajax 1 -- 0 Juventus Italy Red Star Stadium , Belgrade 89,484 19 1973 -- 74 West Germany Bayern Munich 4 -- 0 Atlético Madrid Spain Heysel Stadium , Brussels 72,047 20 1974 -- 75 West Germany Bayern Munich 2 -- 0 Leeds United England Parc des Princes , Paris 48,374 21 1975 -- 76 West Germany Bayern Munich 1 -- 0 Saint - Étienne France Hampden Park , Glasgow 54,864 22 1976 -- 77 England Liverpool 3 -- 1 Borussia Mönchengladbach West Germany Stadio Olimpico , Rome 57,000 23 1977 -- 78 England Liverpool 1 -- 0 Club Brugge Belgium Wembley Stadium , London 92,500 24 1978 -- 79 England Nottingham Forest 1 -- 0 Malmö FF Sweden Olympiastadion , Munich 57,500 25 1979 -- 80 England Nottingham Forest 1 -- 0 Hamburg West Germany Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , Madrid 51,000 26 1980 -- 81 England Liverpool 1 -- 0 Real Madrid Spain Parc des Princes , Paris 48,360 27 1981 -- 82 England Aston Villa 1 -- 0 Bayern Munich West Germany De Kuip , Rotterdam 46,000 28 1982 -- 83 West Germany Hamburg 1 -- 0 Juventus Italy Olympic Stadium , Athens 73,500 29 1983 -- 84 England Liverpool 1 -- 1 * Roma Italy Stadio Olimpico , Rome 69,693 30 1984 -- 85 Italy Juventus 1 -- 0 Liverpool England Heysel Stadium , Brussels 58,000 31 1985 -- 86 Romania Steaua București 0 -- 0 * Barcelona Spain Estadio Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán , Seville 70,000 32 1986 -- 87 Portugal Porto 2 -- 1 Bayern Munich West Germany Prater Stadium , Vienna 57,500 33 1987 -- 88 Netherlands PSV Eindhoven 0 -- 0 * Benfica Portugal Neckarstadion , Stuttgart 68,000 34 1988 -- 89 Italy Milan 4 -- 0 Steaua București Romania Camp Nou , Barcelona 97,000 35 1989 -- 90 Italy Milan 1 -- 0 Benfica Portugal Prater Stadium , Vienna 57,558 36 1990 -- 91 Yugoslavia Red Star Belgrade 0 -- 0 * Marseille France Stadio San Nicola , Bari 56,000 37 1991 -- 92 Spain Barcelona 1 -- 0 Sampdoria Italy Wembley Stadium , London 70,827 38 1992 -- 93 France Marseille 1 -- 0 Milan Italy Olympiastadion , Munich 64,400 39 1993 -- 94 Italy Milan 4 -- 0 Barcelona Spain Olympic Stadium , Athens 70,000 40 1994 -- 95 Netherlands Ajax 1 -- 0 Milan Italy Ernst - Happel - Stadion , Vienna 49,730 41 1995 -- 96 Italy Juventus 1 -- 1 * Ajax Netherlands Stadio Olimpico , Rome 70,000 42 1996 -- 97 Germany Borussia Dortmund 3 -- 1 Juventus Italy Olympiastadion , Munich 59,000 43 1997 -- 98 Spain Real Madrid 1 -- 0 Juventus Italy Amsterdam Arena , Amsterdam 48,500 44 1998 -- 99 England Manchester United 2 -- 1 Bayern Munich Germany Camp Nou , Barcelona 90,245 45 1999 -- 00 Spain Real Madrid 3 -- 0 Valencia Spain Stade de France , Saint - Denis 80,000 46 2000 -- 01 Germany Bayern Munich 1 -- 1 * Valencia Spain San Siro , Milan 71,500 47 2001 -- 02 Spain Real Madrid 2 -- 1 Bayer Leverkusen Germany Hampden Park , Glasgow 50,499 48 2002 -- 03 Italy Milan 0 -- 0 * Juventus Italy Old Trafford , Manchester 62,315 49 2003 -- 04 Portugal Porto 3 -- 0 Monaco France Arena AufSchalke , Gelsenkirchen 53,053 50 2004 -- 05 England Liverpool 3 -- 3 * Milan Italy Atatürk Olympic Stadium , Istanbul 69,000 51 2005 -- 06 Spain Barcelona 2 -- 1 Arsenal England Stade de France , Saint - Denis 79,610 52 2006 -- 07 Italy Milan 2 -- 1 Liverpool England Olympic Stadium , Athens 63,000 53 2007 -- 08 England Manchester United 1 -- 1 * Chelsea England Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow 67,310 54 2008 -- 09 Spain Barcelona 2 -- 0 Manchester United England Stadio Olimpico , Rome 62,467 55 2009 -- 10 Italy Internazionale 2 -- 0 Bayern Munich Germany Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , Madrid 73,490 56 2010 -- 11 Spain Barcelona 3 -- 1 Manchester United England Wembley Stadium , London 87,695 57 2011 -- 12 England Chelsea 1 -- 1 * Bayern Munich Germany Allianz Arena , Munich 62,500 58 2012 -- 13 Germany Bayern Munich 2 -- 1 Borussia Dortmund Germany Wembley Stadium , London 86,298 59 2013 -- 14 Spain Real Madrid 4 -- 1 Atlético Madrid Spain Estádio da Luz , Lisbon 60,976 60 2014 -- 15 Spain Barcelona 3 -- 1 Juventus Italy Olympiastadion , Berlin 70,442 61 2015 -- 16 Spain Real Madrid 1 -- 1 * Atlético Madrid Spain San Siro , Milan 71,942 62 2016 -- 17 Spain Real Madrid 4 -- 1 Juventus Italy Millennium Stadium , Cardiff 65,842 63 2017 -- 18 Spain Real Madrid 3 -- 1 Liverpool England NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium , Kiev 61,561 Upcoming finals # Season Nation Finalist Match Finalist Nation Venue 64 2018 -- 19 Wanda Metropolitano , Madrid 65 2019 -- 20 Atatürk Olympic Stadium , Istanbul Performances ( edit ) See also : European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and statistics § General performances By club ( edit ) Performance in the European Cup and UEFA Champions League by club Club Winners Runners - up Years won Years runner - up Real Madrid 13 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1966 , 1998 , 2000 , 2002 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 1962 , 1964 , 1981 Milan 7 1963 , 1969 , 1989 , 1990 , 1994 , 2003 , 2007 1958 , 1993 , 1995 , 2005 Bayern Munich 5 5 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 2001 , 2013 1982 , 1987 , 1999 , 2010 , 2012 Liverpool 5 1977 , 1978 , 1981 , 1984 , 2005 1985 , 2007 , 2018 Barcelona 5 1992 , 2006 , 2009 , 2011 , 2015 1961 , 1986 , 1994 Ajax 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1995 1969 , 1996 Manchester United 1968 , 1999 , 2008 2009 , 2011 Internazionale 1964 , 1965 , 2010 1967 , 1972 Juventus 7 1985 , 1996 1973 , 1983 , 1997 , 1998 , 2003 , 2015 , 2017 Benfica 5 1961 , 1962 1963 , 1965 , 1968 , 1988 , 1990 Nottingham Forest 0 1979 , 1980 -- Porto 0 1987 , 2004 -- Celtic 1967 1970 Hamburg 1980 Steaua București 1986 1989 Marseille 1993 1991 Borussia Dortmund 1997 2013 Chelsea 2012 2008 Feyenoord 0 1970 -- Aston Villa 0 1982 -- PSV Eindhoven 0 1988 -- Red Star Belgrade 0 1991 -- Atlético Madrid 0 -- 1974 , 2014 , 2016 Reims 0 -- 1956 , 1959 Valencia 0 -- 2000 , 2001 Fiorentina 0 -- 1957 Eintracht Frankfurt 0 -- 1960 Partizan 0 -- 1966 Panathinaikos 0 -- 1971 Leeds United 0 -- Saint - Étienne 0 -- 1976 Borussia Mönchengladbach 0 -- 1977 Club Brugge 0 -- 1978 Malmö FF 0 -- 1979 Roma 0 -- 1984 Sampdoria 0 -- 1992 Bayer Leverkusen 0 -- 2002 Monaco 0 -- Arsenal 0 -- 2006 By nation ( edit ) Ten different nations have won the Champions League , and thirteen nations have sent a team to the finals . Since the 1996 -- 97 season , however ( other than Porto 's win in 2003 -- 04 ) the winners have come from one of only four nations -- Spain ( 11 ) , England ( 4 ) , Italy ( 3 ) , and Germany ( 3 ) -- and ( other than Monaco 's performance in 2003 -- 04 ) the runners up have all come from the same four nations . Performance by nation Nation Winners Runners - up Spain 18 11 Italy 12 16 England 12 8 Germany 7 10 Netherlands 6 Portugal 5 France 5 Romania Scotland Yugoslavia Belgium 0 Greece 0 Sweden 0 Venues ( edit ) European Cup and UEFA Champions League final venues Ground Hosts Years Wembley Stadium , London 7 1963 , 1968 , 1971 , 1978 , 1992 , 2011 , 2013 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , Madrid 1957 , 1969 , 1980 , 2010 Heysel Stadium , Brussels 1958 , 1966 , 1974 , 1985 Ernst - Happel - Stadion , Vienna 1964 , 1987 , 1990 , 1995 San Siro , Milan 1965 , 1970 , 2001 , 2016 Stadio Olimpico , Rome 1977 , 1984 , 1996 , 2009 Parc des Princes , Paris 1956 , 1975 , 1981 Hampden Park , Glasgow 1960 , 1976 , 2002 Olympiastadion , Munich 1979 , 1993 , 1997 Olympic Stadium , Athens 1983 , 1994 , 2007 Neckarstadion , Stuttgart 1959 , 1988 De Kuip , Rotterdam 1972 , 1982 Camp Nou , Barcelona 1989 , 1999 Stade de France , Saint - Denis 2000 , 2006 Atatürk Olympic Stadium , Istanbul 2005 Wankdorf Stadium , Bern 1961 Olympisch Stadion , Amsterdam 1962 Estádio Nacional , Lisbon 1967 Red Star Stadium , Belgrade 1973 Estadio Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán , Seville 1986 Stadio San Nicola , Bari 1991 Amsterdam Arena , Amsterdam 1998 Old Trafford , Manchester 2003 Arena AufSchalke , Gelsenkirchen Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow 2008 Allianz Arena , Munich 2012 Estádio da Luz , Lisbon 2014 Olympiastadion , Berlin 2015 Millennium Stadium , Cardiff 2017 NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium , Kiev 2018 Wanda Metropolitano , Madrid 2019 Notes ( edit ) A . The first final , played two days earlier , ended 1 -- 1 after extra time . B. Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes and extra time . Liverpool won the penalty shoot - out 4 -- 2 . C. Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes and extra time . Steaua București won the penalty shoot - out 2 -- 0 . D. Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes and extra time . PSV Eindhoven won the penalty shoot - out 6 -- 5 . E. Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes and extra time . Red Star Belgrade won the penalty shoot - out 5 -- 3 . F. Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes and extra time . Juventus won the penalty shoot - out 4 -- 2 . G. Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes and extra time . Bayern Munich won the penalty shoot - out 5 -- 4 . H. Score was 0 -- 0 after 90 minutes and extra time . Milan won the penalty shoot - out 3 -- 2 . I. Score was 3 -- 3 after 90 minutes and extra time . Liverpool won the penalty shoot - out 3 -- 2 . J. Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes and extra time . Manchester United won the penalty shoot - out 6 -- 5 . K. Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes and extra time . Chelsea won the penalty shoot - out 4 -- 3 . L. Score was 1 -- 1 after 90 minutes and extra time . Real Madrid won the penalty shoot - out 5 -- 3 . References ( edit ) General `` European Champions ' Cup '' . Rec . Sport . Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . 31 May 2012 . Retrieved 13 July 2012 . `` European Champion Clubs ' Cup -- History '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . p. 64 . Retrieved 7 March 2013 . Specific ^ Jump up to : `` Football 's top club competition '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . Retrieved 7 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Competition format '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 18 June 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 / 98 : Seventh heaven for Madrid '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 30 April 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool get in Champions League '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 10 June 2005 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Museum '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . p. 10 . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Vieli , André , ed . ( October 2005 ) . `` A brand - new trophy '' ( PDF ) . UEFA Direct . Union of European Football Associations ( 42 ) : 8 . Retrieved 7 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Regulations of the UEFA Champions League 2007 / 08 '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 March 2007 . Retrieved 7 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Regulations of the UEFA Champions ' League 2009 / 10 '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . Retrieved 20 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Haslam , Andrew ( 27 May 2009 ) . `` Spain savour European pre-eminence '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . Retrieved 7 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 : English teams banned after Heysel '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 31 May 1985 . Retrieved 8 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League -- Statistics Handbook 2012 / 13 '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . p. 141 . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1973 / 74 : Muller ends Bayern wait '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 15 May 1974 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 / 84 : Kennedy spot on for Liverpool '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 30 May 1984 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 / 86 : Steaua stun Barcelona '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 7 May 1986 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 / 88 : PSV prosper from Oranje boom '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 25 May 1988 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 / 91 : Crvena Zvezda spot on '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 29 May 1991 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 / 96 : Juve hold their nerve '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 22 May 1996 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 / 01 : Kahn saves day for Bayern '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 23 May 2001 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 / 03 : Shevchenko spot on for Milan '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 28 May 2003 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 / 05 : Liverpool belief defies Milan '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 25 May 2005 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 / 08 : Fate favours triumphant United '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 21 May 2008 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shoot - out win ends Chelsea 's long wait for glory '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 19 May 2012 . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spot - on Real Madrid defeat Atlético in final again '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 28 May 2016 . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . UEFA club competitions winners Men 's Champions League Cup Winners ' Cup Europa League Intertoto Cup Super Cup Intercontinental Cup Women 's Champions League European Cup and UEFA Champions League winners European Cup 1950s 1955 -- 56 : Real Madrid 1956 -- 57 : Real Madrid 1957 -- 58 : Real Madrid 1958 -- 59 : Real Madrid 1959 -- 60 : Real Madrid 1960s 1960 -- 61 : Benfica 1961 -- 62 : Benfica 1962 -- 63 : Milan 1963 -- 64 : Internazionale 1964 -- 65 : Internazionale 1965 -- 66 : Real Madrid 1966 -- 67 : Celtic 1967 -- 68 : Manchester United 1968 -- 69 : Milan 1969 -- 70 : Feyenoord 1970s 1970 -- 71 : Ajax 1971 -- 72 : Ajax 1972 -- 73 : Ajax 1973 -- 74 : Bayern Munich 1974 -- 75 : Bayern Munich 1975 -- 76 : Bayern Munich 1976 -- 77 : Liverpool 1977 -- 78 : Liverpool 1978 -- 79 : Nottingham Forest 1979 -- 80 : Nottingham Forest 1980s 1980 -- 81 : Liverpool 1981 -- 82 : Aston Villa 1982 -- 83 : Hamburg 1983 -- 84 : Liverpool 1984 -- 85 : Juventus 1985 -- 86 : Steaua București 1986 -- 87 : Porto 1987 -- 88 : PSV 1988 -- 89 : Milan 1989 -- 90 : Milan 1990s 1990 -- 91 : Red Star Belgrade 1991 -- 92 : Barcelona UEFA Champions League 1990s 1992 -- 93 : Marseille 1993 -- 94 : Milan 1994 -- 95 : Ajax 1995 -- 96 : Juventus 1996 -- 97 : Borussia Dortmund 1997 -- 98 : Real Madrid 1998 -- 99 : Manchester United 1999 -- 2000 : Real Madrid 2000s 2000 -- 01 : Bayern Munich 2001 -- 02 : Real Madrid 2002 -- 03 : Milan 2003 -- 04 : Porto 2004 -- 05 : Liverpool 2005 -- 06 : Barcelona 2006 -- 07 : Milan 2007 -- 08 : Manchester United 2008 -- 09 : Barcelona 2009 -- 10 : Internazionale 2010s 2010 -- 11 : Barcelona 2011 -- 12 : Chelsea 2012 -- 13 : Bayern Munich 2013 -- 14 : Real Madrid 2014 -- 15 : Barcelona 2015 -- 16 : Real Madrid 2016 -- 17 : Real Madrid 2017 -- 18 : Real Madrid Finals Winning managers Winning players European Cup and UEFA Champions League Final venues European Cup Parc des Princes ( 1956 ) Santiago Bernabéu Stadium ( 1957 ) Heysel Stadium ( 1958 ) Neckarstadion ( 1959 ) Hampden Park ( 1960 ) Wankdorf Stadium ( 1961 ) Olympisch Stadion ( 1962 ) Wembley Stadium ( 1963 ) Prater Stadium ( 1964 ) San Siro ( 1965 ) Heysel Stadium ( 1966 ) Estádio Nacional ( 1967 ) Wembley Stadium ( 1968 ) Santiago Bernabéu Stadium ( 1969 ) San Siro ( 1970 ) Wembley Stadium ( 1971 ) De Kuip ( 1972 ) Red Star Stadium ( 1973 ) Heysel Stadium ( 1974 ) Parc des Princes ( 1975 ) Hampden Park ( 1976 ) Stadio Olimpico ( 1977 ) Wembley Stadium ( 1978 ) Olympiastadion ( Munich ) ( 1979 ) Santiago Bernabéu Stadium ( 1980 ) Parc des Princes ( 1981 ) De Kuip ( 1982 ) Olympic Stadium ( Athens ) ( 1983 ) Stadio Olimpico ( 1984 ) Heysel Stadium ( 1985 ) Estadio Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán ( 1986 ) Prater Stadium ( 1987 ) Neckarstadion ( 1988 ) Camp Nou ( 1989 ) Prater Stadium ( 1990 ) Stadio San Nicola ( 1991 ) Wembley Stadium ( 1992 ) UEFA Champions League Olympiastadion ( Munich ) ( 1993 ) Olympic Stadium ( Athens ) ( 1994 ) Ernst - Happel - Stadion ( 1995 ) Stadio Olimpico ( 1996 ) Olympiastadion ( Munich ) ( 1997 ) Johan Cruyff Arena ( 1998 ) Camp Nou ( 1999 ) Stade de France ( 2000 ) San Siro ( 2001 ) Hampden Park ( 2002 ) Old Trafford ( 2003 ) Arena AufSchalke ( 2004 ) Atatürk Olympic Stadium ( 2005 ) Stade de France ( 2006 ) Olympic Stadium ( Athens ) ( 2007 ) Luzhniki Stadium ( 2008 ) Stadio Olimpico ( 2009 ) Santiago Bernabéu Stadium ( 2010 ) Wembley Stadium ( 2011 ) Allianz Arena ( 2012 ) Wembley Stadium ( 2013 ) Estádio da Luz ( 2014 ) Olympiastadion ( Berlin ) ( 2015 ) San Siro ( 2016 ) Millennium Stadium ( 2017 ) NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium ( 2018 ) Wanda Metropolitano ( 2019 ) Atatürk Olympic Stadium ( 2020 ) European Cup and UEFA Champions League European Cup era , 1955 -- 1992 Seasons 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 Finals 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 UEFA Champions League era , 1992 -- present Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 2019 -- 20 Finals 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 History Finals Winning managers Winning players Records and statistics Top scorers Hat - tricks Appearances Performance comparison Anthem Broadcasters Video games Trophy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_Cup_and_UEFA_Champions_League_finals&oldid=856873580 '' Categories : UEFA Champions League Finals UEFA Champions League European Champion Clubs ' Cup Lists of association football matches Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2013 Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Bosanski Deutsch فارسی हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 02 : 35 ( UTC ) . 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how many exits on i 95 north in virginia	County Location mi km Exit Destinations Notes Greensville 0.00 0.00 I - 95 south -- Rocky Mount Continuation into North Carolina Skippers 4.13 6.65 SR 629 -- Skippers 8.25 13.28 8 US 301 -- Emporia City of Emporia 11.00 17.70 11 US 58 -- South Hill , Emporia , Norfolk Signed as exits 11A ( west ) and 11B ( east ) Greensville 12.99 20.91 12 US 301 north Northbound exit only 13.51 21.74 13 SR 614 -- Emporia Sussex 17.30 27.84 17 US 301 20.25 32.59 20 SR 631 -- Jarratt Former SR 137 ; to SR 139 Owens 24.29 39.09 24 SR 645 Stony Creek 30.92 49.76 31 SR 40 -- Stony Creek , Waverly 33.37 53.70 33 SR 602 Prince George Carson 37.15 59.79 37 SR 623 -- Carson Former SR 141 west Templeton 40.88 65.79 41 US 301 / SR 35 / SR 156 -- Courtland Kingwood 45.42 73.10 45 US 301 46.53 74.88 46 I - 295 north to I - 64 -- Washington , Richmond International Airport I - 295 to 95 north exit 1 City of Petersburg 47.74 76.83 47 SR 629 ( Rives Road ) 48.89 78.68 48 Wagner Road ( US 460 east ) Signed as exits 48A ( east ) and 48B ( west ) ; south end of US 460 overlap ; serves Southside Regional Medical Center 50 80 50 US 460 Bus . east ( County Drive ) to SR 109 / US 301 ( Crater Road ) / Wythe Street / Washington Street -- Fort Lee , Historic Old Towne Petersburg Northbound signed as `` US 460 east to SR 109 / US 301 / Wythe St. / Washington St . '' ; southbound signed as `` US 301 / US 460 Bus . '' only ; signed as exits 50A ( US 460 ) , 50B - C ( US 301 ) , and 50D ( Wythe St. / Washington St . ) northbound 51.71 83.22 51 I - 85 south / US 460 west -- Durham , Atlanta , Blackstone , South Hill Northern end of US 460 concurrency ; Northern terminus of I - 85 52 84 52 Bank Street Northbound exit only 52.15 83.93 Washington Street / Wythe Street -- Petersburg National Battlefield Appomattox River 52.79 84.96 Appomattox River Bridge City of Colonial Heights 53.00 85.30 53 Southpark Boulevard 53.98 86.87 54 SR 144 ( Temple Avenue ) to SR 36 Chesterfield 57.91 93.20 58 SR 620 ( Woods Edge Road ) / SR 746 ( Ruffin Mill Road ) Signed as exits 58A ( west ) and 58B ( east ) southbound Chester 60.81 97.86 61 SR 10 to I - 295 -- Chester , Hopewell Signed as exits 61A ( east ) and 61B ( west ) 62.62 100.78 62 SR 288 north to I - 64 / SR 76 / to Powhite Parkway ( SR 76 ) -- Chesterfield 64.66 104.06 64 SR 613 ( Willis Road ) Bensley 67.43 108.52 67 SR 150 north ( Chippenham Parkway ) to SR 895 east to US 60 west / US 360 west / I - 295 -- Richmond International Airport Signed as exits 67A ( east ) and 67B ( north ) northbound ; no access from I - 95 south to SR 895 east City of Richmond 69.35 111.61 69 SR 161 ( Bells Road ) 73.16 117.74 73 Maury Street / Commerce Road 73.61 118.46 James River Bridge 74.01 119.11 74A SR 195 Toll ( Downtown Expressway ) to I - 195 north / Powhite Parkway ( SR 76 south ) 74.3 119.6 74B Franklin Street Southbound exit only 74.63 120.11 74C US 250 ( Broad Street ) to US 33 No access from I - 95 south to US 250 east 75.55 121.59 75 I - 64 east / 7th Street -- Williamsburg , Norfolk , Virginia Beach , Richmond International Airport Southern end of I - 64 concurrency ; I - 64 exit 190 75.85 122.07 76A Chamberlayne Avenue ( US 1 / US 301 north ) Northbound exit and southbound entrance 76.09 122.45 76B US 1 / US 301 south ( Belvidere Street ) No northbound exit 78.06 125.63 78 Boulevard ( SR 161 ) 78.84 126.88 79 I - 64 west / I - 195 south / to Powhite Parkway ( SR 76 south ) -- Charlottesville Northern end of I - 64 concurrency ; I - 64 exit 187 79.91 128.60 80 SR 161 ( Hermitage Road / Lakeside Avenue ) Northbound exit and southbound entrance Henrico Brook Hill 80.82 130.07 81 US 1 ( Brook Road ) Northbound exit and southbound entrance 81.12 130.55 82 US 301 / SR 2 ( Chamberlayne Avenue ) Former northern terminus of Richmond -- Petersburg Turnpike Yellow Tavern 82.94 133.48 83 SR 73 west ( Parham Road ) Signed as exits 83A ( east ) and 83B ( west ) 84.41 135.84 84 I - 295 to I - 64 -- Charlottesville , Norfolk , Rocky Mount , NC , Richmond International Airport Signed as exits 84A ( south ) and 84B ( north ) ; I - 295 exit 43 Hanover Ashland 87.30 140.50 86 SR 656 -- Atlee , Elmont Signed as exits 86A ( east ) and 86B ( west ) Lewistown 89.09 143.38 89 SR 802 ( Lewistown Road ) Ashland 91.74 147.64 92 SR 54 -- Ashland , Hanover Signed as exits 92A ( east ) and 92B ( west ) northbound 97.75 157.31 98 SR 30 -- Doswell , West Point , Kings Dominion Caroline Carmel Church 104.18 167.66 104 SR 207 to US 301 -- Carmel Church , Bowling Green Ladysmith 110.30 177.51 110 SR 639 -- Ladysmith To former SR 229 west Spotsylvania Thornburg 118.26 190.32 118 SR 606 -- Thornburg 125.84 202.52 126 US 1 / US 17 south -- Spotsylvania , Fredericksburg Southern end of US 17 concurrency ; signed as exits 126A ( north ) and 126B ( south ) northbound City of Fredericksburg 129.54 208.47 130 SR 3 -- Culpeper , Fredericksburg Signed as exits 130A ( east ) and 130B ( west ) Rappahannock River 131.83 212.16 Rappahannock Falls Bridge Stafford 133.08 214.17 133 US 17 north / US 17 Bus . south -- Warrenton , Falmouth , Fredericksburg Northern end of US 17 concurrency ; signed as exits 133A ( south ) and 133B ( north ) southbound I - 95 Express north South end of proposed I - 95 Express lanes extension for construction to start in 2019 135.61 218.24 136 SR 8900 ( Centreport Parkway ) to US 1 -- Stafford Airport Exit opened December 22 , 2005 139.83 225.03 140 SR 630 -- Stafford To former SR 212 east I - 95 Express north Current south end of I - 95 Express lanes Aquia 142.73 229.70 143A SR 610 east / US 1 -- Aquia Signed as US 1 northbound and SR 610 southbound ; former SR 213 143B SR 610 west -- Garrisonville Former SR 213 145.3 233.8 I - 95 Express north Northbound exit and southbound entrance Prince William 147.65 237.62 148 Marine Corps Base Quantico Triangle 149.97 241.35 150 SR 619 -- Triangle , Quantico , Prince William Forest Park Signed as exits 150A ( east ) and 150B ( west ) southbound ; commercial vehicles to Marine Corps Base Quantico must use exit 148 I - 95 Express north Northbound exit and southbound entrance Dumfries 152.36 245.20 152 SR 234 to I - 66 west -- Manassas , Dumfries Signed as exits 152A ( south ) and 152B ( north ) Dale City 155.91 250.91 156 SR 784 -- Dale City , Rippon Landing Since 2012 , signed as exits 156A ( east ) and 156B ( west ) ; northbound entrance includes direct entrance ramp from Opitz Boulevard , and direct exit ramp to I - 95 Express lanes I - 95 Express No direct northbound exit 158.13 254.49 158 SR 294 ( Prince William Parkway ) -- Woodbridge , Manassas Signed as exits 158A ( east ) and 158B ( west ) 158.13 254.49 -- SR 294 ( Prince William Parkway ) -- Manassas , Woodbridge Southbound exit and northbound entrance for I - 95 Express lanes ; exit includes direct exit ramp to Horner Road Commuter Parking Lot Woodbridge 160.05 257.58 160 SR 123 -- Occoquan , Lake Ridge , Woodbridge Signed as exits 160A ( south ) and 160B ( north ) northbound ; no access from I - 95 south to SR 123 south 160.05 257.58 -- SR 123 -- Occoquan , Lake Ridge Southbound exit and northbound entrance for I - 95 Express lanes Fairfax Lorton 161.17 259.38 161 US 1 north -- Fort Belvoir , Mount Vernon Northbound exit and southbound entrance US 1 south -- Woodbridge Southbound exit and northbound entrance for I - 95 Express lanes US 1 south -- Woodbridge Southbound left exit and northbound entrance 163.66 263.39 163 SR 642 -- Lorton Newington 165.56 266.44 I - 95 Express north Northbound exit only Alban Road / Boudinot Drive Southbound entrance only for I - 95 Express lanes 166.8 268.4 166 SR 286 ( Fairfax County Parkway ) / Backlick Road ( SR 617 ) / Fullerton Road / Heller Road -- Newington , Fort Belvoir Signed as exits 166A ( south ) and 166B ( north ) ; Heller Rd . not signed northbound ; Backlick Rd. / Fullerton Rd . not signed southbound I - 95 Express south Southbound exit and northbound entrance 167 SR 617 south ( Backlick Road ) / Fullerton Road Southbound exit only Springfield 169.05 272.06 169A - B SR 644 -- Franconia , Springfield No southbound exit ; signed as exits 169A ( east ) and 169B ( west ) -- SR 289 ( Franconia - Springfield Parkway ) I - 95 Express lane interchange I - 95 Express north Northbound exit and southbound entrance -- SR 644 west -- Springfield Southbound exit and northbound entrance for I - 95 Express lanes 169.05 -- 171.01 272.06 -- 275.21 170A - B I - 395 north ( Henry G. Shirley Memorial Highway ) / I - 495 north ( Capital Beltway ) -- Washington , Tysons Corner Part of Springfield Interchange ; northbound exit and southbound entrance ; signed as exits 170A ( I - 395 ) and 170B ( I - 495 ) ; I - 395 exits 1A - B -- I - 395 Express north I - 95 Express lane interchange ; part of Springfield Interchange -- I - 495 north -- Tysons Corner I - 95 Express lane interchange ; part of Springfield Interchange I - 95 Express south Part of Springfield Interchange ; north end of I - 95 Express lanes 170A I - 495 north ( Capital Beltway ) -- Tysons Corner Southern end of I - 495 concurrency ; part of Springfield Interchange ; southbound exit and northbound entrance Franconia 171.97 276.76 173 SR 613 ( Van Dorn Street ) -- Franconia 173.51 279.24 174 Eisenhower Avenue Connector -- Alexandria 174.31 280.52 -- I - 95 north / I - 495 east -- Baltimore South end of Thru Lanes Huntington 175.06 281.73 176A - B SR 241 / SR 611 south ( Telegraph Road / North Kings Highway ) / to Eisenhower Avenue -- Alexandria Signed as exits 176A ( south ) and 176B ( north ) 176.27 283.68 -- Eisenhower Avenue Southbound exit and northbound entrance for Thru Lanes only City of Alexandria 176.57 284.16 177A - B US 1 -- Alexandria , Fort Belvoir Signed as exits 177A ( south ) and 177B ( north ) ; entrances include direct entrance ramps onto Thru Lanes ; no access to northbound Thru Lanes from US 1 north 177C Mount Vernon Southbound exit only Potomac River 177.64 285.88 Woodrow Wilson Bridge VA -- DC and DC -- MD lines I - 95 north / I - 495 east ( Capital Beltway ) -- Baltimore Continuation beyond Virginia 1.000 mi = 1.609 km ; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus ETC Incomplete access Unopened		Interstate 95 in Virginia	interstate 95 in virginia		Interstate 95 Route information Maintained by VDOT Length 178.73 mi ( 287.64 km ) Existed 1957 -- present Major junctions South end I - 95 at North Carolina border near Skippers US 58 in Emporia I - 295 near Petersburg I - 85 / US 460 in Petersburg US 250 in Richmond US 1 / US 301 in Richmond I - 64 / I - 195 in Richmond US 17 near Fredericksburg I - 395 / I - 495 in Springfield US 1 in Alexandria North end I ‐ 95 / I ‐ 495 at District of Columbia border in Alexandria Location Counties Greensville , City of Emporia , Sussex , Prince George , City of Petersburg , City of Colonial Heights , Chesterfield , City of Richmond , Henrico , Hanover , Caroline , Spotsylania , City of Fredericksburg , Stafford , Prince William , Fairfax , City of Alexandria Highway system Interstate Highway System Main Auxiliary Suffixed Business Future Virginia Routes Interstate U.S. Primary Secondary Byways History ← SR 94 SR 96 → Within the Commonwealth of Virginia , Interstate 95 ( I - 95 ) runs 179 miles ( 288 km ) between its borders with Maryland and North Carolina . I - 95 is concurrent with I - 64 for 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) in Richmond , and meets the northern terminus of I - 85 in Petersburg . Although I - 95 was originally planned as a highway through Washington , D.C. ( following the route of what is now I - 395 ) , it was rerouted along the eastern portion of the Capital Beltway . From Petersburg to Richmond , I - 95 was most of the Richmond - Petersburg Turnpike ( the south end of the toll road was on I - 85 . ) It enters the Capital Beltway at the Springfield Interchange , also known as the Mixing Bowl . I - 95 continues over the Woodrow Wilson Bridge into Washington , D.C. ( for 0.11 miles on the bridge ) , and then into Maryland on the Beltway . The route between Fredericksburg , Virginia , and Springfield , Virginia , is consistently one of the most congested routes of highway in the United States , particularly during holidays and rush hours , because of the lack of alternative routes , there are often fewer lanes than needed , and the spread - out suburbs of the Washington D.C. area . Contents 1 Route description 1.1 From North Carolina to Petersburg 1.2 Petersburg through Richmond 1.3 Central Virginia toward Washington , D.C. 2 Auxiliary routes 2.1 Current 2.2 Former 3 HOV facilities 4 Maps 5 Welcome centers , rest areas and weigh stations 6 Exit list 7 Usage 8 References 9 External links Route description ( edit ) I - 95 entering Virginia from North Carolina in 2007 From north Carolina to Petersburg ( edit ) Interstate 95 continues the pattern of being a four - lane highway from North Carolina . The welcome center forbids trucks , but truck stops at the first two interchanges provides a substitute place for truckers to stay before reaching Emporia . North of here , I - 95 and US 301 are often intertwined with each other as they encounter interchanges with Virginia Secondary State Routes . In the Owens - Stony Creek area in Sussex County , the road not only runs parallel to US 301 but shares bridges with I - 95 , many of which have access to Route 301 from connecting roads . This pattern ends at Exit 33 at the corner of a fairly popular truck stop and travel center . Crossing the Sussex - Prince George County Line , the first site along I - 95 is another rest area that also serves as the Petersburg Area Tourist Information Center . The road makes a slight northeast turn between Carson and Templeton , then turns straight north again before approaching the south end of Interstate 295 just before crossing the southern border of the City of Petersburg at Exit 47 . A series of frontage roads connect the interchanges with US 460 , US 301 and the northern terminus of Interstate 85 . Immediately after the interchange with Interstate 85 , remnants of the former toll booths for the Richmond -- Petersburg Turnpike can be found . Petersburg through Richmond ( edit ) View south along the Richmond - Petersburg Turnpike section of I - 95 between Richmond and Petersburg North of Petersburg , I - 95 crosses the Appomattox River and enters the City of Colonial Heights and then Chesterfield County . Pocahontas Parkway and an extraordinarily high Vietnam Veterans Memorial Bridge over I - 95 and the James River just south of the Richmond City Limits . A CSX railroad line runs parallel to the northbound lane in the vicinity of the Port of Richmond , and the Commerce Road Industrial Area , a region that includes a Philip Morris office and an old bridge manufacturing plant . As I - 95 itself crosses the James River , Main Street Station can be seen on the north bank , and the road winds around the station itself . The first interchange after it crosses the James River is the tolled State Route 195 and from there the road winds towards the multiplex with Interstate 64 . I - 64 / 95 curves to the northwest to cross under US 1 / 301 , only to turn back north briefly , and curve northwest again , as it approaches VA 161 . This pattern ends when I - 64 turns west at the same interchange as the northern terminus of I - 195 . From here I - 95 curves back to the northeast and has two interchanges with US 1 , and later US 301 separately , the latter of which has separate carriageways on both side of I - 95 . Another interchange with Interstate 295 exists in Glen Allen . However , I - 295 does not terminate there , and the south - to - eastbound and west - to - northbound off - ramps between the two can be accessed in the medians of both roads . Central Virginia toward Washington , D.C. ( edit ) View north along I - 95 south of US 17 in Stafford County Throughout much of central Virginia , I - 95 climbs a series of hills , and contains wide tree - lined medians . Near mile marker 100 in Doswell , signs for the Kings Dominion amusement park are blended in with standard destination signs . US 17 overlaps I - 95 from Massaponax at exit 126 to Falmouth at exit 133 . The wide tree - line divider resumes north of here . At Exit 143 in Aquia , the northbound off and on ramps connect directly to US 1 , even though the interchange is specifically for VSR 610 . Crossing over the Chopawamsic Creek takes I - 95 through the Quantico Marine Base , which includes restrictive interchanges . Northbound , the bi-directional HOT lane begins , and runs through the center of I - 95 through most of the rest of its journey toward D.C. I - 95 northbound at the SR 294 exit near Woodbridge Further north in Prince William County , there are four rest areas ; two for trucks in Dumfries , and two for cars in Dale City . The truck rest areas , with weigh stations , are near exit 152 . The car rest areas have uniquely positioned entrance and exit ramps . The southbound car rest area , near exit 156 , is accessible only from the southbound collective - distributor road . In Lorton , a scissor interchange exists with US 1 , and shortly after this Lorton Auto Train Station is located near exit 163 . Due to public opposition of efforts to build I - 95 through Washington D.C. and College Park , Maryland , I - 95 is diverted onto a multiplex with Interstate 495 at the Springfield Interchange . I - 95 / 495 trudge east through Franconia , over the WMATA Blue Line and Rose Hill . At Huntington , I - 95 / 495 run under the WMATA Yellow Line , and through Alexandria before crossing the Woodrow Wilson Bridge briefly into D.C. , and then into Maryland . Auxiliary routes ( edit ) Current ( edit ) Woodrow Wilson Bridge carrying Interstate 95 / 495 over the Potomac River between Alexandria , Virginia and Oxon Hill , Maryland , U.S.A. ( 2007 ) I - 95 / I - 495 south coming off the Woodrow Wilson Bridge from Maryland Interstate 195 is a short spur from north of downtown Richmond south into downtown . Interstate 295 is a bypass to the east of Richmond , from I - 95 south of Petersburg , across Interstate 64 east of Richmond and I - 95 north of Richmond to I - 64 west of Richmond . Interstate 395 is a branch from Springfield north into downtown Washington , D.C. It was part of I - 95 until 1977 . Interstate 495 is the Capital Beltway , a full loop around Washington , D.C. Since 1977 , I - 95 has run along its east half . Former ( edit ) Interstate 595 was a planned branch from I - 395 south to Washington National Airport along U.S. Route 1 . Interstate 795 was a planned number for present I - 95 from I - 295 south of Petersburg to Interstate 85 in downtown Petersburg ; I - 95 would have bypassed Petersburg and Richmond to the east on I - 295 . The renumbering was never done because tolls were removed from the Richmond - Petersburg Turnpike section of I - 95 . State Route 895 is the Pocahontas Parkway , a connection from I - 95 south of Richmond east to I - 295 . It was not numbered as an Interstate because the project opened as a toll road using federal funds , thus disqualifying it from Interstate status . HOV facilities ( edit ) Main article : Virginia HOT lanes I - 95 with reversible HOT lanes in northern Virginia Interstate 95 extends the twin - lane barrier - separated HOV lanes that begin on I - 395 at the 14th Street Bridge in Washington . These lanes have been extended south several times , most recently to just north of Stafford right before the Garrisonville Road exit . As part of the Quantico Creek bridge rebuilding project , a three - lane , 300 - foot - long ( 91 m ) bridge was constructed in the median just south of the old southern HOV terminus for use when the HOV facilities were extended . It was previously used as a detour bridge and retained its lane striping from such use . In December 2014 , this bridge became part of the Southern HOV / HOT lane extension project that now runs to just north of Garrisonville Rd . ( exit 143 ) in Stafford . The new I - 95 HOV / HOT lanes project created approximately 29 miles ( 47 km ) of HOV / HOT lanes on I - 95 from Garrisonville Rd. in Stafford County to the vicinity of Edsall Road on I - 395 in Fairfax County . In July 2016 , VDOT began construction of an additional one - mile ( 1.6 km ) extension of the HOV / HOT lanes on I - 95 south of Garrisonville Rd. in Stafford County . This addition opened in November 2017 . Maps ( edit ) Fairfax County Along the Capital Beltway Welcome centers , rest areas and weigh stations ( edit ) Northbound Virginia Welcome Center : Milepost 1 , north of VA State Line Northbound Petersburg Welcome Center : Milepost 35 between Exits 33 and 37 Carson Weigh Stations : Milepost 40 between Exits 37 and 41 Ladysmith Rest Areas : Milepost 108 between Exits 104 and 110 Southbound Fredericksburg Rest Area : Milepost 132 between Exits 130 and 133 Dumfries Rest Area and Weigh Stations : Milepost 153 between Exits 152 and 156 Dale City Rest Areas : Milepost 155 between Exits 152 and 156 Exit list ( edit ) This section contains a table that is missing mileposts for one or more junctions . Please help by adding the missing mileposts . County Location mi km Exit Destinations Notes Greensville 0.00 0.00 I - 95 south -- Rocky Mount Continuation into North Carolina Skippers 4.13 6.65 SR 629 -- Skippers 8.25 13.28 8 US 301 -- Emporia City of Emporia 11.00 17.70 11 US 58 -- South Hill , Emporia , Norfolk Signed as exits 11A ( west ) and 11B ( east ) Greensville 12.99 20.91 12 US 301 north Northbound exit only 13.51 21.74 13 SR 614 -- Emporia Sussex 17.30 27.84 17 US 301 20.25 32.59 20 SR 631 -- Jarratt Former SR 137 ; to SR 139 Owens 24.29 39.09 24 SR 645 Stony Creek 30.92 49.76 31 SR 40 -- Stony Creek , Waverly 33.37 53.70 33 SR 602 Prince George Carson 37.15 59.79 37 SR 623 -- Carson Former SR 141 west Templeton 40.88 65.79 41 US 301 / SR 35 / SR 156 -- Courtland Kingwood 45.42 73.10 45 US 301 46.53 74.88 46 I - 295 north to I - 64 -- Washington , Richmond International Airport I - 295 to 95 north exit 1 City of Petersburg 47.74 76.83 47 SR 629 ( Rives Road ) 48.89 78.68 48 Wagner Road ( US 460 east ) Signed as exits 48A ( east ) and 48B ( west ) ; south end of US 460 overlap ; serves Southside Regional Medical Center 50 80 50 US 460 Bus . east ( County Drive ) to SR 109 / US 301 ( Crater Road ) / Wythe Street / Washington Street -- Fort Lee , Historic Old Towne Petersburg Northbound signed as `` US 460 east to SR 109 / US 301 / Wythe St. / Washington St . '' ; southbound signed as `` US 301 / US 460 Bus . '' only ; signed as exits 50A ( US 460 ) , 50B - C ( US 301 ) , and 50D ( Wythe St. / Washington St . ) northbound 51.71 83.22 51 I - 85 south / US 460 west -- Durham , Atlanta , Blackstone , South Hill Northern end of US 460 concurrency ; Northern terminus of I - 85 52 84 52 Bank Street Northbound exit only 52.15 83.93 Washington Street / Wythe Street -- Petersburg National Battlefield Appomattox River 52.79 84.96 Appomattox River Bridge City of Colonial Heights 53.00 85.30 53 Southpark Boulevard 53.98 86.87 54 SR 144 ( Temple Avenue ) to SR 36 Chesterfield 57.91 93.20 58 SR 620 ( Woods Edge Road ) / SR 746 ( Ruffin Mill Road ) Signed as exits 58A ( west ) and 58B ( east ) southbound Chester 60.81 97.86 61 SR 10 to I - 295 -- Chester , Hopewell Signed as exits 61A ( east ) and 61B ( west ) 62.62 100.78 62 SR 288 north to I - 64 / SR 76 / to Powhite Parkway ( SR 76 ) -- Chesterfield 64.66 104.06 64 SR 613 ( Willis Road ) Bensley 67.43 108.52 67 SR 150 north ( Chippenham Parkway ) to SR 895 east to US 60 west / US 360 west / I - 295 -- Richmond International Airport Signed as exits 67A ( east ) and 67B ( north ) northbound ; no access from I - 95 south to SR 895 east City of Richmond 69.35 111.61 69 SR 161 ( Bells Road ) 73.16 117.74 73 Maury Street / Commerce Road 73.61 118.46 James River Bridge 74.01 119.11 74A SR 195 Toll ( Downtown Expressway ) to I - 195 north / Powhite Parkway ( SR 76 south ) 74.3 119.6 74B Franklin Street Southbound exit only 74.63 120.11 74C US 250 ( Broad Street ) to US 33 No access from I - 95 south to US 250 east 75.55 121.59 75 I - 64 east / 7th Street -- Williamsburg , Norfolk , Virginia Beach , Richmond International Airport Southern end of I - 64 concurrency ; I - 64 exit 190 75.85 122.07 76A Chamberlayne Avenue ( US 1 / US 301 north ) Northbound exit and southbound entrance 76.09 122.45 76B US 1 / US 301 south ( Belvidere Street ) No northbound exit 78.06 125.63 78 Boulevard ( SR 161 ) 78.84 126.88 79 I - 64 west / I - 195 south / to Powhite Parkway ( SR 76 south ) -- Charlottesville Northern end of I - 64 concurrency ; I - 64 exit 187 79.91 128.60 80 SR 161 ( Hermitage Road / Lakeside Avenue ) Northbound exit and southbound entrance Henrico Brook Hill 80.82 130.07 81 US 1 ( Brook Road ) Northbound exit and southbound entrance 81.12 130.55 82 US 301 / SR 2 ( Chamberlayne Avenue ) Former northern terminus of Richmond -- Petersburg Turnpike Yellow Tavern 82.94 133.48 83 SR 73 west ( Parham Road ) Signed as exits 83A ( east ) and 83B ( west ) 84.41 135.84 84 I - 295 to I - 64 -- Charlottesville , Norfolk , Rocky Mount , NC , Richmond International Airport Signed as exits 84A ( south ) and 84B ( north ) ; I - 295 exit 43 Hanover Ashland 87.30 140.50 86 SR 656 -- Atlee , Elmont Signed as exits 86A ( east ) and 86B ( west ) Lewistown 89.09 143.38 89 SR 802 ( Lewistown Road ) Ashland 91.74 147.64 92 SR 54 -- Ashland , Hanover Signed as exits 92A ( east ) and 92B ( west ) northbound 97.75 157.31 98 SR 30 -- Doswell , West Point , Kings Dominion Caroline Carmel Church 104.18 167.66 104 SR 207 to US 301 -- Carmel Church , Bowling Green Ladysmith 110.30 177.51 110 SR 639 -- Ladysmith To former SR 229 west Spotsylvania Thornburg 118.26 190.32 118 SR 606 -- Thornburg 125.84 202.52 126 US 1 / US 17 south -- Spotsylvania , Fredericksburg Southern end of US 17 concurrency ; signed as exits 126A ( north ) and 126B ( south ) northbound City of Fredericksburg 129.54 208.47 130 SR 3 -- Culpeper , Fredericksburg Signed as exits 130A ( east ) and 130B ( west ) Rappahannock River 131.83 212.16 Rappahannock Falls Bridge Stafford 133.08 214.17 133 US 17 north / US 17 Bus . south -- Warrenton , Falmouth , Fredericksburg Northern end of US 17 concurrency ; signed as exits 133A ( south ) and 133B ( north ) southbound I - 95 Express north South end of proposed I - 95 Express lanes extension for construction to start in 2019 135.61 218.24 136 SR 8900 ( Centreport Parkway ) to US 1 -- Stafford Airport Exit opened December 22 , 2005 139.83 225.03 140 SR 630 -- Stafford To former SR 212 east I - 95 Express north Current south end of I - 95 Express lanes Aquia 142.73 229.70 143A SR 610 east / US 1 -- Aquia Signed as US 1 northbound and SR 610 southbound ; former SR 213 143B SR 610 west -- Garrisonville Former SR 213 145.3 233.8 I - 95 Express north Northbound exit and southbound entrance Prince William 147.65 237.62 148 Marine Corps Base Quantico Triangle 149.97 241.35 150 SR 619 -- Triangle , Quantico , Prince William Forest Park Signed as exits 150A ( east ) and 150B ( west ) southbound ; commercial vehicles to Marine Corps Base Quantico must use exit 148 I - 95 Express north Northbound exit and southbound entrance Dumfries 152.36 245.20 152 SR 234 to I - 66 west -- Manassas , Dumfries Signed as exits 152A ( south ) and 152B ( north ) Dale City 155.91 250.91 156 SR 784 -- Dale City , Rippon Landing Since 2012 , signed as exits 156A ( east ) and 156B ( west ) ; northbound entrance includes direct entrance ramp from Opitz Boulevard , and direct exit ramp to I - 95 Express lanes I - 95 Express No direct northbound exit 158.13 254.49 158 SR 294 ( Prince William Parkway ) -- Woodbridge , Manassas Signed as exits 158A ( east ) and 158B ( west ) 158.13 254.49 -- SR 294 ( Prince William Parkway ) -- Manassas , Woodbridge Southbound exit and northbound entrance for I - 95 Express lanes ; exit includes direct exit ramp to Horner Road Commuter Parking Lot Woodbridge 160.05 257.58 160 SR 123 -- Occoquan , Lake Ridge , Woodbridge Signed as exits 160A ( south ) and 160B ( north ) northbound ; no access from I - 95 south to SR 123 south 160.05 257.58 -- SR 123 -- Occoquan , Lake Ridge Southbound exit and northbound entrance for I - 95 Express lanes Fairfax Lorton 161.17 259.38 161 US 1 north -- Fort Belvoir , Mount Vernon Northbound exit and southbound entrance US 1 south -- Woodbridge Southbound exit and northbound entrance for I - 95 Express lanes US 1 south -- Woodbridge Southbound left exit and northbound entrance 163.66 263.39 163 SR 642 -- Lorton Newington 165.56 266.44 I - 95 Express north Northbound exit only Alban Road / Boudinot Drive Southbound entrance only for I - 95 Express lanes 166.8 268.4 166 SR 286 ( Fairfax County Parkway ) / Backlick Road ( SR 617 ) / Fullerton Road / Heller Road -- Newington , Fort Belvoir Signed as exits 166A ( south ) and 166B ( north ) ; Heller Rd . not signed northbound ; Backlick Rd. / Fullerton Rd . not signed southbound I - 95 Express south Southbound exit and northbound entrance 167 SR 617 south ( Backlick Road ) / Fullerton Road Southbound exit only Springfield 169.05 272.06 169A - B SR 644 -- Franconia , Springfield No southbound exit ; signed as exits 169A ( east ) and 169B ( west ) -- SR 289 ( Franconia - Springfield Parkway ) I - 95 Express lane interchange I - 95 Express north Northbound exit and southbound entrance -- SR 644 west -- Springfield Southbound exit and northbound entrance for I - 95 Express lanes 169.05 -- 171.01 272.06 -- 275.21 170A - B I - 395 north ( Henry G. Shirley Memorial Highway ) / I - 495 north ( Capital Beltway ) -- Washington , Tysons Corner Part of Springfield Interchange ; northbound exit and southbound entrance ; signed as exits 170A ( I - 395 ) and 170B ( I - 495 ) ; I - 395 exits 1A - B -- I - 395 Express north I - 95 Express lane interchange ; part of Springfield Interchange -- I - 495 north -- Tysons Corner I - 95 Express lane interchange ; part of Springfield Interchange I - 95 Express south Part of Springfield Interchange ; north end of I - 95 Express lanes 170A I - 495 north ( Capital Beltway ) -- Tysons Corner Southern end of I - 495 concurrency ; part of Springfield Interchange ; southbound exit and northbound entrance Franconia 171.97 276.76 173 SR 613 ( Van Dorn Street ) -- Franconia 173.51 279.24 174 Eisenhower Avenue Connector -- Alexandria 174.31 280.52 -- I - 95 north / I - 495 east -- Baltimore South end of Thru Lanes Huntington 175.06 281.73 176A - B SR 241 / SR 611 south ( Telegraph Road / North Kings Highway ) / to Eisenhower Avenue -- Alexandria Signed as exits 176A ( south ) and 176B ( north ) 176.27 283.68 -- Eisenhower Avenue Southbound exit and northbound entrance for Thru Lanes only City of Alexandria 176.57 284.16 177A - B US 1 -- Alexandria , Fort Belvoir Signed as exits 177A ( south ) and 177B ( north ) ; entrances include direct entrance ramps onto Thru Lanes ; no access to northbound Thru Lanes from US 1 north 177C Mount Vernon Southbound exit only Potomac River 177.64 285.88 Woodrow Wilson Bridge VA -- DC and DC -- MD lines I - 95 north / I - 495 east ( Capital Beltway ) -- Baltimore Continuation beyond Virginia 1.000 mi = 1.609 km ; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus ETC Incomplete access Unopened Usage ( edit ) In 2010 , volume at Newington , northbound , from 6 - 9 am , is about 8,800 vehicles in the two HOV lanes , and 18,300 vehicles in the three lanes with no restriction . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Staff ( 2014 ) . `` 2014 Traffic Data '' . Virginia Department of Transportation . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 31 . Greensville County and City of Emporia ( PDF ) Sussex County ( PDF ) Prince George County and City of Hopewell ( PDF ) Dinwiddie County and City of Petersburg ( PDF ) Chesterfield County , City of Richmond , and City of Colonial Heights ( PDF ) Henrico County ( PDF ) Hanover County ( PDF ) Caroline County ( PDF ) Spotsylvania County and City of Fredericksburg ( PDF ) Stafford County ( PDF ) Prince William County , City of Manassas , and City of Manassas Park ( PDF ) Fairfax County , City of Fairfax , and City of Falls Church ( PDF ) Arlington County and City of Alexandria ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Thomson , Robert ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` Southbound I - 95 : Drivers warn of heavy traffic , offer tips to avoid the worst of it '' . WashingtonPost.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` # 317 Skippers , VA '' . myloves317.com . Jump up ^ Services , Environmental Management . `` Simmons Travel Centers Offer Food , Lounges , CAT Scales '' . www.parkeroilcompany.com . Jump up ^ `` NETRonline : Historic Aerials - Viewer '' . historicaerials.com . Jump up ^ `` Creative Visual Design -- Aerial Photography & Videography based in Richmond , VA with Keywords : landmarks '' . Jump up ^ DanTD ( June 8 , 2010 ) . Richmond Main Street Station from I - 95 in Virginia ( photograph ) . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Northbound I - 95 image at Exits 143 A-B ( AARoads.com ) Jump up ^ Sign requiring commercial vehicles to Quantico Marine Base to use Exit 148 ( AARoads.com ) Jump up ^ `` Interstate 95 ( AARoads.com ; Interstate Guide ) '' . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ The orphaned bridge over Quantico Creek is located at 38 ° 34 ′ 05 '' N 77 ° 20 ′ 07 '' W / 38.568175 ° N 77.335274 ° W / 38.568175 ; - 77.335274 Jump up ^ `` I - 95 Quantico Creek bridge reconstruction project from VDOT '' . Jump up ^ `` VIRGINIA ADVANCES NEW I - 95 HOV / HOT LANES PROJECT AND NEW RAMP TO SEMINARY ROAD AT MARK CENTER '' . Virginiadot.org . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` I - 95 Express Lanes Southern Extension '' . www.virginiadot.org . Jump up ^ Thomson , Robert ( 18 April 2010 ) . `` Dr. Gridlock column : Opening HOV lanes to all after crash not a quick and easy job '' . Washington , DC : Washington Post . pp. C2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Interstate 95 in Virginia . Route map : Google KML file ( edit help ) Display on Google Maps Template : Attached KML / Interstate 95 in Virginia KML is from Wikidata Exitlists.com ( I - 95 ) I - 95 Rest Areas in Virginia ( I - 95 Exit Information Guide ) Truckers Directory - State Weigh Stations in Virginia Interstate 95 Previous state : North Carolina Virginia Next state : District of Columbia Auxiliary routes of Interstate 95 Florida 195 295 395 595 795 Georgia Business North Carolina 295 495 795 Business Virginia 195 295 395 495 595 895 District of Columbia 295 395 495 695 Maryland 195 295 395 495 595 695 795 895 Delaware 295 495 895 Pennsylvania 295 495 695 895 New Jersey 195 295 495 695 895 New York 295 495 695 895 Connecticut 395 Rhode Island 195 295 895 Massachusetts 195 295 395 495 695 895 Maine 195 295 395 495 Former Future Unbuilt Unsigned Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interstate_95_in_Virginia&oldid=853190837 '' Categories : Interstate 95 Interstate Highways in Virginia Transportation in Fairfax County , Virginia Transportation in Alexandria , Virginia Transportation in Caroline County , Virginia Transportation in Chesterfield County , Virginia Transportation in Colonial Heights , Virginia Transportation in Emporia , Virginia Transportation in Fredericksburg , Virginia Transportation in Greensville County , Virginia Transportation in Hanover County , Virginia Transportation in Henrico County , Virginia Transportation in Petersburg , Virginia Transportation in Prince George County , Virginia Transportation in Prince William County , Virginia Transportation in Richmond , Virginia Transportation in Spotsylvania County , Virginia Transportation in Stafford County , Virginia Transportation in Sussex County , Virginia Hidden categories : All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from November 2017 Routes needing mileposts Articles using KML from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 01 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate%2095%20in%20Virginia	1,849
when was lead banned in gasoline in the us	In most industrialized countries , a phaseout of TEL from road vehicle fuels was completed by the early 2000s because of concerns over air and soil lead levels and the accumulative neurotoxicity of lead . The use of catalytic converters , mandated in the US for 1975 and newer model - year cars to meet tighter emissions regulations , started a gradual phase - out of leaded gasoline in the US . The need for TEL was lessened by several advances in automotive engineering and petroleum chemistry . Safer methods for making higher - octane blending stocks such as reformate and iso - octane reduced the need to rely on TEL , as did other antiknock additives of varying toxicity including metallic compounds such as methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl ( MMT ) as well as oxygenates including methyl tert - butyl ether ( MTBE ) , tert - amyl methyl ether ( TAME ) , and ethyl tert - butyl ether ( ETBE ) .		Tetraethyllead	tetraethyllead		Tetraethyllead Names IUPAC name Tetraethylplumbane Other names Lead tetraethyl Tetraethyl lead Tetra - ethyl lead Identifiers CAS Number 78 - 00 - 2 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image Abbreviations TEL Beilstein Reference 3903146 ChEBI CHEBI : 30182 ChemSpider 6265 ECHA InfoCard 100.000. 979 EC Number 201 - 075 - 4 Gmelin Reference 68951 MeSH Tetraethyl + lead PubChem CID 6511 RTECS number TP4550000 UNII 13426ZWT6A UN number 1649 InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / 4C2H5. Pb / c4 * 1 - 2 ; / h4 * 1H2 , 2H3 ; Key : MRMOZBOQVYRSEM - UHFFFAOYSA - N SMILES ( show ) CC ( Pb ) ( CC ) ( CC ) CC Properties Chemical formula C H Pb Molar mass 323.45 g mol Appearance Colorless liquid Odor pleasant , sweet Density 1.653 g cm Melting point − 136 ° C ( − 213 ° F ; 137 K ) Boiling point 84 to 85 ° C ( 183 to 185 ° F ; 357 to 358 K ) 15 mmHg Solubility in water 0.00002 % ( 20 ° C ) Vapor pressure 0.2 mmHg ( 20 ° C ) Refractive index ( n ) 1.5198 Structure Molecular shape Tetrahedral Dipole moment 0 D Hazards EU classification ( DSD ) ( outdated ) R - phrases ( outdated ) R61 , R26 / 27 / 28 , R33 , R50 / 53 , R62 S - phrases ( outdated ) S53 , S45 , S60 , S61 NFPA 704 Flash point 73 ° C ( 163 ° F ; 346 K ) Explosive limits 1.8 % -- ? Lethal dose or concentration ( LD , LC ) : LD ( median dose ) 35 mg / kg ( rat , oral ) 17 mg / kg ( rat , oral ) 12.3 mg / kg ( rat , oral ) LD ( lowest published ) 30 mg / kg ( rabbit , oral ) 24 mg / kg ( rat , oral ) LC ( median concentration ) 850 mg / m ( rat , 1 hr ) LC ( lowest published ) 650 mg / m ( mouse , 7 hr ) US health exposure limits ( NIOSH ) : PEL ( Permissible ) TWA 0.075 mg / m ( skin ) REL ( Recommended ) TWA 0.075 mg / m ( skin ) IDLH ( Immediate danger ) 40 mg / m ( as Pb ) Related compounds Related compounds Tetraethylgermanium Tetraethyltin Except where otherwise noted , data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , 100 kPa ) . Y verify ( what is ? ) Infobox references Tetraethyllead ( commonly styled tetraethyl lead ) , abbreviated TEL , is an organolead compound with the formula ( CH CH ) Pb . TEL is a petro - fuel additive ; first being mixed with gasoline ( petrol ) beginning in the 1920s as a patented octane rating booster that allowed engine compression to be raised substantially . This in turn caused increased vehicle performance and fuel economy . TEL had been identified chemically in the mid-19th century , but its antiknock effectiveness was discovered in 1921 by the General Motors research laboratory , which had spent several years attempting to find an additive that was both highly effective and inexpensive . TEL levels in automotive fuel were reduced in the 1970s under the U.S. Clean Air Act in two overlapping programs : to protect catalytic converters , which mandated unleaded gasoline for those vehicles ; and to protect public health , which mandated lead reductions in annual phases ( the `` lead phasedown '' ) . When present in fuel , TEL is also the main cause of spark plug fouling . TEL is still used as an additive in some grades of aviation gasoline , and in some developing countries . Innospec has claimed to be the last firm legally making TEL , and as of 2013 TEL is being produced illegally by several companies in China . As of March 2017 , only Algeria , Yemen , and Iraq continue widespread use of leaded motor gasoline . Contents 1 Synthesis and properties 2 Reactions 3 In motor fuel 3.1 Valve wear preventative 3.2 Antiknock agent 3.3 Phaseout and ban 3.3. 1 Leaded - fuel bans 3.3. 1.1 Europe 3.3. 1.2 North America 3.3. 1.3 South America 3.3. 1.4 Asia 3.3. 1.5 Oceania 3.3. 1.6 Africa 3.3. 2 In race vehicles 3.3. 3 Aviation gasoline 3.3. 4 Alternative antiknock agents 4 Formulation of ethyl fluid 5 Toxicity 6 History 6.1 TEL in fuels 6.2 Controversy and phase - out 6.3 Effect on crime rates 7 Further reading 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Synthesis and properties ( edit ) TEL is produced by reacting chloroethane with a sodium -- lead alloy . 4 NaPb + 4 CH CH Cl → ( CH CH ) Pb + 4 NaCl + 3 Pb The product is recovered by steam distillation , leaving a sludge of lead and sodium chloride . TEL is a viscous colorless liquid . Because TEL is charge neutral and contains an exterior of alkyl groups , it is highly lipophilic and soluble in petrol ( gasoline ) . Despite decades of research , no reactions were found to improve upon this rather difficult process that involves metallic sodium and converts only 25 % of the lead to TEL . A related compound , tetramethyllead , was commercially produced by a different electrolytic reaction . A process with lithium was developed but never put into practice . Reactions ( edit ) A noteworthy feature of TEL is the weakness of its four C -- Pb bonds . At the temperatures found in internal combustion engines , ( CH CH ) Pb decomposes completely into lead and lead oxides as well as combustible , short - lived ethyl radicals . Lead and lead oxide scavenge radical intermediates in combustion reactions . Engine knock is caused by a cool flame , an oscillating low - temperature combustion reaction that occurs before the proper , hot ignition . Lead quenches the pyrolysed radicals and thus kills the radical chain reaction that would sustain a cool flame , preventing it from disturbing the smooth ignition of the hot flame front . Lead itself is the reactive antiknock agent , and TEL serves as a gasoline - soluble lead carrier . When ( CH CH ) Pb burns , it produces not only carbon dioxide and water , but also lead : ( CH CH ) Pb + 13 O → 8 CO + 10 H O + Pb This lead can oxidize further to give species such as lead ( II ) oxide : 2 Pb + O → 2 PbO Pb and PbO would quickly over-accumulate and destroy an engine . For this reason , the lead scavengers 1 , 2 - dibromoethane and 1 , 2 - dichloroethane are used in conjunction with TEL -- these agents form volatile lead ( II ) bromide and lead ( II ) chloride , respectively , which are flushed from the engine and into the air . In motor fuel ( edit ) TEL was extensively used as a gasoline additive beginning in the 1920s , wherein it served as an effective antiknock agent and prevented exhaust valve and valve seat wear . Concerns were raised in reputable journals almost immediately of likely health outcomes of fine particles of lead in the atmosphere . Valve wear preventative ( edit ) It is a common misconception that ' Tetraethyllead works as a buffer against microwelds forming between the hot exhaust valves and their seats . ' Once these valves reopen , the microwelds pull apart and leave the valves with a rough surface that would abrade the seats , leading to valve recession . When lead began to be phased out of motor fuel , the automotive industry began specifying hardened valve seats and upgraded exhaust valve materials to prevent valve recession without lead . Microwelding of the exhaust valve and valve seat is now thought to have occurred due to the increase of flame front speed when the switch to unleaded came about . The increased combustion pressures caused ' micro welding ' in older style motors that had the valve seats machined into the cast iron head . Retarding the timing of the engines reduced the combustion pressures and proved to be an effective short term measure in the switch to unleaded fuel . The long term solution was hardened steel valve seats . Antiknock agent ( edit ) A gasoline - fueled reciprocating engine requires fuel of sufficient octane rating to prevent uncontrolled combustion known as engine knocking ( knock or ping ) . Antiknock agents allow the use of higher compression ratios for greater efficiency and peak power . Adding varying amounts of additives such as low percentage TEL or high percentage ethanol to gasoline , allowed easy inexpensive control of octane ratings . TEL offered the business advantage of being commercially profitable because its use for this purpose could be patented . Aviation spirits with TEL used in WWII reached 150 octane to enable supercharged engines such as the Rolls - Royce Merlin and Griffon to reach high horsepower ratings at altitude . In military aviation , TEL manipulation allowed a range of different fuels to be tailored for particular flight conditions . In 1935 the licence to produce TEL was given to I.G. Farben , enabling the newly formed German Luftwaffe to use high - octane gasoline . A company , Ethyl GmbH , was formed that produced TEL at two sites in Germany with a government contract from 10 June 1936 . Phaseout and ban ( edit ) In most industrialized countries , a phaseout of TEL from road vehicle fuels was completed by the early 2000s because of concerns over air and soil lead levels and the accumulative neurotoxicity of lead . The use of catalytic converters , mandated in the US for 1975 and newer model - year cars to meet tighter emissions regulations , started a gradual phase - out of leaded gasoline in the US . The need for TEL was lessened by several advances in automotive engineering and petroleum chemistry . Safer methods for making higher - octane blending stocks such as reformate and iso - octane reduced the need to rely on TEL , as did other antiknock additives of varying toxicity including metallic compounds such as methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl ( MMT ) as well as oxygenates including methyl tert - butyl ether ( MTBE ) , tert - amyl methyl ether ( TAME ) , and ethyl tert - butyl ether ( ETBE ) . Lead - replacement additives were scientifically tested , and some were approved by the Federation of British Historic Vehicle Clubs at the UK 's Motor Industry Research Association in 1999 . In Europe , Professor Derek Bryce - Smith was among the first to highlight the potential dangers of TEL and became a leading campaigner for removal of lead additives from petrol . However , leaded motor fuel re-entered the UK market in small quantities from 2000 in response to lobbying from classic - car organisations who contended their vehicles would be rendered useless without leaded fuel . The lead content is up to 0.15 grams per litre ; Bayford & Co is the only wholesale supplier . Vehicles designed and built to run on leaded fuel may require modification to run on unleaded gasoline or autogas . These modifications fall into two categories : those required for physical compatibility with unleaded fuel , and those performed to compensate for the relatively low octane of early unleaded fuels . Physical compatibility requires the installation of hardened exhaust valves and seats . Compatibility with reduced octane was addressed by reducing compression , generally by installing thicker cylinder head gaskets and / or rebuilding the engine with compression - reducing pistons . The availability of high - octane unleaded gasoline ( or LPG ) has reduced or eliminated the need to decrease compression ratios . Leaded gasoline remained legal as of late 2014 in parts of Algeria , Iraq , Yemen , Myanmar , North Korea , and Afghanistan . It was available at the pump in most of these countries as of 2011 , but very little was used in North Korea , and it was not clear whether it was sold in Afghanistan . Specialty chemical company Innospec says that it is the world 's only manufacturer of TEL and sells it for automotive use nowhere except to Algeria as of late 2014 . Innospec previously sold TEL to Iraq and Yemen as of 2011 , but remains unclear after head executives were charged for bribing various government state - owned oil companies , to approve the sale of their TEL products . North Korea and Myanmar buy their TEL from China . The governments of Algeria and Iraq have scheduled the final elimination of leaded gasoline in their countries in 2015 , after refinery upgrades . The status in Afghanistan , Yemen , and Myanmar is unclear . As of June 2016 UNEP - sponsored phase - out is nearly complete : only Algeria , Yemen , and Iraq continue widespread use of leaded gasoline . None use it exclusively . In the European Union , tetraethyllead has been classified as a Substance of Very High Concern and placed on the Candidate List for Authorisation under REACH . Potential use of TEL would need to be authorised through the REACH authorisation procedure . While not a complete ban , it introduces significant obligations such as a mandatory analysis of alternatives and socioeconomic analysis . Leaded - fuel bans ( edit ) Leaded - fuel bans for road vehicles came into effect as follows : Europe ( edit ) Austria : 1989 Bosnia and Herzegovina : 2009 Czech Republic : 2001 Denmark : 1994 European Union : 1 January 2000 Finland : 1994 France : 2000 Germany : 1996 Greece : 2002 Hungary : 1999 Ireland : 1 January 2000 Italy : 1 January 2002 Monaco : 2000 Netherlands : 1998 Norway : 1988 Poland : 2000 Slovenia : 2001 Spain : 1 August 2001 Portugal : 1999 Romania : 2005 Russia : 2002 Serbia : 2010 Sweden : 1992 Switzerland : 2000 Ukraine : 2003 United Kingdom : 1 January 2000 North America ( edit ) Canada : 1993 USA : 1 January 1996 California : 1992 Bahamas : Belize : Bermuda : Costa Rica : Dominican Republic : El Salvador : Guatemala : Haiti : Honduras : Mexico : 1998 Nicaragua : Puerto Rico : 1 January 1996 ( USA ) Trinidad and Tobago : 2000 South America ( edit ) Argentina : 1998 Bolivia : Brazil : 1989 Chile : 2001 Colombia : 1991 Peru : 2004 Venezuela : 2005 Asia ( edit ) Japan : 1986 Hong Kong : 1999 Malaysia : 2000 Singapore : 1998 South Korea : 1993 Sri Lanka : 1999 Thailand : 1996 Bangladesh : Taiwan : 2000 Turkey : 2006 China : 2000 Philippines : 2000 India : March 2000 Iran : 2003 Nepal : 2000 Pakistan : 2001 Indonesia : 2006 Oceania ( edit ) Australia : 2002 New Zealand : 1996 Guam : 1 January 1996 ( USA ) Africa ( edit ) Leaded petrol was supposed to be completely phased out continent - wide on 1 January 2006 , following a ban initiated from the 2002 Earth Summit . However , in Algeria refineries needed to be altered ; as a result , leaded fuel remains available in parts of Algeria , with phaseout scheduled for 2016 . In race vehicles ( edit ) Leaded fuel was commonly used in professional auto racing , until its phase out beginning in the 1990s . Since 1993 , Formula One racing cars have been required to use normal unleaded super petrol compliant with EU standards -- the same petrol provided by ordinary petrol stations . NASCAR began experimentation in 1998 with an unleaded fuel , and in 2006 began switching the national series to unleaded fuel , completing the transition at the Fontana round in February 2007 when the premier class switched . This was influenced after blood tests of NASCAR teams revealed elevated blood lead levels . Aviation gasoline ( edit ) Main article : Avgas TEL remains an ingredient of 100 octane avgas for piston - engine aircraft . The current formulation of 100LL ( low lead , blue ) aviation gasoline contains 2.12 grams of TEL per gallon , half the amount of the previous 100 / 130 ( green ) octane avgas ( at 4.24 grams per gallon ) , but only slightly less than the 2.2 grams per gallon historically permitted in automotive leaded gasoline and substantially greater than the allowed 0.001 grams per gallon in automotive unleaded gasoline sold in the United States today . The United States Environmental Protection Agency , FAA , and others are working on economically feasible replacements for leaded avgas , which still releases 100 tons of lead every year . Alternative antiknock agents ( edit ) Antiknock agents are classed as high - percentage additives , such as alcohol , and low - percentage additives based on heavy elements . Since the main problem with TEL is its lead content , many alternative additives that contain less poisonous metals have been examined . A manganese - carrying additive , methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl ( MMT or methylcymantrene ) , was used for a time as an antiknock agent , though its safety is controversial and it has been the subject of bans and lawsuits . Ferrocene , an organometallic compound of iron , is also used as an antiknock agent although with some significant drawbacks . High - percentage additives are organic compounds that do not contain metals , but require much higher blending ratios , such as 20 -- 30 % for benzene and ethanol . It had been established by 1921 that ethanol was an effective antiknock agent , but TEL was introduced instead mainly for commercial reasons . Oxygenates such as TAME derived from natural gas , MTBE made from methanol , and ethanol - derived ETBE , have largely supplanted TEL . MTBE has environmental risks of its own and there are also bans on its use . Improvements to gasoline itself decrease the need for antiknock additives . Synthetic iso - octane and alkylate are examples of such blending stocks . Benzene and other high - octane aromatics can be also blended to raise the octane number , but they are disfavored today because of toxicity and carcinogenicity . Formulation of ethyl fluid ( edit ) Sign on an antique gasoline pump advertising tetraethyllead by the Ethyl Corporation TEL was supplied for mixing with raw gasoline in the form of ethyl fluid , which was TEL blended with the lead scavengers 1 , 2 - dibromoethane and 1 , 2 - dichloroethane . Ethyl fluid also contained a reddish dye to distinguish treated from untreated gasoline and discourage the use of leaded gasoline for other purposes such as cleaning . In the 1920s before safety procedures were yet developed , 17 workers for the Ethyl Corporation , DuPont , and Standard Oil died from the effects of exposure to lead . The formula for ethyl fluid is : Tetraethyllead 61.45 % 1 , 2 - Dibromoethane 17.85 % 1 , 2 - Dichloroethane 18.80 % Inerts & dye 1.90 % Dibromoethane and dichloroethane act in a synergistic manner , where a particular mixing ratio provides the best lead scavenging ability . Toxicity ( edit ) Concerns over the toxicity of lead eventually led to the ban on TEL in automobile gasoline in many countries . Some neurologists have speculated that the lead phaseout may have caused average IQ levels to rise by several points in the US ( by reducing cumulative brain damage throughout the population , especially in the young ) . For the entire US population , during and after the TEL phaseout , the mean blood lead level dropped from 16 μg / dL in 1976 to only 3 μg / dL in 1991 . The US Centers for Disease Control considered blood lead levels `` elevated '' when they were above 10 μg / dL . History ( edit ) In 1853 , German chemist Karl Jacob Löwig ( 1803 -- 1890 ) first prepared what he claimed was Pb ( C H ) from ethyl iodide and an alloy of lead and sodium . In 1859 , English chemist George Bowdler Buckton ( 1818 -- 1905 ) reported what he claimed was Pb ( C H ) from zinc ethyl ( Zn ( C H ) ) and lead ( II ) chloride . Later authors credit both methods of preparation with producing tetraethyl lead . TEL in fuels ( edit ) Regardless of the details of the chemical discoveries , tetraethyl lead remained unimportant commercially until the 1920s . In 1921 , at the direction of DuPont Corporation , which manufactured TEL , it was found to be an effective antiknock agent by Thomas Midgley , working under Charles Kettering at General Motors Corporation Research . General Motors patented the use of TEL as an antiknock agent and used the name `` Ethyl '' that had been proposed by Kettering in its marketing materials , thereby avoiding the negative connotation of the word `` lead '' . Early research into `` engine knocking '' ( also called `` pinging '' or `` pinking '' ) was also led by A.H. Gibson and Harry Ricardo in England and Thomas Boyd in the United States . The discovery that lead additives modified this behavior led to the widespread adoption of their use in the 1920s , and therefore more powerful , higher - compression engines . In 1924 , Standard Oil of New Jersey ( ESSO / EXXON ) and General Motors created the Ethyl Gasoline Corporation to produce and market TEL . Deepwater , NJ across the river from Wilmington , was the site for production of some of DuPont 's most important chemicals , particularly tetraethyl lead ( TEL ) . After TEL production at the Bayway Refinery was shut down , Deepwater was the only plant in the Western hemisphere producing TEL up to 1948 , when it accounted for the bulk of the Dupont / Deepwater 's production . Controversy and phase - out ( edit ) The toxicity of concentrated TEL was recognized early on , as lead had been recognized since the 19th century as a dangerous substance that could cause lead poisoning . In 1924 , a public controversy arose over the `` loony gas '' , after at least 17 workers died , and many others were severely injured , in Standard and DuPont refineries in New Jersey . There had also been a private controversy for two years prior to this controversy ; several public health experts , including Alice Hamilton and Yandell Henderson , engaged Midgley and Kettering with letters warning of the dangers to public health . After the death of the workers , dozens of newspapers reported on the issue . The New York Times editorialized in 1924 that the deaths should not interfere with the production of more powerful fuel . To settle the issue , the U.S. Public Health Service conducted a conference in 1925 , and the sales of TEL were voluntarily suspended for one year to conduct a hazard assessment . The conference was initially expected to last for several days , but reportedly the conference decided that evaluating presentations on alternative anti-knock agents was not `` its province '' , so it lasted a single day . Kettering and Midgley stated that no alternatives for anti-knocking were available , although private memos showed discussion of such agents . One commonly discussed agent was ethanol . The Public Health Service created a committee that reviewed a government - sponsored study of workers and an Ethyl lab test , and concluded that while leaded gasoline should not be banned , it should continue to be investigated . The low concentrations present in gasoline and exhaust were not perceived as immediately dangerous . A U.S. Surgeon General committee issued a report in 1926 that concluded there was no real evidence that the sale of TEL was hazardous to human health but urged further study . In the years that followed , research was heavily funded by the lead industry ; in 1943 , Randolph Byers found children with lead poisoning had behavior problems , but he was threatened with a lawsuit and the research ended . In the late 1920s , Robert A. Kehoe of the University of Cincinnati was the Ethyl Corporation 's chief medical consultant and one of the lead industry 's staunchest advocates , who would not be discredited until decades later by Dr. Clair Patterson 's work on human lead burdens ( see below ) and other studies . In 1928 , Dr. Kehoe expressed the opinion that there was no basis for concluding that leaded fuels posed any health threat . He convinced the Surgeon General that the dose -- response relationship of lead had `` no effect '' below a certain threshold . As the head of Kettering Laboratories for many years , Kehoe would become a chief promoter of the safety of TEL , an influence that did not begin to wane until about the early 1960s . But by the 1970s , the general opinion of the safety of TEL would change , and by 1976 the U.S. government would begin to require the phaseout of this product . In the late 1940s and early 1950s , Clair Cameron Patterson accidentally discovered the pollution caused by TEL in the environment while determining the age of the earth . As he attempted to measure lead content of very old rocks , and the time it took uranium to decay into lead , the readings were made inaccurate by lead in the environment that contaminated his samples . He was then forced to work in a cleanroom to keep his samples uncontaminated by environmental pollution of lead . After coming up with a fairly accurate estimate of the age of the earth , he turned to investigating the lead contamination problem by examining ice cores from countries such as Greenland . He realized that the lead contamination in the environment dated from about the time that TEL became widely used as a fuel additive in gasoline . Being aware of the health dangers posed by lead and suspicious of the pollution caused by TEL , he became one of the earliest and most effective opponents of its use . In the 1960s , the first clinical works were published proving the toxicity of this compound in humans , e.g. by Mirosław Jan Stasik . In the 1970s , Herbert Needleman found that higher lead levels in children were correlated with decreased school performance . Needleman was repeatedly accused of scientific misconduct by individuals within the lead industry , but he was eventually cleared by a scientific advisory council . Needleman also wrote the average US child 's blood lead level was 13.7 μg / dl in 1976 and that Patterson believed that everyone was to some degree poisoned by TEL in gasoline . In the U.S. in 1973 , the United States Environmental Protection Agency issued regulations to reduce the lead content of leaded gasoline over a series of annual phases , which therefore came to be known as the `` lead phasedown '' program . EPA 's rules were issued under section 211 of the Clean Air Act , as amended 1970 . The Ethyl Corp challenged the EPA regulations in Federal court . Although the EPA 's regulation was initially dismissed , the EPA won the case on appeal , so the TEL phasedown began to be implemented in 1976 . Additional regulatory changes were made by EPA over the next decade ( including adoption of a trading market in `` lead credits '' in 1982 that became the precursor of the Acid Rain Allowance Market , adopted in 1990 for SO2 ) , but the decisive rule was issued in 1985 . Then EPA mandated that lead additive be reduced by 91 percent by the end of 1986 . A 1994 study had indicated that the concentration of lead in the blood of the U.S. population had dropped 78 % from 1976 to 1991 . The U.S. phasedown regulations also were due in great part to studies conducted by Philip J. Landrigan . In 1995 , leaded fuel accounted for only 0.6 % of total gasoline sales and less than 2000 short tons ( 1814 t ) of lead per year . From 1 January 1996 , the U.S. Clean Air Act banned the sale of leaded fuel for use in on - road vehicles . Thus , what had begun in the U.S. as a phasedown ultimately ended in a phase - out . Similar bans in other countries have resulted in lowering levels of lead in people 's bloodstreams . Taking cue from the domestic programs , the U.S. Agency for International Development undertook an initiative to reduce tetraethyl lead use in other countries , notably its efforts in Egypt begun in 1995 . In 1996 , with the cooperation of the U.S. AID , Egypt took almost all of the lead out of its gasoline . The success in Egypt provided a model for AID efforts worldwide . By 2000 , the TEL industry had moved the major portion of their sales to developing countries whose governments they lobbied against phasing out leaded gasoline . Leaded gasoline was withdrawn entirely from the European Union market on 1 January 2000 , although it had been banned much earlier in most member states . Other countries also phased out TEL . India banned leaded petrol in March 2000 . By 2011 , the United Nations announced that it had been successful in phasing out leaded gasoline worldwide . `` Ridding the world of leaded petrol , with the United Nations leading the effort in developing countries , has resulted in $2.4 trillion in annual benefits , 1.2 million fewer premature deaths , higher overall intelligence and 58 million fewer crimes , '' the United Nations Environmental Programme said . The announcement was slightly premature , as a few countries still have leaded gasoline for sale as of 2013 ( see above ) . Effect on crime rates ( edit ) Main article : Lead - crime hypothesis A statistically significant correlation has been found between the usage rate of leaded gasoline and violent crime : the violent crime curve virtually tracks the lead exposure curve with a 22 - year time lag . After the ban on TEL , blood lead levels in US children dramatically decreased . Reduction in the average blood lead level is believed to have been a major cause for falling violent crime rates in the United States and South Africa . Researchers including Amherst College economist Jessica Wolpaw Reyes , Department of Housing and Urban Development consultant Rick Nevin , and Howard Mielke of Tulane University say that declining exposure to lead is responsible for an up to 56 % decline in crime from 1992 to 2002 . Taking into consideration other factors that are believed to have increased crime rates over that period , Reyes found that the reduced exposure to lead led to an actual decline of 34 % over that period . Although leaded gasoline is largely gone in North America , it has left high concentrations of lead in the soil adjacent to roads that were heavily used prior to its phaseout . Children are particularly at risk if they consume this . Further reading ( edit ) Filella , Montserrat ; Bonet , Josep ( 2017 ) . `` Chapter 14 . Environmental Impact of Alkyl Lead ( IV ) Derivatives : Perspective after Their Phase - out '' . In Astrid , S. ; Helmut , S. ; Sigel , R.K.O. Lead : Its Effects on Environment and Health . Metal Ions in Life Sciences . 17 . de Gruyter . pp. 471 -- 490 . doi : 10.1515 / 9783110434330 - 014 . See also ( edit ) Chemistry portal Elmer Keiser Bolton Ethyl Corporation Lead Lead abatement Lead and crime hypothesis Organolead chemistry Poisoning from lead Tetramethyl lead List of petrol additives Thomas Midgley Jr. -- discovered that the addition of tetraethyllead to gasoline prevented `` knocking '' in internal combustion engines References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards # 0601 '' . National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Tetraethyl lead '' . Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health Concentrations ( IDLH ) . National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH ) . Jump up ^ `` TETRA - ETHYL LEAD AS AN ADDITION TO PETROL '' . British Medical Journal . 1 ( 3504 ) : 366 -- 7 . 3 March 1928 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 1.3504. 366 . PMC 2455205 . PMID 20773729 . Jump up ^ `` After Lead ? '' , Popular Science ( October 1987 ed . ) , p. 94 Jump up ^ Operator 's Manual : Army Model U-8F Aircraft . Headquarters , Department of the Army ( U.S. ) . 21 March 1978 . p. 2 − 15 . ^ Jump up to : Chung , Kevin ( 16 August 2013 ) . TEL for MOGAS manufacture in China ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Summer Hill , NSW , Australia : The LEAD Group , Inc . Retrieved 14 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` UNEP - Transport - Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles '' ( PDF ) . Leaded Petrol Phase - out : Global Status as at March 2017 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Seyferth , D. ( 2003 ) . `` The Rise and Fall of Tetraethyllead. 2 '' . Organometallics. 22 ( 25 ) : 5154 -- 5178 . doi : 10.1021 / om030621b . ^ Jump up to : Kovarik , W. ( 2005 ) . `` Ethyl - leaded gasoline : how a classic occupational disease became an international public health disaster '' ( PDF ) . Int J Occup Environ Health . 11 ( 4 ) : 384 -- 97 . doi : 10.1179 / oeh. 2005.11. 4.384 . PMID 16350473 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A New Automobile Fuel '' . The Advertiser ( Adelaide ) . South Australia . 16 January 1924 . p. 15 . Retrieved 25 April 2017 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` 1972 Imperial & Chrysler Engine Performance Facts & Fixes ServiceBook ( Session 291 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` 1973 Imperial and Chrysler Clean Air System Reference ServiceRepair Book from the Master Technician 's Service Conference ( Session 302 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` BeechTalk - Login '' . www.beechtalk.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Caris , D.F. and Nelson , E.E. ( 1959 ) . A New Look at High Compression Engines SAE Trans . Jump up ^ Loeb , A.P. ( Fall 1995 ) . `` Birth of the Kettering Doctrine : Fordism , Sloanism and Tetraethyl Lead '' ( PDF ) . Business and Economic History . 24 ( 2 ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2015 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Air Commodore F.R. Banks ( 1978 ) . I Kept No Diary . Airlife Publishing , Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0950454399 . Jump up ^ Rainer Karlsch , Raymond G. Stokes : `` Faktor Öl `` . Die Mineralölwirtschaft in Deutschland 1859 -- 1974 . C.H. Beck , München , 2003 , ISBN 3 - 406 - 50276 - 8 , S. 187 . ^ Jump up to : Kitman , J. ( 2 March 2000 ) . `` The Secret History of Lead . '' The Nation . Retrieved 17 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Derek Bryce - Smith obituary '' . the Guardian . ^ Jump up to : `` Corrupt Executives Sent To Prison For Pumping Toxic Leaded Fuel Overseas '' . Jump up ^ `` UNEP 10th general meeting strategy presentation '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 12 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Robert Taylor ( 17 June 2011 ) . `` Countries where Leaded Petrol is Possibly Still Sold for Road Use '' . The LEAD Group . Jump up ^ `` Octane Additives '' . Jump up ^ `` First Enforcement Action of 2011 Involves a Former Executive Officer '' . FCPA Professor . Jump up ^ Inclusion of Substances of Very High Concern in the Candidate List - Decision of the European Chemicals Agency ED / 169 / 2012 . https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/0b417b76-b533-42a1-9bd2-519f1dc1990d Jump up ^ OECD Environmental Performance Reviews OECD Environmental Performance Reviews : Czech Republic 2005 . OECD Publishing . 11 October 2005 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Regulering af brændstoffer '' ( in Danish ) . Archived from the original on 11 August 2014 . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . Jump up ^ European Union Member States which had not already withdrawn it from sale experienced the EU - wide ban from 1 January 2000 . Earlier regulation had prevented the sale or production of cars using leaded petrol after 1992 Jump up ^ `` Bensiiniopas '' ( PDF ) ( in Finnish ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 9 October 2015 . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ OECD Environmental Performance Reviews OECD Environmental Performance ... 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Jump up ^ `` Постановление ГД ФС РФ от 15.11. 2002 N 3302 - III ГД О проекте Федерального закона N 209067 - 3 `` Об ограничении оборота этилированного бензина в Российской Федерации '' '' ( in Russian ) . Archived from the original on 5 January 2013 . Retrieved 24 March 2013 . Jump up ^ A. Muslibegović ( 2010 - 06 - 08 ) . `` Zbogom olovnom benzinu ! '' ( in Serbian ) . Jump up ^ `` Four - star petrol banned '' . BBC . 1 December 1998 . Archived from the original on 10 August 2017 . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ENAP dejará de distribuir gasolina con plomo el sabado '' . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Gabriel Reyes Aldana ( 10 July 1997 ) . `` La gasolina no tiene plomo '' . El Tiempo . ^ Jump up to : Venkatesh , Thuppil . `` A Surprising Source of Lead Poisoning : India 's Idols '' . WSJ . Retrieved 18 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Kadir , M.M. ; Janjua , N.Z. ; Kristensen , S. ; Fatmi , Z. ; Sathiakumar , N. ( 2008 ) . `` Status of children 's blood lead levels in Pakistan : implications for research and policy '' . Public Health . 122 : 708 -- 15 . doi : 10.1016 / j. puhe. 2007.08. 012 . PMC 2494596 . PMID 18359052 . Jump up ^ `` Australia Cuts Sulfur Content in Transport Fuels '' . Environment News Service . 26 July 2004 . Archived from the original on 22 April 2005 . Jump up ^ Lean , Geoffrey ( 1 January 2006 ) . `` UN hails green triumph as leaded petrol is banned throughout Africa '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 12 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Chandola , Priyanka ( 6 January 2015 ) . `` Africa adopts continent - wide sustainable transport agenda '' . Archived from the original on 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ De Groote , Steven ( 18 June 2006 ) . `` Fuel '' . F1Technical.net . Jump up ^ O'Neil , J. ; Steele , G. ; McNair , C.S. ; Matusiak , M.M. ; Madlem , J. ( 2006 ) . `` Blood lead levels in NASCAR Nextel Cup Teams '' . Journal of occupational and environmental hygiene. 3 ( 2 ) : 67 -- 71 . doi : 10.1080 / 15459620500471221 . PMID 16361219 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR to Use Unleaded Fuel in 2008 '' . Jump up ^ `` Issues Related to Lead in Avgas '' . Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association . Archived from the original on 18 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Modifications / Octane / Lead Content / Fuel Specs / Limitations / Certification '' . Petersen Aviation Inc . Archived from the original on 30 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Bryan , Chelsea ( 30 July 2014 ) . `` US leads Avgas effort for lead - free air '' . www.runwaygirlnetwork.com . Kirby Media Group . Retrieved 31 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Application of fuel additives Archived 5 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Finkelstein , Yoram ( July 1998 ) . `` Low - level lead - induced neurotoxicity in children : an update on central nervous system effects '' . Brain Research Reviews . 27 : 168 -- 176 . doi : 10.1016 / S0165 - 0173 ( 98 ) 00011 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Reyes , J.W. ( 2007 ) . `` The Impact of Childhood Lead Exposure on Crime '' . National Bureau of Economic Research . `` a '' ref citing Pirkle , Brody , et . al ( 1994 ) . Retrieved 17 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Löwig ( 1853 ) `` Ueber Methplumbäthyl '' ( On meta - lead ethyl ) Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie , 88 : 318 - 322 . Jump up ^ George Bowdler Buckton ( 1859 ) `` Further remarks on the organo - metallic radicals , and observations more particularly directed to the isolation of mercuric , plumbic , and stannic ethyl , '' Proceedings of the Royal Society of London , 9 : 309 - 316 . For Buckton 's preparation of tetraethyl lead , see pages 312 - 314 . Jump up ^ See , for example : H.E. Roscoe and C. Schorlemmer , A Treatise on Chemistry , Volume 3 , Part 1 ( New York , New York : D. Appleton and Co. , 1890 ) , page 466 . Frankland and Lawrence credit Buckton with synthesizing tetraethyl lead in : E. Frankland and Awbrey Lawrance ( 1879 ) `` On plumbic tetrethide , '' Journal of the Chemical Society , Transactions , 35 : 244 - 249 . Jump up ^ `` Leaded Gasoline , Safe Refrigeration , and Thomas Midgley , Jr . '' Chapter 6 in S. Bertsch McGrayne . Prometheans in the Lab . McGraw - Hill : New York , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 140795 - 2 Jump up ^ zk4540 . `` Innovation Starts Here - DuPont USA '' . Jump up ^ Harford , Tim ( 2017 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Why did we use leaded petrol for so long ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Tetraethyl lead ( Bruce Hamilton ) '' . Jump up ^ Alan P. Loeb , `` Paradigms Lost : A Case Study Analysis of Models of Corporate Responsibility for the Environment , '' Business and Economic History , Vol. 28 , No. 2 , Winter 1999 , at 95 . Jump up ^ Bryson , Christopher ( 2004 ) . The Fluoride Deception , p. 41 . Seven Stories Press . Citing historian Lynne Snyder . Jump up ^ Bryson , B. ( 2003 ) . `` 10 . Getting the Lead Out '' . A Short History of Nearly Everything . New York : Broadway Books . ISBN 0 - 7679 - 0818 - X . Jump up ^ Stasik , M. ; Byczkowska , Z. ; Szendzikowski , S. ; Fiedorczuk , Z. ( 1969 ) . `` Acute Tetraethyllead Poisoning '' . Arch . Toxikol. 24 ( 4 ) : 283 -- 291 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00577576 . Jump up ^ Needleman , H. ( 2000 ) . `` The Removal of Lead from Gasoline : Historical and Personal Reflections '' . Environmental Research . 84 ( 1 ) : 20 -- 35 . doi : 10.1006 / enrs. 2000.4069 . PMID 10991779 . Jump up ^ `` Lead Credit Trading '' . National Center for Environmental Economics . US EPA . c. 2006 . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Pirkle , J.L. ; Brody , D.J. ; Gunter , E.W. ; et al. ( 1994 ) . `` The Decline in Blood Lead Levels in the United States : The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys ( NHANES ) '' . JAMA. 272 ( 4 ) : 284 -- 291 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 1994.03520040046039 . Jump up ^ Schnaas , Lourdes ; Rothenberg , Stephen J. ; Flores , María - Fernanda ; Martínez , Sandra ; Hernández , Carmen ; Osorio , Erica ; Perroni , Estela ( 2004 ) . `` Blood Lead Secular Trend in a Cohort of Children in Mexico City ( 1987 -- 2002 ) '' . Environ . Health Perspect. 112 ( 10 ) : 1110 -- 1115 . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 6636 . PMC 1247386 . PMID 15238286 . Jump up ^ Paulina Pino , Tomás Walter ; Manuel J. Oyarzún A3 , Matthew J. Burden ; Betsy Lozoff ( 2004 ) . `` Rapid Drop in Infant Blood Lead Levels during the Transition to Unleaded Gasoline Use in Santiago , Chile '' . Archives of Environmental Health . 59 ( 4 ) : 182 -- 187 . doi : 10.3200 / AEOH. 59.4. 182 - 187 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Valerie Franchi , `` Getting the Lead Out , '' Front Lines , published by the U.S. Agency for International Development , Oct. 1997 . Jump up ^ `` The Case for Banning Lead in Gasoline '' ( PDF ) . Manufacturers of Emission Controls Association ( MECA ) . January 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 April 2012 . Retrieved 7 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Phase - out of leaded petrol brings huge health and cost benefits '' . 27 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Tsai , P.L. ; Hatfield , T.H. ( December 2011 ) . `` Global Benefits From the Phaseout of Leaded Fuel '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Environmental Health . pp. 8 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Lean , Geoffrey ( 27 October 2007 ) . `` Ban on leaded petrol ' has cut crime rates around the world ' '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Matthews , Dylan ( 22 April 2013 ) . `` Lead abatement , alcohol taxes and 10 other ways to reduce the crime rate without annoying the NRA '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 23 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Marrs , Dave ( 22 January 2013 ) . `` Ban on lead may yet give us respite from crime '' . Business Day . Retrieved 23 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Chicago Tribune ( 6 June 2015 ) . `` Lead poisoning linked to violent crime - Chicago Tribune '' . chicagotribune.com . Jump up ^ Wolpaw Reyes , Jessica ( May 2007 ) . `` Environmental Policy as Social Policy ? The Impact of Childhood Lead Exposure on Crime '' ( PDF ) . National Bureau of Economic Research . Retrieved 23 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Drum , Kevin ( January -- February 2013 ) . `` America 's Real Criminal Element : Lead '' . Mother Jones . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . External links ( edit ) U.S. Gov 't , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health . NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards Kovarik , Bill ( 1999 ) . Charles F. Kettering and the 1921 Discovery of Tetraethyl Lead True unleaded alternative for 100LL needed for general aviation Motor fuels Fuel types Gasoline / petrol Diesel Biodiesel Lead Replacement Petrol Kerosene Compressed natural gas Hydrogen Ethanol Butanol fuel Racing fuel ( Tetraethyllead ) Fuel additives Butyl rubber Butylated hydroxytoluene 1 , 2 - Dibromoethane 1 , 2 - Dichloroethane Dimethyl methylphosphonate 2 , 4 - Dimethyl - 6 - tert - butylphenol Dinonylnaphthylsulfonic acid 2 , 6 - Di - tert - butylphenol Ecalene Ethylenediamine Metal deactivator Methyl tert - butyl ether Nitromethane Tetraethyllead Tetranitromethane Fluids Motor oil Antifreeze Automatic transmission fluid Brake fluid Gear oil Windshield washer fluid Retail Fuel card Full service MTBE controversy Pay at the pump Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tetraethyllead&oldid=856911001 '' Categories : Organolead compounds Antiknock agents Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2017 CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 Serbian - language sources ( sr ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from August 2011 Articles without InChI source Articles without KEGG source ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Chembox having DSD data Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Chembox image size set Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 09 : 50 ( UTC ) . 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where was poirot taken at the flood filmed			Taken at the flood	taken at the flood		`` There is a Tide '' redirects here . `` There is a Tide '' is also the name of a short story by Larry Niven , set in the Known Space universe . Taken at the Flood Dust - jacket illustration of the US ( true first ) edition with alternative title . See Publication history ( below ) for the UK first edition jacket image with original title . Author Agatha Christie Country United States Language English Genre Crime novel Publisher Dodd , Mead and Company Publication date March 1948 Media type Print ( hardback & paperback ) Pages 242 pp ( first edition , hardcover ) Preceded by The Labours of Hercules Followed by The Witness for the Prosecution and Other Stories Taken at the Flood is a work of detective fiction by British writer Agatha Christie , first published in the US by Dodd , Mead and Company in March 1948 under the title of There is a Tide ... and in the UK by the Collins Crime Club in the November of the same year under Christie 's original title . The US edition retailed at $2.50 and the UK edition at eight shillings and sixpence ( 8 / 6 ) . It features her famous Belgian detective , Hercule Poirot , and is set in 1946 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Characters 3 Explanation of the novel 's title 4 Literary significance and reception 5 References to other works 6 Adaptations 6.1 Television 6.2 Radio 7 Publication history 8 References 9 External links Plot summary ( edit ) In a flashback from late Spring to early Spring , Lynn Marchmont , newly demobilised from the Women 's Royal Naval Service , finds difficulty settling into the village life of Warmsley Vale . She is engaged to Rowley , one of several members of the Cloade family living nearby . Each of them grew dependent on money from Gordon Cloade , a childless widower who was expected to die and leave his fortune to them . But instead he marries an Irishwoman , Rosaleen Turner , invalidating his previous will , before being killed in an explosion at his home , which his new wife survives . As a result , Rosaleen inherits Gordon 's fortune and the entire family now faces financial crisis , augmented by the poor state of the economy in the aftermath of World War II . Rosaleen 's fortune is zealously guarded by her brother , David Hunter , and although various family members manage to wheedle small sums out of Rosaleen , David refuses to help Frances Cloade , whose husband Jeremy is on the brink of ruin . A man calling himself Enoch Arden arrives in the village , and attempts to blackmail David by saying he knows how to find Rosaleen 's first husband , Robert . Their conversation in Arden 's hotel room is overheard by the landlady , who immediately tells Rowley Cloade . Later , Arden 's body is discovered in his room with his head smashed in . Rowley Cloade appeals to a detective , Hercule Poirot , to prove the dead man was Robert Underhay , and Poirot produces Major Porter , who knew Underhay in Africa . At the inquest , despite Rosaleen 's protests that the dead man was not Robert , Porter confirms that Arden was indeed her first husband . The estate will revert to the Cloades . Rosaleen has a strong alibi for the time of the murder since she was in the London flat that evening . David has only a weak alibi : down from London for the day , he met Lynn on his dash to catch the last train to London leaving at 9 : 20 pm , and evidently telephoned her from the London flat shortly after 11 pm . Since the murder is believed to have taken place shortly before 9 pm , he had enough opportunity and motive to be arrested . David 's alibi improves when it is discovered that a heavily made - up woman in an orange headscarf left Arden 's room after 10 p.m. The investigation shifts back to the female Cloades , but Poirot discovers that the immediate cause of Arden 's death may have been smashing his head against a heavy marble fireplace fender . The appearance of a murder may have been created after some form of accidental death . Lynn , though engaged to Rowley , seems to love David . Rowley may be attracted to Rosaleen , who seems to be consumed with guilt and fear . Major Porter apparently commits suicide but leaves no note . It comes to light that Arden was actually Charles Trenton , second cousin to Frances Cloade . She came up with the plan to blackmail Rosaleen after hearing Major Porter 's anecdote from Jeremy . Although this explains Arden 's identity , it does not clarify who killed him or who bribed Porter to falsely identify the corpse . Rosaleen dies in her sleep from an overdose . Superintendent Spence , the investigating officer , suggests that perhaps she was the murderer ; the police have so focused on David 's alibi that they subjected hers to little scrutiny . Lynn tells Rowley that she wishes to marry David Hunter . Rowley is strangling Lynn when Poirot stops him . David arrives and Poirot explains everything . Rowley visited Arden , and seeing the physical resemblance to Frances , reacted angrily to the deception that was being played . Pushed by Rowley , Arden fell against the marble fireplace fender and died . Rowley saw the opportunity to incriminate David . He smashed in Arden 's head with fire tongs and left David 's lighter at the scene . It was Rowley who persuaded Porter to give the false identification , carefully employing Poirot , who would be sure to go to Porter on the basis of that first scene at the club , which Rowley also knew of from Jeremy . Porter 's guilt got the better of him and he committed suicide , leaving a note that Rowley destroyed . Discovering Arden 's body , David ran for the 9 : 20 train but missed it ; Lynn actually saw the smoke from the departing train on the evening , but he convinced her that it was earlier than it was and that he had time to meet her . He then backtracked to The Stag , disguised himself as a woman , and played out the scene that established the later time of death . Then he returned to the station and called Rosaleen , who placed a call to Lynn that was delivered by the operator but then cut off . Afterward , David spoke to Lynn from the station , giving the impression that a single call from London was interrupted . He returned to London on the milk train the next day . Of the three deaths , one is accidental , one a genuine suicide . The only true murder was Rosaleen 's . David had no apparent motive to kill his own sister , especially when it would mean depriving himself of the Cloade fortune . But the woman posing as Rosaleen was not his sister ; his sister was killed during the bombing of Gordon Cloade 's estate two years earlier . The woman posing as Rosaleen was one of Gordon 's housemaids , who became David 's lover and his accomplice in obtaining the Cloade fortune . Now he could kill this accomplice and marry Lynn , whom he really loved and who would gain a portion of the fortune through family connections . In the end , no one is tried other than David . Rowley is implicated in the deaths of Trenton ( `` Enoch Arden '' ) and Porter , and he is guilty of misleading the police and assaulting Lynn . However , Poirot keeps silence about Rowley 's crimes , allowing Rowley to marry Lynn , who has loved him without realising it . Characters ( edit ) Hercule Poirot , Belgian detective Superintendent Spence , investigating officer Sergeant Graves , Spence 's assistant George , Poirot 's valet Rosaleen Cloade , formerly Mrs. Robert Underhay , a wealthy young widow David Hunter , Rosaleen 's brother Jeremy Cloade , a solicitor Frances Cloade , Jeremy 's wife Lionel Cloade , a doctor Katherine Cloade , Lionel 's wife Rowley Cloade , a farmer Lynn Marchmont , a demobbed Wren , fiancée to Rowley Adela Marchmont , Lynn 's mother Beatrice Lippincott , pub landlady of The Stag Major Porter , the club bore `` Enoch Arden '' , a blackmailer Mrs. Leadbetter , a resident of The Stag Explanation of the novel 's title ( edit ) The title of the book in both the UK and US markets is a line from Shakespeare 's Julius Caesar in a speech by Brutus in Act IV : `` There is a tide in the affairs of men , which taken at the flood leads on to fortune ... `` . The quotation is given in full as the epigraph to the novel . Literary significance and reception ( edit ) No review of this book appeared in the Times Literary Supplement . For once , Maurice Richardson , in his review of the 21 November 1948 issue of The Observer was slightly unimpressed : `` Agatha Christie has , if not a whole day off , at least part of the afternoon . The killing of the blackmailing Enoch Arden , who puts up at the local to harry the already embarrassed Cloade family , the murder that follows , and Poirot 's doubly twisted solution are ingenious enough , but the characterisation is a little below par . The quintessential zest , the sense of well - being which goes to make up that Christie feeling , is missing . '' An unnamed reviewer in the Toronto Daily Star of 10 April 1948 said , `` Hercule Poirot , whose eggshaped cranium is crammed with lively gray cells , proves himself a bit of a mug before he sorts out all the details of ( Enoch Arden 's ) death and other even more baffling mysteries . But he does it with all the acumen that has endeared him to Agatha Christie fans . Fantastic and topping . '' Robert Barnard : `` Elderly man married to a glamorous nitwit of dubious social background is a common plot - element in Christie . Here she is widowed ( in an air - raid -- this is one of the few Christies anchored to an actual time ) , and burdened by financially insatiable relatives , both of blood and in - law . But who exactly is dead , and who is n't ? And who is what they seem , and who is n't ? Compulsive reworking of Tennysonian and Christiean themes , and pretty high up in the range of classic titles . '' References to other works ( edit ) The false alibi used by the murderer of a witness sighting the missed train smoke was a partial re-use of a plot device used by Christie in the 1925 short story The Sign in the Sky , later published in the 1930 collection The Mysterious Mr. Quin . Adaptations ( edit ) Television ( edit ) A television film was produced in 2006 with David Suchet as Poirot in the ITV series Agatha Christie 's Poirot . The cast included Elliot Cowan as David Hunter , Eva Birthistle as Rosaleen , Celia Imrie as Kathy Cloade , Jenny Agutter as Adela Marchmont and Tim Pigott - Smith as Dr. Lionel Woodward. The film made several significant changes to the plot : Like almost all episodes of the TV series , the adaptation shifts the setting to the late 1930s . David 's motive is modified in the adaption , upgrading him from a simple murderer , to that of a mass murderer . In the adaptation , the deaths of Gordon Cloade , Rosaleen Turner , and the entire Cloade estate that is present with them , are assumed to be the result of an apparent gas explosion , but Poirot later investigates this , and reveals in his denouement that the explosion was caused by dynamite that David had planted in the house , who sought revenge against his sister for marrying Gordon and excluding her brother as her `` first love '' . Whereas in the novel , there is no mentioning of incest . He and his accomplice , Eileen Corrigan , who were present in the house at the time , took shelter in the basement once the explosives had been planted , and then emerged from the ruins afterwards . Eileen 's involvement is significantly changed - She is an Irish Catholic in the adaptation , who was raped and impregnated by David , and then forced into an induced abortion . This breaks her and forces her to submit to David 's will under the promise of heaven if she obeys his commands , or eternal damnation in `` the fires of hell '' if she refuses . Unlike the novel , she is saved from dying of a morphine overdose , thanks to Dr. Woodward 's addiction to the drug leading him to steal some , with Poirot proving that David had set it up so that she would be an addict herself out of guilt , and try to kill herself as a result of her own guilty actions . Kathy repeatedly harasses Eileen 's with anonymous phone calls , in which she calls her `` whore '' , `` slut '' , `` bitch '' and `` bigamist '' , an event that does not occur in the novel . In addition , she becomes Adela 's sister : Lionel is no longer a member of the Cloade family , despite a mistake in the adaptation 's credits that refer him to be so ; he is instead renamed as Lionel Woodward , and introduced as such by Kathy when she visits Poirot at the beginning of the adaptation . After David is denounced for his crimes in the Stag Inn , he threatens to blow it all up with everyone inside it , but reveals this to be nothing more than a cruel joke as there is no dynamite inside , after being talked into sparing everyone by Lynn ; the event which does not occur in the novel . Lynn does not marry Rowley towards the end . Instead , after David is hanged , she leaves England to head for Africa , stating in a letter to Poirot that despite everything , she is still in love with him . Radio ( edit ) John Moffatt played Poirot in the 2004 BBC Radio 4 adaptation of the novel . Publication history ( edit ) Dustjacket illustration of the UK First Edition ( Book was first published in the US ) 1948 , Dodd Mead and Company ( New York ) , March 1948 , Hardcover , 242 pp 1948 , Collins Crime Club ( London ) , November 1948 , Hardcover , 192 pp 1949 , Pocket Books ( New York ) , Paperback 1955 , Dell Books , Paperback , 224 pp 1961 , Fontana Books ( Imprint of HarperCollins ) , Paperback , 192 pp 1965 , Pan Books , Paperback , 204 pp 1971 , Ulverscroft Large - print Edition , Hardcover , 386 pp ISBN 0 - 85456 - 084 - X References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : American Tribute to Agatha Christie ^ Jump up to : Chris Peers , Ralph Spurrier and Jamie Sturgeon . Collins Crime Club -- A checklist of First Editions . Dragonby Press ( Second Edition ) March 1999 ( Page 15 ) Jump up ^ The Observer 21 November 1948 ( Page 3 ) Jump up ^ Toronto Daily Star 10 April 1948 ( Page 27 ) Jump up ^ Barnard , Robert . A Talent to Deceive -- an appreciation of Agatha Christie -- Revised edition ( Page 206 ) . Fontana Books , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 637474 - 3 External links ( edit ) Taken at the Flood at the official Agatha Christie website Taken at the Flood ( 2006 ) on IMDb Agatha Christie 's Hercule Poirot Characters Hercule Poirot Arthur Hastings James Harold Japp Ariadne Oliver Colonel Race Books Novels The Mysterious Affair at Styles ( 1920 ) The Murder on the Links ( 1923 ) The Murder of Roger Ackroyd ( 1926 ) The Big Four ( 1927 ) The Mystery of the Blue Train ( 1928 ) Peril at End House ( 1932 ) Lord Edgware Dies ( 1933 ) Murder on the Orient Express ( 1934 ) Three Act Tragedy ( 1934 ) Death in the Clouds ( 1935 ) The A.B.C. Murders ( 1936 ) Murder in Mesopotamia ( 1936 ) Cards on the Table ( 1936 ) Dumb Witness ( 1937 ) Death on the Nile ( 1937 ) Appointment with Death ( 1938 ) Hercule Poirot 's Christmas ( 1938 ) Sad Cypress ( 1940 ) One , Two , Buckle My Shoe ( 1940 ) Evil Under the Sun ( 1941 ) Five Little Pigs ( 1942 ) The Hollow ( 1946 ) Taken at the Flood ( 1948 ) Mrs McGinty 's Dead ( 1952 ) After the Funeral ( 1953 ) Hickory Dickory Dock ( 1955 ) Dead Man 's Folly ( 1956 ) Cat Among the Pigeons ( 1959 ) The Clocks ( 1963 ) Third Girl ( 1966 ) Hallowe'en Party ( 1969 ) Elephants Can Remember ( 1972 ) Curtain ( 1975 ) The Monogram Murders ( 2014 ) Closed Casket ( 2016 ) Short story collections Poirot Investigates ( 1924 ) Murder in the Mews ( 1937 ) The Regatta Mystery ( 1939 ) The Labours of Hercules ( 1947 ) The Witness for the Prosecution and Other Stories ( 1948 ) Three Blind Mice and Other Stories ( 1950 ) The Under Dog and Other Stories ( 1951 ) The Adventure of the Christmas Pudding ( 1960 ) Double Sin and Other Stories ( 1961 ) Poirot 's Early Cases ( 1974 ) Problem at Pollensa Bay and Other Stories ( 1991 ) The Harlequin Tea Set ( 1997 ) While the Light Lasts and Other Stories ( 1997 ) Film adaptations Alibi ( 1931 ) Black Coffee ( 1931 ) Lord Edgware Dies ( 1934 ) The Alphabet Murders ( 1965 ) Murder on the Orient Express ( 1974 ) Death on the Nile ( 1978 ) Evil Under the Sun ( 1982 ) Appointment with Death ( 1988 ) Murder on the Orient Express ( 2017 ) Plays Alibi ( 1928 ) Black Coffee ( 1930 ) Peril at End House ( 1932 ) Wasp 's Nest ( 1937 ) The Yellow Iris ( 1937 , radio ) Television adaptations Thirteen at Dinner ( 1985 ) Dead Man 's Folly ( 1986 ) Murder in Three Acts ( 1986 ) Murder by the Book ( 1986 ) Agatha Christie 's Poirot ( 1989 -- 2013 ) episodes Murder on the Orient Express ( 2001 ) Agatha Christie 's Great Detectives Poirot and Marple ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Video games Agatha Christie : Murder on the Orient Express ( 2006 ) Agatha Christie : Death on the Nile ( 2007 ) Agatha Christie : Evil Under the Sun ( 2007 ) Agatha Christie : The ABC Murders ( 2009 ) See also Black Coffee Orient Express ( board game ) Miss Marple Agatha Christie 's fictional universe Category Works by Agatha Christie Universe Characters Hercule Poirot Miss Marple Tommy and Tuppence Ariadne Oliver Arthur Hastings Superintendent Battle Chief Inspector Japp Parker Pyne Mr. Harley Quin Colonel Race Lady Eileen `` Bundle '' Brent Sir Henry Clithering Raymond West Miss Felicity Lemon Countess Vera Rossakoff Locations St. Mary Mead Novels The Mysterious Affair at Styles The Secret Adversary The Murder on the Links The Man in the Brown Suit The Secret of Chimneys The Murder of Roger Ackroyd The Big Four The Mystery of the Blue Train The Seven Dials Mystery The Murder at the Vicarage The Sittaford Mystery Peril at End House Lord Edgware Dies Murder on the Orient Express Why Did n't They Ask Evans ? Three Act Tragedy Death in the Clouds The A.B.C. Murders Murder in Mesopotamia Cards on the Table Dumb Witness Death on the Nile Appointment with Death Hercule Poirot 's Christmas Murder Is Easy And Then There Were None Sad Cypress One , Two , Buckle My Shoe Evil Under the Sun N or M ? The Body in the Library Five Little Pigs The Moving Finger Towards Zero Death Comes as the End Sparkling Cyanide The Hollow Taken at the Flood Crooked House A Murder Is Announced They Came to Baghdad Mrs McGinty 's Dead They Do It with Mirrors After the Funeral A Pocket Full of Rye Destination Unknown Hickory Dickory Dock Dead Man 's Folly 4.50 from Paddington Ordeal by Innocence Cat Among the Pigeons The Pale Horse The Mirror Crack 'd from Side to Side The Clocks A Caribbean Mystery At Bertram 's Hotel Third Girl Endless Night By the Pricking of My Thumbs Hallowe'en Party Passenger to Frankfurt Nemesis Elephants Can Remember Postern of Fate Curtain Sleeping Murder As Mary Westmacott Giant 's Bread Unfinished Portrait Absent in the Spring The Rose and the Yew Tree A Daughter 's a Daughter The Burden Short story collections Poirot Investigates Partners in Crime The Mysterious Mr Quin The Thirteen Problems The Hound of Death The Listerdale Mystery Parker Pyne Investigates Murder in the Mews The Regatta Mystery The Labours of Hercules The Witness for the Prosecution and Other Stories Three Blind Mice and Other Stories The Under Dog and Other Stories The Adventure of the Christmas Pudding Double Sin and Other Stories The Golden Ball and Other Stories Poirot 's Early Cases Miss Marple 's Final Cases and Two Other Stories Problem at Pollensa Bay and Other Stories The Harlequin Tea Set While the Light Lasts and Other Stories Plays Black Coffee And Then There Were None Appointment with Death Murder on the Nile The Hollow The Mousetrap Witness for the Prosecution Spider 's Web Verdict The Unexpected Guest Fiddlers Three Akhnaton Chimneys Radio and television plays Wasp 's Nest The Yellow Iris Three Blind Mice Butter in a Lordly Dish Personal Call Other books The Road of Dreams Come , Tell Me How You Live Star Over Bethlehem Poems An Autobiography Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taken_at_the_Flood&oldid=849921889 '' Categories : 1948 British novels Hercule Poirot novels 1948 in fiction Dodd , Mead and Company books Novels adapted into television programs British novels adapted into films Hidden categories : EngvarB from November 2013 Use dmy dates from November 2013 Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe Українська 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 09 : 43 ( UTC ) . 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where does the light rail in seattle go	Currently the system consists of two separate lines : Central Link and Tacoma Link . Central Link is a light rail line operating between the University of Washington in Seattle and the Angle Lake station in SeaTac , Washington . Tacoma Link is a streetcar line operating in downtown Tacoma . Extensions are being planned or constructed that will bring Central Link north to Lynnwood and Everett , east to Redmond and south to Kent , Des Moines , Federal Way , and the Tacoma Dome . Additional lines are planned to service Ballard , West Seattle , Issaquah and south Kirkland .		Link light rail	link light rail		Sound Transit Link light rail Overview Locale Seattle metropolitan area Transit type Light rail Number of lines 2 existing 2 under construction Number of stations 21 existing 13 under construction 9 approved Daily ridership 80,789 ( May 2018 , weekdays ) Annual ridership 24,159,038 ( 2017 ) Operation Began operation Tacoma Link : August 22 , 2003 Central Link : July 18 , 2009 Operator ( s ) Sound Transit and King County Metro Technical System length 21.95 miles ( 35.33 km ) Track gauge 4 ft 8 ⁄ in ( 1,435 mm ) standard gauge Electrification 1500 V DC , overhead lines ( Central Link ) 750 V DC , overhead lines ( Tacoma Link ) hide System map Legend Central Link Lynnwood Link ( 2024 ) Lynnwood Link ( 2024 ) Lynnwood City Center Mountlake Terrace Shoreline North / 185th Shoreline South / 145th Northgate Link ( 2021 ) Northgate Link ( 2021 ) Northgate Roosevelt U District University of Washington Lake Washington Ship Canal Capitol Hill Westlake University Street Pioneer Square State Ferries & Water Taxi International District / Chinatown Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel East Link Extension ( 2023 ) East Link Extension ( 2023 ) Judkins Park Homer M. Hadley Mem . Bridge over Lake Washington Mercer Island East Channel Bridge over Lake Washington South Bellevue East Main Bellevue Downtown Wilburton Spring District / 120th Bel - Red / 130th Overlake Village Redmond Technology Center SE Redmond ( 2024 ) Downtown Redmond ( 2024 ) Stadium SODO Beacon Hill Mount Baker Columbia City Othello Rainier Beach Tukwila International Boulevard SeaTac / Airport Angle Lake Federal Way Link ( 2024 ) Federal Way Link ( 2024 ) Kent / Des Moines South 272nd Street Federal Way Transit Center Tacoma Link Hilltop Extension Hilltop Extension St Joseph Hilltop District 6th Avenue Tacoma General Stadium District S 4th Old City Hall ( relocated ) Theater District / South 9th Street Commerce Street / South 11th Street Convention Center / South 15th Street Union Station / South 19th Street South 25th Street Tacoma Dome This diagram : view talk edit The Link light rail is a rapid transit rail system in the Seattle metropolitan area of Washington State , being designed , built and operated by the region 's mass transportation agency , Sound Transit . Currently the system consists of two separate lines : Central Link and Tacoma Link . Central Link is a light rail line operating between the University of Washington in Seattle and the Angle Lake station in SeaTac , Washington . Tacoma Link is a streetcar line operating in downtown Tacoma . Extensions are being planned or constructed that will bring Central Link north to Lynnwood and Everett , east to Redmond and south to Kent , Des Moines , Federal Way , and the Tacoma Dome . Additional lines are planned to service Ballard , West Seattle , Issaquah and south Kirkland . The initial system was approved and funded by voters under the `` Sound Move '' ballot measure passed in November 1996 . Further expansion of the system was approved and funded by voters under the `` Sound Transit 2 '' ballot measure passed in 2008 , and the Sound Transit 3 program in 2016 . By 2040 , the system is expected to grow to over 112 miles ( 180 km ) of track . Contents 1 History 2 Current lines 2.1 Central Link 2.2 Tacoma Link 3 Future extensions 4 Land - use impacts 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Link light rail In November 1996 , voters in King , Pierce , and Snohomish Counties approved increases in sales taxes and vehicle excise taxes to pay for a US $ 3.9 billion transit package that included $1.7 billion for a light rail system , including Central Link and Tacoma Link . Over the next several years , debates raged over various issues surrounding the Central Link line . In the late nineties and early 2000s , Sound Transit underwent a series of financial and political difficulties . The cost of the line rose significantly , and the federal government threatened to withhold necessary grants . In 2001 , Sound Transit was forced to shorten the line from the original proposal , and growing enthusiasm for the proposed monorail brought rising opposition to the light rail from Seattle - area residents . But by the end of 2002 , Sound Transit decided on a route and became more financially stable . On August 22 , 2003 , the Tacoma Link light rail line in Downtown Tacoma opened and quickly reached its forecast ridership . On November 8 , 2003 , a groundbreaking ceremony was held for the Central Link light rail line . Central Link opened between Westlake Station and Tukwila on July 18 , 2009 , and was extended 1.7 miles ( 2.7 km ) to SeaTac / Airport on December 19 , 2009 . In November 2006 , the U.S. Federal Transit Administration approved Sound Transit 's plan for University Link , a project to extend light rail 3.1 miles ( 5.0 km ) north to the University of Washington after completion of an Environmental Impact Study . A grant was approved in November 2008 , which allowed University Link to begin construction in December 2008 . The line opened , including the University Link Tunnel , on March 19 , 2016 . Current lines ( edit ) Central Link ( edit ) Central Link train in Tukwila Main article : Central Link Central Link is a light rail line running between the University of Washington , downtown Seattle ( in the Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel ) , the SoDo district ( home to CenturyLink Field and Safeco Field ) , Seattle 's Rainier Valley , Tukwila , the Seattle -- Tacoma International Airport in SeaTac and Angle Lake . The initial 13.9 - mile ( 22.4 km ) segment of the line was opened on July 18 , 2009 . The line has since been expanded three times and spans 20.35 miles ( 32.8 km ) as of September 26 , 2016 . Tacoma Link ( edit ) Tacoma Link car in downtown Tacoma Main article : Tacoma Link Tacoma Link is a streetcar line running through the densest parts of Tacoma . This line connects the Tacoma Dome Station ( a regional hub for local and express bus , and commuter train service ) with downtown Tacoma , making stops near the city 's convention center , theater district , the University of Washington 's Tacoma campus and several museums . The 1.6 - mile ( 2.6 km ) line was completed in 2003 . Future extensions ( edit ) Sound Transit 's 2008 ballot measure , named Sound Transit 2 , approved several light rail projects , extending Link northward to Northgate and Lynnwood by 2021 and 2024 , respectively , and east to Bellevue and Overlake in 2023 . It also extended the existing line one new station in Angle Lake , which opened September 26 , 2016 . Other improvements in the package included Sounder commuter rail improvements and expansion of Tacoma Link . Sound Transit 3 , passed in 2016 , funded new extensions of Link that will open between 2024 and 2040 . Several deferred or truncated projects from Sound Transit 2 , including extensions to Federal Way and Downtown Redmond , were funded and accelerated by the plan . Project Name Status Description Length Expected Opening Northgate Link Extension Under construction Extends Central Link north from University of Washington Station to the University District west of campus , the Roosevelt neighborhood and Northgate , a major transit center and shopping mall . 4.3 miles ( 6.9 km ) 2021 Tacoma Link Extension Under construction Extends Tacoma Link north and west from downtown Tacoma to the city 's Stadium District and Hilltop neighborhood . 2.4 miles ( 3.9 km ) 2022 East Link Extension Under construction Extends Central Link east from downtown Seattle to the Judkins Park neighborhood , Mercer Island , Bellevue , Overlake and Microsoft 's campus in Redmond . The project also includes route planning to support a later extension to downtown Redmond , which was approved in Sound Transit 3 . 14 miles ( 23 km ) 2023 Downtown Redmond Link Extension Environmental Review Extends East Link north - east from Overlake to Redmond at two new stations : SE Redmond and Downtown Redmond . This project was approved in Sound Transit 3 and will be the first ST3 project to open . 3.7 miles ( 6.0 km ) 2024 Lynnwood Link Extension Final Design Extends Central Link north from Northgate in Seattle ( northern terminus of the Northgate Link Extension ) to North Seattle , Shoreline , Mountlake Terrace and Lynnwood , a major transit center . 8.5 miles ( 13.7 km ) 2024 Federal Way Link Extension Environmental Review Extends Central Link south from Angle Lake ( southern terminus of the South 200th Link Extension ) to Highline College and downtown Federal Way . 4.8 miles ( 7.7 km ) 2024 Tacoma Dome Link Extension Preliminary design Extends Central Link south from Federal Way Transit Center to Tacoma Dome Station , with stops in Federal Way , Fife , and East Tacoma . 15 miles ( 24 km ) 2030 West Seattle Link Extension Initial Planning Extends Central Link southwest from downtown Seattle to West Seattle . 4.7 miles ( 7.6 km ) 2030 Ballard Link Extension Initial Planning Extends Central Link northwest from downtown Seattle to Ballard via South Lake Union and Lower Queen Anne . The project includes a new 2nd downtown transit tunnel with a stop in Midtown , that will connect at the current ID / Chinatown Station . 7.1 miles ( 11.4 km ) 2035 Everett Link Extension Planned Extends Central Link north from Lynnwood Transit Center to Everett Station via Paine Field . 15.4 miles ( 24.8 km ) 2036 South Kirkland - Issaquah Link Extension Planned A new line which will connect in Bellevue via East Link . This will extend light rail to downtown Issaquah , mostly following I - 90 , with stations in Eastgate , and Factoria . Additionally it will extend north to the South Kirkland Park and Ride , connecting with some Bellevue stations . 9 miles ( 14 km ) ( Issaquah - only portion ) 2041 Land - Use impacts ( edit ) An expressed purpose in building the Link light rail system has been to support a `` smart growth '' approach to handling the region 's population growth and development . By concentrating new development along light rail lines ( a practice known as `` transit - oriented development '' ) , more people can live more densely without the increases in automotive commuting traffic that might otherwise be expected . In addition , the concentration of residents near stations helps maintain ridership and revenue . Climate change activists also point out that compact development around light rail lines has been shown to result in reductions in residents ' CO emissions , compared to more conventional suburban automotive commutes . Environmentalists , transportation groups and some affordable housing advocates have sought greater government regulatory support for transit - oriented development along Link light rail , and in 2009 a bill was introduced in the Washington State Legislature that would have raised allowable densities ( as well as lowering parking requirements and easing some other regulations on development ) in station areas . The bill did not pass , but supporters vowed to bring it back in 2010 . See also ( edit ) List of Link Light Rail stations Sounder commuter rail Seattle Streetcar Network List of rail transit systems in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Projects & Plans - Find a Project '' . Sound Transit . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` May 2017 Service Performance Report '' ( PDF ) . Sound Transit . July 19 , 2018 . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Q4 Service Delivery Quarterly Performance Report '' ( PDF ) . Sound Transit . February 22 , 2018 . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ David Schaefer ( November 8 , 1996 ) . `` Voters Back Transit Plan On Fourth Try '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved February 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Light - rail cost soars $1 billion '' . The Seattle Times . December 13 , 2000 . Retrieved February 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Andrew Garber ( March 30 , 2001 ) . `` Federal aid in jeopardy for light rail '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved April 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Grass , Michael ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` With Seattle 's Long - Awaited Transit Expansion Now Reality , It 's Full Steam Ahead '' . Route Fifty . Atlantic Media . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sound Transit : Tacoma Link '' . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2008 . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Countdown to a new era : all aboard Link light rail starting July 18 '' ( Press release ) . Sound Transit . April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Countdown to airport connection : Link light rail to Sea - Tac Airport starts Dec. 19 '' ( Press release ) . Sound Transit . November 13 , 2009 . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yardley , William ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Seattle continues quest to get greener as it grows with ' transformative ' light - rail expansion '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Northgate Link Extension '' . Sound Transit . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tacoma Link Expansion '' . Sound Transit . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` East Link Extension '' . Sound Transit . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Downtown Redmond Link Extension '' . Sound Transit . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lynnwood Link Extension '' . Sound Transit . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Way Link Extension '' . Sound Transit . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sound Transit 3 Draft System Plan '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Dunkelberger , Steven ( 22 December 2017 ) . `` Sound Transit moves forward with Tacoma Dome light rail project '' . Tacoma Weekly News . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Project Summary : LINK Light Rail '' . King County Department of Transportation . September 17 , 2003 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Regional View Newsletter . Puget Sound Regional Council . July 2001 . Archived December 4 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Transit Oriented Development Jump up ^ Online TDM Encyclopedia - Transit Oriented Development Jump up ^ Futurewise - Transportation Archived May 11 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sound Transit Link Light Rail . Route map : KML file ( edit help ) Template : Attached KML / Link light rail KML is not from Wikidata Sound Transit Mass transit in the Puget Sound region Local and express bus Community Transit list of routes Everett Transit Intercity Transit Island Transit King County Metro list of routes fleet facilities trolleybuses Kitsap Transit Pierce Transit Skagit Transit Sound Transit Express Light rail Link light rail list of stations Central Link Tacoma Link Future extensions : East Link Federal Way Link Lynnwood Link Northgate Link Streetcar Seattle Streetcar First Hill Streetcar South Lake Union Streetcar Waterfront Streetcar ( discontinued ) Commuter rail Sounder Bus rapid transit RapidRide Swift Blue Green Ferry Clipper Navigation Herron Island ferry King County Water Taxi Kitsap Fast Ferries Kitsap Transit Foot Ferry Steilacoom -- Anderson Island ferry Washington State Ferries Monorail Seattle Center Monorail Other Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel ORCA card Sea - Tac Airport Satellite Transit System SODO Busway Sound Transit Trolleybuses in Seattle Italics denote lines or services which are planned , under construction , or otherwise not operating at the present time . Currently operating light rail and streetcar systems in the United States Arizona Phoenix Valley Metro Rail Tucson Sun Link Arkansas Little Rock Metro Streetcar Fort Smith Trolley California eBART Los Angeles Metro Rail Blue , Green , Gold , and Expo lines Sprinter ( Oceanside - Escondido ) Sacramento RT San Diego Trolley San Francisco Muni Cable Car E Embarcadero F Market & Wharves Muni Metro Santa Clara VTA Colorado Denver RTD light rail Platte Valley Trolley Fort Collins Municipal Railway District of Columbia DC Streetcar Florida Tampa TECO Line Streetcar System Georgia Atlanta Streetcar Louisiana New Orleans streetcars Maryland Baltimore Light RailLink Massachusetts Boston Ashmont -- Mattapan High Speed Line MBTA Green Line Lowell National Historical Park Trolley Michigan Detroit QLine Minnesota Minneapolis - St. Paul Metro Como - Harriet Streetcar Line Excelsior Streetcar Line Missouri KC Streetcar Missouri / Illinois St. Louis MetroLink New Jersey Hudson -- Bergen Light Rail Newark Light Rail River Line ( Camden -- Trenton ) New York Buffalo Metro Rail North Carolina Charlotte Lynx Blue Line CityLynx Gold Line Ohio Cincinnati Bell Connector Cleveland RTA Blue , Green , and Waterfront Lines Oklahoma El Reno Heritage Express Trolley Oregon Portland MAX Light Rail Portland Streetcar Willamette Shore Trolley Astoria Riverfront Trolley Pennsylvania Philadelphia SEPTA Route 15 Routes 101 and 102 Subway -- Surface Lines Pittsburgh Light Rail Tennessee Memphis MATA Trolley Texas Dallas DART Light Rail Dallas Streetcar M - Line Houston METRORail Utah Salt Lake City TRAX S Line Virginia Norfolk Tide Washington Seattle Central Link Seattle Streetcar Tacoma Link Issaquah Valley Trolley Wisconsin Kenosha Transit Italics denote non-transit streetcar lines , operating only on limited dates and usually not year - round , for tourism or educational purposes . Transit in the United States : Rapid transit Light rail / Streetcar People mover & monorail Trolleybus Commuter rail Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Link_light_rail&oldid=864711412 '' Categories : Link Light Rail Sound Transit Light rail in Washington ( state ) Transportation in Seattle 2003 establishments in Washington ( state ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from October 2015 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2016 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles using KML not from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español فارسی Français Italiano 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2018 , at 23 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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who ate the food in the eleventh hour			The eleventh Hour ( children 's book )	the eleventh hour ( children's book )	The Eleventh Hour : A Curious Mystery ( 1988 ) is an illustrated children 's book by Graeme Base . In it , Horace the Elephant holds a party for his eleventh birthday , to which he invites his ten best friends ( various animals ) to play eleven games and share in a feast that he has prepared . However , at the time they are to eat -- 11 : 00 -- they are startled to find that someone has already eaten all the food . They accuse each other until , finally , they 're left puzzled as to who could have eaten it all . It is left up to the reader to solve the mystery , through careful analysis of the pictures on each page and the words in the story .	The book was a joint - winner of the `` Picture Book of the Year '' award from The Children 's Book Council of Australia . History ( edit ) Base was inspired to write the book by reading Agatha Christie novels . He travelled to Kenya and Tanzania in 1987 observing animals in game parks and collecting ideas for the book . Style ( edit ) Written in rhyme , the book includes large and lavish full - page illustrations of Horace 's opulent house and the events of the party , packed with hidden details . The author invites the reader to deduce the identity of the thief by examining the illustrations and making deductions and observations . Also among the details in the illustrations are hidden messages , ciphers , and codes for amateur cryptographers ( for example , one page 's border consists of Morse code while another page set in the ballroom contains musical clues as to which guest is guilty ) . The biggest and most noticeable clue lies in a paragraph of ciphertext at the end of the book , which is to be decrypted , once the reader has discovered the identity of the thief , by means of a Caesar cipher mapping A to the first letter of the guilty animal 's name . The solution to the cipher confirms the answer to the puzzle and offers an additional challenge to the reader . The final portion of the book contains the answers to almost all of the clues in the book ( including the cipher ) , and how to solve them . These last pages are sealed together , as the reader is encouraged to try to solve the puzzles themselves first . This sealed section was absent from earlier prints of the book - but was available by mail . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Winners and Commended Books 1980 - 1989 - CBCA '' . Children 's Book Council of Australia . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Graeme Base - Penguin Group ( USA ) Works by Graeme Base Books My Grandma Lived in Gooligulch ( 1983 ) Animalia ( 1986 ) Jabberwocky ( 1987 , illustrated ) The Eleventh Hour ( 1989 ) The Sign of the Seahorse ( 1992 ) The Discovery of Dragons ( 1996 ) The Worst Band in the Universe ( 1999 ) The Water Hole ( 2001 ) Truck Dogs ( 2003 ) Jungle Drums ( 2004 ) Uno 's Garden ( 2006 ) The Discovery of Dragons : New Research Revealed ( 2007 ) Enigma ( 2008 ) The Art of Graeme Base ( 2008 , illustrated ) The Legend of the Golden Snail ( 2010 ) The Jewel Fish of Karnak ( 2011 ) Little Elephants ( 2012 ) Adaptations Animalia ( 2007 - 2008 ) Children 's Book of the Year Award : Picture Book 1955 - 1959 Wish and the Magic Nut by Peggy Barnard ( 1956 ) Piccaninny Walkabout by Axel Poignant ( 1958 ) 1960 - 1969 Hugh 's Zoo by Elizabeth MacIntyre ( 1965 ) Sly Old Wardrobe by Ivan Southall ( 1969 ) 1970 - 1979 Waltzing Matilda by A.B. Paterson ( 1971 ) The Bunyip of Berkeley 's Creek by Jenny Wagner ( 1974 ) The Man from Ironbark by A.B. Paterson ( 1975 ) The Rainbow Serpent by Dick Roughsey ( 1976 ) John Brown , Rose and the Midnight Cat by Jenny Wagner ( 1978 ) The Quinkins by Percy Trezise ( 1979 ) 1980 - 1989 One Dragon 's Dream by Peter Pavey ( 1980 ) Rummage by Christobel Mattingley ( 1982 ) Who Sank the Boat ? by Pamela Allen ( 1983 ) Bertie and the Bear by Pamela Allen ( 1984 ) Felix & Alexander by Terry Denton ( 1986 ) Kojuro and the Bears by Helen Smith ( 1987 ) Crusher is Coming ! by Bob Graham ( 1988 ) The Eleventh Hour by Graeme Base ( 1989 ) Drac and the Gremlin by Allan Baillie ( 1989 ) 1990 - 1999 The Very Best of Friends by Margaret Wild ( 1990 ) Greetings from Sandy Beach by Bob Graham ( 1991 ) Window by Jeannie Baker ( 1992 ) Rose Meets Mr Wintergarten by Bob Graham ( 1993 ) First Light by Gary Crew ( 1994 ) The Watertower by Gary Crew ( 1995 ) The Hunt by Narelle Oliver ( 1996 ) Not a Nibble ! by Elizabeth Honey ( 1997 ) The Two Bullies by Junko Morimoto ( 1998 ) The Rabbits by John Marsden ( 1999 ) 2000 - 2009 Jenny Angel by Margaret Wild ( 2000 ) Fox by Margaret Wild ( 2001 ) An Ordinary Day by Libby Gleeson ( 2002 ) In Flanders Fields by Norman Jorgensen ( 2003 ) Cat and Fish by Joan Grant ( 2004 ) Are We There Yet ? : A Journey Around Australia by Alison Lester ( 2005 ) The Short and Incredibly Happy Life of Riley by Colin Thompson ( 2006 ) The Arrival by Shaun Tan ( 2007 ) Requiem for a Beast by Matt Ottley ( 2008 ) Collecting Colour by Kylie Dunstan ( 2009 ) 2010 - present The Hero of Little Street by Gregory Rogers ( 2010 ) Mirror by Jeannie Baker ( 2011 ) Hamlet by Nicki Greenberg ( 2011 ) A Bus Called Heaven by Bob Graham ( 2012 ) Early Childhood ( 2001 - present ) Younger Readers ( 1982 - present ) Older Readers ( 1946 - present ) Eve Pownall Award for Information Books ( 1988 - present ) Canberra 's Own Outstanding List : Fiction for Younger Readers Award 1991 - 1999 Round the Twist by Paul Jennings ( 1991 ) The Cabbage Patch Fib by Paul Jennings ( 1992 ) Unreal ! by Paul Jennings ( 1993 ) The Eleventh Hour by Graeme Base ( 1994 ) The Gizmo by Paul Jennings ( 1995 ) Belly Flop by Morris Gleitzman ( 1996 ) Belly Flop by Morris Gleitzman ( 1997 ) Wicked by Paul Jennings ( 1998 ) Bumface by Morris Gleitzman ( 1999 ) 2000 - 2009 Bob the Builder and the Elves by Emily Rodda ( 2000 ) Deltora Quest 2 series by Emily Rodda ( 2003 ) Deltora Quest 3 series by Emily Rodda ( 2004 ) Selby 's Stardom by Duncan Ball ( 2005 ) Tashi and the Forbidden Room by Anna Fienberg ( 2006 ) The Cat on the Mat is Flat by Andy Griffiths ( 2007 ) Just Shocking ! by Andy Griffiths ( 2008 ) Go Girl ! Two Sides : # 1 Track Stars ! by Kathy Castle ( 2009 ) 2010 - present The Big Fat Cow Goes Kapow by Andy Griffiths ( 2010 ) The Very Bad Book by Andy Griffiths ( 2011 ) Picture Book Award ( 1993 - present ) Fiction for Older Readers Award ( 1991 - present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Eleventh_Hour_(children%27s_book)&oldid=791599030 '' Categories : 1989 children 's books Children 's picture books Cryptography in fiction Picture books by Graeme Base Puzzle books CBCA Children 's Book of the Year Award - winning works COOL Award - winning works Australian children 's books Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2015 All articles needing additional references Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 July 2017 , at 08 : 42 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Eleventh%20Hour%20%28children%2527s%20book%29	1,853
killarney national park and muckross house & gardens			Muckross House	muckross house	Muckross House ( Irish : Teach Mhucrois ) is located on the small Muckross Peninsula between Muckross Lake and Lough Leane , two of the lakes of Killarney , 6 kilometres ( 3.7 mi ) from the town of Killarney in County Kerry , Ireland . In 1932 it was presented by William Bowers Bourn and Arthur Rose Vincent to the Irish nation . It thus became the first National Park in the Irish Free State ( now Republic of Ireland ) and formed the basis of the present day Killarney National Park .	Contents 1 History 2 Description of Muckross House 2.1 The interior 3 See also 4 External links History ( edit ) Muckross House is a mansion designed by the British architect , William Burn , built in 1843 for Henry Arthur Herbert and his wife , the watercolourist Mary Balfour Herbert . With sixty - five rooms , it was built in the Tudor style . Extensive improvements were undertaken in the 1850s in preparation for the visit of Queen Victoria in 1861 . It is said that these improvements for the Queen 's visit were a contributory factor in the financial difficulties suffered by the Herbert family which resulted in the sale of the estate . In 1899 it was bought by Arthur Guinness , 1st Baron Ardilaun who wanted to preserve the dramatic landscape . He did not live in the house himself , but rented it out to wealthy groups as a hunting lodge . In August 1911 , not long before the First World War , Muckross House and its demesne were again sold to William Bowers Bourn , a wealthy Californian mining magnate . He and his wife passed it to their daughter Victoria and her husband Arthur Rose Vincent as a wedding present . The couple lived there until Victoria 's death from pneumonia in 1929 . In 1932 her parents Mr and Mrs Bournes and their son - in - law Arthur Vincent decided to present Muckross House and its 11,000 acre estate to the Irish nation . Being called the '' Bourne - Vincent Memorial Park '' , it thus became the first National Park in the Republic of Ireland and formed the basis of present - day Killarney National Park . In later years the park was substantially expanded by the acquisition of land from the former Earl of Kenmare 's estate . Description of Muckross House ( edit ) The interior ( edit ) The front entryway has a plethora of mounted trophy heads , including an enormous rack of antlers from the Irish Elk ( extinct ) , found preserved in a local bog . See also ( edit ) Muckross Abbey External links ( edit ) Muckross House official website Wikimedia Commons has media related to Muckross House . Historic Irish houses and castles Connacht Ashford Castle Aughnanure Castle Ballymore Castle Ballymote Castle Castle Hackett Classiebawn Castle Clifden Castle Clonalis House Dunguaire Castle Dunsandle Castle Eyrecourt Castle Fiddaun Castle Hazelwood House Glanleam House Kilronan Castle Lissadell House Markree Castle Menlo Castle Parke 's Castle Strokestown House Tyrone House Westport House Dublin Abbeville , Dublin Aldborough House Áras an Uachtaráin Ardgillan Castle Ashtown Castle Baggotrath Castle Carrickmines Castle Castleknock Castle Chichester House Clontarf Castle Deerfield Drimnagh Castle Dublin Castle Farmleigh Frescati House Howth Castle Iveagh House Killiney Castle Leinster House Luttrellstown Castle Malahide Castle Manderley Castle Mansion House Merrion Castle Mornington House Rathfarnham Castle Swords Castle Rest of Leinster Allenstown House Altamont House Ardbraccan House Athlone Castle Athclare Castle Athlumney Castle Avondale House Ballinlough Castle Barberstown Castle Bargy Castle Bellinter House Belvedere House Bellevue House Birr Castle Butler House Carton House Castle Durrow Castle Roche Castletown House Charleville Castle Dangan Castle Dardistown Castle Darver Castle Duckett 's Grove Dunsany Castle Durhamstown Castle Emo Court Enniscorthy Castle Foulksrath Castle Humewood Castle Huntington Castle Kilkea Castle Killeen Castle , Dunsany Kilkenny Castle Kilruddery House Kinnitty Castle Leap Castle Leixlip Castle Lisnavagh House Loftus Hall Lucan Manor Lyons Demesne Maynooth Castle Marlfield House Middleton Park House Mount Loftus Portlick Castle Powerscourt House Rock of Dunamase Russborough House Slane Castle Stradbally Hall Straffan House Summerhill House Tallaght Castle Townley Hall Trim Castle Munster Abbeville , Tipperary Adare Manor Ardfinnan Castle Ballinalacken Castle Ballinskelligs Castle Ballycarbery Castle Ballyhannon Castle Bantry House Barryscourt Castle Black Castle Blarney Castle Bourchier 's Castle Bunratty Castle Cahir Castle Cappoquin House Castle Conway Castle Donovan Castle Gurteen de la Poer Castle Oliver Castle Otway Craggaunowen Castle Croom Castle Curraghmore Damer House Derreen House Derryquin Castle Desmond Castle Doonagore Castle Dough Castle Dromoland Castle Dromore Castle Dunasead Castle Dunboy Castle Dunkerron Castle Dunlough Castle Ennistymon House Fota House Gallarus Castle Kilcash Castle Killagha Abbey Kiltinan Castle King John 's Castle Knappogue Castle Leamaneh Castle Lismore Castle Listowel Castle Macroom Castle Moorstown Castle Mount Congreve Mount Trenchard House Muckross House Newtown Castle O'Dea Castle Ormonde Castle Parkavonear Castle Redwood Castle Rock of Cashel Roscrea Castle Ross Castle Shanmuckinish Castle Slevoir House Strancally Castle Tarbert House Vernon Mount Waterford Castle Woodhouse Woodstown House Ulster Altinaghree Castle Archbishop 's Palace , Armagh Arthur Cottage Bailieborough Castle Ballymoyer House Bangor Castle Baronscourt Belfast Castle Blessingbourne House Burt Castle Carrickfergus Castle Castle Caulfield Castle Coole Castle Leslie Castle Saunderson Clandeboye House Cloughoughter Castle Crom Castle Derrymore House Doe Castle Donegal Castle Dundrum Castle Dungannon Castle Dunluce Castle Florence Court Glenarm Castle Glenveagh Castle Gosford Castle Grianan of Aileach Hillsborough Castle Hope Castle Inch Castle Lissan House Lough Eske Castle Monellan Castle Mongavlin Castle Mount Stewart Parkanaur House Richhill Castle Rossmore Castle Springhill House Tynan Abbey See also Historic houses in Northern Ireland Historic houses in the Republic of Ireland Coordinates : 52 ° 01 ′ 04 '' N 9 ° 30 ′ 06 '' W / 52.01778 ° N 9.50167 ° W / 52.01778 ; - 9.50167 This article about an Irish building or structure is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muckross_House&oldid=865926975 '' Categories : Buildings and structures in County Kerry Museums in County Kerry Historic house museums in the Republic of Ireland Farm museums Gardens in County Kerry Killarney Open - air museums in the Republic of Ireland Tudor Revival architecture 1843 establishments in Ireland Irish building and structure stubs Hidden categories : Articles containing Irish - language text Coordinates on Wikidata All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Euskara Français Gaeilge Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 02 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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when did automatic weapons become legal in america	The Public Safety and Recreational Firearms Act was enacted as part of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 . The prohibitions expired on September 13 , 2004 .	September 13 , 2004	Federal assault weapons ban	federal assault weapons ban	The Federal Assault Weapons Ban ( AWB ) , officially the Public Safety and Recreational Firearms Use Protection Act , is a subsection of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 , a United States federal law , which included a prohibition on the manufacture for civilian use of certain semi-automatic firearms that were defined as assault weapons as well as certain ammunition magazines that were defined as `` large capacity . ''	The 10 - year ban was passed by the US Congress on September 13 , 1994 , following a close 52 -- 48 vote in the US Senate , and was signed into law by US President Bill Clinton on the same day . The ban applied only to weapons manufactured after the date of the ban 's enactment . It expired on September 13 , 2004 , in accordance with its sunset provision . Several constitutional challenges were filed against provisions of the ban , but all were rejected by the courts . There were multiple attempts to renew the ban , but none succeeded . Studies have shown the ban had little effect in criminal activity , but that may have been caused by various loopholes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Provisions 2.1 Definition of assault weapon 2.2 Cosmetic features 3 Legal challenges 4 Studies on effectiveness 5 Efforts at renewal 6 See also 7 References Background ( edit ) Efforts to create restrictions on assault weapons at the federal government level intensified in 1989 after 34 children and a teacher were shot and five children killed in Stockton , Calif. with a semi-automatic AK - 47 rifle . The Luby 's shooting in October 1991 , which left 23 people dead and 27 wounded , was another factor . The July 1993 101 California Street shooting also contributed to passage of the ban . The shooter killed eight people and wounded six . Two of the three firearms he used were TEC - 9 semi-automatic handguns with Hell - Fire triggers . The ban tried to address public concerns about mass shootings by restricting firearms that met the criteria for what it defined as a `` semiautomatic assault weapon '' , as well as magazines that met the criteria for what it defined as a `` large capacity ammunition feeding device '' . In November 1993 , the proposed legislation passed the U.S. Senate . The bill 's author , Dianne Feinstein ( D - CA ) and other advocates said that it was a weakened version of the original proposal . In May 1994 , former presidents Gerald Ford , Jimmy Carter , and Ronald Reagan , wrote to the U.S. House of Representatives in support of banning `` semi-automatic assault guns '' . They cited a 1993 CNN / USA Today / Gallup Poll that found 77 percent of Americans supported a ban on the manufacture , sale , and possession of such weapons . Rep. Jack Brooks ( D - TX ) , then chair of the House Judiciary Committee , tried unsuccessfully to remove the assault weapons ban section from the crime bill . The National Rifle Association ( NRA ) opposed the ban . In November 1993 , NRA spokesman Bill McIntyre said that assault weapons `` are used in only 1 percent of all crimes '' . The low usage statistic was supported in a 1999 Department of Justice brief . The legislation passed in September 1994 with the assault weapon ban section expiring in 2004 due to its sunset provision . Provisions ( edit ) The Public Safety and Recreational Firearms Act was enacted as part of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 . The prohibitions expired on September 13 , 2004 . The Act prohibited the manufacture , transfer , or possession of `` semiautomatic assault weapons , '' as defined by the Act . `` Weapons banned were identified either by specific make or model ( including copies or duplicates thereof , in any caliber ) , or by specific characteristics that slightly varied according to whether the weapon was a pistol , rifle , or shotgun '' ( see below ) . The Act also prohibited the transfer and possession of `` large capacity ammunition feeding devices '' ( LCAFDs ) . An LCAFD was defined as `` any magazine , belt , drum , feed strip , or similar device manufactured after the date ( of the act ) that has the capacity of , or that can be readily restored or converted to accept , more than 10 rounds of ammunition '' . The Act included a number of exemptions and exclusions from its prohibitions : The Act included a `` grandfather clause '' to allow for possession and transfer of weapons and ammunition that `` were otherwise lawfully possessed on the date of enactment . '' The Act exempted some 650 firearm types or models , including various types of Browning , Remington , and Beretta guns , as these were viewed as primarily `` suitable for target practice , match competition , hunting , and similar sporting purposes . This list was not exhaustive and the act provided that the absence of a firearm from the exempted list did not mean it was banned unless it met the definition of ' semiautomatic assault weapon . ' '' The Act `` also exempted any firearm that ( 1 ) is manually operated by bolt , pump , lever , or slide action ; ( 2 ) has been rendered permanently inoperable ; or ( 3 ) is an antique firearm . '' The Act `` also did not apply to any semiautomatic rifle that can not accept a detachable magazine that holds more than five rounds of ammunition nor any semiautomatic shotgun that can not hold more than five rounds of ammunition in a fixed or detachable magazine . '' The Act provided an exemption for the use of `` semiautomatic assault weapons and LCAFDs to be manufactured for , transferred to , and possessed by law enforcement and for authorized testing or experimentation purposes '' as well as transfers for federal - security purposes under the Atomic Energy Act and `` possession by retired law enforcement officers who are not otherwise a prohibited possessor under law . '' In 1989 , the George H.W. Bush administration had banned the importation of foreign - made , semiautomatic rifles deemed not to have `` a legitimate sporting use . '' It did not affect similar but domestically - manufactured rifles . ( The Gun Control Act of 1968 gives discretion to the Attorney General of the United States to choose whether to `` authorize a firearm or ammunition to be imported or brought into the United States , '' under what is known as `` the sporting purposes test . '' ) Following the enactment of the Federal Assault Weapons Ban , the ATF determined that `` certain semiautomatic assault rifles could no longer be imported even though they were permitted to be imported under the 1989 ' sporting purposes test ' because they had been modified to remove all of their military features other than the ability to accept a detachable magazine '' and so in April 1998 , it `` prohibited the importation of 56 such rifles , determining that they did not meet the ' sporting purposes test . ' '' Definition of assault weapon ( edit ) Under the Assault Weapons Ban of 1994 , the definition of `` semiautomatic assault weapon '' included specific semi-automatic firearm models by name , and other semi-automatic firearms that possessed two or more from a set certain features : A semi-automatic Yugoslavian M70AB2 rifle . An Intratec TEC - DC9 with 32 - round magazine ; a semi-automatic pistol formerly classified as an assault weapon under federal law . Semi-automatic rifles able to accept detachable magazines and two or more of the following : Folding or telescoping stock Pistol grip Bayonet mount Flash suppressor , or threaded barrel designed to accommodate one Grenade launcher Semi-automatic pistols with detachable magazines and two or more of the following : Magazine that attaches outside the pistol grip Threaded barrel to attach barrel extender , flash suppressor , handgrip , or suppressor Barrel shroud safety feature that prevents burns to the operator Unloaded weight of 50 oz ( 1.4 kg ) or more A semi-automatic version of a fully automatic firearm . Semi-automatic shotguns with two or more of the following : Folding or telescoping stock Pistol grip Detachable magazine . The ban defined the following semi-automatic firearms and any copies or duplicates of them , in any caliber , as assault weapons : Name of firearm Preban federal legal status Norinco , Mitchell , and Poly Technologies Avtomat Kalashnikovs ( AKs ) ( all models ) Imports banned in 1989 * Action Arms Israeli Military Industries UZI and Galil Imports banned in 1989 * Beretta AR - 70 ( SC - 70 ) Imports banned in 1989 * Colt AR - 15 Legal Fabrique National FN / FAL , FN - LAR , FNC Imports banned in 1989 * SWD ( MAC type ) M - 10 , M - 11 , M11 / 9 , M12 Legal Steyr AUG Imports banned in 1989 * INTRATEC TEC - 9 , TEC - DC9 , TEC - 22 Legal Revolving cylinder shotguns such as ( or similar to ) the Street Sweeper and Striker 12 Legal Cosmetic features ( edit ) Gun control advocates and gun rights advocates have referred to at least some of the features outlined in the federal Assault Weapon Ban of 1994 as cosmetic . The NRA Institute for Legislative Action and the Violence Policy Center both used the term in publications that were released by them in September 2004 , when the ban expired . In May 2012 , the Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence said that `` the inclusion in the list of features that were purely cosmetic in nature created a loophole that allowed manufacturers to successfully circumvent the law by making minor modifications to the weapons they already produced . '' The term was repeated in several stories after the 2012 Aurora shooting and Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting . Senator Marco Rubio cited that issue during a town hall forum , responding to questions from survivors of the 2018 Stoneman - Douglas High School shooting in Parkland , Florida . Legal challenges ( edit ) A February 2013 Congressional Research Service ( CRS ) report to Congress said that the `` Assault Weapons Ban of 1994 was unsuccessfully challenged as violating several constitutional provisions '' but that challenges to three constitutional provisions were easily dismissed . The ban did not make up an impermissible bill of attainder . It was not unconstitutionally vague . Also , it was ruled to be compatible with the Ninth Amendment by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals . Challenges to two other provisions took more time to decide . In evaluating challenges to the ban under the Commerce Clause , the court first evaluated Congress 's authority to regulate under the clause and then analyzed the ban 's prohibitions on manufacture , transfer , and possession . The court held that `` it is not even arguable that the manufacture and transfer of ' semiautomatic assault weapons ' for a national market can not be regulated as activity substantially affecting interstate commerce . '' It also held that the `` purpose of the ban on possession has an ' evident commercial nexus ' '' . The law was also challenged under the Equal Protection Clause . It was argued that it banned some semi-automatic weapons that were functional equivalents of exempted semi-automatic weapons and that to do so , based upon a mix of other characteristics , served no legitimate governmental interest . The reviewing court held that it was `` entirely rational for Congress ... to choose to ban those weapons commonly used for criminal purposes and to exempt those weapons commonly used for recreational purposes . '' It also found that each characteristic served to make the weapon `` potentially more dangerous '' and were not `` commonly used on weapons designed solely for hunting . '' The Federal Assault Weapons Ban was never directly challenged under the Second Amendment . Since its 2004 expiration , there has been debate on how the ban would fare in light of cases decided in following years , especially District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) . Studies on Effectiveness ( edit ) Total US deaths by year in spree shootings from 1982 to 2018 ( ongoing ) . A 2002 study by Koper and Roth found that around the time when the ban became law , assault weapon prices increased significantly , but the increase was reversed in the several months afterward by a surge in assault weapons production that occurred just before the ban took effect . In 2003 , the Task Force on Community Preventive Services , an independent , non-federal task force , examined an assortment of firearms laws , including the AWB , and found `` insufficient evidence to determine the effectiveness of any of the firearms laws reviewed for preventing violence . '' A 2004 critical review of firearms research by a National Research Council committee said that an academic study of the assault weapon ban `` did not reveal any clear impacts on gun violence outcomes . '' The committee noted that the study 's authors said the guns were relatively rarely used criminally before the ban and that its maximum potential effect on gun violence outcomes would be very small . In 2004 , a research report commissioned by the National Institute of Justice found that if the ban was renewed , the effects on gun violence would likely be small and perhaps too small for reliable measurement , because rifles in general , including rifles referred to as `` assault rifles '' or `` assault weapons '' , are rarely used in gun crimes . That study , by Christopher S. Koper , Daniel J. Woods , and Jeffrey A. Roth of the Jerry Lee Center of Criminology , University of Pennsylvania , found no statistically significant evidence that either the assault weapons ban or the ban on magazines holding more than 10 rounds had reduced gun murders . The authors also report that `` there has been no discernible reduction in the lethality and injuriousness of gun violence , based on indicators like the percentage of gun crimes resulting in death or the share of gunfire incidents resulting in injury . '' In 2004 , the Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence examined the impact of the Assault Weapons Ban , On Target : The Impact of the 1994 Federal Assault Weapon Act . Examining 1.4 million guns involved in crime , `` in the five - year period before enactment of the Federal Assault Weapons Act ( 1990 -- 1994 ) , assault weapons named in the Act constituted 4.82 % of the crime gun traces ATF conducted nationwide . Since the law 's enactment , however , these assault weapons have made up only 1.61 % of the guns ATF has traced to crime . Page 10 of the Brady report , however , adds that `` an evaluation of copycat weapons is necessary '' . Including `` copycat weapons '' , the report concluded that `` in the post-ban period , the same group of guns has constituted 3.1 % of ATF traces , a decline of 45 % . '' A spokesman for the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) stated that he `` can in no way vouch for the validity '' of the report . A study conducted by Dube in 2013 , showed that the passing of the FAWB in 1994 had an insignificant impact on violent crime in Mexico , while the expiration of the FAWB in 2004 combined with political instability was correlated with an increase in gun - related homicides among Mexican municipalities near the border . Also in 2013 , Koper reviewed the literature on the ban 's effects and concluded that its effects on crimes committed with assault weapons were mixed due to its various loopholes . He also concluded that the ban did not seem to affect gun crime rates , but may have been able to reduce shootings if it had been renewed in 2004 . Research by gun advocate John Lott found no impact of these bans on violent crime rates , but provided evidence that the bans may have reduced the number of gun shows by over 20 percent . Koper , Woods , and Roth studies focus on gun murders , while Lott 's look at murder , rape , robbery , and aggravated assaults . Unlike their work , Lott 's research accounted for state assault weapon bans and 12 other different types of gun control laws . In a 2013 report Samantha Bricknell from the Australian Institute of Criminology , Frederic Lemieux and Tim Prenzler compared mass shootings between America and Australia and found the `` 1996 NFA coincided within the cessation of mass shooting events '' in Australia , and that there were reductions in America that were evident during the 1994 -- 2004 US Federal Assault Weapon Ban . Efforts at renewal ( edit ) The assault weapons ban expired on September 13 , 2004 . Legislation to renew or replace the ban was proposed numerous times unsuccessfully . Between May 2003 and June 2008 , U.S. Senator Dianne Feinstein , D - CA , and Representatives Michael Castle , R - DE , Alcee Hastings , D - FL , and Mark Kirk , R - IL , introduced bills to reauthorize the ban . At the same time , Senator Frank Lautenberg , D - NJ , and Representative Carolyn McCarthy , D - NY , introduced similar bills to create a new ban with a revised definition for assault weapons . None of the bills left committee . After the November 2008 election , the website of President - elect Barack Obama listed a detailed agenda for the forthcoming administration . The stated positions included `` making the expired federal Assault Weapons Ban permanent . '' Three months later , newly sworn - in Attorney General Eric Holder reiterated the Obama administration 's desire to reinstate the ban . The mention came in response to a question during a joint press conference with DEA Acting Administrator Michele Leonhart , discussing efforts to crack down on Mexican drug cartels . Attorney General Holder said that `` there are just a few gun - related changes that we would like to make , and among them would be to reinstitute the ban on the sale of assault weapons . '' Efforts to pass a new federal assault weapons ban were made in December 2012 after the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting , in Newtown , Connecticut . On January 24 , 2013 , Senator Feinstein introduced S. 150 , the Assault Weapons Ban of 2013 ( AWB 2013 ) . The bill was similar to the 1994 ban , but differed in that it would not expire after 10 years , and it used a one - feature test for a firearm to qualify as an assault weapon rather than the two - feature test of the defunct ban . The GOP Congressional delegation from Texas , and the NRA , condemned Feinstein 's bill . On March 14 , 2013 , the Senate Judiciary Committee approved a version of the bill along party lines . On April 17 , 2013 , AWB 2013 failed on a Senate vote of 40 to 60 . See also ( edit ) United States portal Law portal Assault weapon Gun politics in the United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wellford , Charles F ; Pepper , John V ; Petrie , Carol V , eds. ( 2013 ) ( Print ed. 2005 ) . Firearms and Violence : A Critical Review ( Electronic ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : National Academies Press . p. 97 . ISBN 0 - 309 - 54640 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Koper , Christopher S. ; Roth , Jeffrey A. ( 2002 ) . `` The Impact of the 1994 Federal Assault Weapons Ban on Gun Markets : An Assessment of Short - Term Primary and Secondary Market Effects '' . Journal of Quantitative Criminology. 18 ( 3 ) : 239 -- 266 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1016055919939 . Jump up ^ `` Senate restricts assault weapon imports , production '' . The Pittsburgh Press . Associated Press . May 23 , 1990 . p . A13 . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . A campaign for curbs on assault weapons began in January 1989 after a deranged gunman with an AK - 47 semiautomatic rifle opened fire on a Stockton , Calif. , school yard at recess time , leaving five children dead and 30 wounded . Jump up ^ Pazniokas , Mark ( December 20 , 1993 ) . `` One Gun 's Journey Into A Crime '' . The Courant . Hartford , Connecticut . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . The campaign to ban assault weapons began Jan. 17 , 1989 , after Patrick Purdy shot 34 children and a teacher in a Stockton , Calif. , schoolyard , using a semiautomatic replica of an AK - 47 assault rifle . Jump up ^ More Stockton schoolyard shooting sources : Adams , Jane Meredith ( May 29 , 1995 ) . `` Sparked By School Massacre , Gun Debate Still Rages '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Every murder horrifies , but the massacre of five children as they ran screaming that sunny January morning , and the wounding of 30 others , including a teacher , packed such emotional power it ignited the nascent anti-assault weapons movement . Roth , Jeffrey A. ; Koper , Christopher S. ( 1997 ) . `` Impact Evaluation of the Public Safety and Recreational Firearms Use Protection Act of 1994 '' ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : The Urban Institute . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . Nonetheless , the involvement of assault weapons in a number of mass murder incidents such as those discussed above ( including the Stockton schoolyard shooting ) provided an important impetus to the movement to ban assault weapons . Cowan , Lee ( December 16 , 2012 ) . `` 1989 Calif. school shooting led to assault weapons ban '' . CBS News . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Johnson , Kevin ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` Stockton school massacre : A tragically familiar pattern '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Like Newtown , the Stockton shooting helped prompt a heated national debate about gun control , culminating in a landmark , 10 - year federal ban on assault weapons , which expired in 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Assault Weapons Ban . '' Encyclopedia of Gun Control and Gun Rights . Glenn H. Utter and Robert J. Spitzer . 2nd ed . Amenia , NY : Grey House Publishing , 2011 . 24 -- 25 . Gale Virtual Reference Library . Web . August 20 , 2016 . Quote : `` Two events spurred the introduction of an assault weapon ban in Congress : the January 1989 schoolyard shooting in Stockton , California , that left five children dead and 29 others wounded ; and the Killeen , Texas , cafeteria shooting in which 22 people were killed and 23 others wounded before the shooter took his own life . '' Jump up ^ Bingham , Amy ( July 27 , 2012 ) . `` Shootings That Shaped Gun Control Laws : 101 California Street Shooting '' . ABC News Internet Ventures . ^ Jump up to : Roth , Jeffrey A. ; Christopher S. Koper ( March 1999 ) . `` Impacts of the 1994 Assault Weapons Ban '' ( PDF ) . National Institute of Justice Research in Brief ( NCJ 173405 ) . Jump up ^ Bunting , Glenn F. ( November 9 , 1993 ) . `` Feinstein Faces Fight for Diluted Gun Bill '' . Los Angeles Time . Jump up ^ Eaton , William J. ( May 5 , 1994 ) . `` Ford , Carter , Reagan Push for Gun Ban '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Seelye , Katharine Q. ( July 28 , 1994 ) . `` Assault Weapons Ban Allowed To Stay in Anti-crime Measure '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Senate Acts To Ban Assault Weapons : Brady Bill Still Awaiting Action '' . Chicago Tribune . November 18 , 1993 . ^ Jump up to : Vivian S. Chu , Federal Assault Weapons Ban : Legal Issues , Congressional Research Service ( February 14 , 2013 ) , pp. 3 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Rasky , Susan F. ( July 8 , 1989 ) . `` Import Ban on Assault Rifles Becomes Permanent '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Public Safety and Recreational Firearms Use Protection Act , H.R. 3355 , 103rd Congress ( 1993 -- 1994 ) , Government Printing Office . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Finally , the End of a Sad Era -- Clinton Gun Ban Stricken from Books ! '' . Fairfax , Virginia : National Rifle Association , Institute for Legislative Action . September 13 , 2004 . Law - abiding citizens , however , will once again be free to purchase semi-automatic firearms , regardless of their cosmetic features , for target shooting , shooting competitions , hunting , collecting , and most importantly , self - defense . Jump up ^ `` Violence Policy Center Issues Statement on Expiration of Federal Assault Weapons Ban '' ( Press release ) . Washington , D.C. : Violence Policy Center . September 13 , 2004 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2013 . Soon after its passage in 1994 , the gun industry made a mockery of the federal assault weapons ban , manufacturing ' post-ban ' assault weapons with only slight , cosmetic differences from their banned counterparts . Jump up ^ `` Assault Weapons Policy Summary '' . San Francisco , California : Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence . May 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seitz - Wald , Alex ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` Do n't mourn the assault weapons ban 's impending demise '' . Salon . ( The National Rifle Association ) says the ban created an artificial distinction between ' assault weapons ' and other semi-automatic weapons , based almost entirely on cosmetic features . This is largely true . Jump up ^ More cosmetic sources : McArdle , Megan ( November 12 , 2012 ) . `` Just Say No to Dumb Gun Laws '' . The Daily Beast ... ' assault weapon ' is a largely cosmetic rather than functional description . Kopel , David ( December 17 , 2012 ) . `` Guns , Mental Illness and Newtown '' . Wall Street Journal . None of the guns that the Newtown murderer used was an assault weapon under Connecticut law . This illustrates the uselessness of bans on so - called assault weapons , since those bans concentrate on guns ' cosmetics , such as whether the gun has a bayonet lug , rather than their function . Yager , Jordy ( January 16 , 2013 ) . `` The problem with ' assault weapons ' '' . The Hill . Gun companies quickly realized they could stay within the law and continue to make rifles with high - capacity magazine clips if they steered away from the cosmetic features mentioned in the law . Sullum , Jacob ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` What 's an Assault Weapon ? '' . Reason . The distinguishing characteristics of ' assault weapons ' are mainly cosmetic and have little or no functional significance in the context of mass shootings or ordinary gun crimes . Jump up ^ `` Read Stoneman students ' questions at the CNN town hall '' . CNN . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Chu , Vivian S. ( February 14 , 2013 ) . `` Federal Assault Weapons Ban : Legal Issues '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Navegar Inc. v. United States , 103 F. 3d 994 ( D.C. Cir. 1999 ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Starr , 945 F. Supp. 257 ( M.D. Ga . 1996 ) ( `` Accordingly , the statute is not unconstitutionally vague and Defendant Starr 's motion is hereby DENIED . '' ) . Jump up ^ San Diego Gun Rights Comm . v. Reno , 98 F. 3d 1121 ( 9th Cir. 1996 ) ( `` To grant plaintiffs standing to challenge the constitutionality of the Crime Control Act in the circumstances of this case would eviscerate the core standing requirements of Article III and throw all prudential caution to the wind . '' ) . Jump up ^ Olympic Arms v. Buckles , 301 F. 3d 384 ( 6th Cir. 2002 ) ( `` Accordingly , it is entirely rational for Congress , in an effort to protect public safety , to choose to ban those weapons commonly used for criminal purposes and to exempt those weapons commonly used for recreational purposes . '' ) . Jump up ^ Olympic Arms v. Buckles , 301 F. 3d 384 ( 6th Cir. 2002 ) ( `` Each of the individual enumerated features makes a weapon potentially more dangerous . Additionally , the features are not commonly used on weapons designed solely for hunting . '' ) . Jump up ^ Kopan , Tal ( August 8 , 2012 ) . `` If Congress , W.H. wanted to ban assault weapons , could they ? '' . POLITICO . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/12/mass-shootings-mother-jones-full-data Jump up ^ `` First Reports Evaluating the Effectiveness of Strategies for Preventing Violence : Early Childhood Home Visitation and Firearms Laws . Findings from the Task Force on Community Preventive Services '' ( PDF ) . MMWR . Atlanta , Georgia : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 52 ( RR - 14 ) : 11 -- 20 . 2003 . ISSN 1057 - 5987 . Jump up ^ Koper , Christopher S. ; Woods , Daniel J. ; Roth , Jeffrey A. ( June 2004 ) ( First published 1997 ) . `` An Updated Assessment of the Federal Assault Weapons Ban : Impacts on Gun Markets and Gun Violence , 1994 -- 2003 -- Report to the National Institute of Justice , United States Department of Justice '' ( PDF ) . Philadelphia : Jerry Lee Center for Criminology , University of Pennsylvania . Jump up ^ `` On Target : The Impact of the 1994 Federal Assault Weapon Act '' ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence . March 2004 . Jump up ^ Ove , Torsten ( March 28 , 2004 ) . `` Assault Weapon Ban 's Effectiveness Debated '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Jump up ^ DUBE , ARINDRAJIT ; DUBE , OEINDRILA ; GARCÍA - PONCE , OMAR ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Cross-Border Spillover : U.S. Gun Laws and Violence in Mexico '' . American Political Science Review . 107 ( 03 ) : 397 -- 417 . doi : 10.1017 / S0003055413000178 . Jump up ^ Koper , Christopher S. ( 2013 ) . Reducing Gun Violence in America : Informing Policy with Evidence and Analysis ( PDF ) . Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 187 . Jump up ^ Lott , John R. ( May 24 , 2010 ) . More Guns , Less Crime : Understanding Crime and Gun Control Laws ( 3rd ed . ) . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 49367 - 1 . Retrieved December 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lott , John R. ( February 1 , 2003 ) . The Bias Against Guns . Washington , D.C. : Regnery Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0895261144 . Retrieved December 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lemieux , Frederic ; Bricknell , Samantha ; Prenzler , Tim ( 2015 ) . `` Mass shootings in Australia and the United States , 1981 -- 2013 '' . Journal of Criminological Research , Policy and Practice. 1 ( 3 ) : 131 -- 142 . doi : 10.1108 / JCRPP - 05 - 2015 - 0013 . ISSN 2056 - 3841 . Jump up ^ S. 1034 , S. 2109 , S. 620 , H.R. 3831 , H.R. 5099 , H.R. 6257 Jump up ^ S. 1431 , S. 645 , H.R. 2038 , H.R. 1312 , H.R. 1022 Jump up ^ `` Urban Policy Agenda '' . Office of President - elect Barack Obama . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Jason ( February 25 , 2009 ) . `` Obama to Seek New Assault Weapons Ban '' . ABC News . 6960824 . Retrieved December 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ C-SPAN.org Archived February 28 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Barron , James ( December 15 , 2012 ) . `` Children Were All Shot Multiple Times With a Semiautomatic , Officials Say '' . New York Times . New York Times Company . Retrieved April 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Levy , Gabrielle ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` Obama responds to gun violence petition '' ( blog ) . United Press International . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Steinhauer , Jennifer ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Senator Unveils Bill to Limit Semiautomatic Arms '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sen. Dianne Feinstein , Rev. Gary Hall , Rep. Carolyn McCarthy et al. ( January 24 , 2013 ) . Assault Weapons Ban Bill ( video ) . Washington , D.C. : National Cable Satellite Corporation . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kucinich , Jackie ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Democrats reintroduce assault weapons ban '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Freedman , Dan ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Feinstein offers new assault weapons ban '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Steinhauer , Jennifer ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Party - Line Vote in Senate Panel for Ban on Assault Weapons '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Simon , Richard ( April 17 , 2013 ) . `` Senate votes down Feinstein 's assault weapons ban '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federal_Assault_Weapons_Ban&oldid=843424874 '' Categories : 1994 in law Gun politics in the United States Legal history of the United States United States federal firearms legislation Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from February 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 02 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal%20Assault%20Weapons%20Ban	1,855
the caravelles you don't have to be a baby to cry lyrics			You Do n't Have to Be a Baby to Cry	you don't have to be a baby to cry	`` You Do n't Have to Be a Baby to Cry '' is a song by British girl group The Caravelles . The single reached No. 3 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , and No. 6 on the UK Singles Chart in 1963 . The song had previously charted in the US by Ernest Tubb , Moon Mullican , and Tennessee Ernie Ford in the 1950s .	The song was originally recorded by Moon Mullican , Ernest Tubb and Jimmy Dorsey in 1950 . `` You Do n't Have to Be a Baby to Cry '' was also recorded by Billie Davis in 1963 . Her version remained unreleased until her compilation Watcha Gonna Do ? was released in 2007 . It was also recorded and released by Ceil Clayton in 1964 and re-released in 1968 . Her version appeared on her debut album , Ceil Clayton , and also on her second album , I meet the Nicest People , on the Norman Records label . Julie London also recorded the song on her 1964 LP Julie London ( Liberty Records LST - 7342 US ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.45cat.com/record/f11697 Jump up ^ allmusic ( ( ( The Caravelles > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles ) ) ) Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 92 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Tennessee Ernie Ford Albums Hymns ( 1956 ) Ernie Sings & Glen Picks ( 1975 ) Singles `` Mule Train '' `` The Shotgun Boogie '' `` The Ballad of Davy Crockett '' `` Sixteen Tons '' `` You Do n't Have to Be a Baby to Cry '' `` Dark as a Dungeon '' This 1960s single - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_Don%27t_Have_to_Be_a_Baby_to_Cry&oldid=814590737 '' Categories : 1963 singles Ernest Tubb songs Tennessee Ernie Ford songs Songs written by Bob Merrill 1950 songs 1960s single stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 19 : 13 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%20Don%2527t%20Have%20to%20Be%20a%20Baby%20to%20Cry	1,856
who has the yellow jersey tour de france 2017			2017 Tour de France	2017 tour de france	The 2017 Tour de France was the 104th edition of the Tour de France , one of cycling 's Grand Tours . The 3,540 km ( 2,200 mi ) - long race commenced with an individual time trial in Düsseldorf , Germany on 1 July , and concluded with the Champs - Élysées stage in Paris on 23 July . A total of 198 riders from 22 teams entered the 21 - stage race , which was won by Chris Froome of Team Sky , his fourth overall victory . Rigoberto Urán ( Cannondale -- Drapac ) and Romain Bardet ( AG2R La Mondiale ) finished second and third , respectively .	Geraint Thomas ( Team Sky ) won the opening stage and became the Tour 's first rider to wear the general classification leader 's yellow jersey . Froome , who performed the best in the opening stage out of the pre-race favourites , took the lead after the fifth stage 's summit finish . He held the lead until it was taken by Fabio Aru ( Astana ) at the end of stage twelve , where Froome lost time on the steep summit finish to Peyragudes . Froome retook the yellow jersey after the fourteenth stage and held it until the end of the race . The points classification was won by Michael Matthews of Team Sunweb , with teammate Warren Barguil , winner of two high mountain stages , taking the mountains classification as well as the award for most combative rider . Orica -- Scott 's Simon Yates , in seventh place overall , won the young rider classification . The team classification was won by Team Sky . Contents ( hide ) 1 Teams 2 Pre-race favourites 3 Route and stages 4 Race overview 5 Classification leadership 6 Final standings 6.1 General classification 6.2 Points classification 6.3 Mountains classification 6.4 Young rider classification 6.5 Team classification 7 UCI rankings 8 See also 9 Notes and references 9.1 Footnotes 9.2 References 9.3 Sources 10 External links Teams ( edit ) Main article : List of teams and cyclists in the 2017 Tour de France The Burgplatz ( de ) square in Düsseldorf , Germany , hosted the team presentation ceremony on 29 June . The 2017 edition of the Tour de France consisted of 22 teams . All eighteen UCI WorldTeams were entitled , and obliged , to enter the race . On 26 January 2017 , the organiser of the Tour , Amaury Sport Organisation ( ASO ) , announced the four second - tier UCI Professional Continental teams given wildcard invitations , of which three were French - based ( Cofidis , Direct Énergie and Fortuneo -- Oscaro ) and one was Belgian ( Wanty -- Groupe Gobert , which participated in the race for the first time ) . Fortuneo -- Oscaro were initially invited to the race as Fortuneo -- Vital Concept , before a change of sponsorship prior to the opening day of racing . The presentation of the teams -- where the members of each team 's roster are introduced in front of the media and local dignitaries -- took place in front of a crowd of 15,000 at the Burgplatz ( de ) square in Düsseldorf , Germany , on 29 June , two days before the opening stage held in the city . Each squad was allowed a maximum of nine riders , resulting in a start list total of 198 riders . Of these , 49 were competing in their first Tour de France . The total number of riders that finished the race was 167 . The riders came from 32 countries . Six countries had more than 10 riders in the race : France ( 39 ) , Italy ( 18 ) , Belgium ( 16 ) , Germany ( 16 ) , the Netherlands ( 15 ) , and Spain ( 13 ) . The average age of riders in the race was 29.4 years , ranging from the 22 - year - old Élie Gesbert ( Fortuneo -- Oscaro ) to the 40 - year - old Haimar Zubeldia ( Trek -- Segafredo ) . Cannondale -- Drapac had the youngest average age while Team Dimension Data had the oldest . UCI WorldTeams AG2R La Mondiale Astana Bahrain -- Merida BMC Racing Team Bora -- Hansgrohe Cannondale -- Drapac Team Dimension Data FDJ Team Katusha -- Alpecin LottoNL -- Jumbo Lotto -- Soudal Movistar Team Orica -- Scott Quick - Step Floors Team Sky Team Sunweb Trek -- Segafredo UAE Team Emirates UCI Professional Continental teams Cofidis Direct Énergie Fortuneo -- Oscaro Wanty -- Groupe Gobert Pre-race favourites ( edit ) Three - time winner Chris Froome of Team Sky ( pictured at the 2016 Tour ) was the leading pre-race favourite for the general classification . In the lead up to the 2017 Tour de France , Chris Froome ( Team Sky ) was seen by many as the top pre-race favourite for the general classification . His closest rivals were thought to be Richie Porte ( BMC Racing Team ) , Nairo Quintana ( Movistar Team ) , Alberto Contador ( Trek -- Segafredo ) , Romain Bardet ( AG2R La Mondiale ) and Fabio Aru ( Astana ) . The other riders considered contenders for the general classification were Alejandro Valverde ( Movistar Team ) , Jakob Fuglsang ( Astana ) , Thibaut Pinot ( FDJ ) , Esteban Chaves ( Orica -- Scott ) , Geraint Thomas ( Team Sky ) , Dan Martin ( Quick - Step Floors ) , Simon Yates ( Orica -- Scott ) , and Louis Meintjes ( UAE Team Emirates ) . Froome , who won the 2013 , 2015 and 2016 editions of the Tour , had not won a race in the 2017 season prior to the Tour 's start . His best result was fourth overall at the Critérium du Dauphiné , a race considered to be the warm - up for the Tour and one he has won before his three previous Tour victories . Despite this , he was thought to have one of the strongest teams in the race that would ride in total support of him . The 32 - year - old Porte , who placed fifth in the 2016 Tour , won the general classification in two stage races so far in 2017 , the Tour Down Under and the Tour de Romandie , and came second in the Dauphiné . Quintana , third in the 2016 Tour , placed second at the Giro d'Italia , with overalls wins at the Tirreno -- Adriatico and the Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana earlier in the season . The two - time winner ( 2007 and 2009 ) 34 - year - old Contador came second overall in four stage races in 2017 before the Tour , Paris -- Nice , the Vuelta a Andalucía , the Volta a Catalunya and the Tour of the Basque Country . Bardet , the 2017 Tour runner - up , placed sixth overall in the Dauphiné , with his best other result sixth in the one - day Classic race Liège -- Bastogne -- Liège . Aru started the Tour sharing team leadership with the Dauphiné winner Fuglsang . Aru won the Italian National Road Race Championships a week before the Tour and placed fifth at the Dauphiné . The sprinters considered favourites for the points classification and wins on the flat or hilly bunch sprint finishes were Peter Sagan ( Bora -- Hansgrohe ) , Marcel Kittel ( Quick - Step Floors ) , Mark Cavendish ( Team Dimension Data ) , André Greipel ( Lotto -- Soudal ) , and Alexander Kristoff ( Team Katusha -- Alpecin ) . Others expected to contend for sprint finishes included Michael Matthews ( Team Sunweb ) , Arnaud Démare ( FDJ ) , Dylan Groenewegen ( LottoNL -- Jumbo ) , John Degenkolb ( Trek -- Segafredo ) , Sonny Colbrelli ( UAE Team Emirates ) and Nacer Bouhanni ( Cofidis ) . Double reigning world road race champion Sagan had won the five previous points classifications of the Tour , one away from matching Erik Zabel 's record of six from 1996 to 2001 . His form in the 2017 season before the Tour included winning the one - day race Kuurne -- Brussels -- Kuurne and the points classifications in Tirreno -- Adriatico , the Tour de Suisse and the Tour of California . Kittel had gained eight wins so far in 2017 , as well as the general and points classifications in the Dubai Tour at the start of the season . Cavendish 's season before the Tour was affected by glandular fever , missing around three months ; his only success had been a stage win and the points classification at the Abu Dhabi Tour . Greipel had amassed four wins in 2017 before the Tour , including one at the Giro . Kristoff had taken six wins so far in 2017 , and the points classifications at the Tour of Oman , the Étoile de Bessèges and the Three Days of De Panne . Route and stages ( edit ) Düsseldorf hosted the Grand Départ of the race , the fourth time the Tour de France has started in Germany . The start of the 2017 Tour de France ( known as the Grand Départ ) was originally scheduled to be in London , United Kingdom ; this would have been the third time the Tour had visited London , following the 2007 and 2014 editions . In September 2015 , a week before this was due to be announced , Transport for London pulled out of the bid . It was later revealed that this was the decision of the then Mayor of London , Boris Johnson , on the grounds of cost : hosting the Grand Depart would have cost £ 35 million . In December 2015 , the ASO announced that the Grand Départ would take place with stages based in Düsseldorf ; the fourth time the Tour has begun in Germany and the first since 1987 . The bid to host the Tour was only narrowly approved by the city council . The return to Germany followed a resurgence in German professional cycling . On 14 January 2016 , details of the opening two stages were announced . The first stage would be a 13 - kilometre ( 8.1 mi ) individual time trial in Düsseldorf itself . The second stage would also begin in Düsseldorf . The full route was announced by race director Christian Prudhomme on 18 October 2016 at the Palais des Congrès in Paris . The highest point of elevation in the race was the Col du Galibier Alpine pass , at 2,642 m ( 8,668 ft ) ; the Souvenir Henri Desgrange prize was awarded to the first rider that reached it . After the first time trial , the race left Germany during stage two , which finished in the Belgian city of Liège . Stage three headed south , and after a brief passage through Luxembourg , ended with a climb in Longwy . After a transitional stage , stage five saw the first major climb , the finish at La Planche des Belles Filles . The next two stages headed south - west , before stage eight in the Jura Mountains , featured three categorised climbs . The ninth stage included the steep climbs of the Col de la Biche ( fr ) , the Col du Grand Colombier , and , after a 42 - year absence , the Signal du Mont du Chat , its summit 25 km ( 15.5 mi ) from the finish in Chambéry . After a transfer during the rest day , stage ten took place in the Dordogne region , between Périgueux and Bergerac . Stage eleven was a transitional stage , followed by two stages in the Pyrenees . Stage twelve started from Pau and ended at the Peyragudes ski resort . The next stage was short , at 110 km ( 68 mi ) , but included three climbs before a descent finish into Foix . After leaving the Pyrenees , the riders headed north - east ; stage fourteen finished with a climb towards the end of the stage . Stage fifteen featured the first appearance of the Col de Peyra Taillade , with its conclusion in Le Puy - en - Velay . Stage sixteen , the first after the final rest day , was a transitional stage , heading east , towards the Alps . Stage seventeen included the Col d'Ornon , the Col de la Croix de Fer , the Col du Télégraphe and the highest point of elevation in the race , the Col du Galibier , before a descent finish into Serre Chevalier . Stage eighteen was the final day of mountains ; it had two climbs , the Col de Vars and the finishing climb , the Col d'Izoard . It was the first time the Tour finished on the 2,360 m ( 7,743 ft ) - high mountain pass . After another transitional stage , heading south , came stage twenty , a 23 km ( 14.3 mi ) individual time trial in Marseille . Starting at the Stade Vélodrome , the course headed around the city , designated 2017 European Capital of Sport , before ending also at the Stade Vélodrome . The final stage started in Montgeron , which hosted the start of the first Tour , before concluding with the traditional laps of the Champs - Élysées . There were 21 stages in the race , covering a total distance of 3,540 km ( 2,200 mi ) , 13 km ( 8.1 mi ) shorter than the 2016 Tour . There were two time trial events , both of which were individual , a total of 36 km ( 22.4 mi ) . Of the remaining nineteen stages , eight were officially classified as flat , six as medium mountain and five as high mountain . The longest mass - start stage was stage 19 , at 222.5 km ( 138 mi ) , and the shortest was stage 13 , at 101 km ( 63 mi ) . For the first time since the 1992 edition , the route included all five of mainland France 's mountainous regions ; the Vosges , the Jura , the Pyrenees , the Massif Central and the Alps . There were summit finishes on stage 12 to Peyragudes and stage 18 to the Col d'Izoard . Additionally , the hilly stage 3 had a hilltop finish in Longwy , and stage 5 ended at La Planche des Belles Filles . The highest point of the race was the 2,642 m ( 8,668 ft ) - high Col du Galibier mountain pass on stage seventeen . It was among seven hors catégorie ( English : `` out of category '' ) rated climbs in the race . There was ten new start or finish locations . The rest days were after stage 9 , in the Dordogne , and 15 , in Le Puy - en - Velay . Stage characteristics and winners Stage Date Course Distance Type Winner 1 July Düsseldorf ( Germany ) 14 km ( 9 mi ) Individual time trial Geraint Thomas ( GBR ) 2 July Düsseldorf ( Germany ) to Liège ( Belgium ) 203.5 km ( 126 mi ) Flat stage Marcel Kittel ( GER ) 3 July Verviers ( Belgium ) to Longwy 212.5 km ( 132 mi ) Medium mountain stage Peter Sagan ( SVK ) 4 July Mondorf - les - Bains ( Luxembourg ) to Vittel 207.5 km ( 129 mi ) Flat stage Arnaud Démare ( FRA ) 5 5 July Vittel to La Planche des Belles Filles 160.5 km ( 100 mi ) Medium mountain stage Fabio Aru ( ITA ) 6 6 July Vesoul to Troyes 216 km ( 134 mi ) Flat stage Marcel Kittel ( GER ) 7 7 July Troyes to Nuits - Saint - Georges 213.5 km ( 133 mi ) Flat stage Marcel Kittel ( GER ) 8 8 July Dole to Station des Rousses 187.5 km ( 117 mi ) Medium mountain stage Lilian Calmejane ( FRA ) 9 9 July Nantua to Chambéry 181.5 km ( 113 mi ) High mountain stage Rigoberto Urán ( COL ) 10 July Dordogne Rest day 10 11 July Périgueux to Bergerac 178 km ( 111 mi ) Flat stage Marcel Kittel ( GER ) 11 12 July Eymet to Pau 203.5 km ( 126 mi ) Flat stage Marcel Kittel ( GER ) 12 13 July Pau to Peyragudes 214.5 km ( 133 mi ) High mountain stage Romain Bardet ( FRA ) 13 14 July Saint - Girons to Foix 101 km ( 63 mi ) High mountain stage Warren Barguil ( FRA ) 14 15 July Blagnac to Rodez 181.5 km ( 113 mi ) Medium mountain stage Michael Matthews ( AUS ) 15 16 July Laissac - Sévérac - l'Église to Le Puy - en - Velay 189.5 km ( 118 mi ) Medium mountain stage Bauke Mollema ( NED ) 17 July Le Puy - en - Velay Rest day 16 18 July Le Puy - en - Velay to Romans - sur - Isère 165 km ( 103 mi ) Medium mountain stage Michael Matthews ( AUS ) 17 19 July La Mure to Serre Chevalier 183 km ( 114 mi ) High mountain stage Primož Roglič ( SLO ) 18 20 July Briançon to Col d'Izoard 179.5 km ( 112 mi ) High mountain stage Warren Barguil ( FRA ) 19 21 July Embrun to Salon - de-Provence 222.5 km ( 138 mi ) Flat stage Edvald Boasson Hagen ( NOR ) 20 22 July Marseille 22.5 km ( 14 mi ) Individual time trial Maciej Bodnar ( POL ) 21 23 July Montgeron to Paris ( Champs - Élysées ) 103 km ( 64 mi ) Flat stage Dylan Groenewegen ( NED ) Total 3,540 km ( 2,200 mi ) Race overview ( edit ) Main articles : 2017 Tour de France , Stage 1 to Stage 11 and 2017 Tour de France , Stage 12 to Stage 21 Team Sky ( pictured before stage two ) took the initial lead of the team classification after having the three highest place riders from a team in stage one 's individual time trial , including stage winner Geraint Thomas , who took the race leader 's yellow jersey . The opening stage 's individual time trial was won by Geraint Thomas with a time of 16 min 4 s over the 14 km ( 8.7 mi ) course . Thomas took the yellow and green jerseys as the leader of the general and points classifications respectively . Chris Froome was the highest placed of the general classification favourites , in sixth place , sixteen seconds down . Overall contender Alejandro Valverde crashed on the wet roads and his injuries forced him to withdraw from the Tour . Marcel Kittel won stage two 's bunch sprint , and with it the green jersey . Breakaway rider Taylor Phinney ( Cannondale -- Drapac ) took the first polka dot jersey as the leader of the mountains classification . The uphill sprint finish of stage three was won by Peter Sagan ; Nathan Brown ( Cannondale -- Drapac ) took over the polka dot jersey . The fourth stage ended with a bunch sprint and was won by Démare , with him also taking the green jersey . There were two crashes leading up to the finish , the first was in the peloton around 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) to go and the second involved the sprinters at the end . In the sprint finish , Mark Cavendish crashed into the barriers at the side of the road , withdrawing later that day from the race from his injuries . Sagan , second in the stage , was disqualified after race officials judged that he caused Cavendish to crash , with the jury president Philippe Marien saying that he `` endangered some of his colleagues seriously '' . In the fifth stage , a group containing the overall contenders caught the last of the breakaway riders 5 km ( 3.1 mi ) from the summit finish at La Planche des Belles Filles . With 2.4 km ( 1.5 mi ) remaining , Fabio Aru attacked and won with a margin of sixteen seconds over the group . Thomas lost twenty seconds on the group and lost the yellow jersey to teammate Froome . Aru took over the lead of the mountains classification . Kittel won the following two stages which ended in bunch sprints . The latter stage was decided by a photo finish , with Kittel 6 mm ahead of Edvald Boasson Hagen ( Team Dimension Data ) ; Kittel regained the green jersey . In stage eight , the first high mountain stage , Lilian Calmejane of Direct Énergie attacked over the category 1 climb of Montée de la Combe de Laisia Les Molunes from a six - strong lead breakaway and soloed for 11.5 km ( 7.1 mi ) to take the win 37 seconds ahead of second placed and lone chaser Robert Gesink ( LottoNL -- Jumbo ) . Calmejane put himself into the polka dot jersey . The ninth stage saw a select group of general classification favourites join Warren Barguil ( Team Sunweb ) after the final of the Mont du Chat and contest a sprint finish , won by Rigoberto Urán ( Cannondale -- Drapac ) . Barguil took lead of the mountains classification . Richie Porte crashed descending the Mont du Chat whilst in the group of overall contenders and withdrew from the race . The following day was the Tour 's first rest rest day . Team Sunweb rider Warren Barguil ( pictured on the final stage ) won the mountains classification 's polka dot jersey , winning two of the five high mountain stages . Stages ten and eleven were won from bunch sprints by Kittel , taking his total of wins at the race to five . The twelfth stage saw the overall contenders all reach the foot of the short steep climb to Peyragudes ; Romain Bardet won by a margin of two seconds . Froome came seventh , 22 seconds down , and lost the overall lead to third - placed Aru . The 101 km ( 62.8 mi ) - long stage thirteen was won by Barguil , who won the sprint after a descent from an elite group with Nairo Quintana , Alberto Contador and Mikel Landa ( Team Sky ) . The chasing group of overall contenders came in 1 min 39 s down . In the fourteenth stage , a reduced peloton contested the uphill sprint finish at Rodez , which was won Matthews . Aru 's advantage of six seconds over Froome was changed to a deficit of eighteen , after Aru came in thirty seconds down in thirtieth place and Froome was seventh , one second behind the Matthews . Stage fifteen saw Trek -- Segafredo 's Bauke Mollema attack a breakaway group over the top of the Col de Peyra Taillade with 31 km ( 19.3 mi ) to go and solo to victory . In the large group containing the overall contenders , Bardet 's team AG2R La Mondiale forced a high pace on the Peyra Taillade . A further 6 km ( 3.7 mi ) later on the climb , Froome suffered a broken spoke , and , after receiving a new wheel from a teammate and some assistance from three other teammates , he was able to chase back up to the group . The next day was the second rest day of the race . In the sixteenth stage , the high pace set by Matthews 's Team Sunweb dropped the green jersey wearer Kittel ; Matthews , who was second to Kittel in points classification , won the stage . Primož Roglič ( LottoNL -- Jumbo ) , second behind Barguil in the mountains classification , won the following mountainous stage after a solo attack on the Col du Galibier , finishing in Serre Chevalier after a descent over a minute ahead of a four - man group containing the new top overall top three in the general classification Froome , Urán and Bardet , respectively , and also Barguil . Aru dropped from second overall to fourth . Kittel crashed and withdrew from the Tour , putting Matthews in the green jersey . Chris Froome of Team Sky ( right ) and Cannondale -- Drapac 's Rigoberto Urán ( left ) ( pictured on stage seventeen ) finished the Tour in first and second , respectively , in the general classification . The final high mountain stage of the Tour , the eighteenth , saw Barguil claim his second victory of the race on the summit finish at Col d'Izoard ; he was initially caught by the group of overall favourites on the final climb after being the one of last survivors from the breakaway , with only Darwin Atapuma ( UAE Team Emirates ) ahead . Barguil 's winning move came with 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) remaining , passing Atapuma to win by twenty seconds . A three - way sprint for fourth place saw Bardet finish just ahead of Froome with Urán placing fifth ; Bardet moved up to second overall , six seconds ahead of Urán , with Froome holding a 23 second advantage . Boasson Hagen won stage nineteen with an attack from a reduced breakaway with 2.5 km ( 1.6 mi ) to go . Maciej Bodnar of Bora -- Hansgrohe won the 22.5 km ( 14.0 mi ) individual time trial of the penultimate stage , setting a time of 28 min 15 s . Froome was third , six seconds down , increasing his lead in the general classification to 54 seconds . Bardet dropped to third overall after he lost over two minutes in the stage , and Urán was 31 seconds in arrears . The final stage in Paris was won by Dylan Groenewegen in a bunch sprint on the Champs - Élysées . Froome finished the race to win his fourth Tour de France . Urán placed second overall , 54 seconds down , with Bardet 2 min 20 s behind , just one second ahead of Landa ( fourth overall ) . Matthews won the points classification with a total of 370 , 136 ahead of André Greipel in second . Barguil won the mountains classification with 169 points , 89 ahead of second - placed Roglič . The best young rider was seventh - placed overall Simon Yates , who was followed by Louis Meintjes ( eighth overall ) in second , 2 min 6 s down . An Orica -- Scott rider won the classification for the second consecutive year , after Yates ' twin brother Adam won in 2016 . Team Sky finished as the winners of the team classification , 7 min 14 s ahead of second - placed AG2R La Mondiale . Classification leadership ( edit ) There were four main individual classifications being contested in the 2017 Tour de France , as well as a team competition . The most important was the general classification , which was calculated by adding each rider 's finishing times on each stage . Time bonuses were awarded at the end of every stage apart from the two individual time trials . The first three riders get 10 , 6 , and 4 seconds , respectively . For crashes within the final 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) of a stage , not including time trials and summit finishes , any rider involved received the same time as the group they were in when the crash occurred . The rider with the lowest cumulative time was the winner of the general classification and was considered to be the overall winner of the Tour . The rider leading the classification wore a yellow jersey . Points classification points for the top 15 positions by type Type 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Flat stage 50 30 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 7 6 5 Medium mountain stage 30 25 22 19 17 15 13 11 9 High mountain stage 20 17 15 13 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 Individual time trial Intermediate sprint The second classification was the points classification . Riders received points for finishing among the highest placed in a stage finish , or in intermediate sprints during the stage . The points available for each stage finish were determined by the stage 's type . The leader was identified by a green jersey . The third classification was the mountains classification . Points were awarded to the riders that reached the summit of the most difficult climbs first . The climbs were categorized , in order of increasing difficulty , as fourth - , third - , second - , and first - category and hors catégorie . Double points were awarded on the summit finish of the Col d'Izoard on stage 18 . The leader wore a white jersey with red polka dots . The final individual classification was the young rider classification . This was calculated the same way as the general classification , but the classification was restricted to riders who were born on or after 1 January 1992 . The leader wore a white jersey . The final classification was a team classification . This was calculated using the finishing times of the best three riders per team on each stage ; the leading team was the team with the lowest cumulative time . The number of stage victories and placings per team determined the outcome of a tie . The riders in the team that led this classification were identified with yellow number bibs on the back of their jerseys and yellow helmets . In addition , there was a combativity award given after each stage to the rider considered , by a jury , to have `` made the greatest effort and who demonstrated the best qualities of sportsmanship '' . No combativity awards were given for the time trials and the final stage . The winner wore a red number bib the following stage . At the conclusion of the Tour , Warren Barguil won the overall super-combativity award , again , decided by a jury . A total of € 2,280,950 was awarded in cash prizes in the race . The overall winner of the general classification received € 500,000 , with the second and third placed riders getting € 200,000 and € 100,000 respectively . All finishers in the top 160 were awarded with money . The holders of the classifications benefited on each stage they led ; the final winners of the points and mountains were given € 25,000 , while the best young rider and most combative rider got € 20,000 . The team classification winners were given € 50,000 . € 11,000 was given to the winners of each stage of the race , with smaller amounts given to places 2 -- 20 . There was also a special award with a prize of € 5,000 , the Souvenir Henri Desgrange , given to first rider ( Primož Roglič ) to pass the summit of the highest climb in the Tour , the Col du Galibier on stage seventeen . Classification leadership by stage Stage Winner General classification Points classification Mountains classification Young rider classification Team classification Combativity award Geraint Thomas Geraint Thomas Geraint Thomas no award Stefan Küng Team Sky no award Marcel Kittel Marcel Kittel Taylor Phinney Yoann Offredo Peter Sagan Nathan Brown Pierre Latour Lilian Calmejane Arnaud Démare Arnaud Démare Guillaume Van Keirsbulck 5 Fabio Aru Chris Froome Fabio Aru Simon Yates Philippe Gilbert 6 Marcel Kittel Vegard Stake Laengen 7 Marcel Kittel Marcel Kittel Dylan van Baarle 8 Lilian Calmejane Lilian Calmejane Lilian Calmejane 9 Rigoberto Urán Warren Barguil Warren Barguil 10 Marcel Kittel Élie Gesbert 11 Marcel Kittel Maciej Bodnar 12 Romain Bardet Fabio Aru Steve Cummings 13 Warren Barguil Alberto Contador 14 Michael Matthews Chris Froome Thomas De Gendt 15 Bauke Mollema Bauke Mollema 16 Michael Matthews Sylvain Chavanel 17 Primož Roglič Michael Matthews Alberto Contador 18 Warren Barguil Darwin Atapuma 19 Edvald Boasson Hagen Jens Keukeleire 20 Maciej Bodnar no award 21 Dylan Groenewegen Final Chris Froome Michael Matthews Warren Barguil Simon Yates Team Sky Warren Barguil Final standings ( edit ) Legend Denotes the winner of the general classification Denotes the winner of the mountains classification Denotes the winner of the points classification Denotes the winner of the young rider classification Denotes the winner of the team classification Denotes the winner of the combativity award General classification ( edit ) Final general classification ( 1 -- 10 ) Rank Rider Team Time Chris Froome ( GBR ) Team Sky 86h 20 ' 55 '' Rigoberto Urán ( COL ) Cannondale -- Drapac + 54 '' Romain Bardet ( FRA ) AG2R La Mondiale + 2 ' 20 '' Mikel Landa ( ESP ) Team Sky + 2 ' 21 '' 5 Fabio Aru ( ITA ) Astana + 3 ' 05 '' 6 Dan Martin ( IRL ) Quick - Step Floors + 4 ' 42 '' 7 Simon Yates ( GBR ) Orica -- Scott + 6 ' 14 '' 8 Louis Meintjes ( RSA ) UAE Team Emirates + 8 ' 20 '' 9 Alberto Contador ( ESP ) Trek -- Segafredo + 8 ' 49 '' 10 Warren Barguil ( FRA ) Team Sunweb + 9 ' 25 '' ( show ) Final general classification ( 11 -- 167 ) Rank Rider Team Time 11 Damiano Caruso ( ITA ) BMC Racing Team + 14 ' 48 '' 12 Nairo Quintana ( COL ) Movistar Team + 15 ' 28 '' 13 Alexis Vuillermoz ( FRA ) AG2R La Mondiale + 24 ' 38 '' 14 Mikel Nieve ( ESP ) Team Sky + 25 ' 28 '' 15 Emanuel Buchmann ( GER ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 33 ' 21 '' 16 Brice Feillu ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Oscaro + 36 ' 46 '' 17 Bauke Mollema ( NED ) Trek -- Segafredo + 37 ' 43 '' 18 Carlos Betancur ( COL ) Movistar Team + 37 ' 47 '' 19 Serge Pauwels ( BEL ) Team Dimension Data + 39 ' 36 '' 20 Tiesj Benoot ( BEL ) Lotto -- Soudal + 42 ' 04 '' 21 Tony Gallopin ( FRA ) Lotto -- Soudal + 42 ' 39 '' 22 Jan Bakelants ( BEL ) AG2R La Mondiale + 50 ' 04 '' 23 Guillaume Martin ( FRA ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 53 ' 52 '' 24 Roman Kreuziger ( CZE ) Orica -- Scott + 59 ' 58 '' 25 Sylvain Chavanel ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 1h 04 ' 22 '' 26 Romain Hardy ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Oscaro + 1h 12 ' 51 '' 27 Daniel Navarro ( ESP ) Cofidis + 1h 15 ' 26 '' 28 Sergio Henao ( COL ) Team Sky + 1h 16 ' 32 '' 29 Pierre Latour ( FRA ) AG2R La Mondiale + 1h 18 ' 45 '' 30 Mathias Frank ( SUI ) AG2R La Mondiale + 1h 21 ' 16 '' 31 Robert Kišerlovski ( CRO ) Team Katusha -- Alpecin + 1h 25 ' 25 '' 32 Amaël Moinard ( FRA ) BMC Racing Team + 1h 32 ' 02 '' 33 Nicolas Roche ( IRL ) BMC Racing Team + 1h 32 ' 35 '' 34 Thomas Degand ( BEL ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 1h 34 ' 02 '' 35 Lilian Calmejane ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 1h 35 ' 16 '' 36 Rudy Molard ( FRA ) FDJ + 1h 35 ' 55 '' 37 Ben Gastauer ( LUX ) AG2R La Mondiale + 1h 38 ' 33 '' 38 Primož Roglič ( SLO ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 1h 44 ' 41 '' 39 Diego Ulissi ( ITA ) UAE Team Emirates + 1h 45 ' 23 '' 40 Marco Minnaard ( NED ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 1h 48 ' 11 '' 41 Darwin Atapuma ( COL ) UAE Team Emirates + 1h 50 ' 31 '' 42 Pierre - Luc Périchon ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Oscaro + 1h 57 ' 29 '' 43 Nathan Brown ( USA ) Cannondale -- Drapac + 1h 57 ' 52 '' 44 Andrey Zeits ( KAZ ) Astana + 1h 59 ' 09 '' 45 Janez Brajkovič ( SLO ) Bahrain -- Merida + 2h 00 ' 38 '' 46 Jarlinson Pantano ( COL ) Trek -- Segafredo + 2h 01 ' 30 '' 47 Daryl Impey ( RSA ) Orica -- Scott + 2h 01 ' 59 '' 48 Cyril Gautier ( FRA ) AG2R La Mondiale + 2h 03 ' 24 '' 49 Andrew Talansky ( USA ) Cannondale -- Drapac + 2h 03 ' 27 '' 50 Kristijan Đurasek ( CRO ) UAE Team Emirates + 2h 04 ' 53 '' 51 Thomas De Gendt ( BEL ) Lotto -- Soudal + 2h 05 ' 36 '' 52 Haimar Zubeldia ( ESP ) Trek -- Segafredo + 2h 06 ' 30 '' 53 Gianluca Brambilla ( ITA ) Quick - Step Floors + 2h 06 ' 57 '' 54 Pierre Rolland ( FRA ) Cannondale -- Drapac + 2h 11 ' 54 '' 55 Maxime Bouet ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Oscaro + 2h 13 ' 23 '' 56 Luis Ángel Maté ( ESP ) Cofidis + 2h 15 ' 28 '' 57 Michał Kwiatkowski ( POL ) Team Sky + 2h 17 ' 48 '' 58 Greg Van Avermaet ( BEL ) BMC Racing Team + 2h 19 ' 14 '' 59 Jens Keukeleire ( BEL ) Orica -- Scott + 2h 22 ' 26 '' 60 Jonathan Castroviejo ( ESP ) Movistar Team + 2h 22 ' 44 '' 61 Michael Valgren ( DEN ) Astana + 2h 25 ' 36 '' 62 Esteban Chaves ( COL ) Orica -- Scott + 2h 27 ' 34 '' 63 Oliver Naesen ( BEL ) AG2R La Mondiale + 2h 28 ' 02 '' 64 Simon Geschke ( GER ) Team Sunweb + 2h 28 ' 57 '' 65 Eduardo Sepúlveda ( ARG ) Fortuneo -- Oscaro + 2h 31 ' 05 '' 66 Romain Sicard ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 2h 33 ' 24 '' 67 Laurens ten Dam ( NED ) Team Sunweb + 2h 34 ' 56 '' 68 Axel Domont ( FRA ) AG2R La Mondiale + 2h 35 ' 33 '' 69 Michael Matthews ( AUS ) Team Sunweb + 2h 36 ' 36 '' 70 Koen de Kort ( NED ) Trek -- Segafredo + 2h 38 ' 33 '' 71 Alexey Lutsenko ( KAZ ) Astana + 2h 39 ' 10 '' 72 Michael Schär ( SUI ) BMC Racing Team + 2h 41 ' 54 '' 73 Tsgabu Grmay ( ETH ) Bahrain -- Merida + 2h 42 ' 15 '' 74 Tiago Machado ( POR ) Team Katusha -- Alpecin + 2h 43 ' 36 '' 75 Maurits Lammertink ( NED ) Team Katusha -- Alpecin + 2h 44 ' 01 '' 76 Nicolas Edet ( FRA ) Cofidis + 2h 45 ' 11 '' 77 Dylan van Baarle ( NED ) Cannondale -- Drapac + 2h 47 ' 11 '' 78 Edvald Boasson Hagen ( NOR ) Team Dimension Data + 2h 48 ' 12 '' 79 Stefan Küng ( SUI ) BMC Racing Team + 2h 49 ' 17 '' 80 Paweł Poljański ( POL ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 2h 53 ' 42 '' 81 Danilo Wyss ( SUI ) BMC Racing Team + 2h 53 ' 51 '' 82 Paul Martens ( GER ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 2h 54 ' 14 '' 83 Ben Swift ( GBR ) UAE Team Emirates + 2h 54 ' 48 '' 84 Nikias Arndt ( GER ) Team Sunweb + 2h 54 ' 54 '' 85 Élie Gesbert ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Oscaro + 2h 55 ' 13 '' 86 Simon Clarke ( AUS ) Cannondale -- Drapac + 2h 55 ' 27 '' 87 Andrey Amador ( CRC ) Movistar Team + 2h 56 ' 43 '' 88 Damien Howson ( AUS ) Orica -- Scott + 2h 56 ' 57 '' 89 Angelo Tulik ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 2h 57 ' 05 '' 90 Alberto Bettiol ( ITA ) Cannondale -- Drapac + 2h 57 ' 56 '' 91 Thomas Voeckler ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 2h 58 ' 51 '' 92 Imanol Erviti ( ESP ) Movistar Team + 3h 00 ' 21 '' 93 Bakhtiyar Kozhatayev ( KAZ ) Astana + 3h 04 ' 11 '' 94 Jay McCarthy ( AUS ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 3h 05 ' 13 '' 95 Nils Politt ( GER ) Team Katusha -- Alpecin + 3h 05 ' 52 '' 96 Marco Marcato ( ITA ) UAE Team Emirates + 3h 05 ' 53 '' 97 Jesús Herrada ( ESP ) Movistar Team + 3h 06 ' 05 '' 98 Michael Albasini ( SUI ) Orica -- Scott + 3h 06 ' 55 '' 99 Alessandro De Marchi ( ITA ) BMC Racing Team + 3h 07 ' 25 '' 100 Pieter Vanspeybrouck ( BEL ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 3h 09 ' 38 '' 101 Tony Martin ( GER ) Team Katusha -- Alpecin + 3h 10 ' 18 '' 102 Zdeněk Štybar ( CZE ) Quick - Step Floors + 3h 12 ' 12 '' 103 Florian Vachon ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Oscaro + 3h 13 ' 10 '' 104 Daniele Bennati ( ITA ) Movistar Team + 3h 13 ' 44 '' 105 Jack Bauer ( NZL ) Quick - Step Floors + 3h 15 ' 13 '' 106 Perrig Quéméneur ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 3h 15 ' 40 '' 107 Scott Thwaites ( GBR ) Team Dimension Data + 3h 16 ' 28 '' 108 Jasha Sütterlin ( GER ) Movistar Team + 3h 17 ' 53 '' 109 Yukiya Arashiro ( JPN ) Bahrain -- Merida + 3h 18 ' 16 '' 110 Yoann Offredo ( FRA ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 3h 20 ' 50 '' 111 Matteo Bono ( ITA ) UAE Team Emirates + 3h 20 ' 59 '' 112 Vasil Kiryienka ( BLR ) Team Sky + 3h 21 ' 15 '' 113 Adam Hansen ( AUS ) Lotto -- Soudal + 3h 22 ' 31 '' 114 Patrick Bevin ( NZL ) Cannondale -- Drapac + 3h 23 ' 00 '' 115 Dmitriy Gruzdev ( KAZ ) Astana + 3h 24 ' 42 '' 116 Maciej Bodnar ( POL ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 3h 26 ' 58 '' 117 Julien Simon ( FRA ) Cofidis + 3h 29 ' 21 '' 118 Reinardt Janse van Rensburg ( RSA ) Team Dimension Data + 3h 30 ' 54 '' 119 Javier Moreno ( ESP ) Bahrain -- Merida + 3h 32 ' 06 '' 120 Andriy Hrivko ( UKR ) Astana + 3h 32 ' 14 '' 121 John Degenkolb ( GER ) Trek -- Segafredo + 3h 35 ' 14 '' 122 Sonny Colbrelli ( ITA ) Bahrain -- Merida + 3h 36 ' 22 '' 123 Lars Bak ( DEN ) Lotto -- Soudal + 3h 37 ' 04 '' 124 Dion Smith ( NZL ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 3h 39 ' 24 '' 125 Laurent Pichon ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Oscaro + 3h 39 ' 45 '' 126 Adrien Petit ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 3h 41 ' 34 '' 127 Vegard Stake Laengen ( NOR ) UAE Team Emirates + 3h 41 ' 52 '' 128 Cyril Lemoine ( FRA ) Cofidis + 3h 43 ' 45 '' 129 Mike Teunissen ( NED ) Team Sunweb + 3h 43 ' 52 '' 130 Alexander Kristoff ( NOR ) Team Katusha -- Alpecin + 3h 45 ' 40 '' 131 Marcus Burghardt ( GER ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 3h 45 ' 57 '' 132 Frederik Backaert ( BEL ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 3h 46 ' 36 '' 133 Christophe Laporte ( FRA ) Cofidis + 3h 46 ' 47 '' 134 Yohann Gène ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 3h 47 ' 08 '' 135 Markel Irizar ( ESP ) Trek -- Segafredo + 3h 47 ' 10 '' 136 Jürgen Roelandts ( BEL ) Lotto -- Soudal + 3h 47 ' 20 '' 137 Andrea Pasqualon ( ITA ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 3h 51 ' 18 '' 138 Nacer Bouhanni ( FRA ) Cofidis + 3h 51 ' 29 '' 139 Julien Vermote ( BEL ) Quick - Step Floors + 3h 52 ' 54 '' 140 Thomas Boudat ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 3h 53 ' 08 '' 141 Stephen Cummings ( GBR ) Team Dimension Data + 3h 53 ' 10 '' 142 Roy Curvers ( NED ) Team Sunweb + 3h 53 ' 38 '' 143 Grega Bole ( SLO ) Bahrain -- Merida + 3h 55 ' 29 '' 144 Christian Knees ( GER ) Team Sky + 3h 55 ' 31 '' 145 Rick Zabel ( GER ) Team Katusha -- Alpecin + 3h 55 ' 48 '' 146 Michael Gogl ( AUT ) Trek -- Segafredo + 3h 59 ' 06 '' 147 Guillaume Van Keirsbulck ( BEL ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 3h 59 ' 48 '' 148 Ramon Sinkeldam ( NED ) Team Sunweb + 4h 01 ' 54 '' 149 André Greipel ( GER ) Lotto -- Soudal + 4h 02 ' 54 '' 150 Reto Hollenstein ( SUI ) Team Katusha -- Alpecin + 4h 03 ' 45 '' 151 Mathew Hayman ( AUS ) Orica -- Scott + 4h 05 ' 17 '' 152 Davide Cimolai ( ITA ) FDJ + 4h 06 ' 15 '' 153 Bernhard Eisel ( AUT ) Team Dimension Data + 4h 10 ' 18 '' 154 Fabio Sabatini ( ITA ) Quick - Step Floors + 4h 10 ' 25 '' 155 Marco Haller ( AUT ) Team Katusha -- Alpecin + 4h 13 ' 50 '' 156 Dylan Groenewegen ( NED ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 4h 16 ' 02 '' 157 Albert Timmer ( NED ) Team Sunweb + 4h 16 ' 21 '' 158 Olivier Le Gac ( FRA ) FDJ + 4h 17 ' 21 '' 159 Taylor Phinney ( USA ) Cannondale -- Drapac + 4h 18 ' 15 '' 160 Borut Božič ( SLO ) Bahrain -- Merida + 4h 18 ' 41 '' 161 Florian Sénéchal ( FRA ) Cofidis + 4h 19 ' 17 '' 162 Jaco Venter ( RSA ) Team Dimension Data + 4h 20 ' 16 '' 163 Dimitri Claeys ( BEL ) Cofidis + 4h 25 ' 01 '' 164 Robert Wagner ( GER ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 4h 25 ' 12 '' 165 Rüdiger Selig ( GER ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 4h 26 ' 43 '' 166 Tom Leezer ( NED ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 4h 32 ' 21 '' 167 Luke Rowe ( GBR ) Team Sky + 4h 35 ' 52 '' Points classification ( edit ) Final points classification ( 1 -- 10 ) Rank Rider Team Points Michael Matthews ( AUS ) Team Sunweb 370 André Greipel ( GER ) Lotto -- Soudal 234 Edvald Boasson Hagen ( NOR ) Team Dimension Data 220 Alexander Kristoff ( NOR ) Team Katusha -- Alpecin 174 5 Sonny Colbrelli ( ITA ) Bahrain -- Merida 168 6 Thomas De Gendt ( BEL ) Lotto -- Soudal 149 7 Dylan Groenewegen ( NED ) LottoNL -- Jumbo 144 8 Chris Froome ( GBR ) Team Sky 133 9 Rigoberto Urán ( COL ) Cannondale -- Drapac 106 10 Dan Martin ( IRL ) Quick - Step Floors 106 Mountains classification ( edit ) Final mountains classification ( 1 -- 10 ) Rank Rider Team Points Warren Barguil ( FRA ) Team Sunweb 169 Primož Roglič ( SLO ) LottoNL -- Jumbo 80 Thomas De Gendt ( BEL ) Lotto -- Soudal 64 Darwin Atapuma ( COL ) UAE Team Emirates 55 5 Chris Froome ( GBR ) Team Sky 51 6 Romain Bardet ( FRA ) AG2R La Mondiale 47 7 Mikel Landa ( ESP ) Team Sky 45 8 Bauke Mollema ( NED ) Trek -- Segafredo 37 9 Alberto Contador ( ESP ) Trek -- Segafredo 36 10 Serge Pauwels ( BEL ) Team Dimension Data 32 Young rider classification ( edit ) Final young rider classification ( 1 -- 10 ) Rank Rider Team Time Simon Yates ( GBR ) Orica -- Scott 86h 27 ' 09 '' Louis Meintjes ( RSA ) UAE Team Emirates + 2 ' 06 '' Emanuel Buchmann ( GER ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 27 ' 07 '' Tiesj Benoot ( BEL ) Lotto -- Soudal + 35 ' 50 '' 5 Guillaume Martin ( FRA ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 47 ' 38 '' 6 Pierre Latour ( FRA ) AG2R La Mondiale + 1h 12 ' 31 '' 7 Lilian Calmejane ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 1h 29 ' 02 '' 8 Michael Valgren ( DEN ) Astana + 2h 19 ' 22 '' 9 Alexey Lutsenko ( KAZ ) Astana + 2h 32 ' 56 '' 10 Dylan van Baarle ( NED ) Cannondale -- Drapac + 2h 40 ' 57 '' Team classification ( edit ) Final team classification ( 1 -- 10 ) Rank Team Time Team Sky 259h 21 ' 06 '' AG2R La Mondiale + 7 ' 14 '' Trek -- Segafredo + 1h 44 ' 46 '' BMC Racing Team + 1h 49 ' 49 '' 5 Orica -- Scott + 1h 52 ' 21 '' 6 Movistar Team + 1h 55 ' 52 '' 7 Cannondale -- Drapac + 2h 15 ' 25 '' 8 Fortuneo -- Oscaro + 2h 18 ' 18 '' 9 Lotto -- Soudal + 2h 28 ' 18 '' 10 Astana + 2h 28 ' 39 '' UCI rankings ( edit ) The race was the 25th of the 38 events in the UCI World Tour , with riders from the WorldTeams competing for individually and for their teams for points that contributed towards the rankings . Riders from both the WorldTeams and Professional Continental teams also competed individually and for their nations for points that contributed towards the UCI World Ranking , which included all UCI races . Both rankings used the same points scale , awarding points to the top sixty in the general classification , each yellow jersey given at the end of a stage , the top five finishers in each stage and for the top three in the final points and mountains classifications . The points accrued by Chris Froome moved him up to sixth from twentieth in the World Tour and kept his fifth in the World Ranking . Greg Van Avermaet ( BMC Racing Team ) held the lead of both individual rankings , with Etixx -- Quick - Step and Belgium also holding the lead of the World Tour team ranking and World Ranking nation ranking respectively . UCI World Tour individual ranking on 23 July 2017 ( 1 -- 10 ) Rank Prev . Name Team Points Greg Van Avermaet ( BEL ) BMC Racing Team 2628 Alejandro Valverde ( ESP ) Movistar Team 2105 21 Dan Martin ( IRL ) Quick - Step Floors 2040 Richie Porte ( AUS ) BMC Racing Team 1882 5 Tom Dumoulin ( NED ) Team Sunweb 1851 6 20 Chris Froome ( GBR ) Team Sky 1824 7 9 Michał Kwiatkowski ( POL ) Team Sky 1771 8 11 Philippe Gilbert ( BEL ) Quick - Step Floors 1765 9 5 Nairo Quintana ( COL ) Movistar Team 1711 10 6 Peter Sagan ( SVK ) Bora -- Hansgrohe 1570 UCI World Ranking individual ranking on 24 July 2017 ( 1 -- 10 ) Rank Prev . Name Team Points Greg Van Avermaet ( BEL ) BMC Racing Team 5057.25 9 Peter Sagan ( SVK ) Bora -- Hansgrohe 3896 Alejandro Valverde ( ESP ) Movistar Team 3295 8 Nairo Quintana ( COL ) Movistar Team 3275 5 5 Chris Froome ( GBR ) Team Sky 3066 6 5 Philippe Gilbert ( BEL ) Quick - Step Floors 2419.4 7 25 Michael Matthews ( AUS ) Team Sunweb 2409 8 Tom Dumoulin ( NED ) Team Sunweb 2402 9 11 Alberto Contador ( ESP ) Trek -- Segafredo 2400 10 7 Dan Martin ( IRL ) Quick - Step Floors 2349 See also ( edit ) Cycling portal France portal 2017 in men 's road cycling 2017 in sports 2017 La Course by Le Tour de France Notes and references ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : In stage two , Vasil Kiryienka , who was third in the points classification , wore the green jersey , because Geraint Thomas wore the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification . Stefan Küng , who was second in the points classification , wore the white jersey as leader of the young rider classification . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Teams -- The riders , videos , photos -- Tour de France 2017 '' . Tour de France . Amaury Sport Organisation . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UCI Cycling Regulations : Part 2 : Road Races page 29 article 2.15. 128 '' ( PDF ) . Union Cycliste Internationale . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 29 July 2017 . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Wynn , Nigel ( 26 January 2017 ) . `` Tour de France 2017 wildcard teams announced '' . Cycling Weekly . Time Inc . UK . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fortuneo - Vital Concept loses sponsorship '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . 1 June 2017 . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Fortuneo - Oscaro reveal new name and kit ahead of 2017 Tour de France '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . 1 July 2017 . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Frisch , Michael ( 29 June 2017 ) . `` 198 racing cyclists introduced at the team presentation in Düsseldorf '' . Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Start list -- Tour de France 2017 '' . Tour de France . Amaury Sport Organisation . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2017 -- Debutants '' . ProCyclingStats . Archived from the original on 30 August 2017 . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Classifications stage 21 -- Montgeron > Paris Champs - Élysées -- Tour de France 2017 '' . Tour de France . Amaury Sport Organisation . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2017 -- Peloton averages '' . ProCyclingStats . Archived from the original on 30 July 2017 . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2017 -- Youngest competitors '' . ProCyclingStats . Archived from the original on 30 July 2017 . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2017 -- Oldest competitors '' . ProCyclingStats . Archived from the original on 30 July 2017 . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2017 -- Average team age '' . ProCyclingStats . Archived from the original on 30 July 2017 . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Quénet , Jean - François ( 22 June 2017 ) . `` Tour de France 2017 power rankings : # 1 -- Chris Froome '' . VeloNews . Competitor Group , Inc . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Froome favourite as unpredictable Tour de France begins in Dusseldorf '' . Eurosport . Discovery Communications . Press Association . 1 July 2017 . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tour de France 2017 Preview : Who to back and why ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . 29 June 2017 . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fotheringham , William ( 24 June 2017 ) . `` Chris Froome 's Tour de France rivals ? Porte , Quintana , Contador and Bardet '' . theguardian.com . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tour de France 2017 : the contenders '' . SBS . Reuters. 29 June 2017 . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Charles , Andy ( 29 June 2017 ) . `` Tour de France contenders and sprinters profiled in 10 to watch for 2017 race '' . Sky Sports . Sky plc . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lindsey , Joe ( 29 June 2017 ) . `` Race Predictions for the 2017 Tour de France '' . Bicycling . Rodale , Inc . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Henrys , Colin ( 27 June 2017 ) . `` Tour de France 2017 preview : yellow jersey contenders -- form guide '' . Road Cycling UK . Mpora . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sturney , Rob ( 27 June 2017 ) . `` 2017 Tour de France preview : the contenders '' . Canadian Cycling Magazine . Gripped Publishing Inc . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Puddicombe , Stephen ( 27 June 2017 ) . `` Seven things to look out for at the 2017 Tour de France '' . Cycling Weekly . Time Inc . UK . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , Gregor ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` Sagan tops sprinters heading to Tour de France '' . VeloNews . Competitor Group , Inc . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Felix ( 1 July 2017 ) . `` Blazin ' Saddles : 2017 Tour de France green jersey guide '' . Eurosport . Discovery Communications . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Henrys , Colin ( 29 June 2017 ) . `` Tour de France 2017 preview : can anybody stop Peter Sagan winning the green jersey ? '' . Road Cycling UK . Mpora . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Sturney , Rob ( 24 June 2017 ) . `` 2017 Tour de France preview : the sprinters '' . Canadian Cycling Magazine . Gripped Publishing Inc . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Augendre 2016 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Sagan -- 2017 '' . ProCyclingStats . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marcel Kittel -- 2017 '' . ProCyclingStats . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Cavendish -- 2017 '' . ProCyclingStats . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alexander Kristoff -- 2017 '' . ProCyclingStats . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` London says no to hosting 2017 Grand Depart '' . VeloNews . Competitor Group , Inc. 28 September 2015 . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Stuart ( 29 September 2015 ) . `` Boris Johnson reveals he pulled the plug on London 's Tour de France bid '' . Cycling Weekly . Time Inc . UK . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Hood , Andrew ( 22 December 2015 ) . `` 2017 Tour to begin with Dusseldorf time trial '' . VeloNews . Competitor Group , Inc . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Tour to begin with Dusseldorf time trial '' . VeloNews . Competitor Group , Inc. 14 January 2016 . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 Tour de France : The Road Just Got Steeper '' . Tour de France . Amaury Sport Organisation. 18 October 2016 . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 Route -- Sporting aspects , stage cities -- Tour de France 2017 '' . Tour de France . Amaury Sport Organisation . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Roadbook 2017 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Roadbook 2017 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Augendre 2016 , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Roadbook 2017 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Roadbook 2017 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Roadbook 2017 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Roadbook 2017 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Roadbook 2017 , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Roadbook 2017 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ `` Izoard -- Finish town stage 18 -- Tour de France 2017 '' . Tour de France . Amaury Sport Organisation . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Roadbook 2017 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Route -- Sporting aspects , stage cities -- Tour de France 2016 '' . Tour de France . Amaury Sport Organisation . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Race regulations 2017 , pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2017 route presented '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . 18 October 2016 . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Leicester , John ( 18 October 2016 ) . `` 2017 Tour will scale all of France 's mountains '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Roadbook 2017 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Yost , Whit ( 27 June 2017 ) . `` The 10 Toughest Climbs of the 2017 Tour de France '' . Bicycling . Rodale , Inc . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Roadbook 2017 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Classifications stage 1 -- Düsseldorf > Düsseldorf -- Tour de France 2017 '' . Tour de France . Amaury Sport Organisation . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Westemeyer , Susan ( 1 July 2017 ) . `` Tour de France : Geraint Thomas wins stage 1 '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valverde crashes out of Tour de France '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . 1 July 2017 . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France : Kittel sprints to stage 2 victory '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . 2 July 2017 . Retrieved 2 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Sagan meets the expectations '' . Tour de France . Amaury Sport Organisation. 3 July 2017 . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Windsor , Richard ( 4 July 2017 ) . `` Arnaud Démare wins Tour de France stage four as Mark Cavendish taken down in crash '' . Cycling Weekly . Time Inc . UK . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Fotheringham , William ( 4 July 2017 ) . `` Mark Cavendish out of Tour and Peter Sagan disqualified after horror crash '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Robertshaw , Henry ( 4 July 2017 ) . `` Peter Sagan disqualified from Tour de France '' . Cycling Weekly . Time Inc . UK . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Windsor , Richard ( 5 July 2017 ) . `` Fabio Aru wins on summit finish of Tour de France stage five as Chris Froome takes overall lead '' . Cycling Weekly . Time Inc . UK . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2017 : Marcel Kittel wins stage six , Froome retains yellow jersey '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 6 July 2017 . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : William , Fotheringham ( 7 July 2017 ) . `` Kittel wins Tour de France stage seven after photo - finish with Boasson Hagen '' . theguardian.com . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Westemeyer , Susan ( 8 July 2017 ) . `` Tour de France : Calmejane wins stage 8 '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Windsor , Richard ( 9 July 2017 ) . `` Rigoberto Uran wins in photo finish as Froome keeps lead on dramatic Tour de France stage nine '' . Cycling Weekly . Time Inc . UK . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Windsor , Richard ; Robertshaw , Henry ( 9 July 2017 ) . `` Richie Porte ' conscious and asking for his helmet and glasses ' after Tour de France crash '' . Cycling Weekly . Time Inc . UK . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2017 : Marcel Kittel wins stage 11 , Chris Froome retains overall lead '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 12 July 2017 . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Barry ( 13 July 2017 ) . `` Tour de France : Bardet wins stage 12 as Froome loses yellow to Aru '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Wynn , Nigel ( 14 July 2017 ) . `` Fabio Aru fends off Chris Froome 's attacks to retain Tour de France lead as Warren Barguil wins stage '' . Cycling Weekly . Time Inc . UK . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Westemeyer , Susan ( 15 July 2017 ) . `` Tour de France : Matthews wins in Rodez as Froome moves into yellow '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Wynn , Nigel ( 16 July 2017 ) . `` Chris Froome 's Tour de France lead put under serious pressure as Mollema wins chaotic stage '' . Cycling Weekly . Time Inc . UK . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Fotheringham , William ( 16 July 2017 ) . `` Tour de France : Chris Froome gives ' maximum ' after broken spoke '' . theguardian.com . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2017 : Chris Froome retains lead as Michael Matthews takes second win '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 19 July 2017 . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Benson , Daniel ( 18 July 2017 ) . `` Tour de France : Matthews wins stage 16 '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Wynn , Nigel ( 20 July 2017 ) . `` Chris Froome unshakeable on Tour de France 's final mountain stage as Barguil wins '' . Cycling Weekly . Time Inc . UK . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ MacLeary , John ( 21 July 2017 ) . `` Tour de France 2017 , stage 19 : Edvald Boasson Hagen ends his six - year wait for victory as Chris Froome edges closer to fourth title '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France : Froome seals overall in time trial , Uran tops Bardet '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . 22 July 2017 . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Paul ( 23 July 2017 ) . `` Tour de France 2017 : Chris Froome wins yellow jersey for the fourth time '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Race regulations 2017 , p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : Race regulations 2017 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Race regulations 2017 , p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : Race regulations 2017 , p. 23 . ^ Jump up to : Race regulations 2017 , p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : Race regulations 2017 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Race regulations 2017 , pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Race regulations 2017 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 UCI WorldTour '' . Union Cycliste Internationale . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Wynn , Nigel ( 22 December 2016 ) . `` UCI announces complete overhaul of WorldTour points system '' . Cycling Weekly . Time Inc . UK . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Race regulations 2017 , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` UCI WorldTour Individual Ranking '' . Union Cycliste Internationale . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` UCI World Individual Ranking '' . Union Cycliste Internationale . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Sources ( edit ) Augendre , Jacques ( 2017 ) . Guide historique ( Historical guide ) ( PDF ) . Tour de France ( in French ) . Paris : Amaury Sport Organisation . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 6 July 2017 . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Roadbook . Tour de France . Paris : Amaury Sport Organisation. 2017 . Race regulations ( PDF ) . Tour de France . Paris : Amaury Sport Organisation. 2017 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 18 July 2017 . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2017 Tour de France . Official website 2017 Tour de France `` 2016 2018 '' Teams and cyclists Stage 1 -- 11 Stage 12 -- 21 Tour de France By year 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2001 2017 2018 2019 Classifications ( `` jerseys '' ) Current General ( maillot jaune ) Points ( maillot vert ) Mountains ( maillot à pois ) Young rider ( maillot blanc ) Team ( classement d'équipes ) Combativity ( prix de combativité ) Former Combination ( maillot du combiné ) Intermediate sprints ( maillot rouge ) Directors 1903 -- 1935 : Henri Desgrange 1936 -- 1961 : Jacques Goddet 1962 -- 1986 : Jacques Goddet and Félix Lévitan 1987 : Jean - François Naquet - Radiguet 1988 : Xavier Louy 1989 -- 2006 : Jean - Marie Leblanc 2007 -- present : Christian Prudhomme Finish locations 1903 -- 1967 : Parc des Princes 1968 -- 1974 : Vélodrome de Vincennes 1975 -- present : Champs - Élysées stage Lists General classification winners Secondary classification winners Grands Départs Records and statistics Mountain passes and hills Articles and topics During World War II Yellow jersey statistics Lanterne rouge Doping Hors catégorie Souvenir Jacques Goddet Souvenir Henri Desgrange Related articles Didi Senft Géo Lefèvre La Course by Le Tour de France Tour de France Soundtracks Tour de l'Avenir 2017 UCI World Tour Races Tour Down Under Great Ocean Road Race Tour of Qatar Abu Dhabi Tour Omloop Het Nieuwsblad Strade Bianche Paris -- Nice Tirreno -- Adriatico Milan -- San Remo Volta a Catalunya Dwars door Vlaanderen E3 Harelbeke Gent -- Wevelgem Tour of Flanders Tour of the Basque Country Paris -- Roubaix Amstel Gold Race La Flèche Wallonne Liège -- Bastogne -- Liège Tour de Romandie Eschborn - Frankfurt -- Rund um den Finanzplatz Giro d'Italia Tour of California Critérium du Dauphiné Tour de Suisse Tour de France Clásica de San Sebastián Tour de Pologne RideLondon -- Surrey Classic BinckBank Tour Vuelta a España EuroEyes Cyclassics Bretagne Classic Ouest -- France GP de Québec GP de Montréal Il Lombardia Presidential Tour of Turkey Tour of Guangxi Teams AG2R La Mondiale Astana Bahrain -- Merida BMC Racing Team Bora -- Hansgrohe Cannondale -- Drapac Team Dimension Data FDJ Team Katusha -- Alpecin Lotto -- Soudal LottoNL -- Jumbo Movistar Team Orica -- Scott Quick - Step Floors Team Sky Team Sunweb Trek -- Segafredo UAE Team Emirates List of 2017 UCI WorldTeams and riders Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Tour_de_France&oldid=807053858 '' Categories : 2017 Tour de France 2017 in Belgian sport 2017 in French sport 2017 in German sport 2017 in Luxembourgian sport 2017 UCI World Tour July 2017 events in France July 2017 events in Germany July 2017 sports events in Europe Sports competitions in Düsseldorf Tour de France by year 21st century in Düsseldorf 2010s in North Rhine - Westphalia Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2017 Use British English from July 2017 Interlanguage link template link number Articles containing French - language text CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Interlingue Italiano Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 16 : 13 . 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which country was invited to the london olympics 1948 but did not attend	The event came to be known as the Austerity Games , because of the difficult economic climate and rationing imposed in the aftermath of World War II . No new venues were built for the games ( with events taking place mainly at Wembley Stadium and the Empire Pool at Wembley Park ) , and athletes were housed in existing accommodation at the Wembley area instead of an Olympic Village , as were the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games and the subsequent 1952 Games . A record 59 nations were represented by 4,104 athletes , 3,714 men and 390 women , in 19 sport disciplines . Germany and Japan were not invited to participate in the games ; however , the Soviet Union was invited but chose not to send any athletes . The United States team won the most total medals , 84 , and the most gold medals , 38 . The host nation won 23 medals , three of them gold .	Soviet Union	1948 Summer Olympics	1948 summer olympics		Games of the XIV Olympiad Host city London , United Kingdom Nations participating 59 Athletes participating 4,104 ( 3,714 men , 390 women ) Events 136 in 17 sports ( 23 disciplines ) Opening ceremony 29 July Closing ceremony 14 August Officially opened by King George VI Athlete 's Oath Donald Finlay Olympic Torch John Mark Stadium Wembley Stadium Summer < Berlin 1936 Helsinki 1952 > Winter < St. Moritz 1948 Oslo 1952 > Part of a series on 1948 Summer Olympics ( show ) Bid process ( London bid ) Venues Torch relay Opening ceremony Medal table ( medalists ) Closing ceremony IOC BOA The 1948 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XIV Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event which was held in London , United Kingdom . After a twelve - year hiatus caused by the outbreak of World War II ; these were the first Summer Olympics held since the 1936 Games in Berlin . The 1940 Olympic Games had been scheduled for Tokyo , and then for Helsinki ; the 1944 Olympic Games had been provisionally planned for London . This was the second occasion that London had hosted the Olympic Games , having previously hosted them in 1908 , forty years earlier . The Olympics would again return to London 64 years later in 2012 , making London the first city to have hosted the games three times , and the only such city until Paris and Los Angeles host their third games in 2024 and 2028 , respectively . The 1948 Olympic Games were the first of two summer Olympic Games held under the IOC presidency of Sigfrid Edström . The event came to be known as the Austerity Games , because of the difficult economic climate and rationing imposed in the aftermath of World War II . No new venues were built for the games ( with events taking place mainly at Wembley Stadium and the Empire Pool at Wembley Park ) , and athletes were housed in existing accommodation at the Wembley area instead of an Olympic Village , as were the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games and the subsequent 1952 Games . A record 59 nations were represented by 4,104 athletes , 3,714 men and 390 women , in 19 sport disciplines . Germany and Japan were not invited to participate in the games ; however , the Soviet Union was invited but chose not to send any athletes . The United States team won the most total medals , 84 , and the most gold medals , 38 . The host nation won 23 medals , three of them gold . One of the star performers at the Games was Dutch sprinter Fanny Blankers - Koen . Dubbed `` The Flying Housewife '' , the thirty - year - old mother of two won four gold medals in athletics . In the decathlon , American Bob Mathias became the youngest male ever to win an Olympic gold medal at the age of seventeen . The most individual medals were won by Veikko Huhtanen of Finland who took three golds , a silver and a bronze in men 's gymnastics . Contents 1 Election as host city 2 Organization 3 Opening ceremony 4 Sports 4.1 Athletics 4.2 Arts 4.3 Basketball 4.4 Boxing 4.5 Canoeing 4.6 Cycling 4.7 Diving 4.8 Equestrian 4.9 Fencing 4.10 Field hockey 4.11 Football 4.12 Gymnastics 4.13 Lacrosse 4.14 Modern pentathlon 4.15 Rowing 4.16 Sailing 4.17 Shooting 4.18 Swimming 4.19 Water polo 4.20 Weightlifting 4.21 Wrestling 5 Political defection 6 Filming in colour 7 Venues 8 Participating NOCs 8.1 Number of athletes by National Olympic Committees ( by highest to lowest ) 9 Medal count 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Election as host city ( edit ) In June 1939 , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) awarded the 1944 Olympic Summer Games to London , ahead of Rome , Detroit , Budapest , Lausanne , Helsinki , Montreal and Athens . World War II stopped the plans and the Games were cancelled so London again stood as a candidate for 1948 . Great Britain almost handed the 1948 games to the United States due to post-war financial and rationing problems , but King George VI said that this could be the chance to restore Britain from World War II . The official report of the London Olympics shows that there was no case of London being pressed to run the Games against its will . It says : The Games of 1944 had been allocated to London and so it was that in October 1945 , the Chairman of the British Olympic Council , Lord Burghley , went to Stockholm and saw the president of the International Olympic Committee to discuss the question of London being chosen for this great event . As a result , an investigating committee was set up by the British Olympic Council to work out in some detail the possibility of holding the Games . After several meetings they recommended to the council that the Lord Mayor of London should be invited to apply for the allocation of the Games in 1948 . In May 1946 the IOC , through a postal vote , gave the summer Games to London and the winter competition to St Moritz . London was selected ahead of Baltimore , Minneapolis , Lausanne , Los Angeles , and Philadelphia . London , which had previously hosted the 1908 Summer Olympics , became the second city to host the Olympics twice ; Paris hosted the event in 1900 and 1924 . London later became the first city to host the Olympics for a third time when the city hosted the 2012 Summer Olympics . Organization ( edit ) Lord Burghley , a gold medal winner at the 1928 Olympics , member of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) , and President of the Amateur Athletics Association was named Chairman of the Organising and Executive Committees . The other members of the committees were : Colonel Evan Hunter , General Secretary of the British Olympic Association , and Chef de mission for Great Britain ; Lord Aberdare , the other British member of the IOC ; Sir Noel Curtis - Bennett ; Alderman H.E. Fern ; E.J. Holt ; J. Emrys Lloyd , who became the committee 's legal advisor ; C.B. Cowley of the London Press and Advertising ; R.B. Studdert , Managing Director of the Army & Navy Stores ; A.E. Porritt , a member of the IOC for New Zealand who resided in London ; S.F. Rous , Secretary of The Football Association ; and Jack Beresford . Olympic pictograms were introduced for the first time . There were twenty of them -- one for each Olympic sport and three separate pictograms for the arts competition , the opening ceremony and the closing ceremony . They were called `` Olympic symbols '' and intended for use on tickets . The background of each pictogram resembled an escutcheon . Olympic pictograms appeared again 16 years later , and were used at all subsequent Summer Olympics . At the time of the Games food , petrol and building were still subject to the rationing imposed during the war in Britain ; because of this the 1948 Olympics came to be known as the `` Austerity Games '' . Athletes were given the same increased rations as dockers and miners , 5,467 calories a day instead of the normal 2,600 . Building an Olympic Village was deemed too expensive , and athletes were housed in existing accommodation . Male competitors stayed at RAF camps in Uxbridge and West Drayton , and an Army camp in Richmond ; female competitors in London colleges . These were the first games to be held following the death of Pierre de Coubertin , founder of the International Olympic Committee , in 1937 . They were also the last to include an arts competition , which took place at the Victoria and Albert Museum . Opening ceremony ( edit ) The XIV Olympic Games opens in London , 1948 The Games opened on 29 July . Army bands began playing at 2 pm for the 85,000 spectators in Wembley Stadium at Wembley Park . The international and national organisers arrived at 2.35 pm and King George VI and Queen Elizabeth , with Queen Mary and other members of the Royal Family , at 2.45 pm . Fifteen minutes later the competitors entered the stadium in a procession that took 50 minutes . The last team was that of the United Kingdom . When it had passed the saluting base , Lord Burghley began his welcome : Your Majesty : The hour has struck . A visionary dream has today become a glorious reality . At the end of the worldwide struggle in 1945 , many institutions and associations were found to have withered and only the strongest had survived . How , many wondered , had the great Olympic Movement prospered ? After welcoming the athletes to two weeks of `` keen but friendly rivalry '' , he said London represented a `` warm flame of hope for a better understanding in the world which has burned so low . '' At 4 pm , the time shown on Big Ben on the London Games symbol , the King declared the Games open , 2,500 pigeons were set free and the Olympic Flag raised to its 35 ft ( 11 m ) flagpole at the end of the stadium . The Royal Horse Artillery sounded a 21 - gun salute and the last runner in the Torch Relay ran a lap of the track -- created with cinders from the domestic coal fires of Leicester -- and climbed the steps to the Olympic cauldron . After saluting the crowd , he turned and lit the flame . After more speeches , Donald Finlay of the British team ( given his RAF rank of Wing Commander ) took the Olympic Oath on behalf of all competitors . The National Anthem was sung and the massed athletes turned and marched out of the stadium , led by Greece , tailed by Britain . The 580 - page official report concluded : Thus were launched the Olympic Games of London , under the most happy auspices . The smooth - running Ceremony , which profoundly moved not only all who saw it but also the millions who were listening - in on the radio throughout the world , and the glorious weather in which it took place , combined to give birth to a spirit which was to permeate the whole of the following two weeks of thrilling and intensive sport . The opening ceremony and over 60 hours of Games coverage was broadcast live on BBC television . The BBC paid £ 1,000 for the broadcasting rights . Sports ( edit ) A Boy Scout who fainted in the intense heat was the first ' casualty ' of the 1948 Olympic Games . The temperature was in the nineties ( 32 ° C ) as the sun blazed down mercilessly . The 1948 Summer Olympics featured 136 medal events , covering 23 disciplines in 17 different sports and in arts . In the list below , the number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses . Aquatics Diving ( 4 ) Swimming ( 11 ) Water polo ( 1 ) Athletics ( 33 ) Basketball ( 1 ) Boxing ( 8 ) Canoeing ( 9 ) Cycling Road ( 2 ) Track ( 4 ) Equestrian Dressage ( 2 ) Eventing ( 2 ) Show jumping ( 2 ) Fencing ( 7 ) Field hockey ( 1 ) Football ( 1 ) Gymnastics ( 9 ) Modern pentathlon ( 1 ) Rowing ( 7 ) Sailing ( 5 ) Shooting ( 4 ) Weightlifting ( 6 ) Wrestling Freestyle ( 8 ) Greco - Roman ( 8 ) These Games also included Lacrosse as a demonstration sport . Athletics ( edit ) Main article : Athletics at the 1948 Summer Olympics Start of the 50 km walk Delfo Cabrera crossing the finish line to take gold in the marathon Wembley stadium was the venue for 33 athletics events at the Games ; 24 for men and nine for women . Of these , four were making their Olympic debut -- the men 's 10 km walk , and the women 's 200 metres , long jump and shot put . A total of 754 athletes from 53 countries participated in athletics . Fanny Blankers - Koen of the Netherlands , a 30 - year - old mother of three children nicknamed `` The Flying Housewife '' , won four gold medals , in the 100 metres , 200 metres , 80 metre high hurdles , and 4 x 100 metre relay . As world record holder in the long jump and high jump Blankers - Koen may have been able to win further medals but , at this time , female athletes were limited to three individual events . Duncan White won the first medal of any kind for Sri Lanka ( then Ceylon ) when he finished second in the 400 metre hurdles . Arthur Wint became the first Jamaican to win an Olympic gold medal , in the men 's 400 metres ; he also won silver in the men 's 800 metres . Alice Coachman became the first woman of color in the world and the first African American woman to win a gold medal in track and field in the history of the modern Olympics with a jump of 1.68 m ( 5 ' 6 ⁄ `` ) . She also was the only American woman to win an athletics gold medal during the 1948 Olympics . The marathon saw a dramatic finish with the first man to enter the stadium , Etienne Gailly of Belgium , exhausted and nearly unable to run . While he was struggling , Argentinian athlete Delfo Cabrera and Tom Richards of Great Britain passed him , with Cabrera winning the gold medal and Richards obtaining the silver . Gailly managed to recover enough to cross the line for the bronze . The decathlon was won by 17 - year - old Bob Mathias of the United States . He became the youngest ever Olympic gold medallist in athletics and when asked how he would celebrate he replied : `` I 'll start shaving , I guess . '' Arts ( edit ) Main article : Art competitions at the 1948 Summer Olympics Categories : sports - related architecture , literature , music , painting , and sculpture . Basketball ( edit ) Main article : Basketball at the 1948 Summer Olympics Basketball made its second appearance as a medal sport , appearing as an indoor competition for the first time after poor weather disrupted the matches at the 1936 Berlin Games . The event , for men only , was contested by 23 nations split into four pools for the preliminary round ; the top two in each pool advanced to the quarterfinals with the other teams entering playoffs for the minor placings . The United States and France reached the final which was won by the Americans 65 -- 21 to claim the gold medal . This was the second of the United States ' seven consecutive gold medals in Olympic men 's and women 's basketball . Brazil defeated Mexico 52 -- 47 to claim bronze . Boxing ( edit ) Main article : Boxing at the 1948 Summer Olympics Eight different classifications were contested ranging from flyweight , for boxers weighing less than 51 kg , to heavyweight , for boxers over 80 kg . South Africa , Argentina and Hungary each won two gold medals . Canoeing ( edit ) Main article : Canoeing at the 1948 Summer Olympics Nine events were contested , eight for men and one for women . This marked the first time that a women 's canoeing event had been contested in the Olympics . Sweden won four gold medals ( two by Gert Fredriksson ) and Czechoslovakia three . Cycling ( edit ) Main article : Cycling at the 1948 Summer Olympics Six events were contested -- two road bicycle racing events and four track cycling events . No women 's cycling events were contested . France won three gold medals and Italy two , while Great Britain captured five medals overall , but none were gold . Diving ( edit ) Main article : Diving at the 1948 Summer Olympics Four diving events were contested , two for men , and two for women . The events are labelled as 3 metre springboard and 10 metre platform by the International Olympic Committee but appeared on the 1948 Official Report as springboard diving and highboard diving , respectively . All four gold medals , and 10 out of 12 awarded in total , were won by the United States . Victoria Manalo Draves , who won both gold medals in the women 's events , and Sammy Lee , who took a gold and a bronze in the men 's events , became the first Asian Americans to win gold medals at an Olympic Games . Equestrian ( edit ) Main article : Equestrian at the 1948 Summer Olympics Six gold medals were awarded in equestrian , individual and team dressage , individual and team eventing and individual and team show jumping . Harry Llewellyn and Foxhunter , who would claim a gold medal in Helsinki , won bronze in the team jumping event . Fencing ( edit ) Main article : Fencing at the 1948 Summer Olympics Seven events were contested , six for men and one for women . Ilona Elek , who had won the women 's foil competition in Berlin , was one of only two competitors to successfully defend an Olympic title in London . Elek 's sister , Margit , placed sixth in the same event . Edoardo Mangiarotti won three medals , two silver and a bronze , having previously won a gold medal in the 1936 Games . Throughout his career the Italian won 13 Olympic fencing medals and 27 world championship medals , both of which remain records . Field hockey ( edit ) Main article : Field hockey at the 1948 Summer Olympics Thirteen nations participated in the field hockey competition . The tournament was ultimately won by India , who defeated Great Britain to claim the country 's first gold medal as an independent nation under captain Kishan Lal and Vice-Captain Kunwar Digvijay Singh . Football ( edit ) Main article : Football at the 1948 Summer Olympics Eighteen teams entered the football competition at these Olympics . Due to the rise of the professional game during the 12 years since the Berlin Olympics the number of talented amateurs for teams to select from was reduced . The gold medal was won by Sweden , who defeated Yugoslavia 3 -- 1 in the final . Denmark defeated hosts Great Britain , managed by Matt Busby of Manchester United , 5 -- 3 to win the bronze medal . In the tournament 's 18 matches a total of 102 goals were scored ; an average 5.66 goals per match . The joint top scorers with seven goals each were Gunnar Nordahl of Sweden and Denmark 's John Hansen . Nordahl and Swedish teammates Gunnar Gren and Nils Liedholm went on to play for A.C. Milan and together were nicknamed Gre - No - Li . Gymnastics ( edit ) Main article : Gymnastics at the 1948 Summer Olympics Nine events were contested , eight for men , and one for women . In the men 's pommel horse , a tie was declared between three competitors , all Finns , and no medals other than gold were awarded in this event . Finland won six gold medals overall , and Switzerland three . Lacrosse ( edit ) Main article : Lacrosse at the Summer Olympics Lacrosse was an exhibition sport at these Olympics . An English team composed of players from various universities played a U.S. team represented by Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute at the Empire Stadium . Modern pentathlon ( edit ) Main article : Modern pentathlon at the 1948 Summer Olympics Gold medalist William Grut of Sweden ( foreground ) competing in the running component of the modern pentathlon . Only one modern pentathlon event was contested , the five component sports -- riding , fencing , shooting , swimming , and running - being held over six days . Scoring was by point - for - place system across the five phases with the winner being the athlete with the lowest combined ranking . The sport 's international federation , the Union Internationale de Pentathlon Moderne was founded during the Games , on 3 August 1948 . Sweden won two medals in the event ; William Grut won the gold , with a final points total of 16 , and Gösta Gärdin took bronze . American George Moore won the silver medal . Rowing ( edit ) Main article : Rowing at the 1948 Summer Olympics Seven rowing events were contested , all open to men only . Great Britain and the United States each claimed two gold medals . The events were held on the same course as the Henley Royal Regatta . Sailing ( edit ) Main article : Sailing at the 1948 Summer Olympics The sailing events at the Games took place in Torquay , in the southwest of Great Britain . Five events were contested , with the United States winning four total medals . One of host nation Great Britain 's three gold medals at the Games came in the Swallow class from Stewart Morris and David Bond . In the Firefly class Danish sailor Paul Elvstrøm won gold the despite the Danish Olympic Committee having misgivings about sending him to compete as the 18 - year - old could speak no English . This was the first of four consecutive Olympics with a gold medal for Elvstrøm . Shooting ( edit ) Main article : Shooting at the 1948 Summer Olympics Four events were contested , all open to both men and women , although all medals were won by men . In the 50 metre rifle , prone position , only two points separated the top three competitors . Károly Takács had been a member of the Hungary 's world champion pistol shooting team in 1938 when a grenade shattered his right hand -- his pistol hand . Takács taught himself to shoot with his left hand and , 10 years after his injury , he won an Olympic gold medal in the rapid - fire pistol event . Swimming ( edit ) Main article : Swimming at the 1948 Summer Olympics Eleven events were contested , six for men and five for women . The United States won eight gold medals , including all six men 's events , and 15 medals in total . Water polo ( edit ) Main article : Water polo at the 1948 Summer Olympics Eighteen nations fielded a team in these games , which were ultimately won by Italy , who were undefeated throughout . The tournament was conducted in a mult - tier bracket , with the best four teams from the group stages participating in a final round - robin bracket . Silver was claimed by Hungary , and bronze by the Netherlands . Weightlifting ( edit ) Main article : Weightlifting at the 1948 Summer Olympics Six events were contested , all for men only . These games marked the addition of the bantamweight class to the Olympic programme , the first change to the programme since 1920 . The United States won four gold medals , and eight overall ; the remaining two gold medals were claimed by Egypt . Rodney Wilkes won the first medal for Trinidad and Tobago in an Olympic games , winning silver in the featherweight division ; the featherweight gold medal was won by Egyptian Mahmoud Fayad , with a new Olympic and World record of 332.5 kg . Wrestling ( edit ) Main article : Wrestling at the 1948 Summer Olympics Sixteen wrestling events were held , eight Greco - Roman and eight freestyle . All were open to men only . Both categories were dominated by two nations . Turkey was the most successful nation with six gold medals followed by Sweden receiving 5 gold medals . These two teams claimed 24 total medals , in other words half of the total medals given . Political defection ( edit ) London was the first Olympics to have a political defection . Marie Provazníková , the 57 - year - old Czechoslovakian President of the International Gymnastics Federation , refused to return home , citing `` lack of freedom '' after the Czech coup in February led to the country 's inclusion in the Soviet Bloc . Filming in colour ( edit ) For the 1948 Olympics , the Technicolor Corporation devised a bipack colour filming process -- dubbed `` Technichrome '' -- whereby hundreds of hours of film documented the events in colour , without having to use expensive and heavy Technicolor cameras . Venues ( edit ) Poster promoting the 1948 Olympics Main article : Venues of the 1948 Summer Olympics No new venues were built for the Games . A cinder track was laid inside Wembley Stadium and all other venues were adapted . For the first time at the Olympics swimming events were held undercover , at the 8000 capacity Empire Pool . As the pool was longer than the standard Olympic length of 50 metres a platform was constructed across the pool which both shortened it and housed officials . In 2010 one of the last remaining venues from the Games , the Herne Hill Velodrome where cycling events were staged , was saved when a new 15 - year lease was agreed meaning that repairs could take place . Campaigners and users of the track had feared that it would be forced to close as it was in desperate need of refurbishment . Wembley Empire Exhibition Grounds Empire Stadium -- opening and closing ceremonies , athletics , equestrian ( jumping ) , football finals , field hockey finals Empire Pool -- boxing , diving , swimming , water polo Palace of Engineering -- fencing Other venues Empress Hall , Earl 's Court -- boxing preliminaries , wrestling , weightlifting , gymnastics Harringay Arena , Harringay -- basketball & wrestling Royal Regatta Course , Henley - on - Thames -- canoeing , rowing Herne Hill Velodrome , Herne Hill -- track cycling Windsor Great Park -- cycling road race Central Stadium , Military Headquarters , Aldershot -- equestrian ( jumping ) , modern pentathlon ( riding , fencing , swimming ) Tweseldown Racecourse -- equestrian ( dressage , eventing ) Arsenal Stadium , Highbury -- football preliminaries Selhurst Park -- football preliminaries Craven Cottage , Fulham -- football preliminaries Ilford -- football preliminaries Griffin Park , Brentford -- football preliminaries Champion Hill , Dulwich -- football preliminaries Green Pond Road Stadium , Walthamstow -- football preliminaries White Hart Lane , Tottenham -- football preliminaries Lyons ' Sports Club , Sudbury -- field hockey preliminaries Guinness Sports Club , Park Royal -- field hockey preliminaries Polytechnic Sports Ground , Chiswick -- field hockey preliminaries National Rifle Association Ranges , Bisley -- shooting , modern pentathlon ( shooting ) Finchley Lido , Finchley -- water polo preliminaries English Channel , Torbay -- yachting Fratton Park , Portsmouth -- football preliminaries Goldstone Ground , Brighton -- football preliminaries Royal Military Academy -- modern pentathlon ( running ) Participating nocs ( edit ) Participants Number of athletes per country A total of 59 nations sent athletes . Fourteen made their first official appearance : British Guiana ( now Guyana ) , Burma ( now Myanmar ) , Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) , Iran , Iraq , Jamaica , Korea , Lebanon , Pakistan , Puerto Rico , Singapore , Syria , Trinidad and Tobago , and Venezuela . It was the first time that the Philippines , India and Pakistan competed as fully independent nations at the Olympic Games . Germany and Japan , both under Allied military occupations , were not allowed to send athletes to the games . German forced labour was used for the construction of the facilities . Italy , although originally an Axis power , defected to the Allies in 1943 following Benito Mussolini being deposed , and was allowed to send athletes . The Soviet Union was invited but they chose not to send any athletes . The number in parentheses indicates the number of participants that each country contributed . hide Participating National Olympic Committees Afghanistan ( 25 ) Argentina ( 199 ) Australia ( 75 ) Austria ( 144 ) Belgium ( 152 ) Bermuda ( 12 ) Brazil ( 70 ) Burma ( 4 ) Canada ( 118 ) Ceylon ( 7 ) Chile ( 54 ) Republic of China ( 31 ) Colombia ( 6 ) Cuba ( 53 ) Czechoslovakia ( 87 ) Denmark ( 162 ) Egypt ( 85 ) Finland ( 129 ) France ( 316 ) Great Britain ( 398 ) ( host ) Greece ( 61 ) Guyana ( 4 ) Hungary ( 129 ) Iceland ( 20 ) India ( 79 ) Iran ( 36 ) Iraq ( 11 ) Ireland ( 73 ) Italy ( 213 ) Jamaica ( 13 ) South Korea ( 46 ) Lebanon ( 8 ) Liechtenstein ( 2 ) Luxembourg ( 45 ) Malta ( 1 ) Mexico ( 88 ) Monaco ( 4 ) Netherlands ( 149 ) New Zealand ( 7 ) Norway ( 81 ) Pakistan ( 35 ) Panama ( 1 ) Peru ( 41 ) Philippines ( 26 ) Poland ( 37 ) Portugal ( 48 ) Puerto Rico ( 9 ) Singapore ( 1 ) South Africa ( 35 ) Spain ( 65 ) Sweden ( 181 ) Switzerland ( 181 ) Syria ( 1 ) Trinidad and Tobago ( 5 ) Turkey ( 58 ) United States ( 300 ) Uruguay ( 61 ) Venezuela ( 1 ) Yugoslavia ( 90 ) Number of athletes by National Olympic Committees ( by highest to lowest ) ( edit ) show IOC Country Athletes GBR Great Britain 398 FRA France 316 USA United States 300 ITA Italy 213 ARG Argentina 199 SWE Sweden 181 SUI Switzerland 181 DEN Denmark 162 BEL Belgium 150 NED Netherlands 149 AUT Austria 144 FIN Finland 129 HUN Hungary 129 CAN Canada 118 YUG Yugoslavia 90 MEX Mexico 88 TCH Czechoslovakia 87 EGY Egypt 85 NOR Norway 81 IND India 79 AUS Australia 75 IRL Ireland 72 BRA Brazil 70 ESP Spain 65 GRE Greece 61 URU Uruguay 61 TUR Turkey 58 CHI Chile 54 CUB Cuba 53 POR Portugal 48 KOR South Korea 46 LUX Luxembourg 45 PER Peru 41 POL Poland 37 IRI Iran 36 PAK Pakistan 35 RSA South Africa 35 ROC Republic of China 31 PHI Philippines 26 AFG Afghanistan 25 ISL Iceland 20 JAM Jamaica 13 BER Bermuda 12 IRQ Iraq 11 PUR Puerto Rico 9 LIB Lebanon 8 CEY Ceylon 7 NZL New Zealand 7 COL Colombia 6 BIR Burma 5 TRI Trinidad and Tobago 5 GUY Guyana MON Monaco LIE Liechtenstein MLT Malta PAN Panama SGP Singapore SYR Syria VEN Venezuela Total 4,104 Medal count ( edit ) Main article : 1948 Summer Olympics medal table Further information : Olympic medal table These are the top ten nations that won medals at the 1948 Summer Games , ranked by number of gold medals won . The host nation was 12th , with 23 medals , including three golds . Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total United States 38 27 19 84 Sweden 16 11 17 44 France 10 6 13 29 Hungary 10 5 12 27 5 Italy 8 11 8 27 6 Finland 8 7 5 20 7 Turkey 6 12 8 Czechoslovakia 6 11 9 Switzerland 5 10 5 20 10 Denmark 5 7 8 20 12 Great Britain ( host nation ) 14 6 23 See also ( edit ) Art competitions at the 1948 Summer Olympics Olympics portal 1948 Winter Olympics Summer Olympic Games Olympic Games International Olympic Committee List of IOC country codes 1908 Summer Olympics and 2012 Summer Olympics -- also hosted by London Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The 1940 Games ( scheduled for Tokyo , rescheduled for Helsinki ) and the 1944 Games ( scheduled for London ) , were cancelled due to World War II . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` London 1948 '' . olympic.org . Archived from the original on 4 October 2009 . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Past Olympic Host City Election Results '' . gamesbids.com . Archived from the original on 20 June 2009 . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad London 1948 ( 1951 ) , pp. 17 Jump up ^ `` Olympic Games Fonds '' ( PDF ) . International Olympic Committee Historical Archives . 6 November 2007 . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` David George Burghley -- lord of the hurdles ( photos attached ) '' . The official website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games . Archived from the original on 29 April 2009 . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad London 1948 ( 1951 ) , pp. 18 Jump up ^ Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad London 1948 ( 1951 ) , pp. 131 , 135 Jump up ^ Two sample tickets from 1948 Summer Olympics at the Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games ^ Jump up to : `` British Olympic Movement '' . British Olympic Association . Archived from the original on 8 April 2008 . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Mike Rowbotham ( 7 July 2005 ) . `` 1948 Olympics : ' We had much more fun and a greater sense of achievement than modern athletes do ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` London 1948 '' . British Olympic Association . Archived from the original on 8 April 2009 . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad London 1948 ( 1951 ) , pp. 221 Jump up ^ Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad London 1948 ( 1951 ) , pp. 225 Jump up ^ `` Landmarks in the history of the media and the Olympics '' ( PDF ) . The British Library . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Athletics at the 1948 London Summer Games '' . sports-reference.com . Archived from the original on 23 March 2010 . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1948 London Summer Games '' . sports-reference.com . Archived from the original on 11 May 2010 . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Chris Dhambarage ( 4 February 2010 ) . `` Sports striving for greater heights after Independence '' . Daily News . Archived from the original on 9 February 2010 . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Donald McRae ( 1 April 2010 ) . `` Cradle of champions where Jamaican sprinters earn their spurs '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 30 April 2010 . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Alice Coachman -- First African American Gold Medallist '' . olympics30.com . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Martin , David E. ; Roger W.H. Gynn ( 2000 ) . The Olympic marathon . Human Kinetics . p. 188 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88011 - 969 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Former congressman Bob Mathias dies at 75 '' . USA Today . Associated Press . 3 September 2006 . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Martin Weil ( 3 September 2006 ) . `` Bob Mathias ; Congressman , Twice Olympic Champion '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Basketball Men 's Basketball Medalists '' . sports-reference.com . Archived from the original on 4 April 2010 . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Basketball at the 1948 London Summer Games : Men 's Basketball Final Round '' . sports-reference.com . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad London 1948 ( 1951 ) , pp. 637 Jump up ^ Melody Merin ( 30 May 2008 ) . `` Asian Americans First Won Olympic Gold 60 Years Ago '' . america.gov . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ilona Elek '' . The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Portraits : The Great `` Edoardo Mangiarotti '' `` . schermaonline.com . Archived from the original on 8 March 2010 . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Edoardo Mangiarotti '' . sports-reference.com . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` When India bagged its first Olympic medal as an Independent nation '' . 11 August 2018 . Retrieved 11 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` London , 1948 '' . FIFA . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Modern Pentathlon at the 1948 London Summer Games '' . sports-reference.com . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1948 London Olympic Sailing Competition '' . The International Sailing Federation . Archived from the original on 25 April 2010 . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sailing at the 1948 London Summer Games '' . sports-reference.com . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weightlifting at the 1948 London Summer Games '' . sports-reference.com . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Patrick Watson ( 27 November 2008 ) . `` Help Wilkes now '' . Trinidad and Tobago Express . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weightlifting at the 1948 London Summer Games : Men 's Featherweight '' . sports-reference.com . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Alan Hubbard ( 17 February 2008 ) . `` London 1948 to London 2012 : Rags to riches for the ' high - class Del Boy ' who dreamt of gold , not money '' . The Independent . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Political Refugee '' . The Guardian . 19 August 1948 . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The History and Technology of Technicolor '' . The American Widescreen Museum . 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Last remaining 1948 Olympic Games venue is saved '' . BBC Sport. 21 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 29 April 2011 . Retrieved 26 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Christopher Lyles ( 14 July 2008 ) . `` Countdown to the Beijing Olympics '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wembley Way ' built by German Prisoners of War '' . BBC News . 15 March 2010 . Retrieved 22 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' A very British Olympics ' '' . BBC Sport. 18 October 2005 . Archived from the original on 4 October 2008 . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Medal Table '' . British Olympic Association . Archived from the original on 18 September 2007 . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1948 Summer Olympics . `` London 1948 '' . Olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . `` Results and Medalists -- 1948 Summer Olympics '' . Olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad London 1948 ( 1951 ) . The Official Report of the Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad London 1948 ( PDF ) . Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad London 1948 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 May 2010 . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Exploring 20th century London -- 1948 Olympics Objects and photographs from the collections of the Museum of London , London Transport Museum , Jewish Museum and Museum of Croydon . Preceded by London ( 1944 ) cancelled due to World War II Summer Olympic Games London XIV Olympiad ( 1948 ) Succeeded by Helsinki Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 1944 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 1944 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Nations at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London , United Kingdom Africa Egypt South Africa America Argentina Bermuda Brazil British Guiana Canada Chile Colombia Cuba Jamaica Mexico Panama Peru Puerto Rico Trinidad United States Uruguay Venezuela Asia Afghanistan Burma Ceylon China India Iran Iraq Philippines Korea Lebanon Pakistan Singapore Syria Turkey Europe Austria Belgium Czechoslovakia Denmark Finland France Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Liechtenstein Luxembourg Malta Monaco Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Yugoslavia Oceania Australia New Zealand Events at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London Athletics Basketball Boxing Canoeing Cycling Diving Equestrian Fencing Field hockey Football Gymnastics Lacrosse ( demonstration ) Modern pentathlon Rowing Sailing Shooting Swimming Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling Art competitions ( unofficial ) Venues of the 1948 Summer Olympics Aldershot Arsenal Stadium Bisley National Rifle Association Ranges Champion Hill Craven Cottage Empire Pool Empire Stadium Empress Hall , Earl 's Court Finchley Lido Green Pond Road Griffin Park Guinness Sports Club Harringay Arena Henley Royal Regatta Herne Hill Velodrome Lynn Road Lyons ' Sports Club Polytechnic Sports Ground Royal Military Academy Selhurst Park Tweseldown Racecourse Torbay Wembley Palace of Engineering White Hart Lane Windsor Great Park History of London Evolution Londinium Lundenwic City of London City of Westminster Middlesex County of London Greater London Timeline Periods Roman London Anglo - Saxon London Norman and Medieval London Tudor London Stuart London 18th - century London 19th - century London 1900 -- 39 The Blitz 1945 -- 2000 21st century Events Peasants ' Revolt Black Death Great Plague Great Fire 1854 cholera outbreak Great Stink Great Exhibition 1908 Franco - British Exhibition The Battle of Cable Street Festival of Britain Great Smog Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II Swinging London London Plan 1966 FIFA World Cup Final Hyde Park and Regent 's Park bombings Funeral of Princess Diana Anti-war protests 7 / 7 bombings Olympic Games ( 1908 1948 2012 ) 2012 Summer Paralympics Grenfell Tower fire Government Metropolitan Board of Works London County Council Greater London Council Greater London Authority London Assembly Mayor of London London independence Services Bow Street Runners Metropolitan Police Service London Ambulance Service London Fire Brigade Port of London Authority London sewerage system London Underground London Metropolitan Archives City of London City of London Corporation Lord Mayor of the City of London Wards of the City of London Guildhall Livery Companies Lord Mayor 's Show City of London Police Bank of England Structures St Paul 's Cathedral Tower of London Palace of Whitehall Westminster Hall London Bridge Tower Bridge Westminster Abbey Big Ben The Monument Fortifications GND : 5183339 - 6 LCCN : n92087238 NKC : xx0046990 VIAF : 140392389 Olympics portal 1940s portal United Kingdom portal London portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1948_Summer_Olympics&oldid=854733570 '' Categories : 1948 Summer Olympics Events at Wembley Stadium History of the London Borough of Brent Summer Olympics in London 1948 in multi-sport events 1948 in British sport Olympic Games in the United Kingdom Summer Olympics by year July 1948 sports events August 1948 sports events 20th century in Middlesex Hidden categories : Use British English from July 2011 Use dmy dates from October 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Аҧсшәа Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon Yorùbá 粵語中文 68 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 12 : 09 ( UTC ) . 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where was the pink panther strikes again filmed			The Pink Panther Strikes Again	the pink panther strikes again	The Pink Panther Strikes Again is the fifth film in The Pink Panther series and picks up where The Return of the Pink Panther leaves off . Released in 1976 , Strikes Again is the third entry to include the words Pink Panther in its title , although the story does not involve the Pink Panther diamond .	Unused footage from the film was later included in Trail of the Pink Panther . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Cast notes 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Awards 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) At a psychiatric hospital , former Chief Inspector Charles Dreyfus ( Herbert Lom ) is largely recovered from his obsession to kill the new Chief Inspector Jacques Clouseau ( Peter Sellers ) and is about to be released when Clouseau , arriving to speak on Dreyfus ' behalf , drives Dreyfus insane again . Dreyfus promptly escapes from the asylum and once again tries to kill Clouseau by planting a bomb while the Inspector ( by periodic arrangement ) duels with his manservant Cato ( Burt Kwouk ) . The bomb destroys Clouseau 's apartment and injures Cato , but Clouseau himself is unharmed , being lifted from the room by an inflatable disguise . Deciding that a more elaborate plan is needed , Dreyfus enlists an army of criminals to his cause and kidnaps nuclear physicist Professor Hugo Fassbender ( Richard Vernon ) and the Professor 's daughter Margo ( Briony McRoberts ) , forcing the professor to build a `` doomsday weapon '' in return for his daughter 's freedom . Clouseau travels to England to investigate Fassbender 's disappearance , where he wrecks their family home and ineptly interrogates Jarvis ( Michael Robbins ) , Fassbender 's cross-dressing butler . Although Jarvis is killed by the kidnappers , to whom he had become a dangerous witness , Clouseau discovers a clue that leads him to the Oktoberfest in Munich , West Germany . Meanwhile , Dreyfus , using Fassbender 's invention , dissolves the United Nations headquarters in New York City and blackmails the leaders of the world , including the President of the United States and his Secretary of State ( based on Gerald Ford and Henry Kissinger ) , into assassinating Clouseau . However , many of the nations instruct their operatives to kill the other assassins to gain Dreyfus 's favor and possibly the Doomsday Machine . As a result of their orders and Clouseau 's habitual clumsiness , the assassins all end up killing each other until only the agents of Egypt and Russia remain . The Egyptian assassin ( Omar Sharif ) shoots one of Dreyfus ' henchmen , mistaking him for Clouseau , but is seduced by the Russian operative Olga Bariosova ( Lesley - Anne Down ) , who makes the same mistake . When the real Clouseau arrives , he is perplexed by Olga 's affections but learns from her Dreyfus 's location at a castle in Bavaria . Dreyfus is elated at Clouseau 's apparent demise , but suffers from a toothache ; Clouseau , disguised as an old German dentist , sneaks into the castle - eventually ( his entry frustrated by the castle 's drawbridge ) . Not recognized by Dreyfus , Clouseau ends up intoxicating both of them with nitrous oxide . Realising the deception when Clouseau mistakenly pulls the wrong tooth , Dreyfus prepares to use the machine to destroy England . Clouseau , eluding Dreyfus 's henchmen , unwittingly foils Dreyfus 's plans when a medieval catapult outside the castle launches Clouseau on top of the Doomsday machine . The machine begins to malfunction and begins firing on Dreyfus and the castle itself . As the remaining henchmen , Fassbender and his daughter , and eventually Clouseau himself escape the dissolving castle , Dreyfus plays `` Tiptoe Through the Tulips '' on the castle 's pipe organ , while himself disintegrating , until he and the castle vanish . Returning to Paris , Clouseau is finally reunited with Olga . However , their tryst is interrupted first by Clouseau 's apparent inability to remove his clothes without a struggle , and then by Cato , whereupon all three are hurled by the reclining bed into the Seine . Immediately thereafter , a cartoon image of Clouseau begins swimming , unaware that a gigantic version of the Pink Panther character is waiting below him ( a reference to the recent film Jaws , made obvious by the thematic music as the movie ends ) . Cast ( edit ) Peter Sellers as Chief Inspector Jacques Clouseau Herbert Lom as Former Chief Inspector Charles Dreyfus Leonard Rossiter as Superintendent Quinlan Lesley - Anne Down as Olga Bariosova Colin Blakely as Inspector Alec Drummond Burt Kwouk as Cato Fong André Maranne as Sgt . François Chevalier Michael Robbins as Ainsley Jarvis Richard Vernon as Professor Hugo Fassbender Briony McRoberts as Margo Fassbender Dick Crockett as the President of the United States Byron Kane as the US Secretary of State Gordon Rollings as Inmate Dudley Sutton as Inspector Mclaren John Clive as Chuck Cast notes ( edit ) Owing to Peter Sellers 's heart condition , whenever possible he would have his stunt double Joe Dunne stand in for him . Because of the often physical nature of the comedy , this would occur quite frequently . Julie Andrews provided the singing voice for the female - impersonator `` Ainsley Jarvis '' . The scene in the night club when Jarvis sings are in many ways similar to scenes in Edwards 's later film Victor Victoria ( 1982 ) , in which Andrews plays a woman pretending to be a man who is a female impersonator . Graham Stark , longtime friend of Sellers , once again makes an appearance in the series , albeit in a small role as the desk clerk of a small German hotel . Since his role as Hercule LaJoy in A Shot in the Dark , he has since appeared in small roles in every Pink Panther sequel except Inspector Clouseau , in which Sellers did not play Clouseau . Omar Sharif appears , uncredited , as the Egyptian assassin . Tom Jones sang the Oscar - nominated song `` Come To Me '' . The role of Olga Bariosova was originally played by Maud Adams who was replaced after filming a few scenes . Blake Edwards then intended to cast Nicola Pagett after seeing her in Upstairs , Downstairs but instead ended up casting Pagett 's fellow TV star Lesley - Anne Down in the role . Blake Edwards made a cameo appearance in the background of the night club scene . Production ( edit ) The Pink Panther Strikes Again was rushed into production owing to the success of The Return of the Pink Panther . Blake Edwards had used one of two scripts that he and Frank Waldman had written for a proposed `` Pink Panther '' TV series as the basis for that film , and he used the other as the starting point for Strikes Again . As a result , it is the only Pink Panther movie which has a storyline ( Dreyfus in the insane asylum ) that explicitly follows on from the previous film . The movie was in production from December 1975 to September 1976 , with filming taking place from February to June 1976 . The strained relationship between Sellers and Blake Edwards had further deteriorated by the time production of Strikes Again was underway . Sellers was mentally and physically in bad shape , and Edwards commented on the actor 's mental state : `` If you went to an asylum and you described the first inmate you saw , that 's what Peter had become . He was certifiable . '' The original cut of the film ran for 124 minutes , but it was trimmed down to 103 minutes for theatrical release . Some of the excised footage was later used in Trail of the Pink Panther . Strikes Again was marketed with the tagline Why are the world 's chief assassins after Inspector Clouseau ? Why not ? Everybody else is . Like its predecessor and subsequent sequel , the film was a box office success . During the film 's title sequence , there are references to television 's Alfred Hitchcock Presents and the films Batman , King Kong , The Sound of Music ( which starred Blake Edwards 's wife , Julie Andrews ) , Dracula AD 1972 , Singin ' in the Rain , Steamboat Bill , Jr. , and Sweet Charity , putting the Pink Panther character and the animated persona of Inspector Clouseau into recognizable events from said movies . There is also a reference to Jaws in the end - credits sequence . The scene in which Clouseau impersonates a dentist and the use of laughing gas and pulling the wrong tooth are clearly inspired by Bob Hope in The Paleface ( 1948 ) . Richard Williams ( later of Roger Rabbit fame ) supervised the animation of the opening and closing sequences for the second and final time ; original animators DePatie - Freleng Enterprises would return on the next film , but with decidedly Williamesque influences . Sellers was never happy with the final version of the film and publicly criticized Blake Edwards for misusing his talents . The strain in their relationship is noted in the next Pink Panther movie 's opening credits ( `` Revenge Of The Pink Panther '' ) listing it as a `` Sellers - Edwards '' production . Despite apparently `` dying '' in this film ( and committing several major crimes ) , Dreyfus returns in Revenge of the Pink Panther , once again as Chief Inspector . French comic book writer René Goscinny of Asterix fame was reportedly trying to sue Blake Edwards for plagiarism at the time of his death in 1977 after noticing strong similarities to a script titled `` Le Maître du Monde '' ( The Master of the World ) which he had sent Peter Sellers in 1975 . Reception ( edit ) Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film two and a half stars out of four and wrote , `` If I 'm less than totally enthusiastic about ' The Pink Panther Strikes Again , ' maybe it was because I 've been over this ground with Clouseau many times before , '' stating that a time would have to come `` when inspiration gives way to habit , and I think the ' Pink Panther ' series is just about at that point . That 's not to say this film is n't funny -- it has moments as good as anything Sellers and Edwards have ever done -- but that it 's time for them to move on . They worked together once on the funniest movie either one has ever done , ' The Party . ' Now it 's time to try something new again . '' Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote that the characters of Clouseau and Dreyfus `` were made for each other , '' and further stated , `` I 'm not sure why Mr. Sellers and Mr. Lom are such a hilarious team , though it may be because each is a fine comic actor with a special talent for portraying the sort of all - consuming , epic self - absorption that makes slapstick farce initially acceptable -- instead of alarming -- and finally so funny . '' Canby also enjoyed Clouseau 's French accent , and wrote , `` Both Mr. Sellers and Mr. Edwards delight in old gags , and part of the joy of ' The Pink Panther Strikes Again ' is watching the way they spin out what is essentially a single routine '' . Awards ( edit ) The screenwriters , Blake Edwards and Frank Waldman received a 1977 Writers Guild of America Award for `` Best Comedy Adapted from Another Medium . '' The film also won a 1978 Evening Standard British Film Award for `` Best Comedy . '' `` Come To Me '' , written by Henry Mancini ( music ) and Don Black ( lyrics ) , received an Academy Award nomination for `` Best Song '' at the 49th Academy Awards . The film was nominated for a 1977 Golden Globe Award for `` Best Motion Picture '' , and Peter Sellers was nominated for `` Best Motion Picture Actor -- Musical / Comedy '' . American Film Institute Lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` Does your dog bite ? '' -- Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Pink Panther Strikes Again , Box Office Information '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 23 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Allmovie Cast ^ Jump up to : Thames , Stephanie `` The Pink Panther Strikes Again '' ( TCM article ) Jump up ^ IMDB Business Data Jump up ^ Starks , Michael ( October 1982 ) . Cocaine fiends and Reefer madness : an illustrated history of drugs in the movies . Cornwall Books . p. 190 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8453 - 4504 - 7 . Jump up ^ ( in French ) Pascal Ory , Goscinny ( 1926 - 1977 ) : la Liberté d'en rire , Paris : Perrin , 2007 , ISBN 978 - 2 - 262 - 02506 - 9 , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( December 20 , 1976 ) . `` The Pink Panther Strikes Again Review ( 1976 ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( December 16 , 1976 ) . `` Pink Panther Team Unflappable In Fourth High - Spirited Caper '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ IMDB Awards Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs Nominees Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes Nominees External links ( edit ) Film portal 1970s portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Pink Panther Strikes Again The Pink Panther Strikes Again on IMDb The Pink Panther Strikes Again at the TCM Movie Database The Pink Panther Strikes Again at AllMovie The Pink Panther Strikes Again at the American Film Institute Catalog Films directed by Blake Edwards Bring Your Smile Along ( 1955 ) He Laughed Last ( 1956 ) Mister Cory ( 1957 ) This Happy Feeling ( 1958 ) The Perfect Furlough ( 1958 ) Operation Petticoat ( 1959 ) High Time ( 1960 ) Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( 1961 ) Experiment in Terror ( 1962 ) Days of Wine and Roses ( 1962 ) The Pink Panther ( 1963 ) A Shot in the Dark ( 1964 ) The Great Race ( 1965 ) What Did You Do in the War , Daddy ? ( 1966 ) Gunn ( 1967 ) The Party ( 1968 ) Darling Lili ( 1970 ) Wild Rovers ( 1971 ) The Carey Treatment ( 1972 ) The Tamarind Seed ( 1974 ) The Return of the Pink Panther ( 1975 ) The Pink Panther Strikes Again ( 1976 ) Revenge of the Pink Panther ( 1978 ) 10 ( 1979 ) S.O.B. ( 1981 ) Victor / Victoria ( 1982 ) Trail of the Pink Panther ( 1982 ) Curse of the Pink Panther ( 1983 ) The Man Who Loved Women ( 1983 ) Micki & Maude ( 1984 ) A Fine Mess ( 1986 ) That 's Life ! ( 1986 ) Blind Date ( 1987 ) Sunset ( 1988 ) Justin Case ( 1988 ) Skin Deep ( 1989 ) Peter Gunn ( 1989 ) Switch ( 1991 ) Son of the Pink Panther ( 1993 ) Victor / Victoria ( 1995 ) The Pink Panther Feature films Original series The Pink Panther ( 1963 ) A Shot in the Dark ( 1964 ) Inspector Clouseau ( 1968 ) The Return of the Pink Panther ( 1975 ) The Pink Panther Strikes Again ( 1976 ) Revenge of the Pink Panther ( 1978 ) Trail of the Pink Panther ( 1982 ) Curse of the Pink Panther ( 1983 ) Son of the Pink Panther ( 1993 ) Reboot The Pink Panther ( 2006 ) The Pink Panther 2 ( 2009 ) Music `` The Pink Panther Theme '' `` Meglio stasera '' `` Check on It '' `` A Woman Like Me '' Other List of The Pink Panther characters Inspector Clouseau Pink Panther jewel Lugash Cartoons Shorts List of The Pink Panther cartoons List of The Inspector cartoons TV shows The Pink Panther Show ( 1969 -- 1980 ) Pink Panther and Sons ( 1984 -- 1985 ) The Pink Panther ( 1993 -- 1996 ) Pink Panther and Pals ( 2010 ) TV specials A Pink Christmas ( 1978 ) Olym - Pinks ( 1980 ) Pink at First Sight ( 1981 ) Characters The Pink Panther The Little Man The Inspector The Ant and the Aardvark Crazylegs Crane The Blue Racer Misterjaw The Dogfather Roland and Rattfink Tijuana Toads Hoot Kloot Video games Pink Goes to Hollywood ( 1993 ) The Pink Panther : Passport to Peril ( 1996 ) The Pink Panther : Hokus Pokus Pink ( 1998 ) Related DePatie -- Freleng Enterprises Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Pink_Panther_Strikes_Again&oldid=831790689 '' Categories : 1976 films English - language films 1970s comedy films 1970s sequel films British films British comedy films British sequel films Films scored by Henry Mancini Films directed by Blake Edwards Films with live action and animation Heist films Films set in 1976 The Pink Panther films Films involved in plagiarism controversies Police comedies Police comedy films United Artists films Hidden categories : Articles with French - language external links Use British English from May 2016 Use dmy dates from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 06 : 07 . 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when do jeff and lester find out about chuck			Chuck Versus the Gravitron	chuck versus the gravitron	`` Chuck Versus the Gravitron '' is the eighth episode of the second season of Chuck . It was broadcast on November 24 , 2008 . Chuck , Sarah and Casey are shocked to discover that Chuck 's girlfriend Jill is a Fulcrum agent in search of the Intersect . In the wake of his disbelief , Chuck is asked to use his relationship with Jill to get to an agent called Leader .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Buy More / Family 3 References to popular culture 4 External links Plot ( edit ) In 2003 Chuck and Jill sit atop a Ferris wheel as Chuck tries to ask Jill out . Back in the present , Sarah and Casey worry about Chuck after finding out Jill is Fulcrum and that she has Chuck . Jill is in bed with Chuck at a hotel . When Jill leaves to take a shower Chuck flashes on her cell phone and realizes she 's a Fulcrum agent . Back at Chuck 's apartment , Chuck kisses Jill goodbye , pretending absolutely nothing is wrong . Inside his sister 's house , Chuck feels sorry for himself , while General Beckman gives tells them the flash in Jill 's room referenced an agent called Leader . Chuck must stay close to Jill to find him . Chuck and Jill go to a carnival where Jill tells Chuck she 's Fulcrum and they run into Leader , who Jill betrays to protect Chuck . However , Leader escapes and Jill is captured . At the castle Casey and Sarah interrogate Jill with a lie detector and she gives them the location of a Fulcrum hospital currently treating Leader . Casey and Sarah go after him while Chuck talks to Jill about Stanford and Bryce . Sarah and Casey return to headquarters to find Chuck sitting at a desk , head in his hands . Jill emerges from behind the corner holding two guns . She makes them uncuff Leader and drop their weapons . Leader accesses the computer and begins searching for someone . Jill tells Chuck he is looking for Bryce Larkin , because they think he is the Intersect . Chuck is put in a glass cell opposite Sarah and Casey . Chuck uses the Castle manual to lock Leader and Jill out of the computer system , jam the communications , and summon the CIA . However , Leader attaches a mine to Sarah and Casey 's door , demanding Chuck open the door or they die . Chuck opens the door and is taken out of Castle , but he sends a message to Sarah and Casey that he also unlocked their door and is leading them to Buy More . After Leader falls over one of Big Mike 's trip wires , Casey starts fighting him while Sarah looks for Jill . Leader defeats Casey but is knocked out by Big Mike , who came back from his fishing trip after Jeff tripped over a wire earlier . Chuck leads Jill to one of the Nerd Herd vehicles , telling her to get away in it . But once she is inside , he puts the car in `` detention mode , '' automatically handcuffing her to the wheel . He admits he was going to let her get away , but when she was about to kill Sarah , he changed his mind . Outside Sarah tries to comfort Chuck before going inside , and when they do , Ellie , Jeff , Lester , Morgan and Awesome are waiting to celebrate Thanksgiving . Buy More / family ( edit ) Ellie is furiously trying to clean the house in preparation for the arrival of Devon 's parents . She also tells Morgan that he can not come to dinner . Big Mike tells Jeff , Lester and Morgan that he needs them to guard the store because it will be full of product in preparation for Black Friday . On Thanksgiving Day , Morgan hatches a plan : He will venture outside the store to find a real turkey for Thanksgiving . Jeff hot wires the front door ( they have all been locked inside by Big Mike ) allowing Morgan to slip out . Unfortunately , the plan inadvertently sets off the silent alarm . Big Mike , relaxing on a fishing trip , looks down at his phone to see security breach flashing in red . At Ellie 's place , Devon 's parents are not coming to dinner after all . Ellie is so overjoyed that she does not get angry upon discovering Morgan digging through the trash for turkey scraps . In the end Ellie , Jeff , Lester , Morgan , Awesome , Sarah and Chuck celebrate Thanksgiving . References to popular culture ( edit ) The title refers to a carnival ride featured in the episode , the `` Gravitron '' , which Chuck uses to escape Leader . `` Uncle Tobias '' is a character on the television series Arrested Development , which starred Tony Hale , who plays Buy More assistant manager Emmett Milbarge on Chuck . External links ( edit ) `` Chuck Versus the Gravitron '' on IMDb `` Chuck Versus the Gravitron '' at TV.com ( hide ) Chuck episodes Season 1 `` Chuck Versus the Intersect '' `` Chuck Versus the Helicopter '' `` Chuck Versus the Tango '' `` Chuck Versus the Wookiee '' `` Chuck Versus the Sizzling Shrimp '' `` Chuck Versus the Sandworm '' `` Chuck Versus the Alma Mater '' `` Chuck Versus the Truth '' `` Chuck Versus the Imported Hard Salami '' `` Chuck Versus the Nemesis '' `` Chuck Versus the Crown Vic '' `` Chuck Versus the Undercover Lover '' `` Chuck Versus the Marlin '' Season 2 `` Chuck Versus the First Date '' `` Chuck Versus the Seduction '' `` Chuck Versus the Break - Up '' `` Chuck Versus the Cougars '' `` Chuck Versus Tom Sawyer '' `` Chuck Versus the Ex '' `` Chuck Versus the Fat Lady '' `` Chuck Versus the Gravitron '' `` Chuck Versus the Sensei '' `` Chuck Versus the DeLorean '' `` Chuck Versus Santa Claus '' `` Chuck Versus the Third Dimension '' `` Chuck Versus the Suburbs '' `` Chuck Versus the Best Friend '' `` Chuck Versus the Beefcake '' `` Chuck Versus the Lethal Weapon '' `` Chuck Versus the Predator '' `` Chuck Versus the Broken Heart '' `` Chuck Versus the Dream Job '' `` Chuck Versus the First Kill '' `` Chuck Versus the Colonel '' `` Chuck Versus the Ring '' Season 3 `` Chuck Versus the Pink Slip '' `` Chuck Versus the Three Words '' `` Chuck Versus the Angel de la Muerte '' `` Chuck Versus Operation Awesome '' `` Chuck Versus First Class '' `` Chuck Versus the Nacho Sampler '' `` Chuck Versus the Mask '' `` Chuck Versus the Fake Name '' `` Chuck Versus the Beard '' `` Chuck Versus the Tic Tac '' `` Chuck Versus the Final Exam '' `` Chuck Versus the American Hero '' `` Chuck Versus the Other Guy '' `` Chuck Versus the Honeymooners '' `` Chuck Versus the Role Models '' `` Chuck Versus the Tooth '' `` Chuck Versus the Living Dead '' `` Chuck Versus the Subway '' `` Chuck Versus the Ring : Part II '' Season 4 `` Chuck Versus the Anniversary '' `` Chuck Versus the Suitcase '' `` Chuck Versus the Push Mix '' `` Chuck Versus the Seduction Impossible '' `` Chuck Versus the Cat Squad '' `` Chuck Versus the Masquerade '' `` Chuck Versus the First Bank of Evil '' `` Chuck Versus the A-Team '' `` Chuck Versus the Muuurder '' `` Chuck Versus the Family Volkoff '' `` Chuck Versus the Wedding Planner '' `` Chuck Versus Agent X '' `` Chuck Versus the Last Details '' `` Chuck Versus the Cliffhanger '' Season 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chuck_Versus_the_Gravitron&oldid=776891196 '' Categories : Chuck ( season 2 ) episodes 2008 American television episodes Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from April 2010 All articles lacking sources Pages using infobox television episode with incorrectly formatted episode list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 April 2017 , at 23 : 23 . 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who has to supervise the event when a person is being put to death			Culpability	culpability	Culpability , or being culpable , is a measure of the degree to which an agent , such as a person , can be held morally or legally responsible for action and inaction . Culpability marks the dividing line between moral evil , like murder , for which someone may be held legally responsible and a randomly occurring event , like earthquakes , for which no human can be held responsible . One formulation of the concept is as follows :	A person is culpable if they cause a negative event and ( 1 ) the act was intentional ; ( 2 ) the act and its consequences could have been controlled ( i.e. , the agent knew the likely consequences , the agent was not coerced , and the agent overcame hurdles to make the event happen ) ; and ( 3 ) the person provided no excuse or justification for the actions . Culpability descends from the Latin concept of fault ( culpa ) . The concept of culpability is intimately tied up with notions of agency , freedom , and free will . All are commonly held to be necessary , but not sufficient , conditions for culpability . In Law ( edit ) From a legal perspective , culpability describes the degree of one 's blameworthiness in the commission of a crime or offense . Except for strict liability crimes , the type and severity of punishment often follow the degree of culpability . `` Culpability means , first and foremost , direct involvement in the wrongdoing , such as through participation or instruction '' , as compared with responsibility merely arising from `` failure to supervise or to maintain adequate controls or ethical culture '' . Modern criminal codes in the United States usually make distinct four degrees of culpability . Legal definitions of culpability are : A person acts purposely ( criminally ) with respect to a material element of an offense when : if the element involves the nature of his conduct or a result thereof , it is his conscious object to engage in conduct of that nature or to cause such a result ; and if the element involves the attendant circumstances , he is aware of the existence of such circumstances or he believes or hopes that they exist . A person acts knowingly with respect to a material element of an offense when : if the element involves the nature of his conduct or the attendant circumstances , he is aware that his conduct is of that nature or that such circumstances exist ; and if the element involves a result of his conduct , he is aware that it is practically certain that his conduct will cause such a result . A person acts recklessly with respect to a material element of an offense when he consciously disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk that the material element exists or will result from his conduct . The risk must be of such a nature and degree that , considering the nature and intent of the actor 's conduct and the circumstances known to him , its disregard involves a gross deviation from the standard of conduct that a reasonable person would observe in the actor 's situation . A person acts negligently with respect to a material element of an offense when he should be aware of a substantial and unjustifiable risk that the material element exists or will result from his conduct . The risk must be of such a nature and degree that the actor 's failure to perceive it , considering the nature and intent of his conduct and the circumstances known to him , involves a gross deviation from the standard of care that a reasonable person would observe in the actor 's situation . ( The above has been quoted verbatim from the Pennsylvania Crimes Code . That in turn derives from the American Law Institute 's Model Penal Code , which is the basis for large portions of the criminal codes in most states . The only difference is that the MPC uses `` purposely '' instead of `` intentionally '' . ) In short : A person causes a result purposely if the result is his / her goal in doing the action that causes it , A person causes a result knowingly if he / she knows that the result is virtually certain to occur from the action he / she undertakes , A person causes a result recklessly if he / she is aware of and disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk of the result occurring from the action , and A person causes a result negligently if there is a substantial and unjustifiable risk he / she is unaware of but should be aware of . The first two types of culpability are each a subset of the following . Thus if someone acts purposely , they also act knowingly . If someone acts knowingly , they also act recklessly . The definitions of specific crimes refer to these degrees to establish the mens rea ( mental state ) necessary for a person to be guilty of a crime . The stricter the culpability requirements , the harder it is for the prosecution to prove its case . For instance , the definition of first degree murder ( again in PA ) is `` A criminal homicide constitutes murder of the first degree when it is committed by an intentional killing . '' Thus to be guilty of murder in the first degree , one must have an explicit goal in one 's mind to cause the death of another . On the other hand , reckless endangerment has a much broader requirement : `` A person commits a misdemeanor of the second degree if he recklessly engages in conduct which places or may place another person in danger of death or serious bodily injury . '' Thus to be guilty of this one only needs to be aware of a substantial risk he is putting others in danger of ; it does not have to be one 's explicit goal to put people in risk . ( But , if one 's goal is to put others in substantial risk of death or serious bodily injury , this is , of course , sufficient . ) There is one more type of culpability , and that is strict liability . In strict liability crimes , the actor is responsible no matter what his mental state ; if the result occurs , the actor is liable . An example is the felony murder rule : if the prosecution proves beyond reasonable doubt that one commits a qualifying felony ( see the article ) during which death results , one is held strictly liable for murder and the prosecution does not have to prove any of the normal culpability requirements for murder . See also ( edit ) Look up culpability or culpable in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Blame Guilt ( disambiguation ) Scapegoating References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Blair H. Sheppard , Roy J. Lewicki , John W. Minton , Organizational Justice : The Search for Fairness in the Workplace , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Marco Arnone , Leonardo S. Borlini , Corruption : Economic Analysis and International Law ( 2014 ) , p. 297 . GND : 4131795 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culpability&oldid=831478956 '' Categories : Legal terminology Criminal law Social ethics Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2014 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 20 March 2018 , at 20 : 12 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culpability	1,861
where was the fa cup final played before wembley	After the 1873 final was held at Lillie Bridge , the event was held at the Oval until 1892 . The 1893 and 1894 finals were respectively held at Fallowfield Stadium in Manchester and Goodison Park in Liverpool , before the event returned to London in 1895 , being held at Crystal Palace until the outbreak of World War I. After the war , the event was held at Stamford Bridge , before Wembley Stadium opened in 1923 . The first final at Wembley , in which Bolton Wanderers beat West Ham United 2 -- 0 , had an official attendance of 126,047 , although the actual figure is believed to be as much as 300,000 .	Stamford Bridge	FA Cup final	fa cup final	The FA Cup Final , commonly referred to in England as just the Cup Final , is the last match in the Football Association Challenge Cup . It is one of the most attended domestic football events in the world , with an official attendance of 89,472 at the 2017 final . The match is the culmination of a knockout competition among clubs belonging to The Football Association in England , although Scottish and Irish teams competed in the early years and Welsh teams regularly compete , with Cardiff City winning the Cup in 1927 and reaching the final in 2008 .	As of 2018 , 137 FA Cup Finals have been played . The latest final was held on 19 May 2018 at Wembley Stadium and was contested between Manchester United and Chelsea , with Chelsea winning 1 -- 0 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Winners 3 See also 4 Footnotes 5 References History ( edit ) The first FA Cup Final was held at Kennington Oval on 16 March 1872 and was contested between Wanderers and Royal Engineers , with Wanderers winning 1 -- 0 . After the 1873 final was held at Lillie Bridge , the event was held at the Oval until 1892 . The 1893 and 1894 finals were respectively held at Fallowfield Stadium in Manchester and Goodison Park in Liverpool , before the event returned to London in 1895 , being held at Crystal Palace until the outbreak of World War I. After the war , the event was held at Stamford Bridge , before Wembley Stadium opened in 1923 . The first final at Wembley , in which Bolton Wanderers beat West Ham United 2 -- 0 , had an official attendance of 126,047 , although the actual figure is believed to be as much as 300,000 . Wembley continued to host the final until 2000 , when it closed for redevelopment . The Millennium Stadium in Cardiff hosted the final between 2001 and 2006 , before the new Wembley Stadium opened in 2007 . Up to and including 1998 , if the final ended in a draw , a replay would be required . This occurred on 14 occasions , the last being in 1993 between Arsenal and Sheffield Wednesday . In September 1998 , the Football Association decided that all future finals would be decided ' on the day ' , meaning that a penalty shootout would decide the winner if the score was level after normal and extra time . Two finals since have been decided by a penalty shootout , those of 2005 ( Arsenal defeating Manchester United ) and 2006 ( Liverpool defeating West Ham United ) . Stan Mortensen 's hat - trick for Blackpool in 1953 remains the only hat trick ever scored at Wembley in the competition 's final . Everton 's Louis Saha scored a goal after 27.9 seconds in the 2009 FA Cup Final . It is currently the fastest goal in FA Cup Final history . Bury 's 6 -- 0 victory over Derby County in the 1903 FA Cup Final is the largest winning margin . With his goal in the 2012 Final , Chelsea 's Didier Drogba became the first man to score a goal in four different Finals . The FA Cup Final is one of ten events reserved for live broadcast on UK terrestrial television under the Ofcom Code on Sports and Other Listed and Designated Events . Winners ( edit ) For a full list of FA Cup winners and runners - up , see List of FA Cup Finals . See also ( edit ) English football portal FA Cup Final referees FA Cup semi-finals `` Abide with Me '' Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Maume , Chris ( 24 September 1998 ) . `` Football : End of Cup Final replay '' . The Independent . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Matthews Final '' -- BBC Sport References ( edit ) Full results history at rsssf.com Archive of almost every result at SoccerBase.com Post-war finals at sporting-heroes.net ( hide ) FA Cup Seasons 1871 -- 72 1872 -- 73 1873 -- 74 1874 -- 75 1875 -- 76 1876 -- 77 1877 -- 78 1878 -- 79 1879 -- 80 1880 -- 81 1881 -- 82 1882 -- 83 1883 -- 84 1884 -- 85 1885 -- 86 1886 -- 87 1887 -- 88 1888 -- 89 1889 -- 90 1890 -- 91 1891 -- 92 1892 -- 93 1893 -- 94 1894 -- 95 1895 -- 96 1896 -- 97 1897 -- 98 1898 -- 99 1899 -- 1900 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Qualifying rounds 1888 -- 89 1889 -- 90 1890 -- 91 1891 -- 92 1892 -- 93 1893 -- 94 1894 -- 95 1895 -- 96 1896 -- 97 1897 -- 98 1898 -- 99 1899 -- 1900 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Finals 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1993 2017 2018 History Trophy List of finals Third - fourth place matches Semi-finals Final referees Winning managers Non-English clubs Non-League clubs in the 5th Round Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FA_Cup_Final&oldid=842053035 '' Categories : FA Cup Finals FA Cup May sporting events Recurring sporting events established in 1872 Hidden categories : EngvarB from June 2013 Use dmy dates from June 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 22 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA%20Cup%20Final	1,862
social distortion white light white heat white trash lyrics			White Light , White Heat , White Trash	white light, white heat, white trash	White Light , White Heat , White Trash is the fifth album by American punk rock band , Social Distortion , released on September 17 , 1996 , by Epic Records . The album was produced by Michael Beinhorn . White Light , White Heat , White Trash is the last Social Distortion studio album to feature guitarist Dennis Danell who died on February 29 , 2000 , of a cerebral aneurysm at the age of 38 . He did however appear on live album Live at the Roxy in 1998 . It is also the band 's last release on Epic Records . The album received Social Distortion 's highest chart position at the time , entering the Billboard 200 album chart at # 27 . In the first week of its release , White Light , White Heat , White Trash sold 30,000 copies . Stylistically , the album is harder and considered a return to their punk roots .	The title of the album is a play on the 1968 Velvet Underground album , White Light / White Heat . The Velvet Underground record is known for being one of the most influential and well - known , and also one of the heaviest , records of its era , just as White Light , White Heat , White Trash for Social Distortion has a harder sound than those albums preceding it . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music and lyrics 2 Cover and liner art 3 Reception 4 Track listing 5 Personnel 6 Charts 6.1 Singles 7 Accolades 8 References Music and lyrics ( edit ) Stylistically , the album signifies a shift back to Social Distortion 's hardcore and punk roots . When this album was released , Social Distortion had been playing for 18 years . In that time , the music went from a hardcore Ramones - sounding punk to a more melodic Elvis / Johnny Cash rockabilly punk sound . With this album , Social Distortion came full circle to a harder sound which some consider their strongest album thus far . It was named # 41 on Kerrang ! 's 50 Greatest Punk Albums Ever . Some old - school fans were upset when the first single , `` I Was Wrong '' , was widely played on the radio as record sales equals selling out to some of the elitists ; however , Social Distortion is something of a legend in the punk genre and continues to receive respect and support . The lyrics on this album are as socially conscious as most of their previous albums with `` Do n't Drag Me Down '' and `` Down Here ( w / the Rest Of Us ) '' . There are also reflective songs such as `` I Was Wrong '' , `` Crown of Thorns '' and `` Pleasure Seeker '' . There are a couple of more personal songs for Ness on the album like `` Dear Lover '' and `` When The Angels Sing '' which is said to be a tribute to Ness 's grandmother . `` Do n't Drag Me Down '' featured on the soundtrack for the 2000 Acclaim computer game Dave Mirra Freestyle BMX . `` I Was Wrong '' is a playable song in the 2008 game Rock Band 2 . Cover and liner art ( edit ) The cover of White Light , White Heat , White Trash features a photograph of a ventriloquist dummy / puppet taken by Leonard Myszynski . On the back cover is another photograph by Myszynski of religious statues . The inner liner is covered with small icons of religious and Americana nature , illustrating the album 's fusion of faith and punk rock with a 1950s influence . The iconography includes dice , a 1950s - style automobile in front of a motel , a pin - up girl with angel wings and a halo , a burning cross and a Sacred Heart . Reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Chicago Tribune Entertainment Weekly A − Rolling Stone The Rolling Stone Album Guide Spin 4 / 10 Reviews for White Light , White Heat , White Trash have generally been favorable . AllMusic 's Stephen Thomas Erlewine , however , called the album a `` conscious attempt to cash in on the alternative ' revolution '' of the early ' 90s '' and expressed mixed feelings towards the band 's musical direction , stating , `` Underneath the layers of glossy hard rock production , the band still hold fast to some of their punk roots , but too often they sound like a heavy hard rock band . Of course , that commercial sheen is intentional -- it 's the only way they could appeal to the legions of post-grunge alternative fans who appeared since Social Distortion released Somewhere Between Heaven and Hell in 1992 . '' Track listing ( edit ) All songs written by Mike Ness unless otherwise noted . `` Dear Lover '' -- 4 : 43 `` Do n't Drag Me Down '' -- 3 : 51 `` Untitled '' -- 4 : 45 `` I Was Wrong '' -- 3 : 58 `` Through These Eyes '' -- 3 : 15 `` Down on the World Again '' -- 3 : 22 `` When the Angels Sing '' -- 4 : 15 `` Gotta Know the Rules '' -- 3 : 28 `` Crown of Thorns '' -- 4 : 15 `` Pleasure Seeker '' -- 3 : 33 `` Down Here ( With the Rest of Us ) '' -- 4 : 19 `` Under My Thumb '' ( Mick Jagger / Keith Richards ) -- 2 : 49 * ' * ' indicates a hidden track . Personnel ( edit ) Mike Ness -- vocals , guitars , art direction , mixing Dennis Danell -- guitars John Maurer -- bass guitar Deen Castronovo -- drums ( uncredited session drummer ) Chuck Biscuits -- drums ( credited as band member at the time of release , did not play on the album ) Michael Beinhorn -- producer Kalynn Campbell -- illustrations Jolie Clemens -- art direction Giulio Costanzo -- art direction George Marino -- mastering John Travis -- engineer , mixing Charts ( edit ) All chart positions from Billboard magazine ( North America ) . Chart ( 1996 ) Peak position Billboard 200 27 Singles ( edit ) All chart positions from Billboard magazine ( North America ) . Year Title Chart Peak positions `` I Was Wrong '' Modern Rock Tracks Mainstream Rock Tracks 12 `` When the Angels Sing '' Modern Rock Tracks 33 Mainstream Rock Tracks 32 Accolades ( edit ) The information regarding accolades attributed to White Light , White Heat , White Trash is adapted from Acclaimed Music . Publication Country Accolade Year Rank Blender USA 500 CDs You Must Own Before You Die 2003 * Rock Hard Germany Top 300 Albums 123 Rolling Stone Germany The 500 Best Albums of All Time 170 Visions Germany The Most Important Albums of the 90s 1999 31 ( * ) designates unordered lists . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ / / http://www.allmusic.com/album/white-light-white-heat-white-trash-mw0000175114 Jump up ^ `` ' A PHENOMENON ' '' SDCityBeat.com . January 18 , 2006 . Retrieved on February 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Will the Flash of ' White Light ' Burn Steadily ? '' . articles.latimes.com. 1996 - 10 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` New distortion from Social Distortion '' . YaleHerald.com . September 27 , 1996 . Retrieved on February 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Kerrang ! 50 Greatest Punk Albums Ever '' . RockList.net . Retrieved on February 25 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Review : White Light , White Heat , White Trash '' . December 17 , 2002 . Retrieved on February 25 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen Thomas Erlewine . `` White Light White Heat White Trash -- Social Distortion '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kot , Greg ( September 20 , 1996 ) . `` Straight - up Rock '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sinclair , Tom ( October 18 , 1996 ) . `` White Light White Heat White Trash '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Ira ( October 3 , 1996 ) . `` Social Distortion : White Light White Heat White Trash '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2007 . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Considine , J.D. ( 2004 ) . `` Social Distortion '' . In Brackett , Nathan ; Hoard , Christian . The New Rolling Stone Album Guide . Simon & Schuster . pp. 756 -- 57 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0169 - 8 . Jump up ^ Eddy , Chuck ( October 1996 ) . `` Social Distortion : White Light White Heat White Trash '' . Spin. 12 ( 7 ) : 132 . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Discography : White Light , White Heat , White Trash '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved on February 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Social Distortion : Singles '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved on February 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Social Distortion : Discography '' Archived 2007 - 03 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . SocialDistortion.com . Retrieved on February 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` List of White Light , White Heat , White Trash Accolades '' . Acclaimed Music . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Rolling Stone . `` Die 500 besten Alben aller Zeiten '' . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Visions . `` Visions -- Popular Music Best - Of - Lists List '' . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 08 . ( hide ) Social Distortion Mike Ness Jonny Wickersham Brent Harding David Hidalgo Jr . Dennis Danell Brent Liles John Maurer Derek O'Brien Chris Reece Chuck Biscuits Charlie Quintana Atom Willard Scott Reeder Studio albums Mommy 's Little Monster Prison Bound Social Distortion Somewhere Between Heaven and Hell White Light , White Heat , White Trash Sex , Love and Rock ' n ' Roll Hard Times and Nursery Rhymes Extended plays Story of My Life ... And Other Stories Compilation albums Mainliner : Wreckage from the Past Greatest Hits Live albums Live at the Roxy Videos and DVDs Another State of Mind Live in Orange County Singles `` Another State of Mind '' `` Prison Bound '' `` Let It Be Me '' `` Ball and Chain '' `` Ring of Fire '' `` Story of My Life '' `` Bad Luck '' `` I Was Wrong '' `` Reach for the Sky '' `` Death or Glory '' `` Far Behind '' `` Machine Gun Blues '' Tours Social Distortion 2001 Tour Sex , Love and Rock ' n ' Roll Tour Winter 2006 Tour Social Distortion South American Tour Social Distortion 2010 Tour Social Distortion Fall 2012 Tour Winter Tour 2012 Social Distortion Summer Tour 2013 Related articles Discography Band members Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Light,_White_Heat,_White_Trash&oldid=823402740 '' Categories : Social Distortion albums 1996 albums Epic Records albums Albums produced by Michael Beinhorn Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 1 February 2018 , at 01 : 25 . 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where does the constitution say separation of church and state	`` Separation of church and state '' is paraphrased from Thomas Jefferson and used by others in expressing an understanding of the intent and function of the Establishment Clause and Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States which reads : `` Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ... ''	First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States	Separation of church and state in the United States	separation of church and state in the united states	`` Separation of church and state '' is paraphrased from Thomas Jefferson and used by others in expressing an understanding of the intent and function of the Establishment Clause and Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States which reads : `` Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ... ''	The phrase `` separation between church & state '' is generally traced to a January 1 , 1802 letter by Thomas Jefferson , addressed to the Danbury Baptist Association in Connecticut , and published in a Massachusetts newspaper . Jefferson wrote , `` `` I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should ' make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof , ' thus building a wall of separation between Church & State . '' '' Jefferson was echoing the language of the founder of the first Baptist church in America , Roger Williams who had written in 1644 , `` `` ( A ) hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world . '' '' Article Six of the United States Constitution also specifies that `` no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States . '' Jefferson 's metaphor of a wall of separation has been cited repeatedly by the U.S. Supreme Court . In Reynolds v. United States ( 1879 ) the Court wrote that Jefferson 's comments `` may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the ( First ) Amendment . '' In Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) , Justice Hugo Black wrote : `` In the words of Thomas Jefferson , the clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect a wall of separation between church and state . '' In contrast to separationism , the Supreme Court of the United States in Zorach v. Clauson upheld accommodationism , holding that the nation 's `` institutions presuppose a Supreme Being '' and that government recognition of God does not constitute the establishment of a state church as the Constitution 's authors intended to prohibit . As such , the Court has not always interpreted the constitutional principle as absolute , and the proper extent of separation between government and religion in the U.S. remains an ongoing subject of impassioned debate . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history 1.1 Former state churches in British North America 1.1. 1 Catholic colonies 1.1. 2 Protestant colonies 1.1. 3 Colonies with no established church 1.1. 4 Tabular summary 1.2 Colonial support for separation 1.3 Jefferson , Madison , and the `` wall of separation '' 1.4 Patrick Henry , Massachusetts , and Connecticut 1.5 Test acts 2 The U.S. Constitution 2.1 Article 6 2.2 The First Amendment 2.3 The 14th Amendment 2.4 The `` Separation '' principle and the Supreme Court 3 The Treaty of Tripoli 4 Interpretive controversies 4.1 Politics and religion in the United States 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links 8.1 American court battles over separation 8.2 Other Early history ( edit ) Many early immigrant groups traveled to America to worship freely , particularly after the English Civil War and religious conflict in France and Germany . They included nonconformists like the Puritans , who were Protestant Christians fleeing religious persecution from the Anglican King of England . Despite a common background , the groups ' views on religious toleration were mixed . While some such as Roger Williams of Rhode Island and William Penn of Pennsylvania ensured the protection of religious minorities within their colonies , others like the Plymouth Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony had established churches . The Dutch colony of New Netherland established the Dutch Reformed Church and outlawed all other worship , though enforcement was sparse . Religious conformity was desired partly for financial reasons : the established Church was responsible for poverty relief , putting dissenting churches at a significant disadvantage . This , along with many other statements should be footnoted , as it seems more like an opinion than a fact . Former state churches in British North America ( edit ) Catholic colonies ( edit ) When New France was transferred to Great Britain in 1763 , the Catholic Church remained under toleration , but Huguenots were allowed entrance where they had formerly been banned from settlement by Parisian authorities . The Colony of Maryland was founded by a charter granted in 1632 to George Calvert , secretary of state to Charles I , and his son Cecil , both recent converts to Catholicism . Under their leadership many English Catholic gentry families settled in Maryland . However , the colonial government was officially neutral in religious affairs , granting toleration to all Christian groups and enjoining them to avoid actions which antagonized the others . On several occasions low - church dissenters led insurrections which temporarily overthrew the Calvert rule . In 1689 , when William and Mary came to the English throne , they acceded to demands to revoke the original royal charter . In 1701 the Church of England was proclaimed , and in the course of the eighteenth century Maryland Catholics were first barred from public office , then disenfranchised , although not all of the laws passed against them ( notably laws restricting property rights and imposing penalties for sending children to be educated in foreign Catholic institutions ) were enforced , and some Catholics even continued to hold public office . Spanish Florida was ceded to Great Britain in 1763 , the British divided Florida into two colonies . Both East and West Florida continued a policy of toleration for the Catholic Residents . Protestant colonies ( edit ) The colony of Plymouth was founded by Pilgrims , English Dissenters or Separatists , Calvinists . The colonies of Massachusetts Bay , New Haven , and New Hampshire were founded by Puritan , Calvinist , Protestants . New Netherland was founded by Dutch Reformed Calvinists . The colonies of New York , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , and Georgia were officially Church of England . Colonies with no established church ( edit ) The Province of Pennsylvania was founded by Quakers , but the colony never had an established church . West Jersey , also founded by Quakers , prohibited any establishment . Delaware Colony The Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , founded by religious dissenters , is widely regarded as the first polity to grant religious freedom to all its citizens . Tabular summary ( edit ) Colony Denomination Disestablished Connecticut Congregational 1818 Georgia Church of England 1789 Maryland Catholic / Church of England 1701 / 1776 Massachusetts Congregational 1780 ( in 1833 state funding suspended ) New Brunswick Church of England New Hampshire Congregational 1790 Newfoundland Church of England North Carolina Church of England 1776 Nova Scotia Church of England 1850 Prince Edward Island Church of England South Carolina Church of England 1790 Canada West Church of England 1854 West Florida Church of England N / A East Florida Church of England N / A Virginia Church of England 1786 West Indies Church of England 1868 ^ Note 1 : In several colonies , the establishment ceased to exist in practice at the Revolution , about 1776 ; this is the date of permanent legal abolition . ^ Note 2 : in 1789 the Georgia Constitution was amended as follows : `` Article IV . Section 10 . No person within this state shall , upon any pretense , be deprived of the inestimable privilege of worshipping God in any manner agreeable to his own conscience , nor be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith and judgment ; nor shall he ever be obliged to pay tithes , taxes , or any other rate , for the building or repairing any place of worship , or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry , contrary to what he believes to be right , or hath voluntarily engaged to do . No one religious society shall ever be established in this state , in preference to another ; nor shall any person be denied the enjoyment of any civil right merely on account of his religious principles . '' ^ Note 3 : From 1780 Massachusetts had a system which required every man to belong to a church , and permitted each church to tax its members , but forbade any law requiring that it be of any particular denomination . This was objected to , as in practice establishing the Congregational Church , the majority denomination , and was abolished in 1833 . ^ Note 4 : Until 1877 the New Hampshire Constitution required members of the State legislature to be of the Protestant religion . ^ Note 5 : The North Carolina Constitution of 1776 disestablished the Anglican church , but until 1835 the NC Constitution allowed only Protestants to hold public office . From 1835 to 1876 it allowed only Christians ( including Catholics ) to hold public office . Article VI , Section 8 of the current NC Constitution forbids only atheists from holding public office . Such clauses were held by the United States Supreme Court to be unenforceable in the 1961 case of Torcaso v. Watkins , when the court ruled unanimously that such clauses constituted a religious test incompatible with First and Fourteenth Amendment protections . ^ Note 6 : Religious tolerance for Catholics with an established Church of England was policy in the former Spanish Colonies of East and West Florida while under British rule . ^ Note 7 : In Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) , which ended the American Revolutionary War , the British ceded both East and West Florida back to Spain ( see Spanish Florida ) . ^ Note 8 : Tithes for the support of the Anglican Church in Virginia were suspended in 1776 , and never restored . 1786 is the date of the Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom , which prohibited any coercion to support any religious body . Colonial support for separation ( edit ) The Flushing Remonstrance shows support for separation of church and state as early as the mid-17th century , stating their opposition to religious persecution of any sort : `` The law of love , peace and liberty in the states extending to Jews , Turks and Egyptians , as they are considered sons of Adam , which is the glory of the outward state of Holland , so love , peace and liberty , extending to all in Christ Jesus , condemns hatred , war and bondage . '' The document was signed December 27 , 1657 by a group of English citizens in America who were affronted by persecution of Quakers and the religious policies of the Governor of New Netherland , Peter Stuyvesant . Stuyvesant had formally banned all religions other than the Dutch Reformed Church from being practiced in the colony , in accordance with the laws of the Dutch Republic . The signers indicated their `` desire therefore in this case not to judge lest we be judged , neither to condemn least we be condemned , but rather let every man stand or fall to his own Master . '' Stuyvesant fined the petitioners and threw them in prison until they recanted . However , John Bowne allowed the Quakers to meet in his home . Bowne was arrested , jailed , and sent to the Netherlands for trial ; the Dutch court exonerated Bowne . New York Historical Society President and Columbia University Professor of History Kenneth T. Jackson describes the Flushing Remonstrance as `` the first thing that we have in writing in the United States where a group of citizens attests on paper and over their signature the right of the people to follow their own conscience with regard to God - and the inability of government , or the illegality of government , to interfere with that . '' Given the wide diversity of opinion on Christian theological matters in the newly independent American States , the Constitutional Convention believed a government sanctioned ( established ) religion would disrupt rather than bind the newly formed union together . George Washington wrote a letter in 1790 to the country 's first Jewish congregation , the Touro Synagogue in Newport , Rhode Island to state : Allowing rights and immunities of citizenship . It is now no more that toleration is spoken of , as if it were by the indulgence of one class of people , that another enjoyed the exercise of their inherent natural rights . For happily the Government of the United States , which gives to bigotry no sanction , to persecution no assistance requires only that they who live under its protection should demean themselves as good citizens , in giving it on all occasions their effectual support . There were also opponents to the support of any established church even at the state level . In 1773 , Isaac Backus , a prominent Baptist minister in New England , wrote against a state sanctioned religion , saying : `` Now who can hear Christ declare , that his kingdom is , not of this world , and yet believe that this blending of church and state together can be pleasing to him ? '' He also observed that when `` church and state are separate , the effects are happy , and they do not at all interfere with each other : but where they have been confounded together , no tongue nor pen can fully describe the mischiefs that have ensued . '' Thomas Jefferson 's influential Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom was enacted in 1786 , five years before the Bill of Rights . Most Anglican ministers , and many Anglicans , were Loyalists . The Anglican establishment , where it had existed , largely ceased to function during the American Revolution , though the new States did not formally abolish and replace it until some years after the Revolution . Jefferson , Madison , and the `` wall of separation '' ( edit ) The phrase `` ( A ) hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world '' was first used by Baptist theologian Roger Williams , the founder of the colony of Rhode Island , in his 1644 book The Bloody Tenent of Persecution . The phrase was later used by Thomas Jefferson as a description of the First Amendment and its restriction on the legislative branch of the federal government , in an 1802 letter to the Danbury Baptists ( a religious minority concerned about the dominant position of the Congregationalist church in Connecticut ) : Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between man and his god , that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship , that the legitimate powers of government reach actions only , and not opinions , I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their `` legislature '' should `` make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof , '' thus building a wall of separation between church and State . Adhering to this expression of the supreme will of the nation in behalf of the rights of conscience , I shall see with sincere satisfaction the progress of those sentiments which tend to restore to man all his natural rights , convinced he has no natural right in opposition to his social duties . Jefferson 's letter was in reply to a letter that he had received from the Danbury Baptist Association dated October 7 , 1801 . In an 1808 letter to Virginia Baptists , Jefferson used the same theme : We have solved , by fair experiment , the great and interesting question whether freedom of religion is compatible with order in government and obedience to the laws . And we have experienced the quiet as well as the comfort which results from leaving every one to profess freely and openly those principles of religion which are the inductions of his own reason and the serious convictions of his own inquiries . Jefferson and James Madison 's conceptions of separation have long been debated . Jefferson refused to issue Proclamations of Thanksgiving sent to him by Congress during his presidency , though he did issue a Thanksgiving and Prayer proclamation as Governor of Virginia . Madison issued four religious proclamations while President , but vetoed two bills on the grounds they violated the first amendment . On the other hand , both Jefferson and Madison attended religious services at the Capitol . Years before the ratification of the Constitution , Madison contended `` Because if Religion be exempt from the authority of the Society at large , still less can it be subject to that of the Legislative Body . '' After retiring from the presidency , Madison wrote of `` total separation of the church from the state . '' `` `` Strongly guarded as is the separation between Religion & Govt in the Constitution of the United States , '' Madison wrote , and he declared , `` practical distinction between Religion and Civil Government is essential to the purity of both , and as guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States . '' In a letter to Edward Livingston Madison further expanded , `` We are teaching the world the great truth that Govts . do better without Kings & Nobles than with them . The merit will be doubled by the other lesson that Religion flourishes in greater purity , without than with the aid of Govt . '' Madison 's original draft of the Bill of Rights had included provisions binding the States , as well as the Federal Government , from an establishment of religion , but the House did not pass them . Jefferson 's opponents said his position was the destruction and the governmental rejection of Christianity , but this was a caricature . In setting up the University of Virginia , Jefferson encouraged all the separate sects to have preachers of their own , though there was a constitutional ban on the State supporting a Professorship of Divinity , arising from his own Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom . Some have argued that this arrangement was `` fully compatible with Jefferson 's views on the separation of church and state ; '' however , others point to Jefferson 's support for a scheme in which students at the university would attend religious worship each morning as evidence that his views were not consistent with strict separation . Still other scholars , such as Mark David Hall , attempt to sidestep the whole issue by arguing that American jurisprudence focuses too narrowly on this one Jeffersonian letter while failing to account for other relevant history Jefferson 's letter entered American jurisprudence in the 1878 Mormon polygamy case Reynolds v. U.S. , in which the court cited Jefferson and Madison , seeking a legal definition for the word religion . Writing for the majority , Justice Stephen Johnson Field cited Jefferson 's Letter to the Danbury Baptists to state that `` Congress was deprived of all legislative power over mere opinion , but was left free to reach actions which were in violation of social duties or subversive of good order . '' Considering this , the court ruled that outlawing polygamy was constitutional . Patrick henry , Massachusetts , and Connecticut ( edit ) Jefferson and Madison 's approach was not the only one taken in the eighteenth century . Jefferson 's Statute of Religious Freedom was drafted in opposition to a bill , chiefly supported by Patrick Henry , which would permit any Virginian to belong to any denomination , but which would require him to belong to some denomination and pay taxes to support it . Similarly , the Constitution of Massachusetts originally provided that `` no subject shall be hurt , molested , or restrained , in his person , liberty , or estate , for worshipping God in the manner and season most agreeable to the dictates of his own conscience ... provided he doth not disturb the public peace , or obstruct others in their religious worship , '' ( Article II ) but also that : the people of this commonwealth have a right to invest their legislature with power to authorize and require , and the legislature shall , from time to time , authorize and require , the several towns , parishes , precincts , and other bodies politic , or religious societies , to make suitable provision , at their own expense , for the institution of the public worship of God , and for the support and maintenance of public Protestant teachers of piety , religion and morality , in all cases where such provision shall not be made voluntarily . And the people of this commonwealth have also a right to , and do , invest their legislature with authority to enjoin upon all the subjects an attendance upon the instructions of the public teachers aforesaid , at stated times and seasons , if there be any on whose instructions they can conscientiously and conveniently attend . ( Article III ) Since , in practice , this meant that the decision of who was taxable for a particular religion rested in the hands of the selectmen , usually Congregationalists , this system was open to abuse . It was abolished in 1833 . The intervening period is sometimes referred to as an `` establishment of religion '' in Massachusetts . The Duke of York had required that every community in his new lands of New York and New Jersey support some church , but this was more often Dutch Reformed , Quaker or Presbyterian , than Anglican . Some chose to support more than one church . He also ordained that the tax - payers were free , having paid his local tax , to choose their own church . The terms for the surrender of New Amsterdam had provided that the Dutch would have liberty of conscience , and the Duke , as an openly divine - right Catholic , was no friend of Anglicanism . The first Anglican minister in New Jersey arrived in 1698 , though Anglicanism was more popular in New York . Connecticut had a real establishment of religion . Its citizens did not adopt a constitution at the Revolution , but rather amended their Charter to remove all references to the British Government . As a result , the Congregational Church continued to be established , and Yale College , at that time a Congregational institution , received grants from the State until Connecticut adopted a constitution in 1818 partly because of this issue . Test acts ( edit ) The absence of an establishment of religion did not necessarily imply that all men were free to hold office . Most colonies had a Test Act , and several states retained them for a short time . This stood in contrast to the Federal Constitution , which explicitly prohibits the employment of any religious test for Federal office , and which through the Fourteenth Amendment later extended this prohibition to the States . For example , the New Jersey Constitution of 1776 provides liberty of conscience in much the same language as Massachusetts ( similarly forbidding payment of `` taxes , tithes or other payments '' contrary to conscience ) . It then provides : That there shall be no establishment of any one religious sect in this Province , in preference to another ; and that no Protestant inhabitant of this Colony shall be denied the enjoyment of any civil right , merely on account of his religious principles ; but that all persons , professing a belief in the faith of any Protestant sect , who shall demean themselves peaceably under the government , as hereby established , shall be capable of being elected into any office of profit or trust , or being a member of either branch of the Legislature , and shall fully and freely enjoy every privilege and immunity , enjoyed by others their fellow subjects . This would permit a Test Act , but did not require one . The original charter of the Province of East Jersey had restricted membership in the Assembly to Christians ; the Duke of York was fervently Catholic , and the proprietors of Perth Amboy , New Jersey were Scottish Catholic peers . The Province of West Jersey had declared , in 1681 , that there should be no religious test for office . An oath had also been imposed on the militia during the French and Indian War requiring them to abjure the pretensions of the Pope , which may or may not have been applied during the Revolution . That law was replaced by 1799 . The Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 provided : And each member , before he takes his seat , shall make and subscribe the following declaration , viz : I do believe in one God , the creator and governor of the universe , the rewarder of the good and the punisher of the wicked . And I do acknowledge the Scriptures of the Old and New Testament to be given by Divine inspiration . And no further or other religious test shall ever hereafter be required of any civil officer or magistrate in this State . Again , it provided in general that all tax - paying freemen and their sons shall be able to vote , and that no `` man , who acknowledges the being of a God , be justly deprived or abridged of any civil right as a citizen , on account of his religious sentiments or peculiar mode of religious worship . '' The U.S. Constitution ( edit ) Article 6 ( edit ) Article Six of the United States Constitution provides that `` no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States '' . Prior to the adoption of the Bill of Rights , this was the only mention of religion in the Constitution . The First Amendment ( edit ) The first amendment to the US Constitution states `` Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof '' The two parts , known as the `` establishment clause '' and the `` free exercise clause '' respectively , form the textual basis for the Supreme Court 's interpretations of the `` separation of church and state '' doctrine . Three central concepts were derived from the 1st Amendment which became America 's doctrine for church - state separation : no coercion in religious matters , no expectation to support a religion against one 's will , and religious liberty encompasses all religions . In sum , citizens are free to embrace or reject a faith , any support for religion - financial or physical - must be voluntary , and all religions are equal in the eyes of the law with no special preference or favoritism . The First Congress ' deliberations show that its understanding of the separation of church and state differed sharply from that of their contemporaries in Europe . As 19th century Union Theological Seminary historian Philip Schaff observed : The American separation of church and state rests upon respect for the church ; the ( European anticlerical ) separation , on indifference and hatred of the church , and of religion itself ... . The constitution did not create a nation , nor its religion and institutions . It found them already existing , and was framed for the purpose of protecting them under a republican form of government , in a rule of the people , by the people , and for the people . An August 15 , 1789 entry in Madison 's papers indicates he intended for the establishment clause to prevent the government imposition of religious beliefs on individuals . The entry says : `` Mr. Madison said he apprehended the meaning of the words to be , that Congress should not establish a religion , and enforce the legal observation of it by law , nor compel men to worship God in any manner contrary to their conscience ... '' Some legal scholars , such as John Baker of LSU , theorize that Madison 's initial proposed language -- that Congress should make no law regarding the establishment of a `` national religion '' -- was rejected by the House , in favor of the more general `` religion '' in an effort to appease the Anti-Federalists . To both the Anti-Federalists and the Federalists , the very word `` national '' was a cause for alarm because of the experience under the British crown . During the debate over the establishment clause , Rep. Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts took issue with Madison 's language regarding whether the government was a national or federal government ( in which the states retained their individual sovereignty ) , which Baker suggests compelled Madison to withdraw his language from the debate . Following the argument between Madison and Gerry , Rep. Samuel Livermore of New Hampshire proposed language stating that , `` Congress shall make no laws touching religion or the rights of conscience . '' This raised an uproar from members , such as Rep. Benjamin Huntingdon of Connecticut and Rep. Peter Sylvester of New York , who worried the language could be used to harm religious practice . Others , such as Rep. Roger Sherman of Connecticut , believed the clause was unnecessary because the original Constitution only gave Congress stated powers , which did not include establishing a national religion . Anti-Federalists such as Rep. Thomas Tucker of South Carolina moved to strike the establishment clause completely because it could preempt the religious clauses in the state constitutions . However , the Anti-Federalists were unsuccessful in persuading the House of Representatives to drop the clause from the first amendment . The Senate went through several more narrowly targeted versions before reaching the contemporary language . One version read , `` Congress shall make no law establishing one religious sect or society in preference to others , nor shall freedom of conscience be infringed , '' while another read , `` Congress shall make no law establishing one particular religious denomination in preference to others . '' Ultimately , the Senate rejected the more narrowly targeted language . At the time of the passage of the Bill of Rights , many states acted in ways that would now be held unconstitutional . All of the early official state churches were disestablished by 1833 ( Massachusetts ) , including the Congregationalist establishment in Connecticut . It is commonly accepted that , under the doctrine of Incorporation -- which uses the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to hold the Bill of Rights applicable to the states -- these state churches could not be reestablished today . Yet the provisions of state constitutions protected religious liberty , particularly the so - called freedom on conscience . During the nineteenth century ( and before the incorporation of the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution through the Fourteenth Amendment ) , litigants turned to these provisions to challenge Sunday laws ( blue laws ) , bible - reading in schools , and other ostensibly religious regulations . The 14th Amendment ( edit ) See also : Cantwell v. Connecticut The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ( Amendment XIV ) is one of the post-Civil War amendments , intended to secure rights for former slaves . It includes the due process and equal protection clauses among others . The amendment introduces the concept of incorporation of all relevant federal rights against the states . While it has not been fully implemented , the doctrine of incorporation has been used to ensure , through the Due Process Clause and Privileges and Immunities Clause , the application of most of the rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights to the states . The incorporation of the First Amendment establishment clause in the landmark case of Everson v. Board of Education has impacted the subsequent interpretation of the separation of church and state in regard to the state governments . Although upholding the state law in that case , which provided for public busing to private religious schools , the Supreme Court held that the First Amendment establishment clause was fully applicable to the state governments . A more recent case involving the application of this principle against the states was Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet ( 1994 ) . The `` separation '' principle and the Supreme Court ( edit ) Jefferson 's concept of `` separation of church and state '' first became a part of Establishment Clause jurisprudence in Reynolds v. U.S. , 98 U.S. 145 ( 1878 ) . In that case , the court examined the history of religious liberty in the US , determining that while the constitution guarantees religious freedom , `` The word ' religion ' is not defined in the Constitution . We must go elsewhere , therefore , to ascertain its meaning , and nowhere more appropriately , we think , than to the history of the times in the midst of which the provision was adopted . '' The court found that the leaders in advocating and formulating the constitutional guarantee of religious liberty were James Madison and Thomas Jefferson . Quoting the `` separation '' paragraph from Jefferson 's letter to the Danbury Baptists , the court concluded that , `` coming as this does from an acknowledged leader of the advocates of the measure , it may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the amendment thus secured . '' The centrality of the `` separation '' concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution was made explicit in Everson v. Board of Education , 330 U.S. 1 ( 1947 ) , a case dealing with a New Jersey law that allowed government funds to pay for transportation of students to both public and Catholic schools . This was the first case in which the court applied the Establishment Clause to the laws of a state , having interpreted the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment as applying the Bill of Rights to the states as well as the federal legislature . Citing Jefferson , the court concluded that `` The First Amendment has erected a wall between church and state . That wall must be kept high and impregnable . We could not approve the slightest breach . '' While the decision ( with four dissents ) ultimately upheld the state law allowing the funding of transportation of students to religious schools , the majority opinion ( by Justice Hugo Black ) and the dissenting opinions ( by Justice Wiley Blount Rutledge and Justice Robert H. Jackson ) each explicitly stated that the Constitution has erected a `` wall between church and state '' or a `` separation of Church from State '' : their disagreement was limited to whether this case of state funding of transportation to religious schools breached that wall . Rutledge , on behalf of the four dissenting justices , took the position that the majority had indeed permitted a violation of the wall of separation in this case : `` Neither so high nor so impregnable today as yesterday is the wall raised between church and state by Virginia 's great statute of religious freedom and the First Amendment , now made applicable to all the states by the Fourteenth . '' Writing separately , Justice Jackson argued that `` ( T ) here are no good grounds upon which to support the present legislation . In fact , the undertones of the opinion , advocating complete and uncompromising separation of Church from State , seem utterly discordant with its conclusion yielding support to their commingling in educational matters . '' In 1962 , the Supreme Court addressed the issue of officially sponsored prayer or religious recitations in public schools . In Engel v. Vitale , 370 U.S. 421 ( 1962 ) , the Court , by a vote of 6 - 1 , determined it unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and require its recitation in public schools , even when the prayer is non-denominational and students may excuse themselves from participation . ( The prayer required by the New York State Board of Regents prior to the Court 's decision consisted of : `` Almighty God , we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee , and we beg Thy blessings upon us , our parents , our teachers , and our country . Amen . '' ) As the Court stated : The petitioners contend , among other things , that the state laws requiring or permitting use of the Regents ' prayer must be struck down as a violation of the Establishment Clause because that prayer was composed by governmental officials as a part of a governmental program to further religious beliefs . For this reason , petitioners argue , the State 's use of the Regents ' prayer in its public school system breaches the constitutional wall of separation between Church and State . We agree with that contention , since we think that the constitutional prohibition against laws respecting an establishment of religion must at least mean that , in this country , it is no part of the business of government to compose official prayers for any group of the American people to recite as a part of a religious program carried on by government . The court noted that it `` is a matter of history that this very practice of establishing governmentally composed prayers for religious services was one of the reasons which caused many of our early colonists to leave England and seek religious freedom in America . '' The lone dissenter , Justice Potter Stewart , objected to the court 's embrace of the `` wall of separation '' metaphor : `` I think that the Court 's task , in this as in all areas of constitutional adjudication , is not responsibly aided by the uncritical invocation of metaphors like the `` wall of separation , '' a phrase nowhere to be found in the Constitution . '' In Epperson v. Arkansas , 393 U.S. 97 ( 1968 ) , the Supreme Court considered an Arkansas law that made it a crime `` to teach the theory or doctrine that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals , '' or `` to adopt or use in any such institution a textbook that teaches '' this theory in any school or university that received public funds . The court 's opinion , written by Justice Abe Fortas , ruled that the Arkansas law violated `` the constitutional prohibition of state laws respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof . The overriding fact is that Arkansas ' law selects from the body of knowledge a particular segment which it proscribes for the sole reason that it is deemed to conflict with a particular religious doctrine ; that is , with a particular interpretation of the Book of Genesis by a particular religious group . '' The court held that the Establishment Clause prohibits the state from advancing any religion , and that `` ( T ) he state has no legitimate interest in protecting any or all religions from views distasteful to them . '' Justice Sandra Day O'Connor Those who would renegotiate the boundaries between church and state must therefore answer a difficult question : Why would we trade a system that has served us so well for one that has served others so poorly ? Justice Sandra Day O'Connor in her opinion on the 2005 Ten Commandments ruling . In Lemon v. Kurtzman , 403 U.S. 602 ( 1971 ) , the court determined that a Pennsylvania state policy of reimbursing the salaries and related costs of teachers of secular subjects in private religious schools violated the Establishment Clause . The court 's decision argued that the separation of church and state could never be absolute : `` Our prior holdings do not call for total separation between church and state ; total separation is not possible in an absolute sense . Some relationship between government and religious organizations is inevitable , '' the court wrote . `` Judicial caveats against entanglement must recognize that the line of separation , far from being a `` wall , '' is a blurred , indistinct , and variable barrier depending on all the circumstances of a particular relationship . '' Subsequent to this decision , the Supreme Court has applied a three - pronged test to determine whether government action comports with the Establishment Clause , known as the `` Lemon Test '' . First , the law or policy must have been adopted with a neutral or non-religious purpose . Second , the principle or primary effect must be one that neither advances nor inhibits religion . Third , the statute or policy must not result in an `` excessive entanglement '' of government with religion . ( The decision in Lemon v. Kurtzman hinged upon the conclusion that the government benefits were flowing disproportionately to Catholic schools , and that Catholic schools were an integral component of the Catholic Church 's religious mission , thus the policy involved the state in an `` excessive entanglement '' with religion . ) Failure to meet any of these criteria is a proof that the statute or policy in question violates the Establishment Clause . In 2002 , a three judge panel on the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that classroom recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in a California public school was unconstitutional , even when students were not compelled to recite it , due to the inclusion of the phrase `` under God . '' In reaction to the case , Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow , both houses of Congress passed measures reaffirming their support for the pledge , and condemning the panel 's ruling . The case was appealed to the Supreme Court , where the case was ultimately overturned in June 2004 , solely on procedural grounds not related to the substantive constitutional issue . Rather , a five - justice majority held that Newdow , a non-custodial parent suing on behalf of his daughter , lacked standing to sue . When the Louisiana state legislature passed a law requiring public school biology teachers to give Creationism and Evolution equal time in the classroom , the Supreme Court ruled that the law was unconstitutional because it was intended to advance a particular religion , and did not serve the secular purpose of improved scientific education . ( See also : Creation and evolution in public education ) The display of the Ten Commandments as part of courthouse displays was considered in a group of cases decided in summer of 2005 , including McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky and Van Orden v. Perry . While parties on both sides hoped for a reformulation or clarification of the Lemon test , the two rulings ended with narrow 5 -- 4 and opposing decisions , with Justice Stephen Breyer the swing vote . On December 20 , 2005 , the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ruled in the case of ACLU v. Mercer County that the continued display of the Ten Commandments as part of a larger display on American legal traditions in a Kentucky courthouse was allowed , because the purpose of the display ( educating the public on American legal traditions ) was secular in nature . In ruling on the Mount Soledad cross controversy on May 3 , 2006 , however , a federal judge ruled that the cross on public property on Mount Soledad must be removed . In what will be the case is Town of Greece v. Galloway , 12 - 696 , the Supreme Court agreed to hear a case regarding whether prayers at town meetings , which are allowed , must allow various faiths to lead prayer , or whether the prayers can be predominately Christian . On May 5 , 2014 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5 - 4 in favor of the Town of Greece by holding that the U.S. Constitution not only allows for prayer at government meetings , but also for sectarian prayers like predominately Christian prayers . Madalyn Murray O'Hair's 1963 lawsuit led to an end of mandatory prayer in public schools after the Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional . The treaty of Tripoli ( edit ) Main article : Treaty of Tripoli In 1797 , the United States Senate ratified a treaty with Tripoli that stated in Article 11 : As the Government of the United States of America is not , in any sense , founded on the Christian religion ; as it has in itself no character of enmity against the laws , religion , or tranquillity , of Mussulmen ; and , as the said States never entered into any war , or act of hostility against any Mahometan nation , it is declared by the parties , that no pretext arising from religious opinions , shall ever produce an interruption of the harmony existing between the two countries . Interpretive controversies ( edit ) Main article : Accommodationism Some scholars and organizations disagree with the notion of `` separation of church and state '' , or the way the Supreme Court has interpreted the constitutional limitation on religious establishment . Such critics generally argue that the phrase misrepresents the textual requirements of the Constitution , while noting that many aspects of church and state were intermingled at the time the Constitution was ratified . These critics argue that the prevalent degree of separation of church and state could not have been intended by the constitutional framers . Some of the intermingling between church and state include religious references in official contexts , and such other founding documents as the United States Declaration of Independence , which references the idea of a `` Creator '' and `` Nature 's God '' , though these references did not ultimately appear in the Constitution nor do they mention any particular religious view of a `` Creator '' or `` Nature 's God . '' These critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification , to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes against the original constitutional intent . The issue is complex , however , as the incorporation ultimately bases on the passage of the 14th Amendment in 1868 , at which point the first amendment 's application to the state government was recognized . Many of these constitutional debates relate to the competing interpretive theories of originalism versus modern , progressivist theories such as the doctrine of the Living Constitution . Other debates center on the principle of the law of the land in America being defined not just by the Constitution 's Supremacy Clause , but also by legal precedence , making an accurate reading of the Constitution subject to the mores and values of a given era , and rendering the concept of historical revisionism irrelevant when discussing the Constitution . Ten commandments monument at a Minnesota courthouse . The `` religious test '' clause has been interpreted to cover both elected officials and appointed ones , career civil servants as well as political appointees . Religious beliefs or the lack of them have therefore not been permissible tests or qualifications with regard to federal employees since the ratification of the Constitution . Seven states , however , have language included in their Bill of Rights , Declaration of Rights , or in the body of their constitutions that require state office - holders to have particular religious beliefs , though some of these have been successfully challenged in court . These states are Texas , Massachusetts , Maryland , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , South Carolina , and Tennessee . The required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments . ( Tennessee Constitution Article IX , Section 2 is one such example . ) Some of these same states specify that the oath of office include the words `` so help me God . '' In some cases these beliefs ( or oaths ) were historically required of jurors and witnesses in court . At one time , such restrictions were allowed under the doctrine of states ' rights ; today they are deemed to be in violation of the federal First Amendment , as applied to the states via the 14th amendment , and hence unconstitutional and unenforceable . While sometimes questioned as possible violations of separation , the appointment of official chaplains for government functions , voluntary prayer meetings at the Department of Justice outside of duty hours , voluntary prayer at meals in U.S. armed forces , inclusion of the ( optional ) phrase `` so help me God '' in the oaths for many elected offices , FBI agents , etc. , have been held not to violate the First Amendment , since they fall within the realm of free exercise of religion . Relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches , the tax - free status of church property , the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday , etc. , have also been questioned , but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in deciding practical and beneficial arrangements for the society . The national motto `` In God We Trust '' has been challenged as a violation , but the Supreme Court has ruled that ceremonial deism is not religious in nature . A circuit court ruling affirmed Ohio 's right to use as its motto a passage from the Bible , `` With God , all things are possible '' , because it displayed no preference for a particular religion . Jeffries and Ryan ( 2001 ) argue that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from the mid-twentieth century rulings of the Supreme Court . The central point , they argue , was a constitutional ban against aid to religious schools , followed by a later ban on religious observance in public education . Jeffries and Ryan argue that these two propositions -- that public aid should not go to religious schools and that public schools should not be religious -- make up the separationist position of the modern Establishment Clause . Jeffries and Ryan argue that no - aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion . Most important was `` the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life , '' which sought to confine religion to a private sphere . Further , the ban against government aid to religious schools was supported before 1970 by most Protestants ( and most Jews ) , who opposed aid to religious schools , which were mostly Catholic at the time . After 1980 , however , anti-Catholic sentiment has diminished among mainline Protestants , and the crucial coalition of public secularists and Protestant churches has collapsed . While mainline Protestant denominations are more inclined towards strict separation of church and state , much evangelical opinion has now largely deserted that position . As a consequence , strict separationism is opposed today by members of many Protestant faiths , even perhaps eclipsing the opposition of Roman Catholics . Critics of the modern concept of the `` separation of church and state '' argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it . Philip Hamburger , Columbia Law school professor and prominent critic of the modern understanding of the concept , maintains that the modern concept , which deviates from the constitutional establishment clause jurisprudence , is rooted in American anti-Catholicism and Nativism . Briefs before the Supreme Court , including by the U.S. government , have argued that some state constitutional amendments relating to the modern conception of separation of church and state ( Blaine Amendments ) were motivated by and intended to enact anti-Catholicism . J. Brent Walker , Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee , responded to Hamburger 's claims noting ; `` The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn the validity of the principle . Champions of religious liberty have argued for the separation of church and state for reasons having nothing to do with anti-Catholicism or desire for a secular culture . Of course , separationists have opposed the Catholic Church when it has sought to tap into the public till to support its parochial schools or to argue for on - campus released time in the public schools . But that principled debate on the issues does not support a charge of religious bigotry '' Steven Waldman notes that ; `` The evangelicals provided the political muscle for the efforts of Madison and Jefferson , not merely because they wanted to block official churches but because they wanted to keep the spiritual and secular worlds apart . '' `` Religious freedom resulted from an alliance of unlikely partners , '' writes the historian Frank Lambert in his book The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America . `` New Light evangelicals such as Isaac Bachus and John Leland joined forces with Deists and skeptics such as James Madison and Thomas Jefferson to fight for a complete separation of church and state . '' Politics and religion in the United States ( edit ) Robert N. Bellah has in his writings that although the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in the constitution of the United States , this does not mean that there is no religious dimension in the political society of the United States . He used the term `` Civil Religion '' to describe the specific relation between politics and religion in the United States . His 1967 article analyzes the inaugural speech of John F. Kennedy : `` Considering the separation of church and state , how is a president justified in using the word ' God ' at all ? The answer is that the separation of church and state has not denied the political realm a religious dimension . '' Robert S. Wood has argued that the United States is a model for the world in terms of how a separation of church and state -- no state - run or state - established church -- is good for both the church and the state , allowing a variety of religions to flourish . Speaking at the Toronto - based Center for New Religions , Wood said that the freedom of conscience and assembly allowed under such a system has led to a `` remarkable religiosity '' in the United States that is n't present in other industrialized nations . Wood believes that the U.S. operates on `` a sort of civic religion , '' which includes a generally shared belief in a creator who `` expects better of us . '' Beyond that , individuals are free to decide how they want to believe and fill in their own creeds and express their conscience . He calls this approach the `` genius of religious sentiment in the United States . '' See also ( edit ) Americans United for Separation of Church and State American Civil Liberties Union American Humanist Association Anti-clericalism Ban on Sharia law Ceremonial deism Christian amendment Christian Left Christian Right Freedom From Religion Foundation Freedom of religion in the United States Interfaith Alliance Johnson Amendment Mount Soledad cross controversy Pledge of Allegiance Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance Public menorah Separation of church and state Sharia State religion United States religious history References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jefferson , Thomas . Jefferson 's Letter to the Danbury Baptists : The Final Letter , as Sent . The Library of Congress Information Bulletin : June 1998 . Lib. of Cong. , June 1998 . Web . Aug 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jefferson 's Danbury letter has been cited favorably by the Supreme Court several times . Jump up ^ Wald , Kenneth D. ; Calhoun - Brown , Allison ( 16 August 2010 ) . Religion and Politics in the United States . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 80 - 85 . ISBN 9781442201538 . The clarion call for accommodation was sounded by Justice William O. Douglas in 1952 : We are a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being ... The accommodationist perspective emphasizes rather that the First Amendment was clearly not intended to be antireligious -- indeed , as already suggested , it was drafted precisely to protect the various religious practices of the states , including preferential establishments in some of them . Accomodationists therefore reinterpret the First Amendment to make of religious liberty a positive right , the exercise of which is to be encouraged by the government . By the same token , they believe that the First Amendment excludes only the direct establishment of , or preferential treatment for , a particular religion . Indeed , government should facilitate the practice of religion by both individuals and collectivities as essential to the common good . This position is very different from that of the separationists and leads to markedly different contemporary policies and practices . In addition , as the point of departure for historical interpretation , it focuses attention upon the residual religious quality of this founding period , which was hardly secularist . The same Congress that proposed the First Amendment was opened with prayer and named a chaplain . Indeed , most of the early presidents declared occasional days of thanksgiving -- and even of humiliation . Provision was made for support of religion in western lands . And , in time , the resources of religious groups were utilized in making government policy for relations with Native Americans . In sum , accommodationists consider that the operative ideal of the early republic was a nonpreferentialist posture of support for religion on the part of the government . In turn , that seems to point toward a modern ideal of accommodation of government to religin in ways that secure the greater common civil good as well as serve the spiritual ends of numbers of citizens . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ ABA Journal Sep 1962 . Much more recently , in 1952 , speaking through Mr. Justice Douglas in Zorach v. Clauson , 343 U.S. 306 , 313 , the Supreme Court repeated the same sentiments , saying : We are a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being . Mr. Justice Brewer in the Holy Trinity case , supra , mentioned many of these evidences of religion , and Mr. Justice Douglas in the Zorach case referred to ... ( P ) rayers in our legislative halls ; the appeals to the Almighty in the messages of the Chief Executive ; the proclamation making Thanksgiving Day a holiday ; `` So help me God '' in our courtroom oaths -- these and ... other references to the Almighty ... run through our laws , our public rituals , our ceremonies ... the supplication with which the Court opens each session : `` God save the United States and this Honorable Court '' ( 312 -- 313 ) . To this list may be added tax exemption of churches , chaplaincies in the armed forces , the `` Pray for Peace '' postmark , the widespread observance of Christmas holidays , and , in classrooms , singing the fourth stanza of America which is prayer invoking the protection of God , and the words `` in God is our trust '' as found in the National Anthem , and the reciting of the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag , modified by an Act of Congress of June 14 , 1954 , to include the words `` under God '' . Jump up ^ See Lynch v. Donnelly , 465 U.S. 668 , 673 ( 1984 ) ( `` The concept of a ' wall ' of separation is a useful figure of speech probably deriving from views of Thomas Jefferson ... ( b ) ut the metaphor itself is not a wholly accurate description of the practical aspects of the relationship that in fact exists between church and state . '' ) ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Committee for Public Education & Religious Liberty v. Nyquist , 413 U.S. 756 , 760 ( 1973 ) ( `` Yet , despite Madison 's admonition and the ' sweep of the absolute prohibitions ' of the Clauses , this Nation 's history has not been one of entirely sanitized separation between Church and State . It has never been thought either possible or desirable to enforce a regime of total separation . '' ) ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Zorach v. Clauson , 343 U.S. 306 , 312 ( U.S. 1952 ) ( `` The First Amendment , however , does not say that in every and all respects there shall be a separation of Church and State . '' ) . Jump up ^ Lemon v. Kurtzman , 403 U.S. 602 ( 1971 ) ( `` Our prior holdings do not call for total separation between church and state ; total separation is not possible in an absolute sense . '' ) Jump up ^ The Cousins ' Wars , Kevin Phillips , 1999 Jump up ^ `` Rights of the People : Individual freedom and the Bill of Rights '' . US State Department . December 2003 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Article VI of the North Carolina state constitution Jump up ^ `` Remonstrance of the Inhabitants of the Town of Flushing to Governor Stuyvesant '' , Dec 27 , 1657 . Jump up ^ `` Drawing the Line Between Church and State '' , CBS News , Dec 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Library of Congress . `` To Bigotry No Sanction '' . American Treasures of the Library of Congress . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Cotton 's Letter Lately Printed , Examined and Answered , '' The Complete Writings of Roger Williams , Volume 1 , page 108 ( 1644 ) . Jump up ^ Feldman , Noah ( 2005 ) . Divided by God . Farrar , Straus and Giroux , p. 24 ( `` Williams 's metaphor was rediscovered by Isaac Backus , a New England Baptist of Jefferson 's generation , who believed , like Williams , that an established church -- which he considered to exist in the Massachusetts of his day -- would never protect religious dissenters like himself and must be opposed in order to keep religion pure . '' ) Jump up ^ To Messrs. Nehemiah Dodge and Others , a Committee of the Danbury Baptist Association , in the State of Connecticut . January 1 , 1802 . Full text available online . Jump up ^ Danbury Baptist Association 's letter to Thomas Jefferson , October 7 , 1801 . Full text available online . Jump up ^ Official Letters of the Governors of the State of Virginia ( Virginia State Library , 1928 ) , Vol. II , pp. 64 -- 66 , November 11 , 1779 . Jump up ^ Lee v. Weisman , 505 U.S. 577 ( 1992 ) ( Souter , J. , concurring ) ( `` President Jefferson , for example , steadfastly refused to issue Thanksgiving proclamations of any kind , in part because he thought they violated the Religion Clauses . '' ) Jump up ^ James D. Richardson , A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents ( Washington : Bureau of National Literature , 1897 ) , Vol. II , pp. 498 , 517 -- 518 , 543 , 545 -- 546 . Jump up ^ James Madison 's veto messages Jump up ^ Religion and the Founding of the American Republic ; Library of Congress exhibit website . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 07 Jump up ^ James Madison , Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments Jump up ^ ( March 2 , 1819 letter to Robert Walsh ) , Lambert , Frank ( 2003 ) . `` The founding fathers and the place of religion in America '' . Princeton University Press : 288 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 08829 - 7 . Jump up ^ James Madison . `` Monopolies Perpetuities Corporations -- Ecclesiastical Endowments '' . constitution.org . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ ( 1811 letter to Baptist Churches ) Jump up ^ Madison 's letter to Edward Livingston , July 10 , 1822 Jump up ^ See Morison and Commager , vol I Jump up ^ Jefferson 's letter to Thomas Cooper , November 2 , 1822 Jump up ^ Dumas Malone , Jefferson and His Times , 6 , 393 Jump up ^ Ashley M. Bell , `` God Save this Honorable Court '' : How Current Establishment Clause Jurisprudence can be Reconciled with the Secularization of Historical Religious Expressions , 50 Am. U.L. Rev. 1273 , 1282 n. 49 ( 2001 ) ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Hall , Mark David . `` Jeffersonian Walls and Madisonian Lines : The Supreme Court 's Use of History in Religion Clause Cases . '' Oregon Law Review 85 ( 2006 ) , 563 -- 614 Jump up ^ Reynolds v. U.S. , 98 U.S. 145 ( 1878 ) Jump up ^ The Story of New Jersey ; ed. , William Starr Myers ( 1945 ) Vol. II , chapter 4 Jump up ^ Article XIX , italics added . Jump up ^ Paschal , George ( 2007 - 03 - 23 ) ( 1868 ) . The Constitution of the United States Defined and Carefully Annotated . W.H. & O.H. Morrison Law Booksellers . p. 254 . Jump up ^ Boston , Rob ( 2012 ) . `` A Delicate Balance '' . Conscience. 33 ( 2 ) : 12 -- 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ The Founders ' Constitution Volume 5 , Amendment I ( Religion ) , Document 53 . The University of Chicago Press . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Forgotten Purposes of the First Amendment Religion Clauses Gary D. Glenn . The Review of Politics , Vol. 49 , No. 3 ( Summer , 1987 ) , pp. 340 -- 367 . Jump up ^ Kyle G. Volk , Moral Minorities and the Making of American Democracy ( Oxford University Press , 2014 ) Jump up ^ Everson v. Board of Education , 330 U.S. 1 ( 1947 ) . Jump up ^ REYNOLDS v. U.S. , 98 U.S. 145 ( 1878 ) 98 U.S. 145 Jump up ^ Engel v. Vitale , 370 U.S. 421 ( 1962 ) Jump up ^ EPPERSON v. ARKANSAS , 393 U.S. 97 ( 1968 ) Jump up ^ Sandra Day O'Connor ( June 27 , 2005 ) . `` McCreary County vs. American Civil Liberties Union of Kentucky '' . Legal Information Institute , Cornell university Law Department . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Lemon v. Kurtzman , 403 U.S. 602 , 612 -- 613 , 91 S. Ct. 2105 , 2111 , 29 L. Ed. 2d 745 ( 1971 ) . Jump up ^ Senate Pledges Allegiance Under God . Fox News , Thursday , June 27 , 2002 Jump up ^ 482 U.S. 578 ( Text of opinion in Edwards v. Aguillard from Findlaw.com ) Jump up ^ `` US federal court rejects separation of church and state '' . Catholic World News . 2005 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Onell R. Soto , City has 90 days to remove Mt . Soledad cross , The San Diego Union - Tribune , May 4 , 2006 , p . A1 . Jump up ^ June , Daniel , `` Supreme Court to Hear Case About Public Prayers '' Jump up ^ Lauren Markoe And Cathy Lynn Grossman ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` Supreme Court approves sectarian prayer at public meetings '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ See Wikipedia article : Treaty of Tripoli Jump up ^ Ed Whelan , This Week in Liberal Judicial Activism -- Week of February 5 , National Review Online . February 5 , 2007 Jump up ^ Thomas White ( 2007 ) . First Freedom : The Baptist Perspective on Religious Liberty . B&H Publishing Group . p. 107 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8054 - 4387 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Religious discrimination in state constitutions '' . ReligiousTolerance.org . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ American Civil Liberties Union of Ohio and The Rev. Matthew Peterson v. Capitol Square Review & Advisory Board , 243 F. 3d 289 ( 6th Cir. 2001 ) . Jump up ^ LOCKE V. DAVEY 540 U.S. 712 ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Book Review : Separation of Church and State Jump up ^ The Framers and the Faithful : How modern evangelicals are ignoring their own history . By Steven Waldman Jump up ^ Bellah , Robert Neelly ( Winter 1967 ) . `` Civil Religion in America '' . Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . 96 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 21 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 06 . From the issue entitled Religion in America . ^ Jump up to : Farmer , Molly ( June 15 , 2009 ) , `` U.S. is a model of how variety of religions can flourish '' , Deseret News Bibliography ( edit ) Barry McGowan , How to Separate Church & State : A Manual from the Trenches Hufton Mueller , LLC , 2012 ISBN 978 - 0 - 615 - 63802 - 7 Philip Hamburger , Separation of Church and State Harvard University Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00734 - 4 OCLC : 48958015 Marci A. Hamilton , God vs. the Gavel : Religion and the Rule of Law , Cambridge University Press , 2005 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 85304 - 4 Mark DeWolfe Howe . The Garden and the Wilderness : Religion and Government in American Constitutional History ( U. of Chicago Press , 1965 ) Daniel L. Dreisbach . Thomas Jefferson and the Wall of Separation Between Church and State ( New York University Press , 2003 ) Daniel L. Dreisbach and Mark David Hall . The Sacred Rights of Conscience : Selected Readings on Religious Liberty and Church - State Relations in the American Founding ( Indianapolis : Liberty Fund Press , 2009 ) Daniel L. Dreisbach , Mark David Hall , and Jeffry Morrison . The Forgotten Founders on Religion and Public Life ( Notre Dame : University of Notre Dame Press , 2009 ) John C. Jeffries , Jr. and James E. Ryan , `` A Political History of the Establishment Clause , '' 100 Michigan Law Rev. ( 2001 ) online version Mark David Hall , `` Jeffersonian Walls and Madisonian Lines : The Supreme Court 's Use of History in Religion Clause Cases , '' 85 Oregon Law Review ( 2006 ) , 563 - 614 . http://www.law.uoregon.edu/org/olr/archives/85/852hall.pdf Isaac Kramnick and R. Laurence Moore , The Godless Constitution : The Case Against Religious Correctness ( Norton , 1996 ) Philip B. Kurland , ed. , Church and State : The Supreme Court and the First Amendment ( U. of Chicago Press , 1975 ) Adam M. Samaha ; `` Separation of Church and State . '' Constitutional Commentary. 19 # 3 2002 . pp 713 +. online version Anson P. Stokes and Leo Pfeffer , Church and State in the United States ( reprint , 1964 ) Kyle G. Volk , Moral Minorities and the Making of American Democracy ( Oxford University Press , 2014 ) External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Separation of church and state in the United States American Court battles over separation ( edit ) 1947 , first case concerning separation of church and state ; supporting bussing for children to private religious schools and declaring that states were required to provide the same guarantees of religious freedom as the federal government 1948 , banning religious instruction in public schools 1952 , allowing religious instruction off school property during regular school hours 1962 , banning teacher - led prayer from public schools 1963 , banning Bible - reading and the recital of the Lord 's Prayer in public schools 1973 , allowing state funding for textbooks and teachers ' salaries in religious schools ; creating the Lemon test 1987 , declared the Creation Act invalid , which had mandated the teaching of Creation if Evolution was taught 1989 , banning religious displays depicting only one religion 1992 , banning prayers given by clergy as a part of an official public school graduation ceremony . Other ( edit ) `` Rights of the People - The Roots of Religious Liberty '' . U.S. Department of State , International Information Programs . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 07 . `` Rights of the People - Religious liberty in the Modern era '' . U.S. Department of State , International Information Programs . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 07 . Christian Science Monitor analysis of George Washington 's letter and its implications `` The Intellectual Origins of the Establishment Clause '' by Noah Feldman , Asst . Professor of Law , New York University , 2002 . Robert Struble , Jr. , Treatise on Twelve Lights : To Restore America the Beautiful under God and the Written Constitution , 2007 -- 08 edition . Baptist Joint Committee for Religious Liberty Separation of Church and State Misunderstanding Jefferson 's `` wall of separation '' metaphor ' A Wall of Separation ' : FBI Helps Restore Jefferson 's Obliterated Draft , Library of Congress information Bulletin , June 1998 -- Vol. 57 , No. 6 , by James H. Hutson , Chief , Manuscript Division , Library of Congress . 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where does the tour de france race end	Traditionally , the race is held primarily in the month of July . While the route changes each year , the format of the race stays the same with the appearance of time trials , the passage through the mountain chains of the Pyrenees and the Alps , and the finish on the Champs - Élysées in Paris . The modern editions of the Tour de France consist of 21 day - long segments ( stages ) over a 23 - day period and cover around 3,500 kilometres ( 2,200 mi ) . The race alternates between clockwise and counterclockwise circuits of France .	the Champs - Élysées in Paris	Tour de France	tour de france		Tour de France Race details Date July Region France and nearby countries Local name ( s ) Le Tour de France ( in French ) Nickname ( s ) La Grande Boucle Discipline Road Competition UCI World Tour Type Stage race ( Grand Tour ) Organiser Amaury Sport Organisation Race director Christian Prudhomme History First edition 1 July 1903 ; 115 years ago ( 1903 - 07 - 01 ) Editions 105 ( as of 2018 ) First winner Maurice Garin ( FRA ) Most wins Jacques Anquetil ( FRA ) Eddy Merckx ( BEL ) Bernard Hinault ( FRA ) Miguel Indurain ( ESP ) ( 5 wins each ) Most recent Geraint Thomas ( GBR ) The Tour de France ( French pronunciation : ( tuʁ də fʁɑ̃s ) ) is an annual men 's multiple stage bicycle race primarily held in France , while also occasionally passing through nearby countries . Like the other Grand Tours ( the Giro d'Italia and the Vuelta a España ) , it consists of 21 stages over a little more than three weeks . The race was first organized in 1903 to increase sales for the newspaper L'Auto and is currently run by the Amaury Sport Organisation . The race has been held annually since its first edition in 1903 except when it was stopped for the two World Wars . As the Tour gained prominence and popularity , the race was lengthened and its reach began to extend around the globe . Participation expanded from a primarily French field , as riders from all over the world began to participate in the race each year . The Tour is a UCI World Tour event , which means that the teams that compete in the race are mostly UCI WorldTeams , with the exception of the teams that the organizers invite . Traditionally , the race is held primarily in the month of July . While the route changes each year , the format of the race stays the same with the appearance of time trials , the passage through the mountain chains of the Pyrenees and the Alps , and the finish on the Champs - Élysées in Paris . The modern editions of the Tour de France consist of 21 day - long segments ( stages ) over a 23 - day period and cover around 3,500 kilometres ( 2,200 mi ) . The race alternates between clockwise and counterclockwise circuits of France . There are usually between 20 and 22 teams , with eight riders in each . All of the stages are timed to the finish ; the riders ' times are compounded with their previous stage times . The rider with the lowest cumulative finishing times is the leader of the race and wears the yellow jersey . While the general classification garners the most attention , there are other contests held within the Tour : the points classification for the sprinters , the mountains classification for the climbers , young rider classification for riders under the age of 26 , and the team classification for the fastest teams . Achieving a stage win also provides prestige , often accomplished by a team 's cycling sprinter specialist . Contents 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 The first Tour de France ( 1903 ) 1.3 1904 -- 1939 1.4 1947 -- 1969 1.5 1969 -- 1987 1.6 Since 1988 2 Classifications 2.1 General classification 2.2 Mountains classification 2.3 Points classification 2.4 Young rider classification 2.5 Minor classifications and prizes 2.6 Historical classifications 2.7 Lanterne rouge 2.8 Prizes 3 Stages 3.1 Mass - start stages 3.2 Time trials 3.3 Notable stages 4 Advertising caravan 5 Politics 5.1 Corsica 6 The start and finish of the Tour 6.1 Starts abroad 7 Broadcasting 8 Culture 8.1 Arts 8.2 Post-Tour criteria 9 Doping 10 Deaths 11 Records and statistics 11.1 Record winners 12 Notes 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 Further reading 16 External links History ( edit ) See also : List of Tour de France general classification winners Origins ( edit ) The Tour de France was created in 1903 . The roots of the Tour de France trace back to the emergence of two rival sports newspapers in the country . On one hand was Le Vélo , the first and the largest daily sports newspaper in France which sold 80,000 copies a day . On the other was L'Auto , which had been set - up by journalists and business - people including Comte Jules - Albert de Dion , Adolphe Clément , and Édouard Michelin in 1899 . The rival paper emerged following disagreements over the Dreyfus Affair , a cause célèbre ( in which de Dion was implicated ) that divided France at the end of the 19th century over the innocence of Alfred Dreyfus , a French army officer convicted -- though later exonerated -- of selling military secrets to the Germans . The new newspaper appointed Henri Desgrange as the editor . He was a prominent cyclist and owner with Victor Goddet of the velodrome at the Parc des Princes . De Dion knew him through his cycling reputation , through the books and cycling articles that he had written , and through press articles he had written for the Clément tyre company . L'Auto was not the success its backers wanted . Stagnating sales lower than the rival it was intended to surpass led to a crisis meeting on 20 November 1902 on the middle floor of L'Auto 's office at 10 Rue du Faubourg Montmartre , Paris . The last to speak was the most junior there , the chief cycling journalist , a 26 - year - old named Géo Lefèvre . Desgrange had poached him from Giffard 's paper . Lefèvre suggested a six - day race of the sort popular on the track but all around France . Long - distance cycle races were a popular means to sell more newspapers , but nothing of the length that Lefèvre suggested had been attempted . If it succeeded , it would help L'Auto match its rival and perhaps put it out of business . It could , as Desgrange said , `` nail Giffard 's beak shut . '' Desgrange and Lefèvre discussed it after lunch . Desgrange was doubtful but the paper 's financial director , Victor Goddet , was enthusiastic . He handed Desgrange the keys to the company safe and said : `` Take whatever you need . '' L'Auto announced the race on 19 January 1903 . The first Tour de France ( 1903 ) ( edit ) Main article : 1903 Tour de France Maurice Garin , winner of the first Tour de France standing on the right . The man on the left is possibly Leon Georget ( 1903 ) The first Tour de France was staged in 1903 . The plan was a five - stage race from 31 May to 5 July , starting in Paris and stopping in Lyon , Marseille , Bordeaux , and Nantes before returning to Paris . Toulouse was added later to break the long haul across southern France from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic . Stages would go through the night and finish next afternoon , with rest days before riders set off again . But this proved too daunting and the costs too great for most and only 15 competitors had entered . Desgrange had never been wholly convinced and he came close to dropping the idea . Instead , he cut the length to 19 days , changed the dates to 1 to 19 July , and offered a daily allowance to those who averaged at least 20 kilometres per hour ( 12 mph ) on all the stages , equivalent to what a rider would have expected to earn each day had he worked in a factory . He also cut the entry fee from 20 to 10 francs and set the first prize at 12,000 francs and the prize for each day 's winner at 3,000 francs . The winner would thereby win six times what most workers earned in a year . That attracted between 60 and 80 entrants -- the higher number may have included serious inquiries and some who dropped out -- among them not just professionals but amateurs , some unemployed , and some simply adventurous . Desgrange seems not to have forgotten the Dreyfus Affair that launched his race and raised the passions of his backers . He announced his new race on 1 July 1903 by citing the writer Émile Zola , whose open letter in which every paragraph started '' J'accuse ... '' led to Dreyfus 's acquittal , establishing the florid style he used henceforth . The first Tour de France started almost outside the Café Reveil - Matin at the junction of the Melun and Corbeil roads in the village of Montgeron . It was waved away by the starter , Georges Abran , at 3 : 16 p.m. on 1 July 1903 . L'Auto had n't featured the race on its front page that morning . Among the competitors were the eventual winner , Maurice Garin , his well - built rival Hippolyte Aucouturier , the German favourite Josef Fischer , and a collection of adventurers including one competing as `` Samson '' . Many riders dropped out of the race after completing the initial stages as the physical effort the tour required was just too much . Only a mere 24 entrants remained at the end of the fourth stage . The race finished on the edge of Paris at Ville d'Avray , outside the Restaurant du Père Auto , before a ceremonial ride into Paris and several laps of the Parc des Princes . Garin dominated the race , winning the first and last two stages , at 25.68 kilometres per hour ( 15.96 mph ) . The last rider , Millocheau , finished 64h 47m 22s behind him . L'Auto 's mission was accomplished as throughout the race circulation of the publication doubled , making the race something much larger than Desgrange had ever hoped for . 1904 -- 1939 ( edit ) Such was the passion that the first Tour created in spectators and riders that Desgrange said the 1904 Tour de France would be the last . Cheating was rife and riders were beaten up by rival fans as they neared the top of the col de la République , sometimes called the col du Grand Bois , outside St - Étienne . The leading riders , including the winner Maurice Garin , were disqualified , though it took the Union Vélocipèdique de France until 30 November to make the decision . McGann says the UVF waited so long `` ... well aware of the passions aroused by the race . '' Desgrange 's opinion of the fighting and cheating showed in the headline of his reaction in L'Auto : THE END . Desgrange 's despair did not last . By the following spring he was planning another Tour , longer at 11 stages rather than 6 -- and this time all in daylight to make any cheating more obvious . Stages in 1905 began between 3 am and 7 : 30 am . The race captured the imagination . L'Auto's circulation rose from 25,000 to 65,000 ; by 1908 it was a quarter of a million . The Tour returned after its suspension during World War One and continued to grow , with circulation of L'Auto reaching 500,000 by 1923 . The record claimed by Desgrange was 854,000 during the 1933 Tour . Le Vélo , meanwhile , went out of business in 1904 . Desgrange and his Tour invented bicycle stage racing . Desgrange experimented with different ways of judging the winner . Initially he used total accumulated time ( as used in the modern Tour de France ) but from 1906 to 1912 by points for placings each day . Desgrange saw problems in judging both by time and by points . By time , a rider coping with a mechanical problem -- which the rules insisted he repair alone -- could lose so much time that it cost him the race . Equally , riders could finish so separated that time gained or lost on one or two days could decide the whole race . Judging the race by points removed over-influential time differences but discouraged competitors from riding hard . It made no difference whether they finished fast or slow or separated by seconds or hours , so they were inclined to ride together at a relaxed pace until close to the line , only then disputing the final placings that would give them points . 1936 Tour de France The format changed over time . The Tour originally ran around the perimeter of France . Cycling was an endurance sport and the organisers realised the sales they would achieve by creating supermen of the competitors . Night riding was dropped after the second Tour in 1904 , when there had been persistent cheating when judges could not see riders . That reduced the daily and overall distance but the emphasis remained on endurance . Desgrange said his ideal race would be so hard that only one rider would make it to Paris . The first mountain stages ( in the Pyrenees ) appeared in 1910 . Early tours had long multi-day stages , with the format settling on 15 stages from 1910 until 1924 . After this , stages were gradually shortened , such that by 1936 there were as many as three stages in a single day . Desgrange initially preferred to see the Tour as a race of individuals . The first Tours were open to whoever wanted to compete . Most riders were in teams that looked after them . The private entrants were called touriste - routiers -- tourists of the road -- from 1923 and were allowed to take part provided they make no demands on the organisers . Some of the Tour 's most colourful characters have been touriste - routiers . One finished each day 's race and then performed acrobatic tricks in the street to raise the price of a hotel . Until 1925 Desgrange forbade team members from pacing each other . The 1927 and 1928 Tours , however , consisted mainly of team time - trials , an unsuccessful experiment which sought to avoid a proliferation of sprint finishes on flat stages . Desgrange was a traditionalist with equipment . Until 1930 he demanded that riders mend their bicycles without help and that they use the same bicycle from start to end . Exchanging a damaged bicycle for another was allowed only in 1923 . Desgrange stood against the use of multiple gears and for many years insisted riders use wooden rims , fearing the heat of braking while coming down mountains would melt the glue that held the tires on metal rims ( they were finally allowed in 1937 ) . By the end of the 1920s , Desgrange believed he could not beat what he believed were the underhand tactics of bike factories . When the Alcyon team contrived to get Maurice De Waele to win even though he was sick , he said `` My race has been won by a corpse '' . In 1930 Desgrange again attempted to take control of the Tour from teams , insisting competitors enter in national teams rather than trade teams and that competitors ride plain yellow bicycles that he would provide , without a maker 's name . There was no place for individuals in the post-1930s teams and so Desgrange created regional teams , generally from France , to take in riders who would not otherwise have qualified . The original touriste - routiers mostly disappeared but some were absorbed into regional teams . In 1936 Desgrange had a prostate operation . At the time , two operations were needed ; the Tour de France was due to fall between them . Desgrange persuaded his surgeon to let him follow the race . The second day proved too much and , in a fever at Charleville , he retired to his château at Beauvallon . Desgrange died at home on the Mediterranean coast on 16 August 1940 . The race was taken over by his deputy , Jacques Goddet . The Tour was again disrupted by War after 1939 , and did not return until 1947 . 1947 -- 1969 ( edit ) Jacques Goddet memorial at the top of the Col du Tourmalet In 1944 , L'Auto was closed -- its doors nailed shut -- and its belongings , including the Tour , sequestrated by the state for publishing articles too close to the Germans . Rights to the Tour were therefore owned by the government . Jacques Goddet was allowed to publish another daily sports paper , L'Équipe , but there was a rival candidate to run the Tour : a consortium of Sports and Miroir Sprint . Each organised a candidate race . L'Équipe and Le Parisien Libéré had La Course du Tour de France and Sports and Miroir Sprint had La Ronde de France . Both were five stages , the longest the government would allow because of shortages . L'Équipe's race was better organised and appealed more to the public because it featured national teams that had been successful before the war , when French cycling was at a high . L'Équipe was given the right to organise the 1947 Tour de France . However , L'Équipe 's finances were never sound and Goddet accepted an advance by Émilion Amaury , who had supported his bid to run the post-war Tour . Amaury was a newspaper magnate whose condition was that his sports editor , Félix Lévitan should join Goddet for the Tour . The two worked together , Goddet running the sporting side and Lévitan the financial . On the Tour 's return , the format of the race settled on between 20 -- 25 stages . Most stages would last one day but the scheduling of ' split ' stages continued well in to the 1980s . 1953 saw the introduction of the Green Jersey ' Points ' competition . National teams contested the Tour until 1961 . The teams were of different sizes . Some nations had more than one team and some were mixed in with others to make up the number . National teams caught the public imagination but had a snag : that riders might normally have been in rival trade teams the rest of the season . The loyalty of riders was sometimes questionable , within and between teams . Sponsors were always unhappy about releasing their riders into anonymity for the biggest race of the year , as riders in national teams wore the colours of their country and a small cloth panel on their chest that named the team for which they normally rode . The situation became critical at the start of the 1960s . Sales of bicycles had fallen and bicycle factories were closing . There was a risk , the trade said , that the industry would die if factories were not allowed the publicity of the Tour de France . The Tour returned to trade teams in 1962 . In the same year , Émilion Amaury , owner of le Parisien Libéré , became financially involved in the Tour . He made Félix Lévitan co-organizer of the Tour , and it was decided that Levitan would focus on the financial issues , and Jacques Goddet on the sporting issues . The Tour de France was meant for professional cyclists , but in 1961 the organisation started the Tour de l'Avenir the amateur version . Doping had become a problem culminating in the death of Tom Simpson in 1967 , after which riders went on strike , though the organisers suspected sponsors provoked them . The Union Cycliste Internationale introduced limits to daily and overall distances , imposed rest days and tests were introduced for riders . It was then impossible to follow the frontiers , and the Tour increasingly zig - zagged across the country , sometimes with unconnected days ' races linked by train , while still maintaining some sort of loop . The Tour returned to national teams for 1967 and 1968 as `` an experiment '' . The Tour returned to trade teams in 1969 with a suggestion that national teams could come back every few years , but this has not happened since . 1969 -- 1987 ( edit ) In the early 1970s the race was dominated by Eddy Merckx , who won the General Classification five times , the Mountains Classification twice , the Points Classification three times and a record 34 stages . During this era race director Felix Lévitan brought in a new commercial era of the Tour , beginning to recruit sponsors , sometimes accepting prizes in kind if he could not get cash . He introduced the finish of the Tour at the Avenue des Champs - Élysées in 1975 , the same year the polka - dot jersey was introduced for the winner of the Mountains Classification . He helped drive an internationalization of the Tour de France , and cycling in general . In 1982 Sean Kelly of Ireland ( points ) and Phil Anderson of Australia ( young rider ) became the first winners of any Tour classifications from outside cycling 's Continental Europe heartlands , while Lévitan was influential in facilitating the participation in the 1983 Tour by amateur riders from the Eastern Bloc and Colombia . In 1984 , for the first time , the Société du Tour de France organized the Tour de France Féminin , a version for women . It was run in the same weeks as the men 's version , and won by Marianne Martin . Greg LeMond of the US became the first non-European winner in the 1986 race . While the global awareness and popularity of the Tour grew during this time , its finances became stretched . Goddet and Lévitan continued to clash over the running of the race . Lévitan launched the Tour of America , as a precursor to his plans to take the Tour de France to the US . The Tour of America lost a lot of money , and it appeared to have been cross-financed by the Tour de France . In the years before 1987 , Lévitan 's position had always been protected by Émilien Amaury , the then owner of ASO , but recently , Émilien Amaury had retired and his son Philippe Amaury was now responsible . When Lévitan arrived at his office on 17 March 1987 , he found that his doors were locked and he was fired . The organisation of the 1987 Tour de France was taken over by Jean - François Naquet - Radiguet . He was not successful in acquiring more funds , and was fired within one year . Since 1988 ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2015 ) Months before the start of the 1988 Tour , director Jean - François Naquet - Radiguet was replaced by Xavier Louy . In 1988 the Tour was organised by Jean - Pierre Courcol , the director of L'Équipe , then in 1989 by Jean - Pierre Carenso and then by Jean - Marie Leblanc , who in 1989 had been race director . The former television presenter Christian Prudhomme -- he commentated on the Tour among other events -- replaced Leblanc in 2007 , having been assistant director for three years . In 1993 ownership of L'Équipe moved to the Amaury Group , which formed Amaury Sport Organisation ( ASO ) to oversee its sports operations , although the Tour itself is operated by its subsidiary the Société du Tour de France . ASO employs around 70 people full - time , in an office facing but not connected to L'Équipe in the Issy - les - Moulineaux area of outer western Paris . That number expands to about 220 during the race itself , not including 500 contractors employed to move barriers , erect stages , signpost the route and other work . ASO now also operate several other major bike races throughout the year . Classifications ( edit ) The oldest and main competition in the Tour de France is known as the `` general classification '' , for which the yellow jersey is awarded : the winner of this is said to have won the race . A few riders from each team aim to win overall but there are three further competitions to draw riders of all specialties : points , mountains , and a classification for young riders with general classification aspirations . The leader of each of the aforementioned classifications wears a distinctive jersey , with riders leading multiple classifications wearing the jersey of the most prestigious that he leads . In addition to these four classifications , there are several minor and discontinued classifications that are competed for during the race . General classification ( edit ) Main article : General classification in the Tour de France See also : List of Tour de France general classification winners and Yellow jersey statistics Fabian Cancellara pictured at the 2010 Tour de France . He is the rider who has worn the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification for the most days without ever winning the race . The oldest and most sought after classification in the Tour de France is the general classification . All of the stages are timed to the finish . The riders ' times are compounded with their previous stage times ; so the rider with the lowest aggregate time is the leader of the race . The leader is determined after each stage 's conclusion : he gains the privilege to wear the yellow jersey , presented on a podium in the stage 's finishing town , for the next stage . If a rider is leading more than one classification that awards a jersey , he wears the yellow one , since the general classification is the most important one in the race . Between 1905 and 1912 inclusive , in response to concerns about rider cheating in the 1904 race , the general classification was awarded according to a point - based system based on their placings in each stage , and the rider with the lowest total of points after the Tour 's conclusion was the winner . The leader in the first Tour de France was awarded a green armband . The yellow jersey ( The color yellow was chosen as the magazine that created the Tour , L'Auto , printed its newspapers on yellow paper ) , was added to the race in the 1919 edition and it has since become a symbol of the Tour de France . The first rider to wear the yellow jersey was Eugène Christophe . Each team brings multiple yellow jerseys in advance of the Tour in case one of their riders becomes the overall leader of the race . Riders usually try to make the extra effort to keep the jersey for as long as possible in order to get more publicity for the team and its sponsors . Eddy Merckx has worn the yellow jersey for 96 stages , which is more than any other rider in the history of the Tour de France . Four riders have won the general classification five times in their career : Jacques Anquetil , Eddy Merckx , Bernard Hinault , and Miguel Indurain . Mountains classification ( edit ) Main article : Mountains classification in the Tour de France Richard Virenque pictured at the 2003 Tour de France wearing the polka dot jersey . He won the mountains classification a record seven times . The mountains classification is the second oldest jersey awarding classification in the Tour de France . The mountains classification was added to the Tour de France in the 1933 edition and was first won by Vicente Trueba . Prizes for the classification were first awarded in 1934 . During stages of the race containing climbs , points are awarded to the first riders to reach the top of each categorized climb , with points available for up to the first 10 riders , depending on the classification of the climb . Climbs are classified according to the steepness and length of that particular hill , with more points available for harder climbs . The classification was preceded by the meilleur grimpeur ( English : best climber ) which was awarded by the organising newspaper l'Auto to a cyclist who completed each race . The classification awarded no jersey to the leader until the 1975 Tour de France , when the organizers decided to award a distinctive white jersey with red dots to the leader . The climbers ' jersey is worn by the rider who , at the start of each stage , has the largest number of climbing points . If a rider leads two or more of classifications , the climbers ' jersey is worn by the rider in second , or third , place in that contest . At the end of the Tour , the rider holding the most climbing points wins the classification . Some riders may race with the aim of winning this particular competition , while others who gain points early on may shift their focus to the classification during the race . The Tour has five categories for ranking the mountains the race covers . The scale ranges from category 4 , the easiest , to hors catégorie , the hardest . During his career Richard Virenque won the mountains classification a record seven times . The point distribution for the mountains is as follows : Type 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th Hors catégorie 25 20 16 14 12 10 8 6 First Category 10 8 6 Second Category 5 Third Category Fourth Category Points awarded are doubled for finishes that are of category two or above . Points classification ( edit ) Main article : Points classification in the Tour de France Alessandro Petacchi in the green jersey The points classification is the third oldest of the currently awarded jersey classifications . It was introduced in the 1953 Tour de France and was first won by Fritz Schär . The classification was added to draw the participation of the sprinters as well as celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Tour . Points are given to the first 15 riders to finish a stage , with an additional set of points given to the first 15 riders to cross a pre-determined ' sprint ' point during the route of each stage . The point classification leader green jersey is worn by the rider who at the start of each stage , has the greatest number of points . In the first years , the cyclist received penalty points for not finishing with a high place , so the cyclist with the fewest points was awarded the green jersey . From 1959 on , the system was changed so the cyclists were awarded points for high place finishes ( with first place getting the most points , and lower placings getting successively fewer points ) , so the cyclist with the most points was awarded the green jersey . The number of points awarded varies depending on the type of stage , with flat stages awarding the most points at the finish and time trials and high mountain stages awarding the fewest points at the finish . This increases the likelihood of a sprinter winning the points classification , though other riders can be competitive for the classification if they have a sufficient number of high - place finishes . The winner of the classification is the rider with the most points at the end of the Tour . In case of a tie , the leader is determined by the number of stage wins , then the number of intermediate sprint victories , and finally , the rider 's standing in the general classification . The classification has been won a record six times by Erik Zabel and Peter Sagan . The first year the points classification was used it was sponsored by La Belle Jardinière , a lawn mower producer , and the jersey was made green . In 1968 the jersey was changed to red to please the sponsor . However , the color was changed back the following year . For almost 25 years the classification was sponsored by Pari Mutuel Urbain , a state betting company . However they announced in November 2014 that they would not be continuing their sponsorship , and in March 2015 it was revealed that the green jersey would now be sponsored by Czech car manufacturer Škoda . As of 2015 , the points awarded stands as : Type 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th Flat stage finish 50 30 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 7 6 5 Medium mountain stage finish 30 25 22 19 17 15 13 11 9 High mountain stage finish 20 17 15 13 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 Individual time trial Intermediate sprint Young rider classification ( edit ) Main article : Young rider classification in the Tour de France Andy Schleck in the white jersey The leader of the classification is determined the same way as the general classification , with the riders ' times being added up after each stage and the eligible rider with lowest aggregate time is dubbed the leader . The Young rider classification is restricted to the riders that are under the age of 26 . Originally the classification was restricted to neo-professionals -- riders that are in their first three years of professional racing -- until 1983 . In 1983 , the organizers made it so that only first time riders were eligible for the classification . In 1987 , the organizers changed the rules of the classification to what they are today . This classification was added to the Tour de France in the 1975 edition , with Francesco Moser being the first to win the classification after placing seventh overall . The Tour de France awards a white jersey to the leader of the classification , although this was not done between 1989 and 2000 . Four riders have won both the young rider classification and the general classification in the same year : Laurent Fignon ( 1983 ) , Jan Ullrich ( 1997 ) , Alberto Contador ( 2007 ) , and Andy Schleck ( 2010 ) . Two riders have won the young rider classification three times in their respective careers : Jan Ullrich and Andy Schleck . As of 2015 Jersey sponsor is Optician company Krys , replacing Škoda who moved to the Green Jersey . Minor classifications and prizes ( edit ) The prix de la combativité goes to the rider who most animates the day , usually by trying to break clear of the field . The most combative rider wears a number printed white - on - red instead of black - on - white next day . An award goes to the most aggressive rider throughout the Tour . Already in 1908 a sort of combativity award was offered , when Sports Populaires and L'Education Physique created Le Prix du Courage , 100 francs and a silver gilt medal for `` the rider having finished the course , even if unplaced , who is particularly distinguished for the energy he has used . '' The modern competition started in 1958 . In 1959 , a Super Combativity award for the most combative cyclist of the Tour was awarded . It was initially not awarded every year , but since 1981 it has been given annually . Eddy Merckx has the most wins ( 4 ) for the overall award . The team classification is assessed by adding the time of each team 's best three riders each day . The competition does not have its own jersey but since 2006 the leading team has worn numbers printed black - on - yellow . Until 1990 , the leading team would wear yellow caps . As of 2012 , the riders of the leading team wear yellow helmets . During the era of national teams , France and Belgium won 10 times each . From 1973 up to 1988 , there was also a team classification based on points ( stage classification ) ; members of the leading team would wear green caps . Historical classifications ( edit ) There has been an intermediate sprints classification , which from 1984 awarded a red jersey for points awarded to the first three to pass intermediate points during the stage . These sprints also scored points towards the points classification and bonuses towards the general classification . The intermediate sprints classification with its red jersey was abolished in 1989 , but the intermediate sprints have remained , offering points for the points classification and , until 2007 , time bonuses for the general classification . From 1968 there was a combination classification , scored on a points system based on standings in the general , points and mountains classifications . The design was originally white , then a patchwork with areas resembling each individual jersey design . This was also abolished in 1989 . Lanterne rouge ( edit ) The rider who has taken most time is called the lanterne rouge ( red lantern , as in the red light at the back of a vehicle so it can be seen in the dark ) and in past years sometimes carried a small red light beneath his saddle . Such was sympathy that he could command higher fees in the races that previously followed the Tour . In 1939 and 1948 the organisers excluded the last rider every day , to encourage more competitive racing . Prizes ( edit ) Prize money in Euros in the Tour de France , not corrected for inflation . Prize money has always been awarded . From 20,000 francs the first year , prize money has increased each year , although from 1976 to 1987 the first prize was an apartment offered by a race sponsor . The first prize in 1988 was a car , a studio - apartment , a work of art , and 500,000 francs in cash . Prizes only in cash returned in 1990 . Prizes and bonuses are awarded for daily placings and final placings at the end of the race . In 2009 , the winner received 450,000 € , while each of the 21 stage winners won 8,000 € ( 10,000 € for the team time - trial stage ) . The winners of the points classification and mountains classification each win 25,000 € , the young rider competition and the combativity prize 20,000 € ; the winner of the team classification ( calculated by adding the cumulative times of the best three riders in each team ) receives 50 000 € . The Souvenir Henri Desgrange , in memory of the founder of the Tour , is awarded to the first rider over the Col du Galibier where his monument stands , or to the first rider over the highest col in the Tour . A similar award , the Souvenir Jacques Goddet , is made at the summit of the Col du Tourmalet , at the memorial to Jacques Goddet , Desgrange 's successor . Stages ( edit ) The modern tour typically has 21 stages , one per day . Mass - start stages ( edit ) A collected peloton in the 2006 Tour de France The Tour directors categorise mass - stage starts into ' flat ' , ' hilly ' , or ' mountain ' . This affects the points awarded in the sprint classification , whether the 3 kilometer rule is operational , and the permitted disqualification time in which riders must finish ( which is the winners ' time plus a pre-determined percentage of that time ) . Time bonuses of 10 , 6 , and 4 seconds are awarded to the first three finishers , though this was not done from 2008 to 2014 . Bonuses were previously also awarded to winners of intermediate sprints . Time trials ( edit ) Bradley Wiggins riding the stage 9 individual time trial of the 2012 Tour de France The first time trial in the Tour was between La Roche - sur - Yon and Nantes ( 80 km ) in 1934 . The first stage in modern Tours is often a short trial , a prologue , to decide who wears yellow on the opening day . The first prologue was in 1967 . The 1988 event , at La Baule , was called `` la préface '' . There are usually two or three time trials . The final time trial has sometimes been the final stage , more recently often the penultimate stage . Notable stages ( edit ) Altitude profile of the Alpe d'Huez climb Since 1975 the race has finished with laps of the Champs - Élysées . This stage rarely challenges the leader because it is flat and the leader usually has too much time in hand to be denied . But in 1987 , Pedro Delgado broke away on the Champs to challenge the 40 - second lead held by Stephen Roche . He and Roche finished in the peloton and Roche won the Tour . In modern times , there tends to be a gentlemen 's agreement : while the points classification is still contended if possible , the overall classification is not fought over ; because of this , it is not uncommon for the de facto winner of the overall classification to ride into Paris holding a glass of champagne . In 1989 the last stage was a time trial . Greg LeMond overtook Laurent Fignon to win by eight seconds , the closest margin in the Tour 's history . The climb of Alpe d'Huez has become one of the more noted mountain stages . During the 2004 Tour de France it was the scene of a 15.5 kilometres ( 9.6 mi ) mountain time trial on the 16th stage . Riders complained of abusive spectators who threatened their progress up the climb . Mont Ventoux is often claimed to be the hardest in the Tour because of the harsh conditions . Another notable mountain stage frequently featured climbs the Col du Tourmalet , the most visited mountain in the history of the Tour . Col du Galibier is the most visited mountain in the Alps . The 2011 Tour de France stage to Galibier marked the 100th anniversary of the mountain in the Tour and also boasted the highest finish altitude ever : 2,645 metres ( 8,678 ft ) . Some mountain stages have become memorable because of the weather . An example is a stage in 1996 Tour de France from Val - d'Isère to Sestriere . A snowstorm at the start area led to a shortening of the stage from 190 kilometres ( 120 mi ) to just 46 kilometres ( 29 mi ) . To host a stage start or finish brings prestige and business to a town . The prologue and first stage ( Grand Départ ) are particularly prestigious . The race may start with a prologue ( too short to go between towns ) in which case the start of the next day 's racing , which would be considered stage 1 , would usually be in the same town . In 2007 director Christian Prudhomme said that `` in general , for a period of five years we have the Tour start outside France three times and within France twice . '' Advertising caravan ( edit ) Vehicles from the 2014 Tour de France Publicity Caravan With the switch to the use of national teams in 1930 , the costs of accommodating riders fell to the organizers instead of the sponsors and Henri Desgrange raised the money by allowing advertisers to precede the race . The procession of often colourfully decorated trucks and cars became known as the publicity caravan . It formalised an existing situation , companies having started to follow the race . The first to sign to precede the Tour was the chocolate company , Menier , one of those who had followed the race . Its head of publicity , Paul Thévenin , had first put the idea to Desgrange . It paid 50,000 francs . Preceding the race was more attractive to advertisers because spectators gathered by the road long before the race or could be attracted from their houses . Advertisers following the race found that many who had watched the race had already gone home . Menier handed out tons of chocolate in that first year of preceding the race , as well as 500,000 policemen 's hats printed with the company 's name . The success led to the caravan 's existence being formalised the following year . The caravan was at its height between 1930 and the mid-1960s , before television and especially television advertising was established in France . Advertisers competed to attract public attention . Motorcycle acrobats performed for the Cinzano apéritif company and a toothpaste maker , and an accordionist , Yvette Horner , became one of the most popular sights as she performed on the roof of a Citroën Traction Avant . The modern Tour restricts the excesses to which advertisers are allowed to go but at first anything was allowed . The writer Pierre Bost lamented : `` This caravan of 60 gaudy trucks singing across the countryside the virtues of an apéritif , a make of underpants or a dustbin is a shameful spectacle . It bellows , it plays ugly music , it 's sad , it 's ugly , it smells of vulgarity and money . '' Advertisers pay the Société du Tour de France approximately € 150,000 to place three vehicles in the caravan . Some have more . On top of that come the more considerable costs of the commercial samples that are thrown to the crowd and the cost of accommodating the drivers and the staff -- frequently students -- who throw them . The number of items has been estimated at 11 million , each person in the procession giving out 3,000 to 5,000 items a day . A bank , GAN , gave out 170,000 caps , 80,000 badges , 60,000 plastic bags , and 535,000 copies of its race newspaper in 1994 . Together , they weighed 32 tonnes ( 31 long tons ; 35 short tons ) . The vehicles also have to be decorated on the morning of each stage and , because they must return to ordinary highway standards , disassembled after each stage . Numbers vary but there are normally around 250 vehicles each year . Their order on the road is established by contract , the leading vehicles belonging to the largest sponsors . The procession sets off two hours before the start and then regroups to precede the riders by an hour and a half . It spreads 20 -- 25 kilometres ( 12 -- 16 mi ) and takes 40 minutes to pass at between 20 kilometres per hour ( 12 mph ) and 60 kilometres per hour ( 37 mph ) . Vehicles travel in groups of five . Their position is logged by GPS and from an aircraft and organised on the road by the caravan director -- Jean - Pierre Lachaud -- an assistant , three motorcyclists , two radio technicians , and a breakdown and medical crew . Six motorcyclists from the Garde Républicaine , the élite of the gendarmerie , ride with them . Politics ( edit ) The first three Tours from 1903 -- 1905 stayed within France . The 1906 race went into Alsace - Lorraine , territory annexed by the German Empire in 1871 after the Franco - Prussian War . Passage was secured through a meeting at Metz between Desgrange 's collaborator , Alphonse Steinès , and the German governor . No teams from Italy , Germany , or Spain rode in 1939 because of tensions preceding the Second World War ( after German assistance to the Nationalists in the Spanish Civil War it was widely expected Spain would join Germany in a European war , though this did not come to pass ) . Henri Desgrange planned a Tour for 1940 , after war had started but before France had been invaded . The route , approved by military authorities , included a route along the Maginot Line . Teams would have been drawn from military units in France , including the British , who would have been organised by a journalist , Bill Mills . Then the Germans invaded and the race was not held again until 1947 ( see Tour de France during the Second World War ) . The first German team after the war was in 1960 , although individual Germans had ridden in mixed teams . The Tour has since started in Germany four times : in Cologne in 1965 , in Frankfurt in 1980 , in West Berlin on the city 's 750th anniversary in 1987 , and in Düsseldorf in 2017 . Plans to enter East Germany in 1987 were abandoned . Corsica ( edit ) Prior to 2013 , the Tour de France had visited every region of Metropolitan France except Corsica . Jean - Marie Leblanc , when he was organiser , said the island had never asked for a stage start there . It would be difficult to find accommodation for 4,000 people , he said . The spokesman of the Corsican nationalist party Party of the Corsican Nation , François Alfonsi , said : `` The organisers must be afraid of terrorist attacks . If they are really thinking of a possible terrorist action , they are wrong . Our movement , which is nationalist and in favour of self - government , would be delighted if the Tour came to Corsica . '' The opening three stages of the 2013 Tour de France were held on Corsica as part of the celebrations for the 100th edition of the race . The start and finish of the Tour ( edit ) Most stages are in mainland France , although since the mid-1950s it has become common to visit nearby countries : Andorra , Belgium , Germany ( and the former West Germany ) , Ireland , Italy , Luxembourg , Monaco , the Netherlands , Spain , Switzerland , and the United Kingdom have all hosted stages or part of a stage . Since 1975 the finish has been on the Champs - Élysées in Paris ; from 1903 to 1967 the race finished at the Parc des Princes stadium in western Paris and from 1968 to 1974 at the Piste Municipale south of the capital . Feliz Levitan , race organizer in the 1980s , was keen to host stages in the United States , but these proposals have never been developed . Starts abroad ( edit ) The following editions of the Tour started , or are planned to start , outside France : 1954 : Amsterdam , Netherlands 1958 : Brussels , Belgium 1965 : Cologne , West Germany 1973 : Scheveningen , Netherlands 1975 : Charleroi , Belgium 1978 : Leiden , Netherlands 1980 : Frankfurt , West Germany 1982 : Basel , Switzerland 1987 : West Berlin , West Germany 1989 : Luxembourg , Luxembourg 1992 : San Sebastián , Spain 1996 : Den Bosch , Netherlands 1998 : Dublin , Ireland 2002 : Luxembourg , Luxembourg 2004 : Liège , Belgium 2007 : London , United Kingdom 2009 : Monte Carlo , Monaco 2010 : Rotterdam , Netherlands 2012 : Liège , Belgium 2014 : Leeds , United Kingdom 2015 : Utrecht , Netherlands 2017 : Düsseldorf , Germany 2019 : Brussels , Belgium Broadcasting ( edit ) The Tour was first followed only by journalists from L'Auto , the organisers . The race was founded to increase sales of a floundering newspaper and its editor , Desgrange , saw no reason to allow rival publications to profit . The first time papers other than L'Auto were allowed was 1921 , when 15 press cars were allowed for regional and foreign reporters . The Tour was shown first on cinema newsreels a day or more after the event . The first live radio broadcast was in 1929 , when Jean Antoine and Alex Virot of the newspaper L'Intransigeant broadcast for Radio Cité . They used telephone lines . In 1932 they broadcast the sound of riders crossing the col d'Aubisque in the Pyrenees on 12 July , using a recording machine and transmitting the sound later . The first television pictures were shown a day after a stage . The national TV channel used two 16mm cameras , a Jeep , and a motorbike . Film was flown or taken by train to Paris . It was edited there and shown the following day . The first live broadcast , and the second of any sport in France , was the finish at the Parc des Princes in Paris on 25 July 1948 . Rik Van Steenbergen of Belgium led in the bunch after a stage of 340 kilometres ( 210 mi ) from Nancy . The first live coverage from the side of the road was from the Aubisque on 8 July 1958 . Proposals to cover the whole race were abandoned in 1962 after objections from regional newspapers whose editors feared the competition . The dispute was settled , but not in time for the race , and the first complete coverage was the following year in 1963 . In 1958 the first mountain climbs were broadcast live on television for the first time , and in 1959 helicopters were first used for the television coverage . The leading television commentator in France was a former rider , Robert Chapatte . At first he was the only commentator . He was joined in following seasons by an analyst for the mountain stages and by a commentator following the competitors by motorcycle . Broadcasting in France was largely a state monopoly until 1982 , when the socialist president François Mitterrand allowed private broadcasters and privatised the leading television channel . Competition between channels raised the broadcasting fees paid to the organisers from 1.5 per cent of the race budget in 1960 to more than a third by the end of the century . Broadcasting time also increased as channels competed to secure the rights . The two largest channels to stay in public ownership , Antenne 2 and FR3 , combined to offer more coverage than its private rival , TF1 . The two stations , renamed France 2 and France 3 , still hold the domestic rights and provide pictures for broadcasters around the world . The stations use a staff of 300 with four helicopters , two aircraft , two motorcycles , 35 other vehicles including trucks , and 20 podium cameras . Domestic television covers the most important stages of the Tour , such as those in the mountains , from mid-morning until early evening . Coverage typically starts with a survey of the day 's route , interviews along the road , discussions of the difficulties and tactics ahead , and a 30 - minute archive feature . The biggest stages are shown live from start to end , followed by interviews with riders and others and features such an edited version of the stage seen from beside a team manager following and advising riders from his car . Radio covers the race in updates throughout the day , particularly on the national news channel , France Info , and some stations provide continuous commentary on long wave . The 1979 Tour was the first to be broadcast in the United States . The combination of unprecedented rigorous doping controls and almost no positive tests helped restore fans ' confidence in the 2009 Tour de France . This led directly to an increase in global popularity of the event . The most watched stage of 2009 was stage 20 , from Montélimar to Mont Ventoux in Provence , with a global total audience of 44 million , making it the 12th most watched sporting event in the world in 2009 . Culture ( edit ) Part of the crowd during most days of the Tour is Didi Senft who , in a red devil costume , has been the Tour devil since 1993 . The Tour is an important cultural event for fans in Europe . Millions line the route , some having camped for a week to get the best view . Crowds flanking the course are reminiscent of the community festivals that are part of another form of cycle racing in a different country -- the Isle of Man TT . The Tour de France appealed from the start not just for the distance and its demands but because it played to a wish for national unity , a call to what Maurice Barrès called the France `` of earth and deaths '' or what Georges Vigarello called `` the image of a France united by its earth . '' School book by Augustine Fouillée under the ' nom de plume ' G. Bruno . The image had been started by the 1877 travel / school book Le Tour de la France par deux enfants . It told of two boys , André and Julien , who `` in a thick September fog left the town of Phalsbourg in Lorraine to see France at a time when few people had gone far beyond their nearest town . '' The book sold six million copies by the time of the first Tour de France , the biggest selling book of 19th - century France ( other than the Bible ) . It stimulated a national interest in France , making it `` visible and alive '' , as its preface said . There had already been a car race called the Tour de France but it was the publicity behind the cycling race , and Desgrange 's drive to educate and improve the population , that inspired the French to know more of their country . The academic historians Jean - Luc Boeuf and Yves Léonard say most people in France had little idea of the shape of their country until L'Auto began publishing maps of the race . Arts ( edit ) The Tour has inspired several popular songs in France , notably P'tit gars du Tour ( 1932 ) , Les Tours de France ( 1936 ) and Faire le Tour de France ( 1950 ) . Kraftwerk had a hit with `` Tour de France '' in 1983 -- described as a minimalistic `` melding of man and machine '' -- and produced an album , Tour de France Soundtracks in 2003 , the centenary of the Tour . The Tour and its first Italian winner , Ottavio Bottecchia , are mentioned at the end of Ernest Hemingway 's The Sun Also Rises . In films , the Tour was background for Five Red Tulips ( 1949 ) by Jean Stelli , in which five riders are murdered . A burlesque in 1967 , Les Cracks by Alex Joffé , with Bourvil et Monique Tarbès , also featured it . Footage of the 1970 Tour de France is shown in Jorgen Leth 's experimental short Eddy Merckx in the Vicinity of a Cup of Coffee . Patrick Le Gall made Chacun son Tour ( 1996 ) . The comedy , Le Vélo de Ghislain Lambert ( 2001 ) , featured the Tour of 1974 . In 2005 , three films chronicled a team . The German Höllentour , translated as Hell on Wheels , recorded 2003 from the perspective of Team Telekom . The film was directed by Pepe Danquart , who won an Academy Award for live - action short film in 1993 for Black Rider ( Schwarzfahrer ) . The Danish film Overcoming by Tómas Gislason recorded the 2004 Tour from the perspective of Team CSC . Wired to Win chronicles Française des Jeux riders Baden Cooke and Jimmy Caspar in 2003 . By following their quest for the points classification , won by Cooke , the film looks at the working of the brain . The film , made for IMAX theaters , appeared in December 2005 . It was directed by Bayley Silleck , who was nominated for an Academy Award for documentary short subject in 1996 for Cosmic Voyage . A fan , Scott Coady , followed the 2000 Tour with a handheld video camera to make The Tour Baby ! , which raised $160,000 to benefit the Lance Armstrong Foundation , and made a 2005 sequel , Tour Baby Deux ! . Vive Le Tour by Louis Malle is an 18 - minute short of 1962 . The 1965 Tour was filmed by Claude Lelouch in Pour un Maillot Jaune . This 30 - minute documentary has no narration and relies on sights and sounds of the Tour . In fiction , the 2003 animated feature Les Triplettes de Belleville ( The Triplets of Belleville ) ties into the Tour de France . Post-tour criteria ( edit ) After the Tour de France there are criteria in the Netherlands and Belgium . These races are public spectacles where thousands of people can see their heroes , from the Tour de France , race . The budget of a criterium is over 100,000 Euro , with most of the money going to the riders . Jersey winners or big - name riders earn between 20 and 60 thousand euros per race in start money . Doping ( edit ) Main article : Doping at the Tour de France See also : Festina affair , Doping at the 1998 Tour de France , Doping at the 1999 Tour de France , Floyd Landis doping case , and Doping at the 2007 Tour de France Spectators ' banner during the 2006 Tour de France Allegations of doping have plagued the Tour almost since 1903 . Early riders consumed alcohol and used ether , to dull the pain . Over the years they began to increase performance and the Union Cycliste Internationale and governments enacted policies to combat the practice . In 1924 , Henri Pélissier and his brother Charles told the journalist Albert Londres they used strychnine , cocaine , chloroform , aspirin , `` horse ointment '' and other drugs . The story was published in Le Petit Parisien under the title Les Forçats de la Route ( ' The Convicts of the Road ' ) On 13 July 1967 , British cyclist Tom Simpson died climbing Mont Ventoux after taking amphetamine . In 1998 , the `` Tour of Shame '' , Willy Voet , soigneur for the Festina team , was arrested with erythropoietin ( EPO ) , growth hormones , testosterone and amphetamine . Police raided team hotels and found products in the possession of the cycling team TVM . Riders went on strike . After mediation by director Jean - Marie Leblanc , police limited their tactics and riders continued . Some riders had dropped out and only 96 finished the race . It became clear in a trial that management and health officials of the Festina team had organised the doping . Further measures were introduced by race organisers and the UCI , including more frequent testing and tests for blood doping ( transfusions and EPO use ) . This would lead the UCI to becoming a particularly interested party in an International Olympic Committee initiative , the World Anti-Doping Agency ( WADA ) , created in 1999 . In 2002 , the wife of Raimondas Rumšas , third in the 2002 Tour de France , was arrested after EPO and anabolic steroids were found in her car . Rumšas , who had not failed a test , was not penalised . In 2004 , Philippe Gaumont said doping was endemic to his Cofidis team . Fellow Cofidis rider David Millar confessed to EPO after his home was raided . In the same year , Jesus Manzano , a rider with the Kelme team , alleged he had been forced by his team to use banned substances . Doping controversy has surrounded Lance Armstrong . In August 2005 , one month after Armstrong 's seventh consecutive victory , L'Équipe published documents it said showed Armstrong had used EPO in the 1999 race . At the same Tour , Armstrong 's urine showed traces of a glucocorticosteroid hormone , although below the positive threshold . He said he had used skin cream containing triamcinolone to treat saddle sores . Armstrong said he had received permission from the UCI to use this cream . Further allegations ultimately culminated in the United States Anti Doping Agency ( USADA ) disqualifying him from all his victories since 1 August 1998 , including his seven consecutive Tour de France victories , and a lifetime ban from competing in professional sports . He chose not to appeal the decision and in January 2013 he admitted doping in a television interview conducted by Oprah Winfrey , despite having made repeated denials throughout his career . The 2006 Tour had been plagued by the Operación Puerto doping case before it began . Favourites such as Jan Ullrich and Ivan Basso were banned by their teams a day before the start . Seventeen riders were implicated . American rider Floyd Landis , who finished the Tour as holder of the overall lead , had tested positive for testosterone after he won stage 17 , but this was not confirmed until some two weeks after the race finished . On 30 June 2008 Landis lost his appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport , and Óscar Pereiro was named as winner . On 24 May 2007 , Erik Zabel admitted using EPO during the first week of the 1996 Tour , when he won the points classification . Following his plea that other cyclists admit to drugs , former winner Bjarne Riis admitted in Copenhagen on 25 May 2007 that he used EPO regularly from 1993 to 1998 , including when he won the 1996 Tour . His admission meant the top three in 1996 were all linked to doping , two admitting cheating . On 24 July 2007 Alexander Vinokourov tested positive for a blood transfusion ( blood doping ) after winning a time trial , prompting his Astana team to pull out and police to raid the team 's hotel . The next day Cristian Moreni tested positive for testosterone . His Cofidis team pulled out . The same day , leader Michael Rasmussen was removed for `` violating internal team rules '' by missing random tests on 9 May and 28 June . Rasmussen claimed to have been in Mexico . The Italian journalist Davide Cassani told Danish television he had seen Rasmussen in Italy . The alleged lying prompted Rasmussen 's firing by Rabobank . On 11 July 2008 Manuel Beltrán tested positive for EPO after the first stage . On 17 July 2008 , Riccardo Riccò tested positive for continuous erythropoiesis receptor activator , a variant of EPO , after the fourth stage . In October 2008 , it was revealed that Riccò 's teammate and Stage 10 winner Leonardo Piepoli , as well as Stefan Schumacher -- who won both time trials -- and Bernhard Kohl -- third on general classification and King of the Mountains -- had tested positive . After winning the 2010 Tour de France , it was announced that Alberto Contador had tested positive for low levels of clenbuterol on 21 July rest day . On 26 January 2011 , the Spanish Cycling Federation proposed a 1 - year ban but reversed its ruling on 15 February and cleared Contador to race . Despite a pending appeal by the UCI , Contador finished 5th overall in the 2011 Tour de France , but in February 2012 , Contador was suspended and stripped of his 2010 victory . During the 2012 Tour , the 3rd placed rider from 2011 , Fränk Schleck tested positive for the banned diuretic Xipamide and was immediately disqualified from the Tour . In October 2012 , the United States Anti-Doping Agency released a report on doping by the U.S. Postal Service cycling team , implicating , amongst others , Armstrong . The report contained affidavits from riders including Frankie Andreu , Tyler Hamilton , George Hincapie , Floyd Landis , Levi Leipheimer , and others describing widespread use of Erythropoietin ( EPO ) , blood transfusion , testosterone , and other banned practices in several Tours . In October 2012 the UCI acted upon this report , formally stripping Armstrong of all titles since 1 August 1998 , including all seven Tour victories , and announced that his Tour wins would not be reallocated to other riders . Deaths ( edit ) See also : List of professional cyclists who died during a race Cyclists who have died during the Tour de France : 1910 : French racer Adolphe Hélière drowned at the French Riviera during a rest day . 1935 : Spanish racer Francisco Cepeda plunged down a ravine on the Col du Galibier . 1967 : 13 July , Stage 13 : Tom Simpson died of heart failure during the ascent of Mont Ventoux . Amphetamines were found in Simpson 's jersey and blood . 1995 : 18 July , Stage 15 : Fabio Casartelli crashed at 88 km / h ( 55 mph ) while descending the Col de Portet d'Aspet . Another seven fatal accidents have occurred : 1934 : A motorcyclist giving a demonstration in the velodrome of La Roche Sur Yon , to entertain the crowd before the cyclists arrived , died after he crashed at high speed . 1957 : 14 July : Motorcycle rider Rene Wagter and passenger Alex Virot , a journalist for Radio Luxembourg , went off a mountain road near Ax - les - Thermes . 1958 : An official , Constant Wouters , died from injuries received after sprinter André Darrigade collided with him at the Parc des Princes . 1964 : Nine people died when a supply van hit a bridge in the Dordogne region , resulting in the highest tour - related death toll . 2000 : A 12 - year - old from Ginasservis , known as Phillippe , was hit by a car in the Tour de France publicity caravan . 2002 : A seven - year - old boy , Melvin Pompele , died near Retjons after running in front of the caravan . 2009 : 18 July , Stage 14 : A spectator in her 60s was struck and killed by a police motorcycle while crossing a road along the route near Wittelsheim . Records and statistics ( edit ) Main articles : Tour de France records and statistics and Yellow jersey statistics One rider has been King of the Mountains , won the combination classification , combativity award , the points competition , and the Tour in the same year -- Eddy Merckx in 1969 , which was also the first year he participated . Had the young rider 's jersey been available at the time , he would have won that too . Twice the Tour was won by a racer who never wore the yellow jersey until the race was over . In 1947 , Jean Robic overturned a three - minute deficit on the 257 kilometres ( 160 mi ) final stage into Paris . In 1968 , Jan Janssen of the Netherlands secured his win in the individual time trial on the last day . The Tour has been won three times by racers who led the general classification on the first stage and holding the lead all the way to Paris . Maurice Garin did it during the Tour 's very first edition , 1903 ; he repeated the feat the next year , but the results were nullified by the officials as a response to widespread cheating . Ottavio Bottecchia completed a GC start - to - finish sweep in 1924 . And in 1928 , Nicolas Frantz held the GC for the entire race , and at the end , the podium consisted solely of members of his racing team . While no one has equalled this feat since 1928 , four times a racer has taken over the GC lead on the second stage and carried that lead all the way to Paris . It is worth noting that Jacques Anquetil predicted he would wear the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification from start to finish in 1961 , which he did . That year , the first day had two stages , the first part from Rouen to Versailles and the second part from Versailles to Versailles . No yellow jersey was awarded after the first part , and at the end of the day Anquetil was in yellow . The most appearances have been by Sylvain Chavanel , who rode his 18th and final Tour in 2018 . Prior to Chavenel 's final Tour , he shared the record with George Hincapie with 17 . In light of Hincapie 's suspension for use of performance - enhancing drugs , before which he held the mark for most consecutive finishes with sixteen , having completed all but his very first , Joop Zoetemelk and Chavanel share the record for the most finishes at 16 , with Zoetemelk having completed all 16 of the Tours that he started . Of these 16 Tours Zoetemelk came in the top five 11 times , a record , finished second 6 times , a record , and won the 1980 Tour de France . In the early years of the Tour , cyclists rode individually , and were sometimes forbidden to ride together . This led to large gaps between the winner and the number two . Since the cyclists now tend to stay together in a peloton , the margins of the winner have become smaller , as the difference usually originates from time trials , breakaways or on mountain top finishes , or from being left behind the peloton . The smallest margins between the winner and the second placed cyclists at the end of the Tour is 8 seconds between winner Greg LeMond and Laurent Fignon in 1989 . The largest margin , by comparison , remains that of the first Tour in 1903 : 2h 49m 45s between Maurice Garin and Lucien Pothier . Three riders have won 8 stages in a single year : Charles Pélissier ( 1930 ) , Eddy Merckx ( 1970 , 1974 ) , and Freddy Maertens ( 1976 ) . Mark Cavendish has the most mass finish stage wins with 30 as of stage 14 in 2016 , ahead of André Darrigade and André Leducq with 22 , François Faber with 19 , and Eddy Merckx with 18 . The youngest Tour de France stage winner is Fabio Battesini , who was 19 when he won one stage in the 1931 Tour de France . The fastest massed - start stage was in 1999 from Laval to Blois ( 194.5 kilometres ( 120.9 mi ) ) , won by Mario Cipollini at 50.4 kilometres per hour ( 31.3 mph ) . The fastest time - trial is Rohan Dennis ' stage 1 of the 2015 Tour de France in Utrecht , won at an average of 55.446 kilometres per hour ( 34.453 mph ) . The fastest stage win was by the 2013 Orica GreenEDGE team in a team time - trial . It completed the 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) in Nice ( stage 5 ) at 57.8 kilometres per hour ( 35.9 mph ) . The longest successful post-war breakaway by a single rider was by Albert Bourlon in the 1947 Tour de France . In the Carcassone - Luchon stage , he stayed away for 253 kilometres ( 157 mi ) . It was one of seven breakaways longer than 200 kilometres ( 120 mi ) , the last being Thierry Marie 's 234 kilometres ( 145 mi ) escape in 1991 . Bourlon finished 16 m 30s ahead . This is one of the biggest time gaps but not the greatest . That record belongs to José - Luis Viejo , who beat the peloton by 22 m 50s in the Montgenèvre - Manosque stage in 1976 . He was the fourth and most recent rider to win a stage by more than 20 minutes . The only rider to win the Tour de France and an Olympic gold medal in the same year was Britain 's Bradley Wiggins in 2012 . In 2018 , Wiggins was joined by Geraint Thomas as the only Tour de France champions to have won an Olympic gold medal in a velodrome ; they were both on the team which won the Team Pursuit Gold Medal at the 2008 Beijing Olympics . Record winners ( edit ) Four riders have won five times : Jacques Anquetil ( FRA ) , Eddy Merckx ( BEL ) , Bernard Hinault ( FRA ) , and Miguel Indurain ( ESP ) . Indurain achieved the mark with a record five consecutive wins . Wins Rider Editions 5 Jacques Anquetil ( FRA ) 1957 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 Eddy Merckx ( BEL ) 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1974 Bernard Hinault ( FRA ) 1978 , 1979 , 1981 , 1982 , 1985 Miguel Indurain ( ESP ) 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 Chris Froome ( GBR ) 2013 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 Philippe Thys ( BEL ) 1913 , 1914 , 1920 Louison Bobet ( FRA ) 1953 , 1954 , 1955 Greg LeMond ( USA ) 1986 , 1989 , 1990 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ De Dion , Clément and Michelin were particularly concerned with Le Vélo -- which reported more than cycling -- because its financial backer was one of their commercial rivals , the Darracq company . De Dion believed Le Vélo gave Darracq too much attention and him too little . De Dion was a gentlemanly but outspoken man who already wrote columns for Le Figaro , Le Matin and others . He was also rich and could afford to indulge his whims , which included founding Le Nain Jaune ( the yellow gnome ) , a publication that `` ... answers no particular need . '' Jump up ^ Desgrange had first attempted to copy and outdo races run by his rival . In 1901 he revived the Paris - Brest event after a decade 's absence . Giffard was the first to suggest a race that lasted several days , new to cycling but established practice in car racing . Unlike other cycle races , it would also be run largely without pacers . Jump up ^ L'Auto preferred to concentrate on the Coupe Gordon - Bennett car race , even though it was n't to start for another 48 hours . The choice reflects not only that the Tour de France was an unknown quantity -- only after the first race had finished did it establish a reputation -- but it hints at Desgrange 's uncertainty . His position as editor depended on raising sales . That would happen if the Tour succeeded . But the paper and his employers would lose a lot of money if it did n't . Desgrange preferred to keep a distance . He did n't drop the flag at the start and he did n't follow the riders . Reporting was left to Lefèvre , whose idea it had been , who followed the race by bike and by train . Desgrange showed a personal interest in his race only when it looked a success . Jump up ^ The use of false and often colourful names was not unusual . It reflected not only the daring of the enterprise but the slight scandal still associated with riding bicycle races , enough that some preferred to use a false name . The first city - to - city race , from Paris to Rouen , included many made - up names or simply initials . The first woman to finish had entered as `` Miss America '' , despite not being American . Jump up ^ The formula in 1905 was a combination of both time and points . Riders had points deducted for each five minutes lost . Jump up ^ A race for female cyclists similar to the men 's Tour de France had been organized in 1955 , but it was not official . Jump up ^ Jacques Goddet said in his autobiography that teams were using the rule to eliminate rivals . A rider in last position knew he would be disqualified at the end of the stage . If he dropped out before or during the stage , another competitor became the last and he would leave the race as well . That weakened a rival team , which now had fewer helpers . Jump up ^ Pierre Bost was a journalist and playwright known for the prolific film and stage scripts he wrote in the 1940s . He died in 1975 . Jump up ^ Jean - Pierre Lachaud joined the Tour de France caravan in 1983 to distribute publicity for Crédit Lyonnais , the bank that sponsors the yellow jersey . The experience led to his starting his own company , Newsport , which now administers the caravan for the Société du Tour de France Jump up ^ Some Corsican nationalists have used terrorist methods . Jump up ^ A podium camera is not one focused on the winner 's podium but a full - scale camera on a mount , or podium . Jump up ^ A school book written by Augustine Fouillée under the name G. Bruno and published in 1877 , it sold six million by 1900 , seven million by 1914 and 8,400,000 by 1976 . It was used in schools until the 1950s and is still available . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Joel Gunter ( 16 July 2012 ) . `` The Tour de France : a guide to the basics '' . London : The Telegraph . Retrieved 30 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1903 Tour de France '' . Bikeraceinfo.com. 19 January 1903 . Retrieved 30 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France snubs velodrome Holocaust memorial '' . The Jewish Chronicle. 12 July 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Barry Boys . `` The Return of a Grand Affair -- `` New Tour Legend : the Maillot Jaune '' `` . Cycling Revealed . Retrieved 3 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Union Cycliste Internationale '' . Uci.ch . Archived from the original on 17 February 2009 . Retrieved 6 August 2012 . Jump up ^ When is the Criterium route announced . `` UCI WorldTour calendar 2012 '' . Cycling Weekly . Retrieved 6 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2011 -- Stage by stage '' . Letour.fr . Retrieved 30 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Moment 17 : 1975 -- TDF 's First Champs Elysees Finish '' . Bicycling Magazine . Archived from the original on 5 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UCI Regulations '' ( 2.6. 011 ed . ) . p. 43 . Archived from the original on 23 June 2011 . Retrieved 21 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Augendre 1996 , p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Regulations of the race '' ( PDF ) . ASO / letour.fr . Retrieved 30 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Boeuf & Léonard 2003 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Nicholson 1991 . Jump up ^ Goddet 1991 , p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Woodland 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Goddet 1991 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Dauncey & Hare 2013 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ `` www.cyclingnews.com presents the 93rd Tour de France '' . Cycling News . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Know how the Tour de France started '' . Amazon.com. 19 January 1903 . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Goddet 1991 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Spaarnestad Photo image number SFA001006411 Jump up ^ Dauncey & Hare 2013 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Nicholson 1991 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Cazeneuve & Chany 2011 , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Dauncey & Hare 2013 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Dauncey & Hare 2013 , p. 63 . ^ Jump up to : Augendre 1996 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Nicholson 1991 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Cazeneuve & Chany 2011 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Allchin & Bell 2003 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Latzell , Marguerite ( 2003 ) . Tour de France : The Illustrated History . Toronto , Buffalo : Firefly Books Ltd . ISBN 1552977366 . Jump up ^ McGann & McGann 2006 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Seray 2000 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ McGann & McGann 2006 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Seray 2000 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Seray 2000 , p. 148 . ^ Jump up to : Augendre 1996 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Torelli 's History of the Tour de France : the 1930s or , All They Wanted To Do Was to Sell a Few More Newspapers '' . BikeRaceInfo.com . Retrieved 27 May 2007 . Jump up ^ McGann & McGann 2006 . Jump up ^ Seray 2000 . Jump up ^ Tom James ( 15 August 2003 ) . `` Veloarchive 1924 : Le Tour de Souffrance '' . Veloarchive . Retrieved 24 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Augendre 1996 , p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Augendre 1996 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Augendre 1996 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Augendre 1996 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Augendre 1996 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Masso 2003 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ McGann & McGann 2006 , p. 84 . ^ Jump up to : Augendre 1996 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France , 100 ans , 1903 -- 2003 '' , L'Équipe , France , 2003 , p182 ^ Jump up to : Goddet 1991 . Jump up ^ Tour de France , 100 ans , 1903 -- 2003 , L'Équipe , France , 2003 , p227 Jump up ^ Libération , France , 4 July 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Cycling Revealed -- Tour de France Timeline '' . Cyclingrevealed.com . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Dauncey & Hare 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Augendre 1996 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Masso 2003 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ McGann & McGann 2006 , pp. 253 -- 259 . Jump up ^ Dauncey & Hare 2013 , p. 115 . 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Retrieved 18 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Christian , Sarah ( 2 July 2009 ) . `` Tour de France demystified -- Evaluating success '' . RoadCycling.co.nz Ltd . Archived from the original on 9 February 2013 . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Woodland 2007 , p. 203 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2011 -- Rules '' . Letour.fr . Retrieved 23 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Sagan toughs it out to win his sixth green jersey in Paris '' . Cycling News . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour Xtra : Green Jersey '' . Cvccbike.com . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Clarke , Stuart ( 23 March 2015 ) . `` Tour de France announces new green jersey sponsor '' . Cycling Weekly . Retrieved 23 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Regulations of the race '' ( PDF ) . ASO / letour.fr . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 July 2015 . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Krys eyes Tour de France 's white jersey -- SportsPro Media ^ Jump up to : Woodland 2007 , p. 96 . 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Jump up ^ Le Petit Bleu de Lot - et - Garonne , France , 20 July 2005 Jump up ^ `` Cette caravane de soixante camions barriolés qui chantent à travers la campagne les vertus d'un apéritif , d'un caleçon ou d'une boîte à ordures fait un honteux spectacle . Cela crie , cela fait de la sale musique , c'est laid , c'est triste , c'est bête , cela sue la vulgarité et l'argent . '' -- Laget , Serge ( 1990 ) , La Saga du Tour de France , Découvertes Gaillard , France , ISBN 978 - 2 - 07 - 053101 - 1 . Legend says people in remote areas ran into their houses at the sight of a giant model black lion on the roof of a car promoting Lion Noir shoe polish in 1930 . ^ Jump up to : Le Tour Guide , France , 2000 ^ Jump up to : GAN Spécial Tour de France , 1994 ^ Jump up to : The Bicycle , UK , 8 July 1943 , p6 Jump up ^ `` La Corse fait - elle peur au Tour de France ? -- le Plus '' . Leplus.nouvelobs.com . 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Jump up ^ `` Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team Breaking Records With Trek Bikes Designed On AMD64 Technology '' . Amd.com . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Tour 09 , Procycling ( UK ) summer 2009 Bibliography ( edit ) Allchin , Richard ; Bell , Adrian ( 2003 ) . Golden stages of the Tour de France : tales from the legendary stages of the world 's greatest bike race . London : Mousehold Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 874739 - 28 - 9 . Armstrong , Lance ; Jenkins , Sally ( 2001 ) ( 1st . pub. 2000 ) . It 's Not About the Bike : My Journey Back to Life . New York City : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 224 - 06087 - 5 . Augendre , Jacques ( 1996 ) . Le Tour de France : panorama d'un siècle . Service Communication - presse de la Société du Tour de France . Boeuf , Jean - Luc ; Léonard , Yves ( 2003 ) . La République du Tour de France . Éditions du Seuil . ISBN 978 - 2 - 02 - 058073 - 1 . Cazeneuve , Thierry ; Chany , Pierre ( 2011 ) . La fabuleuse histoire du Tour de France . Paris : La Martinière . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7324 - 4792 - 6 . Dauncey , Hugh ; Hare , Geoff ( 2013 ) ( 1st . pub. 2003 ) . The Tour De France , 1903 - 2003 : A Century of Sporting Structures , Meanings and Values . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 76239 - 1 . Goddet , Jacques ( 1991 ) . L'équipée belle . Éditions Robert Laffont . ISBN 978 - 2 - 221 - 07290 - 5 . Harp , Stephen L. ( 2001 ) . Marketing Michelin : Advertising and Cultural Identity in Twentieth - Century France . Baltimore , Maryland , U.S. : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 6651 - 7 . Masso , Benjamin ( 2003 ) . Het zweet der goden : legende van de wielersport ( 4th ed . ) . Atlas . ISBN 978 - 90 - 450 - 1126 - 4 . McGann , Bill ; McGann , Carol ( 2006 ) . The Story of the Tour de France , Volume 1 . Indianapolis , U.S. : Dog Ear Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59858 - 180 - 5 . McGann , Bill ; McGann , Carol ( 2008 ) . The Story of the Tour De France : 1965 -- 2007 . Indianapolis , U.S. : Dog Ear Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59858 - 608 - 4 . de Mondenard , Jean - Paul ( 2003 ) . Dopage : l'imposture des performances : mensonges et vérités sur l'école de la triche . Chiron . Moore , Tim ( 2011 ) ( 1st . pub. 2001 ) . French Revolutions : Cycling the Tour de France . London : Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4464 - 1497 - 2 . Nicholson , Geoffrey ( 1991 ) . Le Tour : The Rise and Rise of the Tour de France . London : Hodder & Stoughton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 54268 - 2 . Ollivier , Jean - Paul ( 2001 ) . L'ABCdaire du Tour de France . Paris : Groupe Flammarion . ISBN 978 - 2 - 08 - 012727 - 3 . Seray , Jacques ( 2000 ) . 1904 Tour de France . Ann Arbor Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9649835 - 2 - 6 . Thompson , Christopher S. ( 2008 ) . The Tour de France : A Cultural History ( 2nd ed . ) . Berkeley , California , U.S. : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 93486 - 3 . Woodland , Les ( 2007 ) ( 1st . pub. 2003 ) . The Yellow Jersey Companion to the Tour de France . London : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 224 - 08016 - 3 . Woodland , Les ( 2000 ) . The Unknown Tour De France : The Many Faces of the World 's Biggest Bicycle Race . U.S. : Cycling Resources . ISBN 978 - 1 - 892495 - 26 - 6 . Further reading ( edit ) Delanzy , Eric ( 2006 ) . Inside the Tour de France : The Pictures , the Legends , and the Untold Stories . Rodale Books . ISBN 1 - 59486 - 230 - 3 . Nelsson , Richard ( 2012 ) . The Tour De France ... to the Bitter End . London : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85265 - 336 - 4 . Wheatcroft , Geoffrey ( 2004 ) . Le Tour : A History of the Tour de France , 1903 -- 2003 . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 02879 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tour de France . Official website Tour de France palmares at Cycling Archives Yahoo ! Sport ( UK & Ireland ) : Tour de France Tour de France By year 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 2017 2018 2019 2020 Classifications ( `` jerseys '' ) Current General ( maillot jaune ) Points ( maillot vert ) Mountains ( maillot à pois ) Young rider ( maillot blanc ) Team ( classement d'équipes ) Combativity ( prix de combativité ) Former Combination ( maillot du combiné ) Intermediate sprints ( maillot rouge ) Directors 1903 -- 1935 : Henri Desgrange 1936 -- 1961 : Jacques Goddet 1962 -- 1986 : Jacques Goddet and Félix Lévitan 1987 : Jean - François Naquet - Radiguet 1988 : Xavier Louy 1989 -- 2006 : Jean - Marie Leblanc 2007 -- present : Christian Prudhomme Finish locations 1903 -- 1967 : Parc des Princes 1968 -- 1974 : Vélodrome de Vincennes 1975 -- present : Champs - Élysées final stage Lists General classification winners Secondary classification winners Grands Départs Records and statistics Mountain passes and hills Articles and topics During World War II Yellow jersey statistics Lanterne rouge Doping Hors catégorie Souvenir Jacques Goddet Souvenir Henri Desgrange Related articles Émilien Amaury Amaury Sport Organisation Pierre Dumas Géo Lefèvre Didi Senft La Course by Le Tour de France L'Étape du Tour Part of the Grand Tour Grand Tour ( cycling ) Races Tour de France General classification winners Secondary classification winners Records and statistics Yellow jersey statistics Giro d'Italia General classification winners Secondary classification winners Records and statistics Vuelta a España General classification winners Secondary classification winners Records and statistics GT winners General classification winners Points classification winners Mountains classification winners Stage winners at all three tours See also General classification Mountains classification Points classification Young rider classification Team classification Triple Crown of Cycling UCI World Tour Seasons 2009 Ranking 2010 Ranking Merged with the UCI ProTour 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 UCI WorldTeams 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Races Active Tour Down Under Great Ocean Road Race Tour of Qatar Abu Dhabi Tour Omloop Het Nieuwsblad Strade Bianche Paris -- Nice Tirreno -- Adriatico Milan -- San Remo Volta a Catalunya Dwars door Vlaanderen E3 Harelbeke Gent -- Wevelgem Tour of Flanders Tour of the Basque Country Paris -- Roubaix Amstel Gold Race La Flèche Wallonne Liège -- Bastogne -- Liège Tour de Romandie Eschborn - Frankfurt -- Rund um den Finanzplatz Giro d'Italia Tour of California Critérium du Dauphiné Tour de Suisse Tour de France Clásica de San Sebastián Tour de Pologne London -- Surrey Classic BinckBank Tour Vuelta a España EuroEyes Cyclassics GP Ouest - France GP de Québec GP de Montréal TTT at the World Championships Il Lombardia Presidential Tour of Turkey Tour of Guangxi Former Tour of Beijing Road bicycle racing List of road bicycle races men women UCI Circuits UCI World Tour Grand Tour Tour de France Giro d'Italia Vuelta a España Classic races Monuments Cobbled classics Ardennes classics Flanders Classics UCI World Ranking UCI Continental Circuits UCI Women 's World Tour International Games Olympic Games Paralympic Games Commonwealth Games Asian Games Games of the Small States of Europe Island Games Pan American Games Central American and Caribbean Games Friendship Games Universiade Championships UCI Road World Championships World University Cycling Championship Continental African Asian European Oceania Pan American National road cycling championships UCI cycling teams WorldTeams Professional Continental Continental Women 's Teams Events Race stage Criterium Individual time trial Team time trial GND : 4185776 - 8 LCCN : n98020404 NDL : 00937423 SUDOC : 035748141 VIAF : 261446890 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tour_de_France&oldid=856593420 '' Categories : Tour de France Cycle races in France Grand Tour ( cycling ) Recurring sporting events established in 1903 UCI ProTour races UCI World Tour races 1903 establishments in France Annual sporting events in France July sporting events Summer events in France Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use dmy dates from July 2018 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with French - language external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles to be expanded from July 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles containing explicitly cited English - 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who decided where the capital city was going to be located			History of Washington , D.C.	history of washington, d. c.		Aerial photo of central Washington , D.C. The history of Washington , D.C. is tied to its role as the capital of the United States . Originally inhabited by an Algonquian - speaking people known as the Nacotchtank . the site of the District of Columbia along the Potomac River was first selected by President George Washington . The city came under attack during the War of 1812 in an episode known as the Burning of Washington . Upon the government 's return to the capital , it had to manage reconstruction of numerous public buildings , including the White House and the United States Capitol . The McMillan Plan of 1901 helped restore and beautify the downtown core area , including establishing the National Mall , along with numerous monuments and museums . Unique among cities with a high percentage of African Americans , Washington has had a significant black population since the city 's creation . As a result , Washington became both a center of African American culture and a center of Civil Rights Movement . Since the city government was run by the U.S. federal government , black and white school teachers were paid at an equal scale as workers for the federal government . It was not until the administration of Woodrow Wilson , a Southern Democrat who had numerous Southerners in his cabinet , that federal offices and workplaces were segregated , starting in 1913 . This situation persisted for decades : the city was racially segregated in certain facilities until the 1950s . Today , D.C. is marked by contrasts . Neighborhoods on the eastern periphery of the central city , and east of the Anacostia River tend to be disproportionately lower - income . Following World War II , many middle - income whites moved out of the city 's central and eastern sections to newer , affordable suburban housing , with commuting eased by highway construction . The assassination of Martin Luther King , Jr. in 1968 sparked major riots in chiefly African American neighborhoods east of Rock Creek Park . Large sections of the central city remained blighted for decades . By contrast , areas west of the Park , including virtually the entire portion of the District between the Georgetown and Chevy Chase neighborhoods ( the latter of which spills into neighboring Chevy Chase , Maryland ) , contain some of the nation 's most affluent and notable neighborhoods . During the early 20th century , the U Street Corridor served as an important center for African American culture in DC . The Washington Metro opened in 1976 . A rising economy and gentrification in the late 1990s and early 2000s led to revitalization of many downtown neighborhoods . Article One , Section 8 , of the United States Constitution places the District ( which is not a state ) under the exclusive legislation of Congress . Throughout its history , Washington , D.C. residents have therefore lacked voting representation in Congress . The Twenty - third Amendment to the United States Constitution , ratified in 1961 , gave the District representation in the Electoral College . The 1973 District of Columbia Home Rule Act provided the local government more control of affairs , including direct election of the city council and mayor . Contents 1 Early settlement 2 Founding 2.1 Establishment 2.2 Plan of the City of Washington 3 19th century 3.1 Economic development 3.2 War of 1812 3.3 Railroads arrive in Washington 3.4 Retrocession 3.5 Civil War era 3.6 Post-Civil War era 4 20th century 4.1 Civil rights 4.2 Home rule 5 21st century 5.1 Terrorism and security 5.2 Statehood movement 6 Changing demographics 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Early settlement ( edit ) Archaeological evidence indicates Native Americans settled in the area at least 4,000 years ago , around the Anacostia River . Early European exploration of the region took place early in the 17th century , including explorations by Captain John Smith in 1608 . At the time , the Patawomeck ( loosely affiliated with the Powhatan ) and the Doeg lived on the Virginia side , as well as on Theodore Roosevelt Island , while the Piscataway ( also known as Conoy ) tribe of Algonquians resided on the Maryland side . Native inhabitants within the present - day District of Columbia included the Nacotchtank , at Anacostia , who were affiliated with the Conoy . Another village was located between Little Falls and Georgetown , and English fur trader Henry Fleet documented a Nacotchtank village called Tohoga on the site of present - day Georgetown . The first colonial landowners in the present - day District of Columbia were George Thompson and Thomas Gerrard , who were granted the Blue Plains tract in 1662 , along with Saint Elizabeth , and other tracts in Anacostia , Capitol Hill , and other areas down to the Potomac River in the following years . Thompson sold his Capitol Hill properties in 1670 , including Duddington Manor , to Thomas Notley ; The Duddington property was handed down over the generations to Daniel Carroll , of Duddington . As European settlers arrived , they clashed with the Native Americans over grazing rights . In 1697 , Maryland authorities built a fort within what is now the District of Columbia . In that same year , the Conoy relocated to the west , near what is now The Plains , Virginia , and in 1699 they moved again , to Conoy Island near Point of Rocks , Maryland . Georgetown was established in 1751 when the Maryland legislature purchased sixty acres of land for the town from George Gordon and George Beall at the price of £ 280 , while Alexandria , Virginia was founded in 1749 . Situated on the fall line , Georgetown was the farthest point upstream to which oceangoing boats could navigate the Potomac River . The strong flow of the Potomac kept a navigable channel clear year - round ; and , the daily tidal lift of the Chesapeake Bay , raised the Potomac 's elevation in its lower reach ; such that fully laden ocean - going ships could navigate easily , all the way to the Bay . Gordon had constructed a tobacco inspection house along the Potomac in approximately 1745 . Warehouses , wharves , and other buildings were added , and the settlement rapidly grew . The Old Stone House , located in Georgetown , was built in 1765 and is the oldest standing building in the District . It did not take long before Georgetown grew into a thriving port , facilitating trade and shipments of tobacco and other goods from colonial Maryland . With the economic and population growth of Georgetown came also the founding of Georgetown University in 1789 , at its founding drawing students from as far away as the West Indies . Founding ( edit ) Establishment ( edit ) Territorial progression of Washington , D.C. The United States capital was originally located in Philadelphia , beginning with the First and Second Continental Congress , followed by the Congress of the Confederation upon gaining independence . In June 1783 , a mob of angry soldiers converged upon Independence Hall to demand payment for their service during the American Revolutionary War . Congress requested that John Dickinson , the governor of Pennsylvania , call up the militia to defend Congress from attacks by the protesters . In what became known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 , Dickinson sympathized with the protesters and refused to remove them from Philadelphia . As a result , Congress was forced to flee to Princeton , New Jersey , on June 21 , 1783 . Dickinson 's failure to protect the institutions of the national government was discussed at the Philadelphia Convention in 1787 . The delegates therefore agreed in Article One , Section 8 , of the United States Constitution to give the Congress the power : To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever , over such District ( not exceeding ten Miles square ) as may , by Cession of Particular States , and the Acceptance of Congress , become the Seat of the Government of the United States , and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be , for the Erection of Forts , Magazines , Arsenals , dock - Yards and other needful Buildings ; James Madison , writing in Federalist No. 43 , also argued that the national capital needed to be distinct from the states , in order to provide for its own maintenance and safety . The Constitution , however , does not select a specific site for the location of the new District . Proposals from the legislatures of Maryland , New Jersey , New York , and Virginia all offered territory for the location of the national capital . Northern states preferred a capital located in one of the nation 's prominent cities , unsurprisingly , almost all of which were in the north . Conversely , Southern states preferred that the capital be located closer to their agricultural and slave - holding interests . The selection of the area around the Potomac River , which was the boundary between Maryland and Virginia , both slave states , was agreed upon between James Madison , Thomas Jefferson , and Alexander Hamilton . Hamilton had a proposal for the new federal government to take over debts accrued by the states during the Revolutionary War . However , by 1790 , Southern states had largely repaid their overseas debts . Hamilton 's proposal would require Southern states to assume a share of Northern debt . Jefferson and Madison agreed to this proposal and in return secured a Southern location for the federal capital . On December 23 , 1788 , the Maryland General Assembly passed an act , allowing it to cede land for the federal district . The Virginia General Assembly followed suit on December 3 , 1789 . The signing of the federal Residence Act on July 16 , 1790 , mandated that the site for the permanent seat of government , `` not exceeding ten miles square '' ( 100 square miles ) , be located on the `` river Potomack , at some place between the mouths of the Eastern - Branch and Connogochegue '' . The `` Eastern - Branch '' is known today as the Anacostia River . The Connogocheque ( Conococheague Creek ) empties into the Potomac River upstream near Williamsport and Hagerstown , Maryland . The Residence Act limited to the Maryland side of the Potomac River the location of land that commissioners appointed by the President could acquire for federal use . The Residence Act authorized the President to select the actual location of the site . However , President George Washington wished to include the town of Alexandria , Virginia within the federal district . To accomplish this , the boundaries of the federal district would need to encompass an area on the Potomac that was downstream of the mouth of the Eastern Branch . The U.S. Congress amended the Residence Act in 1791 to permit Alexandria 's inclusion in the federal district . However , some members of Congress had recognized that Washington and his family owned property in and near Alexandria , which was just seven miles ( 11 km ) upstream from Mount Vernon , Washington 's home and plantation . The amendment therefore contained a provision that prohibited the `` erection of the public buildings otherwise than on the Maryland side of the river Potomac '' . The final site was just below the fall line on the Potomac , the furthest inland point navigable by boats ( see : Atlantic Seaboard fall line ) . It included the ports of Georgetown and Alexandria . The process of establishing the federal district , however , faced other challenges in the form of strong objections from landowners such as David Burns who owned a large , 650 - acre ( 260 ha ) tract of land in the heart of the district . On March 30 , 1791 , Burns and eighteen other key landowners relented and signed an agreement with Washington , where they would be compensated for any land taken for public use , half of remaining land would be distributed among the proprietors , and the other half to the public . Pursuant to the Residence Act , President Washington appointed three commissioners ( Thomas Johnson , Daniel Carroll , and David Stuart ) in 1791 to supervise the planning , design and acquisition of property in the federal district and capital city . In September 1791 , the three commissioners agreed to name the federal district as `` The Territory of Columbia , '' and the federal city as the `` City of Washington . '' On March 30 , 1791 , Washington issued a presidential proclamation that established `` Jones 's point , the upper cape of Hunting Creek in Virginia '' as the starting point for the federal district 's boundary survey . The proclamation also described the method by which the survey should determine the district 's boundaries . Working under the general supervision of the three commissioners and at the direction of President Washington , Major Andrew Ellicott , assisted by his brothers Benjamin and Joseph Ellicott , Isaac Roberdeau , Isaac Briggs , George Fenwick , and an African American astronomer , Benjamin Banneker , then proceeded to survey the borders of the Territory of Columbia with Virginia and Maryland during 1791 and 1792 . The survey team enclosed within a square an area containing the full 100 square miles ( 260 km ) that the Residence Act had authorized . Each side of the square was 10 miles ( 16 km ) long . The axes between the corners of the square ran north -- south and east -- west . The center of the square is within the grounds of the Organization of American States headquarters west of the Ellipse . The survey team placed sandstone boundary markers at or near every mile point along the sides of the square ( see : Boundary Markers of the Original District of Columbia ) . Many of these markers still remain . The south cornerstone is at Jones Point . The west cornerstone is at the west corner of Arlington County , Virginia . The north cornerstone is south of East - West Highway near Silver Spring , Maryland , west of 16th Street . The east cornerstone is east of the intersection of Southern Avenue and Eastern Avenue . On January 1 , 1793 , Andrew Ellicott submitted to the commissioners a report that stated that the boundary survey had been completed and that all of the boundary marker stones had been set in place . Ellicott 's report described the marker stones and contained a map that showed the boundaries and topographical features of the Territory of Columbia , The map identified the locations within the Territory of the planned City of Washington and its major streets , as well as the location of each boundary marker stone . Plan of the city of Washington ( edit ) Further information : Streets and highways of Washington , D.C. and L'Enfant Plan Facsimile of manuscript of Peter Charles L'Enfant's 1791 plan for the federal capital city ( U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey , 1887 ) . L'Enfant Plan of Washington Superimposed on the Rectangular System From which He Worked ( 1930 ) L'Enfant Plan for Washington , D.C. , as revised by Andrew Ellicott . Engraved by Thackara & Vallance sc . Printed from the same plate as map appearing in `` The universal asylum , and Columbian magazine '' , Philadelphia , March 1792 ( the first printed edition of the Plan of the City of Washington ) . A contemporary reprint of Samuel Hill 's 1792 print of Ellicott 's `` Plan of the City of Washington in the Territory of Columbia '' , published in `` Massachusetts Magazine '' , Boston , May 1792 , showing street names , lot numbers , coordinates and legends . Thackara & Vallance 's 1792 print of Ellicott 's `` Plan of the City of Washington in the Territory of Columbia ... '' , showing street names , lot numbers , coordinates , depths of the Potomak River and legends . In early 1791 , President Washington appointed Pierre ( Peter ) Charles L'Enfant to devise a plan for the new city in an area of land at the center of the federal territory that lay between the northeast shore of the Potomac River and the northwest shore of the Potomac 's Eastern Branch . L'Enfant then designed in his `` Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of the United States ... '' the city 's first layout , a grid centered on the United States Capitol , which would stand at the top of a hill ( Jenkins Hill ) on a longitude designated as 0 , 0 ° . The grid filled an area bounded by the Potomac River , the Eastern Branch ( now named the Anacostia River ) , the base of an escarpment at the Atlantic Seaboard Fall Line along which a street ( initially Boundary Street , now Florida Avenue ) would later travel , and Rock Creek . North - south and east - west streets formed the grid . Wider diagonal `` grand avenues '' later named after the states of the union crossed the grid . Where these `` grand avenues '' crossed each other , L'Enfant placed open spaces in circles and plazas that were later named after notable Americans . L'Enfant's broadest `` grand avenue '' was a 400 - foot - wide ( 122 m ) garden - lined esplanade , which he expected to travel for about 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) along an east -- west axis in the center of an area that the National Mall now occupies . A narrower avenue ( Pennsylvania Avenue ) connected the `` Congress house '' ( the Capitol ) with the `` President 's house '' ( the White House ) . In time , Pennsylvania Avenue developed into the capital city 's present `` grand avenue '' . L'Enfant's plan included a system of canals , one of which would travel near the western side of the Capitol at the base of Jenkins Hill . To be filled in part by the waters of Tiber Creek , the canal system would traverse the center of the city and would enter both the Potomac River and the Eastern Branch . On June 22 , L'Enfant presented his first plan for the federal city to President . On August 19 , he appended a new map to a letter that he sent to the President . President Washington retained one of L'Enfant's plans , showed it to Congress , and later gave it to the three Commissioners . The survey map may be one that L'Enfant appended to his August 19 letter to the President . L'Enfant subsequently entered into a number of conflicts with the three commissioners and others involved in the enterprise . During a contentious period in February 1792 , Andrew Ellicott , who had been conducting the original boundary survey of the future District of Columbia ( see : Boundary Markers of the Original District of Columbia ) and the survey of the federal city under the direction of the Commissioners , informed the Commissioners that L'Enfant had not been able to have the city plan engraved and had refused to provide him with the original plan ( of which L'Enfant had prepared several versions ) . Ellicott , with the aid of his brother , Benjamin Ellicott , then revised the plan , despite L'Enfant's protests . Some of Ellicott 's revisions , such as the straightening of the longer avenues , created minor changes to the city 's layout , including the removal of Square No. 15 from L'Enfant's original plan . Ellicott stated in his letters that , although he was refused the original plan , he was familiar with L'Enfant's system and had many notes of the surveys that he had made himself . It is therefore possible that Ellicott recreated the plan . Shortly thereafter , Washington dismissed L'Enfant . Ellicott gave the first version of his own plan to James Thakara and John Vallance of Philadelphia , who engraved , printed and published it . This version , printed in March 1792 , was the first Washington city plan that received wide circulation . After L'Enfant departed , Ellicott continued the city survey in accordance with his revised plan , several larger and more detailed versions of which were also engraved , published and distributed . As a result , Ellicott 's revisions became the basis for the capital city 's future development . In 1800 , the seat of government was finally moved to the new city , and on February 27 , 1801 , the District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801 placed the District under the jurisdiction of Congress . The act also organized the unincorporated territory within the District into two counties : the County of Washington on the northeast bank of the Potomac , and the County of Alexandria on the southwest bank . On May 3 , 1802 , the City of Washington was granted a municipal government consisting of a mayor appointed by the President of the United States . 19th century ( edit ) Economic development ( edit ) The District of Columbia relied on Congress for support for capital improvements and economic development initiatives . However , Congress lacked loyalty to the city 's residents and was reluctant to provide support . Congress did provide funding for the Washington City Canal in 1809 , after earlier private financing efforts were unsuccessful . Construction began in 1810 and the canal opened in late 1815 , connecting the Anacostia River with Tiber Creek . Construction of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal ( C&O ) began in Georgetown in 1828 . Construction westward through Maryland proceeded slowly . The first section , from Georgetown to Seneca , Maryland , opened in 1831 . In 1833 an extension was built from Georgetown eastward , connecting to the City Canal . The C&O reached Cumberland , Maryland in 1850 , although by that time it was obsolete as the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad ( B&O ) had arrived in Cumberland in 1842 . The canal had financial problems , and plans for further construction to reach the Ohio River were abandoned . War of 1812 ( edit ) The United States Capitol after the burning of Washington in the War of 1812 . Watercolor and ink depiction from 1814 , restored . City of Washington from Beyond the Navy Yard by George Cooke , 1833 , on display in the White House Oval Office During the War of 1812 , British forces conducted an expedition between August 19 and 29 , 1814 , that took and burned the capital city . On August 24 , the British routed an American militia , which had gathered at Bladensburg , Maryland to protect the capital ( see Battle of Bladensburg ) . The militia then abandoned Washington without a fight . President James Madison and the remainder of the U.S. government fled the capital shortly before the British arrived . The British then entered and burned the capital during the most notably destructive raid of the war . British troops set fire to the capital 's most important public buildings , including the Presidential Mansion ( the White House ) , the United States Capitol , the Arsenal , the Navy Yard , the Treasury Building , and the War Office , as well as the north end of the Long Bridge , which crossed the Potomac River into Virginia . The British , however , spared the Patent Office and the Marine Barracks . Dolley Madison , the first lady , or perhaps members of the house staff , rescued the Lansdowne Portrait , a full - length painting of George Washington by Gilbert Stuart , as the British approached the Mansion . The aftermath of the war kicked off a mild crisis with many northerners pushing for a relocation of the capitol with a vote brought to the floor of Congress proposing the removal of the government to Philadelphia . It was defeated 83 to 74 votes and the seat of government remained in Washington , D.C. Railroads arrive in Washington ( edit ) The B&O opened a rail line from Baltimore to Washington in 1835 . Passenger traffic on the Washington Branch had increased by the 1850s , as the company opened a large station in 1851 on New Jersey Avenue NW , just north of the Capitol . Further railroad development continued after the Civil War , with a new B&O line ( the Metropolitan Branch ) connecting Washington to the west , and the introduction of competition from the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad in the 1870s . In 1907 , Union Station opened as the city 's central terminal . Retrocession ( edit ) Main article : District of Columbia retrocession Map of the District of Columbia in 1835 , prior to the retrocession Almost immediately after the `` Federal City '' was laid out north of the Potomac , some residents south of the Potomac in Alexandria County , D.C. , began petitioning to be returned to Virginia 's jurisdiction . Over time , a larger movement grew to separate Alexandria from the District for several reasons : Alexandria 's economy had stagnated as competition with the port of Georgetown , D.C. , had begun to favor the north side of the Potomac , where most members of Congress and local federal officials resided . The Residence Act prohibited federal offices from locating in Virginia . Alexandria was a center for slave trading . There was increasing talk of abolition of slavery in the national capital . Alexandria 's economy would suffer if slavery were outlawed in the District of Columbia . There was an active abolition movement in Virginia , and the pro-slavery forces held a slim majority in the Virginia General Assembly . ( Eighteen years later , in the Civil War , the most anti-slavery counties would secede from Virginia to form West Virginia . ) If Alexandria and Alexandria County were retroceded to Virginia , they would provide two new pro-slavery representatives . The Alexandria Canal , which connected the C&O Canal to Alexandria , needed repairs , which the federal government was reluctant to fund . Alexandria 's residents had lost representation and the right to vote at any level of government . After a referendum , Alexandria County 's citizens petitioned Congress and Virginia to return the area to Virginia . By an act of Congress on July 9 , 1846 , and with the approval of the Virginia General Assembly , the area south of the Potomac ( 39 square miles or 100 square kilometers ) was returned , or `` retroceded , '' to Virginia effective in 1847 . The retroceded land was then known as Alexandria County , Virginia , and now includes a portion of the independent city of Alexandria and all of Arlington County , the successor to Alexandria County . A large portion of the retroceded land near the river was an estate of George Washington Parke Custis , who had supported the retrocession and helped develop the charter in the Virginia General Assembly for the County of Alexandria , Virginia . The estate ( Arlington Plantation ) would be passed on to his daughter ( the wife of Robert E. Lee ) , and would eventually become Arlington National Cemetery . See also : Alexandria County , D.C. Civil War era ( edit ) Further information : Washington , D.C. , in the American Civil War President Lincoln insisted that construction of the U.S. Capitol continue during the Civil War . A portion of the Washington Aqueduct opened in 1859 , providing drinking water to city residents and reducing their dependence on well water . The aqueduct , which was built by the US Army Corps of Engineers , opened for full operation in 1864 , using the Potomac River as its source . Washington remained a small city of a few thousand residents , virtually deserted during the summertime , until the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861 . President Abraham Lincoln created the Army of the Potomac to defend the federal capital , and thousands of soldiers came to the area . The significant expansion of the federal government to administer the war -- and its legacies , such as veterans ' pensions -- led to notable growth in the city 's population -- from 75,000 in 1860 to 132,000 in 1870 . Slavery was abolished throughout the District on April 16 , 1862 -- eight months before Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation -- with the passage of the Compensated Emancipation Act . The city became a popular place for freed slaves to congregate . Throughout the war , the city was defended by a ring of military forts that mostly deterred the Confederate army from attacking . One notable exception was the Battle of Fort Stevens in July 1864 in which Union soldiers repelled troops under the command of Confederate General Jubal A. Early . This battle was only the second time that a U.S. President came under enemy fire during wartime when Lincoln visited the fort to observe the fighting . ( The first had been James Madison during the War of 1812 . ) Meanwhile , over 20,000 sick and injured Union soldiers were treated in an array of permanent and temporary hospitals in the capital . On April 14 , 1865 , just days after the end of the war , Lincoln was shot in Ford 's Theatre by John Wilkes Booth during the play Our American Cousin . The next morning , at 7 : 22 am , President Lincoln died in the house across the street , the first American president to be assassinated . Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton said , `` Now he belongs to the ages . '' Post-civil War era ( edit ) Newspaper Row on Pennsylvania Avenue , Washington , D.C. , 1874 By 1870 , the District 's population had grown 75 % from the previous census to nearly 132,000 residents . Despite the city 's growth , Washington still had dirt roads and lacked basic sanitation . The situation was so bad that some members of Congress suggested moving the capital further west , but President Ulysses S. Grant refused to consider such a proposal . In response to the poor conditions in the capital , Congress passed the Organic Act of 1871 , which revoked the individual charters of the cities of Washington and Georgetown , and created a new territorial government for the whole District of Columbia . The act provided for a governor appointed by the President , a legislative assembly with an upper - house composed of eleven appointed council members and a 22 - member house of delegates elected by residents of the District , as well as an appointed Board of Public Works charged with modernizing the city . President Grant appointed Alexander Robey Shepherd , an influential member of the Board of Public Works , to the post of governor in 1873 . Shepherd authorized large - scale municipal projects , which greatly modernized Washington . However , the governor spent three times the money that had been budgeted for capital improvements and ultimately bankrupted the city . In 1874 , Congress abolished the District 's territorial government and replaced it with a three - member Board of Commissioners appointed by the President , of which one was a representative from the United States Army Corps of Engineers . The three Commissioners would then elect one of themselves to be president of the commission . An additional act of Congress in 1878 made the three - member Board of Commissioners the permanent government of the District of Columbia . The act also had the effect of eliminating any remaining local institutions such as the boards on schools , health , and police . The Commissioners would maintain this form of direct rule for nearly a century . The first motorized streetcars in the District began service in 1888 and spurred growth in areas beyond the City of Washington 's original boundaries . In 1888 , Congress required that all new developments within the District conform to the layout of the City of Washington . The City of Washington 's northern border of Boundary Street was renamed Florida Avenue in 1890 , reflecting growth of suburban areas in the County of Washington . The city 's streets were extended throughout the District starting in 1893 . An additional law passed in 1895 mandated that Washington formally absorb Georgetown , which until then had maintained a nominal separate identity , and renamed its streets . With a consolidated government and the transformation of suburban areas within the District into urban neighborhoods , the entire city eventually took on the name Washington , D.C. In the early 1880s , the Washington City Canal was covered over . Originally an expansion of Tiber Creek , the canal connected the Capitol with the Potomac , running along the north side of the Mall where Constitution Avenue is today . However , as the nation transitioned over to railroads for its transport , the canal had become nothing more than a stagnant sewer , and so it was removed . Some reminders of the canal still exist . South of the Capitol , a road named Canal Street connects Independence Avenue , SW , and E Street , SE ( although the northernmost section of the street was renamed Washington Avenue to commemorate the state of Washington ) . A lock keeper 's house built in 1835 at the eastern terminal of the C&O Canal ( where the C&O emptied into Tiber Creek and the Potomac River ) remains at the southwest corner of Constitution Avenue , NW , ( formerly B Street , NW ) and 17th Street , NW ( see : Lockkeeper 's House , C & O Canal Extension ) . The western end of the City Canal emptied into the Potomac and connected with the C&O Canal near the lock keeper 's house . One of the most important Washington architects of this period was the German immigrant Adolf Cluss . From the 1860s to the 1890s , he constructed over 80 public and private buildings throughout the city , including the National Museum , the Agriculture Department , Sumner and Franklin schools . The Washington Monument , a tribute to George Washington and the world 's tallest stone structure , was completed in 1884 . 20th century ( edit ) The National Mall was the centerpiece of the 1901 McMillan Plan . A central pathway traversed the length of the Mall . In 1901 , the Senate Park Improvement Commission of the District of Columbia ( the `` McMillan Commission '' ) , which Congress had formed the previous year , formulated the McMillan Plan , an architectural plan for the redevelopment of the National Mall . The commission was inspired by L'Enfant's 1791 plan for the city , which had not been fully realized . The members of the commission also sought to emulate the grandeur of European capitals such as Paris , London , and Rome . They were also strongly influenced by the City Beautiful movement , a Progressive ideology that intended to build civic virtue in the poor through important , monumental architecture . Several of the Commission members , including Daniel Burnham and Frederick Law Olmsted , Jr. had in fact participated in the 1893 World Columbian Exposition , which was widely popular and helped to spread interest in the City Beautiful movement . The McMillan Plan in many respects was an early form of urban renewal that removed many of the slums that surrounded the Capitol , replacing them with new public monuments and government buildings . The Plan proposed a redesign of the National Mall and the construction of the future Burnham - designed Union Station . World War I interrupted the execution of the Plan , but construction of the Lincoln Memorial in 1922 largely completed it . Although the McMillan Plan resulted in the demolition of some slums in the Federal Triangle area , substandard housing was a much larger problem in the city during the early 1900s , with large portions of the population living in so - called `` alley dwellings . '' Progressive efforts eventually led to the creation of the Alley Dwelling Authority in 1934 . The agency , led by John Ihlder , was an early example of a public housing agency , and was responsible for demolishing slum housing and building new units that were affordable , modern , and sanitary . During his first administration ( which started in 1913 ) , President Woodrow Wilson introduced segregation into several federal departments , for the first time since 1863 . He supported some cabinet appointees in their request for segregation of employees and creation of separate lunchrooms and restrooms . He was highly criticized for this , especially as he had attracted numerous votes from blacks . The policy held for decades . One advantage of federal rule over the District of Columbia was that the public school teachers were considered federal workers . Although the schools were segregated , black and white teachers were paid on an equal scale . The system attracted highly qualified teachers , especially for the M Street School ( later called Dunbar High School ) , the academic high school for African Americans . In July 1919 , whites , including uniformed sailors and soldiers , attacked blacks in Washington during Red Summer , when violence broke out in cities across the country . The catalyst in Washington was the rumored arrest of a black man for rape ; in four days of mob violence , white men randomly beat black people on the street , and pulled others off streetcars for attacks . When police refused to intervene , the black population fought back . Troops tried to restore order as the city closed saloons and theaters , but a summer rainstorm had a more dampening effect . A total of 15 people were killed : 10 whites , including two police officers ; and five blacks . Fifty people were seriously wounded and another 100 less severely wounded . The NAACP protested to President Wilson . In 1922 , Washington was hit by its deadliest natural disaster when the Knickerbocker Storm dumped 18 inches ( 46 cm ) of snow , causing the roof to collapse at the Knickerbocker Theater , a silent movie house . Ninety - eight people were killed , including a U.S. Congressman ; 133 were injured . On July 28 , 1932 , President Herbert Hoover ordered the United States Army to forcibly evict the `` Bonus Army '' of World War I veterans who gathered in Washington , D.C. , to secure promised veterans ' benefits early . U.S. troops dispersed the last of the `` Bonus Army '' the next day . General Dwight D. Eisenhower received a hero 's welcome in Washington , D.C. in June 1945 During the Great Depression of the 1930s , the city 's population grew rapidly with the creation of additional Federal agencies under the New Deal programs of President Franklin D. Roosevelt , during which most of the Federal Triangle buildings were constructed . World War II brought further population increases and a significant housing shortage , as existing residents were urged to rent rooms to the influx of Federal staffers who arrived from throughout the country . During the war , as many as 200,000 railroad passengers passed through Union Station in a single day . The Pentagon was built in nearby Arlington to efficiently consolidate Federal defense offices under one roof . One of the largest office buildings in the world , it was built rapidly during the early years of the war , partially opening in 1942 , and complete in 1943 . Civil Rights ( edit ) President Harry Truman ended de jure racial discrimination in the Armed Forces and federal workplaces in 1948 . Parks and recreation facilities in Washington remained segregated until 1954 . Public schools were desegregated soon after . When the city 's Board of Education began building the John Phillip Sousa Junior High , a group of parents from the Anacostia neighborhood petitioned to have the school admit black and white students . When it was constructed , the board declared that only whites could enroll . The parents sued in a case decided in the landmark Supreme Court ruling Bolling v. Sharpe . Partly due to the District 's unique status under the Constitution , the court decided unanimously that all of D.C. 's public schools had to be integrated . In the wake of this and the landmark 1954 Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education , the Eisenhower administration decided to make D.C. schools the first to integrate , as an example to the rest of the nation . Civil Rights marchers at the Lincoln Memorial , August 28 , 1963 . In 1957 , Washington became the first major city in the nation with a majority African - American population . Like many cities , it had received thousands of black people from the South in the Great Migration , starting during World War I and accelerating in the 1940s and 1950s . With the buildup of government and defense industries during World War II , many new residents found jobs . In the postwar years , whites who were better established economically began to move to newer housing in adjoining states in the suburbanization movement that occurred around most major cities . They were aided by the extensive highway construction undertaken by federal and state governments . On August 28 , 1963 , Washington took center stage in the Civil Rights Movement , with the March on Washington and Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. 's famed `` I Have a Dream '' speech at the Lincoln Memorial . Following the assassination of King on April 4 , 1968 , in Memphis , Washington was devastated by the riots that broke out in the U Street neighborhood and spread to other black areas , including Columbia Heights . The civil unrest drove many whites and middle - class blacks to move out of the city core . There had already been a steady movement of some residents to suburban locations in the search for newer housing and to avoid school integration . In the late 1960s and early 1970s , many businesses left the downtown and inner city areas , drawn to suburban malls and following residential development . Marks of riots scarred some neighborhoods into the late 1990s . Home Rule ( edit ) Main article : District of Columbia home rule The District elects a delegate to the House of Representatives , who has the usual rights of membership , such as seniority and committee membership , except there is no formal vote . The Twenty - third Amendment to the United States Constitution , ratified on March 29 , 1961 , gives the people a voice in the electoral college of the size of the smallest state ( three votes ) . In 1973 , Congress passed the District of Columbia Home Rule Act , ceding some of its power over the city to a new , directly elected city council and mayor . Walter Washington became the first elected mayor of Washington , D.C. The first 4.6 miles ( 7.4 km ) of the Washington Metro subway system opened on March 27 , 1976 , following years of acrimonious battles with Congress over funding and highway construction , including a rejected proposal to build a north - central freeway . The Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority had been created in 1973 through a merger of several local bus companies . Several new Metro stations such as Friendship Heights , Van Ness , Gallery Place , Columbia Heights , U Street , and Navy Yard -- Ballpark eventually became catalysts for commercial development . The Kennedy Center opened , as well as several new museums and historic monuments on and around the National Mall . In 1978 , Congress sent the District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment to the states for ratification . This amendment would have granted the District representation in the House , Senate , and Electoral College as if it were a state . The proposed amendment had a seven - year limit for ratification , and only sixteen states ratified it in this period . The city 's local government , particularly during the mayoralty of Marion Barry , was criticized for mismanagement and waste . Barry defeated incumbent mayor Walter Washington in the 1978 Democratic Party primary . Barry was then elected mayor , serving three successive four - year terms . During his administration in 1989 , The Washington Monthly magazine claimed that the District had `` the worst city government in America '' . After being imprisoned for six months on misdemeanor drug charges in 1990 , Barry did not run for reelection . In 1991 , Sharon Pratt Kelly became the first black woman to lead a major U.S. city . Barry was elected again in 1994 and by the next year the city had become nearly insolvent . In 1995 , Congress created the District of Columbia Financial Control Board to oversee all municipal spending and rehabilitate the city government . Mayor Anthony Williams won election in 1998 . His administration oversaw a period of greater prosperity , urban renewal , and budget surpluses . The District regained control over its finances in 2001 and the oversight board 's operations were suspended in September of that year . Williams did not seek reelection in 2006 . Council member Adrian Fenty defeated Council Chairwoman Linda Cropp in that year 's Democratic primary race to succeed Williams as mayor and started his term in 2007 . Shortly upon taking office , Fenty won approval from the city council to directly manage and overhaul the city 's under - performing public school system . However , Fenty lost a Democratic Party primary to former Council Chair Vincent Gray in August 2010 . Mayor Gray won the general election and assumed office in January 2011 with a pledge to bring economic opportunities to more of the city 's residents and under - served areas . 21st century ( edit ) On September 16 , 2013 , the Washington Navy Yard shooting occurred when lone gunman Aaron Alexis fatally shot twelve people and injured three others in a mass shooting at the headquarters of the Naval Sea Systems Command ( NAVSEA ) inside the Washington Navy Yard in the Southeast quadrant of the city . The attack , which took place in the Navy Yard 's Building 197 , began around 8 : 20 a.m. EDT and ended when Alexis was killed by police around 9 : 20 a.m. EDT . It was the second - deadliest mass murder on a U.S. military base , behind only the Fort Hood shooting in November 2009 . Terrorism and security ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Washington area was a main target of the September 11 , 2001 attacks . American Airlines Flight 77 was hijacked by five Islamic terrorists and flew into the Pentagon in Arlington County , Virginia , just across the Potomac River from Washington , killing 125 people inside the building , as well as 64 on board the airliner , including the five terrorists . United Airlines Flight 93 , which was also hijacked and which went down in an open field near Shanksville , Pennsylvania , supposedly intended to target either the White House or the U.S. Capitol . Since September 11 , 2001 , a number of high - profile incidents and security scares have occurred in Washington . In October 2001 , anthrax attacks , involving anthrax - contaminated mail sent to numerous members of Congress , infected 31 staff members , and killed two U.S. Postal Service employees who handled the contaminated mail at the Brentwood sorting facility . An FBI and DOJ investigation determined the likely culprit of the anthrax attacks to be Bruce Edwards Ivins , a scientist , but he committed suicide in July 2008 before formal charges were filed . During three weeks of October 2002 , fear spread among residents of the Washington area , during the Beltway Sniper attacks . Ten apparently random victims were killed , with three others wounded , before John Allen Muhammad and Lee Boyd Malvo were arrested on October 24 , 2002 . In 2003 and 2004 , a serial arsonist set over 40 fires , mainly in the District and the close - in Maryland suburbs , with one fire killing an elderly woman . A local man was arrested in the serial arson case in April 2005 and pleaded guilty . The toxin ricin was found in the mailroom of the White House in November 2003 and in the mailroom of U.S. Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist in February 2004 . After the September 11 attacks , security was increased in Washington . Screening devices for biological agents , metal detectors , and vehicle barriers became more commonplace at office buildings as well as government buildings . After the 2004 Madrid train bombings , local authorities decided to test explosives detectors on the vulnerable Washington Metro subway system . When U.S. forces in Pakistan raided a house suspected of being a terrorist hideout , they found information several years old about planned attacks on Washington , D.C. , New York City , and Newark , New Jersey . It was directed to intelligence officials . On August 1 , 2004 , the Secretary of Homeland Security put the city on Orange ( High ) Alert . A few days later , security checkpoints appeared in and around the Capitol Hill and Foggy Bottom neighborhoods , and fences were erected on monuments once freely accessible , such as the Capitol . Tours of the White House were limited to those arranged by members of Congress . Screening devices for biological agents , metal detectors , and vehicle barriers became more common at office buildings as well as government buildings and in transportation facilities . This ultra-tight security was referred to as `` Fortress Washington '' ; many people objected to `` walling off Washington '' based on information several years old . The vehicle inspections set up around the U.S. Capitol were removed in November 2004 . Statehood movement ( edit ) Main article : District of Columbia statehood movement See also : District of Columbia statehood referendum , 2016 On November 8 , 2016 , Washington voters were asked to advise the Council to approve or reject a proposal , which included advising the council to petition Congress to admit the District as the 51st State and to approve a constitution and boundaries for the new state . The voters of the District of Columbia voted overwhelmingly to advise the Council to approve the proposal , with 86 % of voters voting to advise approving the proposal . Challenges , including Republican opposition in Congress and constitutional issues , continue to cause problems for the movement . Changing demographics ( edit ) New migration patterns have appeared . Washington has a steadily declining black population , due to many African Americans ' leaving the city for suburbs . At the same time , the city 's Caucasian and Hispanic populations have steadily increased . Since 2000 there has been a 7.3 % decrease in the African - American population , and a 17.8 % increase in the European - American population . In addition , many African Americans are going to the South in a New Great Migration , because of family ties , increased opportunities and lower cost of living . They still are a majority in the city , comprising 51 percent of the population . See also ( edit ) Historical outline of the District of Columbia List of incidents of political violence in Washington , D.C. List of protest marches on Washington , D.C. Reportedly haunted locations in Washington , D.C. Timeline of Washington , D.C. Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wolgemuth , Kathleen L. ( April 1959 ) . `` Woodrow Wilson and Federal Segregation '' . The Journal of Negro History . 44 ( 2 ) : 158 -- 173 . doi : 10.2307 / 2716036 . JSTOR 2716036 . Jump up ^ MacCord , Howard A. ( 1957 ) . `` Archeology of the Anacostia Valley of Washington , D.C. and Maryland '' . Journal of Washington Academy of Sciences . 47 ( 12 ) . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) McAtee , p. 5 . ( 2 ) `` Nacotchtank : Encounters With The English '' . Museum of Learning . Discovery Media , Running Cloud10 V2. 1 - licensed to MuseumStuff.com . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2016 . Retrieved February 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Humphrey , Robert L. , Mary Elizabeth Chambers ( 1977 ) . Ancient Washington : American Indian Cultures of the Potomac Valley . George Washington University . p. 23 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ McAtee , Waldo Lee ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` A Sketch of the Natural History of the District of Columbia Together with an Indexed Edition of the U.S. Geological Survey 's 1917 Map of Washington and Vicinity '' . Press of H.L. & J.B. McQueen , Incorporated . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Delany , Kevin ( 1971 ) . A Walk Through Georgetown . Kevin Delany Publications . Jump up ^ Downing , Margaret Brent ( 1918 ) . `` The Earliest Proprietors of Capitol Hill '' . Records of the Columbia Historical Society . 21 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Harrison Williams , Legends of Loudoun , pp. 20 - 21 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , Robert L. , Mary Elizabeth Chambers ( 1977 ) . Ancient Washington : American Indian Cultures of the Potomac Valley . George Washington University . p. 27 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Ecker , Grace Dunlop ( 1933 ) . A Portrait of Old Georgetown . Garrett & Massie , Inc . pp. 1 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Lesko , Kathleen M. ; Valerie Babb ; Carroll R. Gibbs ( 1991 ) . Black Georgetown Remembered : A History of Its Black Community From The Founding Of `` The Town of George '' . Georgetown University Press . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` History of Georgetown University '' . Georgetown University . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Crew , Harvey W. ( April 6 , 1892 ) . `` Centennial History of the City of Washington , D.C. : With Full Outline of the Natural Advantages , Accounts of the Indian Tribes , Selection of the Site , Founding of the City ... to the Present Time '' . H.W. Crew . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Wikisource : Constitution of the United States of America Jump up ^ Madison , James ( April 30 , 1996 ) . `` The Federalist No. 43 '' . The Independent Journal . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ Crew , Harvey W. ( April 6 , 1892 ) . `` Centennial History of the City of Washington , D.C. : With Full Outline of the Natural Advantages , Accounts of the Indian Tribes , Selection of the Site , Founding of the City ... to the Present Time '' . H.W. Crew . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 1972 ) . `` Washington 's First Administration : 1789 -- 1793 '' . The Oxford History of the American People , Vol. 2 . Meridian . ^ Jump up to : Hazelton , George Cochrane ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` The national Capitol : its architecture , art and history '' . J.F. Taylor & company . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : An ACT for establishing the Temporary and Permanent Seat of the Government of the United States . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records of the Columbia Historical Society , Washington '' . The Society . April 6 , 1899 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Hazleton , p. 4 Jump up ^ Act to allow the capital to encompass areas to the south of the Eastern Branch , including Alexandria , Virginia ( 1791 ) , ch. 17 , 1 Stat. 214 - 215 Jump up ^ `` Records of the Columbia Historical Society , Washington '' . The Society . April 6 , 1899 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Crew , Harvey W. ( April 6 , 1892 ) . `` Centennial History of the City of Washington , D.C. : With Full Outline of the Natural Advantages , Accounts of the Indian Tribes , Selection of the Site , Founding of the City ... to the Present Time '' . H.W. Crew . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Washington , George . John C. Fitzpatrick , ed . Proclamation : Georgetown , March 30 , 1791 . The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources : 1745 - 1799 . 31 : January 22 , 1790 -- March 9 , 1792 . Washington : United States Government Printing Office ( August , 1939 ) . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 -- via Google Books . Now therefore for the purposes of amending and completing the location of the whole of the said territory of the ten miles square in conformity with the said amendatory act of Congress , I do hereby declare and make known that the whole of said territory shall be located and included within the four lines following , that is to say : Beginning at Jones 's point , the upper cape of Hunting Creek in Virginia , and at an angle in the outset of 45 degrees west of the north : ... Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Mathews , Catharine Van Cortlandt ( 1908 ) . Chapter IV : The City of Washington in the Territory of Columbia : 1791 -- 1793 . Andrew Ellicott : His Life and Letters . New York : Grafton Press . pp. 81 -- 86 . OCLC 1599880 -- via Google Books . ( 2 ) Bedini , Silvio A. ( 1970 ) . `` Benjamin Banneker and the Survey of the District of Columbia , 1791 '' ( PDF ) . Records of the Columbia Historical Society . 47 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on January 14 , 2013 . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 -- via boundarystones.org . ( 3 ) Bedini , Silvio A. ( Spring -- Summer 1991 ) . `` The Survey of the Federal Territory : Andrew Ellicott and Benjamin Banneker '' . Washington History . Washington , D.C. : Historical Society of Washington , D.C. 3 ( 1 ) . JSTOR 40072968 . ^ Jump up to : National Capital Planning Commission ( 1976 ) . Boundary markers of the Nation 's Capital : a proposal for their preservation & protection : a National Capital Planning Commission Bicentennial report . Washington , D.C. : National Capital Planning Commission ; For sale by the Superintendent of Documents , United States Government Printing Office . OCLC 3772302 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 22 -- via HathiTrust . Digital Library . Jump up ^ The Junior League of Washington ( 1977 ) . Thomas Froncek , ed . The City of Washington : An Illustrated History . Knopf . Jump up ^ Coordinates of the south cornerstone of the original District of Columbia : 38 ° 47 ′ 25 '' N 77 ° 02 ′ 26 '' W / 38.7903461 ° N 77.040596 ° W / 38.7903461 ; - 77.040596 ( South cornerstone of the original District of Columbia ) from Boundary Stones of the District of Columbia in website of boundary stones.org . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Coordinates of the west cornerstone of the original District of Columbia : 38 ° 53 ′ 36 '' N 77 ° 10 ′ 20 '' W / 38.8933522 ° N 77.1723408 ° W / 38.8933522 ; - 77.1723408 ( West cornerstone of the original District of Columbia ) from Boundary Stones of the District of Columbia in website of boundary stones.org Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Coordinates of the north cornerstone of the original District of Columbia : 38 ° 59 ′ 45 '' N 77 ° 02 ′ 28 '' W / 38.9959371 ° N 77.0410332 ° W / 38.9959371 ; - 77.0410332 ( North cornerstone of the original District of Columbia ) from Boundary Stones of the District of Columbia in website of boundary stones.org . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Coordinates of the east cornerstone of the original District of Columbia : 38 ° 53 ′ 34 '' N 76 ° 54 ′ 33 '' W / 38.8928553 ° N 76.909277 ° W / 38.8928553 ; - 76.909277 ( East cornerstone of the original District of Columbia ) from Boundary Stones of the District of Columbia in website of boundary stones.org . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Stewart , p. 57 . ( 2 ) Ellicott , Andrew ( 1793 ) . `` Territory of Columbia '' . Maps . Library of Congress . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Notes : ... Accompanied by positive and negative photocopies of 3 letters dated 1793 relating to the map , 1 of which signed by : And'w Ellicott . ^ Jump up to : L'Enfant , Peter Charles ; United States Coast and Geodetic Survey ; United States Commissioner of Public Buildings ( 1887 ) . `` Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t ( he ) United States : projected agreeable to the direction of the President of the United States , in pursuance of an act of Congress passed the sixteenth day of July , MDCCXC , `` establishing the permanent seat on the bank of the Potowmac '' : ( Washington , D.C. ) `` . Washington : United States Coast and Geodetic Survey . LCCN 88694201 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 05 . Facsimile of the 1791 L'Enfant plan in Repository of the Library of Congress Geography and Map Division , Washington , D.C. Jump up ^ Partridge , William T. ( 1930 ) . L'Enfant's Methods And Features of His Plan For The Federal City . Reports and plans , Washington region : supplementary technical data to accompany annual report : National Capital Planning Commission . Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office . p. 33 . OCLC 15250016 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 04 -- via HathiTrust Digital Library . ^ Jump up to : `` Original Plan of Washington , D.C. '' American Treasures of the Library of Congress : Imagination . Washington , D.C. : Library of Congress . January 14 , 2005 . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2008 . Retrieved August 3 , 2008 . Note : The plan that this web page describes identifies the plan 's author as `` Peter Charles L'Enfant '' . The web page nevertheless identifies the author as `` Pierre - Charles L'Enfant . '' L'Enfant identified himself as `` Peter Charles L'Enfant '' during most of his life , while residing in the United States . He wrote this name on his Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t ( he ) United States ... ( Washington , D.C. ) and on other legal documents . However , during the early 1900s , a French ambassador to the U.S. , Jean Jules Jusserand , popularized the use of L'Enfant's birth name , `` Pierre Charles L'Enfant '' . ( Reference : Bowling , Kenneth R ( 2002 ) . Peter Charles L'Enfant : vision , honor , and male friendship in the early American Republic . George Washington University , Washington , D.C. ISBN 978 - 0 - 9727611 - 0 - 9 ) . The National Park Service has identified L'Enfant as `` Major Peter Charles L'Enfant '' and as `` Major Pierre ( Peter ) Charles L'Enfant '' in its histories of the Washington Monument on its website . The United States Code states in 40 U.S.C. § 3309 : `` ( a ) In General. -- The purposes of this chapter shall be carried out in the District of Columbia as nearly as may be practicable in harmony with the plan of Peter Charles L'Enfant . '' ^ Jump up to : L'Enfant , P.C. ( August 19 , 1791 ) . `` Letter to The President of the United States '' . Records of the Columbia Historical Society ( 1899 ) . 2 : 38 -- 48 . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Federal Writers ' Project ( 1937 ) . Washington , City and Capital : Federal Writers ' Project . Works Progress Administration / United States Government Printing Office . p. 210 . ( 2 ) `` High resolution image of central portion of The L'Enfant Plan for Washington , with transcribed excerpts of key to map '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 23 . ( 3 ) `` Enlarged image of central portion of The L'Enfant Plan for Washington '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 23 . ( 4 ) Passanneau , Joseph R. ( 2004 ) . Washington Through Two Centuries : A History in Maps and Images . New York : The Monacelli Press , Inc . pp. 14 -- 16 , 24 -- 27 . ISBN 1 - 58093 - 091 - 3 . OCLC 53443052 . ( 5 ) Faethz , E.F.M. ; Pratt , F.W. ( 1874 ) . `` Sketch of Washington in embryo , viz : Previous to its survey by Major L'Enfant : Compiled from the rare historical researches of Dr. Joseph M. Toner ... combined with the skill of S.R. Seibert C.E. '' Map in the collection of the Library of Congress . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 03 . ( 6 ) Freedom Plaza in downtown D.C. contains an inlay of the central portion of L'Enfant's plan at coordinates 38 ° 53 ′ 45 '' N 77 ° 01 ′ 51 '' W / 38.8959 ° N 77.0307 ° W / 38.8959 ; - 77.0307 ( Freedom Plaza ) Jump up ^ L'Enfant , P.C. ( June 22 , 1791 ) . `` To George Washington from Pierre - Charles L'Enfant , 22 June 1791 '' . Founders Online . National Archives and Records Administration . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records of the Columbia Historical Society , Washington '' . The Society . April 6 , 1899 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Passanneau , Joseph R. ( 2004 ) . Washington Through Two Centuries : A History in Maps and Images . New York : The Monacelli Press , Inc . pp. 14 -- 16 , 24 -- 27 . ISBN 1 - 58093 - 091 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` L'Enfant's Dotted line map of Washington , D.C. , 1791 , before Aug. 19th . '' Library of Congress . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` A Washington DC Map Chronology '' . dcsymbols.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Tindall , William ( 1914 ) . `` IV . The First Board of Commissioners '' . Standard History of the City of Washington From a Study of the Original Sources . Knoxville , Tennessee : H.W. Crew and Company . pp. 148 -- 149 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : `` Records of the Columbia Historical Society , Washington '' . The Society . April 6 , 1899 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Ellicott , Andrew ( February 23 , 1792 ) . `` To Thomas Johnson , Daniel Carroll and David Stuart , Esqs . '' In Arnebeck , Bob . `` Ellicott 's letter to the commissioners on engraving the plan of the city , in which no reference is made to Banneker '' . The General and the Plan . Bob Arnebeck 's Web Pages . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Phillips , Philip Lee ( 1917 ) . The Beginnings of Washington , As Described in Books , Maps and Views . Washington , D.C. : Published for the author . pp. 29 -- 30 . OCLC 420824175 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 29 -- via Google Books . ( 2 ) Bartlett , Dr. G. Hunter ( 1922 ) . Frank H. Severance , ed . `` Andrew and Joseph Ellicott : The Plans of Washington City and the Village of Buffalo and Some of the Persons Concerned '' . Publications of the Buffalo Historical Society : Recalling Pioneer Days . Buffalo , New York : Buffalo Historical Society . 26 : 7 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 29 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Kite , from L'Enfant and Washington '' in website of Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon , Ancient Free and Accepted Masons ( Freemasons ) . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Partridge , William T. ( 1930 ) . L'Enfant's Methods And Features of His Plan For The Federal City . Reports and plans , Washington region : supplementary technical data to accompany annual report : National Capital Planning Commission . Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office . p. 23 . OCLC 15250016 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 04 . At HathiTrust Digital Library . Jump up ^ Plan of the City of Washington in Washington Map Society official website . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Bowling , Kenneth R. ( 1988 ) . Creating the federal city , 1774 - 1800 : Potomac fever . Washington , D.C. : American Institute of Architects Press . Jump up ^ Bryan , Wilhelmus B. ( 1899 ) . `` Something About L'Enfant And His Personal Affairs '' . Records of the Columbia Historical Society . 2 : 113 . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ The L'Enfant and McMillan Plans in `` Washington , D.C. , A National Register of Historic Places Travel Inventory '' in official website of the U.S. National Park Service Accessed August 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Washington Map Society : Plan of the City of Washington . The U.S. National Archives holds a copy of `` Ellicott 's engraved Plan superimposed on the Plan of L'Enfant showing the changes made in the engraved Plan under the direction of President Washington '' . See `` Scope & Contents '' page of `` Archival Description '' for National Archives holding of `` Miscellaneous Oversize Prints , Drawings and Posters of Projects Associated with the Commission of Fine Arts , compiled 1893 -- 1950 '' , ARC Identifier 518229 / Local Identifier 66 - M ; Series from Record Group 66 : Records of the Commission of Fine Arts , 1893 -- 1981 . Record of holding obtained through search in Archival Descriptions Search of ARC -- Archival Research Catalog using search term L'Enfant Plan Ellicott , 2008 - 08 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Gillette , Jr. , Howard ( 1995 ) . Between Justice and Beauty : Race , Planning , and the Failure of Urban Policy in Washington , D.C . Johns Hopkins University Press . ^ Jump up to : Heine , Cornelius W. ( 1953 ) . `` The Washington City Canal '' . Records of the Columbia Historical Society . 53 -- 56 : 1 -- 27 . JSTOR 40067664 . Now called Historical Society of Washington , DC . Archived January 15 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Chesapeake and Ohio Canal : A Guide to Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park . Handbook 142 . Washington , DC : National Park Service , U.S. Department of the Interior . 1991 . p. 15 . ISBN 0 - 912627 - 43 - 3 . Jump up ^ Mackintosh , Barry ( 1991 ) . C&O Canal : The Making of A Park . Washington , DC : National Park Service , U.S. Department of the Interior . Jump up ^ Hahn , Thomas ( 1984 ) . The Chesapeake & Ohio Canal : Pathway to the Nation 's Capital . Metuchen , NJ : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 1732 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` James Madison '' . Orange County , Virginia : James Madison Museum . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 27 . Did Dolley Madison really save Washington 's portrait from the British ? According to Madison 's slave and personal valet , Paul Jennings , she did not . According to Jennings , `` It has often been stated in print , that when Mrs. Madison escaped from the White House , she cut out from the frame the large portrait of Washington ( now in one of the parlors there ) , and carried it off . This is totally false . She had no time for doing it . It would have required a ladder to get it down . All she carried off was the silver in her reticule , as the British were thought to be but a few squares off , and were expected every moment . John Suse ' ( Jean - Pierre Sioussat ) ( a Frenchman , then door - keeper , and still living ) and Magraw , the President 's gardener , took it down and sent it off on a wagon , with some large silver urns and such other valuables as could be hastily got hold of . '' Jump up ^ `` Which Washington , D.C. Building Was Burned Down in 1812 ? - Ghosts of DC '' . ghostsofdc.org . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Dilts , James D. ( 1996 ) . The Great Road : The Building of the Baltimore and Ohio , the Nation 's First Railroad , 1828 -- 1853 . Palo Alto , CA : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 2629 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Harwood , Herbert H. , Jr. ( 1994 ) . Impossible Challenge II : Baltimore to Washington and Harpers Ferry from 1828 to 1994 . Baltimore , MD : Barnard , Roberts & Co . ISBN 0934118221 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions About Washington , D.C '' . Historical Society of Washington , D.C. Archived from the original on March 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Harry C. Ways , `` The Washington Aqueduct : 1852 -- 1992 . '' ( Baltimore , MD : U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , Baltimore District , 1996 ) Jump up ^ `` History of D.C. Emancipation '' . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2008 . Retrieved October 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Stevens Battle Summary '' . Jump up ^ `` Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race , 1790 to 1990 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . September 13 , 2002 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 26 , 2008 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bordewich , Fergus M. ( 2008 ) . Washington : the making of the American capital . HarperCollins . p. 272 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 084238 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` An Act to provide a Government for the District of Columbia '' . Statutes at Large , 41st Congress , 3rd Session . Library of Congress . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dodd , Walter Fairleigh ( 1909 ) . The government of the District of Columbia . Washington , D.C. : John Byrne & Co. pp. 40 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Wilcox , Delos Franklin ( 1910 ) . Great cities in America : their problems and their government . The Macmillan Company . pp. 27 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Gilmore , Matthew ( July 2001 ) . `` Who were the Commissioners of the District , 1874 -- 1967 ? '' . H - DC . Humanities & Social Sciences Online . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ William A. Richardson , ed. ( 1891 ) . Supplement to the Revised statutes of the United States , Volume 1 ( 2 ed . ) . Washington : United States Government Printing Office . pp. 173 -- 80 . Jump up ^ `` History of Self - Government in the District of Columbia '' . Council of the District of Columbia . 2008 . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2009 . Retrieved December 29 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Kathryn Schneider Smith , ed. ( 2010 ) . Washington at Home : An Illustrated History of Neighborhoods in the Nation 's Capital ( 2 ed . ) . Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 1 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 9353 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Laws relating to the permanent system of highways outside of the cities of Washington and Georgetown . Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office . 1908 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Tindall , William ( 1907 ) . Origin and government of the District of Columbia . U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Coordinates of Canal Street : 38 ° 53 ′ 07 '' N 77 ° 00 ′ 40 '' W / 38.885304 ° N 77.0111454 ° W / 38.885304 ; - 77.0111454 ( Canal Street ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` Lock Keeper 's House '' marker in website of HMdb.org : The Historical Marker Database . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 26 . ( 2 ) Coordinates of lock keeper 's house : 38 ° 53 ′ 31 '' N 77 ° 02 ′ 23 '' W / 38.8919305 ° N 77.0397498 ° W / 38.8919305 ; - 77.0397498 ( Lock keeper 's house from Washington branch of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` Washington City Canal : Plaque beside the Lockkeeper 's House marking the former location of in Washington , D.C. in website of dcMemorials.com : Memorials , monuments , statues & other outdoor art in the Washington D.C. area & beyond , by M. Solberg . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 26 . ( 2 ) `` The Washington City Canal '' marker in website of HMdb.org : The Historical Marker Database . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Canal Connection '' marker in website of HMdb.org : The Historical Marker Database . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Adolf Cluss as the dominant architect for the Red Brick City '' . Jump up ^ National Park Service , Washington , D.C. ( 2012 ) . `` Washington Monument : History & Culture . '' Jump up ^ The L'Enfant and McMillan Plans in `` Washington , D.C. , A National Register of Historic Places Travel Inventory '' in official website of the U.S. National Park Service . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Weller , Charles Frederick ; Weller , Eugenia Winston ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` Neglected Neighbors : Stories of Life in the Alleys , Tenements and Shanties of the National Capital '' . J.C. Winston . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Kathleen L. Wolgemuth , `` Woodrow Wilson and Federal Segregation '' , The Journal of Negro History , Vol. 44 , No. 2 ( April 1959 ) , p. 158 Jump up ^ Thomas Sowell , `` The Education of Minority Children '' in Thomas Sowell website . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Kenneth D. Ackerman , Young J. Edgar : Hoover , the Red Scare , and the Assault on Civil Liberties ( NY : Carroll & Graf , 2007 , ISBN 978 - 1619450011 ) , 60 -- 2 Jump up ^ New York Times : `` Protest Sent to Wilson , '' July 22 , 1919 . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Knickerbocker Theatre Tragedy - Ghosts of DC '' . ghostsofdc.org . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Fogle , Jeanne ( 2009 ) . A Neighborhood Guide to Washington , D.C. 's Hidden History . Charleston , SC : The History Press . p. 45 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59629 - 652 - 7 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Defense . `` The Pentagon : Facts & Figures . '' Archived April 14 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 2013 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Constance McL . Green , Secret City : History of Race Relations in the Nation 's Capital ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Lindsay M. Silver ( 2007 ) . `` The Nation 's Neighborhood '' : The People , Power , and Politics of Capitol Hill Since the Civil War . ProQuest . p. 183 . Jump up ^ Powell , Michael ( July 20 , 2007 ) . `` Poor Management , Federal Rule , Undermine Services '' . The Washington Post . p . A01 . Retrieved June 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ DeParle , Jason ( January 1 , 1989 ) . `` The worst city government in America '' . The Washington Monthly . Retrieved June 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marion Barry '' . WETA Public Broadcasting . 2001 . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2005 . Retrieved September 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sharon Pratt Kelly '' . WETA Public Broadcasting . 2001 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2006 . Retrieved September 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Janofsky , Michael ( April 8 , 1995 ) . `` Congress creates board to oversee Washington , D.C. '' The New York Times . Retrieved May 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` District Government Achieves Balanced Budget and Clean Audit Opinion for FY 2003 '' . D.C. Office of the Chief Financial Officer . January 30 , 2004 . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2009 . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ DeBonis , Mike ( January 30 , 2011 ) . `` After 10 years , D.C. control board is gone but not forgotten '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nakamura , David ( April 20 , 2007 ) . `` Fenty 's School Takeover Approved '' . Washington Post . Retrieved December 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Nikita ( January 2 , 2011 ) . `` Vincent Gray inaugurated as D.C. mayor '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 12 Victims Killed , 8 Wounded in Shooting at D.C. Navy Yard , Suspected Gunman Killed '' . NBC Washington . September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Simon , Richard ; Cloud , David S. ; Bennett , Brian ( September 16 , 2013 ) . `` Navy Yard shooter ' had a pattern of misconduct ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gabbatt , Adam ( September 16 , 2013 ) . `` Washington DC shooting : Aaron Alexis named as navy yard gunman -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Willman , David ( August 1 , 2008 ) . `` Apparent suicide in anthrax case '' . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 -- via LA Times . Jump up ^ `` DC Voters Elect Gray to Council , Approve Statehood Measure '' . 4 NBC Washington . November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Washington 's Black Majority Is Shrinking '' . Associated Press . September 16 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Census 2000 Demographic Profile Highlights '' . United States Census Bureau . 2001 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Frey , William H. `` The New Great Migration : Black Americans ' Return to the South , 1965 -- 2000 '' Archived April 28 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , May 2004 , pp. 1 -- 4 , accessed Mar 19 , 2008 , The Brookings Institution References ( edit ) Crew , Harvey W. ; Webb , William Bensing ; Wooldridge , John ( 1892 ) . Centennial History of the City of Washington , D.C. Dayton , Ohio : United Brethren Publishing House . LCCN 06028029 . OCLC 2843595 . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 -- via Google Books . Hazleton , George Cochrane , Jr. ( 1914 ) . The National Capitol : Its Architecture , Art , and History . New York : J.F. Taylor & Company . LCCN 96845486 . OCLC 1848763 . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 -- via Google Books . Stewart , John ( 1898 ) . `` Early Maps and Surveyors of the City of Washington , D.C. '' Records of the Columbia Historical Society . 2 : 48 -- 71 . OCLC 40326234 . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 -- via Google Books . Further reading ( edit ) See also : Timeline of Washington , D.C. § Bibliography Abbott , Carl . Political Terrain : Washington , D.C. , From Tidewater Town to Global Metropolis ( U of North Carolina Press , 1999 ) . Allgor , Catherine . Parlor Politics : In Which the Ladies of Washington Help Build a City and a Government ( U of Virginia Press , 2002 ) Borchardt , Gregory M. `` Making DC Democracy 's Capital : Local Activism , the'Federal State ' , and the Struggle for Civil Rights in Washington , DC . '' ( PhD Diss . The George Washington University , 2013 ) online Borchert , James . Alley Life in Washington : Family , Community , Religion , and Folklife in the City , 1850 - 1970 ( U of Illinois Press , 1980 ) . Bryan , Wilhelmus Bogart ( 1914 ) . A History of the National Capital from its Foundation through the Period of the Adoption of the Organic Act . 1 : 1790 - 1814 . New York : The MacMillan Company . OCLC 902842081 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 27 -- via HathiTrust Digital Library . Clark - Lewis , Elizabeth . Living In , Living Out : African American Domestics in Washington , D.C. , 1910 - 1940 ( 2010 ) * `` Editorial Note : Locating the Federal District '' . Founders Online . National Historical Publications & Records Commission : U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Fauntroy , Michael K. Home Rule or House Rule : Congress and the Erosion of Local Governance in the District of Columbia ( University Press of America , 2003 ) Gilbert , Ben W. Ten Blocks from the White House : Anatomy of the Washington Riots of 1968 ( New York : Praeger Publishers , 1968 ) . Goode , James M. The outdoor sculpture of Washington , DC : A comprehensive historical guide ( George Braziller , 1974 ) Green , Constance McL . Washington : A History of the Capital ( Princeton U.P. 2 vol 1976 ) comprehensive scholarly history Green , Constance McL . Secret City : History of Race Relations in the Nation 's Capital ( 1969 ) Harrison , Robert . Washington during Civil War and Reconstruction : Race and Radicalism ( Cambridge University Press , 2011 ) 343pp ; online review Jaffe , Harry . Dream City : Race , Power , and the Decline of Washington ( Simon & Schuster , 1994 ) Lessoff , Alan . The Nation and Its City : Politics , `` Corruption , '' and Progressive in Washington , D.C. , 1861 -- 1902 ( Johns Hopkins University Press , 1994 ) Lewis , Tom . Washington : A History of Our National City ( New York : Basic , 2015 ) . xxx , 521 pp . Masur , Kate . An Example for all the Land : Emancipation and the Struggle Over Equality in Washington , D.C. ( U of North Carolina Press , 2010 ) . Ovason , David . The Secret Architecture of Our Nation 's Capital : the Masons and the building of Washington , D.C. ( 2002 ) . ISBN 0 - 06 - 019537 - 1 Roe , Donald . `` The Dual School System in the District of Columbia , 1862 - 1954 : Origins , Problems , Protests , '' Washington History , 16 # 2 ( Fall / Winter 2004 - 05 ) , 26 - 43 . Sandage , Scott A . `` A Marble House Divided : The Lincoln Memorial , the Civil Rights Movement , and the Politics of Memory , 1939 - 1963 , '' Journal of American History , 80 # 1 ( 1993 ) , 135 - 167 . in JSTOR Savage , Kirk . Monument wars : Washington , DC , the national mall , and the transformation of the memorial landscape ( U of California Press , 2009 ) Smith , Sam . Captive Capital : Colonial Life in Modern Washington ( 1974 ) Solomon , Burt . The Washington Century : Three Families and the Shaping of the Nation 's Capital ( Harper Collins , 2004 ) . Terrell , Mary Church . `` History of the High School for Negroes in Washington , '' Journal of Negro History 2 # 3 ( 1917 ) , 252 - 266 . in JSTOR Winkle , Kenneth J. Lincoln 's Citadel : The Civil War in Washington , DC ( 2013 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of Washington , D.C. . The Historical Society of Washington , D.C. Guide to Washington , D.C. , Materials from the Library of Congress Washington D.C. history discussion list on H - Net Ghosts of DC - A Washington , D.C. history blog `` History DC Area Directory '' . DCpages.com . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2011 . Retrieved January 8 , 2011 . External link in publisher = ( help ) The Seat of Empire : a history of Washington , D.C. 1790 to 1861 Ovason , David , The Secret Architecture of Our Nation 's Capital : the Masons and the building of Washington , D.C. , New York City : Perennial , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 019537 - 1 ISBN 978 - 0060195373 History of the United States by polity States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. 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great green gobs of greasy gopher guts lyrics			Great green gobs of greasy , grimy gopher guts	great green gobs of greasy, grimy gopher guts	The song `` Great Green Gobs of Greasy , Grimy Gopher Guts '' is a children 's public domain playground song popular throughout the United States . Dating back to at least the mid-20th century , the song is sung to the tune of `` The Old Gray Mare '' . The song , especially popular in school lunchrooms and at summer camps , presents macabre horrors through cheerful comedy while allowing children to explore taboo images and words especially as they relate to standards of cleanliness and dining . Many local and regional variations of the lyrics exist , but whatever variant , they always entail extensive use of the literary phonetic device known as an alliteration which helps to provide an amusing description of animal body parts and fluids not normally consumed by Americans .	Contents 1 Song versions 1.1 Smithsonian Folkways version 1.2 Canadian version 1.3 Indiana Version 1.4 California Version 1.5 Texas Version 1.6 Michigan Version 1.7 West Michigan Version 1.8 Massachusetts Version 1.9 Western Massachusetts Version 1.10 St. Louis Version 1.11 Connecticut Version 1.12 New York Version 1.13 Upstate New York Version 1.14 Western New York Girl Scout Version 1.15 Eastern Pennsylvania Version 1.16 Western Pennsylvania Version 1.17 Alternate Suburban Philadelphia Version 1.18 Pittsburgh version 1.19 Washington version 1.20 Seattle Version 1.21 North Seattle Version 1.22 Georgia version 1.23 Florida Version 1.24 South Florida Version 1.25 New Jersey version 1.26 Northern New Jersey version ( circa 1970s ) 1.27 Bizarre Foods America rap version 1.28 Northeast Ohio version circa 1970s - 1980s 1.29 Northeast Ohio version circa 1990s 1.30 North Central Illinois version circa 1970s 1.31 Northern Illinois Version 1.32 Chicago Area Version circa 1950 1.33 Ren and Stimpy Version 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading Song versions ( edit ) Smithsonian Folkways version ( edit ) The song appears on the Smithsonian Folkways compilation release entitled A Fish That 's A Song , a collection of traditional public domain children 's songs from the United States performed by Mika Seeger . The Smithsonian release appears to be derived from an earlier 1959 release entitled The Sounds Of Camp . The lyrics performed by Mika Seeger are as follows : Great green globs of greasy , grimy gopher guts , Mutilated monkey meat . French fried flamingo feet . French fried eyeballs swimming in a pool of blood And me without my spoon . Canadian version ( edit ) Great Green Gobs of Greasy Grimy Gopher Guts Mutilated Monkey meat Concentrated birdie feet Pig Snot Camel Rot Turn It Into Wonder Bread But I Forgot My Spoon But I brought a Straaaaaaaaaaw Indiana Version ( edit ) Great , green gobs of greasy , grimy gopher guts Mutilated monkey meat Very dirty birdie feet Pale , pink , piles of petrified pelican puke And me without my spoon California Version ( edit ) Great , green gobs of greasy , grimey gopher guts Marinated monkey meat French fried parakeet All wrapped up in fuzzy wuzzy beetle brain Pass the eyeball soup And the gravy please ! Another variation from Burbank , California , mid-1960's ... Gobs and gobs of greasy , grimy gopher 's guts Mutilated monkey 's meat . Itty - bitty birdie 's feet . Miles and miles of French fried eyeballs swimming in a pool of blood . I forgot my spoon ! Texas Version ( edit ) Great green globs of greasy , grimy gopher guts Mutilated monkey 's meat . Bitty Baby Birdy feet French fried eyeballs soaking in a pool of blood , And me without a spoon ( But there 's a straw ... ) We are smarter than you think ( well , some ) Michigan Version ( edit ) Great Green Gobs of Greasy Grimy Gopher Guts Mutilated Monkey Feet Chopped Up Baby Parakeet Great Big Eyeballs Swimming in a Pool of Blood Gee ! I Forgot My Spoon ! West Michigan Version ( edit ) Great Green Gobs of Greasy Grimy Gopher Guts Mutilated monkey butts Little tiny birdy feet Horses eyeballs all in a pool of blood And I forgot my spoon Massachusetts Version ( edit ) Big green globs of greasy , grimy gopher guts Mutilated monkey meat Little birdy 's bloody ( var . dirty ) feet All wrapped up in all - purpose porpoise pus Floating in my pink lemonade Without a straw Western massachusetts version ( edit ) Great green gobs of greasy , grimy gopher guts Mutilated monkey meat Little birdy 's dirty feet A one pound jar of all purpose porpoise pus Swimming in Pink Lemonade ( Bum Bum Bum ) Scab Sandwich , Pus on Top ( ma ma ma ) Monkey Vomit , Camel Snot Eagle eyeballs rolled in glue I brought a big ole spoon for you . St. louis version ( edit ) Great green gobs of greasy , grimy gopher guts , Mutilated monkey meat , Chopped up parrot feet . French fried eye balls , Swimmin ' in a pool of blood , Eat it with out a spoon . Burp . Connecticut version ( edit ) Great green globs of greasy grimy gopher guts , Chopped up monkey meat , Isolated dirty feet , French fried eyeballs , And I forgot my spoon . New york version ( edit ) Lyrics of a more extensive version from New York City was in use during the 1990s as follows : Yankee Doodle went to town a-ridin ' on a gopher Bumped into a garbage can and this is what fell over : Great green gobs of greasy , grimy gopher guts , Mutilated monkey meat , chopped up baby parakeet . French - fried eyeballs rolling down the street . Oops , I forgot my spoon ! So they gave me a split - splat , pus - on - top , Monkey vomit and camel snot , All wrapped up in birdie poo , So eat it , ( name ) , it 's good for you ! With vitamin C , and protein too And do n't forget the doggie doo ! Upstate New York Version ( edit ) Recalled from the 1970s is another verse including `` quarts and quarts of all purpose porpoise pus '' Western New York Girl Scout Version ( edit ) Great green gobs of greasy grimy gopher guts Mutilated monkey meat Itty bitty birdy feet Great green gobs of greasy grimy gopher guts And I forgot my spoon . But luckily I have my straw ! Eastern Pennsylvania Version ( edit ) Great big globs of greasy grimy gopher guts Mutilated monkey meat All mixed in with All - Purpose Porpoise Pus And me without a spoon ( add on line ) But with a straw ! Western Pennsylvania Version ( edit ) Great big gobs of greasy grimy gopher guts Mutilated monkey meat Little dirty birdy feet French - fried eyeballs swimming in a pool of blood And I forgot my spoon ( But not my straw ... ) Alternate Suburban Philadelphia Version ( edit ) This version was popular in the western suburbs of Philadelphia ( Delaware and Chester counties and probably beyond ) in the 1970s and 1980s at least : Great green gobs of greasy grimy gopher guts Mutilated monkey meat Chopped - up baby parakeet French fried eyeballs rolling down the dirty street That 's what I had for lunch Without a straw ! Pittsburgh version ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following version was sung in the mid-1950s in the Shadyside and East Liberty neighborhoods of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . Great green globs of greasy grimy gopher guts , Mutilated monkey meat , dirty little birdy feet , Great green globs of greasy grimy gopher guts , And me without my spoon . This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This alternate Pittsburgh version was sung in the 1980s in the Shadyside and East Liberty neighborhoods of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , as well as the eastern suburbs . Great green globs of greasy grimy gopher guts , Mutilated monkey meat , little dirty birdy feet , Those are the things that I really like to eat , And I forgot my spoon . This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Another suburban Pittsburgh variant of the song dated near c. 2005 Great green globs of gooey , gooey gopher guts , Mutilated monkey meat , Little birdy 's dirty feet , All wrapped up in pickle - pepper porpoise pus , Sitting in pink lemonade ( without a straw ) . Washington version ( edit ) Great green gobs of greasy grimy gopher guts , constipated camel feet , mutilated monkey meat , all bunched up with french fried eyeballs , and I forgot my spoon ! Seattle version ( edit ) Great green gobs of greasy grimy gopher guts , Mutilated monkey meat , Little dirty birdie feet , French fried eyeballs in a pool of blood , And I forgot my spoon ! North seattle version ( edit ) Great green gobs of greasy grimy gopher guts , Mutilated monkey meat , Chopped up chicken feet , Mealworm vomit rolling down the street , And I forgot my fork ! Georgia version ( edit ) As made popular by local Atlanta comedian Daniel Weinstein in 1970s Great green gobs of greasy grimy gopher guts , Mutilated monkey meat , Chopped up parakeet . French fried eyeballs , Rolling down the dirty street , Oops I forgot my spoon ! Florida Version ( edit ) Sung in southern Florida circa 1990 : Great green gobs of greasy grimy gopher guts , Mutilated monkey meat , Chopped up dirty birdy feet , French fried eyeballs , Rollin ' in a bowl of blood , * Slurp * Oops I forgot my spoon ! South Florida Version ( edit ) Sung in South Florida in the 1970s . Great green gobs of greasy grimy gopher guts , Mutilated monkey meat , Little birdies turdy feet , All wrapped up in pretty purple porpoise pus , And me without a straw , Got a straw ? ya * Slurp * Blah ! New jersey version ( edit ) This version was sung in the 1960s and 1970s , in the Livingston area . Great green gobs of greasy grimy gopher guts , Mutilated monkey meat , French fried parakeet , All mixed together with fuzzy wuzz y beetle brains That 's what we had for lunch . Northern new jersey version ( circa 1970s ) ( edit ) Great green gobs of greasy grimy gopher guts , Mutilated monkey meat , Little birdy 's dirty feet , French fried eyeballs floating in a frying pan . I forgot my spoon , so give me a scab sandwich with pus on top , Monkey vomit and camel snot , elephant eyeballs cut in two , eat it , it 's good for you . Bizarre Foods America rap version ( edit ) Bizarre Foods America , a cooking show which began airing in 2012 on cable television 's Travel Channel , uses a hip - hop version for its theme song . The rapped lyrics are backed by keyboards and electronically produced drum beats . Northeast ohio version circa 1970s - 1980s ( edit ) Great big gobs of greasy , grimey gopher guts , Mutilated monkey meat , Little birdies dirty feet , French fried eyeballs sitting in butterscotch . And I forgot my spoon . All gone . Northeast ohio version circa 1990s ( edit ) Great green globs of greasy , grimy gopher guts , Chewed - up little birdie feet , Mutilated monkey meat , Chopped - up eyeballs frying in a frying pan , And I forgot my spoon . North central illinois version circa 1970s ( edit ) Great green gobs of greasy grimy gopher guts , Mutilated monkey meat , Little birdies dirty feet , French fried eyeballs rolling in a hot pan , That 's what I had for lunch today ! Northern Illinois Version ( edit ) Great green gobs of greasy grimy gopher guts Chopped up baby parakeet Mutilated monkeys feet French fried eyeballs Swimming in a pool of blood I forgot my spoon ! But remembered my straw ... Chicago Area Version circa 1950 ( edit ) Great green gobs of greasy grimy gopher guts Mutilated monkey meat Amputated birdie feet One full pint of all - purpose porpoise pus And me without my spoon ! Ren and Stimpy Version ( edit ) This version was sung by Stimpy in the Ren and Stimpy episode `` Jiminy Lummox '' while using Ren 's false teeth to cook food Great Green Gobs of Greasy Grimy Gopher Guts Teeny weeny birdies feet French fried eyeballs Smothered in a pool of blood And me without a spoon ... See also ( edit ) Children 's street culture Dead Skunk References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lansky , Bruce and Stephen Carpenter , I 've Been Burping in the Classroom , p 10 . Meadowbrook , 2007 . Jump up ^ Westfahl , Gary , et al , Foods of the Gods : Eating and the Eaten in Fantasy and Science Fiction , p 79 . University of Georgia Press , 1996 . Jump up ^ Bronner , Simon J. , American Children 's Folklore , pp 81 - 82 . August House , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Booklet notes to the Smithsonian Folkways recording '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 27 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Tucker , Elizabeth . Children 's Folklore : A Handbook , p 66 . Greenwood Publishing Group , 2008 . Jump up ^ Statement from Livingston , NJ Resident Further reading ( edit ) Josepha Sherman and T.K.F. Weisskopf , Greasy Grimy Gopher Guts : The Subversive Folklore of Childhood ( August House , 1995 ) . Pifer , Lynn. `` Greasy Grimy Gopher Guts : The Subversive Folklore of Childhood . '' review of book by Sherman and Weisskopf ) . Journal of American Folklore . Washington : Winter 1997. Vol. 110 , Iss. 435 ; pg. 105 del Negro , Janice . `` Professional reading -- Greasy Grimy Gopher Guts : The Subversive Folklore of Childhood by Josepha Sherman and T.K.F. Weiskopt . '' book review in The Booklist . Chicago : April 15 , 1996. Vol. 92 , Iss. 16 ; pg. 1448 Ian Turner , June Factor , Wendy Lowenstein , Cinderella Dressed in Yella , 2nd Edition ( Heinemann , 1978 ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Green_Gobs_of_Greasy,_Grimy_Gopher_Guts&oldid=856080757 '' Categories : Traditional children 's songs Children 's street culture American folk songs Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles needing additional references from February 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from February 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 August 2018 , at 18 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Green%20Gobs%20of%20Greasy%2C%20Grimy%20Gopher%20Guts	1,866
hold my hand i am a stranger in paradise			Stranger in Paradise ( song )	stranger in paradise ( song )	`` Stranger in Paradise '' is a popular song from the musical Kismet ( 1953 ) , and is credited to Robert Wright and George Forrest . Like almost all the music in that show , the melody was taken from music composed by Alexander Borodin ( 1833 -- 1887 ) , in this case , the `` Gliding Dance of the Maidens '' , from the Polovtsian Dances in the opera Prince Igor ( 1890 ) . The song in the musical is a lovers ' duet and describes the transcendent feelings that love brings to their surroundings . Later versions were mostly edited to be sung by male solo artists .	Meaning ( edit ) In Act 1 of the musical Kismet , the beautiful Marsinah is viewing the garden of a house her father wishes to buy . The young Caliph , who is dressed in disguise , has already been struck by her beauty from afar and enters the garden pretending to be a gardener , so that he might speak to her . She begins to sing about how the garden has been strangely transformed before her eyes . He takes over the song and sings about how he , too , strangely feels he has entered paradise when he stands beside an angel such as she . In the song he asks for an indication that she feels the same way about him . Though she feels a strong draw to him she breaks from the song and asks him a mundane question about what flowers to plant . He asks her to meet him again in the garden at moonrise , and she instantly agrees . He asks her to promise she 'll keep her rendezvous , and she now takes up the song , singing that it was his face that had made her feel in paradise . They now sing together that they are in bliss in each other 's company and how much they need to know the other cares . Notable performances ( edit ) Richard Kiley and Doretta Morrow performed the song in the original cast of Kismet ( 1953 ) . Vic Damone and Ann Blyth performed the song in the 1955 film . The most popular version was sung by Tony Bennett ( 1953 ) , but other versions by The Four Aces ( backed by the Jack Pleis Orchestra ) and Tony Martin also received popular favor in 1954 . Bennett 's version reached number one in the UK Singles Chart in May 1955 . It was not until 1955 that Kismet , and thus the songs from the show , came to London . It was Bennett 's debut hit record in the United Kingdom . The huge popularity of `` Stranger in Paradise '' in the UK is reflected by the fact that no fewer than six versions charted in 1955 : besides the chart topper by Tony Bennett , others include the versions by the Four Aces ( No. 6 ) , Tony Martin ( No. 6 ) , Bing Crosby ( No. 17 ) , Don Cornell ( No. 19 ) , as well as an instrumental version by Eddie Calvert ( No. 14 ) in the UK chart listings . Billy Eckstine with the Hal Mooney Orchestra , Mose Allison , Sarah Brightman , Ray Conniff , Sammy Davis , Jr. , Percy Faith , Al Hirt , Engelbert Humperdinck , Gordon MacRae , Johnny Mathis , Keely Smith , Ray Conniff , Curtis Counce , Isaac Hayes , the Ink Spots , Jack Jones , Mantovani , Martin Denny , Wes Montgomery , André Rieu , Saint Etienne , Alexander Armstrong , George Shearing , Sun Ra , the Supremes and Toots Thielemans are among the other artists who have recorded cover versions of this standard . Neil Young has performed the song live . In 1965 , the Ventures released their version of the song , renamed `` The Stranger '' and `` Ten Seconds To Heaven '' . An instrumental arrangement of the song is used in the 1979 Russ Meyer movie Beneath the Valley of the Ultra-Vixens . In the film Breakfast of Champions ( 1999 ) , based on the book of the same name by Kurt Vonnegut , Jr. , the song is used as a recurring motif . In the 2001 anime series RahXephon the song is used as a recurring motif . In 2011 , Tony Bennett rerecorded the song as a duet with Andrea Bocelli for Bennett 's album Duets II . Also in 2011 , the anime Appleseed XIII used instrumental versions of the song for both its starting and ending themes . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Stranger In Paradise - Kismet on YouTube Full duet version in the 1955 by MGM movie . Jump up ^ Tony Bennett - stranger in paradise on YouTube Edited lyrics in a male solo version Jump up ^ Recordings by ' The Four Aces ( Jack Pleis Orch ) ' ^ Jump up to : Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 54 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Rice , Jo ( 1982 ) . The Guinness Book of 500 Number One Hits ( 1st ed . ) . Enfield , Middlesex : Guinness Superlatives Ltd. p. 19 . ISBN 0 - 85112 - 250 - 7 . Jump up ^ Al Hirt , Trumpet and Strings Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Preceded by `` Oh ! My Pa - Pa ( Oh , Mein Papa ) '' Cash Box magazine best selling record chart No. 1 record February 6 , 1954 Succeeded by `` Oh ! My Pa - Pa ( Oh , Mein Papa ) '' Preceded by `` Oh ! My Pa - Pa ( Oh , Mein Papa ) '' Cash Box magazine best selling record chart No. 1 record February 27 , 1954 Succeeded by `` Secret Love '' Preceded by `` Cherry Pink and Apple Blosson White '' by Perez Prado UK Singles Chart Number 1 single Tony Bennett 13 May 1955 for two weeks Succeeded by `` Cherry Pink and Apple Blosson White '' by Eddie Calvert Edward Knoblock 's Kismet ( 1911 ) Films Kismet ( 1920 silent ) Kismet ( 1930 ) Kismet ( 1944 ) Kismet ( 1955 ) Other Kismet ( 1953 musical ) Timbuktu ! ( 1978 musical ) Songs `` Fate '' `` Baubles , Bangles , & Beads '' `` Stranger in Paradise '' `` And This Is My Beloved '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stranger_in_Paradise_(song)&oldid=788083955 '' Categories : 1953 songs 1954 singles Songs from musicals Songs written by Robert Wright ( writer ) Songs written by George Forrest ( author ) UK Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in the United States Popular songs based on classical works Talk About Wikipedia Español Français עברית 日本語 Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 29 June 2017 , at 10 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stranger%20in%20Paradise%20%28song%29	1,867
what is the leading cause of respiratory disease			Respiratory disease	respiratory disease	Respiratory disease is a medical term that encompasses pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms , and includes conditions of the upper respiratory tract , trachea , bronchi , bronchioles , alveoli , pleura and pleural cavity , and the nerves and muscles of breathing . Respiratory diseases range from mild and self - limiting , such as the common cold , to life - threatening entities like bacterial pneumonia , pulmonary embolism , acute asthma and lung cancer .	The study of respiratory disease is known as pulmonology . A doctor who specializes in respiratory disease is known as a pulmonologist , a chest medicine specialist , a respiratory medicine specialist , a respirologist or a thoracic medicine specialist . Respiratory diseases can be classified in many different ways , including by the organ or tissue involved , by the type and pattern of associated signs and symptoms , or by the cause of the disease . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chronic respiratory disease 2 Restrictive lung diseases 3 Respiratory tract infections 3.1 Upper respiratory tract infection 3.2 Lower respiratory tract infection 4 Tumors 4.1 Malignant tumors 4.2 Benign tumors 5 Pleural cavity diseases 6 Pulmonary vascular disease 7 Neonatal diseases 8 Diagnosis 9 Epidemiology 10 References Chronic respiratory disease ( edit ) Chronic respiratory diseases ( CRDs ) are diseases of the airways and other structures of the lung . This disease could be characterized by a high inflammatory cells recruitment ( neutrophil ) and / or destructive cycle of infection , ( e.g. mediated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa ) . Some of the most common are asthma , chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , or acute respiratory distress syndrome . CRDs are not curable , however , various forms of treatment that help dilate major air passages and improve shortness of breath can help control symptoms and increase the quality of life for people with the disease . it usually lasts for three months to two years Restrictive lung diseases ( edit ) Age - standardised disability - adjusted life year ( DALY ) rates from respiratory diseases by country ( per 100,000 inhabitants ) . Restrictive lung diseases are a category of respiratory disease characterized by a loss of lung compliance , causing incomplete lung expansion and increased lung stiffness , such as in infants with respiratory distress syndrome . Respiratory tract infections ( edit ) Infections can affect any part of the respiratory system . They are traditionally divided into upper respiratory tract infections and lower respiratory tract infections . Upper respiratory tract infection ( edit ) The most common upper respiratory tract infection is the common cold . However , infections of specific organs of the upper respiratory tract such as sinusitis , tonsillitis , otitis media , pharyngitis and laryngitis are also considered upper respiratory tract infections . Lower respiratory tract infection ( edit ) The most common lower respiratory tract infection is pneumonia , an infection of the lungs which is usually caused by bacteria , particularly Streptococcus pneumoniae in Western countries . Worldwide , tuberculosis is an important cause of pneumonia . Other pathogens such as viruses and fungi can cause pneumonia for example severe acute respiratory syndrome and pneumocystis pneumonia . A pneumonia may develop complications such as a lung abscess , a round cavity in the lung caused by the infection , or may spread to the pleural cavity . Poor oral care may be a contributing factor to lower respiratory disease . New research suggests bacteria from gum disease travel through airways and into the lungs . Tumors ( edit ) Malignant tumors ( edit ) Malignant tumors of the respiratory system , particularly primary carcinomas of the lung , are a major health problem responsible for 15 % of all cancer diagnoses and 30 % of all cancer deaths . The majority of respiratory system cancers are attributable to smoking tobacco . The major histological types of respiratory system cancer are : Small cell lung cancer Non-small cell lung cancer Adenocarcinoma of the lung Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung Large cell lung carcinoma Other lung cancers ( carcinoid , Kaposi 's sarcoma , melanoma ) Lymphoma Head and neck cancer Pleural mesothelioma , almost always caused by exposure to asbestos dust . In addition , since many cancers spread via the bloodstream and the entire cardiac output passes through the lungs , it is common for cancer metastases to occur within the lung . Breast cancer may invade directly through local spread , and through lymph node metastases . After metastasis to the liver , colon cancer frequently metastasizes to the lung . Prostate cancer , germ cell cancer and renal cell carcinoma may also metastasize to the lung . Treatment of respiratory system cancer depends on the type of cancer . Surgical removal of part of a lung ( lobectomy , segmentectomy , or wedge resection ) or of an entire lung pneumonectomy ) , along with chemotherapy and radiotherapy , are all used . The chance of surviving lung cancer depends on the cancer stage at the time the cancer is diagnosed , and to some extent on the histology , and is only about 14 - 17 % overall . In the case of metastases to the lung , treatment can occasionally be curative but only in certain , rare circumstances . Benign tumors ( edit ) Benign tumors are relatively rare causes of respiratory disease . Examples of benign tumors are : Pulmonary hamartoma Congenital malformations such as pulmonary sequestration and congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation ( CCAM ) . Pleural cavity diseases ( edit ) Pleural cavity diseases include pleural mesothelioma which are mentioned above . A collection of fluid in the pleural cavity is known as a pleural effusion . This may be due to fluid shifting from the bloodstream into the pleural cavity due to conditions such as congestive heart failure and cirrhosis . It may also be due to inflammation of the pleura itself as can occur with infection , pulmonary embolus , tuberculosis , mesothelioma and other conditions . A pneumothorax is a hole in the pleura covering the lung allowing air in the lung to escape into the pleural cavity . The affected lung `` collapses '' like a deflated balloon . A tension pneumothorax is a particularly severe form of this condition where the air in the pleural cavity can not escape , so the pneumothorax keeps getting bigger until it compresses the heart and blood vessels , leading to a life - threatening situation . Pulmonary vascular disease ( edit ) Pulmonary vascular diseases are conditions that affect the pulmonary circulation . Examples are : Pulmonary embolism , a blood clot that forms in a vein , breaks free , travels through the heart and lodges in the lungs ( thromboembolism ) . Large pulmonary emboli are fatal , causing sudden death . A number of other substances can also embolise ( travel through the blood stream ) to the lungs but they are much more rare : fat embolism ( particularly after bony injury ) , amniotic fluid embolism ( with complications of labour and delivery ) , air embolism ( iatrogenic - caused by invasive medical procedures ) . Pulmonary arterial hypertension , elevated pressure in the pulmonary arteries . Most commonly it is idiopathic ( i.e. of unknown cause ) but it can be due to the effects of another disease , particularly COPD . This can lead to strain on the right side of the heart , a condition known as cor pulmonale . Pulmonary edema , leakage of fluid from capillaries of the lung into the alveoli ( or air spaces ) . It is usually due to congestive heart failure . Pulmonary hemorrhage , inflammation and damage to capillaries in the lung resulting in blood leaking into the alveoli . This may cause blood to be coughed up . Pulmonary hemorrhage can be due to auto - immune disorders such as granulomatosis with polyangiitis and Goodpasture 's syndrome . Neonatal diseases ( edit ) Pulmonary diseases may also impact newborns , such as pulmonary hyperplasia and Infant respiratory distress syndrome . Diagnosis ( edit ) Respiratory diseases may be investigated by performing one or more of the following tests Biopsy of the lung or pleura Blood test Bronchoscopy Chest x-ray Computed tomography scan , including high - resolution computed tomography Culture of microorganisms from secretions such as sputum Ultrasound scanning can be useful to detect fluid such as pleural effusion Pulmonary function test Ventilation -- perfusion scan Epidemiology ( edit ) Deaths from respiratory diseases per million persons in 2012 19 - 125 126 - 169 170 - 196 197 - 225 226 - 275 276 - 308 309 - 365 366 - 440 441 - 593 594 - 1,227 Respiratory disease is a common and significant cause of illness and death around the world . In the US , approximately 1 billion `` common colds '' occur each year . A study found that in 2010 , there were approximately 6.8 million emergency department visits for respiratory disorders in the U.S. for patients under the age of 18 . In 2012 , respiratory conditions were the most frequent reasons for hospital stays among children . In the UK , approximately 1 in 7 individuals are affected by some form of chronic lung disease , most commonly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , which includes asthma , chronic bronchitis and emphysema . Respiratory diseases ( including lung cancer ) are responsible for over 10 % of hospitalizations and over 16 % of deaths in Canada . In 2011 , respiratory disease with ventilator support accounted for 93.3 % of ICU utilization in the United States . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sengupta , Nandini ; Sahidullah , Md ; Saha , Goutam ( August 2016 ) . `` Lung sound classification using cepstral - based statistical features '' . Computers in Biology and Medicine . 75 ( 1 ) : 118 -- 129 . doi : 10.1016 / j. compbiomed. 2016.05. 013 . Jump up ^ http://www.who.int/respiratory/en/ Jump up ^ Sharma , Sat . `` Restrictive Lung Disease '' . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Respiratory Disease & Oral Health '' . unitedconcordia.com . Jump up ^ American Academy of Periodontology , kpmjkk 2008 Jump up ^ `` National Institutes of Health -- common cold '' . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Wier , L.M. ; Hao , Y. ; Owens , P. ; Washington , R. ( May 2013 ) . `` Overview of Children in the Emergency Department , 2010 '' . HCUP Statistical Brief # 157 . Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality . Rockville , MD . Jump up ^ Witt WP , Wiess AJ , Elixhauser A ( December 2014 ) . `` Overview of Hospital Stays for Children in the United States , 2012 '' . HCUP Statistical Brief # 186 . Rockville , MD : Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality . Jump up ^ `` British Lung Foundation - Facts about ukinnam respiratory disease '' . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Public Health Agency of Canada - Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Control Chronic Respiratory Diseases '' . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Barrett ML , Smith MW , Elizhauser A , Honigman LS , Pines JM ( December 2014 ) . `` Utilization of Intensive Care Services , 2011 '' . HCUP Statistical Brief # 185 . Rockville , MD : Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Diseases and disorders of the respiratory system . Diseases of the respiratory system ( J , 460 -- 519 ) Upper RT ( including URTIs , common cold ) Head sinuses Sinusitis nose Rhinitis Vasomotor rhinitis Atrophic rhinitis Hay fever Nasal polyp Rhinorrhea nasal septum Nasal septum deviation Nasal septum perforation Nasal septal hematoma tonsil Tonsillitis Adenoid hypertrophy Peritonsillar abscess Neck pharynx Pharyngitis Strep throat Laryngopharyngeal reflux ( LPR ) Retropharyngeal abscess larynx Croup Laryngomalacia Laryngeal cyst Laryngitis Laryngopharyngeal reflux ( LPR ) Laryngospasm vocal folds Laryngopharyngeal reflux ( LPR ) Vocal fold nodule Vocal fold paresis Vocal cord dysfunction epiglottis Epiglottitis trachea Tracheitis Laryngotracheal stenosis Lower RT / lung disease ( including LRTIs ) Bronchial / obstructive acute Acute bronchitis chronic COPD Chronic bronchitis Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis Acute exacerbation of COPD Emphysema ) Asthma ( Status asthmaticus Aspirin - induced Exercise - induced Bronchiectasis unspecified Bronchitis Bronchiolitis Bronchiolitis obliterans Diffuse panbronchiolitis Interstitial / restrictive ( fibrosis ) External agents / occupational lung disease Pneumoconiosis Asbestosis Baritosis Bauxite fibrosis Berylliosis Caplan 's syndrome Chalicosis Coalworker 's pneumoconiosis Siderosis Silicosis Talcosis Byssinosis Hypersensitivity pneumonitis Bagassosis Bird fancier 's lung Farmer 's lung Lycoperdonosis Other ARDS Pulmonary edema Löffler 's syndrome / Eosinophilic pneumonia Respiratory hypersensitivity Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis Hamman - Rich syndrome Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Sarcoidosis Obstructive or restrictive Pneumonia / pneumonitis By pathogen Viral Bacterial Pneumococcal Klebsiella ) Atypical bacterial Mycoplasma Legionnaires ' disease Chlamydiae Fungal Pneumocystis Parasitic noninfectious Chemical / Mendelson 's syndrome Aspiration / Lipid By vector / route Community - acquired Healthcare - associated Hospital - acquired By distribution Broncho - Lobar IIP UIP DIP BOOP - COP NSIP RB Other Atelectasis circulatory Pulmonary hypertension Pulmonary embolism Lung abscess Pleural cavity / mediastinum Pleural disease Pleuritis / pleurisy Pneumothorax / Hemopneumothorax Pleural effusion Hemothorax Hydrothorax Chylothorax Empyema / pyothorax Malignant Fibrothorax Mediastinal disease Mediastinitis Mediastinal emphysema Other / general Respiratory failure Influenza SARS Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period / fetal disease ( P , 760 -- 779 ) Maternal factors and complications of pregnancy , labour and delivery placenta : Placenta praevia Placental insufficiency Twin - to - twin transfusion syndrome chorion / amnion : Chorioamnionitis umbilical cord : Umbilical cord prolapse Nuchal cord Single umbilical artery Length of gestation and fetal growth Small for gestational age / Large for gestational age Preterm birth / Postmature birth Intrauterine growth restriction Birth trauma scalp Cephalhematoma Chignon Caput succedaneum Subgaleal hemorrhage Brachial plexus lesion Erb 's palsy Klumpke paralysis By system Respiratory Intrauterine hypoxia Infant respiratory distress syndrome Transient tachypnea of the newborn Meconium aspiration syndrome pleural disease Pneumothorax Pneumomediastinum Wilson -- Mikity syndrome Bronchopulmonary dysplasia Cardiovascular Pneumopericardium Persistent fetal circulation Haemorrhagic and hematologic disease Vitamin K deficiency Haemorrhagic disease of the newborn HDN ABO Anti-Kell Rh c Rh D Rh E Hydrops fetalis Hyperbilirubinemia Kernicterus Neonatal jaundice Velamentous cord insertion Intraventricular hemorrhage Germinal matrix hemorrhage Anemia of prematurity Digestive Ileus Necrotizing enterocolitis Meconium peritonitis Integument and thermoregulation Erythema toxicum Sclerema neonatorum Nervous system Perinatal asphyxia Periventricular leukomalacia Musculoskeletal Gray baby syndrome muscle tone Congenital hypertonia Congenital hypotonia Infectious Vertically transmitted infection Neonatal infection Congenital rubella syndrome Neonatal herpes simplex Mycoplasma hominis infection Ureaplasma urealyticum infection Omphalitis Neonatal sepsis Group B streptococcal infection Neonatal conjunctivitis Other Miscarriage Perinatal mortality Stillbirth Infant mortality Neonatal withdrawal Respiratory physiology Respiration breath inhalation exhalation respiratory rate respirometer pulmonary surfactant compliance elastic recoil hysteresivity airway resistance bronchial hyperresponsiveness constriction dilatation mechanical ventilation Control pons pneumotaxic center apneustic center medulla dorsal respiratory group ventral respiratory group chemoreceptors central peripheral pulmonary stretch receptors Hering -- Breuer reflex Lung volumes VC FRC Vt dead space CC PEF calculations respiratory minute volume FEV1 / FVC ratio Lung function tests spirometry body plethysmography peak flow meter nitrogen washout Circulation pulmonary circulation hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction pulmonary shunt Interactions ventilation ( V ) Perfusion ( Q ) Ventilation / perfusion ratio V / Q scan zones of the lung gas exchange pulmonary gas pressures alveolar gas equation alveolar -- arterial gradient hemoglobin oxygen -- haemoglobin dissociation curve ( Oxygen saturation 2 , 3 - BPG Bohr effect Haldane effect ) carbonic anhydrase ( chloride shift ) oxyhemoglobin respiratory quotient arterial blood gas diffusion capacity ( DLCO ) Insufficiency high altitude oxygen toxicity hypoxia NDL : 00566505 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Respiratory_disease&oldid=801234449 '' Categories : Respiratory diseases Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Euskara فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Polski Português தமிழ் ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 14 : 16 . 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when is the new dr who coming out			Doctor Who ( series 10 )	doctor who ( series 10 )	The tenth series of the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who premiered on 15 April 2017 and concluded on 1 July 2017 , and consisted of twelve episodes , after it was announced in July 2015 that BBC Worldwide had invested in a tenth series of the programme in its annual review . The series is led by head writer and executive producer Steven Moffat , alongside executive producer Brian Minchin . It is the third and final series overseen by the two as executive producers , as well as Moffat 's sixth and final series as head writer . This series is the tenth to air following the programme 's revival in 2005 , and is the thirty - sixth season overall .	Preceded by a Christmas special in December 2016 , `` The Return of Doctor Mysterio '' , the series is the third and final series starring Peter Capaldi as the Twelfth Doctor , an incarnation of the Doctor , an alien Time Lord who travels through time and space in his TARDIS , which appears to be a British police box on the outside ; Capaldi announced in January 2017 that he would be stepping down from the role after the tenth series . The series introduces Pearl Mackie as Bill Potts , the Doctor 's newest travelling companion , and also features Matt Lucas as Nardole , who appeared in the 2015 and 2016 Christmas specials . Michelle Gomez and John Simm return as their respective incarnations of the Master . The main story arc for the first half of the series revolved around the Doctor and Nardole occupying themselves as a university professor and assistant while they guard a vault containing Missy , who the Doctor has sworn to protect for a thousand years after her supposed execution . Missy later travels with the team in the TARDIS , and eventually partners with her previous incarnation as they all battle a Cyberman onslaught . Steven Moffat wrote four episodes for the series . Other returning writers who have worked on this series and previous ones include Frank Cottrell - Boyce , Sarah Dollard , Jamie Mathieson , Peter Harness , Toby Whithouse and Mark Gatiss , as well as two new writers for the revived era of the programme , Mike Bartlett and Rona Munro , the latter of whom wrote Survival , the final serial of the original classic era . Directors of the series included three who have previously worked on the show , and three brand new ones . Filming began on 20 June 2016 and lasted just over nine months , ending on 7 April 2017 . The series received positive reviews from critics , with the series being labelled as `` a return to form for the sci - fi series '' , while the performances of Capaldi and Mackie were met with the most praise , as well as the writing , plots and themes of the episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 1.1 Supplemental episode 2 Casting 3 Production 3.1 Writing and development 3.2 Filming 4 Promotion 5 Broadcast and reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 DVD and Blu - ray releases 6 References Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Doctor Who serials The sixth , seventh and eighth episodes of the series , `` Extremis '' , `` The Pyramid at the End of the World '' , and `` The Lie of the Land '' , constitute a three - part arc while remaining separate stories . The episodes `` World Enough and Time '' and `` The Doctor Falls '' serve as the series ' two - part finale and only multi-part story , in the same format as the eighth series . Story Episode Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) AI Special ( 2016 ) 264 -- `` The Return of Doctor Mysterio '' Ed Bazalgette Steven Moffat 25 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 25 ) 7.83 82 The Doctor , with Nardole , investigates the New York branch of `` Harmony Shoal '' , a multinational research company . Also investigating is journalist Lucy Fletcher , and they discover that Harmony Shoal is transplanting alien brains into humans . One of the alien workers finds the three , but they are rescued by the superhero called the Ghost , an alter ego for Grant Gordon , whom the Doctor met several years beforehand when Grant was a child and accidentally turned him into a superhero . Grant is also a nanny working for Lucy . However Lucy is unaware of Grant 's true identity . Meanwhile , the Doctor and Nardole find the aliens ' ship , but soon discover that the ship has been turned into a bomb that will crash into New York as part of a complex plan to implant the alien brains into world leaders , thereby giving them control of the Earth . However , the Doctor aims the ship towards New York earlier than planned and the collision is stopped by Grant , revealing his identity to Lucy . After he and Lucy announce their love for each other , Grant throws the ship into the sun . UNIT then shuts down Harmony Shoal , but an alien brains implants itself into a UNIT soldier . Series 265 `` The Pilot '' Lawrence Gough Steven Moffat 15 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 15 ) 6.68 83 The Doctor and Nardole have occupied themselves under the guise of a university professor and assistant . Bill Potts is called to the Doctor 's office , where Bill becomes the Doctor 's student . Bill becomes intrigued by a student named Heather . Heather asks her to inspect a puddle , asking her if she can see what 's wrong with her reflection . The Doctor investigates the puddle , and notes that it is not a reflection , but something mimicking them . Bill returns to her flat , and is chased by a moving body of fluid : A living fluid from an alien ship that has absorbed Heather and her feelings for Bill . Bill runs to the Doctor 's office and they flee into the TARDIS . The Doctor moves the TARDIS , where he and Nardole check on a vault they are guarding . The TARDIS lands again in Australia , where the Doctor admits who he is . The fluid follows them to another planet in the future , then through a Dalek battle , but survives . Bill convinces `` Heather '' to let her go , and it departs . The Doctor and Bill return to his office , where he attempts to wipe Bill 's memories of the day but she stops him . As Bill leaves , she finds the Doctor waiting with the TARDIS , and joins him . 266 `` Smile '' Lawrence Gough Frank Cottrell - Boyce 22 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 22 ) 5.98 83 The Doctor and Bill arrive on one of Earth 's first colonised planets , Gliese 581d . They are greeted only by two different types of robots : swarm robots ( Vardies ) and slow but sentient emojibots . An emojibot gives the Doctor and Bill discs that communicate their true emotions . The Doctor theorizes that the planet is awaiting the colonists but soon realizes that the skeletons of a set - up crew have been crushed to feed the plants . Determined to blow up the city , he finds the main ship within it and its engine room , but Bill runs into a child who has awoken from a pod . The colonists were cryogenically frozen , with a few `` shepherds '' woken early to work . After one shepherd died , the emojibots could not recognise grief and killed all in mourning in an onslaught against sadness . The awakened colonists decide to fight back , but the Doctor wipes the memory of the robots and reboots everything ... only humans must now learn to live with the Vardies , the planet 's indigenous species . Then , after the TARDIS returns them to London , the Doctor and Bill discover themselves on a frozen Thames River , an elephant walking towards them on the ice . 267 `` Thin Ice '' Bill Anderson Sarah Dollard 29 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 29 ) 5.61 84 The Doctor and Bill find they have arrived in London in 1814 , in the midst of a frost fair on the frozen Thames . The Doctor 's sonic screwdriver is stolen by Spider , an orphan pickpocket led by Kitty . The Doctor and Bill chase down Spider and Kitty away from the fair . There , glowing lights under the ice encircle Spider 's feet and Spider is pulled through the ice . The Doctor and Bill get into diving suits and purposely let the lights take them ; they find a giant sea creature ensnared by chains . They learn from Kitty of Lord Sutcliffe ; Sutcliffe affirms his family has used the creature to amass a fortune by collecting and selling its waste as a replacement for coal . Sutcliffe sends the Doctor and Bill to be eaten , while he rigs a bomb to cause the ice to shatter . The Doctor and Bill escape , and the Doctor takes the bomb and places it on the creature 's chains . When Sutcliffe sets off the bomb , the creature is freed . They return to the present , where Nardole scolds the Doctor for breaking his oath . While checking the Vault beneath the University , Nardole hears something behind it knock repeatedly . 268 `` Knock Knock '' Bill Anderson Mike Bartlett 6 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 06 ) 5.73 83 Bill and five students sign a contract with a mysterious Landlord to live in his manor house . After helping Bill move her things in , the Doctor becomes suspicious of the nature of the Landlord . A number of the students mysteriously disappear and the groups are separated . The Doctor along with Harry , one of the students , discover a strange cockroach - like creature which the former nicknames `` Dryads '' . Down in the basement they discover contracts from decades ago . The Landlord discovers them and reveals the whole incident was to keep his daughter , Eliza , alive . Bill and another student Shireen , come across Eliza who reveals herself to be completely wooden . After finding Bill , the Doctor realises that the Landlord is actually Eliza 's son . The Landlord attempts to send the Dryads after the Doctor and Bill , but Eliza manages to control them . She embraces the Landlord as the Dryads consume them . The students are restored to their physical bodies as the house collapses . Back at the university , the Doctor enters the vault to feed their prisoner as piano music echoes from inside . 269 5 `` Oxygen '' Charles Palmer Jamie Mathieson 13 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 13 ) 5.27 83 Nardole accompanies the Doctor and Bill to a space station to answer a distress call . Most of the crew have been killed by their smartsuits , robotic spacesuits capable of independent movement which are the only source of oxygen on the station , forcing the TARDIS crew to don spares . The suits received an order to `` deactivate organic components '' ; some crew survived by being disconnected , but networked suits can transmit the command by touch . Bill 's suit malfunctions , forcing the Doctor to give her his helmet to save her , exposing himself to the vacuum of space , which blinds him ; he later leaves her behind to be electrocuted , knowing her suit has n't the power for a lethal shock . The algorithm used by the company determined the crew were inefficient and thus too expensive to keep alive . He wires the survivors ' life signs to the station so that if they die it will explode , making it more expensive to kill them , so the suits give over their remaining oxygen . Bill is revived , the Doctor 's eyes are repaired , and the survivors return to their head office to complain . Back at the university , the Doctor reveals to Nardole he is still blind . 270 6 `` Extremis '' Daniel Nettheim Steven Moffat 20 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 20 ) 5.53 82 A long time ago , the Doctor is sent to execute Missy , only to have Nardole interrupt on the behest of River Song . He refuses to kill Missy , instead opting to imprison and guard her for 1000 years . In the present , the Pope comes to the Doctor , asking to help translate a text called `` Veritas '' . Everyone who has read it has committed suicide , and the Doctor , Nardole , and Bill are brought to the Vatican to investigate . While there , Bill and Nardole discover a portal , which leads them to the Pentagon . They find the portals being projected leading all over the world . The Doctor temporarily restores his sight using Time Lord technology , but is ambushed by aliens . Nardole realizes the projectors are not projecting portals , but the whole world . His realization causes him to dematerialize . Bill finds the Doctor , who tells her the world is a simulation , and Veritas contains the proof . Bill then disappears due to the alien 's intervention , the Doctor realizing this is a test to see if they can conquer the Earth . However , the simulation is too exact , as his sonic sunglasses still work perfectly , and the virtual Doctor sends his information to the real one to warn of the coming invasion . 271 7 `` The Pyramid at the End of the World '' Daniel Nettheim Peter Harness and Steven Moffat 27 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 27 ) 5.79 82 The Doctor is called in by the Secretary - General of the U.N. after a pyramid mysteriously appears on the strategic border of the Russian , Chinese and U.S. armies . It 's revealed the Monks are responsible for the pyramid and that they have forseen a disaster through their simulations , offering an opportunity to save humanity if they consent to their rule . Elsewhere in a biochemical lab , a scientist accidentally misreads the levels of chemicals in an experiment releasing deadly biochemical bacteria . The Secretary - General offers his consent , but is killed when he is viewed to be acting out of fear . The Doctor surmises that the disaster was unrelated to war , but may be biochemical . After the Doctor and Nardole locate the lab , Nardole collapses following exposure to the bacteria whilst waiting in the TARDIS . The Doctor with the assistance of Erica , a lab worker , surmises the only way to stop it would be to destroy the lab . He becomes stuck on the side of a manual lock however , due to his blindness . Bill makes a deal with the Monks to restore the Doctor 's sight despite his protests . He manages to escape but at the expense of handing the planet over to the Monks . 272 8 `` The Lie of the Land '' Wayne Yip Toby Whithouse 3 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 03 ) 4.82 82 The Monks now rule the planet , and to most of humanity , they appear to have been on Earth for millions of years , guiding the species ' development . Bill and a few others know the truth . Nardole locates Bill , and they search for the Doctor . They locate him , but he is cooperating with the Monks . Bill shoots him and it appears he is regenerating , but it is all a trick to see whether Bill has been fooled by the Monks . At the university , the Doctor speaks to Missy , who reveals Bill has to die to break the Monk 's influence on Earth . The Doctor hopes there is another solution , therefore they infiltrate the Monk 's pyramid in London . The Doctor attempts to break the link but fails . Bill prepares to sacrifice herself , however the Monk 's images are replaced with those of Bill 's mother , which represents hope . Due to their actions , the Monks leave and humanity recall none of the events . Back in the Vault , Missy expresses remorse at those she has murdered . 273 9 `` Empress of Mars '' Wayne Yip Mark Gatiss 10 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 10 ) 5.02 83 NASA finds the words `` God save the Queen '' buried under the ice cap of Mars . The Doctor , Bill and Nardole venture to Mars in 1881 , and they discover soldiers from Victorian Britain . Nardole goes back into the TARDIS , but it returns to the university , and he asks Missy for help getting back . The humans have befriended an Ice Warrior named Friday . Captain Catchlove says they rescued Friday from his crashed spaceship , and Friday allowed the soldiers to use his technology to mine Mars . They unearth the tomb of the Ice Empress Iraxxa ; one guard revives her . Friday tells Iraxxa that the Mars ' surface is uninhabitable . She decides to relent , but a soldier fires his rifle ; provoked , she returns fire . Iraxxa starts reviving Ice Warriors . The Doctor threatens to use the mining device to bury them all . Catchlove holds Iraxxa at knifepoint and attempts to force her to help him pilot a spaceship . Godsacre kills Catchlove . Iraxxa calls off the attack in exchange for Godsacre pledging himself to her . The Doctor contacts Alpha Centauri to assist the Ice Warriors , and also leave the message for NASA . Nardole re-appears with the TARDIS with Missy , who expresses concern about the Doctor . 274 10 `` The Eaters of Light '' Charles Palmer Rona Munro 17 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 17 ) 4.73 81 The Doctor and Bill , disagreeing about the fate of the Ninth Legion of the Imperial Roman army , travel in the TARDIS to the 2nd century in Scotland . Bill goes her own way , while the Doctor and Nardole look for their bodies . Bill encounters the Legion 's soldiers hiding . The soldiers are hiding from a creature drawn to any light source , killing those in its path . Meanwhile , the Doctor and Nardole discover the corpses of the remaining Legion . They later come across a Pict tribe guarding a cairn . The Doctor enters the cairn , passing into an interdimensional portal . The Pict explains that a warrior goes through the cairn to defeat an `` Eater of Light '' , but with the invading Roman army , she allowed one to escape to fight them . Bill leads the surviving legion away from the creature and end up reuniting with the Doctor and Nardole . The Doctor works out a plan to lure the Eater back to the portal during daylight , but it requires someone inside preventing the creature 's escape . Once the creature is trapped , The Pict and the Ninth Legion sacrifice themselves to stop the creatures . Back in the TARDIS , Missy awaits their return , to the surprise of Bill and Nardole . The Doctor tells Missy that he has hope she will turn good . 275a 11 `` World Enough and Time '' Rachel Talalay Steven Moffat 24 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 24 ) 5.00 85 In a snowspace , the Doctor stumbles from the TARDIS and begins regenerating . Earlier , the Doctor proposed to test Missy by having her answer a distress call . They arrive via TARDIS on a colony ship reversing away from a black hole . They are held at gunpoint by Jorj , who demands to know which of them is human , and Jorj shoots Bill . The Doctor , Missy , and Nardole learn that a few days ago , some of the crew had gone down to the ship 's bowels but never returned . Jorj claims the ship is otherwise empty , but the Doctor shows there 's thousands of humans , descendants of the crew : due to time dilation , time moves much faster at the ship 's bowels . Bill awakens in a hospital , having been fitted with a replacement heart . Razor , the hospital caretaker , explains that some of the patients are waiting to be `` upgraded '' to escape the ship 's polluted air . Years later , they see footage of the Doctor coming down the lift , having only been a few minutes for him . The Doctor , Nardole and Missy arrive to determine the origin of the colony ship : Mondas . Razor approaches Missy and reveals himself to be her previous incarnation , formerly known as the Master . The Doctor and Nardole find a Cyberman who reveals itself as Bill . 275b 12 `` The Doctor Falls '' Rachel Talalay Steven Moffat 1 July 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 01 ) 5.29 83 Escaping to the next floor of the ship , the Doctor tries to comfort Bill , who has retained her humanity , though this is wearing thin . This floor of the ship is a simulated countryside , where the group helps defend the villagers from the oncoming Cybermen . Knowing they are overwhelmed , the Doctor attempts to convince Missy and the Master to help him . They refuse , though Missy seems conflicted . Hoping to save the villagers , the Doctor tells Nardole to take them to another floor while he sacrifices himself . Bill opts to stay with the Doctor , and Nardole says goodbye , taking the villagers to safety . Elsewhere , before escaping to their TARDIS , Missy betrays the Master to help the Doctor by stabbing him in the back , triggering the regeneration process . He shoots her in return , killing her . The Doctor fights off the Cybermen , but is severely wounded in the process . He proceeds to blow up the whole floor , killing himself . Bill survives , with Heather appearing before her . They kiss , and Heather reveals she has changed Bill into her species so she could live on . The two take the Doctor 's body back to his TARDIS , with Bill using her new powers to bring him back to life before she and Heather leave to see the universe together . The Doctor awakens as the regeneration process begins . He refuses , attempting to stop it , and exits the TARDIS into a snowy landscape , where he is greeted by the First Doctor . Special ( 2017 ) 276 -- `` Twice Upon a Time '' Rachel Talalay Steven Moffat 25 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 25 ) TBD TBD Supplemental episode ( edit ) Title Directed by Written by Original release date Length `` Friend from the Future '' Lawrence Gough Steven Moffat 23 April 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 23 ) 2 : 05 From a hidden corner of a corridor inside a spaceship , the Doctor attempts to answer Bill 's questions about their enemies . Bill finds them amusing at first , but the Doctor persists and she realises they are in real danger . Casting ( edit ) See also : List of Doctor Who cast members Peter Capaldi reprised his role as the Twelfth Doctor in his third and final series ; he will leave after the 2017 Christmas special , while Pearl Mackie portrays the newest companion Bill Potts , after the departure of Jenna Coleman . To avoid leaks while casting the new companion , the production team used the word `` Mean Town '' , an anagram of `` Ten Woman '' ; this is a reference to the fact that Bill is the companion of the tenth series , and was revealed by the casting director Andy Pryor to Radio Times . Mackie made her first appearance in the first episode of the tenth series , and portrays the first openly gay companion . Matt Lucas returned in his role as Nardole , as seen in the 2015 and 2016 Christmas specials `` The Husbands of River Song '' and `` The Return of Doctor Mysterio '' , in a regular role that started from the first episode of the series , but would not appear in every episode . In June 2016 , it was announced that Stephanie Hyam would be joining the tenth series . In July 2016 , actors Mina Anwar , Ralf Little , and Kaizer Akhtar had been added to the cast and portrayed Goodthing , Steadfast , and Praiseworthy respectively in the second episode . On 16 August 2016 , it was announced that David Suchet , famous for his role in Agatha Christie 's Poirot , would appear as a character known as `` The Landlord '' in the fourth episode , `` Knock Knock '' . Tate Pitchie - Cooper portrayed a child version of The Landlord . Fady Elsayed , who stars in the Doctor Who spin - off Class , was originally set to guest star in an episode of Doctor Who . In October 2016 , it was announced that Justin Chatwin was set to appear as a superhero in the 2016 Christmas special `` The Return of Doctor Mysterio '' . He was joined by Charity Wakefield , Adetomiwa Edun , Aleksandar Jovanovic and Logan Hoffman . On 16 November 2016 the BBC announced the cast for the fifth episode , which included Kieran Bew , Peter Caulfield , Mimi Ndiweni and Katie Brayben , with Justin Salinger portraying `` Tasker '' , while Rebecca Benson , Daniel Kerr , Juwon Adedokun , Brian Vernel , Ben Hunter , Aaron Phagura , Sam Adewunmi and Billy Matthews were announced to be appearing in the tenth episode . On 14 October 2016 , Michelle Gomez announced that she would reprise her role of Missy in the series , and in May 2017 , she further stated that it would be her last series in the role . On 30 January 2017 , Capaldi confirmed that the tenth series would be his last . On 6 April 2017 , the BBC announced that John Simm would be returning in his role as the Master alongside Gomez . David Bradley made a cameo appearance as the First Doctor at the end of the series finale , `` The Doctor Falls '' , which will lead into the 2017 Christmas special , `` Twice Upon a Time '' . In addition to Bradley 's appearance , `` Twice Upon a Time '' will feature Mark Gatiss as a captain from World War I , the return of Mackie as Bill Potts , and the first appearance of the Thirteenth Doctor portrayed by Jodie Whittaker . Production ( edit ) Writing and development ( edit ) In July 2015 , the annual review for BBC Worldwide indicated that it had invested in a tenth series of the programme . It was announced in January 2016 that Series 10 would be Steven Moffat 's final series as showrunner , after which he will be replaced in the role by Chris Chibnall in 2018 . In May 2016 , Steven Moffat stated in the 500th issue of Doctor Who Magazine that he would be writing the first and last three episodes of the series . Furthermore , he stated that the series would consist mostly of single - part stories so that the new companion , Bill Potts , could have more stories to explore her character , though two - parters would still be present in the series . Moffat also wrote the 2017 Christmas special , after the tenth series has concluded . Lawrence Gough directed the first two episodes of the tenth series , while Frank Cottrell - Boyce wrote the series ' second episode , having previously written `` In the Forest of the Night '' for the eighth series . Sarah Dollard , who wrote `` Face the Raven '' for the ninth series also returns for an episode , as does playwright Mike Bartlett for an episode in the same production block as Dollard 's . Matt Lucas revealed that Jamie Mathieson was set to write the fifth episode for the series , having previously written `` Mummy on the Orient Express '' and `` Flatline '' and having co-written `` The Girl Who Died '' . Daniel Nettheim directed two episodes for the series , written by Steven Moffat and Peter Harness , after having previously directed the two - parter `` The Zygon Invasion '' / `` The Zygon Inversion '' in the ninth series . In June 2016 , Mark Gatiss stated he would be writing an episode for the series ; later identified as the ninth episode , a change to Moffat 's previous announcement that he would be writing for that particular episode . In 2015 , Gatiss had indicated that he might write a sequel for the ninth series episode `` Sleep No More '' ; however , this was not the basis for Gatiss ' episode for the tenth series . Instead , the episode featured the return of the Ice Warriors , a race known for their appearances in the eras of the Second Doctor and Third Doctor , and in the 2013 episode `` Cold War , '' also written by Gatiss . Moffat announced in October 2016 that a writer who had previously written for the original classic series would be returning to write an episode , later confirmed as Rona Munro , who previously wrote Survival , the final serial of both Season 26 and the original classic series . Munro is the writer for the tenth episode of the series , titled `` The Eaters of Light '' . Toby Whithouse wrote the eighth episode . On 6 March 2017 , it was announced the original Mondasian Cybermen from The Tenth Planet would be returning for the finale of the tenth series . Filming ( edit ) The read - through for the first production block of the tenth series took place on 14 June 2016 . Filming began on 20 June 2016 . The second episode was filmed in Valencia , Spain . Shooting for the first block concluded on 28 July 2016 . The read - through for the second block took place on 18 July 2016 , and filming began on 1 August 2016 , beginning with the third episode . Production on the 2016 Christmas special began on 5 September 2016 and wrapped on 30 September 2016 . The read - through for `` Oxygen '' took place on 12 October 2016 . Shooting on the fourth block began on 17 October and ended on 18 November 2016 . Filming for the fifth block began on 23 November 2016 , paused in December for a break over the holidays , and resumed on 3 January 2017 and concluding on 17 January 2017 . The sixth block began filming concurrently on 16 January 2017 , before concluding on 22 February 2017 . On 6 March 2017 the BBC stated that the work on the final two episodes of the series had begun , with Rachel Talalay returning to direct her third consecutive series finale . Filming for the series was concluded on 7 April 2017 . Production for the 2017 Christmas special started on 12 June 2017 , and concluded on 10 July 2017 . Filming for the spin - off series Class ran from April to September 2016 , beginning before the filming for the tenth series of Doctor Who started . Peter Capaldi took part in the filming of Class , and appeared in the opening episode of the spin - off series . Production blocks were arranged as follows : Block Episode Title Director Writer Producer `` The Pilot '' `` Smile '' Lawrence Gough Steven Moffat Frank Cottrell - Boyce Peter Bennett `` Thin Ice '' `` Knock Knock '' Bill Anderson Sarah Dollard Mike Bartlett Nikki Wilson `` The Return of Doctor Mysterio '' Ed Bazalgette Steven Moffat Peter Bennett `` Oxygen '' `` The Eaters of Light '' Charles Palmer Jamie Mathieson Rona Munro Nikki Wilson 5 `` Extremis '' `` The Pyramid at the End of the World '' Daniel Nettheim Steven Moffat Peter Harness and Steven Moffat Peter Bennett 6 `` The Lie of the Land '' `` Empress of Mars '' Wayne Yip Toby Whithouse Mark Gatiss Nikki Wilson 7 `` World Enough and Time '' `` The Doctor Falls '' Rachel Talalay Steven Moffat Peter Bennett X `` Twice Upon a Time '' Rachel Talalay Steven Moffat Peter Bennett Promotion ( edit ) A preview scene was filmed in April 2016 as part of a promotional clip shown on 23 April 2016 on BBC One , during the semi-final half - time of the 2015 -- 16 FA Cup . It introduced the Doctor and his new companion , Bill , being faced with Daleks . However , Moffat has stated that this scene may not be introduced into the series itself . Capaldi , Mackie , Lucas and Moffat promoted the series at New York Comic Con in October 2016 . The first trailer for the series was premiered at the end of the 2016 Christmas special , `` The Return of Doctor Mysterio '' . A second teaser trailer was released on 25 February 2017 . On 13 March 2017 the BBC released new promotional image of Capaldi , Mackie and Lucas , as well as releasing the title for the premiere . The full trailer for the series was premiered later the same day on BBC One , during the quarter - final half - time of the 2016 -- 17 FA Cup , along with promotional images from the first episode . Leading up to the launch of the series , five teaser trailers aired online . On 31 March 2017 BBC America released the trailer for Doctor Who and the Class . The same day , an interview with Mackie was shown on BBC News , containing clips from the first episode . Another trailer for the series premiered on 3 April 2017 . On 9 April 2017 Capaldi , Mackie , Moffat and Minchin attended a panel at the BFI & Radio Times TV Festival , featuring a sneak preview of clips from the upcoming series . Broadcast and reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Doctor Who 's tenth series has received positive reviews . Series 10 holds a 97 % score on online review aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes with an average score of 3.88 . Writing for the Radio Times halfway through the series ' run , Huw Fullerton calls it `` a return to form for the sci - fi series after a much - needed rest year , with the format , actors and writers all feeling fresher than during their last outing '' . Reaction to individual episodes have also been positive , with scores on the site ranging from 85 % to 100 % to date ; six episodes of the series hold a perfect score , which include the final four of the series , after no episode reached this score in the previous series . Specifically , episodes such as `` Oxygen '' and `` Extremis '' received positive reception , with critics saying that the former was a `` great , thought - provoking episode '' , whilst the latter was labelled as a unique and ambitious episode , and that `` Doctor Who does n't get better than this '' . The series also introduced Pearl Mackie as Bill Potts , the Doctor 's newest companion ; Mackie has received consistently favorable comments , noting how she was `` bringing an energy distinct from any previous new series companion '' , describing Bill as `` a wonderful change of pace '' , and how her acting was `` consistently honest , raw at times , and never , ever whimsy '' , with certain scenes being `` guttural '' and `` heart - wrenching '' . Controversial topics , such as racism and capitalism , were covered during episodes in the series , and were also met with positive reactions . Doctor Who ( series 10 ) : Critical reception by episode Series 10 ( 2017 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes DVD and Blu - ray releases ( edit ) See also : List of Doctor Who home video releases The first six episodes of the tenth series were released on DVD and Blu - Ray on 29 May 2017 in Region 2 , 31 May 2017 in Region 4 , and 6 June 2017 in Region 1 . The second half of six episodes was released also on DVD and Blu - Ray on 24 July 2017 in Region 2 , 16 August 2017 in Region 4 , and 12 September 2017 in Region 1 . Similar to Doctor Who Extra , both releases include an `` Inside Look '' into each of the episodes , episodic features that include behind the scenes footage , cast interviews and the inside story . The complete series was released on DVD on 7 November 2017 in Region 1 , and 13 November 2017 in Region 2 , and is set to be released on 29 November 2017 in Region 4 . Doctor Who : The Complete Series 10 Set details Special features 13 episodes Includes `` The Return of Doctor Mysterio '' 6 - disc set ( DVD ) 6 - disc set ( Blu - ray ) 16 : 9 aspect ratio Subtitles : English 4 documentaries Interview with Rona Munro Doctor Who : The Fan Show Interview with Pearl Mackie and unseen film footage from the Concert Binaural sound edition of `` Knock Knock '' `` The Return of Doctor Mysterio '' documentary and Doctor Who Extra Behind the scenes on `` The Doctor Falls '' Inside Looks Deleted Scenes Audio Commentaries DVD release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 7 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 13 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) 29 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Truth or Dare '' . Doctor Who Magazine . No. 512 . 4 May 2017 . p. 27 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who Guide : Series Ten ( Season 36 ) ( 2017 ) '' . Doctor Who News . Story numbers can be viewed by clicking the respective episode . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ratings Guide '' . Doctor Who News . Retrieved 27 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 Doctor Who Christmas special will be called ... '' Radio Times . 23 July 2017 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Marcus ( 10 July 2017 ) . `` Doctor Who at San Diego Comic - Con '' . Doctor Who News . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Everything we know so far about ' Doctor Who ' Season 10 '' . CultBox. 20 August 2016 . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Peter Capaldi announces he will stand down as Doctor Who at the end of the year '' . BBC . 30 January 2017 . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who : Pearl Mackie named as new companion '' . BBC News . 23 April 2016 . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Mackie 's Doctor Who codename revealed '' . Jump up ^ K McEwan , Cameron ( 26 May 2016 ) . `` Steven Moffat reveals Pearl Mackie to debut in 2017 , her name and when 's she 's from ... '' Doctor Who . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lu , Anne ( 18 August 2016 ) . `` ' Doctor Who ' season 10 : Bill 's intro scene may cause continuity errors , may not be canon '' . IBTimes . Retrieved 24 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Poldark ' director joins ' Doctor Who ' Christmas special '' . CultBox. 22 September 2016 . Retrieved 22 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mzimba , Lizo ( 31 March 2017 ) . `` Doctor Who gets first openly gay companion '' . BBC News . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Series 10 : Nardole is a Full - Time `` Non-Human '' Companion `` . Jump up ^ K McEwan , Cameron ( 14 June 2016 ) . `` Look Who 's Back ! Matt Lucas returns for Doctor Who Series 10 '' . Doctor Who . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ K McEwan , Cameron ( 18 June 2016 ) . `` Writers new and old confirmed for Doctor Who Series 10 '' . Doctor Who . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : K McEwan , Cameron ( 16 August 2016 ) . `` Acting legend David Suchet joins guest cast of Doctor Who Series 10 '' . Doctor Who . Retrieved 16 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who Season 10 Release Date , Trailer , Cast , & Everything Else We Know '' . Den of Geek . 18 Jan 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Matt Lucas to join Peter Capaldi and Pearl Mackie for Doctor Who series 10 '' . BBC . 14 June 2016 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who Series 10 : Three New Cast Members Confirmed '' . Den of Geek . 7 July 2016 . Retrieved 8 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mina Anwar in Valencia Filming '' . Twitter . 28 July 2016 . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ [email protected] . `` Tate Pitchie - Cooper , Actor '' . Jump up ^ `` Fady Elsayed - Beaumont Communications '' . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Christmas Special : The Return of Doctor Mysterio Doctor Who TV '' . www.doctorwhotv.co.uk . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Roisin ( 1 October 2016 ) . `` Doctor Who Christmas Special : ' Superhero ' character reported to be joining Peter Capaldi for festive episode '' . Independent . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who Superhero Adventure for Christmas Day '' . BBC . 7 October 2016 . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gordon and French - Justin Salinger Profile '' . www.gordonandfrench.co.uk . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 Series ... Returning Writers , Cast Updates and More ! '' . BBC . 16 November 2016 . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Gomez Confirms Return To ' Doctor Who ' For Series 10 '' . The Music . 14 October 2016 . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Gomez confirms she 's leaving Doctor Who with Peter Capaldi : `` It 's the end of an era '' `` . DigitalSpy. 16 May 2017 . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Simm to return as the Master in Doctor Who '' . BBC . 6 April 2017 . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First look pictures of the First and Twelfth Doctors together in the Doctor Who Christmas special '' . The Telegraph . 1 July 2017 . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Davies , Caroline ( 22 July 2017 ) . `` Doctor Who Christmas special details revealed '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - The Doctors will return at Christmas - Media Centre '' . www.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who Series 10 Confirmed '' . Doctor Who News . 14 July 2015 . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Dowell , Ben ( 22 January 2016 ) . `` Doctor Who showrunner Steven Moffat quits to be replaced by Broadchurch creator Chris Chibnall '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Series 10 Filming July , Will Be Mostly One - Parters '' . Doctor Who TV . 28 May 2016 . Archived from the original on 28 May 2016 . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Rawden , Jessica ( 3 June 2016 ) . `` When Steven Moffat 's Final Doctor Who Episode Will Air '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved 5 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who series 10 : Jamie Mathieson set to return '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Zygon Invasion ' director is returning to ' Doctor Who ' '' . CultBox. 24 November 2016 . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : BBC ( 27 January 2017 ) . Series 10 Trailer , The Pirate Planet and More ! - Doctor Who : The Fan Show . YouTube . Event occurs at 1 : 10 ( Block 5 's writers ) , 1 : 51 ( Block 6 's writers ) . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , William ( 6 June 2016 ) . `` First writer confirmed for ' Doctor Who ' Season 10 '' . CultBox . Retrieved 6 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Jonathan ( 14 November 2015 ) . `` Mark Gatiss has a sequel planned to Doctor Who 's Sleep No More '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ( 8 December 2016 ) . `` It looks like Doctor Who series 10 wo n't be giving us a ' Sleep No More ' sequel after all '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ( 31 January 2017 ) . `` Doctor Who series 10 will bring back classic villains The Ice Warriors '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Moffat Promises Classic Doctor Who Writer For New Season '' . Comic Book Resources . 9 October 2016 . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Series 10 : Classic Writer Returns With `` The Eaters of Light '' `` . DoctorWhoTV. 16 November 2016 . Retrieved 16 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Tom Spilsbury ( @ TomSpilsbury ) ( 4 February 2017 ) . `` Oh yes , I did n't see your earlier tweet . That 's correct , yes . They switched after they 'd already made Rona 's episode '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 4 February 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Toby Whithouse Writing for Series 10 '' . Doctor Who TV . 14 December 2016 . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ The Doctor Who Team ( 6 March 2017 ) . `` Original Mondasian Cybermen return to Doctor Who ! '' . BBC Latest News - Doctor Who . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Lazarus , Susanna ( 14 June 2016 ) . `` Pearl Mackie joins Peter Capaldi for the first Doctor Who read - through of series 10 '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Paul ( 4 June 2016 ) . `` Doctor Who series 10 starts filming in two weeks '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Eams , Tom ( 25 July 2016 ) . `` New Doctor Who companion Bill takes a Spanish selfie with The Doctor as they shoot series 10 '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The latest on Doctor Who series 10 '' . BBC . 29 July 2016 . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( 19 July 2016 ) . `` Pearl Mackie is getting us all excited about the next series of Doctor Who '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . 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Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's a wrap ! The Series 10 shoot comes to an end , and here 's one of today 's boards , illustrated by Peter Capaldi ! '' . Twitter . 7 April 2017 . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Countdown to the Thirteenth Doctor '' . Doctor Who Magazine . No. 514 . 29 June 2017 . p. 4 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Cannon , Nick ( 11 April 2017 ) . `` Doctor Who 's Peter Capaldi lifts off with new companion Bill : ' Their adventures spin out of control ' '' . What 's on TV . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Allen , Ben ( 11 July 2017 ) . `` Peter Capaldi says goodbye to fans on his final day of Doctor Who filming '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . Jump up ^ The Doctor Who Team ( 4 April 2016 ) . `` BBC Three announce cast for Doctor Who spin off - Class '' . Doctor Who . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick Ness on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Confirmed : Peter Capaldi will be appearing in ' Class ' ! '' . CultBox. 6 September 2016 . Retrieved 6 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Every Series 10 Episode Title , Writer & Director So Far '' . Doctor Who TV . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Back on TV ! '' . Doctor Who Magazine . No. 511 . 6 April 2017 . pp. 48 , 49 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Earnshaw , Jessica ( 23 April 2016 ) . `` BBC tease first glimpse of new Doctor Who companion in action ahead of big reveal '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NYCC 2016 : Peter Capaldi introduces Doctor Who 's New Companion Bill '' . IGN.com. 7 October 2016 . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who companion Bill sees the universe anew in the series 10 trailer '' . Radio Times . 25 December 2016 . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( 25 February 2017 ) . `` New Doctor Who trailer shows off more of Peter Capaldi 's final series '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Series News ! '' . BBC . 13 March 2017 . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Missy returns and classic monsters rule in new Doctor Who series 10 trailer '' . Radio Times . 13 March 2017 . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ K McEwan , Cameron ( 17 March 2017 ) . `` Doctor Who Series 10 first ep title revealed '' . Doctor Who . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( 30 March 2017 ) . `` New Doctor Who teaser shows off a brilliant Tardis trick '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The new series of # DoctorWho begins on @ BBCOne on Saturday , 15th April ! '' . Instagram. 31 March 2017 . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( 3 April 2017 ) . `` The Doctor traps a Dalek in new Doctor Who series 10 clip '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( 5 April 2017 ) . `` This new Doctor Who series 10 teaser is full of heart ( s ) '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( 7 April 2017 ) . `` New Doctor Who series 10 teaser sees the Doctor on a mission '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Hewitt , Susan ( 2 April 2017 ) . `` New BBC America Promotional Trailer for Doctor Who and the Class '' . Blogtor Who . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( 3 April 2017 ) . `` New Doctor Who series 10 trailer sees the Doctor start to regenerate '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ K McEwan , Cameron ( 27 March 2017 ) . `` Peter Capaldi and Pearl Mackie to attend BFI & Radio Times TV Festival '' . Doctor Who . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doctor Who : Season 10 '' . RottenTomatoes . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( 24 May 2017 ) . `` Doctor Who season 10 : halfway through the new series , how is it doing ? '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Ruediger , Ross . `` Doctor Who Recap : Zombies in Space '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Zoe Delahunty - Light ( 20 May 2017 ) . `` DOCTOR WHO S10. 06 REVIEW : `` DOCTOR WHO DOESN 'T GET BETTER THAN THIS '' `` . GamesRadar . Retrieved 20 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who returns at long last , and it 's got us a brand new companion '' . The A.V. Club . 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Ruediger , Ross . `` Doctor Who Season Premiere Recap : The Women with the Stars in Their Eyes '' . New York Magazine . Ross Ruediger . Retrieved 16 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Zoe Delahunty - Light ( 13 May 2017 ) . `` DOCTOR WHO S10. 05 REVIEW : `` WE GET TO SEE THE DOCTOR AT HIS MOST VULNERABLE '' `` . GamesRadar . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Hanh . `` ' Doctor Who ' Review : Racism and Privilege Are No Match for the Doctor in Chilling Episode '' . IndieWire . Hanh Nguyen . Retrieved 30 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Serrao , Nivea . `` Doctor Who recap : ' Thin Ice ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Nivea Serrao . Retrieved 30 April 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Foster , Chuck ( 5 May 2017 ) . `` Doctor Who Series 10 : Blu - ray / DVD releases '' . Doctor Who News . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lambert , David ( 31 August 2017 ) . `` Doctor Who - Official BBC Press Release : ' The Complete 10th Series ' on DVD , Blu - ray '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved 1 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Marcus ( 12 October 2017 ) . `` Doctor Who Series 10 Complete DVD , Bluray and Steelbook '' . Doctor Who News . Retrieved 12 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doctor Who : Series 10 ( DVD ) '' . EzeDVD . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . ( hide ) Doctor Who episodes Classic series ( 1963 -- 1989 ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Film ( 1996 ) Doctor Who Revived series ( 2005 -- present ) 2008 -- 2010 specials 5 6 7 2013 specials 8 9 10 11 Episodes 839 ( 97 missing ) Stories 275 Series 10 Christmas `` The Return of Doctor Mysterio '' Series `` The Pilot '' `` Smile '' `` Thin Ice '' `` Knock Knock '' `` Oxygen '' `` Extremis '' `` The Pyramid at the End of the World '' `` The Lie of the Land '' `` Empress of Mars '' `` The Eaters of Light '' `` World Enough and Time '' / `` The Doctor Falls '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doctor_Who_(series_10)&oldid=810539916 '' Categories : Doctor Who lists Twelfth Doctor episodes Doctor Who series 2017 British television seasons Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use dmy dates from October 2016 Use British English from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Italiano Polski Português Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 15 November 2017 , at 22 : 04 . 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who sings i'll be seeing you in all the familiar places			I 'll Be Seeing You ( song )	i'll be seeing you ( song )	`` I 'll Be Seeing You '' is a popular song , with music by Sammy Fain and lyrics by Irving Kahal . Published in 1938 , it was inserted into the Broadway musical Right This Way , which closed after fifteen performances . In the musical it was performed by the singer Tamara Drasin , who had a few years earlier introduced `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' . The song is a jazz standard , and has been covered by many musicians .	The musical theme has emotional power , and was much loved during World War II , when it became an anthem for those serving overseas ( both British and American soldiers ) . The lyrics begin , in Bert Ambrose 's and Vera Lynn 's recorded versions , with a preamble : Cathedral bells were tolling and our hearts sang on Was it the spell of Paris or the April dawn ? Who knows if we shall meet again ? But when the morning chimes ring sweet again ... I 'll be seeing you in all the old familiar places As the song develops , the words take a jaunty commonplace of casual farewell and transform it by degrees , to climax with And when the night is new I 'll be looking at the moon But I 'll be seeing you The resemblance between the main tune 's first four lines and a passage within the theme of the last movement of Gustav Mahler 's Third Symphony ( 1896 ) was pointed out by Deryck Cooke in 1970 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Film and television performances 2 Covers 3 Notes 4 External links Film and television performances ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Featured throughout the 1944 movie also titled I 'll Be Seeing You , starring Ginger Rogers and Joseph Cotten ( when it was performed by the off - screen voice of Louanne Hogan ) , the recording by Bing Crosby became a hit that year , reaching number one for the week of July 1 . Later the song became notably associated with Liberace , as the theme music to his television show of the 1950s . In 1956 , Jackie Gleason 's character , Ralph Kramden , referenced the song in an episode of The Honeymooners in which Kramden experienced an early exit on the game show , The $99,000 Answer , and refused to leave the stage . The song was heard in an episode of the 1960s spy spoof Get Smart , when the main character had a high - tech trumpet that could play any tune , just by speaking the title into the mouthpiece . The Anne Shelton version of the song was aptly used in the 1979 film Yanks , starring Richard Gere , a World War II story set in England in 1943 - 44 . In a 1987 episode of Designing Women , appropriately titled ' I 'll Be Seeing You ' , Jean Smart 's character Charlene dreams that the cast is back in the World War II era ; Charlene performs the song herself and the Bing Crosby version is also featured . It was also played in the 1989 Woody Allen film Crimes and Misdemeanors ; in the end credits of the 1990 film Misery ( Liberace 's rendition ) ; in the 1992 movie Shining Through ; in two episodes of Star Trek : Deep Space Nine ; in the 1999 documentary Beyond the Mat ( when the Rosemary Clooney version is heard ) , in the 2004 film The Aviator ( sung by Martha Wainwright ) , and the Jimmy Durante version is heard in the 2004 film The Notebook as the song for Noah and Allie . It was featured and performed by Anne Shelton in `` Dance with the Dead '' , a 2006 episode of Midsomer Murders , which was set near an old World War II airfield . It was also played in the closing credits for the final ( until 2011 ) episode of Beavis and Butt - head ; in the 2010 season 4 episodes of Eureka ( `` Founder 's Day '' `` A New World '' and `` I 'll Be Seeing You '' ) . On the final episode of The Tonight Show starring Johnny Carson which was aired on May 22 , 1992 , Doc Severinsen and the NBC Orchestra closed the show with it , as it was one of Carson 's favorite songs . During the 2009 Academy Awards presentation , Queen Latifah sang the song during the `` In Memoriam '' tribute to members of the motion picture industry who had died during the previous year , which was unusual because the In Memoriam tribute was previously traditionally unaccompanied . On October 26 , 2014 , the song was played as part of a video tribute to Robin Williams at AT&T Park , before Game 5 of the World Series between the San Francisco Giants and the Kansas City Royals . On her 2016 album Encore : Movie Partners Sing Broadway , Barbra Streisand performs `` I 'll Be Seeing You '' ( combined with `` I 've Grown Accustomed to Her Face '' from the 1954 Lerner & Loewe musical My Fair Lady ) , as a duet with actor Chris Pine . Covers ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song has been recorded by many artists : Al Hirt released a version on his 1965 album They 're Playing Our Song Andrea Corr performed `` I 'll Be Seeing You '' on her 2011 album Lifelines Anne Murray recorded a version for her Greatest Hits compilation All of Me Anne Shelton performed `` I 'll Be Seeing You '' in Midsomer Murders Barbra Streisand performs `` I 'll Be Seeing You '' ( combined with I 've Grown Accustomed to Her Face from the 1954 Lerner & Loewe musical My Fair Lady ) , as a duet with actor Chris Pine on her 2016 album Encore : Movie Partners Sing Broadway . Barry Manilow on his 1991 studio album Showstoppers Billie Holiday recorded the song on April 1 , 1944 for Commodore Records . Bill Kenny on his 1966 album Remember Me Bing Crosby recorded it on February 17 , 1944 for Decca Records with John Scott Trotter and His Orchestra . Brad Mehldau on his live album The Art of the Trio , Vol. 4 ( Back at the Vanguard ) Brenda Lee on her 1962 album Sincerely , Brenda Lee Carmen McRae on her album When You 're Away ( 1958 ) Cass Elliot on her live album Do n't Call Me Mama Anymore Connee Boswell , Studio & Radio Broadcast Recordings , 1931 - 1946 Dean Martin on his 1965 album Dean Martin Hits Again Engelbert Humperdinck on his 1985 album A Lovely Way to Spend an Evening Eric Clapton recorded it on his 2016 CD I Still Do Etta James on her 1994 cover album Mystery Lady : Songs of Billie Holiday The Five Satins recorded the song in 1959 The Four Freshmen recorded the song in 1952 and again in 1953 Françoise Hardy and Iggy Pop on the 1998 album Jazz a Saint - Germain Frank Sinatra recorded multiple versions of the song , initially with Tommy Dorsey and His Orchestra ( 1940 ) ( which charted in 1944 peaking at No. 4 ) , and two in 1961 , the first for Capitol Records was included in the album Point of No Return and the second for Reprise Records which was more upbeat and `` swinging '' than later slower versions of the song . This was included in the album I Remember Tommy . Gene Pitney on his 1963 album `` Blue Gene '' ( Wikipedia ) Harry James on his album For Listening And Dancing ( Reader 's Digest RD4A 213 , 1981 ) Holly Cole on her album Blame It on My Youth The Hollywood Flames released a version of the song as a single in 1959 James Booker recorded the song on his album Junco Partner ( 1976 ) James Darren , twice on Star Trek : Deep Space Nine as the character Vic Fontaine , later on also on his album This One 's from the Heart Jane Morgan recorded it on her album The American Girl from Paris ( 1956 ) Jimmy Durante ; a recording from his 1960s TV show was used in the motion picture The Notebook Johnny Mathis , on the album Open Fire , Two Guitars ( 1959 ) Jo Stafford recorded the song for her 1959 album I 'll Be Seeing You with arrangements by Paul Weston ( her husband ) as the band leader Judy Collins on her 1975 album Judith Julian Lage on his 2016 album ARCLIGHT June Tabor on her CD A Quiet Eye ( 2000 ) Linda Ronstadt on her CD Hummin ' to Myself ( 2004 ) Liza Minnelli on her 2002 live album Liza 's Back Louis Prima recorded two versions , first in 1944 with Lily Ann Carol , another in 1960 with Keely Smith Mario Lanza included the song on his album Mario Lanza Sings the Hit songs from The Student Prince and Other Great Musical Comedies ( 1954 ) Mel Tormé recorded several studio versions of the song as well as a live performance with pianist George Shearing on the Concord Records album An Elegant Evening Michael Bublé recorded it on his EP First Dance ( 1995 ) Mina recorded and released the song on her 2012 album 12 ( American Song Book ) Neil Sedaka recorded a version in 1964 but it was not released until 2005 , when it was issued on his Love Songs album Peggy Lee recorded it on her 1972 album Norma Deloris Egstrom from Jamestown , North Dakota The Poni - Tails sang the song in 1959 when it reached as high as # 87 in the U.S. Queen Latifah sang the song during the `` In Memoriam '' tribute during the 81st Academy Awards Ray Charles recorded it in 1967 on his album Invites You to Listen Ray Conniff recorded it in 1959 with his orchestra and singers in a very upbeat and swinging version on his album Young At Heart Regina Carter recorded it in 2006 on her album I 'll Be Seeing You : A Sentimental Journey Rickie Lee Jones on her 1991 album Pop Pop Rod Stewart on his 2002 album It Had to Be You : The Great American Songbook Roseanna Vitro performed it as a Bossa Nova on her 2004 album Tropical Postcards . Rosemary Clooney recorded it in 1990 in her homage to the `` War Years '' on an album entitled For the Duration ( 1991 ) Sarah Vaughan on her 1960 album Dreamy and her 1963 live album Sassy Swings the Tivoli The Skyliners and The Belmonts recorded the song Sonny Rollins in his 1982 concert in Montreal Steve Tyrell recorded the song on his 1999 album A New Standard * The Blanks recorded an a cappella version on their 2004 album Riding the Wave Tony Bennett included the song as the final track on his 1992 album Perfectly Frank Vera Lynn recorded the song in 1962 and again in 1966 for her album More Hits of the Blitz . The Vocal Majority recorded the song on I 'll Be Seeing You in 1990 Willie Nelson recorded the song on Healing Hands of Time ( 1994 ) Cassandra Wilson included the song in her 2015 album Coming Forth by Day Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Leonard , Hal ( January 1 , 1995 ) . I 'll Be Seeing You : 51 Songs of World War II . Hal Leonard Corp. p. 47 . ISBN 978 - 0793537617 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Hal ( January 1 , 1995 ) . I 'll Be Seeing You : 51 Songs of World War II . Hal Leonard Corp. p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 0793537617 . Jump up ^ Cooke 's radio broadcast is described in Hans Keller , ' Truth & Music ' , Music and Musicians Magazine , November 1970 Jump up ^ `` Internet Movie Database '' . imdb.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1986 ) . Joel Whitburn 's Pop Memories 1890 - 1954 . Wisconsin , USA : Record Research Inc. p. 109 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 083 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Movie Database '' . imdb.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Movie Database '' . imdb.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Movie Database '' . imdb.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Movie Database '' . imdb.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Movie Database '' . imdb.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carr , David ( 2009 - 02 - 19 ) . `` Oscars on TV : The Subtext '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Cieply , Michael and David Carr ( 2009 - 02 - 23 ) . `` A ' Slumdog ' Kind of Night at the Oscar Ceremony '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Giants Honor Robin Williams Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Al Hirt , They 're Playing Our Song Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billie Holiday Discography '' . jazzdisco.org . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Bing Crosby Discography '' . BING magazine . International Club Crosby . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1994 ) . Pop Chronicles the 40s : The Lively Story of Pop Music in the 40s ( audiobook ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55935 - 147 - 8 . OCLC 31611854 . Tape 1 , side B . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1986 ) . Joel Whitburn 's Pop Memories 1890 - 1954 . Wisconsin , USA : Record Research Inc. p. 138 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 083 - 0 . Jump up ^ The Hollywood Flames , `` I 'll Be Seeing You '' single release Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LOUIS PRIMA SESSIONOGRAPHY / DISCOGRAPHY : 1933 - 1975 BY : GIA PRIMA and RON CANNATELLA Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 45cat.com '' . 45cat.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Vocal Majority , I 'll Be Seeing You Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Billie Holiday Discography Awards and nominations Albums Billie Holiday Sings / Solitude An Evening with Billie Holiday Billie Holiday Billie Holiday at JATP Stay with Me Music for Torching Velvet Mood Lady Sings the Blues Body and Soul Songs for Distingué Lovers Ella Fitzgerald and Billie Holiday at Newport All or Nothing at All Lady in Satin Last Recording The Essential Billie Holiday : Carnegie Hall Concert Recorded Live Lady in Autumn : The Best of the Verve Years Lady Day : The Complete Billie Holiday on Columbia 1933 -- 1944 Remixed and Reimagined Songs `` Ai n't Nobody 's Business '' `` As Time Goes By '' `` Billie 's Blues '' `` Blue Moon '' `` Body and Soul '' `` Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans ? '' `` Do n't Explain '' `` Easy Living '' `` Embraceable You '' `` Everything Happens for the Best '' `` Everything Happens to Me '' `` Fine and Mellow '' `` Gloomy Sunday '' `` God Bless the Child '' `` Good Morning Heartache '' `` I Cover the Waterfront '' `` I Loves You , Porgy '' `` I Thought About You '' `` I 'll Be Seeing You '' `` I 'll Get By '' `` I 've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm '' `` Just One of Those Things '' `` Lady Sings the Blues '' `` Left Alone '' `` Love for Sale '' `` Lover Man ( Oh , Where Can You Be ? ) '' `` Me , Myself , and I '' `` Miss Brown to You '' `` My Man '' `` Moonlight in Vermont '' `` Night and Day '' `` No More '' `` Now or Never '' `` Our Love Is Different '' `` P.S. I Love You '' `` Pennies from Heaven '' `` Please Do n't Do It Here '' `` Preacher Boy '' `` Sophisticated Lady '' `` Stormy Blues '' `` Strange Fruit '' `` Summertime '' `` These Foolish Things ( Remind Me of You ) '' `` Too Marvelous for Words '' `` Trav'lin ' Light '' `` What a Little Moonlight Can Do '' `` What Is This Thing Called Love ? '' `` Who Needs You ( Baby ) '' `` Why Was I Born ? '' `` Willow Weep for Me '' `` You Go to My Head '' Related topics `` Angel of Harlem '' Lady Sings the Blues ( book ) Lady Sings the Blues ( film ) Lady Sings the Blues ( soundtrack ) Book Bing Crosby Discography Filmography Albums Music of Hawaii ( 1939 ) Victor Herbert Melodies , Vol . One ( 1939 ) Patriotic Songs for Children ( 1939 ) Cowboy Songs ( 1939 ) Victor Herbert Melodies , Vol . Two ( 1939 ) George Gershwin Songs , Vol . One ( 1939 ) Ballad for Americans ( 1940 ) Favorite Hawaiian Songs ( 1940 ) Christmas Music ( 1940 ) Star Dust ( 1940 ) Hawaii Calls ( 1941 ) Small Fry ( 1941 ) Crosbyana ( 1941 ) Under Western Skies ( 1941 ) Song Hits from Holiday Inn ( w / Fred Astaire ) ( 1942 ) Merry Christmas ( 1945 ) Selections from Going My Way ( 1945 ) Selections from The Bells of St. Mary 's ( 1946 ) Do n't Fence Me In ( 1946 ) The Happy Prince ( 1946 ) Selections from Road to Utopia ( 1946 ) Bing Crosby -- Stephen Foster ( 1946 ) What We So Proudly Hail ( 1946 ) Favorite Hawaiian Songs , Vol . One ( 1946 ) Favorite Hawaiian Songs , Vol . Two ( 1946 ) Blue Skies ( w / Fred Astaire ) ( 1946 ) Bing Crosby -- Jerome Kern ( 1946 ) St. Patrick 's Day ( 1947 ) Bing Crosby -- Victor Herbert ( 1947 ) Selections from Welcome Stranger ( 1947 ) Our Common Heritage ( 1947 ) El Bingo ( 1947 ) The Small One ( 1947 ) The Man Without a Country ( 1947 ) Drifting and Dreaming ( 1947 ) Blue of the Night ( 1948 ) Selections from Showboat ( 1948 ) The Emperor Waltz ( 1948 ) St. Valentine 's Day ( 1948 ) Bing Crosby Sings with Al Jolson , Bob Hope , Dick Haymes and the Andrews Sisters ( 1948 ) Selections from Road to Rio ( 1948 ) Bing Crosby Sings with Judy Garland , Mary Martin , Johnny Mercer ( 1948 ) Bing Crosby Sings with Lionel Hampton , Eddie Heywood , Louis Jordan ( 1948 ) Auld Lang Syne ( 1948 ) A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur 's Court ( 1949 ) Bing Crosby Sings Songs by George Gershwin ( 1949 ) South Pacific ( 1949 ) Christmas Greetings ( 1949 ) Ichabod -- The Legend of Sleepy Hollow ( 1949 ) Top o ' the Morning / Emperor Waltz ( 1949 ) Songs from Mr. Music ( 1950 ) Go West Young Man ( 1950 ) Le Bing : Song Hits of Paris ( 1953 ) Some Fine Old Chestnuts ( 1954 ) Selections from White Christmas ( 1954 ) Bing : A Musical Autobiography ( 1954 ) High Tor ( 1956 ) A Christmas Sing with Bing Around the World ( 1956 ) High Society ( w / Frank Sinatra , Grace Kelly , and Louis Armstrong ) ( 1956 ) Songs I Wish I Had Sung the First Time Around ( 1956 ) Bing Sings Whilst Bregman Swings ( 1956 ) Bing with a Beat ( 1957 ) A Christmas Story ( 1957 ) Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves ( 1957 ) Never Be Afraid ( 1957 ) Jack B. Nimble -- A Mother Goose Fantasy ( 1957 ) New Tricks ( 1957 ) Fancy Meeting You Here ( w / Rosemary Clooney ) ( 1958 ) How the West Was Won ( 1959 ) Bing & Satchmo ( w / Louis Armstrong ) ( 1960 ) 101 Gang Songs ( 1960 ) Holiday in Europe ( 1960 ) The Road to Hong Kong ( 1962 ) On the Happy Side ( 1962 ) On the Sentimental Side ( 1962 ) I Wish You a Merry Christmas ( 1962 ) Reprise Musical Repertory Theatre ( 1963 ) Return to Paradise Islands ( 1963 ) Bing Crosby Sings the Great Country Hits ( 1963 ) America , I Hear You Singing ( w / Frank Sinatra and Fred Waring ) ( 1964 ) 12 Songs of Christmas ( w / Frank Sinatra and Fred Waring ) ( 1964 ) That Travelin ' Two - Beat ( w / Rosemary Clooney ) ( 1965 ) Bing ' n ' Basie ( w / Count Basie ) ( 1972 ) A Couple of Song and Dance Men ( w / Fred Astaire ) ( 1975 ) Seasons ( 1977 ) Bing Crosby : The Voice of Christmas ( 1998 ) Family Dixie Lee ( first wife ) Gary Crosby ( son ) Dennis Crosby ( son ) Phillip Crosby ( son ) Lindsay Crosby ( son ) Kathryn Crosby ( second wife ) Harry Crosby ( son ) Mary Crosby ( daughter ) Nathaniel Crosby ( son ) Denise Crosby ( granddaughter ) Larry Crosby ( brother ) Bob Crosby ( brother ) Related Songs Bing Crosby recorded multiple times A Tribute to Bing Crosby Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27ll_Be_Seeing_You_(song)&oldid=848922005 '' Categories : 1938 songs 1959 singles Pop standards Songs from musicals Songs with music by Sammy Fain Songs with lyrics by Irving Kahal Jo Stafford songs Liza Minnelli songs Billie Holiday songs Nancy Wilson ( jazz singer ) songs Cass Elliot songs Etta James songs Carmen McRae songs Al Hirt songs Max Bygraves songs The Hollywood Flames songs Songs of World War II Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Norsk Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 5 July 2018 , at 08 : 14 ( UTC ) . 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where does the show southern charm take place	Southern Charm is an American reality television series that made its first debut on March 3 , 2014 on Bravo . The series chronicles the personal and professional lives of seven socialites who reside in Charleston , South Carolina . The show focuses on the southern culture and political history of the area , and has featured local historical places like Lewisfield Plantation and the Mikell House .	Charleston , South Carolina	Southern Charm	southern charm	Southern Charm is an American reality television series that made its first debut on March 3 , 2014 on Bravo . The series chronicles the personal and professional lives of seven socialites who reside in Charleston , South Carolina . The show focuses on the southern culture and political history of the area , and has featured local historical places like Lewisfield Plantation and the Mikell House .	On July 14 , 2014 , Southern Charm was renewed for a second season , which premiered on March 16 , 2015 . The third season premiered on April 4 , 2016 . The fourth season was announced on February 16 , 2017 and premiered on April 3 . In February 2018 , Bravo announced the fifth season and it premiered on April 5 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast members 1.1 Timeline of cast 2 Episodes 3 Spin - offs 4 References 5 External links Cast members ( edit ) Thomas Ravenel Whitney Sudler - Smith Cameran Eubanks Shep Rose Craig Conover Jenna King Kathryn Calhoun Dennis Landon Clements Austen Kroll Chelsea Meissner Naomie Olindo Timeline of cast ( edit ) Name Seasons 5 Main cast members Craig Conover Main Cameran Eubanks Main Jenna King Main Thomas Ravenel Main Shep Rose Main Whitney Sudler - Smith Main Recurring Kathryn Calhoun Dennis Recurring Main Landon Clements Main Austen Kroll Main Chelsea Meissner Recurring Main Recurring cast members Danni Baird Recurring Elizabeth Madison Recurring J.D. Madison Recurring Cooper Ray Recurring Jennifer Snowden Recurring Naomie Olindo Recurring Eliza Limehouse Recurring Ashley Jacobs Recurring Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Southern Charm episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 10 March 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 03 ) May 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 05 ) 12 March 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 16 ) May 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 25 ) 14 April 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 04 ) July 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) 15 April 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 03 ) June 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 05 ) 5 TBA April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) TBA Spin - offs ( edit ) On October 27 , 2016 , Bravo ordered a spin - off series to Southern Charm , titled Southern Charm Savannah . The series is set to follow the same premise as its predecessor series but will be set in Savannah , Georgia . The series will be produced by Haymaker Production and Aaron Rothman , Irad Eyal , Sara Nichols , Luke Neslage and Jessica Chesler , Jason Weinberg , Bryan Kestner and Whitney Sudler - Smith will serve as the series ' executive producers . The series premiered on May 8 , 2017 . On June 26 , 2017 , Bravo announced that another spin - off , Southern Charm New Orleans , was ordered , and premiered on April 15 , 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nededog , Jethro ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` Bravo Sets Premiere Dates for New Series ' Southern Charm , ' Men 's Online Dating Show '' . The Wrap . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Turnage , Jeremy ( January 25 , 2014 ) . `` Bravo 's Charleston reality series ' Southern Charm ' set for March 3 '' . WISTV . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` Bravo Media Announces Premiere Dates for New Seasons of ' Flipping Out ' , ' The Real Housewives of New York ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' Million Dollar Listing New York ' Renewed for Season Four + Bravo Greenlights Three New Series '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2015 . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanada ( January 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Real Housewives of Orange County ' , ' Married to Medicine ' & ' Flipping Out ' Renewed for New Seasons + Premiere Dates Unveiled for ' Shahs of Sunset ' More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.nbcumv.com/news/bravo-media-living-highlife-low-country-%E2%80%9Csouthern-charm%E2%80%9D-season-four-premieres-monday-april-3 Jump up ^ Moylan , Brian . `` Southern Charm Season - Premiere Recap : Battle of the Sexless '' . Jump up ^ Ge , Linda ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Bravo Renews ' Southern Charm , ' ' Shahs of Sunset , ' More Shows '' . The Wrap . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Deadline '' . Bravo Renews & Expands ' Southern Charm ' , Sets More ' Shahs Of Sunset ' & ' Million Dollar Listing New York ' . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mizoguchi , Karen . `` Southern Charm Savannah Sneak Peek ! Meet the Man Who Calls His Family the Kennedys of Savannah '' . People.com . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Southern Charm on IMDb Southern Charm at TV Guide Bravo original programming Current Below Deck ( since 2013 ) Below Deck Mediterranean ( since 2016 ) Cyrus vs. Cyrus : Design and Conquer ( since 2017 ) Do n't Be Tardy ( since 2012 ) Flipping Out ( since 2007 ) Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ( since 2014 ) Going Off the Menu ( 2016 ) Imposters ( since 2017 ) Inside the Actors Studio ( since 1994 ) Married to Medicine ( since 2013 ) Million Dollar Listing Los Angeles ( since 2006 ) Million Dollar Listing New York ( since 2012 ) A Night with My Ex ( since 2017 ) Real Estate Wars ( since 2017 ) The Real Housewives of Atlanta ( since 2008 ) The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ( since 2010 ) The Real Housewives of Dallas ( since 2016 ) The Real Housewives of New Jersey ( since 2009 ) The Real Housewives of New York City ( since 2008 ) The Real Housewives of Orange County ( since 2006 ) The Real Housewives of Potomac ( since 2016 ) Shahs of Sunset ( since 2012 ) Southern Charm ( since 2014 ) Southern Charm New Orleans ( since 2018 ) Southern Charm Savannah ( since 2017 ) Summer House ( since 2017 ) Top Chef ( since 2006 ) Vanderpump Rules ( since 2013 ) Watch What Happens Live with Andy Cohen ( since 2009 ) Xscape : Still Kickin ' It ( since 2017 ) Your Husband Is Cheating on Us ( since 2018 ) Former 2000s debuts 30 Even Scarier Movie Moments ( 2006 ) The 100 Scariest Movie Moments ( 2004 ) The Awful Truth ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Battle of the Network Reality Stars ( 2005 ) Being Bobby Brown ( 2005 ) Better Halves ( 2007 ) Blow Out ( 2004 -- 06 ) Boy Meets Boy ( 2003 ) Bravo A-List Awards ( 2008 -- 09 ) Breaking News ( 2002 ) Celebrity Poker Showdown ( 2003 -- 06 ) Chef Academy ( 2009 -- 10 ) Date My Ex : Jo & Slade ( 2008 ) The Fashion Show : Ultimate Collection ( 2009 -- 11 ) First Class All the Way ( 2008 ) Gay Weddings ( 2002 ) Hey Paula ( 2007 ) The It Factor ( 2002 -- 03 ) Kathy Griffin : My Life on the D - List ( 2005 -- 10 ) Launch My Line ( 2009 -- 10 ) Make Me a Supermodel ( 2008 -- 09 ) Manhunt ( 2004 ) Miami Social ( 2009 ) The Millionaire Matchmaker ( 2008 -- 15 ) NYC Prep ( 2009 ) Outrageous and Contagious : Viral Videos ( 2006 ) Page to Screen ( 2002 -- 05 ) Party / Party ( 2005 -- 06 ) Queer Eye for the Straight Girl ( 2005 ) Queer Eye for the Straight Guy ( 2003 -- 07 ) The Rachel Zoe Project ( 2008 -- 13 ) Significant Others ( 2004 ) Shear Genius ( 2007 -- 10 ) Showbiz Moms & Dads ( 2004 ) Showdog Moms & Dads ( 2005 ) Sports Kids Moms & Dads ( 2005 ) Step It Up and Dance ( 2008 ) Tabatha Takes Over ( 2008 -- 13 ) Tabloid Wars ( 2006 ) Things I Hate About You ( 2004 ) Tim Gunn 's Guide to Style ( 2007 -- 08 ) Top Chef Masters ( 2009 -- 13 ) Top Design ( 2008 ) Welcome to the Parker ( 2007 ) Work Out ( 2006 -- 08 ) 2010s debuts 100 Days of Summer ( 2014 ) 9 By Design ( 2010 ) Après Ski ( 2015 ) Around the World in 80 Plates ( 2012 ) Best New Restaurant ( 2015 ) Bethenny Ever After ( 2010 -- 12 ) Blood , Sweat & Heels ( 2014 -- 15 ) Boys to Manzo ( 2011 ) Chef Roblé & Co. 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( 2010 ) Recipe for Deception ( 2016 ) Rocco 's Dinner Party ( 2011 ) Secrets and Wives ( 2015 ) The Singles Project ( 2014 ) Start - Ups : Silicon Valley ( 2012 ) Tamra 's OC Wedding ( 2013 ) Teresa Checks In ( 2015 ) Then and Now with Andy Cohen ( 2015 ) There Goes the Motherhood ( 2016 ) Thicker Than Water ( 2013 -- 16 ) Thintervention with Jackie Warner ( 2010 ) Timber Creek Lodge ( 2016 -- 17 ) Toned Up ( 2014 ) Top Chef Duels ( 2014 ) Top Chef : Just Desserts ( 2010 -- 11 ) Tour Group ( 2016 ) Untying the Knot ( 2014 -- 16 ) Vanderpump Rules After Show ( 2015 -- 16 ) Work of Art : The Next Great Artist ( 2010 -- 11 ) Work Out New York ( 2015 -- 16 ) Yours , Mine or Ours ( 2016 ) Upcoming Dirty John ( TBA ) Project Runway ( 2004 -- 08 , TBA ) The Fifth Beatle ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_Charm&oldid=843393561 '' Categories : 2010s American television series 2014 American television series debuts English - language television programs Television shows set in South Carolina American reality television series Bravo ( U.S. ) television series Television shows set in Charleston , South Carolina Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 21 : 26 . 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who played willie lopez in the movie ghost	Rick Aviles ( October 14 , 1952 -- March 17 , 1995 ) was an American stand - up comedian and actor of Puerto Rican descent , best remembered for portraying the villainous Willie Lopez in the film Ghost .	Rick Aviles	Rick Aviles	rick aviles		Rick Aviles Aviles as Willie Lopez in Ghost ( 1990 ) Richard Anthony Aviles October 14 , 1952 New York , New York , U.S. March 17 , 1995 ( 1995 - 03 - 17 ) ( aged 42 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Cause of death Complications of AIDS Occupation Actor , Stand - up comedian Years active 1980 - 1995 Rick Aviles ( October 14 , 1952 -- March 17 , 1995 ) was an American stand - up comedian and actor of Puerto Rican descent , best remembered for portraying the villainous Willie Lopez in the film Ghost . Contents 1 Career 2 Death 3 Filmography 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Career In the 1970s and 1980s , Aviles worked as a stand - up comedian on the Greenwich Village night - club circuit in New York . In 1981 , he landed the role of Mad Dog in the film The Cannonball Run . He went on to act in fourteen more film productions . In 1987 , Aviles landed a small part as the maintenance man in the film The Secret of My Success , starring Michael J. Fox . That same year he became the host of It 's Showtime at the Apollo , and continued as host until 1991 . In 1990 , Aviles landed his most memorable role : Willie Lopez , killer of Patrick Swayze 's Sam Wheat , in the film Ghost . The film was a smash hit at the box office and received multiple Oscar nominations . Along with Swayze , Aviles shared the screen with Demi Moore , Whoopi Goldberg and Tony Goldwyn . He also appeared in Jim Jarmusch 's Mystery Train ( 1989 ) as Will Robinson ; Francis Ford Coppola 's The Godfather Part III ( 1990 ) as Mask # 1 ; Brian De Palma 's Carlito 's Way ( 1993 ) as Quisqueya ; in Waterworld ( 1995 ) as the Gatesman , and in Joe 's Apartment ( 1996 ) as the voice of a cockroach . Among the television series in which he appeared are Mr. & Mrs. Dracula ( 1980 ) , The Day Women Got Even ( 1980 ) , The Carol Burnett Show ( 1991 ) and Stephen King 's The Stand ( 1994 ) . Death Having contracted HIV through heroin use , Aviles died on March 17 , 1995 in Los Angeles , California , from complications of AIDS . Filmography Film Year Film Role Notes 1981 The Cannonball Run Mad Dog 1984 Billions for Boris Hector Street Smart Solo The Secret of My Success Maintenance man Mondo New York Comic in park Spike of Bensonhurst Bandana Alternative titles : The Mafia Kid or Throwback ! 1989 Mystery Train Will Robinson Segment : `` Lost in Space '' Identity Crisis El Toro Ghost Willie Lopez The Godfather Part III Mask # 1 Green Card Vincent 1993 The Saint of Fort Washington Rosario Carlito 's Way Quisqueya 1995 Waterworld Gatesman Joe 's Apartment Cockroach Voice only Television Year Title Role Notes 1980 Mr. and Mrs. Dracula Mario Unknown episodes The Day the Women Got Even Pancho Diaz 1989 No Place Like Home J.J. 1991 Monsters 1 episode The Carol Burnett Show Skit characters Unknown episodes 1993 Moon Over Miami Frankie the Rat 1 episode The Stand Rat man Miniseries See also Puerto Rico portal Biography portal film portal comedy portal List of Puerto Ricans List of Puerto Ricans of African descent African immigration to Puerto Rico References ^ Jump up to : New York Times ; Movies and T.V. Jump up ^ Tucker , Hannah ( 2006 - 06 - 09 ) . `` 25 years of AIDS in Hollywood -- We remember the lost stars of movies , TV and art '' . Entertainment Weekly . p. 2 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ http://www.inbaseline.com/person.aspx?person_id=140929 External links Rick Aviles on IMDb Rick Aviles at NNDB.com BNF : cb141515894 ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0000 4127 6071 LCCN : no2002033273 VIAF : 46969886 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rick_Aviles&oldid=841738159 '' Categories : 1952 births 1995 deaths Male actors from New York City AIDS - related deaths in California People from Manhattan American people of Puerto Rican descent 20th - century American male actors Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Italiano Kiswahili Magyar Plattdüütsch Português Русский 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 18 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick%20Aviles	1,872
was dwight the father of angela's baby	Dwight is the only person that Angela likes in the office . It is shown in `` E-mail Surveillance '' that Dwight and Angela have begun a romantic relationship . Although she has said she loves Dwight and cares about him , she refuses to tell anyone about their relationship , and is often made uncomfortable by Dwight 's passion for her . Their relationship is seemingly summarized in `` A.A.R.M. '' : when Dwight tells her that yelling through a megaphone expresses `` how loudly I love you '' , Angela meekly whispers `` It 's too loud . '' In `` Traveling Salesman '' Angela forgets to send an accounting folder to corporate , so Dwight drives to New York and gives the folder to them . After Dwight is told he would be fired if he did n't tell Michael why he went to New York , he keeps their relationship secret out of respect for Angela . Angela later tells Michael what happened , but still does n't reveal their relationship . In `` Fun Run '' Angela asks Dwight to feed her cat Sprinkles , who is feeling sick , but Dwight kills it , which causes Angela to break up with him . After Angela begins a relationship with Andy in Season 4 , she stops dating Dwight , but at the end of `` Goodbye Toby '' Phyllis sees Angela cheating on Andy with Dwight . Dwight ends their affair in `` The Duel '' after learning that she has been having sexual relations with Andy . In `` The Delivery '' Dwight , who wants to improve his sales by having a child , asks Angela to have his baby . The two write up a contract and plan to have a baby together , but in `` Happy Hour '' , Dwight hooks up with Pam 's friend Isabel , and tells Angela he does n't want her to have his baby . In `` The Chump '' the two call in a lawyer , and Angela refuses to release him from the contract unless he agrees to have sex with her five times . She later voids the contract after meeting Senator Robert Lipton . After she gives birth ( Jury Duty ) , Dwight realizes the baby was conceived before her marriage to Robert and makes the assumption that he , not Robert , is the father . Angela and Dwight go through a paternity test and in `` New Guys '' it is revealed that Dwight is not Philip 's father . In `` A.A.R.M. '' Dwight proposes to Angela , and she accepts . She then tells Dwight that she lied before and Dwight is Philip 's father . Angela tells him that she wanted to make sure that Dwight wanted to marry her for no other reason than for love .		Angela Martin	angela martin	Angela Noelle Schrute ( née Martin ; formerly Lipton ) is a fictional character from the US television series The Office played by American actress Angela Kinsey . She is an original character , and has no equivalent in the original British show , The Office .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Biography 3 Relationships 3.1 Dwight 3.2 Pam 3.3 Andy 3.4 Phyllis 3.5 Robert Lipton 3.6 Other relationships 4 Character history 4.1 Seasons 1 -- 2 4.2 Seasons 3 -- 4 4.3 Seasons 5 -- 6 4.4 Season 7 -- 8 4.5 Season 9 5 Recurring jokes 6 Behind the scenes 7 References Overview ( edit ) Angela Martin is the head of the accounting department at the Scranton branch of the fictitious paper distribution company Dunder Mifflin , extension 128 . Cold , condescending , judgmental and uptight , Angela is often negative and frowns upon all frivolous activity in the office , and openly expressed her disapproval of office receptionist Pam Beesly 's flirtation with coworker Jim Halpert . She also frowns upon any sort of superfluousness or inappropriateness in general . Like Dwight , Angela has little sense of humour and almost never smiles or expresses happiness , except when she is talking about her cats or is expressing derisive contempt for her co-workers . Angela is attracted to shows of power , extremely secretive with her other emotions , and vengeful when upset . Biography ( edit ) In addition to heading the accounting department , Angela is also the former head of the Party Planning Committee and the office 's Safety Officer . She is a constant source of complaints to Human Resources , although she retracts those lodged against Dwight Schrute at the onset of their secret romance . Angela lives with several cats , adores posters of infants posed as adults , and is a vegetarian and a singer . When she makes a mistake , Angela 's first response is usually to shift the blame to someone else , along with an insult . Angela 's extreme religious homophobia makes her dislike Will & Grace ( although she says it 's because it 's `` terribly loud '' ) , except for the scenes with Harry Connick , Jr . ( `` He 's so talented '' ) . She is a former child beauty pageant contestant , and says that she enjoys being judged . She tends to list colors that she finds `` whorish '' , including orange and green , that always seem to correspond to the color of clothes being worn by either Phyllis or Meredith . Angela bottles up her emotions to the point that , on occasion , she has private , emotional outbursts over relatively trivial matters . She also seems to be something of a conservative ( albeit hypocritical ) Christian . She states that the two books she would bring with her to read if stranded on a deserted island are the Bible and The Purpose Driven Life . Further , she would bring The Da Vinci Code , but only so she could burn it . She despises the mystery novel genre because , in her words , `` I hate being titillated . '' However , in a deleted scene from `` Dream Team '' , she says her new boss Charles Miner is mysterious and wants to flip to `` his last page '' . In a deleted scene from Season 3 , Angela glowingly compares Dwight to Fox News commentator Sean Hannity . She says in Prince Family Paper that her ideal of male beauty is Boris Becker . She was mainly seen as a minor character in the first two seasons but since starting her relationship with Dwight her character has been explored numerous times and has been so further since their break - up in Fun Run . Throughout season 3 and carrying on into season 4 , Angela essentially became the second lead female of the show , after Pam Beesly . Angela has a sister to whom she was very close but has not spoken in sixteen years over a disagreement she does not even remember , a situation that she regards with a great deal of pride . She appears unable to apologize , as further detailed in `` Product Recall '' when she can not bring herself to say sorry on behalf of the company ( saying instead `` our official position is apologetic '' ) , and in `` The Return '' when she uses a wordy , third - person monologue as a way of apologizing to Oscar for being homophobic . She did , however , say she was sorry to Kevin for being `` mean '' twice in `` The Accountants . '' She has a second sister who she is also very close with , who is her maid of honor at her wedding during the series finale . It was revealed in `` The Return '' and confirmed in `` Happy Hour '' that her middle name is Noelle . Angela drives a light brown first generation Ford Focus sedan , as seen in `` The Dundies '' and `` The Client '' . In the season six episode `` Niagara '' , she is seen to drive a second generation Saturn S - Series ( which Oscar 's lover Gill used to drive ) . Angela 's petite size is a running gag of the show . Angela claims to weigh eighty - two pounds and wears a child 's size ten ( `` Women 's Appreciation '' ) . In addition , because she finds the clothes at Gap Kids to sometimes be too `` flashy '' , she occasionally shops at the American Girl store , buying items meant for `` large colonial dolls '' . Michael has twice made fun of her stature , nicknaming her `` Booster Seat '' in reference to small children having to sit on one in restaurants . He later `` roasted '' her during `` Stress Relief '' by saying he could n't see her when she was hiding behind a grain of rice . Her 5'1 '' height is sharply contrasted to 6'1 '' Dwight . Angela ruled ( in seasons 1 - 4 ) the Party Planning Committee ( PPC ) with an iron fist . Usually when a committee member suggests an idea , Angela immediately shoots it down with a mean comment or sharp rebuke . The PPC normally consists of Angela , Pam , Phyllis , and Meredith , although Meredith was naturally not present when the committee planned her surprise birthday party . Karen became a regular member of the PPC when she was transferred to Scranton , but was expelled by Angela for her `` unsuitable '' ideas during `` A Benihana Christmas '' . Ryan joined the committee to help plan the Christmas Party , and Oscar joined it to help plan his own `` Welcome Back '' party ( `` The Return '' ) . Angela was particularly hard on Phyllis during `` Launch Party '' and was left with a huge burden when Phyllis got fed up and quit the PPC . It is implied in the webisode series , Blackmail , that she has or had a clandestine sexual relationship with her church pastor when Creed hands out envelopes containing incriminating information on several of his peers and Meredith opens her envelope and asks `` Who 's Pastor Davis ? '' prompting Creed to switch the envelopes between Angela and Meredith . After reading the note , Angela appears to be heavily embarrassed . In The Chump , Angela reveals that her four cats are named `` Ember , Milky Way , Diane , and Lumpy '' . In the season eight premiere Angela is married to Robert and pregnant . She is pregnant with her first child but she has a step son with Robert . Angela wanted to name her son `` Philip '' after her cat , but Pam ( who is pregnant with her 2nd child ) wanted the name `` Philip '' after her grandfather . Angela tried browbeating Pamela into giving up the name rights -- in a deleted scene , she said Jim would n't take care of the name because `` he ca n't even get a decent haircut ! '' -- and after Pam rebuffed her , threatened to take the name first by having a C - section done ( even though she would only be six months ' pregnant at the time ) . In the end , both children are named Philip . Relationships ( edit ) Dwight ( edit ) Dwight is the only person that Angela likes in the office . It is shown in `` E-mail Surveillance '' that Dwight and Angela have begun a romantic relationship . Although she has said she loves Dwight and cares about him , she refuses to tell anyone about their relationship , and is often made uncomfortable by Dwight 's passion for her . Their relationship is seemingly summarized in `` A.A.R.M. '' : when Dwight tells her that yelling through a megaphone expresses `` how loudly I love you '' , Angela meekly whispers `` It 's too loud . '' In `` Traveling Salesman '' Angela forgets to send an accounting folder to corporate , so Dwight drives to New York and gives the folder to them . After Dwight is told he would be fired if he did n't tell Michael why he went to New York , he keeps their relationship secret out of respect for Angela . Angela later tells Michael what happened , but still does n't reveal their relationship . In `` Fun Run '' Angela asks Dwight to feed her cat Sprinkles , who is feeling sick , but Dwight kills it , which causes Angela to break up with him . After Angela begins a relationship with Andy in Season 4 , she stops dating Dwight , but at the end of `` Goodbye Toby '' Phyllis sees Angela cheating on Andy with Dwight . Dwight ends their affair in `` The Duel '' after learning that she has been having sexual relations with Andy . In `` The Delivery '' Dwight , who wants to improve his sales by having a child , asks Angela to have his baby . The two write up a contract and plan to have a baby together , but in `` Happy Hour '' , Dwight hooks up with Pam 's friend Isabel , and tells Angela he does n't want her to have his baby . In `` The Chump '' the two call in a lawyer , and Angela refuses to release him from the contract unless he agrees to have sex with her five times . She later voids the contract after meeting Senator Robert Lipton . After she gives birth ( Jury Duty ) , Dwight realizes the baby was conceived before her marriage to Robert and makes the assumption that he , not Robert , is the father . Angela and Dwight go through a paternity test and in `` New Guys '' it is revealed that Dwight is not Philip 's father . In `` A.A.R.M. '' Dwight proposes to Angela , and she accepts . She then tells Dwight that she lied before and Dwight is Philip 's father . Angela tells him that she wanted to make sure that Dwight wanted to marry her for no other reason than for love . Pam ( edit ) Angela generally disapproves of Pam because of `` all the people '' she has dated in the office . She even calls her the `` office mattress '' in `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' . Pam originally did n't invite Angela to her wedding with Roy because she did n't want anyone who 'd called her a `` hussy '' to be at her wedding , and assumes it was Angela who filed a complaint with Toby over her at - work wedding planning ( it turned out that it was Jim who did so ) . Pam is the first to find out about Dwight and Angela 's relationship in `` E-mail Surveillance '' . In `` The Injury '' , when Dwight gets a concussion , Pam notices Angela is upset and comforts her by hinting that Dwight is okay . Their relationship does warm up a little in `` Traveling Salesman '' in which they share some conversation while getting coffee ; in a deleted scene , Angela offers Pam her dominant male cat Ash , but after Pam apologetically declines , Angela 's chilly behavior returns . In `` Niagara '' , Angela 's complaints lead Pam to bluntly say Angela does not have to come to the wedding ; while Angela does arrive with everyone else , her main success there is an offer to chaperone Pam on the pre-wedding night , leading Pam to give up on going out and return to her room . In `` Costume Contest '' , Angela uses a dismissive `` blech '' term regarding Pam . Ironically , both Kinsey and Fischer are close friends in real life . Andy ( edit ) Angela was in a relationship with Andy throughout Season 4 and carrying on into Season 5 . Initially , she dates him on the rebound after a break - up with her boyfriend of two years ( Dwight ) . Scenes imply however that she was beginning to genuinely like him more and more , such as in `` Did I Stutter '' when Dwight watches the two of them in the break room playing Mad Libs together and laughing . Despite being surprised and shocked by Andy 's sudden proposal in `` Goodbye Toby '' , she accepts , and the two are engaged until it comes to a dissolution in `` The Duel '' when Andy learns she had been having an affair with Dwight . She 's later shown to be in a state of depression , and at times openly regrets dating both men . On `` Secretary 's Day '' in Season 6 , Andy 's new girlfriend Erin finds out about the two 's relationship , and publicly demeans Angela in the conference room . Angela has a brief conversation with Erin shortly afterward , where she expresses her humiliation and reminds Erin that she wants to forget the memories of dating him . Andy has rarely talked to Angela or expressed any opinions about her in subsequent episodes . When he quits his job to pursue his dreams of stardom near the series ' end , Angela ( informed by her own life upheavals ) talks to him about not letting pride ruin his life . While Andy assumes she is talking about how their relationship ended and says that is something he does reflect on sometimes , Angela fights through her lingering disgust that she was ever with him and finally tells him , mutedly but sincerely , that she wishes him good luck . Andy is part of Dwight 's bachelor party and attends the wedding of his old co-workers . Phyllis ( edit ) Up until Season 5 , Angela is the head of the Party Planning Committee along with Phyllis as her assistant . Angela is patronizing and bossy towards Phyllis , who admits that Angela is hard to deal with and that the two have a severe disliking towards one another . In `` Goodbye Toby '' , Phyllis catches Angela and Dwight having sex in the back of the office ( thus cheating on her fiancé at the time ) and uses this to blackmail Angela and make her do what she wants . In `` New Leads '' , Michael gives Angela Phyllis ' leads , and Angela , in retaliation for all the aggravating tasks she had to endure while under her control , makes her do some accounting work only to shred it later . Phyllis states in `` Conflict Resolution '' that ( even though they constantly butt heads ) , they are close . By the finale , Phyllis and Angela seemed to have resolved their differences . Angela , incapacitated by a foot injury , apologizes for snapping at Phyllis , who then volunteers to carry Angela down the aisle . Robert Lipton ( edit ) Angela meets Robert Lipton , who 's with his son , at Dwight 's hay festival . They get along well , and at the end of the day , he asks for her number . It 's later revealed that they 've started dating and also that Robert is a state senator . There are strong hints throughout the rest of the season that he 's gay , which almost everyone eventually notices . Angela remains oblivious however . In the season 7 finale , he proposes to her and they 're officially engaged ( marking her second engagement on the show ) . It was confirmed by Angela Kinsey at the NBC Press Tour that she and Robert will have gotten married over the summer . In the season 8 premiere , it is revealed that Angela and Robert are married and she is pregnant . Other relationships ( edit ) Angela tends to be somewhat abrasive towards other office workers , often outright insulting them . In the season 3 premiere , she expresses an open homophobia and dislike for Oscar , who is outed as a homosexual . However , it appears that by `` The Return '' she has decided to overlook her problems with this , helping to plan a party for Oscar 's return from vacation . She treats her other accounting colleague , Kevin , with open disdain , although the two are very occasionally seen to show affection for each other , such as in the episode ' Branch Closing ' , in which they embrace warmly when they learn that the Scranton branch of Dunder Mifflin is to remain open , or the series 2 episode ' The Injury ' , in which they are seen smiling and joking together in the background . She has a clear disgust and annoyance with her former boss Michael Scott , often barely able to fathom his ridiculous and time - wasting antics ; although she does say she is `` thrilled '' for Michael and Holly 's relationship . In a scene during the extended version of Michael 's last episode , she refuses to mention any qualities Michael had , other than the fact that he worked in the same office as she did for nineteen years . Angela also shows concern for Stanley after he suffers a heart attack , trying to protect him from Michael 's attempts to `` help '' him . She strongly disapproves of office romances , playing a game called `` Pam - Pong '' in which she counts the number of times Jim leaves his desk to talk to Pam ( as mentioned above , Angela referred to Pam as the `` office mattress '' ) . Somewhat mirroring the relationship between Pam and Toby , throughout the first three seasons Angela is shown to have a crush on Pam 's fiancée Roy Anderson , with Roy occasionally showing interest in Angela as well , specifically when asked at one time who in the office he would have sex with besides Pam . During the fifth season , Angela developed a one - sided crush on corporate higher - up Charles Miner . She frequently tried and failed to engage in a relationship with him , often butting heads with Kelly for his affection . It 's subtly implied in an online webisode series , `` Blackmail '' , that she has or had a clandestine sexual relationship with her church pastor when Creed hands out envelopes containing incriminating information on several of his peers and Meredith opens her envelope and asks `` Who 's Pastor Davis ? '' prompting Creed to switch the envelopes between Angela and Meredith . After reading the note , Angela appears to be heavily embarrassed . Character history ( edit ) Seasons 1 -- 2 ( edit ) Angela is established as a strict and stubborn office worker , and she is something of a perfectionist . She appears to be a prime example of an authoritarian personality . She is also in charge of the Party Planning Committee and is often at odds with Phyllis Lapin . When it is noted that red streamers are bad during Meredith Palmer 's party , she blames it on Phyllis , though it seems to be her fault . There are many deleted scenes in which Angela is interviewed , as well as other members of accounting , suggesting that the series was originally intended to take a two - perspective look at the office : one from accounting 's point of view , and one from sales . Angela refuses to accept the `` Tight Ass '' award at the 8th Annual Dundie Awards . When she sees Kelly give Dwight ( her secret love interest ) a small kiss in the episode `` Christmas Party '' , she gets angry and throws Christmas ornaments outside the building . Though she is a constant source of complaints to Human Resources ( she and Oscar Martinez fight over her poster of babies playing instruments , which she got from Toby Flenderson for Christmas ) , she redacts those lodged against Dwight at the onset of their secret romance . It is hinted during `` Drug Testing '' that she does not take birth control , in accordance to her Christian beliefs . This revelation is to the relief of Dwight implying that they are having sex . She has a bobblehead doll made in Dwight 's likeness as a Valentine 's Day gift , and receives a key to his house in return . Angela hints that she has a crush on Pam 's fiancé Roy ( Webisodes : The Accountants , `` Someone in the Warehouse '' ) and admits that she would choose Roy over Jim if pressed on the matter ( `` The Secret '' ) . Seasons 3 -- 4 ( edit ) Angela is disgusted at the revelation that Oscar is gay ( `` Gay Witch Hunt '' ) , and does not bother to hide it . Her attitude toward him becomes much more sympathetic after he returns to work following an extended absence ( `` The Return '' ) , and the two appear to have reconciled . She believes Oscar has the capability to cross over to dating women if he so chooses . Evidently , Angela continues to nurture a crush on Roy , complimenting him on his physique and greeting him , in the third - season episode `` Branch Closing '' . In the same episode , she spontaneously hugs Kevin upon discovering their branch will not be closed , the second moment to date , along with Kevin 's cancer scare in the season two episode `` Michael 's Birthday '' , in which she has shown anything but contempt for him . In `` The Convention '' , she secretly follows Dwight to the office supply convention in Philadelphia under the name `` Jane Doe '' and gets a room which Jim accidentally enters , though it does not appear he saw that it was her ( exclaiming `` Dwight got a hooker ! '' ) . Angela would seem to call Dwight `` D '' outside the office , as she ( mistakenly ) does when Jim enters Dwight 's hotel room . She also persuades Dwight to supplant Michael as Regional Manager ( à la Lady Macbeth ) , but it does not succeed . She has a good first impression of Andy Bernard when he shows up on his first day with a cat screensaver . When Angela rudely shoots down an idea proposed by Karen Filippelli , the PPC defiantly splits into two groups and two parties . Angela holds the less popular one , to which only Kevin , Phyllis , and Hannah come , while ( Pam ) and Karen lead the more popular one . Eventually the two parties merge back into one and Angela returns a `` missing '' power cord for the karaoke machine . In `` Traveling Salesmen '' , it is suggested that Angela 's middle name is Noelle when she becomes giddy over her blossoming relationship with Dwight ( Kurt ) Schrute and attempts to bond with Pam , a venture that is cut short when the latter declines Angela 's offer of the `` dominant male '' in a recent litter of cats had by her favorite pet , Sprinkles . In `` The Return '' , she is briefly moved to tears while inviting Oscar to join the PPC as an apology for her apparent disapproval of his homosexuality and is visibly saddened by the insensitivity of Michael 's proposal to celebrate Oscar 's `` Mexicanity '' by featuring Mexican lemonade ( Lemoñadé , with diacriticals added by Ryan , presumably upon Michael 's request ) and bite - sized frozen - dinner Chimichangas , though in both instances she may be displacing her grief over Dwight 's temporary resignation from the company . In deleted scenes from Phyllis ' Wedding , Phyllis seats Angela next to Dennis , a religious vet who shares her passion for cats . The two get along well , but when Dennis asks Angela for her telephone number , Angela tells him she 's already having intimate relations with someone ( Dwight ) . Dennis , visibly both upset and disgusted , apologizes to her before leaving , saying `` Phyllis neglected to mention your promiscuity . '' It is illustrated that Angela has a love of learning , as seen in `` Ben Franklin '' where she is the only female intently listening to the Ben Franklin impersonator , `` Diwali '' where she takes a cautious interest in learning more about Hindu religion and culture ( although she also makes ignorant comments about the religion and Indian food , specifically whining that the naan at the Diwali party is dry ) , and `` The Job '' in which she enthusiastically participates in Dwight 's lecture on soil . Her refusal to allow Dwight to publicize their relationship prevented him from exonerating himself against suspicion of disloyalty and forced his resignation . Dwight returns to Dunder Mifflin after she clears his name while preserving the secrecy of their relationship ( she tells Michael that Dwight bailed her out , but does not correct Michael 's clueless assertion that Dwight helped her `` as a random co-worker '' ) . The relationship between Angela and Dwight is almost of Macbeth proportions as when Dwight was fooled by Michael into believing he was going to be the new regional manager at the branch ( which Angela pushed by Dwight going behind Michael 's back ) , Dwight leaves her in charge of the women . In `` The Job '' , when Dwight is temporarily given Michael 's job as acting regional manager , Dwight immediately informs her and she seems to rekindle the idea of mastering the puppet strings over Dwight , as well as speculating happily that co-worker Kelly Kapoor will be fired . In the episode `` Fun Run '' , Dwight and Angela 's relationship hits a snag when Dwight euthanizes Sprinkles , Angela 's old and sickly pet cat . Dwight thought Sprinkles had died after he 'd expertly administered it with a lethal dose of Benadryl , and so put the cat in the freezer to cover the smell ; however , Angela was horrified to find that Sprinkles had only died when frozen . Angela is especially bothered by this because , `` cat heaven is a beautiful place , but you do n't get there if you 're euthanized '' . In the next episode , `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' , Angela breaks up with Dwight because `` every time ( she looks ) into his eyes , ( she sees ) Sprinkles 's cold , lifeless body '' . In `` Launch Party '' , Angela prepares a party for the launch of the company website . On the day of the launch , Dwight attempts to woo her back by competing ( and winning ) against the website to sell more reams of paper than the other , but Angela refuses to consider it . Michael , in a bid for vengeance against a perceived slight by Ryan , orders Angela , with one hour left before the party begins , to implement his over-the - top ideas for decorations and catering . She is unable to do so partly due to not having enough time and partly due to Phyllis taking a stand against her harsher than usual criticism and refusing to help . In the meantime Andy tries to win Angela 's affection ; although initially unsuccessful ( to Dwight 's relief ) , a last - minute performance of `` Take a Chance on Me '' produces a partly suppressed smile from her . In the episode `` Money '' , Angela decides to go out with Andy after he gives her a cat as a present ( actually a stray that Dwight had tried unsuccessfully to give her as a reconciliation gift ) , giving him instructions on taking her to dinner that included `` no seafood places '' . In the following episodes , they have apparently been seeing each other , but it is implied that Angela still harbors feelings for Dwight , as Andy reports in `` Local Ad '' that she cried out `` Oh , D ! '' when he kissed her , and Dwight recognizes this as her nickname for him ( though Andy thinks it means `` Dee '' as in `` An - Dee '' ) . In `` Job Fair '' , Angela and Dwight were the only two left in the office after the remaining members of the team took off early as a result of Michael not being in the office . For the rest of the day , the two share an awkward atmosphere which eventually thaws towards the end of the day . In `` Goodbye , Toby '' , at Toby 's outdoor leaving party , Angela reluctantly accepts Andy 's proposal of marriage , after he asks her in front of everyone , including his own parents . At the very end of the episode , however , Phyllis is taking some of the party supplies back to the office and walks in on Angela mid-intercourse with Dwight . The episode ended on Angela and Dwight 's reaction to Phyllis ' walking in . Seasons 5 -- 6 ( edit ) In `` Weight Loss '' , Andy continually pesters Angela with ideas for their wedding . Most of his proposals are outlandish and expensive , and Angela continues to treat him and his ideas with contempt . She pages Dwight , and they meet in the Dunder Mifflin warehouse to have sex . This seems to be a habit , but later in the episode Andy tells Angela he does n't care where they marry so long as they 're together . This moves Angela enough not to cheat on him with Dwight who is left waiting alone on this one occasion but it does n't last , as Andy continues to irritate Angela about his college friends coming to stay with them for three weeks to perform at the wedding . Angela tells Andy they 'll talk about it later and rushes to page and subsequently hook up with Dwight downstairs . Meanwhile , Phyllis has dethroned Angela as head of the Party Planning Committee and does not hesitate to give Angela harsh orders . Angela puts up with Phyllis ' sternness because she does n't want Phyllis to tell Andy she is cheating on him . In `` Crime Aid '' , Dwight , with advice from Phyllis , gives Angela an ultimatum -- him or Andy . Angela looks to Andy , signifying that she chooses him , although Dwight says to Phyllis that `` she ignored the ultimatum . '' Dwight then treats Phyllis coldly but forgives her after he realizes she was just trying to help . In `` Customer Survey '' , Angela finally agrees to Andy 's renting a tent -- as long as it 's set on a site which matches Schrute Farm Bed & Breakfast . Andy books the farm and Dwight gleefully agrees to plan every detail of the wedding , pointedly offering to be available to Angela day or night . Angela understands the double meaning and shows signs of being very turned on by it . In `` Business Trip '' , it is revealed she and Andy have never been intimate . When Andy drunk dials her demanding sex , she is disgusted , even though , in the background , viewers can hear Dwight in her bed . She later demotes Andy back to `` first base '' , which for her is a kiss on the forehead . In `` The Surplus '' , Dwight escorts Angela and Andy to Schrute Farms to plan details of the wedding . In a supposed mock ceremony , Dwight stands in for Andy as a Mennonite , German - speaking minister completes the vows . Angela begins to admit she has made a mistake and seems to reconcile with Dwight , however he announces they have actually married . She is angered at his deception and storms off . At the office , she passionately kisses Andy in front of the staff and leaves to `` take care of a legal matter '' , implying she will have the marriage annulled . In `` Moroccan Christmas '' , Phyllis continues her torment of Angela , going as far to force Angela to discard her personal nativity scene and the Christmas tree as they do n't fit in with the theme . When she learns that she 's eating food served during Ramadan , she immediately spits it out . When Angela finally revolts because she believes Phyllis will never reveal her secret , Phyllis stuns the entire staff by revealing the Dwight - Angela affair . Angela is visibly humiliated and upset ( while Dwight is actually amused ) , and asks Andy ( who was out of the room at the announcement ) to take her home . However , the truth is eventually revealed in `` The Duel '' , when Michael decides to take the matter into his own hands , much to the objection of the staff by telling Andy the news . Devastated , Andy confronts Angela who tries to squirm her way out of the confrontation before admitting to the affair . This only sparks a duel between Andy and Dwight which seems to arouse Angela because of two men fighting over her . But that is short - lived when Andy tells Dwight that he slept with her twice in comparison to how many times Dwight has slept with her . Initially , Angela said that she only slept with Dwight . The two men break up with Angela with Andy making preparations to cancel the wedding and Dwight throwing out the bobblehead doll purchased for him as a gift by Angela . This all happens before her eyes , and a dejected expression appears on her face . In `` Stress Relief '' , Dwight traps all of the employees in the office , while leading them to believe that it is on fire . Everyone panics and attempts to break out . Angela goes to get her cat , Bandit , who she is revealed to keep in a drawer by her desk . She sees Oscar climbing into the ceiling , and attempts to get him to save her cat by taking it with him , but he is ignoring her . She then attempts to throw Bandit up into the ceiling to Oscar , but this results in the cat going up into one part of the ceiling , and coming down hard out of another part . She later takes part in the roast and during an interview expresses amusement over it , before she realizes she is sounding human and puts her stern facial expression back in place . In `` Blood Drive '' , Angela reveals that she once had two men duel over her , and everyone thinks she means Andy and Dwight , but she corrects them : two men named John ( John Mark and John David ) once fought for her affections in Ohio ( which both Dwight and Andy are bewildered by ) . She also goes out of her way to tell Oscar she does n't approve of his homosexuality , even though she also seems generally sympathetic to his tale of romantic failure . In `` New Boss '' , she , along with Kelly , develops a crush on Charles Miner , the new Vice President . It leads to the women battling for his affections , with Angela insulting Kelly in an interview by saying Charles is an attractive and cultured man and `` He does not need to go Dumpster - diving for companionship ! '' . In `` Company Picnic '' , Dwight 's friend , Rolf , constantly insults Angela on her relationship with Dwight , telling her that he does not hear `` Cheaters , Tramps , or Women who break his friends heart , '' after she wants to play in the volleyball game . However , by the end , Dwight defends Angela , indicating that their relationship may be thawing as the season ends . In `` Niagara '' , Angela implies she has no living grandmothers when hearing Pam talk about hers . At the wedding , she refuses to dance down the aisle like everyone else , and simply just walks down . In `` Murder '' , Angela takes part in Michael 's murder mystery game but is uncomfortable at being assigned the role of a voodoo priestess . In `` The Delivery '' , Angela and Dwight make a contract to have a baby , a prospect which brings visible joy to Angela . She makes several attempts to strike up conversations with Dwight while negotiating the contract , indicating that Angela sees the contract as her opportunity to reconcile with Dwight , but she either does n't notice or ignores Dwight 's clear unease after he signs the contract . However , in `` Happy Hour '' , Dwight makes clear both his interest in Pam 's friend Isabel Poreba and his decision to nix his deal with Angela . Angela is angry and appears with a court summons ordering Dwight to honor the contract , but he is unmoved and ends up making out with Isabel , while Angela yells she will see him in small claims court . In `` Secretary 's Day '' , Angela is upset when Erin learns that Andy was engaged to her , not because she 's jealous of Andy and Erin 's relationship , but due to her disgust over everyone knowing she had sexual relations with Andy ( which at least does confirm Andy 's statement in `` The Duel '' that she and he slept together a few times ) ; Erin does n't want to hear it or talk to Angela any further . However , it appears as if Angela 's relationship with Andy has at least become friendly at this point , as he specifically thanks her for her help with Erin 's party , to which she responds with a broad smile . In `` The Chump '' , Dwight and Angela call upon a mediator to settle their contract . The mediator determines that the otherwise ' solid ' contract is ultimately unenforceable , since you ca n't force two people to have sex and make a baby . Instead , Angela could sue Dwight for damages up to thirty thousand dollars for breach of contract . Knowing that Dwight would never want to pay her damages , she offers him a ' settlement ' ; five separate sessions of intercourse instead . He accepts , gloating that `` thirty thousand for sex is n't bad at all '' . Later , Dwight is seen carrying out various methods to try to sterilize himself before the first ' session ' . The episode ends with the two returning to the secret location in the warehouse to have sex . The pair do n't notice , however , that Jim and Pam are nearby attempting to take a nap and they can hear everything that is happening . Season 7 -- 8 ( edit ) In `` Andy 's Play '' , she has Dwight take her to the Sweeney Todd community production that Andy is a part of . During the play , she attempts to seduce Dwight by changing into tight gardening clothing ( she intentionally sticks gum on her dress so as to have an excuse to change ) . Dwight slowly appears to be falling for her again , and near the end of the episode , attempts to seduce her in return . Before they go too far , she cuts off the sex and drives away in her car ( while she 's driving , we see a visibly pleased expression on her face ) . In `` Viewing Party '' , she and Dwight agree to have sex during the night as part of their contract . However , Pam and Jim prevent him from going to Angela due to the fact that their baby seems to be attracted to Dwight , so she 's left waiting in the back seat of her car , visibly topless when Pam comes out to see her . In `` WUPHF.com '' , Dwight 's hay festival distracts him from fulfilling a request for sex from Angela ( per their contract ) . Angela 's at her most irritated when she meets a charming , friendly single father named Robert Lipton whom she actually finds herself smiling at and enjoying the company . When Angela learns the man is a widower , she makes it clear he 's welcome to call her . When Dwight is done with the festival , he arrives at his and Angela 's warehouse rendezvous point only to see that Angela has stamped their procreation contract VOID . In `` Classy Christmas '' , it 's revealed that Robert is actually a state senator ( although Angela only refers to him as the ' Senator ' , making it seem that he is a U.S. Senator like Bob Casey or Pat Toomey ) . She brings him to the office Christmas party , where she announces that they 're officially dating . However , Oscar picks up hints about his attraction to other men ( such as glancing at Ryan 's backside ) . Throughout the next few episodes , Angela continues her gloating about Robert 's job ( at one point trying to impress Deangelo Vickers with the information ) . The rest of the office staff make fun of this , particularly Michael during his last Dundies ceremony . There are further hints of her boyfriend 's homosexuality ( or bisexuality ) . In `` Goodbye , Michael '' , she shows off pictures of her and Robert together with his male ' aide ' . The pictures seem to heavily imply that he 's gay ( with the aide supposedly being his secret lover ) but Angela remains oblivious . In `` Search Committee '' , she receives a call from his secretary and is told to meet him at a particular restaurant for lunch . She comes back , having ridden in his limo , and shows the staff a ring on her finger . She tells him how he took her to a replica of a bridge , got down on one knee , and proposed . Immediately after this , she criticizes Jim 's informal proposal to Pam and their `` ironic wedding '' . Oscar , who strongly believes that Robert is gay , shares his feelings with Pam and the rest of the office ; Ryan Howard states that Robert is definitely gay because he liked a Facebook picture at 3 o'clock in the morning . The office eventually decides not to share their suspicions with Angela out of respect for her feelings , although Angela 's constant obnoxious and upbeat attitude about her forthcoming nuptials annoys Pam to the point where she nearly tells Angela the truth about Robert before stopping herself short . Midway through season eight , in `` Jury Duty '' , Angela gives birth to her son Philip ( much to Pam 's chagrin who wanted that name for her son ) . Angela claims that he was born prematurely , but when her co-workers visit her at the hospital and see how large the baby is , she is forced to admit that the baby was conceived before her wedding . This leads Dwight to suspect that the baby may be his , but later in `` New Guys '' , it is revealed that Dwight is not the father . Season 9 ( edit ) In `` The Whale '' , Angela suspects that Robert is cheating on her and after confiding this to Oscar , they follow Robert to his gym . When they see Robert acting intimately with a male trainer , Oscar 's odd reaction leads Angela to finally suspect that Oscar may be the one having an affair with Robert . In `` The Target '' , Angela seeks revenge on Oscar and hires a hitman to attack him but is later talked out of it by Dwight . Oscar allows her to kick him in the shin instead . Angela and Oscar 's battles for the affections of Robert continue uncomfortably when Oscar attends Angela 's son 's birthday party in `` Vandalism '' . In `` Moving On ( The Office ) '' , Angela and Dwight become close after she helps him take care of his elderly aunt . They share a kiss but afterwards both say that she should remain faithful to her husband . Angela becomes jealous when Dwight begins courting his neighbor Esther . ( `` Promos '' ) After the Senator 's public coming - out in `` Stairmageddon '' , she explains to the camera crew in `` Paper Airplane '' that she and the Senator are separated and that she now lives with her son Philip and her cats in her studio apartment . In `` Livin ' the Dream '' , it is implied that her cats have been taken away from her by Animal Control , and that she is considering living in a tent in the woods . Instead , she accepts an offer from Oscar Martinez to be his roommate until she is able to find a permanent home . She then breaks down in Oscar 's car , revealing to Oscar that she still loves Dwight . She and Oscar become close friends as he supports her in her return to normalcy , and it 's revealed that Oscar is Philip 's godfather . In the series finale , Angela and Dwight marry and it is revealed that Dwight is in fact the father of her son . Recurring jokes ( edit ) Throughout the show , Angela has always seemed reluctant to apologize and or accept blame for anything . In the episode The Alliance , Michael scolds the Party Planning Committee for doing a bad job with the streamers . Angela responds , `` Phyllis wanted red . I did n't . '' In reality , Angela rejected Phyllis ' suggestion of orange streamers , because `` orange is whorish '' . In one of the webisodes for The Accountants , Angela insists that she is not the source of the accounting discrepancy . When the error is revealed to be hers in `` The Best Day of My Life '' , she initially denies that she made the error , but when Oscar points out that this implies that she allowed an unknown person to access her books , she is forced to admit , `` Very well . Case closed '' . In A Benihana Christmas , Angela says that she has not spoken to her sister in 16 years over some disagreement she does not even remember . In The Return , Angela is forced to admit that she failed to submit important documents , but she blames Kevin for failing to remind her . In Product Recall , Angela is pressured to apologize to Oscar and Kevin for insulting them but she can only say `` I 'm sorry ... that you 're both morons '' . In that same episode , she finds herself unable to apologize to customers on behalf of Dunder Mifflin and can only say `` the official position of Dunder Mifflin is apologetic '' . Behind the scenes ( edit ) Actress Angela Kinsey infused her character with some of her own personal preferences , including bobble - head dolls , cats , party - planning and Baby Ruth candy bars . She initially auditioned for the part of Pam Beesly . Kinsey was pregnant during the filming of season 4 , noticeably so from the episodes Dinner Party through Goodbye , Toby . The producers decided not to incorporate her pregnancy into the story line and shot around it . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mullins , Jenna . `` The Office Recap : An Engagement , a Dunder Mifflin Farewell and the Jim - Pam Tribute That Left Us in Tears '' . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . 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where was the white man's burden published	`` The White Man 's Burden : The United States and the Philippine Islands '' is a 1899 poem by Rudyard Kipling about the Philippine -- American War ( 1899 -- 1902 ) , which invites the United States to assume colonial control of that country . The poem was published in The New York Sun on 10 February 1899 .	The New York Sun	The White Man 's Burden	the white man's burden	`` The White Man 's Burden : The United States and the Philippine Islands '' is a 1899 poem by Rudyard Kipling about the Philippine -- American War ( 1899 -- 1902 ) , which invites the United States to assume colonial control of that country . The poem was published in The New York Sun on 10 February 1899 .	Originally , Kipling wrote the poem for the Diamond Jubilee celebration of Queen Victoria 's reign ( 1837 -- 1901 ) , but it was exchanged for the poem `` Recessional '' , also by Kipling . Later , he rewrote the poem `` The White Man 's Burden '' to address the American colonization of the Philippine Islands , a Pacific Ocean archipelago conquered from Imperial Spain , in the three - month Spanish -- American War ( 1898 ) . The poem exhorts the reader and the listener to embark upon the enterprise of empire , yet gives somber warning about the costs involved ; nonetheless , American imperialists understood the phrase The white man 's burden to justify imperialism as a noble enterprise of civilization , conceptually related to the American philosophy of Manifest Destiny . The title and themes of `` The White Man 's Burden '' ostensibly make the poem about Eurocentric racism and about the belief of the Western world that technological advancement is the way to civilise the Third World . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Poem 3 Interpretation 4 Literary responses 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The White Man 's Burden : civilising the illiterate savage . ( Detroit Journal , 1898 ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Benjamin Tillman 's speech to the Senate on February 7 , 1899 The poem of `` The White Man 's Burden '' was first published in the 10 February 1899 edition of the New York Sun , a McLure 's newspaper . Three days earlier , on 7 February 1899 , to the senate floor , Senator Benjamin Tillman had read aloud three stanzas of `` The White Man 's Burden '' in argument against ratification of the Treaty of Paris , and that the U.S should renounce claim of authority over the Philippine Islands . To that effect , Senator Tillman asked : Why are we bent on forcing upon them a civilization not suited to them , and which only means , in their view , degradation and a loss of self - respect , which is worse than the loss of life itself ? Four days later , on 11 February 1899 , the U.S. Congress ratified the `` Treaty of Peace between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Spain '' ( Treaty of Paris , 1898 ) , which established American jurisdiction upon the archipelago of the Philippine Islands , in the Pacific Ocean , near the Asian mainland . Kipling included his poem in his 1903 collection The Five Nations . Poem ( edit ) Take up the White Man 's burden -- Send forth the best ye breed -- Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives ' need ; To wait in heavy harness , On fluttered folk and wild -- Your new - caught , sullen peoples , Half - devil and half - child . Take up the White Man 's burden -- In patience to abide , To veil the threat of terror And check the show of pride ; By open speech and simple , An hundred times made plain To seek another 's profit , And work another 's gain . Take up the White Man 's burden -- The savage wars of peace -- Fill full the mouth of Famine And bid the sickness cease ; And when your goal is nearest The end for others sought , Watch sloth and heathen Folly Bring all your hopes to nought . Take up the White Man 's burden -- No tawdry rule of kings , But toil of serf and sweeper -- The tale of common things . The ports ye shall not enter , The roads ye shall not tread , Go mark them with your living , And mark them with your dead . Take up the White Man 's burden -- And reap his old reward : The blame of those ye better , The hate of those ye guard -- The cry of hosts ye humour ( Ah , slowly ! ) toward the light : -- `` Why brought he us from bondage , Our loved Egyptian night ? '' Take up the White Man 's burden -- Ye dare not stoop to less -- Nor call too loud on Freedom To cloak your weariness ; By all ye cry or whisper , By all ye leave or do , The silent , sullen peoples Shall weigh your gods and you . Take up the White Man 's burden -- Have done with childish days -- The lightly profferred laurel , The easy , ungrudged praise . Comes now , to search your manhood Through all the thankless years Cold , edged with dear - bought wisdom , The judgment of your peers ! Interpretation ( edit ) The white man 's burden as advertising in the 1890s . The imperialist interpretation of `` The White Man 's Burden '' ( 1899 ) proposes that the white man has a moral obligation to rule the non-white peoples of the Earth , whilst encouraging their economic , cultural , and social progress through colonialism . In the later 20th century , in the context of decolonisation and the Developing World , the phrase `` the white man 's burden '' was emblematic of the `` well - intentioned '' aspects of Western colonialism and `` Eurocentrism '' . The poem 's imperialist interpretation also includes the milder , philanthropic colonialism of the missionaries : The implication , of course , was that the Empire existed not for the benefit -- economic or strategic or otherwise -- of Britain , itself , but in order that primitive peoples , incapable of self - government , could , with British guidance , eventually become civilized ( and Christianized ) . The poem positively represents colonialism as the moral burden of the white race , which is divinely destined to civilise the brutish and barbarous parts of the world ; to wit , the Filipino people are `` new - caught , sullen peoples , half - devil and half - child '' . Although imperialist beliefs were common currency in the culture of that time , there were opponents to Kipling 's poetic misrepresentation of imperial conquest and colonisation , notably Mark Twain ( To the Person Sitting in Darkness , 1901 ) and William James ; for them , `` The White Man 's Burden '' was plain of manner , meaning , and intent . Kipling offered the poem to Theodore Roosevelt , then governor of New York state ( 1899 -- 1900 ) , to help him politically persuade anti-imperialist Americans to accept the annexation of the Philippine Islands to the United States . Kipling 's literary work extolling the virtues of British colonialism in India was popular in the U.S. ; thus , in September 1898 , Kipling could tell Governor Roosevelt : Now , go in and put all the weight of your influence into hanging on , permanently , to the whole Philippines . America has gone and stuck a pick - axe into the foundations of a rotten house , and she is morally bound to build the house over , again , from the foundations , or have it fall about her ears . In the event , the Norton Anthology of English Literature thematically aligns the poem `` The White Man 's Burden '' ( 1899 ) with Kipling 's beliefs that the British Empire ( 1583 -- 1945 ) was the Englishman 's `` Divine Burden to reign God 's Empire on Earth . '' Like much of his work , The White Man 's Burden ( 1899 ) is a poetic celebration of imperialism , which Rudyard Kipling believed eventually would benefit the colonised peoples . Literary responses ( edit ) The cartoonist William H. Walker ridicules the colonial hypocrisy inherent to `` the white man 's burden '' . ( Life magazine ) In the late 19th century , the perceived racism that Rudyard Kipling presented and defended in the poem of The White Man 's Burden ( 1899 ) provoked contemporary parodies and critical works , such as `` The Brown Man 's Burden '' ( 1899 ) by Henry Labouchère , a British politician and `` The Black Man 's Burden : A Response to Kipling '' ( April 1899 ) by H.T. Johnson , a clergyman , and Take up the Black Man 's Burden by J. Dallas Bowser . Moreover , a Black Man 's Burden Association was organised to demonstrate to the public how the colonial mistreatment of brown people in the Philippines Islands was an extension of the Jim Crow laws ( 1863 -- 1965 ) of the legal mistreatment of black Americans at home , in the U.S. Because Kipling meant the poem to push for the U.S. to annex the Philippines , the subsequent colonial war compelled more people to join the Anti-Imperialist League to oppose colonial annexation and warfare . In response to `` The White Man 's Burden '' , in the New York World newspaper , another poet asked `` How may We Put it Down ? '' : We 've taken up the white man 's burden Of ebony and brown ; Now will you tell us , Rudyard How we may put it down ? Ernest Crosby wrote a poem , `` The Real White Man 's Burden '' ( 1902 ) . Another anti-imperialist response came in 1899 from Dr. Howard S. Taylor , writer of a parody , `` The Poor Man 's Burden '' , that focused on the domestic effect of imperialism on the working class . In the Congo Free State ( 1885 -- 1908 ) , the British journalist , E.D. Morel , reported the brutality of Belgian imperialism in `` The Black Man 's Burden '' ( 1903 ) . In The Black Man 's Burden : The White Man in Africa , from the Fifteenth Century to World War I ( 1920 ) , Morel presents a critique of the relation between the White Man 's Burden and the Black Man 's Burden . In poem `` The Black Man 's Burden ( A Reply to Rudyard Kipling ) '' ( 1920 ) , Hubert Harrison counters the points of colonial - civilization that Kipling extols in `` The White Man 's Burden '' ( 1899 ) , which result in the moral degradation of colonist and colonized . T.S. Eliot included the poem in his 1941 collection A Choice of Kipling 's Verse . See also ( edit ) The Gods of the Copybook Headings ( 1919 ) , by Rudyard Kipling Industrial Revolution 1899 in literature 1899 in poetry Colonialism Rudyard Kipling bibliography Orientalism White savior Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Herman , Shadowing the White Man 's Burden ( 2010 ) , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Judd , Denis ( June 1997 ) . `` Diamonds are forever : Kipling 's imperialism ; poems of Rudyard Kipling '' . History Today . 47 ( 6 ) : 37 . : `` Theodore Roosevelt ... thought the verses ' rather poor poetry , but good sense from the expansionist stand - point ' . Henry Cabot Lodge told Roosevelt , in turn : ' I like it . I think it is better poetry than you say . ' '' ^ Jump up to : Stephen Greenblatt ( ed . ) , Norton Anthology of English Literature , New York 2006 ISBN 0 - 393 - 92532 - 3 . Jump up ^ Zwick , Jim ( December 16 , 2005 ) . Anti-Imperialism in the United States , 1898 -- 1935 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Miller , Stuart Creighton ( 1982 ) . Benevolent Assimilation : The American Conquest of the Philippines , 1899 -- 1903 . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 03081 - 9 . p. 5 : `` ... imperialist editors came out in favor of retaining the entire archipelago ( using ) higher - sounding justifications related to the `` white man 's burden '' . Jump up ^ Examples of justification for imperialism based on Kipling 's poem include the following ( originally published 1899 -- 1902 ) : Opinion archive , International Herald Tribune ( February 4 , 1999 ) . `` In Our Pages : 100 , 75 and 50 Years Ago ; 1899 : Kipling 's Plea '' . International Herald Tribune : 6 . : `` An extraordinary sensation has been created by Mr. Rudyard Kipling 's new poem , The White Man 's Burden , just published in a New York magazine . It is regarded as the strongest argument yet published in favor of expansion . '' Dixon , Thomas ( 1902 ) . The Leopard 's Spots -- A Romance of the White Man 's Burden 1865 -- 1900 ... Full text of a novel by Thomas Dixon , Jr. praising the Ku Klux Klan , published online by The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . Jump up ^ Pimentel , Benjamin ( October 26 , 2003 ) . The Philippines ; `` Liberator '' Was Really a Colonizer ; Bush 's Revisionist History . The San Francisco Chronicle . p . D3 . : charactising the poem as a `` call to imperial conquest '' . Jump up ^ `` Eurocentrism '' , Encyclopedia of the Developing World , Thomas M. Leonard , Taylor & Francis , eds. 2006 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 97662 - 6 , p. 636 . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Michael ( 1982 ) . Modern World Development : A Geographical Perspective . Rowman & Littlefield , 1982 , ISBN 0 - 389 - 20320 - 3 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Mama , Amina ( 1995 ) . Beyond the Masks : Race , Gender , and Subjectivity . Routledge , 1995 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 03544 - 9 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Herman , Shadowing the White Man 's Burden ( 2010 ) , pp. 41 -- 42 . Jump up ^ `` The White Man 's Burden '' . Bartleby.com . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ The Oxford Companion to English Literature 6th . Ed . ( 2000 ) p. 808 . Jump up ^ Plamen Makariev , `` Eurocentrism '' in : Encyclopedia of the Developing World , Thomas M. Leonard , Taylor & Francis , eds. 2006 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 97662 - 6 , p. 636 : `` On one hand , this is the Western ' well - intended ' asporation to dominate ' the developing world . ' The formula ' the white man 's burden ' from Rudyard Kipling 's eponymous poem is emblematic in this respect '' . C.f. Chisholm , Michael ( 1982 ) . Modern World Development : A Geographical Perspective . Rowman & Littlefield , 1982 , ISBN 0 - 389 - 20320 - 3 , p. 12 : `` This Eurocentric view of the world assumed that , but for the ' improvements ' wrought by Europeans in Latin America , in Africa and in Asia , the manifest poverty of their peoples would be even worse . '' ; Rieder , John . Colonialism and the Emergence of Science Fiction 2008 . Wesleyan University Press , Middleton , Conn. , p. 30 : `` The protonarrative of progress operates equally in the ideology of the ' white man 's burden ' -- the belief that non-whites are childlike innocents in need of white men 's protection -- and the assumptions that undergird Victorian anthropology . From the most legitimate scientific endeavor to the most debased and transparent prejudices runs the common assumption that the relation of the colonizing socieities to the colonized ones is that of the developed , modern present to its own undeveloped , primitive past . '' Jump up ^ David Cody , `` The growth of the British Empire '' , VictorianWeb , ( Paragraph 4 ) Jump up ^ John V. Denson ( 1999 ) . The Costs of War : America 's Pyrrhic Victories . Transaction Publishers . pp. 405 -- 406 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0487 - 7 ( note ff. 28 & 33 ) . Jump up ^ Wolpert , Stanley ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Brantlinger , Patrick ( 2007 ) `` Kipling 's ' The White Man 's Burden ' and its Afterlives '' English Literature in Transition 1880 -- 1920 , 50.2 , pp. 172 -- 191 Jump up ^ Kipling , Rudyard ( 1990 ) The Letters of Rudyard Kipling , Thomas Pinney , Editor . London , Macmillan , Vol II , p. 350 . Jump up ^ What Will Happen In Afghanistan ? `` . United Press International . 26 September 2001 . Jump up ^ Langer , William ( 1935 ) . A Critique of Imperialism . New York : Council on Foreign Relations , Inc. p. 6 . Jump up ^ Demkin , Stephen ( 1996 ) . Manifest destiny -- Lecture notes . USA : Delaware County Community College . Jump up ^ Labouchère , Henry ( 1899 ) . `` The Brown Man 's Burden '' an anti-imperialist parody of Kipling 's white - burden poem . ^ Jump up to : `` '' The Black Man 's Burden `` : A Response to Kipling '' . History Matters . American Social History Productions . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brantlinger , Patrick . Taming Cannibals : Race and the Victorians . Cornell University Press , 2011 . p215 Jump up ^ Akbar , M.J. ( June 16 , 2003 ) . `` How May We Put it Down ? '' . YaleGlobal Online . Jump up ^ Crosby , Ernest ( 1902 ) . The Real White Man 's Burden . Funk and Wagnalls Company . pp. 32 -- 35 . Published online by History Matters , American Social History Project , CUNY and George Mason University . Jump up ^ Taylor , Howard S . `` '' The Poor Man 's Burden '' ( Excerpt ) `` . HERB : Resources for Teachers . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Painter , Nell Irvin ( 2008 ) . `` Chapter 5 : The White Man 's Burden '' . Standing at Armageddon : A Grassroots History of the Progressive Era . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 33192 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Black Man 's Burden `` '' . Fordham.edu . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` E.D. Morel , The Black Man 's Burden ( 1920 ) '' . wadsworth.com . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Morel , Edmund ( 1903 ) . The Black Man 's Burden . Fordham University . ^ Jump up to : `` The Black Man 's Burden ( A Reply to Rudyard Kipling ) '' . Expo98.msu.edu . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . References ( edit ) A Companion to Victorian Poetry , Alison Chapman ; Blackwell , Oxford , 2002 . Chisholm , Michael ( 1982 ) . Modern World Development : A Geographical Perspective . Rowman & Littlefield , 1982 , ISBN 0 - 389 - 20320 - 3 . Cody , David . The growth of the British Empire . The Victorian Web , University Scholars Program , National University of Singapore , November 2000 . Crosby , Ernest ( 1902 ) . The Real White Man 's Burden . Funk and Wagnalls Company , 32 -- 35 . Dixon , Thomas ( 1902 ) . The Leopard 's Spots -- A Romance of the White Man 's Burden 1865 -- 1900 . Encyclopedia of India . Ed . Stanley Wolpert . Vol. 3 . Detroit : charles Scribner 's Sons , 2006 , p. 35 -- 36 . 4 vols . `` Eurocentrism '' . In Encyclopedia of the Developing World . Ed . Thomas M. Leonard , Taylor & Francis , 2006 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 97662 - 6 . Greenblatt , Stephen ( ed . ) . Norton Anthology of English Literature , New York 2006 ISBN 0 - 393 - 92532 - 3 Kipling . Fordham University . Full text of the poem . Labouchère , Henry ( 1899 ) . `` The Brown Man 's Burden '' . Mama , Amina ( 1995 ) . Beyond the Masks : Race , Gender , and Subjectivity . Routledge , 1995 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 03544 - 9 . Miller , Stuart Creighton ( 1982 ) . Benevolent Assimilation : The American Conquest of the Philippines , 1899 -- 1903 . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 03081 - 9 . Murphy , Gretchen ( 2010 ) . Shadowing the White Man 's Burden : U.S. Imperialism and the Problem of the Color Line . NYU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 9619 - 1 Pimentel , Benjamin ( October 26 , 2003 ) . `` The Philippines ; `` Liberator '' Was Really a Colonizer ; Bush 's revisionist history `` . The San Francisco Chronicle : D3 . Sailer , Steve ( 2001 ) . `` What Will Happen In Afghanistan ? '' . United Press International , 26 September 2001 . `` The White Man 's Burden . '' McClure 's Magazine 12 ( Feb. 1899 ) . The Shining . Jack Nicholson 's character Jack , uses the phrase to refer to whiskey . External links ( edit ) Find more about `` The White Man 's Burden '' at Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata The text of the poem at Fordham University The White Man 's Burden public domain audiobook at LibriVox White people Caucasian race European peoples West Asian peoples Central Asian peoples North African peoples Bold refers to countries and territories in which White / European people are the majority group Worldwide diaspora Africa Algeria Angola Botswana Democratic Republic of the Congo Kenya Morocco Namibia Saint Helena South Africa Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Asia Pakistan United States Canada Bermuda Bahamas Barbados Cayman Islands Jamaica Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Latin America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Peru Puerto Rico Uruguay Venezuela Oceania Australia New Caledonia New Zealand Historical concepts Apartheid Aryan First white child Honorary whites Play the white man Racial whitening Branqueamento / Blanqueamiento White Australia policy The White Man 's Burden White gods Sociological phenomena and theories Acting white ( Passing as white ) Angry white male Missing white woman syndrome Skin whitening White flight South African farm attacks White fragility White guilt White privilege Whiteness studies Whitewashed film roles White savior White American caricatures and stereotypes Poor Whites Redlegs Rednecks Mountain whites Identity politics in the United States US definitions of whiteness One - drop rule Alt - right Christian Identity Non-Hispanic whites White Anglo - Saxon Protestant Old Stock Americans White ethnic White Hispanic White nationalism White pride White separatism White supremacy Scientific racism Human skin color Color terminology for race Alpine Armenoid Dinaric East Baltic Irano - Afghan Mediterranean Commons Rudyard Kipling Novels The Light that Failed ( 1891 ) Captains Courageous ( 1896 ) Kim ( 1901 ) Collections Plain Tales from the Hills ( 1888 ) Soldiers Three ( 1888 ) The Story of the Gadsbys ( 1888 ) In Black and White ( 1888 ) The Phantom ' Rickshaw and other Eerie Tales ( 1888 ) Under the Deodars ( 1888 ) Wee Willie Winkie and Other Child Stories ( 1888 ) From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches , Letters of Travel ( 1889 ) Barrack - Room Ballads ( 1892 , poetry ) Many Inventions ( 1893 ) The Jungle Book ( 1894 ) `` Mowgli 's Brothers '' `` Kaa 's Hunting '' `` Tiger ! Tiger ! '' `` Rikki - Tikki - Tavi '' The Second Jungle Book ( 1895 ) `` Letting in the Jungle '' `` Red Dog '' All the Mowgli Stories ( c. 1895 ) The Seven Seas ( 1896 , poetry ) The Day 's Work ( 1898 ) Stalky & Co. ( 1899 ) Just So Stories ( 1902 ) The Five Nations ( 1903 , poetry ) Puck of Pook 's Hill ( 1906 ) Rewards and Fairies ( 1910 ) The Fringes of the Fleet ( 1915 , non-fiction ) Debits and Credits ( 1926 ) Limits and Renewals ( 1932 ) Rudyard Kipling 's Verse : Definitive Edition ( 1940 ) A Choice of Kipling 's Verse ( by T.S. Eliot , 1941 ) Poems `` The Absent - Minded Beggar '' `` The Ballad of the `` Clampherdown '' '' `` The Ballad of East and West '' `` The Beginnings '' `` The Bell Buoy '' `` The Betrothed '' `` Big Steamers '' `` Boots '' `` Cold Iron '' `` Dane - geld '' `` Danny Deever '' `` A Death - Bed '' `` The Female of the Species '' `` Fuzzy - Wuzzy '' `` Gentleman ranker '' `` The Gods of the Copybook Headings '' `` Gunga Din '' `` Hymn Before Action '' `` If -- '' `` In the Neolithic Age '' `` The King 's Pilgrimage '' `` The Last of the Light Brigade '' `` The Lowestoft Boat '' `` Mandalay '' `` The Mary Gloster '' `` McAndrew 's Hymn '' `` My Boy Jack '' `` Recessional '' `` A Song in Storm '' `` The Sons of Martha '' `` Submarines '' `` The Sweepers '' `` Tommy '' `` Ubique '' `` The White Man 's Burden '' `` The Widow at Windsor '' Short stories ``. 007 '' `` The Arrest of Lieutenant Golightly '' `` Baa Baa , Black Sheep '' `` Bread upon the Waters '' `` The Broken Link Handicap '' `` The Butterfly that Stamped '' `` Consequences '' `` The Conversion of Aurelian McGoggin '' `` Cupid 's Arrows '' `` The Devil and the Deep Sea '' `` The Drums of the Fore and Aft '' `` Fairy - Kist '' `` False Dawn '' `` A Germ - Destroyer '' `` His Chance in Life '' `` His Wedded Wife '' `` In the House of Suddhoo '' `` Kidnapped '' `` Learoyd , Mulvaney and Ortheris '' `` Lispeth '' `` The Man Who Would Be King '' `` A Matter of Fact '' `` Miss Youghal 's Sais '' `` The Mother Hive '' `` Ortheris '' `` The Other Man '' `` The Rescue of Pluffles '' `` The Ship that Found Herself '' `` The Sing - Song of Old Man Kangaroo '' `` The Taking of Lungtungpen '' `` Three and -- an Extra '' `` The Three Musketeers '' `` Thrown Away '' `` Toomai of the Elephants '' `` Watches of the Night '' `` Wireless '' `` Yoked with an Unbeliever '' Related Bibliography Bateman 's ( house ) Indian Railway Library Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer Iron Ring Law of the jungle Aerial Board of Control My Boy Jack ( 1997 play ) Rudyard Kipling : A Remembrance Tale ( 2006 documentary ) My Boy Jack ( 2007 film ) Family Elsie Bambridge ( daughter ) John Kipling ( son ) John Lockwood Kipling ( father ) MacDonald sisters ( mother 's family ) Stanley Baldwin ( cousin ) Georgiana Burne - Jones ( aunt ) Edward Burne - Jones ( uncle ) Philip Burne - Jones ( cousin ) Edward Poynter ( uncle ) Alfred Baldwin ( uncle ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_White_Man%27s_Burden&oldid=821830642 '' Categories : 1899 in international relations 1899 poems Anti-black racism Anti-Filipino sentiment Anti-indigenous racism British colonisation in Africa Eurocentrism History of the Philippines ( 1898 -- 1946 ) Imperialism Philippine -- American War Poetry by Rudyard Kipling Racism in the United Kingdom White supremacy Works about New Imperialism Works about white people Works originally published in American newspapers Works originally published in McClure 's Hidden categories : Use British English from July 2011 Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית മലയാളം Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 21 : 53 . 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when did everton last beat liverpool at goodison	Merseyside derby Merseyside derby , 25 March 2006 Other names The friendly derby Locale Liverpool Teams Everton Liverpool First meeting 13 October 1894 1894 -- 95 First Division Everton 3 -- 0 Liverpool Latest meeting 7 April 2018 Premier League Everton 0 -- 0 Liverpool Stadiums Anfield ( Liverpool ) Goodison Park ( Everton ) Statistics Meetings total 231i Most wins Liverpool ( 92 ) Most player appearances Neville Southall ( 41 ) Top scorer Ian Rush ( 25 ) All - time series Everton : 66 Drawn : 73 Liverpool : 92 Largest victory Liverpool 6 -- 0 Everton ( 1935 )		Merseyside derby	merseyside derby	The Merseyside derby is the name given to football matches between Everton and Liverpool , two major clubs from Liverpool , Merseyside , England . It is the longest running top - flight derby in England , having been played continuously since the 1962 -- 63 season . Part of the rivalry is due to the proximity of the two clubs , whose home grounds are within eyesight of each other across Stanley Park , Everton at Goodison Park and Liverpool at Anfield .	Traditionally , the Merseyside derby was referred to as the `` friendly derby '' because of the large number of families with both Liverpool and Everton supporters and was one of the few that did not enforce total fan segregation . The 1984 Football League Cup Final at Wembley saw almost all sections of the ground mixed and combined chants of `` Merseyside , Merseyside '' and `` Are you watching Manchester ? '' Since the mid-1980s , however , the rivalry has intensified on and off the field , and since the inception of the Premier League has had more red cards than any other game . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Friendly derby 2.1 Modern - day derbies 2.2 Tranmere Rovers 3 Win - loss totals 4 Records 4.1 All time goal scorers 4.2 All time appearances 4.3 Clean sheets 4.4 Top 10 attendances for League derby games 4.5 Decade average attendances for derby games 4.6 Games on neutral ground 4.7 Penalties 5 Crossing the park 5.1 Scored for both sides in a derby 5.2 Boyhood allegiances 6 Doing the Double 7 Full list of results 8 External links 9 References History ( edit ) Everton F.C. were founded in 1878 and from 1884 played their home matches at Anfield , which was owned by club chairman John Houlding . Several board members of Everton were members of the Liberal Party who were associated with the National Temperance Federation whilst Houlding was a Conservative Party member and a brewer whose business interests were diametrically opposed to the temperance movement . Politics and disputes over money meant that Houlding was increasingly at odds with other members of the Everton board . The result was that in 1892 the Everton directors vacated Anfield and purchased a new ground at Goodison Park on the other side of Stanley Park . Houlding responded by founding a new club to use Anfield : Liverpool . The professional clubs of the 1890s attracted much interest among the public , on and off the field . The 1867 Reform Act had given what would become football attending masses the opportunity to vote in the local and national elections . Everton and Liverpool attendances would reach around 10 -- 15,000 in a local authority ward with a population of 23,000 . Local politicians saw involvement in the two football clubs as an opportunity to gain media exposure to the local electorate . At Everton board level , the main friction that emerged was that between the retention of an autocratic ownership structure and the creation of a more democratic one which closely mapped the sociopolitical divide . Religion is sometimes put forward as a reason for the split , with Liverpool founder Houlding a prominent Orangeman and Everton 's new chairman George Mahon a rival Liberal Home Rule - advocating MP . At the time of the split , however , James Clement Baxter was the only Catholic among the Everton committee members ; the rest were Protestant . Friendly derby ( edit ) There are a number of reasons for the `` friendly derby '' tag . Firstly the clubs are situated in the north of the city and very close to each other ( 400m ) , with only Stanley Park separating the two . Everton actually played at Anfield , now Liverpool 's ground , before a rent dispute with the ground owners saw Everton relocate to Goodison Park and the formation of Liverpool F.C. From 1902 to 1932 the two clubs even shared the same matchday programme . Today there are no evident geographical , political , social or religious divides as in other derbies , although for many years a sectarian divide did exist within the city . It is unclear how ( if at all ) this influenced the support bases of the two clubs and more recent research has indicated that it was more likely to have been a political allegiance that influenced support . During the 1950s and 1960s Everton became known as the Catholic club mainly as a result of successful Irish players Tommy Eglington , Peter Farrell and Jimmy O'Neill as well as manager Johnny Carey . This in turn caused Liverpool to be thought of as Protestant club , not signing an Irish Catholic until Ronnie Whelan in 1979 . However , it should be noted that this notional divide was never seen as a basis for supporting a certain side as is the case with Celtic and Rangers . In truth both teams have strong support from all denominations as well as many fans from Presbyterian North Wales , Northern Ireland and Republic of Ireland . Most importantly , the actual clubs themselves did not act to strengthen sectarian divides and in fact both clubs stem from a Methodist origin . Unlike other local derbies ( such as the Bristol , Birmingham and Stoke derbies , where the clubs are separated by long distances across their towns ) , in Liverpool violence between Evertonians and Liverpudlians is a rarity ; however , in the fallout from the Heysel Stadium disaster , fan relationships became strained , with Everton fans blaming Liverpool hooligans for their subsequent ban from European club competitions . However , relations improved after the Hillsborough disaster when both sets of fans rallied together , with Evertonians even joining in on the boycott of The Sun while Everton and Liverpool scarves were intertwined stretching across Stanley Park between Anfield and Goodison Park . Recently , after the murder of 11 - year - old Evertonian Rhys Jones in a gun crime incident in 2007 , Liverpool Football Club invited the victim 's parents and older brother to Anfield for a Champions League match . The Z - Cars theme tune `` Johnny Todd '' , the song to which Everton traditionally run out , was played for the first time ever at Anfield while the victim 's family stood on the pitch wearing Everton shirts and scarves . A standing ovation was given before `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' was played . Upon the complete vindication of Liverpool fans at the Hillsborough disaster in August 2012 Everton entertained Newcastle United at Goodison Park . The sides were lead out by two children wearing Everton and Liverpool shirts with the number 9 and 6 on the back . An announcer read out the names of all the 96 victims while `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' by The Hollies was played to a standing ovation . The city of Liverpool is statistically the most successful football city in England with Everton and Liverpool winning a combined 27 league titles , and there has never been a season without one of either Everton or Liverpool competing in the top flight . Both clubs have rich histories , with Everton being one of the 12 founder members of the Football League . Everton have only been relegated twice and have competed in over 100 seasons of top - flight football , more than any other English club . To date , Everton have won nine League Championships , five FA Cups and one European Cup Winners Cup . Thus , they have the only UEFA trophy that Liverpool never won . Liverpool have won the European Cup 5 times , more than any other English club , have eighteen top - flight titles , have the FA Cup on 7 occasions , the Football League Cup a record 8 times , and three UEFA Cups . Since 1892 , the clubs have appeared almost every year in the Liverpool Senior Cup , although Liverpool , Everton and Tranmere Rovers only field reserve sides against the likes of Prescot Cables , Southport and Marine . Everton hold 45 titles while Liverpool have won 39 . Everton and Liverpool also have affiliated women 's teams playing in the FA WSL . Most recently in 2013 , Liverpool Ladies won the FA WSL league and subsequently qualified for European competition for the next season . Modern - day derbies ( edit ) During the 1960s , Liverpool and Everton were regular winners of domestic trophies , but while Liverpool went from strength to strength in the 1970s and 1980s , Everton went through a relatively barren spell after their 1970 title triumph and did not win a major trophy for the next 14 years . Everton , however , started to emerge as a serious threat to Liverpool 's dominance of the domestic scene following the appointment of Howard Kendall as manager at the start of the 1981 -- 82 season . The first Merseyside derby that Kendall oversaw was at Anfield on 7 November , when his side lost 3 -- 1 to Bob Paisley 's . This saw Liverpool standing seventh in the league and Everton 13th . An identical scoreline followed in the return game at Goodison Park in late March , by which time Liverpool had overcome a dismal start to the season to muscle in on a title race which they eventually won , while Everton were still mid-table . Historical league game outcomes from the Merseyside derby until 2008 . Everton win -- blue , Liverpool win -- red , Draw -- yellow In 1982 -- 83 , the final season of Bob Paisley 's management before he retired to make way for Joe Fagan , Liverpool were champions once again with Everton finishing mid-table , and the most notable of the two derbies occurred in early November when Liverpool triumphed 0 -- 5 at Goodison Park . The return match at Anfield in mid-March brought a goalless draw . 1983 -- 84 was the season when Everton ( who won the FA Cup at the end of the campaign ) really started to emerge as a serious threat to Liverpool . Though Liverpool won the league title and Everton still could n't even make the top five , Liverpool needed a replay to see off Everton 1 -- 0 in the League Cup final at Wembley . The Anfield derby in early November saw Liverpool triumph 3 -- 0 , while the clash at Goodison Park four months later ended in a 1 -- 1 draw . The 1984 -- 85 season began with a Merseyside derby in the FA Charity Shield at Wembley , when league champions Liverpool faced FA Cup winners Everton in a game which Everton won 1 -- 0 due to an own goal by Bruce Grobbelaar . The first league clash came on 20 October 1984 , when a 0 -- 1 win for Everton at Anfield saw Howard Kendall 's team occupy fourth place in the league and show signs of challenging for the title for the first time in his four seasons in charge , while Liverpool were a lowly 17th and just 2 points outside the relegation zone . Liverpool 's final game of the season came on 23 May when they lost 1 -- 0 to Everton ( who still had two games left to play ) at Goodison Park . Everton had been crowned champions by this stage , while Liverpool had rallied since their terrible start to the season to occupy second place . 1985 -- 86 was perhaps the most exciting season for the fans of both clubs , as Liverpool and Everton battled it out for both the league title and the FA Cup . The first Merseyside derby of the season came at Goodison Park on 21 September 1985 and was won 2 -- 3 by Liverpool , who stood second behind Manchester United while Everton occupied sixth place . Everton triumphed 0 -- 2 in the return match at Anfield five months later , by which time Everton had just taken over from Manchester United as league leaders and Liverpool were eight points behind them in second place . The climax to this exciting campaign came at Wembley Stadium when Liverpool and Everton contested the first all Merseyside FA Cup final on 10 May 1986 . An early goal by Gary Lineker suggested that Everton could gain revenge on Liverpool for beating them to the league title by defeating them in the FA Cup final , but in the second half the tables were turned as a double from Ian Rush and another goal from Craig Johnston made Liverpool only the fifth English club to complete the double . The FA Charity Shield for 1986 was shared between Liverpool and Everton , who drew 1 -- 1 at Wembley , but the first league derby of the season between the two clubs did not happen until late November in a goalless draw at Goodison Park . Both clubs were challenging for the title at this stage alongside Arsenal ( leaders ) , Nottingham Forest and unlikely contenders Luton Town and Coventry City . The League Cup quarter final on 21 January 1987 saw Liverpool win 0 -- 1 at Goodison Park . The Anfield derby in late April saw Liverpool triumph 3 -- 1 , but it was not enough to prevent Everton from winning the title within the next couple of weeks . The 1986 -- 87 season was the last time that Everton overshadowed Liverpool until Everton 's dominance over their local rivals between 2012 and 2014 . In the 1988 -- 89 season , Everton were Liverpool 's first opponents in a competitive game after the Hillsborough disaster on 15 April 1989 , which resulted in the deaths of 96 Liverpool fans at the FA Cup semi-final . The game between the two sides was a league fixture on 3 May which ended in a goalless draw . On 20 May , the two sides met at Wembley for the second all Merseyside FA Cup final in four seasons . The match went into extra time before Liverpool triumphed 3 -- 2 , with Ian Rush ( twice ) and John Aldridge scoring for Liverpool and both of Everton 's goals coming from Stuart McCall . Side - by - side comparison of Everton 's and Liverpool 's final league positions beginning in 1889 By 1990 -- 91 , Everton were in something of a slump ( finishing ninth that season having started the season near the foot of the table ) , while Liverpool finished second in the league , but the campaign still brought one of the most pulsating clashes between the two clubs . Liverpool and Everton were drawn for the FA Cup fifth round at Anfield on 17 February 1991 . The match ended in a goalless draw , and the replay three days later ended in a thrilling 4 -- 4 draw at Goodison Park , in which Peter Beardsley scored twice . 1990 -- 91 was Kenny Dalglish 's last season as Liverpool manager , as he resigned two days after the 4 -- 4 draw with Everton . It was also the last season of `` replays of replays '' as penalties after extra time took over as the competition 's ultimate tie winner decider for the 1991 -- 92 season . The second replay ended with a 1 -- 0 win for Everton on 27 February , and ended the Reds double hopes . The close season of 1991 saw Peter Beardsley move from Liverpool to Everton , followed within a year by defender Gary Ablett , causing more tension in the Merseyside derby , though the first couple of years after their transfers saw Liverpool and Everton firmly overtaken by Manchester United and the likes of Blackburn Rovers and Arsenal as the biggest challengers in English football . On 7 December 1992 , Everton defeated Liverpool 2 -- 1 at Goodison Park in a game where Peter Beardsley became only the second man in history to score for both clubs in the derby . The 1993 -- 94 derby at Anfield saw Liverpool defeat Everton 2 -- 1 , not having much effect for a mid-table Liverpool side but increasing the risk of relegation ( a battle which was ultimately won ) for Everton . Perhaps the most notable event of this game was the winning goal by Robbie Fowler , who turned 19 the following month and was one of the most promising young players in England at the time . The next notable city derby came on 18 October 1997 , when Everton triumphed 2 -- 0 at Goodison in a victory that ultimately saved them from relegation ( they only stayed up by having a greater goal difference than Bolton Wanderers ) and helped end Liverpool 's title bid . The 2000 -- 01 season saw one of the most exciting derbies of the Premier League era . Liverpool , having won the first derby at Anfield , completed the double with a thrilling 2 -- 3 victory over Everton at Goodison in April , with the injury - time winner by Gary McAllister proving to be crucial at the end of the season in helping Liverpool qualify for the UEFA Champions League -- which replaced the European Cup in 1992 -- for the first time . By the end of the 2001 -- 02 , Liverpool had finished above Everton in the league for 15 seasons in succession , but 2002 -- 03 saw Everton showing signs of eclipsing them for the first time in years . After a brilliant run of form saw Liverpool top the Premier League in October , an 11 - match winless league run followed their 2 -- 0 home win over West Ham United in early November and during that barren spell they drew 0 -- 0 at home to an Everton side who were actually above them and looking like qualifying for Europe after several seasons of persistent relegation battles . However , they were on course for their fifth - place finish when they next met Everton on 19 April and won 1 -- 2 at Goodison Park , a result which pushed their city neighbours towards seventh place and narrowly deprived them of European football . In 2004 -- 05 , Everton finished fourth in the league and Liverpool came fifth , the first time since Everton 's 1987 title win that Liverpool had finished below them . In a season which saw Liverpool win the Champions League title , Everton gave their neighbours a reminder of how far they had progressed under the management of David Moyes with a 1 -- 0 win at Goodison Park on 11 December 2004 , though Liverpool won the return match at Anfield 2 -- 1 three months later . In the derby in 2006 , Steven Gerrard of Liverpool and James Beattie of Everton wore the number `` 08 '' as the city had been voted European Capital of Culture for 2008 Everton had a setback and finished mid-table in 2005 -- 06 , while Liverpool 's compensation for their prolonged title wait came in the form of a narrow FA Cup final triumph . And Liverpool triumphed 3 -- 1 in both of the Merseyside derbies that season . In 2006 -- 07 , Everton recovered to finish in the top six , while Liverpool finished in the top four , and there was an early season triumph for the blue half of Liverpool as Everton crushed Liverpool 3 -- 0 at Goodison Park in early September . They also held them to a goalless draw at Anfield in early February and helped hold them behind pace setters Manchester United and Chelsea . Liverpool did the double over Everton in 2007 -- 08 . However , the meeting at Goodison Park was shrouded in controversy when after a coming together between Liverpool 's Steven Gerrard and Everton 's Tony Hibbert , referee Mark Clattenburg awarded Liverpool a penalty and seemed to change his mind in favour of a red card for Hibbert after Gerrard appeared to have said something to him , when most pundits felt a caution would have been sufficient . Everton dominated the game after going behind , but were denied what seemed to be two clear penalties in the closing stages of the game when Joleon Lescott was twice wrestled to the ground by Jamie Carragher at Everton corners . The victory helped secure a top - four finish and Champions League qualification for Liverpool , leaving Everton to settle for a UEFA Cup place . Referee Clattenburg was not chosen to officiate again at Goodison Park after that match until December 2013 , six years later , and in that period only officiated one Everton game , away at Aston Villa . In the 2008 -- 09 season , Liverpool and Everton met four times , Liverpool winning the League encounter at Goodison Park 0 -- 2 while drawing the other League fixture that dealt a severe blow to their title ambitions . The FA Cup saw Everton defeat ten - man Liverpool in extra time in the replay thanks to an injury - time winner by Dan Gosling after a 1 -- 1 draw at Anfield . That season , both teams were a major force as Liverpool challenged for the title while Everton came close to qualifying for the Champions League and progressed to the 2009 FA Cup Final , only to fall to Chelsea . When the sides met in the 2009 -- 10 season , both clubs were suffering from a disastrous start to the season . Both games followed similar patterns , with Everton enjoying the greater possession and creating more chances in the games , but it was Liverpool who scored the goals in a 0 -- 2 victory at Goodison Park and 1 -- 0 at Anfield , the latter thanks to a goal from Dirk Kuyt . In the Goodison Park encounter on 17 October 2010 in the 2010 -- 11 season , Everton won 2 -- 0 with goals from Tim Cahill and Mikel Arteta , while the return league game at Anfield in January 2011 ended in a 2 -- 2 draw . In the 2011 -- 12 season , Liverpool and Everton met three times , twice in the league and once in the FA Cup , with Liverpool winning all three . The first meeting took place on 1 October 2011 , with Liverpool winning 0 -- 2 in the league at Goodison Park ( goals from Andy Carroll and Luis Suárez ) against an Everton side depleted by Jack Rodwell 's early , controversial red card , which was later rescinded by The Football Association . On 13 March 2012 , Liverpool won the Anfield fixture 3 -- 0 after a hat - trick by Steven Gerrard , who became the first player to score a hat - trick in the derby since Ian Rush in 1982 . The third meeting of the season was the FA Cup semi-final at Wembley on 14 April . Everton took the lead through Nikica Jelavić 's goal in the first half . Liverpool equalised through a Luis Suárez goal midway through the second half , and Andy Carroll scored the winning goal for Liverpool in the 87th minute . However , despite Liverpool having success throughout the season against their traditional rivals , Everton finished one place higher than Liverpool at the end of the Premier League season . Tranmere Rovers ( edit ) Matches between Everton / Liverpool and Tranmere Rovers , based in Birkenhead on the other side of the River Mersey , are also classed as Merseyside derbies , but as Tranmere have spent all of their history outside the top - flight ; competitive matches are a rarity . They have occasionally faced Everton and Liverpool in cup competitions . Their last meeting with both clubs came in the FA Cup in 2001 . Tranmere caused an upset by beating Everton 3 -- 0 in the fourth round , before losing 4 -- 2 to Liverpool in the quarter - finals . Win - loss totals ( edit ) Statistics are correct as of 7 April 2018 . Competition Played Liverpool Draw Everton Liverpool goals Everton goals Football League Division One 146 54 44 48 203 181 Premier League 52 22 21 9 71 46 FA Cup 24 11 6 7 39 28 Football League Cup FA Community Shield Football League Super Cup 0 0 7 Total 231 92 73 66 324 260 Records ( edit ) This derby is responsible for many records across all derby matches , largely due to it being contested so many times : The longest unbeaten derby game run in all matches is 17 , held by Liverpool 2011 to present The longest unbeaten derby game run in home matches is held by Liverpool with Everton failing to win in the League ( plus one cup game ) for 18 games starting in 2000 and continuing . The longest unbeaten derby game run in away matches is held by Everton with a 16 match run at Anfield between 1899 and 1920 , which included ten victories . The longest unbroken winning run at home belongs to Liverpool with five between 1932 -- 33 and 1936 -- 37 . The longest unbroken winning run away from home belongs to Everton , who scored seven consecutive victories at Anfield between 1908 -- 09 and 1914 -- 15 . Recent games have been marred by sendings off , and the fixture has seen 21 red cards in the Premier League , the highest tally for any fixture ( though the 20th of these was subsequently rescinded by the FA ) . Former Liverpool captain Steven Gerrard and former Everton captain Phil Neville have both seen red twice in derby games . The following are records just for the Merseyside derby itself : The record home victory in a league match is 6 -- 0 recorded by Liverpool at Anfield in the 1935 -- 36 season . The record away victory in a league match is 5 -- 0 recorded by both Everton at Anfield in the 1914 -- 15 season and by Liverpool at Goodison Park in the 1982 -- 83 season . The highest - scoring match was in 1932 -- 33 when Liverpool won 7 -- 4 at Anfield Neville Southall of Everton holds the record for most derby appearances . Ian Rush of Liverpool holds the mark for the most derby goals with 25 , overtaking Dixie Dean of Everton 's long - standing record when he scored two goals in Liverpool 's 3 -- 2 win over Everton in the second all - city of Liverpool FA Cup Final in 1989 . William C. Cuff of Everton holds the record for the most wins as a manager with 16 wins over Liverpool from 1901 to 1918 . Tom Watson of Liverpool holds the record for the most losses as a manager with 21 defeats to Everton from 1896 to 1915 . Record Attendance : 78,599 at Goodison Park , 18 September 1948 ( Old Division One ) Lowest Attendance : 18,000 at Anfield , 19 January 1901 ( Old Division One ) All time goal scorers ( edit ) Ian Rush , top goalscorer in the derby with 25 goals for Liverpool Statue of Dixie Dean , top league goal scorer in the derby with 19 goals for Everton The following have scored 4 or more league goals in the Derby . This includes Premier League matches , its predecessor the Football League First Division , FA Cup , League Cup and Charity Shield . The Screen Sport Super Cup goals are also included for Rush and Sharp , although this was a competition which was not high on Liverpool or Everton 's agenda . This list is up to and including 6 January 2018 . Nation Player Club ( s ) League FA Cup League Cup Charity Shield Screen Sport Overall Years Ian Rush Liverpool 13 5 5 25 1980 -- 87 , 1988 -- 96 Dixie Dean Everton 18 19 1925 -- 37 Alex `` Sandy '' Young Everton 9 12 1901 -- 11 Steven Gerrard Liverpool 9 10 1998 -- 2015 Harry Chambers Liverpool 8 8 1915 -- 28 Jimmy Settle Everton 8 8 1899 -- 1908 Jack Parkinson Liverpool 6 8 1903 -- 14 Peter Beardsley Liverpool / Everton 4 / 1 2 / 0 7 1987 -- 91 ( L ) , 1991 -- 93 ( E ) Graeme Sharp Everton 7 1980 -- 91 Jack Balmer Liverpool 6 6 1935 -- 52 Robbie Fowler Liverpool 6 6 1992 -- 2001 , 2006 -- 07 Bobby Parker Everton 6 6 1913 -- 22 Gordon Hodgson Liverpool 5 6 1925 -- 36 Tim Cahill Everton 5 5 2004 -- 12 Kenny Dalglish Liverpool 5 5 1977 -- 90 Fred Howe Liverpool 5 5 1935 -- 38 Jack Taylor Everton 5 5 1896 -- 1910 Dirk Kuyt Liverpool 5 5 2006 -- 12 Luis Suárez Liverpool 5 2011 -- 14 Roger Hunt Liverpool 5 1958 -- 69 Duncan Ferguson Everton 1994 -- 98 , 2000 -- 06 Tommy Lawton Everton 1936 -- 39 Michael Owen Liverpool 1997 -- 2004 Sam Raybould Liverpool 1900 -- 07 Roy Vernon Everton 1960 -- 65 Daniel Sturridge Liverpool 2013 -- present Current scorers : Liverpool 's Daniel Sturridge ( 4 ) is the leading scorer among current players . Other current players with derby goals are Liverpool 's Sadio Mané and Divock Origi with 2 goals each , plus Danny Ings , Mohamed Salah and from Everton Kevin Mirallas , Phil Jagielka , Matthew Pennington , Wayne Rooney , and Gylfi Sigurðsson all with one goal each . Goals from `` overseas '' players : A total of 30 non-British ( Isles ) players from 19 different countries have scored in the derby ( not including own goals , which add three countries to the list ) since Liverpool 's Craig Johnston became the first such player to do so , in the 1986 Cup final ( though Bruce Grobbelaar was the first non-British Isles player to get on the derby scoresheet with his own - goal in the 1984 Charity Shield ) . Most recently Everton 's Gylfi Sigurðsson added the newest country ( Iceland ) to this list . Everton 's Tim Cahill and Liverpool 's Dirk Kuyt , who both left their respective clubs after the 2012 season , along with Luis Suárez , who left Liverpool in 2014 , are the leading `` overseas '' players with five goals each . Divock Origi and Sadio Mané are the current leading overseas scorers with two each . France leads the way with five different scorers , but Australia ( 4 ) is just behind . More goals than years : Liverpool 's Fred Howe and Everton 's Tommy Lawton bear the curious distinctions of scoring more goals than they actually spent in years in the city of Liverpool . Howe scoring five goals in three years and Lawton four goals in three years . Hat - tricks : The first derby hat - trick was scored by Everton 's Alex `` Sandy '' Young who scored four in the 1904 5 -- 1 win at Goodison . Other Evertonians to manage hat - ticks include Parker in 1914 and Dixie Dean twice , in 1928 and 1931 , the last Everton player to net a treble . Liverpool hat - tricks have come from Chambers ( 1922 ) , Forshaw ( 1925 ) , Barton ( 1933 ) , and Howe ( four goals in 1935 ) . Almost 50 years passed before the next derby hat - trick , scored by Ian Rush , who scored four in a 5 -- 0 win at Goodison in 1982 , and then another 30 years passed until Steven Gerrard scored a hat - trick against Everton at Anfield in a 3 -- 0 win . Curiously , of all the league hat - tricks , only two ( Young 's in 1904 and Rush 's in 1982 ) were managed at Goodison ; all the others were at Anfield . Own goals : Sandy Brown 's famous own goal in Everton 's championship winning 1969 -- 70 season was , surprisingly , only the second own goal in the history of the fixture , the first having been scored by Balmer ( Everton ) in 1902 . Since then , eight Evertonians have been `` credited '' with an own - goal , including two in the same match at Anfield in 1972 . There have only been three Liverpool own goals . Leighton Baines 's unlucky deflection at Goodison in 2012 -- 13 is the most recent of all derby - day own - goals . Scoring in consecutive matches : Between May and September 1986 , Ian Rush scored for Liverpool in four consecutive derbies , none of them League games ( Cup final , Charity shield and two Super Cup finals ) . Several players have scored in three consecutive games : Hardman ( E , 1905 -- 06 ) , Freeman ( E , 1909 -- 10 ) , Parkinson ( L , 1910 -- 11 ) , King ( E , 1978 -- 79 ) , Lineker ( E , 1985 -- 86 ) , Barnes ( L , 1989 -- 90 ) and Fowler ( L , 1995 -- 96 ) . Youngest derby goal scorer : Although difficult to verify , since birthdates of early players are not known , the youngest derby goal scorer is probably Everton 's Danny Cadamarteri who scored the winner at Goodison six days after his 18th birthday , in October 1997 . All time appearances ( edit ) Nation Player Club Appearances Years Position Neville Southall Everton 41 1981 -- 98 Goalkeeper Ian Rush Liverpool 36 1980 -- 87 & 1988 -- 96 Striker Bruce Grobbelaar Liverpool 34 1980 -- 94 Goalkeeper Alan Hansen Liverpool 33 1977 -- 90 Defender Kevin Ratcliffe Everton 32 1980 -- 92 Defender Clean sheets ( edit ) Nation Player Club Clean Sheets Games Years Ray Clemence Liverpool 15 27 1967 -- 81 Neville Southall Everton 15 41 1981 -- 98 Bruce Grobbelaar Liverpool 10 33 1980 -- 94 Gordon West Everton 9 20 1962 -- 73 Tommy Lawrence Liverpool 8 16 1957 -- 71 Pepe Reina Liverpool 8 17 2005 -- 13 Cyril Sidlow Liverpool 6 10 1946 -- 52 Billy Scott Everton 6 15 1904 -- 12 Ted Sagar Everton 6 20 1929 -- 53 Tim Howard Everton 5 18 2006 -- 16 Elisha Scott Liverpool 5 20 1912 -- 17 , 1919 -- 34 Simon Mignolet Liverpool 8 2013 -- present Dai Davies Everton 5 1970 -- 77 Top 10 attendances for League derby games ( edit ) Rank Date Stadium Score Att . 18 September 1948 Goodison Park Everton 1 -- 1 Liverpool 78,299 22 September 1962 Goodison Park Everton 2 -- 2 Liverpool 72,488 16 September 1950 Goodison Park Everton 1 -- 3 Liverpool 71,150 27 August 1949 Goodison Park Everton 0 -- 0 Liverpool 70,812 5 27 September 1947 Goodison Park Everton 0 -- 3 Liverpool 66,776 6 8 February 1964 Goodison Park Everton 3 -- 1 Liverpool 66,515 7 15 October 1927 Goodison Park Everton 1 -- 1 Liverpool 65,729 8 12 April 1965 Goodison Park Everton 2 -- 1 Liverpool 65,402 9 1 October 1938 Goodison Park Everton 2 -- 1 Liverpool 64,977 10 3 February 1968 Goodison Park Everton 1 -- 0 Liverpool 64,482 Decade average attendances for derby games ( edit ) Period Everton average Liverpool average 2010 -- 39,597 50,221 2000 -- 09 40,020 44,360 1990 -- 99 39,107 41,823 1980 -- 89 49,529 45,240 1970 -- 79 55,502 54,168 1962 -- 69 64,606 53,805 1946 -- 51 63,529 50,697 1931 -- 39 49,444 45,423 1919 -- 30 51,590 50,694 1905 -- 15 41,600 37,600 1894 -- 1904 39,888 28,444 League games only . Highest ever attendance 100,000 estimate at 1984 Milk Cup final and 1984 Charity Shield . HIghest attendance at Anfield 56,060 for the 1962 - 63 league game . Games on neutral ground ( edit ) There have been 12 derby games played on neutral grounds : six at Wembley , four at Maine Road and one each at Villa Park and Old Trafford : Date Competititon Venue Score Attendance 31 March 1906 FA Cup Semi-final Villa Park Everton 2 -- 0 Liverpool 37,000 25 March 1950 FA Cup Semi-final Maine Road Liverpool 2 -- 0 Everton 72,000 27 March 1971 FA Cup Semi-final Old Trafford Everton 1 -- 2 Liverpool 62,144 23 April 1977 FA Cup Semi-final Maine Road Everton 2 -- 2 Liverpool 56,637 27 April 1977 FA Cup Semi-final replay Maine Road Everton 0 -- 3 Liverpool 56,579 25 March 1984 League Cup Final Wembley Everton 0 -- 0 Liverpool 100,000 28 March 1984 League Cup Final replay Maine Road Everton 0 -- 1 Liverpool 52,089 8 August 1984 FA Charity Shield Wembley Everton 1 -- 0 Liverpool 100,000 10 May 1986 FA Cup Final Wembley Liverpool 3 -- 1 Everton 98,000 16 August 1986 FA Charity Shield Wembley Everton 1 -- 1 Liverpool 88,231 20 May 1989 FA Cup Final Wembley Liverpool 3 -- 2 Everton ( aet ) 82,800 14 April 2012 FA Cup Semi-final Wembley Everton 1 -- 2 Liverpool 87,231 Penalties ( edit ) Since the war Everton have been awarded just two penalties in Anfield derbies ( both scored ) , while Liverpool have had 11 at Goodison of which three have been missed ( though only one of these misses affected the result ) . A full list is available at https://www.evertonresults.com/derbypens.htm . Crossing the Park ( edit ) Despite the huge rivalry , Liverpool have completed more direct transfers with Everton than any other club . However , Liverpool did not buy directly from Everton between 1959 and 2000 , while there was a similar `` freeze '' in the other direction between 1961 and 1982 . The phrase `` crossing the Park '' refers to Stanley Park , which separates the two grounds . Dave Hickson , John Heydon and Frank Mitchell are the only three players to have played for Liverpool , Everton and Tranmere Rovers , the three main Merseyside clubs still in existence ( Tranmere dropped out of the league in 2015 ) . New Brighton were football league members from 1923 -- 51 ; Bill Lacey and Neil McBain played for all three of Everton , Liverpool and New Brighton . John Whitehead played for Liverpool , Everton and also for Bootle in their one year as a league team ( 1892 -- 93 ) , before they were replaced in Division 2 by local rivals Liverpool FC . The list below shows transfer dates and fees , where known . Everton then Liverpool Abel Xavier -- 2002 -- £ 750,000 ( only player to play in both derby matches for both teams in the same season ) Nick Barmby -- 2000 -- £ 6 million ( the highest fee Liverpool have paid Everton ) Dave Hickson -- 1959 -- £ 12,000 ( also played for Tranmere Rovers one of six players to play for three different Merseyside clubs ) Tony McNamara -- 1957 -- £ 4,000 John Heydon -- 1949 -- no fee ( also played for Tranmere Rovers , one of six players to play for three different Merseyside clubs ) Bill Harthill -- 1936 Jack Balmer -- 1935 -- no fee Thomas Johnson -- 1934 Frank Mitchell -- 1919 ( also played for Tranmere Rovers , one of six players to play for three different Merseyside clubs ) Bill Lacey -- 1912 -- part of exchange deal for Uren ( Lacey also played for New Brighton , one of six players to have played for three different Merseyside clubs ) Andrew Hannah , captain with both Everton and Liverpool Tom Gracie -- 1912 -- part of exchange deal for Uren Arthur Berry -- Signed first for Liverpool in 1906 , then played for Wrexham , Fulham , and Oxford University before signing for Everton . He returned directly to Liverpool from Everton for a brief spell in 1912 . Don Sloan -- 1908 -- no fee David Murray -- 1904 Abe Hartley -- 1897 Alex Latta -- 1896 ( Did not make a senior appearance for Liverpool ) Fred Geary -- 1895 -- £ 60 John Whitehead -- 1894 -- ( also played for Bootle ) , one of six players to have played for three different Merseyside clubs Patrick Gordon -- 1893 Duncan McLean -- 1892 Thomas G. Wylie -- 1892 The following played for another / other club before moving to Liverpool Andrew Hannah -- Played for Renton in between . ( The first player to captain both Everton and Liverpool ) Edgar Chadwick -- Played for Blackburn Rovers and Burnley in between . David Johnson - Played for Ipswich Town in between ; returned to Everton after playing for Liverpool . Neil McBain -- Played for St Johnstone in between . He also played -- under bizarre circumstances -- one game for New Brighton : as manager he played one game in goal due to an injury crisis , at the age of 52 , becoming the oldest player ever to play in a league game . He is one of six players to play for three different Merseyside clubs . Steve McMahon -- Played for Aston Villa in between . He is also one of only two players to have captained both Everton and Liverpool . Darren Potter -- Everton youth player who never made a first - team appearance , played for Blackburn Rovers in between . Billy Scott -- Played for Leeds City in between . Liverpool then Everton Gary Ablett -- 1992 -- £ 750,000 ( only player to win the FA Cup with both clubs ) . Peter Beardsley -- 1991 -- £ 1 million ; was Everton 's most expensive signing from Liverpool . Alan Harper -- 1983 -- £ 100,000 ; though on Liverpool 's books , he never made a first - team appearance . Kevin Sheedy -- 1982 -- £ 100,000 . David Johnson -- 1982 -- £ 100,000 ; started at Everton , went to Ipswich Town then Liverpool then back to Everton . Johnny Morrissey -- 1962 -- £ 10,000 Jimmy Payne -- 1956 -- £ 5,000 Dick Forshaw -- 1927 -- only player to win the League Championship with both clubs Harold Uren -- 1912 -- part of exchange deal for Lacey and Gracie Benjamin Howard Baker -- c. 1910 The following played for another / other club before moving to Everton David Burrows -- Played for West Ham United in between . Don Hutchison -- Played for West Ham United and Sheffield United in between . Dave Watson -- Played for Norwich City in between . John Gidman -- Played for Aston Villa in between . Sander Westerveld -- ( Loan ) Played for Real Sociedad and Portsmouth in between . Arthur Berry -- Played for Wrexham , Fulham , and Oxford University in between Everton ; returned to Liverpool for a brief spell in 1912 . As well as players `` crossing the park , '' Everton 's first ever manager , William Edward Barclay , stayed on at Anfield after Everton moved to Goodison Park to become Liverpool 's first manager . Scored for both sides in a derby ( edit ) Only two players have scored for both sides in a Merseyside derby : David Johnson famously scored on his derby debut for Everton in November 1971 , then scored two derby goals during his spell with Liverpool , the last of them on 1 March 1980 . Peter Beardsley added to his tally of six derby goals for Liverpool with one for Everton on 7 December 1992 . Boyhood allegiances ( edit ) Liverpool 's Evertonians Player Years Ref Adam Lallana ( 2014 -- ) Michael Owen ( 1997 -- 2004 ) Stephen Wright ( 1997 -- 2002 ) Jamie Carragher ( 1996 -- 2013 ) David Thompson ( 1996 -- 2000 ) Robbie Fowler ( 1992 -- 2001 & 2006 -- 07 ) Tony Warner ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Steve McManaman ( 1989 -- 99 ) Steve McMahon ( 1985 -- 91 ) Ian Rush ( 1980 -- 87 & 1988 -- 96 ) Everton 's Liverpudlians Player Years Ref Theo Walcott ( 2018 - ) Ashley Williams ( 2016 -- ) Phil Jevons ( 1996 -- 2001 ) Nick Barmby ( 1996 -- 2000 ) Gary Ablett ( 1992 -- 96 ) Mike Newell ( 1989 -- 91 ) Dave Watson ( 1986 -- 2001 ) Peter Reid ( 1982 -- 1989 ) Doing the double ( edit ) It is a rarity for either team to beat the other in both league games of a season ; it is a feat managed by Liverpool fifteen times and Everton nine times , in what is known as the ' double ' . With the occasional meeting at Wembley , both Everton and Liverpool have completed a ' treble ' , in which a victory has been achieved three times ( and at three different venues ) in a season . Everton Season Anfield Score Goodison Score 1899 -- 1900 1 -- 2 3 -- 1 1908 -- 09 0 -- 1 5 -- 0 1911 -- 12 1 -- 3 2 -- 1 1923 -- 24 1 -- 2 1 -- 0 1928 -- 29 1 -- 2 1 -- 0 1931 -- 32 1 -- 3 2 -- 1 1938 -- 39 0 -- 3 2 -- 1 1964 -- 65 0 -- 4 2 -- 1 1984 -- 85 * 0 -- 1 1 -- 0 Having won the Charity Shield 1 -- 0 , Everton completed a treble over Liverpool . Liverpool Season Anfield Score Goodison Score 1898 -- 99 2 -- 0 1 -- 2 1920 -- 21 1 -- 0 0 -- 3 1922 -- 23 5 -- 1 0 -- 1 1924 -- 25 3 -- 1 0 -- 1 1947 -- 48 4 -- 0 0 -- 3 1972 -- 73 1 -- 0 0 -- 2 1981 -- 82 3 -- 1 1 -- 3 1989 -- 90 3 -- 1 1 -- 2 1990 -- 91 3 -- 2 1 -- 3 2000 -- 01 3 -- 1 2 -- 3 2005 -- 06 3 -- 1 1 -- 3 2007 -- 08 1 -- 0 1 -- 2 2009 -- 10 1 -- 0 0 -- 2 2011 -- 12 * 3 -- 0 0 -- 2 2016 -- 17 3 -- 1 0 -- 1 With a 2 -- 1 win in the FA Cup semi-final , Liverpool completed a treble over Everton . With cup games , replays and so on , the two have often met three or four times a season , but in the 1986 -- 87 season , they played each other six times : starting with a 1 -- 1 draw at Wembley in the Charity Shield , there were the two league games , the two - legged Screen Sport Super Cup Final ( held over from the previous season ) , and a League Cup 5th round tie . Despite the fact that Everton finished the season as champions , they could not beat Liverpool that year , with four losses and two draws . A combined total of 281,356 spectators saw the six matches . The following season they met a further four times , being paired in both cups : honours were even with two wins each . Liverpool have achieved the most Premier League doubles over their city rivals Everton , doing so four times in the last ten years . Everton have yet to do the double over Liverpool in the Premier League -- their last league double over Liverpool was in 1985 where they won at Goodison ( 1 -- 0 ) and Anfield ( 1 -- 0 ) to complete a treble for that season , having also won at Wembley in the Charity Shield . Full list of results ( edit ) Fixtures from 1894 to the present day featuring League games , FA Cup , League Cup , Charity Shield and Super Cup . Testimonial matches are listed separately . Other friendlies and Inter-War fixtures are not included . Nbr ( Lg ) Date Competition Venue Score Liverpool Scorers / Red Cards Everton Scorers / Red Cards Att . 231 ( 198 ) 7 April 2018 17 -- 18 Premier League Goodison Park 0 -- 0 39,220 230 5 January 2018 17 -- 18 FA Cup Rnd 3 Anfield 2 -- 1 Milner ( pen . ) , Van Dijk Sigurðsson 52,513 229 ( 197 ) 10 December 2017 17 -- 18 Premier League Anfield 1 -- 1 Salah Rooney ( pen . ) 53,082 228 ( 196 ) 1 April 2017 16 -- 17 Premier League Anfield 3 -- 1 Mané , Coutinho , Origi Pennington 52,920 227 ( 195 ) 19 December 2016 16 -- 17 Premier League Goodison Park 0 -- 1 Mané 39,590 226 ( 194 ) 20 April 2016 15 -- 16 Premier League Anfield 4 -- 0 Origi , Sakho , Sturridge , Coutinho Funes Mori 43,854 225 ( 193 ) 4 October 2015 15 -- 16 Premier League Goodison Park 1 -- 1 Ings Lukaku 39,598 224 ( 192 ) 7 February 2015 14 -- 15 Premier League Goodison Park 0 -- 0 39,621 223 ( 191 ) 27 September 2014 14 -- 15 Premier League Anfield 1 -- 1 Gerrard Jagielka 44,511 222 ( 190 ) 28 January 2014 13 -- 14 Premier League Anfield 4 -- 0 Gerrard , Sturridge , Suárez 44,450 221 ( 189 ) 23 November 2013 13 -- 14 Premier League Goodison Park 3 -- 3 Coutinho , Suárez , Sturridge Mirallas , Lukaku 39,576 220 ( 188 ) 5 May 2013 12 -- 13 Premier League Anfield 0 -- 0 44,991 219 ( 187 ) 28 October 2012 12 -- 13 Premier League Goodison Park 2 -- 2 Baines ( o.g. ) , Suárez Osman , Naismith 39,613 218 14 April 2012 11 -- 12 FA Cup Semi-final Wembley 2 -- 1 Suárez , Carroll Jelavić 87,231 217 ( 186 ) 13 March 2012 11 -- 12 Premier League Anfield 3 -- 0 Gerrard 44,921 216 ( 185 ) 1 October 2011 11 -- 12 Premier League Goodison Park 0 -- 2 Suárez , Carroll Rodwell ( subsequently rescinded ) 39,510 215 ( 184 ) 16 January 2011 10 -- 11 Premier League Anfield 2 -- 2 Meireles , Kuyt ( pen . ) Distin , Beckford 44,795 214 ( 183 ) 17 October 2010 10 -- 11 Premier League Goodison Park 2 -- 0 Cahill , Arteta 39,673 213 ( 182 ) 6 February 2010 09 -- 10 Premier League Anfield 1 -- 0 Kuyt -- Kyrgiakos Pienaar 44,316 212 ( 181 ) 29 November 2009 09 -- 10 Premier League Goodison Park 0 -- 2 Yobo ( o.g. ) , Kuyt 39,652 211 4 February 2009 08 -- 09 FA Cup Rnd 4 Rep . Goodison Park 1 -- 0 ( aet ) Lucas Gosling 37,918 210 25 January 2009 08 -- 09 FA Cup Rnd 4 Anfield 1 -- 1 Gerrard Lescott 43,524 209 ( 180 ) 19 January 2009 08 -- 09 Premier League Anfield 1 -- 1 Gerrard Cahill 44,382 208 ( 179 ) 27 September 2008 08 -- 09 Premier League Goodison Park 0 -- 2 Torres Cahill 39,574 207 ( 178 ) 30 March 2008 07 -- 08 Premier League Anfield 1 -- 0 Torres 44,295 206 ( 177 ) 20 October 2007 07 -- 08 Premier League Goodison Park 1 -- 2 Kuyt ( 2 pens . ) Hyypiä ( o.g. ) -- Hibbert , Neville 40,049 205 ( 176 ) 3 February 2007 06 -- 07 Premier League Anfield 0 -- 0 44,234 204 ( 175 ) 9 September 2006 06 -- 07 Premier League Goodison Park 3 -- 0 Cahill , Johnson 40,004 203 ( 174 ) 25 March 2006 05 -- 06 Premier League Anfield 3 -- 1 Neville ( o.g. ) , García , Kewell -- Gerrard Cahill -- Van der Meyde 44,923 202 ( 173 ) 28 December 2005 05 -- 06 Premier League Goodison Park 1 -- 3 Crouch , Gerrard , Cissé Beattie -- Arteta , Neville 40,158 201 ( 172 ) 20 March 2005 04 -- 05 Premier League Anfield 2 -- 1 Gerrard , García -- Baroš Cahill 44,224 200 ( 171 ) 11 December 2004 04 -- 05 Premier League Goodison Park 1 -- 0 Carsley 40,552 199 ( 170 ) 31 January 2004 03 -- 04 Premier League Anfield 0 -- 0 44,056 198 ( 169 ) 30 August 2003 03 -- 04 Premier League Goodison Park 0 -- 3 Owen , Kewell 40,200 197 ( 168 ) 19 April 2003 02 -- 03 Premier League Goodison Park 1 -- 2 Owen , Murphy Unsworth -- Weir , Naysmith 40,162 196 ( 167 ) 22 December 2002 02 -- 03 Premier League Anfield 0 -- 0 44,025 195 ( 166 ) 23 February 2002 01 -- 02 Premier League Anfield 1 -- 1 Anelka Radzinski 44,371 194 ( 165 ) 15 September 2001 01 -- 02 Premier League Goodison Park 1 -- 3 Gerrard , Owen , Riise Campbell 39,554 193 ( 164 ) 16 April 2001 00 -- 01 Premier League Goodison Park 2 -- 3 Heskey , Babbel , McAllister -- Bišćan Ferguson , Unsworth 40,260 192 ( 163 ) 29 October 2000 00 -- 01 Premier League Anfield 3 -- 1 Barmby , Heskey , Berger Campbell -- Gravesen 44,718 191 ( 162 ) 21 April 2000 99 -- 00 Premier League Goodison Park 0 -- 0 40,052 190 ( 161 ) 27 September 1999 99 -- 00 Premier League Anfield 0 -- 1 Westerveld , Gerrard Campbell -- Jeffers 44,802 189 ( 160 ) 3 April 1999 98 -- 99 Premier League Anfield 3 -- 2 Fowler , Berger Dacourt , Jeffers 44,852 188 ( 159 ) 17 October 1998 98 -- 99 Premier League Goodison Park 0 -- 0 40,185 187 ( 158 ) 23 February 1998 97 -- 98 Premier League Anfield 1 -- 1 Ince Ferguson 44,501 186 ( 157 ) 18 October 1997 97 -- 98 Premier League Goodison Park 2 -- 0 Ruddock ( o.g. ) , Cadamarteri 40,112 185 ( 156 ) 16 April 1997 96 -- 97 Premier League Goodison Park 1 -- 1 Redknapp -- Fowler Ferguson -- Unsworth 40,177 184 ( 155 ) 20 November 1996 96 -- 97 Premier League Anfield 1 -- 1 Fowler Speed 40,751 183 ( 154 ) 16 April 1996 95 -- 96 Premier League Goodison Park 1 -- 1 Fowler Kanchelskis 40,120 182 ( 153 ) 18 November 1995 95 -- 96 Premier League Anfield 1 -- 2 Fowler Kanchelskis 40,818 181 ( 152 ) 24 January 1995 94 -- 95 Premier League Anfield 0 -- 0 39,505 180 ( 151 ) 21 November 1994 94 -- 95 Premier League Goodison Park 2 -- 0 Ferguson , Rideout 39,866 179 ( 150 ) 14 March 1994 93 -- 94 Premier League Anfield 2 -- 1 Fowler , Rush Watson 44,281 178 ( 149 ) 18 September 1993 93 -- 94 Premier League Goodison Park 2 -- 0 Cottee , Ward 38,157 177 ( 148 ) 20 March 1993 92 -- 93 Premier League Anfield 1 -- 0 Rosenthal 44,619 176 ( 147 ) 7 December 1992 92 -- 93 Premier League Goodison Park 2 -- 1 Wright Johnston , Beardsley 35,826 175 ( 146 ) 28 December 1991 91 -- 92 First Division Goodison Park 1 -- 1 Tanner Johnston 37,681 174 ( 145 ) 31 August 1991 91 -- 92 First Division Anfield 3 -- 1 Burrows , Saunders , Houghton Newell 39,072 173 27 February 1991 90 -- 91 FA Cup Rnd 5 R. 2 Goodison Park 1 -- 0 Watson 40,201 172 20 February 1991 90 -- 91 FA Cup Rnd 5 Rep . Goodison Park 4 -- 4 ( aet ) Beardsley , Rush , Barnes Cottee , Sharp 37,766 171 17 February 1991 90 -- 91 FA Cup Rnd 5 Anfield 0 -- 0 38,323 170 ( 144 ) 9 February 1991 90 -- 91 First Division Anfield 3 -- 1 Molby , Speedie Nevin 38,127 169 ( 143 ) 22 September 1990 90 -- 91 First Division Goodison Park 2 -- 3 Beardsley , Barnes ( pen . ) Hinchcliffe , McCall 39,847 168 ( 142 ) 3 February 1990 89 -- 90 First Division Anfield 2 -- 1 Barnes , Beardsley ( pen . ) Sharp 38,730 167 ( 141 ) 23 September 1989 89 -- 90 First Division Goodison Park 1 -- 3 Barnes , Rush Newell 42,453 166 20 May 1989 88 -- 89 FA Cup Final Wembley 3 -- 2 ( aet ) Aldridge , Rush McCall 82,800 165 ( 140 ) 3 May 1989 88 -- 89 First Division Goodison Park 0 -- 0 45,994 164 ( 139 ) 11 December 1988 88 -- 89 First Division Anfield 1 -- 1 Houghton Clarke ( pen . ) 42,372 163 ( 138 ) 20 March 1988 87 -- 88 First Division Goodison Park 1 -- 0 Clarke 44,162 162 21 February 1988 87 -- 88 FA Cup Rnd 5 Goodison Park 0 -- 1 Houghton 48,270 161 ( 137 ) 1 November 1987 87 -- 88 First Division Anfield 2 -- 0 McMahon , Beardsley 44,760 160 28 October 1987 87 -- 88 League Cup Rnd 3 Anfield 0 -- 1 Stevens 44,071 159 ( 136 ) 25 April 1987 86 -- 87 First Division Anfield 3 -- 1 McMahon , Rush Sheedy 44,827 158 21 January 1987 86 -- 87 League Cup Rnd 5 Goodison Park 0 -- 1 Rush 53,323 157 ( 135 ) 23 November 1986 86 -- 87 First Division Goodison Park 0 -- 0 48,247 156 30 September 1986 Super Cup Final 2nd leg Goodison Park 1 -- 4 Rush , Nicol Sharp ( pen . ) 26,068 155 16 September 1986 Super Cup Final 1st leg Anfield 3 -- 1 Rush , McMahon Sheedy 20,660 154 16 August 1986 1986 FA Charity Shield Wembley 1 -- 1 Rush Heath 88,231 153 10 May 1986 85 -- 86 FA Cup Final Wembley 3 -- 1 Rush , Johnston Lineker 98,000 152 ( 134 ) 22 February 1986 85 -- 86 First Division Anfield 0 -- 2 Ratcliffe , Lineker 45,445 151 ( 133 ) 21 September 1985 85 -- 86 First Division Goodison Park 2 -- 3 Dalglish , Rush , McMahon Sharp , Lineker 51,509 150 ( 132 ) 23 May 1985 84 -- 85 First Division Goodison Park 1 -- 0 Wilkinson 51,045 149 ( 131 ) 20 October 1984 84 -- 85 First Division Anfield 0 -- 1 Sharp 45,545 148 18 August 1984 1984 FA Charity Shield Wembley 1 -- 0 Grobbelaar ( o.g. ) 100,000 147 28 March 1984 83 -- 84 League Cup Final R . Maine Road 1 -- 0 Souness 52,089 146 25 March 1984 83 -- 84 League Cup Final Wembley 0 -- 0 100,000 145 ( 130 ) 3 March 1984 83 -- 84 First Division Goodison Park 1 -- 1 Rush Harper 51,245 144 ( 129 ) 6 November 1983 83 -- 84 First Division Anfield 3 -- 0 Rush , Robinson , Nicol 40,875 143 ( 128 ) 19 March 1983 82 -- 83 First Division Anfield 0 -- 0 44,737 142 ( 127 ) 6 November 1982 82 -- 83 First Division Goodison Park 0 -- 5 Rush , Lawrenson Keeley 52,741 141 ( 126 ) 27 March 1982 81 -- 82 First Division Goodison Park 1 -- 3 Whelan , Souness , Johnston Sharp 51,847 140 ( 125 ) 7 November 1981 81 -- 82 First Division Anfield 3 -- 1 Dalglish , Rush Ferguson -- O'Keefe 48,861 139 ( 124 ) 21 March 1981 80 -- 81 First Division Anfield 1 -- 0 Bailey ( o.g. ) 49,743 138 24 January 1981 80 -- 81 FA Cup Rnd 4 Goodison Park 2 -- 1 Case Eastoe , Varadi 53,804 137 ( 123 ) 18 October 1980 80 -- 81 First Division Goodison Park 2 -- 2 Lee , Dalglish Hartford , McBride 52,565 136 ( 122 ) 1 March 1980 79 -- 80 First Division Goodison Park 1 -- 2 Johnson , Neal ( pen . ) Eastoe 53,018 135 ( 121 ) 20 October 1979 79 -- 80 First Division Anfield 2 -- 2 Lyons ( o.g. ) , R. Kennedy -- McDermott Kidd , King -- Stanley 52,201 134 ( 120 ) 13 March 1979 78 -- 79 First Division Anfield 1 -- 1 Dalglish King 52,352 133 ( 119 ) 28 October 1978 78 -- 79 First Division Goodison Park 1 -- 0 King 53,141 132 ( 118 ) 5 April 1978 77 -- 78 First Division Goodison Park 0 -- 1 Johnson 52,759 131 ( 117 ) 22 October 1977 77 -- 78 First Division Anfield 0 -- 0 51,668 130 27 April 1977 76 -- 77 FA Cup Semi-final R . Maine Road 3 -- 0 Neal ( pen . ) , Case , Kennedy 56,579 129 23 April 1977 76 -- 77 FA Cup Semi-final Maine Road 2 -- 2 McDermott , Case Rioch , McKenzie 56,637 128 ( 116 ) 22 March 1977 76 -- 77 First Division Goodison Park 0 -- 0 56,562 127 ( 115 ) 16 October 1976 76 -- 77 First Division Anfield 3 -- 1 Heighway , Neal ( pen . ) , Toshack Dobson 55,141 126 ( 114 ) 3 April 1976 75 -- 76 First Division Anfield 1 -- 0 Fairclough 54,632 125 ( 113 ) 27 September 1975 75 -- 76 First Division Goodison Park 0 -- 0 55,769 124 ( 112 ) 22 February 1975 74 -- 75 First Division Anfield 0 -- 0 55,853 123 ( 111 ) 16 November 1974 74 -- 75 First Division Goodison Park 0 -- 0 57,190 122 ( 110 ) 20 April 1974 73 -- 74 First Division Anfield 0 -- 0 55,848 121 ( 109 ) 8 December 1973 73 -- 74 First Division Goodison Park 0 -- 1 Waddle 56,098 120 ( 108 ) 3 March 1973 72 -- 73 First Division Goodison Park 0 -- 2 Hughes 54,856 119 ( 107 ) 7 October 1972 72 -- 73 First Division Anfield 1 -- 0 Cormack 55,975 118 ( 106 ) 4 March 1972 71 -- 72 First Division Anfield 4 -- 0 Wright ( o.g. ) , McLaughlin ( o.g. ) , Lawler , Hughes 53,922 117 ( 105 ) 13 November 1971 71 -- 72 First Division Goodison Park 1 -- 0 Johnson 56,293 116 27 March 1971 70 -- 71 FA Cup Semi-final Old Trafford 2 -- 1 Evans , Hall Ball 62,144 115 ( 104 ) 20 February 1971 70 -- 71 First Division Goodison Park 0 -- 0 56,846 114 ( 103 ) 21 November 1970 70 -- 71 First Division Anfield 3 -- 2 Heighway , Toshack , Lawler Royle , Whittle 53,777 113 ( 102 ) 21 March 1970 69 -- 70 First Division Anfield 0 -- 2 Royle , Whittle 54,496 112 ( 101 ) 6 December 1969 69 -- 70 First Division Goodison Park 0 -- 3 Hughes , Brown ( o.g. ) , Graham 57,370 111 ( 100 ) 8 October 1968 68 -- 69 First Division Anfield 1 -- 1 Smith Ball 54,496 110 ( 99 ) 27 August 1968 68 -- 69 First Division Goodison Park 0 -- 0 63,938 109 ( 98 ) 3 February 1968 67 -- 68 First Division Goodison Park 1 -- 0 Kendall 64,482 108 ( 97 ) 23 September 1967 67 -- 68 First Division Anfield 1 -- 0 Hunt 54,189 107 11 March 1967 66 -- 67 FA Cup Rnd 5 Goodison Park 1 -- 0 Ball 64,851 106 ( 96 ) 31 December 1966 66 -- 67 First Division Anfield 0 -- 0 53,744 105 ( 95 ) 27 August 1966 66 -- 67 First Division Goodison Park 3 -- 1 Smith Ball , Brown 64,318 104 13 August 1966 1966 FA Charity Shield Goodison Park 0 -- 1 Hunt 63,329 103 ( 94 ) 19 March 1966 65 -- 66 First Division Goodison Park 0 -- 0 62,337 102 ( 93 ) 25 September 1965 65 -- 66 First Division Anfield 5 -- 0 Smith , Hunt , Stevenson , St. John 53,557 101 ( 92 ) 12 April 1965 64 -- 65 First Division Goodison Park 2 -- 1 Stevenson ( pen . ) Morrissey , Temple 65,402 100 ( 91 ) 19 September 1964 64 -- 65 First Division Anfield 0 -- 4 Harvey , Morrissey , Pickering , Temple 52,619 99 ( 90 ) 8 February 1964 63 -- 64 First Division Goodison Park 3 -- 1 St. John Vernon , Gabriel 66,515 98 ( 89 ) 28 September 1963 63 -- 64 First Division Anfield 2 -- 1 Callaghan Vernon 51,976 97 ( 88 ) 8 April 1963 62 -- 63 First Division Anfield 0 -- 0 56,060 96 ( 87 ) 22 September 1962 62 -- 63 First Division Goodison Park 2 -- 2 Lewis , Hunt Morrissey , Vernon 72,488 There were no league derbies between 1951 and 1962 . Everton were relegated in 1951 and were in the Football League Second Division for 3 seasons ( 1951 -- 52 to 1953 -- 54 ) . Everton were promoted in 1953 -- 54 ( 1953 -- 54 ) , whilst Liverpool were relegated to the Football League Second Division that same season . Liverpool were in the Football League Second Division for 8 seasons ( 1954 -- 55 to 1961 -- 62 ) . 95 29 January 1955 54 -- 55 FA Cup Rnd 4 Goodison Park 0 -- 4 Liddell , A'Court , Evans 72,000 94 ( 86 ) 20 January 1951 50 -- 51 First Division Anfield 0 -- 2 McIntosh 48,688 93 ( 85 ) 16 September 1950 50 -- 51 First Division Goodison Park 1 -- 3 Stubbins , Balmer Eglington 71,150 92 25 March 1950 49 -- 50 FA Cup Semi-final Maine Road 2 -- 0 Paisley , Liddell 72,000 91 ( 84 ) 24 December 1949 49 -- 50 First Division Anfield 3 -- 1 Baron , Fagan Farrell 50,485 90 ( 83 ) 27 August 1949 49 -- 50 First Division Goodison Park 0 -- 0 70,812 89 ( 82 ) 5 February 1949 48 -- 49 First Division Anfield 0 -- 0 50,132 88 ( 81 ) 18 September 1948 48 -- 49 First Division Goodison Park 1 -- 1 Fagan Dodds 78,299 87 ( 80 ) 21 April 1948 47 -- 48 First Division Anfield 4 - 0 Stubbins , Liddell , Brierley , Balmer 55,305 86 ( 79 ) 27 September 1947 47 -- 48 First Division Goodison Park 0 - 3 Balmer , Stubbins , Fagan 66,776 85 ( 78 ) 29 January 1947 46 -- 47 First Division Goodison Park 1 -- 0 Wainwright 50,612 84 ( 77 ) 21 September 1946 46 -- 47 First Division Anfield 0 -- 0 48,875 No competitive football was played between 1939 and 1946 due to World War II 83 ( 76 ) 4 February 1939 38 -- 39 First Division Anfield 0 -- 3 Lawton , Bentham 55,994 82 ( 75 ) 1 October 1938 38 -- 39 First Division Goodison Park 2 -- 1 Fagan ( pen . ) Bentham , Boyes 64,977 81 ( 74 ) 16 February 1938 37 -- 38 First Division Goodison Park 1 -- 3 Balmer , Shafto Lawton 33,465 80 ( 73 ) 2 October 1937 37 -- 38 First Division Anfield 1 -- 2 Nieuwenhuys Lawton , Trentham 43,904 79 ( 72 ) 23 January 1937 36 -- 37 First Division Anfield 3 -- 1 Howe , Taylor , Balmer Stevenson 37,055 78 ( 71 ) 19 September 1936 36 -- 37 First Division Goodison Park 2 -- 0 Dean , Stevenson 55,835 77 ( 70 ) 4 January 1936 35 -- 36 First Division Goodison Park 0 -- 0 52,282 76 ( 69 ) 7 September 1935 35 -- 36 First Division Anfield 6 -- 0 Howe , Hodgson 46,082 75 ( 68 ) 20 March 1935 34 -- 35 First Division Anfield 2 -- 1 Hodgson ( 1 pen . ) Dean 31,965 74 ( 67 ) 15 September 1934 34 -- 35 First Division Goodison Park 1 -- 0 Dean 43,001 73 ( 66 ) 10 February 1934 33 -- 34 First Division Goodison Park 0 -- 0 52,088 72 ( 65 ) 30 September 1933 33 -- 34 First Division Anfield 3 -- 2 Nieuwenhuys , Hanson , English Johnson , White 53,698 71 ( 64 ) 11 February 1933 32 -- 33 First Division Anfield 7 -- 4 Barton , Hanson , Morrison , Taylor , Roberts Dean , Johnson , Stein 41,469 70 ( 63 ) 30 October 1932 32 -- 33 First Division Goodison Park 1 -- 3 Gunson Dean , Critchley 44,214 69 ( 62 ) 30 January 1932 31 -- 32 First Division Goodison Park 2 -- 1 Wright Critchley , White 46,537 68 9 January 1932 31 -- 32 FA Cup Rnd 3 Goodison Park 1 -- 2 Gunson , Hodgson Dean 57,090 67 ( 61 ) 19 September 1931 31 -- 32 First Division Anfield 1 -- 3 Wright Dean 53,220 1930 -- 31 Everton were in the Football League Second Division 66 ( 60 ) 4 January 1930 29 -- 30 First Division Goodison Park 3 -- 3 Edmed , McPherson , McDougall Dean , Critchley 52,600 65 ( 59 ) 7 September 1929 29 -- 30 First Division Anfield 0 -- 3 Dean , Martin 44,891 64 ( 58 ) 9 February 1929 28 -- 29 First Division Anfield 1 -- 2 Race Griffiths , White 45,095 63 ( 57 ) 29 September 1928 28 -- 29 First Division Goodison Park 1 -- 0 Troup 55,415 62 ( 56 ) 25 February 1928 27 -- 28 First Division Anfield 3 -- 3 Hopkin , Bromilow , Hodgson Dean 55,361 61 ( 55 ) 15 October 1927 27 -- 28 First Division Goodison Park 1 -- 1 Edmed Troup 65,729 60 ( 54 ) 12 February 1927 26 -- 27 First Division Anfield 1 -- 0 Chambers 52,840 59 ( 53 ) 25 September 1926 26 -- 27 First Division Goodison Park 1 -- 0 O'Donnell 43,973 58 ( 52 ) 6 February 1926 25 -- 26 First Division Goodison Park 3 -- 3 Oxley , Forshaw Chedgzoy , Dean , Irvine 45,793 57 ( 51 ) 26 September 1925 25 -- 26 First Division Anfield 5 -- 1 Forshaw , Walsh , Chambers Kennedy 49,426 56 ( 50 ) 7 February 1925 24 -- 25 First Division Anfield 3 -- 1 Shone , Hopkin , Chambers Chadwick 56,000 55 ( 49 ) 24 October 1924 24 -- 25 First Division Goodison Park 0 -- 1 Rawlings 53,000 54 ( 48 ) 13 October 1923 23 -- 24 First Division Anfield 1 -- 2 Walsh Cock , Chedgzoy 50,000 53 ( 47 ) 6 October 1923 23 -- 24 First Division Goodison Park 1 -- 0 Chadwick 51,000 52 ( 46 ) 14 October 1922 22 -- 23 First Division Goodison Park 0 -- 1 Johnson 52,000 51 ( 45 ) 7 October 1922 22 -- 23 First Division Anfield 5 -- 1 Chambers , McNab , Bromilow Williams 54,000 50 ( 44 ) 12 November 1921 21 -- 22 First Division Anfield 1 -- 1 Forshaw Chedgzoy 50,000 49 ( 43 ) 5 November 1921 21 -- 22 First Division Goodison Park 1 -- 1 Shone Brewster 52,000 48 ( 42 ) 30 October 1920 20 -- 21 First Division Goodison Park 0 -- 3 Johnson , Chambers 55,000 47 ( 41 ) 23 October 1920 20 -- 21 First Division Anfield 1 -- 0 Forshaw 50,000 46 ( 40 ) 27 December 1919 19 -- 20 First Division Goodison Park 1 -- 3 Lewis , Miller Parker 49,662 45 ( 39 ) 20 December 1919 19 -- 20 First Division Anfield 0 -- 0 40,000 No competitive football was played between 1915 and 1919 due to World War I 44 ( 38 ) 6 February 1915 14 -- 15 First Division Goodison Park 1 -- 3 Sheldon , Nicholl , Pagnam Clennell 30,000 43 ( 37 ) 3 October 1914 14 -- 15 First Division Anfield 0 -- 5 Parker , Clennell 32,000 42 ( 36 ) 17 January 1914 13 -- 14 First Division Anfield 1 -- 2 Metcalf Parker 35,000 41 ( 35 ) 20 September 1913 13 -- 14 First Division Goodison Park 1 -- 2 Lacey Wareing 40,000 40 ( 34 ) 8 February 1913 12 -- 13 First Division Goodison Park 0 -- 2 Parkinson 40,000 39 ( 33 ) 5 October 1912 12 -- 13 First Division Anfield 0 -- 2 Browell , Gault 46,000 38 ( 32 ) 20 January 1912 11 -- 12 First Division Anfield 1 -- 3 Gilligan Beare , Browell , Jefferis 35,000 37 ( 31 ) 16 September 1911 11 -- 12 First Division Goodison Park 2 -- 1 Parkinson Beare , Gourlay 40,000 36 4 February 1911 10 -- 11 FA Cup Rnd 2 Goodison Park 2 -- 1 Parkinson Young 50,000 35 ( 30 ) 27 December 1910 10 -- 11 First Division Goodison Park 0 -- 1 Parkinson 51,000 34 ( 29 ) 1 October 1910 10 -- 11 First Division Anfield 0 -- 2 Makepeace , Young 40,000 33 ( 28 ) 12 February 1910 09 -- 10 First Division Anfield 0 -- 1 Freeman 40,000 32 ( 27 ) 2 October 1909 09 -- 10 First Division Goodison Park 2 -- 3 Goddard , Stewart , Parkinson Coleman , Freeman 45,000 31 ( 26 ) 9 April 1909 08 -- 09 First Division Goodison Park 5 -- 0 Freeman , Coleman , Turner , White 45,000 30 ( 25 ) 3 October 1908 08 -- 09 First Division Anfield 0 -- 1 Barlow 40,000 29 ( 24 ) 17 April 1908 07 -- 08 First Division Anfield 0 -- 0 35,000 28 ( 23 ) 5 October 1907 07 -- 08 First Division Goodison Park 2 -- 4 J. Hewitt , Raisbeck , Cox , C. Hewitt Makepeace , Settle 40,000 27 ( 22 ) 29 March 1907 06 -- 07 First Division Goodison Park 0 -- 0 45,000 26 ( 21 ) 29 September 1906 06 -- 07 First Division Anfield 1 -- 2 Parkinson Young 40,000 25 ( 20 ) 13 April 1906 05 -- 06 First Division Anfield 1 -- 1 West ( pen . ) Taylor 33,000 24 31 March 1906 05 -- 06 FA Cup Semi-final Villa Park 2 -- 0 Abbott , Hardman 37,000 23 ( 19 ) 30 September 1905 05 -- 06 First Division Goodison Park 4 -- 2 Hewitt Abbott , Hardman , Settle , Sharp 40,000 1904 -- 05 Liverpool were in the Football League Second Division 22 8 February 1905 04 -- 05 FA Cup Rnd 1 Rep . Goodison Park 2 -- 1 Goddard Hardman , McDermott 40,000 21 4 February 1905 04 -- 05 FA Cup Rnd 1 Anfield 1 -- 1 Parkinson Makepeace 28,000 20 ( 18 ) 1 April 1904 03 -- 04 First Division Goodison Park 5 -- 2 Robinson , Cox Young , Wolstenholme 40,000 19 ( 17 ) 10 October 1903 03 -- 04 First Division Anfield 2 -- 2 Morris Sheridan 30,000 18 ( 16 ) 10 April 1903 02 -- 03 First Division Anfield 0 -- 0 28,000 17 ( 15 ) 27 September 1902 02 -- 03 First Division Goodison Park 3 -- 1 Raybould ( pen . ) Abbott , Brearley , Young 40,000 16 30 January 1902 01 -- 02 FA Cup Rnd 1 Rep . Goodison Park 0 -- 2 Balmer ( o.g. ) , Hunter 20,000 15 25 January 1902 01 -- 02 FA Cup Rnd 1 Anfield 2 -- 2 Robertson , Hunter Sharp , Young 25,000 14 ( 14 ) 11 January 1902 01 -- 02 First Division Goodison Park 4 -- 0 Settle , Bell , Young 25,000 13 ( 13 ) 14 September 1901 01 -- 02 First Division Anfield 2 -- 2 White , Raybould Settle , Sharp 30,000 12 ( 12 ) 19 January 1901 00 -- 01 First Division Anfield 1 -- 2 Cox Taylor 18,000 11 ( 11 ) 22 September 1900 00 -- 01 First Division Goodison Park 1 -- 1 Raybould McDonald 50,000 10 ( 10 ) 20 January 1900 99 -- 00 First Division Goodison Park 3 -- 1 Raybould Settle , Blythe 30,000 9 ( 9 ) 23 September 1899 99 -- 00 First Division Anfield 1 -- 2 Robertson Settle , Taylor 30,000 8 ( 8 ) 21 January 1899 98 -- 99 First Division Anfield 2 -- 0 Walker , Robertson 30,000 7 ( 7 ) 24 September 1898 98 -- 99 First Division Goodison Park 1 -- 2 McCowie ( 1 pen . ) Proudfoot 45,000 6 ( 6 ) 16 October 1897 97 -- 98 First Division Goodison Park 3 -- 0 Williams , Bell 40,000 5 ( 5 ) 25 September 1897 97 -- 98 First Division Anfield 3 -- 1 Cunliffe , McQue , Becton Taylor 30,000 4 ( 4 ) 21 November 1896 96 -- 97 First Division Anfield 0 -- 0 30,000 3 ( 3 ) 3 October 1896 96 -- 97 First Division Goodison Park 2 -- 1 Ross Hartley , Milward 45,000 1895 -- 96 Liverpool were in the Football League Second Division 2 ( 2 ) 17 November 1894 94 -- 95 First Division Anfield 2 -- 2 Hannah , Ross ( pen . ) Kelso , Latta 30,000 1 ( 1 ) 13 October 1894 94 -- 95 First Division Goodison Park 3 -- 0 Bell , Latta , McInnes 44,000 Testimonials Date Beneficiary Venue Score Liverpool Scorers Everton Scorers Att . 4 September 2010 Jamie Carragher Anfield 4 -- 1 Luis García , Carragher , Cole , Eccleston Carragher ( o.g. ) 35,631 10 October 1992 Bruce Grobbelaar Anfield 2 -- 2 Burrows , Rosenthal Beagrie , Barlow 20,516 12 August 1985 Phil Neal Anfield 2 -- 3 Neal , Johnston ? ? ? 23,480 11 May 1981 Steve Heighway Anfield 2 -- 2 ? ? ? ? 17,137 13 March 1973 Brian Labone Goodison Park 2 -- 1 Toshack ? ? 25,779 External links ( edit ) English football portal Merseyside portal Everton FC Liverpool FC Map of Club locations Complete Details on all Games Everton v Liverpool ( 1902 ) on YouTube -- Merseyside derby in 1902 Memorable Merseyside derbies References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Class telling in FA Cup '' . The Times . 31 January 1955 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool v Everton : The changing face of the Merseyside derby '' . BBC Sport. 4 January 2018 . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . Jump up ^ The Merseyside derby , footballderbies.com . Retrieved 11 February 2007 Jump up ^ `` Fans segregation enforced for Everton v Liverpool derby '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Smith , Rory ( 7 February 2010 ) . `` Liverpool 1 Everton 0 : match report '' . The Daily Telegraph . Toxic in the stands , brutal on the pitch . The Merseyside derby ... to those involved it remains a battle of all or nothing proportions Jump up ^ Bernstein , Joe ( 6 February 2010 ) . City - rivals - reduced - men - apiece. html `` Liverpool 1 Everton 0 : Dirk Kuyt continues hot streak as Mersey rivals reduced to ten men apiece '' Check url = value ( help ) . Daily Mail . The most ill - disciplined and explosive fixture in the Premier League calendar lived up to expectations ... this was a battle rather than a football game , the 213th Merseyside derby going exactly according to tradition Jump up ^ `` Community Politics in Liverpool and the Governance of Professional Football in the Late 19th Century '' ( PDF ) . Dr. David Kennedy . Toffeeweb.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 October 2008 . Retrieved 8 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Question of religion as basis for support still contentious '' . Retrieved 20 January 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/sep/29/liverpool-bristol-academy-match-report Jump up ^ Results -- Liverpool FC -- LFC Online Jump up ^ Liverpool FC News -- LFC Online Jump up ^ Liverpool FC News -- LFC Online Jump up ^ Results -- Liverpool FC -- LFC Online Jump up ^ Results -- Liverpool FC -- LFC Online Jump up ^ Liverpool FC News -- LFC Online Jump up ^ Liverpool FC News -- LFC Online Jump up ^ Results -- Liverpool FC -- LFC Online Jump up ^ Liverpool FC News -- LFC Online Jump up ^ Liverpool FC News -- LFC Online Jump up ^ Results -- Liverpool FC -- LFC Online Jump up ^ Liverpool FC News -- LFC Online Jump up ^ Liverpool FC News -- LFC Online Jump up ^ `` The days after the disaster '' . The Independent . London . 14 April 1999 . Retrieved 8 September 2013 . Jump up ^ FA Cup Final 1989 Jump up ^ LIVERWEB -- Liverpool Results 1990 -- 91 Jump up ^ LIVERWEB -- Liverpool Results 1992 -- 93 Jump up ^ LIVERWEB -- Liverpool Results 1993 -- 94 Jump up ^ LIVERWEB -- Liverpool Results 1997 -- 98 Jump up ^ LIVERWEB -- Liverpool Results 2002 -- 03 Jump up ^ LIVERWEB -- Liverpool Results 2004 -- 05 Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 3 - 1 Everton '' . BBC News . 25 March 2006 . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . Jump up ^ LIVERWEB -- Liverpool Results 2006 -- 07 Jump up ^ Liverpool 3 Everton 0 : Kop that ! Three - goal Gerrard is a real Mersey magician Daily Mail . Retrieved 13 March 2012 Jump up ^ Liverpool 2 -- 1 Everton : Divine ponytail Carroll seals final berth The Mirror . Retrieved 14 April 2012 Jump up ^ `` Tranmere shame Everton '' . BBC . 27 January 2001 . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool cling on to beat Tranmere '' . BBC . 11 March 2001 . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Steve McMahon profile '' . http://www.lfcvancouver.com. 8 May 2011 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Southampton 's Lallana admits growing up Everton mad '' . tribalfootball.com. 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Oweb '' . michaelowen-online.com. 5 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 27 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Wright '' . LFChistory.net. 1 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Carragher profile '' . thisisanfield.com. 5 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` David Thomspon '' . sportinglife.com. 5 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Robbie Fowler profile '' . goal.com . Jump up ^ Template : Cite webe Jump up ^ `` Steve McMahon '' . truegreats.com. 5 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 29 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ian Rush '' . liverweb.org.uk. 5 January 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/nine-year-old-wrote-manufacturers-11571936 Jump up ^ Jones , Mark . `` Nick BARMBY - Liverpool FC - Biography 2000 / 01 - 2001 / 02 '' . sporting-heroes.net . Jump up ^ `` Mike Newell '' . truegreats.com. 5 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 30 October 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Watson '' . bluekipper.com. 5 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 13 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` LFC comment page '' . Archived from the original on 10 June 2015 . 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what episode does ichigo get his powers back the first time	No . Title Original airdate English airdate 317 `` Unusual Incident in Seireitei ? ! Gotei 13 Invading Army Arc ! '' `` Seireitei ni Ihen ? ! Gotei Jūsantai Shingun Hen ! '' ( 瀞霊廷に異変 ? ! 護廷十三隊侵軍篇 ! ) April 12 , 2011 October 5 , 2013 After cleansing and restoring the barriers where Karakura Town was temporarily swapped with the Soul Society , Rangiku Matsumoto and Nanao Ise enter the Dangai to return home , but are confronted by something along the way . Their captains , who have lost contact with them , are worried sick with their disappearances until they suddenly return a day later . Rangiku and Nanao were gone only a few hours and came back directly , which concludes that the time in the Dangai is out of sync with the Soul Society . Mayuri Kurotsuchi conducts a survey of the area with Kenpachi Zaraki assisting as a security escort . Meanwhile , while Ichigo Kurosaki and Rukia Kuchiki go off to handle hollows , Kon leaves to investigate a spiritual disturbance and finds a green - haired girl lying asleep and covered in rags . Ichigo returns home and becomes furious with Kon , who has brought back the green - haired girl . While the survey is going on , Mayuri and Kenpachi are confronted by an intense light emerging from the walls of the Dangai . As Ichigo and Rukia return through the Dangai to the Soul Society , they are chased by the supposedly revived Kōtotsu . To save themselves , Ichigo uses his bankai and carries Rukia all the way to the Soul Society , but falls to the ground due to the gradual loss of his powers . Ichigo then encounters Tōshirō Hitsugaya and Byakuya Kuchiki , who place him under confinement . A mysterious scientist in a laboratory addresses what seems to be body doubles of Izuru Kira and Nanao . 318 `` Renji vs. Rukia ? ! Battle With Comrades ! '' `` Renji tai Rukia ? ! Nakama to no Tatakai ! '' ( 恋次 VS ルキア ? ! 仲間との戦い ! ) April 19 , 2011 October 12 , 2013 While Kon tries to keep the green - haired girl , whose name is Nozomi Kujō , a secret from Ichigo 's family . Rukia sneaks in Ichigo 's jail cell and frees him . Jūshirō Ukitake and Shunsui Kyōraku discuss about Ichigo 's possible involvement with the disappearances , since his substitute badge was found by Byakuya inside the Dangai . While Rukia explains to Ichigo there is a time gap between the human world and the Soul Society , they are then confronted by Renji Abarai and Ikkaku Madarame , who exhibit ruthless behaviors unlike themselves . Yoruichi Shihōin arrives and seals Renji and Ikkaku before escaping with Ichigo and Rukia into her hideout . She explains to them that Renji and Ikkaku were secretly replaced by reigai , artificial bodies which allows modified souls to maintain a physical form in Soul Society . The reigai , which closely imitate the features of a Soul Reaper , are being used to test out soul candies , which means someone in the twelfth division is involved . Ichigo and Rukia later sneak into the laboratory and discover that Nozomi is a fugitive from the Soul Society . The mysterious scientist along with Kira and Nanao 's reigai arrive in the human world to apprehend Nozomi , who evades capture . Kon follows her and both are eventually cornered by the scientist . However , Uryū Ishida arrives to help the two . 319 `` Ichigo 's Capture Net ! Escape From Soul Society ! '' `` Ichigo Hobakumō ! Sōru Sosaeti o Dasshutsu se yo ! '' ( 一護捕縛網 ! 尸魂界を脱出せよ ! ) April 26 , 2011 October 19 , 2013 Uryū confronts the mysterious scientist while Ichigo , Rukia , and Yoruichi plan their escape from the Soul Society , assuming that several reigai have blocked the Senkaimon , the gateway to the Dangai . Uryū is defeated by the scientist 's shikai of his zanpakutō , Raikū . Yoruichi fights the reigai to let Ichigo and Rukia escape . Kon is unable to respond , and an unconscious Nozomi is captured by Kira and Nanao 's reigai . While showing up and attempting to save Uryū , Yasutora `` Chad '' Sado is defeated when trying to buy time for Orihime Inoue to heal Uryū . Ichigo and Rukia arrive to stop the scientist , revealed to be Kagerōza Inaba , who easily deals with Ichigo in his weakening state . Just as he is about to kill Ichigo and Rukia , the other captains and lieutenants involved in the incident arrive , retrieving Nozomi and forcing Inaba and the reigai to retreat . Admitting that he is behind the reigai incident , Inaba then claims that once he has Nozomi , he will be able to conquer the Soul Society and the world of the living . Inaba escapes to the Soul Society and meets with the reigai . He tasks them with getting Nozomi back and eliminating the originals , as he deems them the Invading Army . 320 `` Gotei 13 , Gathering in the Real World ! '' `` Gotei Jūsantai , Gense ni Shūketsu ! '' ( 護廷十三隊、現世に集結 ! ) May 3 , 2011 October 26 , 2013 Ichigo , Kon , Orihime , Uryū and Chad are all in Kisuke Urahara 's shop looking after Nozomi . Rukia appears and tells Ichigo to join the Soul Reapers in his room to formulate a strategy on Nozomi 's protection . Orihime organizes a barbecue to cheer up Nozomi and get her to open up to the others , however she runs away . Kon , Orihime , Uryū and Chad try to find her . A very concerned Kon eventually finds her , later leaving her in the care of Rangiku , but fails to realize that Rangiku is the impostor trying to capture Nozomi . After he realizes that Nozomi was captured by Rangiku , he attempts to save her , however he can not defeat Rangiku 's reigai , and after he himself is defeated , Ichigo , Rukia , Renji and Rangiku all arrive to save Nozomi , and Rangiku 's reigai escapes . During the barbecue , Nozomi starts to eat after Kon offers her some of the barbecued food . 321 `` Showdown of Mutual Self , Ikkaku vs. Ikkaku ! '' `` Jibun Dōshi no Taiketsu , Ikkaku tai Ikkaku ! '' ( 自分同士の対決、一角 VS 一角 ! ) May 10 , 2011 November 2 , 2013 Ukitake and Kyōraku , suspecting some sort of foul play in the Soul Society , recall on their previous mandatory captains ' meeting , where Mayuri claims and Kenpachi agrees that Ichigo tampered with his work in the Dangai , and it has been decided by Genryūsai Shigekuni Yamamoto that Ichigo will be placed under suspicion . Unbeknownst to Ukitake and Kyōraku , both Mayuri and Kenpachi were actually the imposters . Meanwhile in Karakura Town , Ichigo finds Kon tied up in his closet , which means Nozomi has escaped again . Ichigo and his friends proceed to search for her . Kon manages to find her in a forest , though she is reluctant to return and runs away again . Elsewhere in the forest , Ikkaku , Yumichika Ayasegawa , Shūhei Hisagi and Marechiyo Ōmaeda are confronted by their respective reigai . Ōmaeda is surprised when his reigai appears to be more attractive than him . While Hisagi and Ōmaeda trick their imposters and defeat them , things do not go well for Ikkaku and Yumichika . Luckily , their reigai are fended off after Uryū arrives to join the fray . Ikkaku and Yumichika 's reigai retreat , with their respective originals badly injured and unconscious . Kira 's reigai approaches Rangiku , Rukia encounters her own reigai , and Suì - Fēng arrests Kyōraku , who has been framed by Inaba . 322 `` Clash ! Rukia vs. Rukia ! '' `` Gekitotsu ! Rukia tai Rukia ! '' ( 激突 ! ルキア VS ルキア ! ) May 17 , 2011 November 9 , 2013 Kon continues to follow Nozomi , who claims to have some sort of uncertain destination to find . Ichigo , Orihime and Chad are seen searching for Nozomi , while Uryū is seen tending to the wounds of Ikkaku , Yumikchika , Hisagi and Ōmaeda . Rangiku , blocking the attacks of Kira 's reigai , is surprised when her zanpakutō drops to the ground , since his new and improved zanpakutō can increase the weight of whatever he strikes up to tenfold the amount . However , Rangiku , now subdued , cleverly blocks his zanpakutō with a heavy steel pole , trapping it onto the ground , allowing her to defeat him and cause him to disintegrate . Ukitake , pleading to Central 46 to release Kyōraku , is denied his request , and he later meets with Retsu Unohana , who warns him to be careful . Rukia 's reigai is soon joined with Nemu Kurotsuchi 's reigai to brawl against Rukia , but Nemu arrives and kills her reigai , which disintegrates and leaves behind a red stone , assuming this is true form of the reigai . Elsewhere , Nozomi tells Kon she must find a place with a row of shrine gates , and Kon agrees to take her to the first place he remembers . Rukia , who apparently defeats her reigai , joins Nemu and Rangiku to search for Nozomi , but Rukia is revealed to actually be the fake Rukia , who then tosses Nemu and Rangiku into the river with the real Rukia . Ukitake is slashed by Kyōraku when freeing him from imprisonment , revealing this Kyōraku to also be a reigai . The false Ukitake meets up with the false Kyōraku , as they prepare to flee . 323 `` Protect Ichigo ! Nozomi 's Determination '' `` Mamore Ichigo ! Nozomi no Ketsui '' ( 護れ一護 ! 望実の決意 ) May 24 , 2011 November 16 , 2013 Orihime and Chad find Rukia , Nemu and Rangiku washed up on the shore of the river . As Orihime goes to heal them , Chad is attacked by Renji 's reigai . In the Soul Society , Ukitake and Kyōraku 's reigai confront Yamamoto , who claims he has known all along about their intent to kill him . Unohana meets with Isane Kotetsu and explains to her that she has gone through secret archives of the Soul Society and has determined Inaba as the perpetrator . Inaba then reveals himself and demonstrates the power of his zanpakutō as Isane attacks him . Unohana infers that he has used his research to form a zanpakutō that can move through both space and time . Inaba confirms this and then retreats . As Chad is confronting the false Renji , the real Renji appears and attacks his imposter , both eventually defeating the reigai . Meanwhile , Nozomi explains to Kon that the human world has several natural Senkaimon , some leading to empty voids . Her plan is to enter one and vanish , rendering Inaba unable to capture her . The reigai of Rukia , Rangiku , Ikkaku , Yumichika , Hisagi and Ōmaeda appear to apprehend her , but they are confronted by Ichigo , who unleashes a powerful Getsuga Tenshō , destroying them all . 324 `` Recapture Seireitei ! The Captains Move ! '' `` Seireitei Dakkan e ! Taichō - tachi , Ugoku ! '' ( 瀞霊廷奪還へ ! 隊長たち、動く ! ) May 31 , 2011 November 23 , 2013 Hitsugaya , Byakuya , Kenpachi , Yachiru Kusajishi and Sajin Komamura , the five Soul Reapers trapped in the living world , use Urahara 's Senkaimon to return to the Soul Society . They fall into Inaba 's trap in the Dangai , where Komamura stays behind to counter the kōryū , the restrictive current passing through the Dangai . As the other three arrive , they go their separate ways . Kenpachi encounters his false counterpart and engages in fierce combat . At first being defeated , he then regains the upper hand and destroys his reigai after encouragement from Yachiru . Meanwhile , Ukitake and Kyōraku 's reigai continue their battle with Yamamoto , claiming that they have not lost their pride despite being reigai . Also , Unohana and Isane confront Inaba at his headquarters , where he explains how he created these reigai . Isane suddenly turns on Unohana , revealing herself to be an impostor . Unohana 's reigai then arrives and meets with her original . 325 `` For the Sake of the Believers ! Byakuya vs. Hitsugaya ! '' `` Shinzuru Mono no Tame ni ! Byakuya tai Hitsugaya ! '' ( 信ずるものの為に ! 白哉 vs 日番谷 ! ) June 7 , 2011 November 30 , 2013 Unohana and her imposter engage in conflict using kido attacks , with Unohana escaping . Ukitake and Kyōraku 's reigai are unable to defeat Yamamoto , who criticizes their claim that they retain their pride . Unohana 's reigai arrives and heals their wounds , revealing their strategy was to exhaust Yamamoto . Elsewhere in the Seireitei , Byakuya is stopped by the Hitsugaya 's reigai , and the two unleash their bankai in a brief battle . Byakuya asks why someone would fight for Inaba , and Histugaya 's reigai claims that he wants to protect someone , whom the original does not have the power to do so . Byakuya criticizes his motives and eventually manages to defeat him , though narrowly escaping Hitsugaya 's Hyōten Hyakkasō . Back in the living world , Ichigo asks Urahara to send him to the Soul Society . He is advised not to go due to his declining spiritual energy . However , Nozomi steps up and reveals a type of healing kido that restores some of Ichigo 's lost spiritual energy . He then proceeds with heading to the Soul Society , where Inaba meets with the unresponsive figure resembling Nozomi , claiming Nozomi will return . 326 `` The Two Hinamori , Hitsugaya 's Resolution '' `` Futari no Hinamori , Hitsugaya no Kakugo '' ( ふたりの雛森、日番谷の覚悟 ) June 14 , 2011 January 4 , 2014 Ichigo , entering through the Dangai , reaches the Soul Society , where he later encounters Inaba . After Byakuya kills the fake Hitsugaya , he moves forward , where he encounters his own reigai . While in a bamboo forest , Kenpachi is attacked by Suì - Fēng 's reigai , but he easily defeats her squad members . Hitsugaya is confronted by fake Momo Hinamori , but he can not being himself to kill her , despite knowing she is an imposter . The real Momo seems to appear and attacks her reigai , but both are revealed to be reigai , after tricking him into saving one of them , and they cut him down . Yoruichi then appears and defeats both of the reigai , saving Hitsugaya . Meanwhile , Suì - Fēng 's reigai attacks Kenpachi , but Komamura interrupts and challenges her . Inaba , while attacking Ichigo , explains that his lack of purity makes him an erasable anomaly . Inaba then uses his zanpakutō to trap Ichigo in the Dangai . 327 `` Pride of the Kuchiki Family ! Byakuya vs. Byakuya ! '' `` Kuchiki - ke no Hokori ! Byakuya tai Byakuya ! '' ( 朽木家の誇り ! 白哉 VS 白哉 ! ) June 21 , 2011 January 11 , 2014 Byakuya confronts his false counterpart , originally struggling until he releases his bankai . Meanwhile , Komamura is having difficulty dealing with Suì - Fēng 's reigai , whose speed and abilities seem to outmatch his . In a desperate final attempt , both of them clash with their bankai , and the battle ends in a draw . Elsewhere , a frustrated Yamamato releases a powerful wall of fire , seemingly engulfing the imposters that were challenging him . In the world of the living , Ichigo 's friends express concern when Urahara tells them he can not detect Ichigo 's spiritual pressure . 328 `` Defeat Kageroza ! Shinigami , All - Out War ! '' `` Kagerōza o Taose ! Shinigami , Sōryokusen ! '' ( 影狼佐を倒せ ! 死神、総力戦 ! ) June 28 , 2011 January 18 , 2014 Hitsugaya and Kenpachi arrive at Inaba 's base of operations . They engage him in combat , and Inaba reveals his zanpakutō can record attacks in the Dangai and fire them back at the opponent . As Inaba gains the upper hand , Yoruichi and the captains arrive , aside from Komamura , Unahana , Yamamoto and Mayuri . Elsewhere , Ichigo is rescued in the Dangai by a mysterious figure . Inaba summons the remaining reigai , and a brawl between the originals and the fakes ensues . At first , Yoruichi and the captains are able to overpower Inaba and his forces . However , when they lose the upper hand , a seemingly false Mayuri slashes Inaba , revealing he switched places with the imposter . 329 `` The Forbidden Research ... Nozomi 's Hidden Secret ! '' `` Kindan no Kenkyū ... Nozomi ni Kakusareta Himitsu ! '' ( 禁断の研究 ... 望実に隠された秘密 ! ) July 5 , 2011 January 25 , 2014 Ichigo awakens at the Urahara Shop , mystified as to how he was rescued . Urahara tells him that there are several ways to escape the kōryū but none to escape the Kōtotsu , so it is unknown how Ichigo escaped . Elsewhere , Mayuri uses his zanpakutō to drug Inaba , which slows down his ability to think . However , Isane then summons Isane 's reigai and attacks her . At the Urahara Shop , Rukia then explains Project Spearhead to the rest of the group in which modified souls were used . Inaba then takes the soul candy from the reigai and swallows it , resulting with Inaba being rejected from his body and the reigai taking the effects of the drug . Inaba , revealing his backstory as the one who created modified souls , then ressurects most of the defeated reigai , unleashing their true strength . Nozomi admits she was the first modified soul . 330 `` I Want to Live ... ! Nozomi 's Zanpakutō '' `` Ikitai ... ! Nozomi no Zanpakutō '' ( 生きたい ... ! 望実の斬魄刀 ) July 12 , 2011 February 1 , 2014 Renji reports to Yamamoto and informs him that the captains involved in the brawl with Inaba have not been heard from . Yamamoto then states that only Ichigo , Rukia , Renji , Ikkaku and Yumichika are prepared for battle . Yamamoto then speculates several hollows may have gathered due to the spiritual disturbance . Nozomi stays at Ichigo 's house for the time being , and Kon has been feeling really depressed lately because of what Nozomi admitted . Ichigo and Rukia have been handling many hollows during this , while their friends share their concern for Kon and keep Nozomi company . That night , while Ichigo is sleeping , Nozomi leaves the house and goes for a walk . However , she is then attacked by a hollow , and a confident Kon arrives to defend her . After the hollow easily deals with them both , Nozomi 's frustration releases a bout of spiritual pressure , and she regains her Soul Reaper abilities , defeating the hollow . 331 `` For the Sake of Fighting ! The Awakened Nozomi ! '' `` Tatakau Tame ni ! Mezame yo Nozomi ! '' ( 戦うために ! 目覚めよ望実 ! ) July 19 , 2011 February 8 , 2014 After regaining Soul Reaper abilities , Nozomi decides that she wants to help defeat Inaba , but she has yet to remember the name and power of her zanpakutō . Ichigo , Rukia , Uryū and Chad decide to help Nozomi awaken her dormant powers through the same rigorous training that Ichigo underwent to awaken his . Meanwhile , Inaba orders the fakes of Byakuya , Hitsugaya , Kenpachi and Komamura to infiltrate the human world , but the four fall into a trap set by Urahara , who separates them during their travel through the Dangai . When the four fakes arrive in various areas , Ikkaku battles Kenpachi 's reigai , while some of the lieutenants deal with the rest , all to buy more time for Nozomi . Taking advice from Yumichika to not hold back on her training , Ichigo throws a Getsuga Tenshō at Nozomi , allowing her to finally remember the name of her zanpakutō , Arazome Shigure , which seemingly swallows up all of Ichigo 's spiritual pressure . Ikkaku looks like he is about to be delivered the finishing blow by Kenpachi 's reigai , but Nozomi arrives and seemingly obliterates Kenpachi 's reigai with her zanpakutō . 332 `` The Most Evil Reigai , Appearing in the Real World ! '' `` Saikyo no Reigai , Gense ni Arawaru ! '' ( 最凶の霊骸、現世に現る ! ) July 26 , 2011 February 15 , 2014 Hisagi and Kira take on Hitsugaya 's reigai , while Rangiku and Tetsuzaemon Iba fight Komamura 's reigai . Renji and Rukia face Byakuya 's reigai , covering for Ōmaeda after seemingly being defeated . When Kenpachi 's reigai reappears to fight Nozomi , Yumichika faces him to avenge his fallen comrade , while Ichigo and Nozomi tend to Ikkaku 's wounds . An unsatisfied Nozomi wants to help out in the ongoing battles , but all of the lieutenants tell her to get out of the way and go to safety . The lieutenants are soon cut down or are at their limits against the four false captains . Kenpachi challenges Ichigo to a match , but when Hitsugaya eagerly joins in and attacks Nozomi , she then deals a considerable amount of damage to him in one shot . Byakuya 's reigai , realizing the power of her zanpakutō , tries to bind her to keep her from using it , but Uryū manages to save her . After witnessing Nozomi absorb an attack from his bow , Ginrei Kojaku , Uryū deduces that her zanpakutō can absorb anything with spiritual pressure . Having no other choice but to rely on her , Ichigo , Uryū , Chad and the remaining lieutenants all direct their spiritual pressure at Nozomi , which she redirects at the four false captains . Byakuya 's reigai survives the attack , but Yamamoto suddenly appears and defeats him . 333 `` Destroy Nozomi ! ? Genryusai 's Decision ! '' `` Nozomi o Kesu ! ? Genryūsai no Ketsudan ! '' ( 望実を消す ! ? 元柳斎の決断 ! ) August 2 , 2011 February 22 , 2014 Yamamoto believes Nozomi is unimportant to him , due to the fact that she is a modified soul . Ichigo tells Uryū and Chad to bring the injured lieutenants to Orihime to be healed . Ukitake and Kyōraku 's reigai suddenly appear in the living world and are back for a rematch with Yamamoto , but Ichigo and Nozomi take over for now and spar with the two . Ichigo later has to cover for Nozomi when she is defeated , but even then he barely evades the attacks of Ukitake and Kyōraku 's reigai . Yamamoto , distracted at this , is soon immobilized by the Unohara 's reigai , but as the original Unohara stops her , he is able to break the seal with his spiritual pressure . When Yamamoto is about to be attacked by the three reigai , Inaba arrives and commands them to stop , as he wants to be the one to battle Yamamoto . Nozomi offers to be a decoy to prevent Inaba from copying Yamamoto 's techniques . Inaba avoids crossing swords with Nozomi , knowing full well of her abilities , but Nozomi pulls out a surprise attack , having already absorbed Yamamoto 's spiritual pressure . Yamamoto attacks Inaba with his flames , as this was a diversion for Ichigo to use his Getsuga Tenshō on Inaba . However , Ichigo collapses and Nozomi goes to catch him . Inaba , revealed to still be alive , was able to copy the abilities of Nozomi , absorbing both Yamamoto and Ichigo 's attacks . As Inaba then uses this to finish Yamamoto off , Nozomi appears before the blast in an attempt to absorb the attack . 334 `` The Depleting Reiatsu ! Ichigo , Death Struggle of the Soul ! '' `` Ushinawareru Reiatsu ! Ichigo , Tamashii no Shitō ! '' ( 失われる霊圧 ! 一護、魂の死闘 ! ) August 9 , 2011 March 1 , 2014 Nozomi 's zanpakutō breaks in the midst of trying to protect Yamamoto from Inaba 's attack . Ichigo and Kon try to save Nozomi from being taken away , but Inaba reveals that he and Nozomi were created by the same spirit particles of another Soul Reaper . He defeats Ichigo , Rukia and Renji , while Nozomi manages to run away with Kon in tow . Nozomi sadly binds Kon to a rock , running away without him . Ichigo is seen still conscious and struggling to catch up with Nozomi . When Inaba finds Nozomi , he falls due to a loose rock on a slope . Ichigo finally catches up and defeats Inaba with a Getsuga Tenshō , only to discover that it was a clone that Inaba created . Inaba knocks Ichigo out in one swipe , passes Nozomi out and proceeds to leave the world of the living with her . Kon , still bound to a rock tries to follow them , but he is too late . He is seen crying out for Nozomi , while Ichigo 's uniform turns white as a result of his depleting spiritual energy . 335 `` Hiding in the Dangai ? Another Ichigo ? ! '' `` Dangai ni Senpuku ? Mō Hitori no Ichigo ! ? '' ( 断界に潜伏 ? もう一人の一護 ! ? ) August 16 , 2011 March 8 , 2014 Following his defeat by Inaba , Ichigo has lost his Soul Reaper powers . Still determined to save Nozomi , Ichigo and his friends gather at the Urahara Shop to come up with a rescue plan . Urahara comes up with a risky plan that involves Ichigo going in the Dangai and being swallowed by the Kōtotsu to retrieve a sample of his Soul Reaper powers , since he was swallowed before . The plan works and Ichigo gets out of the Kōtotsu . When he meets up with everyone , he states that he saw another one of himself when he was inside the Kōtotsu , leading Urahara to conclude that Ichigo saved himself when he was first swallowed , since there is no time in the Kōtotsu . 336 `` Pursue Kageroza ! Technological Development Department , Infiltration ! '' `` Kagerōza o Oe ! Gijutsu Kaihatsukyoku , Sennyū ! '' ( 影狼佐を追え ! 技術開発局、潜入 ! ) August 23 , 2011 March 15 , 2014 Inside the Dangai , Rukia and the others act as decoys to draw away the attention of the reigai while Ichigo , Urahara and Kon break into the Seireitei . As they search for Inaba 's laboratory , Urahara makes an attempt to restore Ichigo 's lost powers by creating a soul candy , but is discovered by Nanao and Nemu 's reigai . At the last minute before an explosion , Ichigo breaks the glass containing the soul candy and consumes it . However , as stated by Urahara , the candy was incomplete , making both his Soul Reaper and hollow powers unbalanced . While escaping , the three are ambushed by the false captains , but are saved when Yoruichi and the originals appear , ready to fight . 337 `` The Developer of the Modified Souls '' `` Kaizō Konpaku no Kaihatsusha '' ( 改造魂魄の開発者 ) August 30 , 2011 March 22 , 2014 The captains , thought to have fallen in battle , return to fight the reigai . Meanwhile , Ichigo powers continue to grow unstable , forcing him to rest for the time being , while Urahara and Kon continue their investigation on Inaba . Urahara and Kon later find out about Ōko Yushima , the Soul Reaper who extracted all of his spirit particles and separating them into two modified souls , them being Nozomi and Inaba . When visiting Yushima 's cell in the Nest of Maggots , they get attacked by Suì - Fēng and Ōmaeda 's reigai , but are later defeated by Urahara . The two visit Yushima 's cell , only to find him unresponsive , leading Urahara to conclude that Yushima will never gain consciousness . Meanwhile , Ichigo 's hollowfied form finally takes over and escapes the building he was in . 338 `` Kon 's Thoughts , Nozomi 's Thoughts '' `` Kon no Omoi , Nozomi no Omoi '' ( コンの想い、望実の想い ) September 6 , 2011 March 29 , 2014 Urahara and Kon head to the location where Inaba 's other laboratory might be , only to be halted by Urahara 's reigai . As Urahara battles his counterpart , Kon dashes down into the laboratory , where he promptly tries to awaken Nozomi inside her capsule . She does awaken and insists that Kon escape at first , but after seeing his persistence and his devotion of trying to save her , being bound by friendship , she tries to help Kon restore Ichigo 's spiritual energy . Before Ichigo 's soul candy can be created , Nemu 's reigai appears and stops the transfer . Immediately afterwards , the fusion process between Nozomi and Inaba is completed . Ichigo 's hollowfied form defeats the eighth division members , but when he is about to destroy Nanao 's reigai , the fused Yushima appears before him . 339 `` Protect Ichigo ! The Bonds of Friends ! '' `` Ichigo o Mamore ! Nakama - tachi no Kizuna ! '' ( 一護を護れ ! 仲間たちの絆 ! ) September 13 , 2011 April 5 , 2014 Yushima , showing no interest in fighting Ichigo 's hollowfied form , tries to walk away , but the mindless hollowfied creature continues to pursue him , leading them both to clash on Sōkyoku Hill . The captains and their reigai counterparts are finally joined by their lieutenants , who help them in the battle . Rukia , Renji , Orihime , Uryū and Chad arrive on Sōkyoku Hill and all try to stop Yushima , but the combined powers of Nozomi and Inaba prove to be too much for them . Yushima reveals the true nature of his zanpakutō , Sumitsukigasa , and defeats everyone , but before he can finish them off , Ichigo jumps in front of Rukia to take an attack that was meant for her . 340 `` Reigai vs. Original , The Fierce Fighting for Gambled Pride ! '' `` Reigai tai Genshu , Hokori o Kaketa Gekitō ! '' ( 霊骸 VS 原種、誇りをかけた激闘 ! ) September 20 , 2011 April 12 , 2014 When Yushima stabs Ichigo with his zanpakutō , Ichigo goes into Yushima 's consciousness and sees an image of Nozomi , who calls out for him , causing his hollwfied form to break apart and losing all his powers again . Ichigo is left to watch as his friends attempt to overpower Yushima , but Yushima finds to a way to break through whatever they try to attack him with . Yushima has Nemu 's reigai bring him more fusion stabilizer , but when she arrives , she unexpectedly kicks him backward . It is revealed that Kon was helped by Urahara and Mayuri by placing his soul candy into that of Nemu 's reigai . Kon gives Ichigo a complete soul candy , which restores his powers . He prepares to unleash his bankai against Yushima . Meanwhile , Byakuya has deduced that the reigai do not sacrifice themselves to attack the originals when they are all together , as it goes against what they believe in . The originals join forces against the reigai to protect the Soul Society . 341 `` Invading Army Arc , Final Conclusion ! '' `` Shingun Hen , Saishū Ketchaku ! '' ( 侵軍篇、最終決着 ! ) September 27 , 2011 April 19 , 2014 Ichigo successfully unleashes his bankai and fights against Yushima , while the captains and lieutenants fight the reigai . With the assistance of his friends , Ichigo is able to fire a hollowfied Getsuga Tenshō , which Yushima is unable to absorb because of his inability to absorb hollow spiritual pressure . Ichigo will have to attack Yushima 's saketsu , his binding soul chain , to destroy his hakusui , the source of his powers . As Yushima strikes at Ichigo , he catches his zanpakutō and fires a huge hollowfied Getsuga Tenshō , which causes great damage to Yushima and the area . Nozomi 's consciousness appears for a moment and asks to be killed , but Yushima takes complete control and unleashes a giant structure that absorbs the spirit particles from the Soul Society . Being surrounded by his structure and Ichigo out of the way , Nozomi regains control and creates a sword to slice Yushima 's saketsu . The reigai react shockingly to Yushima 's attack and reveal that their motive was to protect the Soul Society in their own way . The reigai proceed to attack the structure at the cost of their own lives , causing a huge explosion . Ichigo deactivates his bankai and has one last clash with an enraged Yushima before breaking the fusion . Nozomi and Inaba reappear once again , and Inaba begins to question his thoughts to Nozomi before fading away . Nozomi reuinites with Kon and the rest of her friends , but she starts fades away herself . Nozomi says a heartwarming goodbye to Kon and fades away . 342 `` Thank You '' `` Arigatō '' ( ありがとう ) October 4 , 2011 April 26 , 2014 Ichigo has been struggling against hollows , due to gradually losing his temporarily restored powers , but is saved by Rukia and Uryū , who tell him to rest from dealing with hollows . It is shown that Ukitake contacted Rukia to prevent Ichigo from fighting hollows . The next day , Ichigo takes Rukia to an ice skating rink with their friends . At night , fireworks from a nearby amusement park begin to shoot up in the sky , ending the day on a happy note . A massive hollow is sensed nearby when Ichigo and Rukia are heading home , but Rukia tries to save Ichigo from facing it , telling her that she would fight in his place if she has to , seeing him as a good friend . Rukia freezes the hollow 's legs , and Ichigo fires his last Getsuga Tenshō and destroys it . An exhausted Ichigo was well aware that Rukia was instructed to prevent Ichigo from fighting hollows and to give him rest , but he knows that he will remain the same way as he has been before . Ichigo wakes up in his room , surrounded by his friends . He goes outside and takes note of his disappearing powers , unable to sense spirits anymore . He says goodbye as Rukia 's presence begins to fade away , and he thanks her after she fully disappears .	325	BLEACH ( season 15 )	bleach ( season 15 )	The fifteenth season of the Bleach anime series is known as Gotei 13 Invading Army arc ( 護廷十三隊侵軍篇 , Gotei Jūsan Tai Shingun Hen ) . It is directed by Noriyuki Abe , and produced by TV Tokyo , Dentsu and Studio Pierrot . The season 's twenty - six episodes are based on the Bleach manga series by Tite Kubo , but follow original storylines exclusive to the anime . In this arc , Soul Reaper Ichigo Kurosaki and his friends investigate a series of strange events in the Soul Society where numerous Soul Reapers have disappeared without a trace , with a seemingly large conspiracy at work . As this takes place , Ichigo is forced to struggle with the fading of his powers due to the previous battle between him and Sōsuke Aizen .	The season aired from April to October 2011 . Aniplex collected it in six DVD volumes between February 22 and July 25 , 2012 . The episodes of this season uses three pieces of theme music . The single opening theme is `` BLUE '' by ViViD . The first ending theme , `` Aoi Tori '' ( アオイトリ , `` Blue Bird '' ) by fumika is used from episode 317 to 329 . The second ending theme , `` Haruka Kanata '' by UNLIMITS is used from episodes 330 to 342 . Episode list ( edit ) No . Title Original airdate English airdate 317 `` Unusual Incident in Seireitei ? ! Gotei 13 Invading Army Arc ! '' `` Seireitei ni Ihen ? ! Gotei Jūsantai Shingun Hen ! '' ( 瀞霊廷に異変 ? ! 護廷十三隊侵軍篇 ! ) April 12 , 2011 October 5 , 2013 After cleansing and restoring the barriers where Karakura Town was temporarily swapped with the Soul Society , Rangiku Matsumoto and Nanao Ise enter the Dangai to return home , but are confronted by something along the way . Their captains , who have lost contact with them , are worried sick with their disappearances until they suddenly return a day later . Rangiku and Nanao were gone only a few hours and came back directly , which concludes that the time in the Dangai is out of sync with the Soul Society . Mayuri Kurotsuchi conducts a survey of the area with Kenpachi Zaraki assisting as a security escort . Meanwhile , while Ichigo Kurosaki and Rukia Kuchiki go off to handle hollows , Kon leaves to investigate a spiritual disturbance and finds a green - haired girl lying asleep and covered in rags . Ichigo returns home and becomes furious with Kon , who has brought back the green - haired girl . While the survey is going on , Mayuri and Kenpachi are confronted by an intense light emerging from the walls of the Dangai . As Ichigo and Rukia return through the Dangai to the Soul Society , they are chased by the supposedly revived Kōtotsu . To save themselves , Ichigo uses his bankai and carries Rukia all the way to the Soul Society , but falls to the ground due to the gradual loss of his powers . Ichigo then encounters Tōshirō Hitsugaya and Byakuya Kuchiki , who place him under confinement . A mysterious scientist in a laboratory addresses what seems to be body doubles of Izuru Kira and Nanao . 318 `` Renji vs. Rukia ? ! Battle With Comrades ! '' `` Renji tai Rukia ? ! Nakama to no Tatakai ! '' ( 恋次 VS ルキア ? ! 仲間との戦い ! ) April 19 , 2011 October 12 , 2013 While Kon tries to keep the green - haired girl , whose name is Nozomi Kujō , a secret from Ichigo 's family . Rukia sneaks in Ichigo 's jail cell and frees him . Jūshirō Ukitake and Shunsui Kyōraku discuss about Ichigo 's possible involvement with the disappearances , since his substitute badge was found by Byakuya inside the Dangai . While Rukia explains to Ichigo there is a time gap between the human world and the Soul Society , they are then confronted by Renji Abarai and Ikkaku Madarame , who exhibit ruthless behaviors unlike themselves . Yoruichi Shihōin arrives and seals Renji and Ikkaku before escaping with Ichigo and Rukia into her hideout . She explains to them that Renji and Ikkaku were secretly replaced by reigai , artificial bodies which allows modified souls to maintain a physical form in Soul Society . The reigai , which closely imitate the features of a Soul Reaper , are being used to test out soul candies , which means someone in the twelfth division is involved . Ichigo and Rukia later sneak into the laboratory and discover that Nozomi is a fugitive from the Soul Society . The mysterious scientist along with Kira and Nanao 's reigai arrive in the human world to apprehend Nozomi , who evades capture . Kon follows her and both are eventually cornered by the scientist . However , Uryū Ishida arrives to help the two . 319 `` Ichigo 's Capture Net ! Escape From Soul Society ! '' `` Ichigo Hobakumō ! Sōru Sosaeti o Dasshutsu se yo ! '' ( 一護捕縛網 ! 尸魂界を脱出せよ ! ) April 26 , 2011 October 19 , 2013 Uryū confronts the mysterious scientist while Ichigo , Rukia , and Yoruichi plan their escape from the Soul Society , assuming that several reigai have blocked the Senkaimon , the gateway to the Dangai . Uryū is defeated by the scientist 's shikai of his zanpakutō , Raikū . Yoruichi fights the reigai to let Ichigo and Rukia escape . Kon is unable to respond , and an unconscious Nozomi is captured by Kira and Nanao 's reigai . While showing up and attempting to save Uryū , Yasutora `` Chad '' Sado is defeated when trying to buy time for Orihime Inoue to heal Uryū . Ichigo and Rukia arrive to stop the scientist , revealed to be Kagerōza Inaba , who easily deals with Ichigo in his weakening state . Just as he is about to kill Ichigo and Rukia , the other captains and lieutenants involved in the incident arrive , retrieving Nozomi and forcing Inaba and the reigai to retreat . Admitting that he is behind the reigai incident , Inaba then claims that once he has Nozomi , he will be able to conquer the Soul Society and the world of the living . Inaba escapes to the Soul Society and meets with the reigai . He tasks them with getting Nozomi back and eliminating the originals , as he deems them the Invading Army . 320 `` Gotei 13 , Gathering in the Real World ! '' `` Gotei Jūsantai , Gense ni Shūketsu ! '' ( 護廷十三隊、現世に集結 ! ) May 3 , 2011 October 26 , 2013 Ichigo , Kon , Orihime , Uryū and Chad are all in Kisuke Urahara 's shop looking after Nozomi . Rukia appears and tells Ichigo to join the Soul Reapers in his room to formulate a strategy on Nozomi 's protection . Orihime organizes a barbecue to cheer up Nozomi and get her to open up to the others , however she runs away . Kon , Orihime , Uryū and Chad try to find her . A very concerned Kon eventually finds her , later leaving her in the care of Rangiku , but fails to realize that Rangiku is the impostor trying to capture Nozomi . After he realizes that Nozomi was captured by Rangiku , he attempts to save her , however he can not defeat Rangiku 's reigai , and after he himself is defeated , Ichigo , Rukia , Renji and Rangiku all arrive to save Nozomi , and Rangiku 's reigai escapes . During the barbecue , Nozomi starts to eat after Kon offers her some of the barbecued food . 321 `` Showdown of Mutual Self , Ikkaku vs. Ikkaku ! '' `` Jibun Dōshi no Taiketsu , Ikkaku tai Ikkaku ! '' ( 自分同士の対決、一角 VS 一角 ! ) May 10 , 2011 November 2 , 2013 Ukitake and Kyōraku , suspecting some sort of foul play in the Soul Society , recall on their previous mandatory captains ' meeting , where Mayuri claims and Kenpachi agrees that Ichigo tampered with his work in the Dangai , and it has been decided by Genryūsai Shigekuni Yamamoto that Ichigo will be placed under suspicion . Unbeknownst to Ukitake and Kyōraku , both Mayuri and Kenpachi were actually the imposters . Meanwhile in Karakura Town , Ichigo finds Kon tied up in his closet , which means Nozomi has escaped again . Ichigo and his friends proceed to search for her . Kon manages to find her in a forest , though she is reluctant to return and runs away again . Elsewhere in the forest , Ikkaku , Yumichika Ayasegawa , Shūhei Hisagi and Marechiyo Ōmaeda are confronted by their respective reigai . Ōmaeda is surprised when his reigai appears to be more attractive than him . While Hisagi and Ōmaeda trick their imposters and defeat them , things do not go well for Ikkaku and Yumichika . Luckily , their reigai are fended off after Uryū arrives to join the fray . Ikkaku and Yumichika 's reigai retreat , with their respective originals badly injured and unconscious . Kira 's reigai approaches Rangiku , Rukia encounters her own reigai , and Suì - Fēng arrests Kyōraku , who has been framed by Inaba . 322 `` Clash ! Rukia vs. Rukia ! '' `` Gekitotsu ! Rukia tai Rukia ! '' ( 激突 ! ルキア VS ルキア ! ) May 17 , 2011 November 9 , 2013 Kon continues to follow Nozomi , who claims to have some sort of uncertain destination to find . Ichigo , Orihime and Chad are seen searching for Nozomi , while Uryū is seen tending to the wounds of Ikkaku , Yumikchika , Hisagi and Ōmaeda . Rangiku , blocking the attacks of Kira 's reigai , is surprised when her zanpakutō drops to the ground , since his new and improved zanpakutō can increase the weight of whatever he strikes up to tenfold the amount . However , Rangiku , now subdued , cleverly blocks his zanpakutō with a heavy steel pole , trapping it onto the ground , allowing her to defeat him and cause him to disintegrate . Ukitake , pleading to Central 46 to release Kyōraku , is denied his request , and he later meets with Retsu Unohana , who warns him to be careful . Rukia 's reigai is soon joined with Nemu Kurotsuchi 's reigai to brawl against Rukia , but Nemu arrives and kills her reigai , which disintegrates and leaves behind a red stone , assuming this is true form of the reigai . Elsewhere , Nozomi tells Kon she must find a place with a row of shrine gates , and Kon agrees to take her to the first place he remembers . Rukia , who apparently defeats her reigai , joins Nemu and Rangiku to search for Nozomi , but Rukia is revealed to actually be the fake Rukia , who then tosses Nemu and Rangiku into the river with the real Rukia . Ukitake is slashed by Kyōraku when freeing him from imprisonment , revealing this Kyōraku to also be a reigai . The false Ukitake meets up with the false Kyōraku , as they prepare to flee . 323 `` Protect Ichigo ! Nozomi 's Determination '' `` Mamore Ichigo ! Nozomi no Ketsui '' ( 護れ一護 ! 望実の決意 ) May 24 , 2011 November 16 , 2013 Orihime and Chad find Rukia , Nemu and Rangiku washed up on the shore of the river . As Orihime goes to heal them , Chad is attacked by Renji 's reigai . In the Soul Society , Ukitake and Kyōraku 's reigai confront Yamamoto , who claims he has known all along about their intent to kill him . Unohana meets with Isane Kotetsu and explains to her that she has gone through secret archives of the Soul Society and has determined Inaba as the perpetrator . Inaba then reveals himself and demonstrates the power of his zanpakutō as Isane attacks him . Unohana infers that he has used his research to form a zanpakutō that can move through both space and time . Inaba confirms this and then retreats . As Chad is confronting the false Renji , the real Renji appears and attacks his imposter , both eventually defeating the reigai . Meanwhile , Nozomi explains to Kon that the human world has several natural Senkaimon , some leading to empty voids . Her plan is to enter one and vanish , rendering Inaba unable to capture her . The reigai of Rukia , Rangiku , Ikkaku , Yumichika , Hisagi and Ōmaeda appear to apprehend her , but they are confronted by Ichigo , who unleashes a powerful Getsuga Tenshō , destroying them all . 324 `` Recapture Seireitei ! The Captains Move ! '' `` Seireitei Dakkan e ! Taichō - tachi , Ugoku ! '' ( 瀞霊廷奪還へ ! 隊長たち、動く ! ) May 31 , 2011 November 23 , 2013 Hitsugaya , Byakuya , Kenpachi , Yachiru Kusajishi and Sajin Komamura , the five Soul Reapers trapped in the living world , use Urahara 's Senkaimon to return to the Soul Society . They fall into Inaba 's trap in the Dangai , where Komamura stays behind to counter the kōryū , the restrictive current passing through the Dangai . As the other three arrive , they go their separate ways . Kenpachi encounters his false counterpart and engages in fierce combat . At first being defeated , he then regains the upper hand and destroys his reigai after encouragement from Yachiru . Meanwhile , Ukitake and Kyōraku 's reigai continue their battle with Yamamoto , claiming that they have not lost their pride despite being reigai . Also , Unohana and Isane confront Inaba at his headquarters , where he explains how he created these reigai . Isane suddenly turns on Unohana , revealing herself to be an impostor . Unohana 's reigai then arrives and meets with her original . 325 `` For the Sake of the Believers ! Byakuya vs. Hitsugaya ! '' `` Shinzuru Mono no Tame ni ! Byakuya tai Hitsugaya ! '' ( 信ずるものの為に ! 白哉 vs 日番谷 ! ) June 7 , 2011 November 30 , 2013 Unohana and her imposter engage in conflict using kido attacks , with Unohana escaping . Ukitake and Kyōraku 's reigai are unable to defeat Yamamoto , who criticizes their claim that they retain their pride . Unohana 's reigai arrives and heals their wounds , revealing their strategy was to exhaust Yamamoto . Elsewhere in the Seireitei , Byakuya is stopped by the Hitsugaya 's reigai , and the two unleash their bankai in a brief battle . Byakuya asks why someone would fight for Inaba , and Histugaya 's reigai claims that he wants to protect someone , whom the original does not have the power to do so . Byakuya criticizes his motives and eventually manages to defeat him , though narrowly escaping Hitsugaya 's Hyōten Hyakkasō . Back in the living world , Ichigo asks Urahara to send him to the Soul Society . He is advised not to go due to his declining spiritual energy . However , Nozomi steps up and reveals a type of healing kido that restores some of Ichigo 's lost spiritual energy . He then proceeds with heading to the Soul Society , where Inaba meets with the unresponsive figure resembling Nozomi , claiming Nozomi will return . 326 `` The Two Hinamori , Hitsugaya 's Resolution '' `` Futari no Hinamori , Hitsugaya no Kakugo '' ( ふたりの雛森、日番谷の覚悟 ) June 14 , 2011 January 4 , 2014 Ichigo , entering through the Dangai , reaches the Soul Society , where he later encounters Inaba . After Byakuya kills the fake Hitsugaya , he moves forward , where he encounters his own reigai . While in a bamboo forest , Kenpachi is attacked by Suì - Fēng 's reigai , but he easily defeats her squad members . Hitsugaya is confronted by fake Momo Hinamori , but he can not being himself to kill her , despite knowing she is an imposter . The real Momo seems to appear and attacks her reigai , but both are revealed to be reigai , after tricking him into saving one of them , and they cut him down . Yoruichi then appears and defeats both of the reigai , saving Hitsugaya . Meanwhile , Suì - Fēng 's reigai attacks Kenpachi , but Komamura interrupts and challenges her . Inaba , while attacking Ichigo , explains that his lack of purity makes him an erasable anomaly . Inaba then uses his zanpakutō to trap Ichigo in the Dangai . 327 `` Pride of the Kuchiki Family ! Byakuya vs. Byakuya ! '' `` Kuchiki - ke no Hokori ! Byakuya tai Byakuya ! '' ( 朽木家の誇り ! 白哉 VS 白哉 ! ) June 21 , 2011 January 11 , 2014 Byakuya confronts his false counterpart , originally struggling until he releases his bankai . Meanwhile , Komamura is having difficulty dealing with Suì - Fēng 's reigai , whose speed and abilities seem to outmatch his . In a desperate final attempt , both of them clash with their bankai , and the battle ends in a draw . Elsewhere , a frustrated Yamamato releases a powerful wall of fire , seemingly engulfing the imposters that were challenging him . In the world of the living , Ichigo 's friends express concern when Urahara tells them he can not detect Ichigo 's spiritual pressure . 328 `` Defeat Kageroza ! Shinigami , All - Out War ! '' `` Kagerōza o Taose ! Shinigami , Sōryokusen ! '' ( 影狼佐を倒せ ! 死神、総力戦 ! ) June 28 , 2011 January 18 , 2014 Hitsugaya and Kenpachi arrive at Inaba 's base of operations . They engage him in combat , and Inaba reveals his zanpakutō can record attacks in the Dangai and fire them back at the opponent . As Inaba gains the upper hand , Yoruichi and the captains arrive , aside from Komamura , Unahana , Yamamoto and Mayuri . Elsewhere , Ichigo is rescued in the Dangai by a mysterious figure . Inaba summons the remaining reigai , and a brawl between the originals and the fakes ensues . At first , Yoruichi and the captains are able to overpower Inaba and his forces . However , when they lose the upper hand , a seemingly false Mayuri slashes Inaba , revealing he switched places with the imposter . 329 `` The Forbidden Research ... Nozomi 's Hidden Secret ! '' `` Kindan no Kenkyū ... Nozomi ni Kakusareta Himitsu ! '' ( 禁断の研究 ... 望実に隠された秘密 ! ) July 5 , 2011 January 25 , 2014 Ichigo awakens at the Urahara Shop , mystified as to how he was rescued . Urahara tells him that there are several ways to escape the kōryū but none to escape the Kōtotsu , so it is unknown how Ichigo escaped . Elsewhere , Mayuri uses his zanpakutō to drug Inaba , which slows down his ability to think . However , Isane then summons Isane 's reigai and attacks her . At the Urahara Shop , Rukia then explains Project Spearhead to the rest of the group in which modified souls were used . Inaba then takes the soul candy from the reigai and swallows it , resulting with Inaba being rejected from his body and the reigai taking the effects of the drug . Inaba , revealing his backstory as the one who created modified souls , then ressurects most of the defeated reigai , unleashing their true strength . Nozomi admits she was the first modified soul . 330 `` I Want to Live ... ! Nozomi 's Zanpakutō '' `` Ikitai ... ! Nozomi no Zanpakutō '' ( 生きたい ... ! 望実の斬魄刀 ) July 12 , 2011 February 1 , 2014 Renji reports to Yamamoto and informs him that the captains involved in the brawl with Inaba have not been heard from . Yamamoto then states that only Ichigo , Rukia , Renji , Ikkaku and Yumichika are prepared for battle . Yamamoto then speculates several hollows may have gathered due to the spiritual disturbance . Nozomi stays at Ichigo 's house for the time being , and Kon has been feeling really depressed lately because of what Nozomi admitted . Ichigo and Rukia have been handling many hollows during this , while their friends share their concern for Kon and keep Nozomi company . That night , while Ichigo is sleeping , Nozomi leaves the house and goes for a walk . However , she is then attacked by a hollow , and a confident Kon arrives to defend her . After the hollow easily deals with them both , Nozomi 's frustration releases a bout of spiritual pressure , and she regains her Soul Reaper abilities , defeating the hollow . 331 `` For the Sake of Fighting ! The Awakened Nozomi ! '' `` Tatakau Tame ni ! Mezame yo Nozomi ! '' ( 戦うために ! 目覚めよ望実 ! ) July 19 , 2011 February 8 , 2014 After regaining Soul Reaper abilities , Nozomi decides that she wants to help defeat Inaba , but she has yet to remember the name and power of her zanpakutō . Ichigo , Rukia , Uryū and Chad decide to help Nozomi awaken her dormant powers through the same rigorous training that Ichigo underwent to awaken his . Meanwhile , Inaba orders the fakes of Byakuya , Hitsugaya , Kenpachi and Komamura to infiltrate the human world , but the four fall into a trap set by Urahara , who separates them during their travel through the Dangai . When the four fakes arrive in various areas , Ikkaku battles Kenpachi 's reigai , while some of the lieutenants deal with the rest , all to buy more time for Nozomi . Taking advice from Yumichika to not hold back on her training , Ichigo throws a Getsuga Tenshō at Nozomi , allowing her to finally remember the name of her zanpakutō , Arazome Shigure , which seemingly swallows up all of Ichigo 's spiritual pressure . Ikkaku looks like he is about to be delivered the finishing blow by Kenpachi 's reigai , but Nozomi arrives and seemingly obliterates Kenpachi 's reigai with her zanpakutō . 332 `` The Most Evil Reigai , Appearing in the Real World ! '' `` Saikyo no Reigai , Gense ni Arawaru ! '' ( 最凶の霊骸、現世に現る ! ) July 26 , 2011 February 15 , 2014 Hisagi and Kira take on Hitsugaya 's reigai , while Rangiku and Tetsuzaemon Iba fight Komamura 's reigai . Renji and Rukia face Byakuya 's reigai , covering for Ōmaeda after seemingly being defeated . When Kenpachi 's reigai reappears to fight Nozomi , Yumichika faces him to avenge his fallen comrade , while Ichigo and Nozomi tend to Ikkaku 's wounds . An unsatisfied Nozomi wants to help out in the ongoing battles , but all of the lieutenants tell her to get out of the way and go to safety . The lieutenants are soon cut down or are at their limits against the four false captains . Kenpachi challenges Ichigo to a match , but when Hitsugaya eagerly joins in and attacks Nozomi , she then deals a considerable amount of damage to him in one shot . Byakuya 's reigai , realizing the power of her zanpakutō , tries to bind her to keep her from using it , but Uryū manages to save her . After witnessing Nozomi absorb an attack from his bow , Ginrei Kojaku , Uryū deduces that her zanpakutō can absorb anything with spiritual pressure . Having no other choice but to rely on her , Ichigo , Uryū , Chad and the remaining lieutenants all direct their spiritual pressure at Nozomi , which she redirects at the four false captains . Byakuya 's reigai survives the attack , but Yamamoto suddenly appears and defeats him . 333 `` Destroy Nozomi ! ? Genryusai 's Decision ! '' `` Nozomi o Kesu ! ? Genryūsai no Ketsudan ! '' ( 望実を消す ! ? 元柳斎の決断 ! ) August 2 , 2011 February 22 , 2014 Yamamoto believes Nozomi is unimportant to him , due to the fact that she is a modified soul . Ichigo tells Uryū and Chad to bring the injured lieutenants to Orihime to be healed . Ukitake and Kyōraku 's reigai suddenly appear in the living world and are back for a rematch with Yamamoto , but Ichigo and Nozomi take over for now and spar with the two . Ichigo later has to cover for Nozomi when she is defeated , but even then he barely evades the attacks of Ukitake and Kyōraku 's reigai . Yamamoto , distracted at this , is soon immobilized by the Unohara 's reigai , but as the original Unohara stops her , he is able to break the seal with his spiritual pressure . When Yamamoto is about to be attacked by the three reigai , Inaba arrives and commands them to stop , as he wants to be the one to battle Yamamoto . Nozomi offers to be a decoy to prevent Inaba from copying Yamamoto 's techniques . Inaba avoids crossing swords with Nozomi , knowing full well of her abilities , but Nozomi pulls out a surprise attack , having already absorbed Yamamoto 's spiritual pressure . Yamamoto attacks Inaba with his flames , as this was a diversion for Ichigo to use his Getsuga Tenshō on Inaba . However , Ichigo collapses and Nozomi goes to catch him . Inaba , revealed to still be alive , was able to copy the abilities of Nozomi , absorbing both Yamamoto and Ichigo 's attacks . As Inaba then uses this to finish Yamamoto off , Nozomi appears before the blast in an attempt to absorb the attack . 334 `` The Depleting Reiatsu ! Ichigo , Death Struggle of the Soul ! '' `` Ushinawareru Reiatsu ! Ichigo , Tamashii no Shitō ! '' ( 失われる霊圧 ! 一護、魂の死闘 ! ) August 9 , 2011 March 1 , 2014 Nozomi 's zanpakutō breaks in the midst of trying to protect Yamamoto from Inaba 's attack . Ichigo and Kon try to save Nozomi from being taken away , but Inaba reveals that he and Nozomi were created by the same spirit particles of another Soul Reaper . He defeats Ichigo , Rukia and Renji , while Nozomi manages to run away with Kon in tow . Nozomi sadly binds Kon to a rock , running away without him . Ichigo is seen still conscious and struggling to catch up with Nozomi . When Inaba finds Nozomi , he falls due to a loose rock on a slope . Ichigo finally catches up and defeats Inaba with a Getsuga Tenshō , only to discover that it was a clone that Inaba created . Inaba knocks Ichigo out in one swipe , passes Nozomi out and proceeds to leave the world of the living with her . Kon , still bound to a rock tries to follow them , but he is too late . He is seen crying out for Nozomi , while Ichigo 's uniform turns white as a result of his depleting spiritual energy . 335 `` Hiding in the Dangai ? Another Ichigo ? ! '' `` Dangai ni Senpuku ? Mō Hitori no Ichigo ! ? '' ( 断界に潜伏 ? もう一人の一護 ! ? ) August 16 , 2011 March 8 , 2014 Following his defeat by Inaba , Ichigo has lost his Soul Reaper powers . Still determined to save Nozomi , Ichigo and his friends gather at the Urahara Shop to come up with a rescue plan . Urahara comes up with a risky plan that involves Ichigo going in the Dangai and being swallowed by the Kōtotsu to retrieve a sample of his Soul Reaper powers , since he was swallowed before . The plan works and Ichigo gets out of the Kōtotsu . When he meets up with everyone , he states that he saw another one of himself when he was inside the Kōtotsu , leading Urahara to conclude that Ichigo saved himself when he was first swallowed , since there is no time in the Kōtotsu . 336 `` Pursue Kageroza ! Technological Development Department , Infiltration ! '' `` Kagerōza o Oe ! Gijutsu Kaihatsukyoku , Sennyū ! '' ( 影狼佐を追え ! 技術開発局、潜入 ! ) August 23 , 2011 March 15 , 2014 Inside the Dangai , Rukia and the others act as decoys to draw away the attention of the reigai while Ichigo , Urahara and Kon break into the Seireitei . As they search for Inaba 's laboratory , Urahara makes an attempt to restore Ichigo 's lost powers by creating a soul candy , but is discovered by Nanao and Nemu 's reigai . At the last minute before an explosion , Ichigo breaks the glass containing the soul candy and consumes it . However , as stated by Urahara , the candy was incomplete , making both his Soul Reaper and hollow powers unbalanced . While escaping , the three are ambushed by the false captains , but are saved when Yoruichi and the originals appear , ready to fight . 337 `` The Developer of the Modified Souls '' `` Kaizō Konpaku no Kaihatsusha '' ( 改造魂魄の開発者 ) August 30 , 2011 March 22 , 2014 The captains , thought to have fallen in battle , return to fight the reigai . Meanwhile , Ichigo powers continue to grow unstable , forcing him to rest for the time being , while Urahara and Kon continue their investigation on Inaba . Urahara and Kon later find out about Ōko Yushima , the Soul Reaper who extracted all of his spirit particles and separating them into two modified souls , them being Nozomi and Inaba . When visiting Yushima 's cell in the Nest of Maggots , they get attacked by Suì - Fēng and Ōmaeda 's reigai , but are later defeated by Urahara . The two visit Yushima 's cell , only to find him unresponsive , leading Urahara to conclude that Yushima will never gain consciousness . Meanwhile , Ichigo 's hollowfied form finally takes over and escapes the building he was in . 338 `` Kon 's Thoughts , Nozomi 's Thoughts '' `` Kon no Omoi , Nozomi no Omoi '' ( コンの想い、望実の想い ) September 6 , 2011 March 29 , 2014 Urahara and Kon head to the location where Inaba 's other laboratory might be , only to be halted by Urahara 's reigai . As Urahara battles his counterpart , Kon dashes down into the laboratory , where he promptly tries to awaken Nozomi inside her capsule . She does awaken and insists that Kon escape at first , but after seeing his persistence and his devotion of trying to save her , being bound by friendship , she tries to help Kon restore Ichigo 's spiritual energy . Before Ichigo 's soul candy can be created , Nemu 's reigai appears and stops the transfer . Immediately afterwards , the fusion process between Nozomi and Inaba is completed . Ichigo 's hollowfied form defeats the eighth division members , but when he is about to destroy Nanao 's reigai , the fused Yushima appears before him . 339 `` Protect Ichigo ! The Bonds of Friends ! '' `` Ichigo o Mamore ! Nakama - tachi no Kizuna ! '' ( 一護を護れ ! 仲間たちの絆 ! ) September 13 , 2011 April 5 , 2014 Yushima , showing no interest in fighting Ichigo 's hollowfied form , tries to walk away , but the mindless hollowfied creature continues to pursue him , leading them both to clash on Sōkyoku Hill . The captains and their reigai counterparts are finally joined by their lieutenants , who help them in the battle . Rukia , Renji , Orihime , Uryū and Chad arrive on Sōkyoku Hill and all try to stop Yushima , but the combined powers of Nozomi and Inaba prove to be too much for them . Yushima reveals the true nature of his zanpakutō , Sumitsukigasa , and defeats everyone , but before he can finish them off , Ichigo jumps in front of Rukia to take an attack that was meant for her . 340 `` Reigai vs. Original , The Fierce Fighting for Gambled Pride ! '' `` Reigai tai Genshu , Hokori o Kaketa Gekitō ! '' ( 霊骸 VS 原種、誇りをかけた激闘 ! ) September 20 , 2011 April 12 , 2014 When Yushima stabs Ichigo with his zanpakutō , Ichigo goes into Yushima 's consciousness and sees an image of Nozomi , who calls out for him , causing his hollwfied form to break apart and losing all his powers again . Ichigo is left to watch as his friends attempt to overpower Yushima , but Yushima finds to a way to break through whatever they try to attack him with . Yushima has Nemu 's reigai bring him more fusion stabilizer , but when she arrives , she unexpectedly kicks him backward . It is revealed that Kon was helped by Urahara and Mayuri by placing his soul candy into that of Nemu 's reigai . Kon gives Ichigo a complete soul candy , which restores his powers . He prepares to unleash his bankai against Yushima . Meanwhile , Byakuya has deduced that the reigai do not sacrifice themselves to attack the originals when they are all together , as it goes against what they believe in . The originals join forces against the reigai to protect the Soul Society . 341 `` Invading Army Arc , Final Conclusion ! '' `` Shingun Hen , Saishū Ketchaku ! '' ( 侵軍篇、最終決着 ! ) September 27 , 2011 April 19 , 2014 Ichigo successfully unleashes his bankai and fights against Yushima , while the captains and lieutenants fight the reigai . With the assistance of his friends , Ichigo is able to fire a hollowfied Getsuga Tenshō , which Yushima is unable to absorb because of his inability to absorb hollow spiritual pressure . Ichigo will have to attack Yushima 's saketsu , his binding soul chain , to destroy his hakusui , the source of his powers . As Yushima strikes at Ichigo , he catches his zanpakutō and fires a huge hollowfied Getsuga Tenshō , which causes great damage to Yushima and the area . Nozomi 's consciousness appears for a moment and asks to be killed , but Yushima takes complete control and unleashes a giant structure that absorbs the spirit particles from the Soul Society . Being surrounded by his structure and Ichigo out of the way , Nozomi regains control and creates a sword to slice Yushima 's saketsu . The reigai react shockingly to Yushima 's attack and reveal that their motive was to protect the Soul Society in their own way . The reigai proceed to attack the structure at the cost of their own lives , causing a huge explosion . Ichigo deactivates his bankai and has one last clash with an enraged Yushima before breaking the fusion . Nozomi and Inaba reappear once again , and Inaba begins to question his thoughts to Nozomi before fading away . Nozomi reuinites with Kon and the rest of her friends , but she starts fades away herself . Nozomi says a heartwarming goodbye to Kon and fades away . 342 `` Thank You '' `` Arigatō '' ( ありがとう ) October 4 , 2011 April 26 , 2014 Ichigo has been struggling against hollows , due to gradually losing his temporarily restored powers , but is saved by Rukia and Uryū , who tell him to rest from dealing with hollows . It is shown that Ukitake contacted Rukia to prevent Ichigo from fighting hollows . The next day , Ichigo takes Rukia to an ice skating rink with their friends . At night , fireworks from a nearby amusement park begin to shoot up in the sky , ending the day on a happy note . A massive hollow is sensed nearby when Ichigo and Rukia are heading home , but Rukia tries to save Ichigo from facing it , telling her that she would fight in his place if she has to , seeing him as a good friend . Rukia freezes the hollow 's legs , and Ichigo fires his last Getsuga Tenshō and destroys it . An exhausted Ichigo was well aware that Rukia was instructed to prevent Ichigo from fighting hollows and to give him rest , but he knows that he will remain the same way as he has been before . Ichigo wakes up in his room , surrounded by his friends . He goes outside and takes note of his disappearing powers , unable to sense spirits anymore . He says goodbye as Rukia 's presence begins to fade away , and he thanks her after she fully disappears . References ( edit ) General `` あにてれ : BLEACH '' ( Episodes 303 - 315 ) ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . `` あにてれ : BLEACH '' ( Episodes 329 - 341 ) ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . `` あにてれ : BLEACH '' ( Episodes 342 - 354 ) ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Specific Jump up ^ `` あにてれ : BLEACH NEWS アニメオリジナルストーリー「護廷十三隊侵軍篇」が 4 / 12 ( 火 ) から放送スタート ! '' ( in Japanese ) . Studio Pierrot . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ぴえろ BLEACH = ブリーチ = '' ( in Japanese ) . Studio Pierrot . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ BLEACH 第 317 話「瀞霊廷に異変 ! 護廷十三隊侵軍篇 ! 」週間番組表番組情報テレビ東京 ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BLEACH 護廷十三隊侵軍篇 1 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BLEACH 護廷十三隊侵軍篇 6 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NEWS ViViD Official Website '' . April 11 , 2011 . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` fumika Sony Music インフォメーション '' . April 12 , 2011 . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Bleach by Tite Kubo Media Manga Volumes 1 -- 21 22 -- 48 49 -- 74 Anime Episodes Season 1 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Soundtracks Musicals Films Memories of Nobody The DiamondDust Rebellion Fade to Black Hell Verse Bleach ( 2018 film ) Video games Blade Battlers series Nintendo Home Consoles series Heat the Soul series The Blade of Fate Dark Souls The 3rd Phantom Flame Bringer Soul Resurrección Characters Ichigo Kurosaki Rukia Kuchiki Orihime Inoue Yasutora `` Chad '' Sado Uryū Ishida Renji Abarai Byakuya Kuchiki Gin Ichimaru Kenpachi Zaraki Sōsuke Aizen Tōshirō Hitsugaya Mayuri Kurotsuchi Soul Reapers Hollows Related Trading card game Loituma Girl Jump Super Stars Jump Ultimate Stars J - Stars Victory VS Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bleach_(season_15)&oldid=801397195 '' Categories : 2011 Japanese television seasons Bleach episode lists Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) Pages using deprecated image syntax Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk About Wikipedia Italiano Română Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 12 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach%20%28season%2015%29	1,876
4. what does c stand for in case of disk scheduling algorithms	One variation of this method ensures all requests are serviced in only one direction , that is , once the head has arrived at the outer edge of the disk , it returns to the beginning and services the new requests in this one direction only ( or vice versa ) . This is known as the `` Circular Elevator Algorithm '' or C - SCAN . Although the time of the return seek is wasted , this results in more equal performance for all head positions , as the expected distance from the head is always half the maximum distance , unlike in the standard elevator algorithm where cylinders in the middle will be serviced as much as twice as often as the innermost or outermost cylinders .	Circular Elevator Algorithm	Elevator algorithm	elevator algorithm	The elevator algorithm ( also SCAN ) is a disk scheduling algorithm to determine the motion of the disk 's arm and head in servicing read and write requests .	This algorithm is named after the behavior of a building elevator , where the elevator continues to travel in its current direction ( up or down ) until empty , stopping only to let individuals off or to pick up new individuals heading in the same direction . From an implementation perspective , the drive maintains a buffer of pending read / write requests , along with the associated cylinder number of the request . ( Lower cylinder numbers generally indicate that the cylinder is closer to the spindle , and higher numbers indicate the cylinder is farther away . ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Variations 3 Example 4 Analysis 5 See also 6 References Description ( edit ) When a new request arrives while the drive is idle , the initial arm / head movement will be in the direction of the cylinder where the data is stored , either in or out . As additional requests arrive , requests are serviced only in the current direction of arm movement until the arm reaches the edge of the disk . When this happens , the direction of the arm reverses , and the requests that were remaining in the opposite direction are serviced , and so on . Variations ( edit ) One variation of this method ensures all requests are serviced in only one direction , that is , once the head has arrived at the outer edge of the disk , it returns to the beginning and services the new requests in this one direction only ( or vice versa ) . This is known as the `` Circular Elevator Algorithm '' or C - SCAN . Although the time of the return seek is wasted , this results in more equal performance for all head positions , as the expected distance from the head is always half the maximum distance , unlike in the standard elevator algorithm where cylinders in the middle will be serviced as much as twice as often as the innermost or outermost cylinders . Other variations include : FSCAN LOOK ( and C - LOOK ) N - Step - SCAN Example ( edit ) The following is an example of how to calculate average disk seek times for both the SCAN and C - SCAN algorithms . Example list of pending disk requests ( listed by track number ) : 100 , 50 , 10 , 20 , 75 . The starting track number for the examples will be 35 . The list will need to be sorted in ascending order : 10 , 20 , 50 , 75 , 100 . Both SCAN and C - SCAN behave in the same manner until they reach the last track queued . For the sake of this example let us assume that the SCAN algorithm is currently going from a lower track number to a higher track number ( like the C - SCAN is doing ) . For both methods , one takes the difference in magnitude ( i.e. absolute value ) between the next track request and the current track . Seek 1 : 50 − 35 = 15 Seek 2 : 75 − 50 = 25 Seek 3 : 100 − 75 = 25 At this point both have reached the highest ( end ) track request . SCAN will just reverse direction and service the next closest disk request ( in this example , 20 ) and C - SCAN will always go back to track 0 and start going to higher track requests . Seek 4 ( SCAN ) : 20 − 100 = 80 Seek 5 ( SCAN ) : 10 − 20 = 10 Total ( SCAN ) : 155 Average ( SCAN ) : 155 ÷ 5 = 31 * * Seek 4 ( C - SCAN ) : 0 − 100 = 0 head movement as cylinders are treated as a circular list ( C - SCAN always goes back to the first track ) Seek 5 ( C - SCAN ) : 10 − 0 = 10 Seek 6 ( C - SCAN ) : 20 − 10 = 10 Total ( C - SCAN ) : 85 Average ( C - SCAN ) : 85 ÷ 5 = 17 Note : Even though six seeks were performed using the C - SCAN algorithm , only five I / Os were actually done . Definition of C - SCAN : C - SCAN moves the head from one end of the Disk to the other end , servicing requests along the way . The head on reaching the other end , however immediately returns to the beginning of the Disk without servicing any requests on the return . The huge jump from one end to the other is not considered as a head movement as cylinders are treated as a circular list . Analysis ( edit ) The arm movement is thus always less than twice the number of total cylinders then , for both versions of the elevator algorithm . The variation has the advantage to have a smaller variance in response time . The algorithm is also relatively simple . However , the elevator algorithm is not always better than shortest seek first , which is slightly closer to optimal , but can result in high variance in response time and even in starvation when new requests continually get serviced prior to existing requests . Anti-starvation techniques can be applied to the shortest seek time first algorithm to guarantee an optimum response time . See also ( edit ) FCFS Shortest seek time first References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Disk scheduling '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elevator_algorithm&oldid=779725442 '' Categories : Disk scheduling algorithms Sorting algorithms Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2007 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά فارسی हिन्दी Italiano Magyar Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 10 May 2017 , at 16 : 39 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevator%20algorithm	1,877
when did the tv show to tell the truth begin	To Tell the Truth Logo for To Tell the Truth ( 2016 -- version ) Genre Game show Created by Bob Stewart Presented by Bud Collyer ( 1956 -- 1968 ) Garry Moore ( 1969 -- 1977 ) Joe Garagiola ( 1977 -- 1978 ) Robin Ward ( 1980 -- 1981 ) Gordon Elliott ( 1990 ) Lynn Swann ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Alex Trebek ( 1991 ) John O'Hurley ( 2000 -- 2002 ) Anthony Anderson ( 2016 -- ) Narrated by Bern Bennett ( 1956 -- 1960 ) Johnny Olson ( 1960 -- 1972 ) Bill Wendell ( 1972 -- 1977 ) Alan Kalter ( 1977 -- 1981 ) Burton Richardson ( 1990 -- 2002 ) David Scott ( 2016 -- ) Music by Score Productions Gary Stockdale Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 12 ( 1956 -- 1968 ) 9 ( 1969 -- 1978 ) 1 ( 1980 -- 1981 ) 1 ( 1990 -- 1991 ) 2 ( 2000 -- 2002 ) 3 ( 2016 -- ) Production Running time 22 -- 26 minutes ( 1956 -- 2002 ) 42 -- 46 minutes ( 2016 -- ) Production company ( s ) Goodson - Todman Productions ( 1956 -- 1981 ) Mark Goodson Productions ( 1990 -- 2002 ) Pearson Television ( 2000 - 2002 ) Gaspin Media / Fremantle ( 2016 -- ) Distributor Firestone Film Syndication , Ltd. ( 1969 -- 1978 ) Viacom Productions ( 1980 -- 1981 ) Pearson Television ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Tribune Entertainment ( 2001 - 2002 ) Release Original network CBS ( 1956 -- 1968 ) NBC ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Syndicated ( 1969 -- 1978 , 1980 -- 1981 , 2000 -- 2002 ) ABC ( 2016 -- ) Original release December 18 , 1956 ( 1956 - 12 - 18 ) -- present Chronology Related shows You Lie Like a Dog	December 18 , 1956	To Tell the Truth	to tell the truth	To Tell the Truth is an American television panel game show in which four celebrity panelists are presented with three contestants ( the `` team of challengers '' , each an individual or pair ) and must identify which is the `` central character '' whose unusual occupation or experience has been read out by the show 's moderator / host . When the panelists question the contestants , the two `` impostors '' may lie whereas the `` central character '' must tell the truth . The setup adds the `` impostor '' element to the format of What 's My Line ? and I 've Got a Secret .	The show was created by Bob Stewart and originally produced by Mark Goodson -- Bill Todman Productions . It aired , on networks and in syndication , continuously from 1956 to 1978 and intermittently since then , reaching a total of 26 seasons in 2016 . As of 14 June 2016 , it is one of two game shows in the United States to have aired at least one new episode in at least seven consecutive decades , the other being The Price is Right . Contents 1 Basic rules 2 History 2.1 1956 -- 1968 , CBS 2.2 1969 -- 1978 , syndication 2.3 1980 -- 1981 , syndication 2.4 1990 -- 1991 , NBC 2.5 2000 -- 2002 , syndication 2.6 2016 -- present , ABC 3 Merchandise 4 International versions 5 Notes 6 External links Basic rules ( edit ) Although there have been some variations in the rules over the years ( including the addition of a secondary game in some versions ) , certain basic aspects have remained consistent throughout all versions of To Tell the Truth . Three challengers are introduced , all claiming to be the central character . The announcer typically asks the challengers , who stand side by side , `` What is your name , please ? '' Each challenger then states , `` My name is ( central character 's name ) . '' The celebrity panelists then read along as the host reads aloud a signed affidavit about the central character . The panelists are each given a period of time to question the challengers . Questions are directed to the challengers by number ( Number One , Number Two and Number Three ) , with the central character sworn to give truthful answers , and the impostors permitted to lie and pretend to be the central character . After questioning is complete , each member of the panel votes on which of the challengers they believe to be the central character , either by writing the number on a card or holding up a card with the number of their choice , without consulting the other panelists . Any panelist who knows one of the challengers or has another unfair advantage is required to recuse or disqualify himself or herself which , for scoring purposes , is counted as a `` wrong vote . '' They would also sit out of the questioning . Once the votes are in , the host asks , `` Will the real ( person 's name ) please stand up ? '' The central character then stands , often after some brief playful feinting and false starts among all three challengers . Occasionally , the central character would be asked to do something else related to their story instead of standing up . The two impostors then reveal their real names and their actual occupations . Prize money is awarded and divided among all three of the challengers , based on the number of `` wrong '' votes the impostors draw . History ( edit ) 1956 -- 1968 , CBS ( edit ) To Tell the Truth was to have premiered on Tuesday , December 18 , 1956 , on CBS in prime time as Nothing But The Truth , but the program title was changed to To Tell the Truth the day before the show 's debut . ( There was one pilot episode titled `` Nothing But The Truth '' , and the pilot / planned title , and the eventual title , both derive from the standard English court oath `` to tell the truth , the whole truth , and nothing but the truth . '' ) The series was recorded in New York City ; initially at CBS - TV Studio 52 , moving to Studio 50 late in its run . The existence of an audience ticket for a taping indicates that the show originated in color at the CBS Broadcast Center in late 1966 . Bud Collyer was the show 's host ( Mike Wallace hosted the pilot ) ; recurring panelists by the 1960s included Tom Poston , Peggy Cass , Orson Bean , and Kitty Carlisle . ( Cass and Carlisle stayed on as panelists for most subsequent editions . ) Earlier regular panelists had included Johnny Carson , Polly Bergen , Jayne Meadows , Don Ameche , Hy Gardner , Dick Van Dyke , Faye Emerson , Hildy Parks , John Cameron Swayze , Betty White , and Ralph Bellamy . Bern Bennett , Collyer 's announcer on Beat the Clock , was the inaugural announcer of To Tell the Truth in the 1950s . Upon Bennett 's transfer to CBS 's Los Angeles studios , Johnny Olson , who in time became the best - known of all Goodson -- Todman Productions announcers , joined the show in 1960 and remained through the end of its CBS runs . On the pilot and the prime - time run , three games were played per episode . For the pilot , a wrong vote from each of the four - member panel and one wrong vote derived from the majority vote of the audience ( a total of five votes ) paid $300 , the total prize money divided among the three challengers . The studio audience also voted with the majority vote counting equally with that of one of a celebrity panelist , thus the maximum of five incorrect votes resulted in $1,500 divided among the challengers . If there was a tie for the highest vote from the audience , and for each panelist who was disqualified , a wrong vote was counted . There was no consolation prize for no wrong votes . For the prime - time run there was no audience vote , thus each wrong vote from the four - member panel paid $250 divided among the three challengers , for a possible $1,000 for a complete stump of four wrong answers . For a period in 1967 , stumping the panel won $1,250 . In A consolation prize of $150 was awarded and divided among the three challengers if there were no wrong votes . For each panelist who was disqualified , a wrong vote was counted . A design element in the set for this series was a platform directly above and behind the emcee 's desk . The contestants stood on this platform during their introduction allowing the camera to pan directly down to the host . They then traveled down a curved staircase to the main stage level to play the game . On Monday , June 18 , 1962 , a daytime five - day - per - week edition was introduced , running at 3 p.m. Eastern , and 2 p.m. Central . The daytime show , also hosted by Collyer , featured a separate panel for its first three years , with actress Phyllis Newman as the only regular . The evening panel took over the afternoon show in 1965 ; in early 1968 , Bert Convy replaced Poston in the first chair . The daytime show was reduced to two games to accommodate a five - minute news break towards the half - hour mark . On the CBS daytime run , each wrong vote paid the three challengers $100 for a possible total of $400 divided among the three challengers for a `` complete stump '' of all four wrong votes . If all the votes were correct , the challengers split a consolation prize of $75 . During the show 's final year and a half , the studio audience also voted , with the majority vote counting equally with that of one of the celebrity panelists , thus a maximum of $500 divided among the challengers could be awarded for the maximum five incorrect votes . If there was a tie for the highest vote from the audience , and for each panelist who was disqualified , a wrong vote was counted . The audience vote was utilized on the nighttime show for its final six episodes . The original daytime panel with Bud Collyer . From left : Sam Levenson , Mimi Benzell , and Barry Nelson . The fourth panel member was Sally Ann Howes . One CBS daytime episode featuring Dorothy Kilgallen , best known as a regular panelist on What 's My Line ? , was broadcast on the East Coast on Monday , November 8 , 1965 , as news of her sudden death was circulated by wire services . The breaking news story prompted CBS newscaster Douglas Edwards to announce her death immediately after To Tell the Truth ended . She had videotaped the program six days earlier , according to the New York Herald Tribune . The newspaper added that Kilgallen and Arlene Francis both pretended to be Joan Crawford while sitting next to the real Crawford in a celebrity segment that the daytime series featured regularly starting in 1965 . The episode was one of the large majority of To Tell the Truth daytime episodes that were destroyed because of the common practice of wiping videotape prior to the invention of the videocassette . This was a different half - hour telecast from the 1962 prime - time episode on which Kilgallen can be seen and heard as one of the panelists . GSN repeated that episode decades later the Game Show Network The prime - time show ended on May 22 , 1967 , with the daytime show ending on September 6 , 1968 . The show was replaced by the expansions of Search for Tomorrow and Guiding Light to 30 minutes , in a scheduling shuffle with The Edge of Night , The Secret Storm , and Art Linkletter 's House Party . Metropole Orchestra leader Dolf van der Linden composed the show 's first theme , `` Peter Pan , '' used from 1956 to 1961 . From 1961 to 1967 , the show switched to a Bob Cobert - penned theme with a beat similar to `` Peter Pan '' , and then to a Score Productions tune during its final CBS daytime season . Most episodes of the original nighttime run of the series were preserved on black - and - white kinescope , along with a few color videotape episodes . Only a handful of shows remain from the CBS daytime series ' first three years because of the then - common practice of wiping videotapes and reusing them due to tight storage space and even tighter budgets . Many daytime episodes ( including some in color ) from 1966 to 1968 exist , including the color finale . Reruns of the black - and - white kinescopes were running on the Buzzr channel as of late April 2016 . 1969 -- 1978 , syndication ( edit ) To Tell the Truth returned only a year later , in autumn of 1969 , in first - run syndication . During the early years of its run , the syndicated Truth became a highly rated component of stations 's early - evening schedules after the Federal Communications Commission imposed the Prime Time Access Rule in 1971 , opening up at least a half hour ( a full hour , usually , on Eastern Time Zone stations ) to fill with non-network fare between either the local or network evening newscast and the start of the network 's prime - time schedule for the evening . Other stations found success running the program in place of a daytime network game or soap opera , or in the afternoon `` fringe '' time period between the end of network daytime programming at 4 : 30 / 3 : 30 Central and the evening newscasts . This edition of the show was again based at the New York CBS - TV Studio 50 until 1971 , when it moved to NBC Studio 6 - A in Rockefeller Center . Each wrong vote in this version was worth $50 to the challengers ; `` complete stumps '' of the entire panel won the challengers a total of $500 . There were two `` games '' per episode , and there was often a live demonstration or video to illustrate the central character 's story after many of the games . The show was first released to local stations on September 8 , 1969 . A total of 1,715 episodes of this version were produced , with the series ending on September 7 , 1978 . Some markets that added the series after its 1969 release opted to carry the show for another season or two in order to catch up on the episodes that had not aired in their viewing area . To host the revival series , Goodson and Todman made a call to original host Bud Collyer . But they had mis - timed their request , as Collyer had been suffering from a series of health issues that caused his death shortly thereafter , and he told the producers , `` I 'm just not up to it . '' The next call they made was to Garry Moore , the former host of I 've Got a Secret . Although he had retired from television a few years earlier following the cancellation of his eponymous TV show , Moore decided the time was right to return and he accepted the offer to host the new series . Regular panelists included Orson Bean during the first year , Peggy Cass , Kitty Carlisle and Bill Cullen , who was also the designated substitute host whenever necessary . Many regulars from the original run appeared , including Tom Poston and Bert Convy . In late 1976 , during the eighth season , Moore was diagnosed with throat cancer and left for the remainder of the season to deal with his illness . As he had done numerous times before , Bill Cullen became his replacement . As Cullen 's time as host continued on , Mark Goodson noted how Cullen 's serving as host , rather than as a panelist , hurt the chemistry he had shared with Cass and Carlisle. ) Gil Fates , `` What 's My Line ? '' , 1978 A decision was made to have Cullen return to being a permanent panelist and give semi-regular panelist Joe Garagiola the hosting position . Garagiola stated that he was `` pinch - hitting '' for Moore , who returned to the series for a farewell performance on the ninth - season premiere in 1977 . Moore explained why he had left the program , then after presiding over one last game announced his final retirement from television and handed the host position to Garagiola permanently . To Tell the Truth ended production at the end of the season . Johnny Olson stayed with To Tell the Truth when it moved to syndication . He left in 1972 , when he moved to Los Angeles to announce the Goodson - Todman revivals of The Price Is Right and I 've Got a Secret . NBC staff announcer Bill Wendell replaced Olson from 1972 -- 77 , with Alan Kalter taking over during the final season . Don Pardo , also an NBC staff announcer , served as backup announcer to Wendell and Kalter . To Tell the Truth used three distinctive sets throughout its nine - year syndicated run . The first , designed by Theodore Cooper and dubbed by some as the `` psychedelic '' set , was used for the first two seasons and the first four weeks of the third ; with one man on the door . The second set was a toned - down set , with two additional men added on the door , and it was used from the fifth week of the third season through the first 30 weeks of the fourth . The third -- and longest - lived -- set , which Cooper also designed , was a blue - hued , gold - accented , block - motif set . This set was used for the remainder of the run . The show was the only edition of Truth to feature a theme song with lyrics . The theme was written and composed by Score Productions chief Robert A. Israel and Truth producer Paul Alter , along with veteran theme composer Charles Fox . The bulk of this version is intact . However , the current status of the first season is unknown , and is presumed to be lost to wiping . GSN has never rerun the first season of the show , and had always begun with the second season . One episode from the first season exists in the UCLA Television and Film Archive . Buzzr began airing episodes from 1973 in October 2018 . 1980 -- 1981 , syndication ( edit ) On September 8 , 1980 , a new To Tell the Truth series premiered in syndication . The new series was recorded at the same studio at NBC 's Rockefeller Center complex that the previous series had , and Canadian TV personality Robin Ward served as the host , with Alan Kalter returning as announcer . A new theme and set were commissioned for this edition of Truth . Even though previous regulars Bill Cullen , Peggy Cass , and Kitty Carlisle made frequent appearances , there was no regular panel for this edition . The new Truth aired for one season in syndication , but it never recaptured the popularity of the original , and aired its final episode on June 12 , 1981 , with reruns airing until September 11 . Two games were played , and each wrong vote paid the challengers $100 ; $500 was paid if the entire panel had been fooled . No consolation prize was given if the entire panel correctly identified the subject . After the second game , a new game called `` One on One '' was played with the four impostors from earlier . One fact had been purposely withheld from the panel about one of the impostors and it was up to the panelists to determine correctly to which of the impostors it applied . One at a time , each panelist would be given twenty seconds to question the impostor sitting directly across from them and would then say whether he / she believed the fact applied to that impostor . Wrong votes still paid $100 with $500 paid if the panel did not correctly determine to whom the fact pertained . The 1980 edition of To Tell the Truth was a rarity in that it was still based in New York while nearly all television game show production had moved to California . Both To Tell the Truth and The $50,000 Pyramid were the last two broadcast television game shows to emanate from New York until Who Wants to Be a Millionaire came to television for the first time in 1999 and taped at the ABC Television Center in Lincoln Square . Millionaire continued to tape in New York until 2013 . New York tapings for game shows were then used in 2016 for two ABC primetime game show revivals , Match Game and The $100,000 Pyramid 1990 -- 1991 , NBC ( edit ) To Tell the Truth returned to a major broadcast network for a run that lasted just nine months from September 3 , 1990 to May 31 , 1991 . After spending many years originating from New York , the show originated for the first time from California at NBC 's Burbank studio complex . The show 's theme music was an orchestral remix of the 1969 -- 78 theme ( minus the lyrics ) , and the show utilized the block - letter logo from 1973 -- 78 . All episodes of this series exist and have aired on GSN in reruns . During Jeopardy & Wheel of Fortune the Season 7 & Season 8 The show 's two pilot episodes were hosted by actor Richard Kline with Charlie O'Donnell as announcer , and one of these was accidentally aired on September 3 , 1990 in the Eastern Time Zone markets . When the show first made it to air , A Current Affair reporter Gordon Elliott hosted it , with Burton Richardson announcing and O'Donnell serving as his substitute . After eight weeks , a dispute with Elliott 's former employers in Australia forced him off American television altogether temporarily , and he was replaced with then - frequent panelist Lynn Swann . Swann , in turn , left due to his own conflicts , as he was a reporter for ABC Sports at the time ( ABC Sports not only was carrying Super Bowl XXV at the end of that season ; but also with the National Football League expanding the playoff field from 10 teams to the current 12 ; ABC would have a doubleheader on Saturdays for the first two wild - card games ) , and Alex Trebek was brought in to be the permanent host . Trebek missed two episodes due to his wife going into labor during a taping and Mark Goodson filled in for him . When Trebek took the position on To Tell the Truth , he was already hosting Classic Concentration on NBC and Jeopardy ! in syndication . The celebrity panelists for To Tell the Truth during this period included several of the ' 70s panel stalwarts , including Kitty Carlisle , who appeared on a majority of the shows , taking the fourth and most upstage seat . The first seat , furthest downstage , saw Ron Masak and Orson Bean alternate on the panel for 34 of the 39 weeks the series was on air . The chair next to that was occupied by rotating guests , although voice actress Dana Hill appeared in the seat most often . The third chair most often featured David Niven Jr. as a panelist , although Masak and Bean would also sit there if both were to appear on the same program . Polly Bergen and Peggy Cass , who began appearing on the original series , would appear from time to time , and other frequent panelists included Vicki Lawrence , Cindy Adams , and Betty White . The panelists were introduced in twos , with the male panelists escorting the female panelists down the staircase , followed by the host . For one week , Monty Hall ( who would later replace Bob Hilton as a permanent guest host on the 1990 version of Let 's Make A Deal ) , sat in the first seat . Two games were played with two sets of impostors . Any incorrect votes up to two paid $1,000 . If three of the panelists had voted incorrectly , the players split $1,500 . On the pilot , each incorrect vote earned $500 . If the panel was fooled entirely , the players split $3,000 . After the second game , a new version of the `` One on One '' game from the 1980 series was played . A seventh civilian player was brought out with two stories , and a member of the studio audience was given an opportunity to win money by trying to figure out which of the two stories was true . Each panelist was given the opportunity to ask the contestant one question for each story , and after both stories had been presented the audience member chose which one he / she thought was the truth . After the choice was made , the contestant revealed the right answer and if the audience member came up with it , he / she won $500 . If the contestant stumped the audience member , that player won $1,000 . Occasionally , celebrities whose faces were not well known would attempt to stump the audience during this part of the game . For example , Hank Ketcham , the creator of Dennis the Menace and a challenger on the original To Tell the Truth in May 1962 , tried during one episode to convince an audience member that he was really the songwriter to `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' ( Johnny Marks had actually done this ) , but was unsuccessful in doing so . 2000 -- 2002 , syndication ( edit ) The show then had a two - year run in syndication , starting in 2000 , with John O'Hurley hosting , and Burton Richardson returning as the announcer . The series was again produced at NBC Studios in Burbank , California . Gary Stockdale supplied the music for this edition . In most markets , it was paired up with Family Feud , which was then hosted by Louie Anderson ; O'Hurley would eventually host Feud from 2006 to 2010 . Actor Meshach Taylor was the only regular to appear on every episode of this edition , while Paula Poundstone was a regular during the first season . Panelists appearing in at least 6 weeks of episodes included Brooke Burns , Dave Coulier , Brad Sherwood , Traci Bingham , Kim Coles , and Cindy Margolis . The show 's website touted Coles and Burns as regulars for season two in place of Poundstone , though neither panelist was featured in every show that year . Kitty Carlisle appeared as a panelist for one episode in the first season , making her the only panelist to have appeared on all incarnations of this show to that point . It was Carlisle 's final appearance in the franchise , due to her death in 2007 . This edition of To Tell the Truth brought back the audience vote that the original series had last used . Their vote was revealed after the panel had cast their votes , just before O'Hurley asked for the subject to identify themself . Each incorrect vote paid $1,000 , with a maximum of $5,000 available if the challengers managed to completely fool both the panel and the audience . ( A tie in the audience vote or panel disqualification counted as a wrong vote , as they had in previous versions . ) In the first several weeks of shows , a game that resulted in five incorrect votes was worth $10,000 for the challengers . According to Steve Beverly 's tvgameshows.net , this edition of Truth never received a rating higher than 1.8 . It was cancelled on January 28 , 2002 , only 96 episodes into its second season . However , repeats continued to air through March 15 , 2002 . All episodes of this series exist and have aired on GSN in reruns . 2016 -- present , ABC ( edit ) ABC ordered six episodes of the show , hosted by Anthony Anderson , which taped in July 2015 and began airing on ABC on June 14 , 2016 . Anderson is the second African - American host of the franchise ; the first was Lynn Swann in the short - lived NBC daytime version from 1990 . The first season featured three regular panelists : Betty White , NeNe Leakes and Jalen Rose . White would then gain the distinction of appearing on all three broadcast network versions of the show . Guest panelists included Tracee Ellis Ross , Iliza Shlesinger , Mike Tyson , Brooks Wheelan , Yvette Nicole Brown , and Daymond John . The 2016 version also included a house band , Cheche and His Band of Liars , as well as Doris Day Bowman , Anderson 's mother , as the `` scorekeeper . '' During Family Feud $100,000 Pyramid & Match Game Theme ( 1973 ) The 2016 version of the show departed from prior versions in a number of ways : Episodes lasted 60 minutes rather than 30 minutes . Contestants did not always claim to have the same name ; some introduced themselves solely by claiming the central character 's story . The questioning period was not split distinctly among the panelists , and Anderson and Bowman occasionally participated in the questioning . Once in each episode , the two impostors from a round participated in `` Before You Go , '' a second round in which one was the central character and the other was again an impostor . Many episodes ended with a stunt performed by one of the central characters . The panelists received one point for correctly identifying central characters , except in the final round , for which two points were awarded . While no mention was made of financial compensation for the impostors or the central characters , the losing panelist ( in the event of a tie , Bowman chooses the loser ) was subjected to `` Tweet a Lie , '' in which the host would post an embarrassing tweet to that panelist 's Twitter account , which they could not delete for the next 24 hours . On August 4 , 2016 , ABC announced it had renewed the show for a second season . The second season debuted January 1 , 2017 . The house band and regular panelists was eliminated ( although Rose still made occasional appearances ) ; Bowman still appeared on each episode . The second season resumed , with new episodes , beginning June 21 , 2017 . Starting with the September 11 , 2017 episode , the scoring system changed from 1 / 2 points per round to 10 / 20 , and the losing panelist became the subject of a `` Fake News '' story read by Anderson ( replacing `` Tweet a Lie '' ) . Also starting with this episode , Anderson took over announcing duties and the set was given some updates . ABC announced that the show would air on Sundays in its 2017 fall schedule , but later delayed the show to the summer 2018 schedule . New celebrity panelists included Mel Brooks and 1990 - 91 series host Trebek , who returns to the show as a panelist , the first former host to appear on a subsequent version as a panelist . ( Two former hosts had appeared on the same run of that series as panelists . ) Merchandise ( edit ) A board game was released by Lowell in 1957 . During the run of the 2000 version , a single - player online game was offered by the short - lived website Uproar.com , and promoted by John O'Hurley at the end of each episode . A video slot machine game , based on the 1969 version , was released to American casinos nationwide by Bally Gaming Systems in 2002 . International versions ( edit ) Country Name Host ( s ) TV station Premiere Finale Australia Tell the Truth George Foster Nine Network 1959 1965 Mike Williamson Earle Bailey Network Ten 1971 1972 Canada ( in English ) To Tell the Truth Don Cameron CTV 1962 1964 Czech Republic S pravdou ven ( `` To Tell The Truth '' ) Tomáš Měcháček Prima May 3 , 2018 June 28 , 2018 Germany Sag die Wahrheit ( `` Tell the Truth '' ) Guido Baumann Hans Sachs Wolf Mittler Hans Stotz Bernd Stephan Gerd Rubenbauer Michael Antwerpes ARD 1959 1971 Bayerischer Rundfunk 1986 1995 SWR 2003 present Greece Betty Livanou YENED 1972 1982 Indonesia To Tell the Truth Andhika Pratama Metro TV 2018 present Italy La verità ( `` The Truth '' ) Marco Balestri Canale 5 1991 Rete 4 1991 1995 Netherlands Wie van de Drie ( `` Which of the Three '' ) Nand Baert Pim Jacobs Herman Emmink Flip van der Schalie Fred Oster Caroline Tensen Rob van Hulst Jos Kuijer Joop Braakhekke Ron Brandsteder AVRO 1963 1985 RTL4 1991 1991 AVRO Omroep MAX 2013 Norway På ære og samvittighet ( `` Of Honor '' ) Kari Borg Mannsåker Gunnar Haarberg NRK 1958 1962 1970 1970 1986 1986 Thailand สาบาน ว่า พูด จริง ( `` Sworn Truth '' ) To Tell the Truth Sunya Kunakon ONE 2016 2017 Turkey Üç Yalancı ( `` Three Liars '' ) Cenk Koray Olcay Poyraz Üstün Savcı Göktay Alpman TRT 1970s 1970s Channel 1 Ukraine Самозванці Samozvantsi ( `` Imposters '' ) Anton Lirnyk ICTV 2011 2012 United Kingdom Tell the Truth McDonald Hobley ITV September 17 , 1957 September 6 , 1961 David Jacobs Shaw Taylor Graeme Garden Channel 4 April 17 , 1983 November 22 , 1985 Fred Dinenage ITV April 11 , 1989 October 26 , 1990 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/Archive-BC-IDX/69-OCR/1969-03-17-BC-OCR-Page-0041.pdf#search=%22firestone%20truth%22 Jump up ^ http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/Archive-BC-IDX/80-OCR/1980-03-31-BC-OCR-Page-0033.pdf#search=%22to%20tell%20the%20truth%22 Jump up ^ `` Image # 9 - The David Schwartz Collection '' . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The G-T Big 4 : To Tell the Truth ( CBS Nighttime ) '' Retrieved 3 July 2007 Jump up ^ `` Monty Hall makes ' Deal ' for classic games '' . USA TODAY. 1 June 2015 . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prime Time Access Rule '' Retrieved 24 September 2007 ^ Jump up to : Soap Opera Digest : January 1977 ^ Jump up to : `` Garry Moore , 78 , the Cheery Host Of Long - Running TV Series , Dies '' . New York Times . 1993 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` To Tell The Truth episode guide ( 1971 -- 72 ) '' . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2006 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The result of the sliding doors are similar to the sliding doors on The Price is Right . To Tell The Truth episode guide ( 1972 -- 73 ) '' . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2006 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - ABC Announces Its 2016 Summer Primetime Schedule '' . thefutoncritic.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Kissell , Rick ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` ABC to Revive ' To Tell the Truth ' as Comedic Game / Variety Show '' . Variety . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A -- Z -- to tell the truth on abc '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` ABC Renews All Four Game Shows '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Davis , Alex ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Match Game and To Tell the Truth to Return In January '' . Buzzerblog.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ABC 's 2017 - 2018 Fall TV Lineup : Everything You Need to Know '' . TVGuide.com. 2017 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 02 . External links ( edit ) To Tell the Truth @ pearsontv.com To Tell the Truth ( O'Hurley era ) site To Tell the Truth ( Anderson era ) site To Tell the Truth on the Web offers a look at the various versions over the years . It also contains an episode guide for the 1990 - 91 and 2000 - 02 series . To Tell the Truth ( 1956 -- 68 ) on IMDb To Tell the Truth ( 1969 -- 78 ) on IMDb To Tell the Truth ( 1980 -- 81 ) on IMDb To Tell the Truth ( 1990 -- 91 ) on IMDb To Tell the Truth ( 2000 -- 2002 ) on IMDb To Tell the Truth ( 2016 -- ) on IMDb To Tell the Truth at The Interviews : An Oral History of Television ABC programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 20 / 20 ( since 1978 ) The $100,000 Pyramid ( since 2016 ) Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 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who went home on the worst cooks in america			Worst Cooks in America	worst cooks in america	Worst Cooks in America is an American reality television series that premiered on January 3 , 2010 , on the Food Network . The show takes 12 to 16 contestants ( referred to as `` recruits '' ) with very poor cooking skills through a culinary boot camp , to earn a cash prize of $25,000 and a Food Network cooking set . The recruits are trained on the various basic cooking techniques including : baking , knife skills , temperature , seasoning and preparation . The final challenge is to cook a restaurant quality three - course meal for three food critics .	Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Season 1 : 2010 2.1 Recruits 2.2 Contestant progress 3 Season 2 : 2011 3.1 Recruits 3.2 Contestant progress 3.3 Differences between seasons 1 and 2 4 Season 3 : 2012 4.1 Recruits 4.2 Contestant progress 5 Season 4 : 2013 5.1 Recruits 5.2 Contestant progress 6 Season 5 : 2014 6.1 Recruits 6.2 Contestant progress 7 Season 6 : 2015 7.1 Recruits 7.2 Contestant progress 8 Season 7 : Celebrity Edition 8.1 Recruits 8.2 Contestant progress 9 Season 8 : 2016 9.1 Recruits 9.2 Contestant progress 10 Season 9 : Celebrity Edition 2 10.1 Recruits 10.2 Contestant progress 11 Season 10 : 2017 11.1 Recruits 11.2 Contestant progress 12 Season 11 : Celebrity Edition 3 12.1 Recruits 12.2 Contestant progress 13 Season 12 : 2018 13.1 Recruits 13.2 Contestant progress 14 Season 13 : Celebrity Edition 4 14.1 Recruits 15 References 16 External links History ( edit ) The show premiered on January 3 , 2010 . The show was initially hosted by chef Anne Burrell and chef Beau MacMillan in Season 1 . MacMillan was replaced by chef Robert Irvine on Season 2 , followed by chef Bobby Flay for Seasons 3 -- 5 . On November 20 , 2014 , a Food Network press release announced that chef Tyler Florence will be paired with chef Burrell to host Season 6 , to debut on January 4 , 2015 . Burrell was the winning instructor in seasons 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 , 7 and 8 with Flay winning in Seasons 4 -- 5 . Rachael Ray and Burrell hosted the Season 7 special celebrity edition , which premiered September 23 , 2015 . During the finale of Season 7 , a trailer previewing Season 8 was shown and was aired in January 2016 with the return of Tyler Florence . Season 1 : 2010 ( edit ) Chefs Beau MacMillan and Anne Burrell lead an intense culinary boot camp . They have six recruits each , and every week they must eliminate one recruit from each of their teams until there is only one from each team left . The final two create a three - course meal to fool a panel of restaurant critics into believing that the meal was created by the acclaimed chefs . Recruits ( edit ) Twelve chefs competed in the first season of Worst Cooks in America . Hometowns and occupations are available from the Food Network website . Chef Anne 's team was known as the Red Team and Chef Beau 's team was known as the Blue Team . Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Rachel Coleman 23 Brooklyn , New York Marketing Website editor Winner February 1 Jennifer `` Jenny '' Cross 21 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Waitress Runner - up February 1 Jennifer `` Jen '' Vecchio 38 Cumberland , Rhode Island Dance Studio Owner Eliminated January 31 Eddie Chang 32 Jersey City , New Jersey IT project manager Marque Hernandez 41 Brea , California Director of Clinical Operations Eliminated January 24 Rebecca Hooper 43 Sandy , Utah Salon Owner Sophia Gettys 27 Aurora , Colorado Stay - at - home Mom Eliminated January 17 Susie Shoman 53 Georgetown , South Carolina Grants administrator and entrepreneur Kelly Johnson 31 Scottsdale , Arizona Corporate litigation attorney Eliminated January 10 David Summey 29 Charlotte , North Carolina Salesman Wilhelmina Josephine 29 Aliso Viejo , California Insurance claims adjuster Eliminated January 3 Hamed Hamad 24 North Hollywood , California Journalist and fashion consultant Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 Rachel IN IN IN IN WIN BTM WIN WINNER Jenny * IN IN IN WIN IN BTM WIN RUNNER - UP Jen IN IN WIN IN WIN WIN OUT Eddie BTM WIN BTM BTM IN WIN OUT 5 Marque WIN WIN BTM BTM IN OUT 6 Rebecca WIN BTM IN WIN IN OUT 7 Sophia * IN IN IN OUT 8 Susie IN BTM IN OUT 9 Kelly IN OUT 10 David BTM OUT 11 Wilhelmina OUT 12 Hamed OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . * Initially a member of the other team but switched after Chef Beau won the bet on whose team member made the best crepes . Season 2 : 2011 ( edit ) Casting for season 2 of Worst Cooks in America was held at the LA Marriott Burbank Airport , Hotel & Convention Center on March 27 , 2010 . The Food Network also began accepting online video applications for season 2 . Food Network 's website announced that Robert Irvine would replace Beau MacMillan for season 2 . Season 2 debuted on January 2 , 2011 . In this season the chefs had eight recruits each . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Joshie Berger 36 Brooklyn , New York Attorney Winner February 20 Georgann `` Georg '' Coleman 38 Chicago , Illinois Speech pathologist Runner - up February 20 Carlos Manuel 28 Atlanta , Georgia Banker Eliminated February 13 Kelsey Milos 22 Kings , Illinois Hair stylist Kat Rose 37 Newnan , Georgia Stay - at - home mother Eliminated February 6 Tyrone `` Ty '' Miller 33 Trenton , New Jersey Property manager Jennifer `` Jen '' MacLean 43 Sparta , New Jersey Operating room nurse Eliminated January 30 Kelly Gray 32 New York , New York Aerobics instructor Erika Rumsey 27 Elgin , Illinois Account manager Eliminated January 23 Anna Altomari 44 Aliso Viejo , California RN Case manager Priscilla Harden 60 Sugar Land , Texas Retired teacher Eliminated January 16 Matt Crespi 24 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania PhD Student Anthony Scinto 32 Crestwood , Illinois Mechanical engineer Eliminated January 9 Jeff Longcor 25 Somerville , Massachusetts Environmental contractor Lina Yu 28 Arcadia , California Production manager Eliminated January 2 Eric Ricupero 34 Quincy , Massachusetts Bar owner Contestant progress ( edit ) Episode Rank Contestant 5 6 7 Joshie IN IN IN WIN WIN 9th IN IN BTM BTM IN WINNER Georg IN WIN IN IN IN WIN IN WIN BTM WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Carlos IN IN WIN WIN IN 6th WIN WIN WIN WIN OUT Kelsey * WIN IN IN WIN BTM 2nd BTM IN WIN IN OUT 5 Kat * WIN IN BTM IN IN BTM BTM BTM OUT 6 Ty IN IN IN IN BTM 3rd IN BTM OUT 7 Jen IN BTM IN WIN IN 7th IN OUT 8 Kelly IN IN IN IN IN 5th WIN OUT 9 Erika BTM WIN IN WIN IN 8th OUT 10 Anna IN IN IN IN WIN 4th OUT 11 Priscilla IN IN BTM WIN OUT 12 Matt BTM IN WIN IN OUT 13 Anthony IN IN OUT 14 Jeff IN BTM OUT 15 Lina OUT 16 Eric OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . * Initially a member of the other team but switched after Chef Robert won the bet on whose team member made the best burgers . Differences between seasons 1 and 2 ( edit ) In the first episode , a group of selected novice cooks were to prepare a dish from scratch so the chefs would get an idea of how poor their skills were . After tasting all the items , the chefs took turns picking team members for their rival chef . The first season started off with 24 novice cooks but only the worst 12 were chosen for a team . In the second season , the first episode began with 16 amateurs and all took part for the remainder of that episode . In the penultimate episode of the season , the remaining four recruits learned and replicated a dessert . After this , in the first season , the recruits had to instruct a group of high school students how to replicate the dessert recipe . In the second one , the recruits were assigned the dessert to serve after both chefs , and a special guest enjoyed a main dish . After learning and replicating a dessert , the recruits had to prepare a meal for both chefs and a surprise guest , usually a spouse or other family member . The first season 's main dishes were an improved version of the recruits ' audition meal . The special guests in the second season got to choose what they wanted the students to make them . Two recruits remained in the final episode and had to prepare an appetizer , main dish , and dessert for a panel of three food critics . The critics in season 1 thought that the final meal was prepared by the chefs until after they sampled all the courses . In season 2 , the critics learned their meal was prepared by the recruits immediately after entering the restaurant . Season 3 : 2012 ( edit ) Anne Burrell and Bobby Flay hosted season 3 . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Kelli Powers 40 Los Angeles , California Stay - at - home mother Winner April 1 Vinnie Caligiuri 47 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Mortgage broker Runner - up April 1 Melissa Rhodes 28 Naples , Florida Nursing Student Eliminated March 25 David Shelton 26 Longview , Texas Unemployed Tiffany Michelle 27 Los Angeles , California Poker player and actress Eliminated March 18 Dorothy Strouhal 38 Cove , Texas Make - up artist Anthony Schiano 33 Massapequa , New York Mechanical engineer Eliminated March 11 Benjamin Dennis 37 Dallas , Texas Stay - at - home father Quit March 11 Sean `` Bennett '' Bennett 36 New York City Automotive Spokesperson Eliminated March 4 Sarina Weeraprajuk 31 West Covina , California Wedding photographer Erica Weidner 53 Long Beach , New York Court Reporter Student Eliminated February 26 Robert `` Bob '' Tamke 44 Massapequa Park , New York DJ Sherrill Moss - Solomon 55 New York , New York Fundraiser Eliminated February 19 Rachel Margolin 31 New York , New York Night Club Promoter Richard Chen 55 Queens , New York Attorney Eliminated February 12 Libby Floyd 46 Eden Prairie , Minnesota ShopNBC host Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 8 Kelli WIN IN IN IN IN IN BTM WIN BTM WIN WIN WIN WIN WINNER Vinnie IN WIN WIN IN IN IN WIN IN BTM IN WIN WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Melissa IN IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN WIN IN BTM IN OUT David IN IN IN BTM IN IN WIN WIN IN WIN BTM IN OUT 5 Tiffany WIN IN IN WIN IN BTM BTM IN BTM IN OUT 6 Dorothy IN IN WIN IN BTM WIN IN WIN WIN WIN OUT 7 Anthony IN IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN OUT 8 Benjamin IN IN IN IN WIN WIN IN IN QUIT 9 Bennett IN IN BTM BTM WIN BTM OUT 10 Sarina BTM IN IN IN BTM IN OUT 11 Erica IN IN BTM IN OUT 12 Bob IN WIN IN IN OUT 13 Sherrill IN BTM OUT 14 Rachel BTM BTM OUT 15 Richard OUT 16 Libby OUT ^ Note 1 : In Episode 3 , Team Bobby ( blue team ) won the first challenge , he therefore got to choose one person from Team Anne ( red team ) to go to his team , and then choose one person from his team to go to the other team . He chose David to go to Team Anne 's team and chose Melissa from Team Anne 's team to join his team . Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition ( QUIT ) The contestant volunteered to quit Season 4 : 2013 ( edit ) Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Alina Bolshakova 28 Riga , Latvia Caretaker / Actress Winner March 31 Rasheeda Brown 30 Germantown , Maryland Correctional Officer Runner - up March 31 Chet Pourciau 40 New Orleans , Louisiana Interior Designer Eliminated March 24 Suzanne `` Sue '' Mangogna 42 Northport , New York Single Mother Carla Johnson 47 Long Beach , California Alcohol & Drug Counselor Eliminated March 17 Michael Haydin 25 Rye Brook , New York Accountant Carrie Lee Riggins 32 Carmel , New York Ballerina / Actress Eliminated March 10 Crystal Lonneberg 30 Weehawken , New Jersey Actress / Artist Aadip Desai 36 Sacramento , California Writer / Musician Eliminated March 3 Alex Stein 26 Dallas , Texas Bail Bondsman Michael `` Big Mike '' Paul 24 Thomson , Georgia Woodworker Eliminated February 24 Robert `` Dr. Bob '' Schaefer 58 Pleasant Hill , California Chiropractor Tim Burger 42 Novi , Michigan Former Marine Eliminated February 17 Diana De Rosa 62 Huntington , New York Photographer Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 Alina BTM WIN WIN IN IN IN WIN WIN WIN IN WIN WINNER Rasheeda IN IN BTM IN IN WIN WIN WIN BTM WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Chet WIN IN IN IN WIN WIN IN WIN BTM IN OUT Sue IN IN WIN BTM BTM IN BTM IN WIN WIN OUT 5 Carla IN IN BTM WIN IN BTM BTM WIN OUT 6 Michael WIN IN IN BTM WIN IN BTM IN OUT 7 Carrie Lee IN IN IN BTM BTM IN OUT 8 Crystal IN WIN IN IN IN BTM OUT 9 Aadip IN IN IN IN OUT 10 Alex IN IN IN IN OUT 11 Mike IN BTM OUT 12 Bob BTM BTM OUT 13 Tim OUT 14 Diana OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . Season 5 : 2014 ( edit ) Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Amber Brauner 37 Redlands , California Tattoo Artist Winner March 31 Jamie Thomas 41 New York , New York Flight Attendant Runner - up March 31 Daniel `` Danny '' Beyda 43 Long Island , New York Radiologist Eliminated March 24 Mike Glazer 30 Chicago , Illinois Writer Carie Pullano - Keller 34 Chester , Virginia Promotional Model Eliminated March 17 Stephanie St. Aubin 26 Washington , DC Secretary Danielle Ruiz - Wiley 25 Staten Island , New York Stay at Home Mom Eliminated March 10 Carol Holder 64 New York , New York Real Estate Broker Joe Slaughter 28 Los Angeles , California Actor / Dancer Eliminated March 3 Ken Hsu 29 Seattle , Washington Personal Trainer Lance Green 31 New York , New York Music Producer Eliminated February 24 Benjamin `` Benji '' Hunter Brown III 29 Nashville , Tennessee Live Music Booking Agent Muneerah Warner 33 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Abstinence Advisor Eliminated February 16 Casey Pentony 26 Hollywood , California Nurse Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 Amber WIN IN IN IN WIN WIN BTM IN WIN IN WIN WINNER Jamie WIN IN WIN BTM IN IN WIN WIN WIN WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Danny IN IN BTM IN IN WIN WIN WIN BTM IN OUT Mike IN IN IN WIN WIN IN IN IN BTM WIN OUT 5 Carie IN IN IN IN IN IN BTM IN OUT 6 Stephanie IN IN BTM IN IN WIN IN IN OUT 7 Danielle IN WIN IN IN BTM WIN OUT 8 Carol IN WIN IN BTM BTM IN OUT 9 Joe IN IN WIN WIN OUT 10 Ken IN IN IN IN OUT 11 Lance BTM IN OUT 12 Benji BTM IN OUT 13 Muneerah OUT 14 Casey OUT ^ Note 1 : In Episode 3 Team Anne ( red team ) won the first challenge , she therefore got to choose one person from Team Bobby ( blue team ) to go to her team , and then chose one person from her team to go to the other team . She chose Stephanie to go to Team Bobby 's team and chose Carie from Team Bobby 's team to join her team . Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( IN ) The contestant get switched by the host to the other team . Ex : A member of the red team goes to the blue team , and a member of the blue team goes to the red team . Season 6 : 2015 ( edit ) Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host seasons 6 , replacing Bobby Flay after 3 seasons . The season premiered on January 4 , 2015 to 2,123,000 viewers . The second episode was lower at 1,456,000 viewers , with the third episode rising to 1,732,000 viewers and the fourth episode reached 1,689,000 viewers . the 5th episode reached 1,634,000 viewers . The sixth episode received 1.55 million viewers . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Kristen Redmond 25 Austin , Texas Singer / Songwriter Winner February 15 Genique Freeman 33 Fayetteville , North Carolina Esthetician Runner - up February 15 Leopold `` Leo '' Nunan 36 Rio de Janeiro , Brazil Performance Artist Eliminated February 8 Sarah Bettendorf 33 Los Angeles , California Art Teacher Norman Wilson 46 Detroit , Michigan Executive Protection Eliminated February 1 Sharif Dean 27 Los Angeles , California Personal Trainer David Eric Rosenberg 51 Las Vegas , Nevada Theatre Usher Eliminated January 25 Kortni Montgomery 25 New Orleans , Louisiana Customer Service Rep Michael `` Six '' Muldoon 25 Queens , New York Magician Eliminated January 18 Mike Kennedy 45 Scottsdale , Arizona Private Investigator Stephanie Streisand * 25 Los Angeles , California Writer Withdrew January 11 Susie Babin 61 Bush , Louisiana Retired Eliminated January 11 Jason Dixon 30 Chicago , Illinois Artist Eliminated January 5 Christina Oster 38 Zion , Illinois Single Mom Contestant Stephanie Streisand was deemed too ill to continue on January 11 Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 Kristen IN WIN WIN IN IN WIN BTM IN WIN WIN WIN WINNER Genique IN IN WIN IN IN WIN IN IN WIN WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Leo IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN IN BTM WIN OUT Sarah WIN IN IN BTM BTM IN WIN WIN BTM WIN OUT 5 Norman WIN IN IN IN BTM IN IN WIN OUT 6 Sharif IN WIN BTM WIN IN IN BTM IN OUT 7 David BTM IN BTM IN WIN BTM OUT 8 Kortni BTM IN BTM BTM WIN BTM OUT 9 Six IN IN IN IN OUT 10 Mike IN BTM IN IN OUT 11 Stephanie IN IN WDR 12 Susie IN BTM OUT 13 Jason OUT 14 Christina OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( WDR ) The contestant withdrew from the competition due to illness . Season 7 : celebrity edition ( edit ) Rachael Ray joins Anne Burrell to host season 7 . The winner earns a $50,000 donation for their chosen charity . Because this season had only 7 total recruits , each team 's worst recruit from that week 's Main Dish challenge competed head to head in a quickfire elimination challenge instead of eliminating both recruits each week . This challenge involved more basic cooking techniques ( e.g. knife skills ) and the winner would be decided by a blind judging from both Anne and Rachael . The winning recruit stayed in the competition while the losing recruit was eliminated . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Occupation Status Jenni `` JWoww '' Farley 29 Reality Television Star Winner October 28 Kendra Wilkinson 30 Former Playboy Model & Television Personality Runner - up October 28 Ellen Cleghorne 49 Saturday Night Live Actress Eliminated October 21 Barry Williams 60 The Brady Bunch Actor Eliminated October 14 Chris Soules 33 The Bachelor Star Eliminated October 7 Jaleel White 38 Actor & Television Host Eliminated September 30 Dean Cain 48 Television Actor Eliminated September 23 Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 Jenni IN WIN IN WIN WIN WINNER Kendra IN WIN BTM WIN BTM RUNNER - UP Ellen WIN IN WIN BTM OUT Barry BTM BTM WIN OUT 5 Chris WIN IN OUT 6 Jaleel IN OUT 7 Dean OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . Season 8 : 2016 ( edit ) Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host season 8 . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Nick Slater 24 Rancho Cucamonga , California Construction Worker Winner February 14 Lawrence Crawford 26 Deptford , New Jersey Army Combat Medic Runner - up February 14 Ginny Meerman 50 Millersville , Maryland Project Supervisor Eliminated February 7 Taylor Hooper 24 Boston , Massachusetts Marine Veteran Holgie Forrester 66 Twentynine Palms , California Retired / Actress Eliminated January 31 Chanda Havard 36 Chicago , Illinois Real Estate Agent Donna Koen 60 Newburyport , Massachusetts Lunch Lady & Hairdresser Eliminated January 24 Rachel Thomas 27 Tampa , Florida Stay - at - Home Wife Ernie Adkins 44 Mardela Springs , Maryland Truck driver Eliminated January 17 Glenda Galeano 40 Miami , Florida Event Coordinator / Actress Ty Snow 39 Pasadena , California Special Education Teacher Eliminated January 10 Cindy Nguyen 28 Las Vegas , Nevada Bartender David Fouts 42 Wales , Wisconsin Senior Project Manager Eliminated January 4 Jeni Erdman 51 Dousman , Wisconsin Group Tour Coordinator Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 Nick WIN WIN IN IN IN IN IN IN TIE WIN WINNER Lawrence IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN IN BTM WIN RUNNER - UP Ginny WIN BTM WIN IN BTM TIE IN WIN WIN OUT Taylor IN IN IN IN BTM IN WIN WIN TIE OUT 5 Holgie IN WIN IN IN IN TIE BTM IN OUT 6 Chanda BTM IN IN IN WIN WIN BTM IN OUT 7 Donna IN BTM WIN IN IN BTM OUT 8 Rachel BTM IN BTM WIN WIN BTM OUT 9 Ernie IN BTM IN IN OUT 10 Glenda IN BTM BTM IN OUT 11 Ty IN IN OUT 12 Cindy IN IN OUT 13 David OUT 14 Jeni OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . Season 9 : celebrity edition 2 ( edit ) Rachael Ray returns with Anne Burrell to host season 2 of the Celebrity Edition . The winner earns a $50,000 donation for their chosen charity . The season premiered on September 14 , 2016 to 1,185,000 viewers . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Occupation Status Loni Love 44 The Real Co-Host & Comedian Winner November 2 Nicole Sullivan 46 Former MadTV Star , Comedian , & Actress Runner - up November 2 John Henson 49 Former Talk Soup & Wipeout host Eliminated October 26 Mike Situation Sorrentino 34 Reality Television Personality Matt Dallas 33 Television Actor & YouTube Personality Eliminated October 19 Mindy Cohn 50 The Facts of Life & Scooby - Doo Actress Eliminated October 12 Tommy Davidson 52 Comedian & Actor Eliminated September 28 Barbara Eden 85 Film & Television Actress ( I Dream of Jeannie & Harper Valley P.T.A. ) Eliminated September 21 Kenya Moore 45 Miss USA 1993 & The Real Housewives of Atlanta Star Eliminated September 14 Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 8 Loni IN IN TIE IN WIN IN IN WINNER Nicole IN WIN IN BTM WIN IN IN RUNNER - UP WIN WIN BTM WIN IN BTM OUT Mike IN BTM WIN WIN IN WIN OUT 5 Matt WIN IN IN IN BTM OUT 6 Mindy IN IN TIE BTM OUT 7 Tommy IN IN OUT 8 Barbara BTM OUT 9 Kenya OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . Season 10 : 2017 ( edit ) Rachael Ray joins Anne Burrell to host season 10 . The season premiered on January 1 , 2017 . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Daniel Mar 35 Burbank , California Photographer Winner March 5 Ann Odogwu 34 Houston , Texas Flight Attendant Runner - Up March 5 Laura Docker 36 Fort Worth , Texas Lawyer Eliminated February 26 Mandy Thornton 24 Hanover , Massachusetts Medical Assistant Adam Cooke 32 Rancho Cucamonga , California Auto Mechanic Eliminated February 19 Brittany Lenore 27 Chicago , Illinois Spiritual Speaker Jeff West 36 Douglassville , Pennsylvania Vending Machine President Eliminated February 12 Kayla Kurtz 27 Kent , Ohio Stay - at - Home Mom Eliminated January 29 Maria Marcello 40 Torrance , California Stay - at - Home Mom Matt Josephs 35 Richmond , Virginia Sports Radio Producer Eliminated January 22 Jake Michaels 21 Manteno , Illinois Model & Singer Eliminated January 15 Jetta Linda Ostrofsky 66 Sacramento , California Retired Stephen Hawkins 67 Temecula , California Retired Eliminated January 8 Buffy Mykkanen 29 Portland , Oregon Tech Support Cedrick Miller 22 El Paso , Texas Cashier Eliminated January 1 Lester Turchin 65 Fort Lauderdale , Florida Retired Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 8 9 10 Daniel IN IN WIN BTM BTM IN IN IN WIN IN IN IN WINNER Ann WIN IN IN WIN BTM BTM IN BTM IN SAVE IN IN RUNNER - UP Mandy IN IN IN TIE IN WIN WIN BTM IN BTM IN OUT Laura IN WIN IN IN IN WIN IN BTM WIN WIN IN OUT 5 Brittany WIN IN IN TIE WIN IN IN BTM IN WIN OUT 6 Adam IN IN BTM BTM IN IN IN WIN IN IN OUT 7 Jeff IN WIN IN IN IN BTM IN WIN IN OUT 8 Maria IN IN WIN IN WIN OUT 9 Kayla IN IN IN TIE SAVE OUT 10 Matt IN IN IN IN OUT 11 Jetta IN IN BTM OUT 12 Jake BTM IN IN OUT 13 Stephen BTM IN OUT 14 Buffy IN IN OUT 15 Cedrick OUT 16 Lester OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( SAVE ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge but was saved by their respective team mentor . In Episode 6 , Both Chef Anne and Chef Rachael decided not to send anyone from their teams home . Season 11 : celebrity edition 3 ( edit ) Rachael Ray returns with Anne Burrell to host season 3 of the Celebrity Edition . The season premiered on August 23 , 2017 Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Occupation Status Perez Hilton 39 Gossip Blogger Winner October 11 Melissa Peterman 46 Actress & Comedienne Runner - up October 11 Nora Dunn 65 Actress & Comedienne Eliminated October 4 Vivica A. Fox 53 Actress Eliminated October 4 Sean Lowe 33 Reality Star Eliminated September 27 Carmen Electra 45 Model & Actress Withdrew September 13 due to injuries Carson Kressley 47 TV Personality Eliminated September 6 Erik Estrada 68 Star of CHiPs Eliminated August 30 Note : Vivica was originally eliminated on September 20 . In Episode 7 , airing on October 4 , both Vivica and Sean returned to the competition for a redemption skill drill . Vivica won the drill , re-entered the competition and was then eliminated following the main challenge . Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 8 Perez IN IN IN IN IN WIN IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN WINNER Melissa IN WIN IN WIN WIN IN SAVE IN BTM IN IN IN WIN RUNNER - UP Nora SAVE TIE IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN BTM IN OUT Vivica IN IN IN IN WIN TIE SAVE IN OUT RTN OUT 5 Sean IN IN IN IN BTM TIE IN IN IN IN OUT 6 Carmen BTM IN BTM WIN IN WDR 7 Carson IN TIE WIN IN OUT 8 Erik IN TIE OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge but was not eliminated ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( WDR ) The contestant withdrew from the competition due to illness or injury . ( RTN ) The contestant won the redemption Skill Drill and returned to the competition . ( SAVE ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge but was saved by their respective team mentor . Season 12 : 2018 ( edit ) Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host season 12 . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Hazell Mckenzie 36 Brooklyn , New York Graduate Student Winner March 11 Steven Crowley 31 New York , New York Real Estate Broker Runner - Up March 11 Asaf Goren 25 Los Angeles , California Dancer Eliminated March 4 Sharon Shvarzman 32 Staten Island , New York Drag Performer Shatima Ruffin 34 Hampton Roads , Virginia Receptionist Eliminated February 25 Lacey Stout 28 Collinsville , Oklahoma Stay - at - Home Mom Robyn Hayden 31 Charleston , South Carolina Balloon Artist Eliminated February 18 Brandon Arroyo 27 Cleveland , Ohio Sports Reporter Eliminated February 11 Spencer Nick 25 Chicago , Illinois Graduate Student Sylvia Jefferies 47 Charleston , South Carolina Stay - at - Home Mom Quit January 28 Lily Frey 63 Anaheim , California Retired Eliminated January 28 Skyler Nick 25 Chicago , Illinois Graduate Student Eliminated January 21 Priscilla Nguyen 26 Hattiesburg , Mississippi Receptionist Eliminated January 14 Kevin Pettice 24 Charlotte , North Carolina Administrative Assistant Kayrene Curtis 44 Rocky River , Ohio Stay - at - Home Mom Eliminated January 7 Jonathan Farhat 37 Livermore , California Safety Professional Contestant progress ( edit ) Contestant Episode 5 6 7 8 9 10 Hazell WIN IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN WIN WINNER Steven BTM IN WIN IN IN BTM WIN WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Sharon WIN IN IN WIN WIN IN WIN BTM OUT Asaf IN IN WIN IN IN WIN IN BTM OUT Lacey IN IN IN IN BTM IN WIN OUT Shatima IN IN BTM BTM BTM WIN BTM OUT Robyn IN IN IN WIN BTM BTM OUT Brandon IN WIN IN BTM WIN OUT Spencer BTM IN BTM IN BTM OUT Lily IN WIN IN OUT Sylvia IN BTM BTM QUIT Skyler IN BTM OUT Priscilla IN OUT Kevin IN OUT Jonathan OUT Kayrene OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( QUIT ) The contestant volunteered to leave the competition . Season 13 : Celebrity Edition 4 ( edit ) Tyler Florence returns with Anne Burrell to host season 4 of the Celebrity Edition . The season will premiere on April 15 , 2018 Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Occupation Status Maria Bamford 47 Actress & Comedianne Catherine Bach 64 Star of The Dukes of Hazzard Nolan Gould 19 Star of Modern Family La Toya Jackson 61 Singer & Businesswoman Oscar Nunez 59 Actor & Comedian Bronson Pinchot 58 Star of Perfect Strangers Ian Ziering 53 Actor References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Worst Cooks in America ' is n't just a title : They 're horrible '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Worst Cooks in America ' : Worst thing I watched most of last night '' . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Worst Cooks in America : Red Team ( Chef Anne Burrell ) '' . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Worst Cooks in America : Blue Team ( Chef Beau MacMillan ) '' . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Scattergood , Amy ( March 16 , 2010 ) . `` Casting Calls : Season 2 of Worst Cooks in America Wants You ! -- Los Angeles Restaurants and Dining -- Squid Ink '' . Blogs.laweekly.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Food Network is looking for HOPELESS HOME COOKS ! '' . Worstcookscasting.wordpress.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Powered by Google Docs '' . Docs.google.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Superstar Chefs Anne Burrell And Bobby Flay Transform Kitchen - Challenged Contestants in Season Three of Primetime Competition Series Worst Cooks in America '' ( pdf ) . Food Network . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` WORST COOKS IN AMERICA : Season Three -- Contestant Overview '' ( pdf ) . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Television Host on Shop NBC '' . Libby Floyd . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.4. 2015 '' . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.11. 2015 '' . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.18. 2015 '' . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.25. 2015 '' . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Talking Dead ' , ' The Real Housewives of Atlanta ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.14. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anne Burrell and Rachael Ray Kick Off the New Year with Season 10 of Worst Cooks in America FN Dish -- Food Network Blog '' . FN Dish -- Food Network Blog. 2016 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 07 . 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who found out the value of gravitational constant g			Gravitational constant	gravitational constant	The gravitational constant ( also known as the `` universal gravitational constant '' , the `` Newtonian constant of gravitation '' , or the `` Cavendish gravitational constant '' ) , denoted by the letter G , is an empirical physical constant involved in the calculation of gravitational effects in Sir Isaac Newton 's law of universal gravitation and in Albert Einstein 's general theory of relativity .	In Newton 's law , it is the proportionality constant connecting the gravitational force between two bodies with the product of their masses and the inverse square of their distance . In the Einstein field equations , it quantifies the relation between the geometry of spacetime and the energy -- momentum tensor . The measured value of the constant is known with some certainty to four significant digits . In SI units its value is approximately 6989667400000000000 ♠ 6.674 × 10 N kg m . The modern notation of Newton 's law involving G was introduced in the 1890s by C.V. Boys . The first implicit measurement with an accuracy within about 1 % is attributed to Henry Cavendish in a 1798 experiment . Contents 1 Definition 2 Value and dimensions 2.1 Natural units 2.2 Orbital mechanics 3 History of measurement 3.1 Early history 3.2 19th century 3.3 Modern value 4 Suggested time - variation 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Definition ( edit ) According to Newton 's law of universal gravitation , the attractive force ( F ) between two point - like bodies is directly proportional to the product of their masses ( m and m ) , and inversely proportional to the square of the distance , r , ( inverse - square law ) between them : F = G m 1 m 2 r 2 . ( \ displaystyle F = G ( \ frac ( m_ ( 1 ) m_ ( 2 ) ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ , . ) The constant of proportionality , G , is the gravitational constant . Colloquially , the gravitational constant is also called `` Big G '' , for disambiguation with `` small g '' ( g ) , which is the local gravitational field of Earth ( equivalent to the free - fall acceleration ) . The two quantities are related by g = GM / r ( where M is the mass of the Earth and r is the radius of the Earth ) . In the general theory of relativity , the Einstein field equations , R μ ν − 1 2 R g μ ν = 8 π G c 4 T μ ν , ( \ displaystyle R_ ( \ mu \ nu ) - ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) R \ , g_ ( \ mu \ nu ) = ( \ frac ( 8 \ pi G ) ( c ^ ( 4 ) ) ) T_ ( \ mu \ nu ) \ , , ) Newton 's constant appears in the proportionality between the spacetime curvature and the energy density component of the stress -- energy tensor . The scaled gravitational constant κ = 8π / c G ≈ 6957207100000000000 ♠ 2.071 × 10 s ⋅ m ⋅ kg ( depending on the choice of definition of the stress -- energy tensor it can also be normalized as κ = 8π / c G ≈ 6974186600000000000 ♠ 1.866 × 10 m ⋅ kg ) is also known as Einstein 's constant . Value and dimensions ( edit ) The gravitational constant is a physical constant that is difficult to measure with high accuracy . This is because the gravitational force is extremely weak as compared to other fundamental forces . In SI units , the 2014 CODATA - recommended value of the gravitational constant ( with standard uncertainty in parentheses ) is : G = 6.67408 ( 31 ) × 10 − 11 m 3 k g − 1 s − 2 ( \ displaystyle G = 6.67408 ( 31 ) \ times 10 ^ ( - 11 ) ( \ rm ( \ m ^ ( 3 ) \ kg ^ ( - 1 ) \ s ^ ( - 2 ) ) ) ) This corresponds to a relative standard uncertainty of 6995460000000000000 ♠ 4.6 × 10 ( 46 ppm ) . The dimensions assigned to the gravitational constant are force times length squared divided by mass squared ; this is equivalent to length cubed , divided by mass and by time squared : ( G ) = ( F ) ( L ) 2 ( M ) 2 = ( L ) 3 ( M ) ( T ) 2 ( \ displaystyle ( G ) = ( \ frac ( ( F ) ( L ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( ( M ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( ( L ) ^ ( 3 ) ) ( ( M ) ( T ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) In SI base units , this amounts to meters cubed per kilogram per second squared : N m 2 k g − 2 = m 3 k g − 1 s − 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ rm ( \ N \ m ^ ( 2 ) \ kg ^ ( - 2 ) ) ) = ( \ rm ( \ m ^ ( 3 ) \ kg ^ ( - 1 ) \ s ^ ( - 2 ) ) ) ) . In cgs , G can be written as G ≈ 6992667400000000000 ♠ 6.674 × 10 cm ⋅ g ⋅ s . Natural units ( edit ) Further information : Natural units and Gravitational coupling constant The gravitational constant is taken as the basis of the Planck units : it is equal to the cube of the Planck length divided by the product of the Planck mass and the square of Planck time : G = l P 3 m P t P 2 . ( \ displaystyle G = ( \ frac ( l_ ( \ rm ( P ) ) ^ ( 3 ) ) ( m_ ( \ rm ( P ) ) t_ ( \ rm ( P ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) In other words , in Planck units , G has the numerical value of 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . Thus , in Planck units , and other natural units taking G as their basis , the gravitational constant can not be measured as it is set to its value by definition . Depending on the choice of units , variation in a physical constant in one system of units shows up as variation of another constant in another system of units ; variation in dimensionless physical constants is preserved independently of the choice of units ; in the case of the gravitational constant , such a dimensionless value is the gravitational coupling constant , α G = G m e 2 ħ c = ( m e m P ) 2 ≈ 1.7518 × 10 − 45 ( \ displaystyle \ alpha _ ( \ text ( G ) ) = ( \ frac ( Gm_ ( \ text ( e ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( \ hbar c ) ) = \ left ( ( \ frac ( m_ ( \ text ( e ) ) ) ( m_ ( \ text ( P ) ) ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) \ approx 1.7518 \ times 10 ^ ( - 45 ) ) , a measure for the gravitational attraction between a pair of electrons , proportional to the square of the electron rest mass . Orbital mechanics ( edit ) Further information : Standard gravitational parameter , orbital mechanics , celestial mechanics , Gaussian gravitational constant , Earth mass , and Solar mass In astrophysics , it is convenient to measure distances in parsecs ( pc ) , velocities in kilometers per second ( km / s ) and masses in solar units M. In these units , the gravitational constant is : G ≈ 4.302 × 10 − 3 p c M ⊙ − 1 ( k m / s ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle G \ approx 4.302 \ times 10 ^ ( - 3 ) ( \ rm ( \ pc ) ) \ M_ ( \ odot ) ^ ( - 1 ) ( \ rm ( \ ( km / s ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ). \ , ) For situations where tides are important , the relevant length scales are solar radii rather than parsecs . In these units , the gravitational constant is : G ≈ 1.90809 × 10 5 R ⊙ M ⊙ − 1 ( k m / s ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle G \ approx 1.90809 \ times 10 ^ ( 5 ) ( \ rm ( R_ ( \ odot ) ) ) \ M_ ( \ odot ) ^ ( - 1 ) ( \ rm ( \ ( km / s ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ). \ , ) In orbital mechanics , the period P of an object in circular orbit around a spherical object obeys G M = 3 π V P 2 ( \ displaystyle GM = ( \ frac ( 3 \ pi V ) ( P ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) where V is the volume inside the radius of the orbit . It follows that P 2 = 3 π G V M ≈ 10.896 h r 2 g c m − 3 V M . ( \ displaystyle P ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( 3 \ pi ) ( G ) ) ( \ frac ( V ) ( M ) ) \ approx 10.896 \ ( \ rm ( hr ^ ( 2 ) \ g \ cm ^ ( - 3 ) ) ) ( \ frac ( V ) ( M ) ) . ) This way of expressing G shows the relationship between the average density of a planet and the period of a satellite orbiting just above its surface . For elliptical orbits , applying Kepler 's 3rd law , expressed in units characteristic of Earth 's orbit : G = 4 π 2 A U 3 y r − 2 M − 1 ≈ 39.478 A U 3 y r − 2 M ⊙ − 1 ( \ displaystyle G = 4 \ pi ^ ( 2 ) ( \ rm ( \ AU ^ ( 3 ) ) ) ( \ rm ( \ yr ^ ( - 2 ) ) ) \ M ^ ( - 1 ) \ approx 39.478 ( \ rm ( \ AU ^ ( 3 ) ) ) ( \ rm ( \ yr ^ ( - 2 ) ) ) \ M_ ( \ odot ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ , ) , where distance is measured in terms of the semi-major axis of Earth 's orbit ( the astronomical unit , AU ) , time in years , and mass in the total mass of the orbiting system ( M = M + M + M ) . The above equation is exact only within the approximation of the Earth 's orbit around the Sun as a two - body problem in Newtonian mechanics , the measured quantities contain corrections from the perturbations from other bodies in the solar system and from general relativity . From 1964 until 2012 , however , it was used as the definition of the astronomical unit and thus held by definition : 1 A U = ( G M 4 π 2 y r 2 ) 1 3 ≈ 1.495979 ⋅ 10 11 m . ( \ displaystyle 1 \ ( \ rm ( AU ) ) = \ left ( ( \ frac ( GM ) ( 4 \ pi ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ( \ rm ( yr ) ) ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) ^ ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) \ approx 1.495979 \ cdot 10 ^ ( 11 ) ( \ rm ( m ) ) . ) Since 2012 , the AU is defined as 7011149597870700000 ♠ 1.495 978 707 × 10 m exactly , and the equation can no longer be taken as holding precisely . The quantity GM -- the product of the gravitational constant and the mass of a given astronomical body such as the Sun or Earth -- is known as the standard gravitational parameter and ( also denoted μ ) . The standard gravitational parameter GM appears as above in Newton 's law of universal gravitation , as well as in formulas for the deflection of light caused by gravitational lensing , in Kepler 's laws of planetary motion , and in the formula for escape velocity . This quantity gives a convenient simplification of various gravity - related formulas . For the Sun , G M is known to ten digits ' accuracy , 7020132712440018000 ♠ 1.327 124 400 18 ( 9 ) × 10 m s ; for the Earth , G M is known to nine digits , 7014398600441800000 ♠ 3.986 004 418 ( 8 ) × 10 m s , i.e. much more accurately than each factor independently . Calculations in celestial mechanics can also be carried out using the units of solar masses , mean solar days and astronomical units rather than standard SI units . For this purpose , the Gaussian gravitational constant was historically in widespread use , k = 6998172020989500000 ♠ 0.017 202 098 95 , expressing the mean angular velocity of the Sun - Earth system measured in radians per day . The use of this constant , and the implied definition of the astronomical unit discussed above , has been deprecated by the IAU in 2012 . History of measurement ( edit ) Further information : Earth mass , Schiehallion experiment , and Cavendish experiment Early history ( edit ) Between 1640 and 1650 , Grimaldi and Riccioli had discovered that the distance covered by objects in free fall was proportional to the square of the time taken , which led them to attempt a calculation of the gravitational constant by recording the oscillations of a pendulum . The constant appears as G in Newton 's law of universal gravitation , but is not calculated in his Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica where it postulates the inverse - square law of gravitation . In the Principia , Newton considered the possibility of measuring gravity 's strength by measuring the deflection of a pendulum in the vicinity of a large hill , but thought that the effect would be too small to be measurable . Nevertheless , he estimated the order of magnitude of the constant when he surmised that `` the mean density of the earth might be five or six times as great as the density of water '' , which is equivalent to a gravitational constant of the order : G ≈ 6989700000000000000 ♠ ( 7 ± 1 ) × 10 m ⋅ kg ⋅ s A measurement was attempted in 1738 by Pierre Bouguer and Charles Marie de La Condamine , in their `` Peruvian expedition '' . Bouguer downplayed the significance of their results in 1740 , suggesting that the experiment had at least proved that the Earth could not be a hollow shell , as some thinkers of the day , including Edmond Halley , had suggested . The Schiehallion experiment , proposed in 1772 and completed in 1776 , was the first successful measurement of the mean density of the Earth , and thus indirectly of the gravitational constant . The result reported by Charles Hutton ( 1778 ) suggested a density of 7000450000000000000 ♠ 4.5 g / cm ( 4 ⁄ times the density of water ) , about 20 % below the modern value . This immediately led to estimates on the densities and masses of the Sun , Moon and planets , sent by Hutton to Jérôme Lalande for inclusion in his planetary tables . As discussed above , establishing the average density of Earth is equivalent to measuring the gravitational constant , given Earth 's mean radius and the mean gravitational acceleration at Earth 's surface , by setting G = g R ⊕ 2 M ⊕ = 3 g 4 π R ⊕ ρ ⊕ . ( \ displaystyle G = g ( \ frac ( R_ ( \ oplus ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( M_ ( \ oplus ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 3g ) ( 4 \ pi R_ ( \ oplus ) \ rho _ ( \ oplus ) ) ) . ) Based on this , Hutton 's 1778 result is equivalent to G ≈ 6989800000000000000 ♠ 8 × 10 m ⋅ kg ⋅ s . Diagram of torsion balance used in the Cavendish experiment performed by Henry Cavendish in 1798 , to measure G , with the help of a pulley , large balls hung from a frame were rotated into position next to the small balls . The first direct measurement of gravitational attraction between two bodies in the laboratory was performed in 1798 , seventy - one years after Newton 's death , by Henry Cavendish . He determined a value for G implicitly , using a torsion balance invented by the geologist Rev. John Michell ( 1753 ) . He used a horizontal torsion beam with lead balls whose inertia ( in relation to the torsion constant ) he could tell by timing the beam 's oscillation . Their faint attraction to other balls placed alongside the beam was detectable by the deflection it caused . In spite of the experimental design being due to Michell , the experiment is now known as the Cavendish experiment for its first successful execution by Cavendish . Cavendish 's stated aim was the `` weighing of Earth '' , that is , determining the average density of Earth and the Earth 's mass . His result , ρ = 7000544800000000000 ♠ 5.448 ( 33 ) g cm , corresponds to value of G = 6989674000000000000 ♠ 6.74 ( 4 ) × 10 m ⋅ kg ⋅ s . It is surprisingly accurate , perhaps by chance , about 1 % above the modern value ( and thus still outside the cited standard uncertainty of 0.6 % ) . 19th century ( edit ) The accuracy of the measured value of G has increased only modestly since the original Cavendish experiment . G is quite difficult to measure because gravity is much weaker than other fundamental forces , and an experimental apparatus can not be separated from the gravitational influence of other bodies . Furthermore , gravity has no established relation to other fundamental forces , so it does not appear possible to calculate it indirectly from other constants that can be measured more accurately , as is done in some other areas of physics . Measurements with pendulums were made by Francesco Carlini ( 1821 , 7000438999999999999 ♠ 4.39 g / cm ) , Edward Sabine ( 1827 , 7000476999999999999 ♠ 4.77 g / cm ) Carlo Ignazio Giulio ( 1841 , 7000495000000000000 ♠ 4.95 g / cm ) and George Biddell Airy ( 1854 , 7000660000000000000 ♠ 6.6 g / cm ) . Cavendish 's experiment was first repeated by Ferdinand Reich ( 1838 , 1842 , 1853 ) , who found a value of 7000558320000000000 ♠ 5.5832 ( 149 ) g cm , which is actually worse than Cavendish 's result , differing from the modern value by 1.5 % . Cornu and Baille ( 1873 ) , found 7000555999999999999 ♠ 5.56 g cm . Cavendish 's experiment proved to result in more reliable measurements than pendulum experiments of the `` Schiehallion '' ( deflection ) type or `` Peruvian '' ( period as a function of altitude ) type . Pendulum experiments still continued to be performed , by Robert von Sterneck ( 1883 , results between 5.0 and 7000630000000000000 ♠ 6.3 g / cm ) and Thomas Corwin Mendenhall ( 1880 , 7000577000000000000 ♠ 5.77 g / cm ) . Cavendish 's result was first improved upon by John Henry Poynting ( 1891 ) , who published a value of 7000549000000000000 ♠ 5.49 ( 3 ) g cm , differing from the modern value by 0.2 % , but compatible with the modern value within the cited standard uncertainty of 0.55 % . In addition to Poynting , measurements were made by C.V. Boys ( 1895 ) and Carl Braun ( 1897 ) , with compatible results suggesting G = 6989666000000000000 ♠ 6.66 ( 1 ) × 10 m ⋅ kg ⋅ s . The modern notation involving the constant G was introduced by Boys in 1894 and becomes standard by the end of the 1890s , with values usually cited in the cgs system . Richarz and Krigar - Menzel ( 1898 ) attempted a repetition of the Cavendish experiment using 100,000 kg of lead for the attracting mass . The precision of their result of 6989668300000000000 ♠ 6.683 ( 11 ) × 10 m ⋅ kg ⋅ s was , however , of the same order of magnitude as the other results at the time . Arthur Stanley Mackenzie in The Laws of Gravitation ( 1899 ) reviews the work done in the 19th century . Poynting is the author of the article `` Gravitation '' in the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition ( 1911 ) . Here , he cites a value of G = 6989666000000000000 ♠ 6.66 × 10 m ⋅ kg ⋅ s with an uncertainty of 0.2 % . Modern value ( edit ) Paul R. Heyl ( 1930 ) published the value of 6989667000000000000 ♠ 6.670 ( 5 ) × 10 m ⋅ kg ⋅ s ( relative uncertainty 0.1 % ) , improved to 6989667300000000000 ♠ 6.673 ( 3 ) × 10 m ⋅ kg ⋅ s ( relative uncertainty 0.045 % = 450 ppm ) in 1942 . Published values of G derived from high - precision measurements since the 1950s have remained compatible with Heyl ( 1930 ) , but within the relative uncertainty of about 0.1 % ( or 1,000 ppm ) have varied rather broadly , and it is not entirely clear if the uncertainty has been reduced at all since the 1942 measurement . Some measurements published in the 1980s to 2000s were , in fact , mutually exclusive . Establishing a standard value for G with a standard uncertainty better than 0.1 % has therefore remained rather speculative . By 1969 , the value recommended by the National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) was cited with a standard uncertainty of 0.046 % ( 460 ppm ) , lowered to 0.012 % ( 120 ppm ) by 1986 . But the continued publication of conflicting measurements led NIST to radically increase the standard uncertainty in the 1998 recommended value , by a factor of 12 , to a standard uncertainty of 0.15 % , larger than the one given by Heyl ( 1930 ) . The value was again lowered in 2002 and 2006 , but once again raised , by a more conservative 20 % , in 2010 , matching the standard uncertainty of 120 ppm published in 1986 . For the 2014 update , CODATA reduced the uncertainty to 46 ppm , less than half the 2010 value , and one order of magnitude below the 1969 recommendation . The following table shows the NIST recommended values published since 1969 : Timeline of measurements and recommended values for G since 1900 : values recommended based on a literature review are shown in red , individual torsion balance experiments in blue , other types of experiments in green . year ( 10 m ⋅ kg ⋅ s ) standard uncertainty ( ppm ) ref . 1969 6.6732 ( 31 ) 460 1973 6.6720 ( 49 ) 730 1986 6.67449 ( 81 ) 120 1998 6.673 ( 10 ) 1,500 2002 6.6742 ( 10 ) 150 2006 6.67428 ( 67 ) 100 6.67384 ( 80 ) 120 2014 6.67408 ( 31 ) 46 In the January 2007 issue of Science , Fixler et al. described a new measurement of the gravitational constant by atom interferometry , reporting a value of G = 6989669300000000000 ♠ 6.693 ( 34 ) × 10 m ⋅ kg ⋅ s . An improved cold atom measurement by Rosi et al. was published in 2014 of G = 6989667191000000000 ♠ 6.671 91 ( 99 ) × 10 m kg s , below the recommended 2014 CODATA value by 1,200 ppm , with non-overlapping standard uncertainty intervals . As of 2018 , efforts to re-evaluate the conflicting results of measurements are underway , coordinated by NIST , notably a repetition of the experiments reported by Quinn et al. ( 2013 ) . In August 2018 a Chinese research group announced new measurements based on torsion balances , 6989667418400000000 ♠ 6.674 184 ( 78 ) × 10 m ⋅ kg ⋅ s and 6989667448400000000 ♠ 6.674 484 ( 78 ) × 10 m ⋅ kg ⋅ s based on two different methods . Suggested time - variation ( edit ) Further information : Time - variation of fundamental constants A controversial 2015 study of some previous measurements of G , by Anderson et al. , suggested that most of the mutually exclusive values in high - precision measurements of G can be explained by a periodic variation . The variation was measured as having a period of 5.9 years , similar to that observed in length - of - day ( LOD ) measurements , hinting at a common physical cause which is not necessarily a variation in G. A response was produced by some of the original authors of the G measurements used in Anderson et al . This response notes that Anderson et al. not only omitted measurements , they also used the time of publication not the time the experiments were performed . A plot with estimated time of measurement from contacting original authors seriously degrades the length of day correlation . Also taking the data collected over a decade by Karagioz and Izmailov shows no correlation with length of day measurements . As such the variations in G most likely arise from systematic measurement errors which have not properly been accounted for . Under the assumption that the physics of type Ia supernovae are universal , analysis of observations of 580 type Ia supernovae has shown that the gravitational constant has varied by less than one part in ten billion per year over the last nine billion years according to Mould et al. ( 2014 ) . See also ( edit ) Physics portal Gravity of Earth Standard gravity Standard gravitational parameter Gaussian gravitational constant Orbital mechanics Escape velocity Gravitational coupling constant Gravitational potential Gravitational wave Strong gravitational constant Dirac large numbers hypothesis Accelerating universe Lunar Laser Ranging experiment Cosmological constant Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For example , the gravitational force between an electron and proton one meter apart is approximately 6933099999999999999 ♠ 10 N , whereas the electromagnetic force between the same two particles is approximately 6972100000000000000 ♠ 10 N. The electromagnetic force in this example is some 39 orders of magnitude ( i.e. 10 ) greater than the force of gravity -- roughly the same ratio as the mass of the Sun to a microgram . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Newtonian constant of gravitation '' is the name introduced for G by Boys ( 1894 ) . Use of the term by T.E. Stern ( 1928 ) was misquoted as `` Newton 's constant of gravitation '' in Pure Science Reviewed for Profound and Unsophisticated Students ( 1930 ) , in what is apparently the first use of that term . Use of `` Newton 's constant '' ( without specifying `` gravitation '' or `` gravity '' ) is more recent , as `` Newton 's constant '' was also used for the heat transfer coefficient in Newton 's law of cooling , but has by now become quite common , e.g. Calmet et al , Quantum Black Holes ( 2013 ) , p. 93 ; P. de Aquino , Beyond Standard Model Phenomenology at the LHC ( 2013 ) , p. 3 . The name `` Cavendish gravitational constant '' , sometimes `` Newton - Cavendish gravitational constant '' , appears to have been common in the 1970s to 1980s , especially in ( translations from ) Soviet - era Russian literature , e.g. Sagitov ( 1970 ( 1969 ) ) , Soviet Physics : Uspekhi 30 ( 1987 ) , Issues 1 - 6 , p. 342 ( etc . ) . `` Cavendish constant '' and `` Cavendish gravitational constant '' is also used in Charles W. Misner , Kip S. Thorne , John Archibald Wheeler , `` Gravitation '' , ( 1973 ) , 1126f . Colloquial use of `` Big G '' , as opposed to `` little g '' for gravitational acceleration dates to the 1960s ( R.W. Fairbridge , The encyclopedia of atmospheric sciences and astrogeology , 1967 , p. 436 ; note use of `` Big G 's '' vs. `` little g 's '' as early as the 1940s of the Einstein tensor G vs. the metric tensor g , Scientific , medical , and technical books published in the United States of America : a selected list of titles in print with annotations : supplement of books published 1945 - 1948 , Committee on American Scientific and Technical Bibliography National Research Council , 1950 , p. 26 ) . Jump up ^ Cavendish determined the value of G indirectly , by reporting a value for the Earth 's mass , or the average density of Earth , as 5.448 g cm Jump up ^ Gundlach , Jens H. ; Merkowitz , Stephen M. ( 2002 - 12 - 23 ) . `` University of Washington Big G Measurement '' . Astrophysics Science Division . Goddard Space Flight Center . Since Cavendish first measured Newton 's Gravitational constant 200 years ago , `` Big G '' remains one of the most elusive constants in physics Jump up ^ Halliday , David ; Resnick , Robert ; Walker , Jearl . Fundamentals of Physics ( 8th ed . ) . p. 336 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 04618 - 0 . Jump up ^ Grøn , Øyvind ; Hervik , Sigbjorn ( 2007 ) . Einstein 's General Theory of Relativity : With Modern Applications in Cosmology ( illustrated ed . ) . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 180 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 69200 - 5 . Jump up ^ Einstein , Albert ( 1916 ) . `` The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity '' . Annalen der Physik. 354 ( 7 ) : 769 . Bibcode : 1916AnP ... 354 ... 769E . doi : 10.1002 / andp. 19163540702 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Adler , Ronald ; Bazin , Maurice ; Schiffer , Menahem ( 1975 ) . Introduction to General Relativity ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 345 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 000423 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Gillies , George T. ( 1997 ) . `` The Newtonian gravitational constant : recent measurements and related studies '' . Reports on Progress in Physics. 60 ( 2 ) : 151 -- 225 . Bibcode : 1997RPPh ... 60 ... 151G . doi : 10.1088 / 0034 - 4885 / 60 / 2 / 001 ... A lengthy , detailed review . See Figure 1 and Table 2 in particular . Jump up ^ Mohr , Peter J. ; Newell , David B. ; Taylor , Barry N. ( 2015 - 07 - 21 ) . `` CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants : 2014 '' . Reviews of Modern Physics. 88 . arXiv : 1507.07956 . Bibcode : 2016RvMP ... 88c5009M . doi : 10.1103 / RevModPhys. 88.035009 . Jump up ^ `` Newtonian constant of gravitation G '' . CODATA , NIST . Jump up ^ M ≈ 1.000003040433 M , so that M = M can be used for accuracies of five or fewer significant digits . Jump up ^ `` Astrodynamic Constants '' . NASA / JPL. 27 February 2009 . Retrieved 27 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Numerical Standards for Fundamental Astronomy '' . maia.usno.navy.mil . IAU Working Group . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . , citing Ries , J.C. , Eanes , R.J. , Shum , C.K. , and Watkins , M.M. , 1992 , `` Progress in the Determination of the Gravitational Coefficient of the Earth , '' Geophys . Res . Lett. , 19 ( 6 ) , pp. 529 - 531 . Ries , J.C. ; Eanes , R.J. ; Shum , C.K. ; Watkins , M.M. ( 20 March 1992 ) . `` Progress in the determination of the gravitational coefficient of the Earth '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 19 ( 6 ) : 529 -- 531 . Bibcode : 1992GeoRL ... 19 ... 529R . doi : 10.1029 / 92GL00259 . Retrieved 5 February 2016 . Jump up ^ J.L. Heilbron , Electricity in the 17th and 18th Centuries : A Study of Early Modern Physics ( Berkeley : University of California Press , 1979 ) , 180 . Jump up ^ Davies , R.D. ( 1985 ) . `` A Commemoration of Maskelyne at Schiehallion '' . Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society . 26 ( 3 ) : 289 -- 294 . Bibcode : 1985QJRAS ... 26 ... 289D . Jump up ^ `` Sir Isaac Newton thought it probable , that the mean density of the earth might be five or six times as great as the density of water ; and we have now found , by experiment , that it is very little less than what he had thought it to be : so much justness was even in the surmises of this wonderful man ! '' Hutton ( 1778 ) , p. 783 Jump up ^ Poynting , J.H. ( 1913 ) . The Earth : its shape , size , weight and spin . Cambridge . pp. 50 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Hutton , C. ( 1778 ) . `` An Account of the Calculations Made from the Survey and Measures Taken at Schehallien '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society . 68 ( 0 ) . doi : 10.1098 / rstl. 1778.0034 . ^ Jump up to : Boys 1894 , p. 330 In this lecture before the Royal Society , Boys introduces G and argues for its acceptance . See : Poynting 1894 , p. 4 , MacKenzie 1900 , p.vi Jump up ^ Published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society ( 1798 ) ; reprint : Cavendish , Henry ( 1798 ) . `` Experiments to Determine the Density of the Earth '' . In MacKenzie , A.S. , Scientific Memoirs Vol. 9 : The Laws of Gravitation . American Book Co. ( 1900 ) , pp. 59 -- 105 . Jump up ^ 2014 CODATA value 6989667400000000000 ♠ 6.674 × 10 m ⋅ kg ⋅ s . Jump up ^ Brush , Stephen G. ; Holton , Gerald James ( 2001 ) . Physics , the human adventure : from Copernicus to Einstein and beyond . New Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers University Press . p. 137 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 2908 - 5 . Lee , Jennifer Lauren ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` Big G Redux : Solving the Mystery of a Perplexing Result '' . NIST . Jump up ^ Poynting , John Henry ( 1894 ) . The Mean Density of the Earth . London : Charles Griffin . pp. 22 -- 24 . Jump up ^ F. Reich , On the Repetition of the Cavendish Experiments for Determining the mean density of the Earth '' Philosophical Magazine 12 : 283 - 284 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie ( 1899 ) , p. 125 . Jump up ^ A.S. Mackenzie , The Laws of Gravitation ( 1899 ) , 127f . Jump up ^ C.V. Boys , Phil . Trans . Roy . Soc . A. Pt. 1 . ( 1895 ) . Jump up ^ Carl Braun , Denkschriften der k . Akad . d . Wiss . ( Wien ) , math . u . naturwiss . Classe , 64 ( 1897 ) . Braun ( 1897 ) quoted an optimistic standard uncertainty of 0.03 % , 6989664900000000000 ♠ 6.649 ( 2 ) × 10 m ⋅ kg ⋅ s but his result was significantly worse than the 0.2 % feasible at the time . Jump up ^ Sagitov , M.U. , `` Current Status of Determinations of the Gravitational Constant and the Mass of the Earth '' , Soviet Astronomy , Vol. 13 ( 1970 ) , 712 - 718 , translated from Astronomicheskii Zhurnal Vol. 46 , No. 4 ( July -- August 1969 ) , 907 - 915 ( table of historical experiments p. 715 ) . Jump up ^ Mackenzie , A. Stanley , The laws of gravitation ; memoirs by Newton , Bouguer and Cavendish , together with abstracts of other important memoirs , American Book Company ( 1900 ( 1899 ) ) . Jump up ^ P.R. Heyl , A redetermination of the constant of gravitation , National Bureau of Standards Journal of Research 5 ( 1930 ) , 1243 -- 1290 . Jump up ^ P.R. Heyl and P. Chrzanowski ( 1942 ) , cited after Sagitov ( 1969 : 715 ) . Jump up ^ Mohr , Peter J. ; Taylor , Barry N. ( January 2005 ) . `` CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants : 2002 '' ( PDF ) . Reviews of Modern Physics. 77 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 107 . Bibcode : 2005RvMP ... 77 ... 1M . doi : 10.1103 / RevModPhys. 77.1 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 01 ... Section Q ( pp. 42 -- 47 ) describes the mutually inconsistent measurement experiments from which the CODATA value for G was derived . Jump up ^ `` CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants : 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Reviews of Modern Physics. 84 : 1527 -- 1605 . 13 November 2012 . arXiv : 1203.5425 . Bibcode : 2012RvMP ... 84.1527 M . doi : 10.1103 / RevModPhys. 84.1527 . Jump up ^ B.N. Taylor , W.H. Parker , and D.N. Langenberg , Rev. Mod . Phys. 41 ( 3 ) , 375 - 496 ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ E.R. Cohen and B.N. Taylor , J. Phys . Chem. Ref . Data 2 ( 4 ) 663 - 734 ( 1973 ) , p. 699 . Jump up ^ E.R. Cohen and B.N. Taylor , Rev. Mod . Phys. 59 ( 4 ) 1121 - 1148 ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ P.J. Mohr and B.N. Taylor , Rev. Mod . Phys. 72 ( 2 ) , 351 - 495 ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ P.J. Mohr and B.N. Taylor , Rev. Mod . Phys. 77 ( 1 ) , 1 - 107 ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ P.J. Mohr , B.N. Taylor , and D.B. Newell , J. Phys . Chem. Ref . Data 37 ( 3 ) , 1187 - 1284 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ P.J. Mohr , B.N. Taylor , and D.B. Newell , J. Phys . Chem. Ref . Data 41 ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ P.J. Mohr , D.B. Newell , and B.N. Taylor , J. Phys . Chem. Ref . Data 45 ( 2016 ) Jump up ^ Fixler , J.B. ; Foster , G.T. ; McGuirk , J.M. ; Kasevich , M.A. ( 2007 - 01 - 05 ) . `` Atom Interferometer Measurement of the Newtonian Constant of Gravity '' . Science . 315 ( 5808 ) : 74 -- 77 . Bibcode : 2007Sci ... 315 ... 74F . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1135459 . PMID 17204644 . Jump up ^ Rosi , G. , Sorrentino , F. , Cacciapuoti , L. , Prevedelli , M. & Tino , G.M. , `` Precision measurement of the Newtonian gravitational constant using cold atoms `` , Nature 510 ( 2014 ) , 518 -- 521 . Schlamminger , Stephan ( 18 June 2014 ) . `` Fundamental constants : A cool way to measure big G '' . Nature . 510 : 478 -- 480 . Bibcode : 2014Natur. 510 ... 478S . doi : 10.1038 / nature13507 . PMID 24965646 . Jump up ^ C. Rothleitner , S. Schlamminger , `` Invited Review Article : Measurements of the Newtonian constant of gravitation , G '' , Review of Scientific Instruments 88 , 111101 ( 2017 ) doi : 10.1063 / 1.4994619 . `` However , re-evaluating or repeating experiments that have already been performed may provide insights into hidden biases or dark uncertainty . NIST has the unique opportunity to repeat the experiment of Quinn et al. ( 2013 ) with an almost identical setup . By mid-2018 , NIST researchers will publish their results and assign a number as well as an uncertainty to their value . '' ( referencing T. Quinn , H. Parks , C. Speake , and R. Davis , `` Improved determination of G using two methods , '' Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 , 101102 ( 2013 ) . ) The 2018 experiment was described by C. Rothleitner , `` Newton 's Gravitational Constant ‚ Big ' G -- A proposed Free - fall Measurement '' , CODATA Fundamental Constants Meeting , Eltville , 5 February 2015 ) . Jump up ^ . doi : 10.1038 / s41586 - 018 - 0431 - 5 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Physicists just made the most precise measurement ever of Gravity 's strength '' . August 31 , 2018 . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderson , J.D. ; Schubert , G. ; Trimble , 3 = V. ; Feldman , M.R. ( April 2015 ) . `` Measurements of Newton 's gravitational constant and the length of day '' ( PDF ) . EPL. 110 : 10002 . arXiv : 1504.06604 . Bibcode : 2015EL ... 11010002A . doi : 10.1209 / 0295 - 5075 / 110 / 10002 . ^ Jump up to : Schlamminger , S. ; Gundlach , J. H. ; Newman , R. D. ( 2015 ) . `` Recent measurements of the gravitational constant as a function of time '' . Physical Review D. 91 ( 12 ) . arXiv : 1505.01774 . Bibcode : 2015PhRvD ... 91l1101S . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevD. 91.121101 . ISSN 1550 - 7998 . Jump up ^ Karagioz , O.V. ; Izmailov , V.P. ( 1996 ) . `` Measurement of the gravitational constant with a torsion balance '' . Measurement Techniques. 39 ( 10 ) : 979 -- 987 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02377461 . ISSN 0543 - 1972 . Jump up ^ Mould , J. ; Uddin , S.A. ( 2014 - 04 - 10 ) . `` Constraining a Possible Variation of G with Type Ia Supernovae '' . Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia . 31 : e015 . arXiv : 1402.1534 . Bibcode : 2014PASA ... 31 ... 15M . doi : 10.1017 / pasa. 2014.9 . Standish. , E. Myles ( 1995 ) . `` Report of the IAU WGAS Sub-group on Numerical Standards '' . In Appenzeller , I. Highlights of Astronomy . Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers . ( Complete report available online : PostScript ; PDF . Tables from the report also available : Astrodynamic Constants and Parameters ) Gundlach , Jens H. ; Merkowitz , Stephen M. ( 2000 ) . `` Measurement of Newton 's Constant Using a Torsion Balance with Angular Acceleration Feedback '' . Physical Review Letters. 85 ( 14 ) : 2869 -- 2872 . arXiv : gr - qc / 0006043 . Bibcode : 2000PhRvL ... 85.2869 G . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 85.2869 . PMID 11005956 . External links ( edit ) Newtonian constant of gravitation G at the National Institute of Standards and Technology References on Constants , Units , and Uncertainty The Controversy over Newton 's Gravitational Constant -- additional commentary on measurement problems Isaac Newton Publications De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas ( 1669 , published 1711 ) Method of Fluxions ( 1671 ) De motu corporum in gyrum ( 1684 ) Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ( 1687 ) General Scholium ( 1713 ) Opticks ( 1704 ) The Queries ( 1704 ) Arithmetica Universalis ( 1707 ) Other writings Notes on the Jewish Temple Quaestiones quaedam philosophicae The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended ( 1728 ) An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture ( 1754 ) Discoveries and inventions Calculus Fluxions Newton disc Newton polygon Newton -- Okounkov body Newton 's reflector Newtonian telescope Newton scale Newton 's metal Newton 's cradle Sextant Theory expansions Kepler 's laws of planetary motion Problem of Apollonius Newtonianism Bucket argument Newton 's inequalities Newton 's law of cooling Newton 's law of universal gravitation Post-Newtonian expansion Parameterized post-Newtonian formalism Newton -- Cartan theory Schrödinger -- Newton equation Gravitational constant Newton 's laws of motion Newtonian dynamics Newton 's method in optimization Gauss -- Newton algorithm Truncated Newton method Newton 's rings Newton 's theorem about ovals Newton -- Pepys problem Newtonian potential Newtonian fluid Classical mechanics Newtonian fluid Corpuscular theory of light Leibniz -- Newton calculus controversy Newton 's notation Rotating spheres Newton 's cannonball Newton -- Cotes formulas Newton 's method Newton fractal Generalized Gauss -- Newton method Newton 's identities Newton polynomial Newton 's theorem of revolving orbits Newton -- Euler equations Newton number Kissing number problem Power number Newton 's quotient Parallelogram of force Newton -- Puiseux theorem Solar mass Dynamics Absolute space and time Absolute theory Finite difference Table of Newtonian series Impact depth Structural coloration Inertia Spectrum Phrases `` Hypotheses non fingo '' `` Standing on the shoulders of giants '' Life Cranbury Park Woolsthorpe Manor Early life Later life Religious views Occult studies The Mysteryes of Nature and Art Scientific revolution Copernican Revolution Friends and family Catherine Barton John Conduitt William Clarke Benjamin Pulleyn William Stukeley William Jones Isaac Barrow Abraham de Moivre John Keill Cultural depictions Newton ( Blake ) Newton ( Paolozzi ) In popular culture Related Writing of Principia Mathematica List of things named after Newton Isaac Newton Institute Isaac Newton Medal Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes Isaac Newton Telescope Newton ( unit ) Elements of the Philosophy of Newton Isaac Newton S / O Philipose GND : 4593074 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gravitational_constant&oldid=865449550 '' Categories : Gravitation Fundamental constants Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 57 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 01 : 21 ( UTC ) . 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where was the pool scene in caddyshack filmed			Caddyshack	caddyshack		Caddyshack Theatrical release poster Directed by Harold Ramis Produced by Douglas Kenney Written by Douglas Kenney Harold Ramis Brian Doyle - Murray Starring Chevy Chase Rodney Dangerfield Ted Knight Michael O'Keefe Bill Murray Music by Johnny Mandel Cinematography Stevan Larner Edited by William C. Carruth Production company Orion Pictures Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date July 25 , 1980 ( 1980 - 07 - 25 ) Running time 98 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $6 million Box office $39.8 million Caddyshack is a 1980 American comedy film directed by Harold Ramis , written by Brian Doyle - Murray , Ramis , and Douglas Kenney , and starring Chevy Chase , Rodney Dangerfield , Ted Knight , Michael O'Keefe and Bill Murray . Doyle - Murray also has a supporting role . The film was dedicated to producer Douglas Kenney , who died shortly after the film 's release . Caddyshack was Ramis ' directorial debut and was a major boost to the movie career of Dangerfield , who was previously known mostly for his stand - up comedy . Grossing nearly $40 million at the domestic box office ( the 17th - highest of the year ) , it was the first of a series of similar comedies . A sequel , Caddyshack II , followed in 1988 , although only Chase reprised his role and the film was poorly received . The film has garnered a large cult following and has been hailed by media outlets , such as Time and ESPN , as one of the funniest sports movies ever . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Awards and honors 6 Soundtrack 7 Caddyshack restaurants 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Danny Noonan works as a caddie at the upscale Bushwood Country Club to earn enough money to go to college . Danny often caddies for Ty Webb , a suave and talented golfer and the son of one of Bushwood 's co-founders . Danny decides to gain favor with Judge Elihu Smails , the country club 's stodgy co-founder and director of the caddie scholarship program , by caddying for him . Meanwhile , Carl Spackler , one of the greenskeepers , is entrusted with combatting a potentially disastrous gopher infestation . He tries a variety of methods to kill the gopher ( e.g. shooting , drowning ) without success . Al Czervik , a brash and obnoxious nouveau riche , begins appearing at the club . Smails is heckled by Czervik as he tees off , causing his shot to go badly wrong . Smails throws a putter away in frustration and accidentally injures a member of the club . Danny takes responsibility for the incident , as a ploy to gain Smails ' trust . Smails encourages him to apply for the caddy scholarship . At Bushwood 's annual Fourth of July banquet , Danny and his girlfriend Maggie work as servers . Czervik continues to irritate Smails and the club members , while Danny becomes attracted to Lacey Underall , Smails ' promiscuous niece . Danny wins the Caddy Day golf tournament and the scholarship , earning him praise from Smails and an invitation to attend the christening ceremony for his boat . The boat is sunk at the event after a collision with Czervik 's larger boat . On returning , Smails discovers Lacey and Danny having a tryst at his house . Expecting to be fired or to have the scholarship revoked , Danny is surprised when Smails only demands that he keeps the incident secret . Unable to bear the continued presence of the crude - mannered Czervik , Smails confronts him and announces that Czervik will never be granted membership . Czervik counters by announcing that he would never consider being a member : he insults the place and is merely there to evaluate buying Bushwood and developing the land into condominiums . After a brief scuffle and exchange of insults , Ty Webb suggests they discuss a resolution over drinks . After Smails demands satisfaction , Czervik proposes a team golf match with Smails and his regular golfing partner Dr. Beeper against Czervik and Webb . Against club rules , they also agree to a $20,000 wager , quickly doubled to $40,000 , on the outcome of the match . That evening , Webb practices for the game against Smails and meets Carl , where the two share a bottle of wine and a joint . The match is held the following day . Word spreads of the stakes involved and a crowd builds . During the game , Smails and Beeper take the lead , while Czervik , to his dismay , is `` playing the worst game of his life '' . He reacts to Smails ' taunts by impulsively redoubling the wager to $80,000 per team . When his own ricocheting ball strikes him , Czervik feigns injury in hopes of having the contest declared a draw . Lou , the course official who is acting as an umpire , tells Czervik his team will forfeit unless they find a substitute . When Webb chooses Danny , Smails threatens to revoke his scholarship , but Czervik promises Danny that he will make it `` worth his while '' if he wins . Danny eventually decides he would rather humiliate the selfish , conceited Smails than take the scholarship . By the time they reach the final hole , the score is tied . Judge Smails makes a putt for birdie with his prized `` Billy Baroo '' putter . With Danny about to attempt a difficult putt to tie , Czervik again redoubles the wager to $160,000 per team that Danny will make the putt . Danny 's putt leaves the ball hanging over the edge of the hole . At that moment , Carl , in his latest attempt to kill the gopher , detonates a series of plastic explosives that he has rigged around the golf course . The explosion shakes the ground and causes the ball to drop into the hole , tying the match but handing Danny , Webb , and Czervik victory on the wager . Smails refuses to pay , so Czervik beckons two hulking men , named Moose and Rocco , to `` help the judge find his checkbook . '' As Smails is chased around the course , Czervik leads another wild party attended by all of the onlookers at the match , shouting , `` Hey everybody ! We 're all gon na get laid ! '' The gopher emerges , unharmed , and dances amid the smoldering ruins of the golf course . Cast ( edit ) Chevy Chase as Ty Webb Rodney Dangerfield as Al Czervik Ted Knight as Judge Elihu Smails Michael O'Keefe as Danny Noonan Bill Murray as Carl Spackler Sarah Holcomb as Maggie O'Hooligan Scott Colomby as Tony D'Annunzio Cindy Morgan as Lacey Underall Dan Resin as Dr. Beeper Henry Wilcoxon as Bishop Fred Pickering Albert Salmi as Mr. Noonan Elaine Aiken as Mrs. Noonan John F. Barmon , Jr. as Spaulding Smails Lois Kibbee as Mrs. Smails Brian Doyle - Murray as Lou Loomis Jackie Davis as Smoke Porterhouse Hamilton Mitchell as Motormouth Production ( edit ) The movie was inspired by writer and co-star Brian Doyle - Murray 's memories working as a caddy at Indian Hill Club in Winnetka , Illinois . His brothers Bill and John Murray ( production assistant and a caddy extra ) , and director Harold Ramis also had worked as caddies when they were teenagers . Many of the characters in the film were based on characters they had encountered through their various experiences at the club , including a young woman upon whom the character of Maggie is based and the Haverkamps , a doddery old couple , John and Ilma , longtime members of the club , who can barely hit the ball out of their shadows . The scene involving a Baby Ruth candy bar being thrown into the swimming pool was based on a real - life incident at Doyle - Murray 's high school . The scene in which Al Czervik hits Judge Smails in the genitals with a struck golf ball happened to Ramis on what he said was the second of his two rounds of golf , on a nine - hole public course . The dinner and dancing scene was filmed at the Boca Raton Hotel and Club in Boca Raton , Florida . The film was shot over 11 weeks during the autumn of 1979 ; Hurricane David in early September delayed production . Golf scenes were filmed at the Rolling Hills Golf Club ( now the Grande Oaks Golf Club ) in Davie , Florida . According to Ramis , Rolling Hills was chosen because the course did not have any palm trees . He wanted the movie to feel that it was in the Midwest , not Florida . The explosions that take place during the climax of the film were reported at the nearby Fort Lauderdale airport by an incoming pilot , who suspected a plane had crashed . The scene that begins when Ty Webb 's golf ball crashes into Carl Spackler 's ramshackle house was not in the original script . It was added by director Harold Ramis after realizing that two of his biggest stars , Chevy Chase and Bill Murray ( who previously did not get along due to a feud dating back to their days on Saturday Night Live , but were at least tolerant and professional towards each other while on set ) , until then , did not appear in a scene together . The three met for lunch and wrote the scene . This is the only film that Chase and Murray have appeared in together . Bill Murray 's famous `` Cinderella story '' scene was improvised based on two lines of stage direction . Ramis gave him direction to act as a child announcing his own imaginary golf moment , with Murray then improvising . The flowers were his idea . Murray was with the production only six days , and all of his lines were unscripted . Murray was working on Saturday Night Live at the time , and was not intended to have a large role in the movie . However , he was repeatedly recalled from New York to film additional scenes as production continued . In interviews , Cindy Morgan stated that the scene she shared with Chevy Chase , in which he pours massage oil on her , was completely improvised , and her reaction to Chase dousing her back with the massage oil , where she exclaimed `` You 're crazy ! '' , was genuine . The scene where her character had to dive into the pool was executed by a professional diver , but up to that point in the scene , she had to be led to the diving board by the crew and carefully directed up the ladder since she could not wear her contact lenses near the pool and was legally blind without them . An overall deal was made with John Dykstra 's effects company for all the necessary visual effects ( including lightning , stormy sky effects , flying golf balls , disappearing greens ' flags , etc . ) , so shooting the gopher puppet became part of the intensely negotiated effects package . Dykstra 's technicians added extra hydraulic animation to the puppet , including ear movement , and built the tunnels through which he moved . In later years , the production became infamous for the amount of drug usage which occurred on - set , with supporting actor Peter Berkrot describing cocaine as `` the fuel that kept the film running '' . Reception ( edit ) Caddyshack was released on July 25 , 1980 , in 656 theaters , and grossed $3.1 million during its opening weekend . It went on to make $39,846,344 in North America . The film holds a 74 % approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes , based on 53 reviews , with an average rating of 6.3 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads : `` Though unabashedly crude and juvenile , Caddyshack nevertheless scores with its classic slapstick , unforgettable characters , and endlessly quotable dialogue '' . Christopher Null gave the film four stars out of five , and wrote , `` They do n't make ' em like this anymore ... The plot wanders around the golf course and involves a half - dozen elements , but if you simply dig the gopher , the caddy , and the Dangerfield , you 're not going to be doing half bad '' . The film was met with generally poor reviews upon its original 1980 release . Roger Ebert gave the film two - and - a-half stars out of four and wrote , `` Caddyshack feels more like a movie that was written rather loosely , so that when shooting began there was freedom -- too much freedom -- for it to wander off in all directions in search of comic inspiration '' . Dave Kehr , in his review for the Chicago Reader , wrote , `` The first - time director , Harold Ramis , ca n't hold it together : the picture lurches from style to style ( including some ill - placed whimsy with a gopher puppet ) and collapses somewhere between sitcom and sketch farce '' . Nevertheless , the film has gained a cult following in the years after its release and has been positively reappraised by many film critics . It is a favorite in the golf world . Tiger Woods has said that it is his favorite film , so much so that he played Spackler in an American Express commercial based on the film . Many of the film 's quotes have entered the lexicon of pop culture . Ramis notes in the DVD documentary that TV Guide had originally given the film two stars ( out of four ) when it began showing on cable television in the early 1980s , but over time , the rating had gone up to three stars . He himself said he `` can barely watch it . All I see are a bunch of compromises and things that could have been better '' , such as the poor swings of everyone , except for O'Keefe . In 2007 , Taylor Trade Publishing released The Book of Caddyshack , an illustrated paperback retrospective of the movie , with cast and crew Q&A interviews . The book was written by Scott Martin . Denmark was the only place outside the US / Canada where Caddyshack was initially a hit . The distributor had cut 20 minutes from the movie to emphasize Bill Murray 's role . Awards and honors ( edit ) This film is also second on Bravo 's `` 100 Funniest Movies '' . The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2000 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs -- # 71 2005 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : Carl Spackler : `` Cinderella story . Outta nowhere . A former greenskeeper , now , about to become the Masters champion . It looks like a mirac ... It 's in the hole ! It 's in the hole ! It 's in the hole ! '' -- # 92 2008 : AFI 's 10 Top 10 : # 7 Sports Film Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Caddyshack ( soundtrack ) In 1980 , CBS Records issued a soundtrack to Caddyshack . It includes 10 songs , four of which were performed by Kenny Loggins . Caddyshack restaurants ( edit ) On June 7 , 2001 , Bill Murray , Brian Doyle - Murray , and their brothers opened a themed restaurant inspired by the movie at the World Golf Village , near St. Augustine , Florida . The restaurant is meant to resemble the fictional Bushwood Country Club , and serves primarily American cuisine . The brothers are all active partners and make occasional appearances at the restaurant . Three more Caddyshack restaurants were opened , in Myrtle Beach , South Carolina , Orlando , and Ponte Vedra Beach , Florida ; however , all three have been closed . Bill Murray and two of his brothers were in attendance when a new location opened in Rosemont , Illinois , in April 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 1980 Yearly Box Office Results . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' ' Caddyshack : Reel Life ' ' from `` ESPN.com Page 2 '' `` . Espn.go.com . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Caddyshack : The Inside Story Archived June 10 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Bio. HD December 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ On Location : Caddyshack filming locations . Jump up ^ Grande Oaks Golf Club . ^ Jump up to : Mark Canton , Chevy Chase , Scott Colomby , Hamilton Mitchell , Cindy Morgan , Jon Peters , Harold Ramis , Ann Ryerson ( 1999 ) . Caddyshack : The 19th Hole , Special Feature ( DVD ) . Warner Bros . Jump up ^ Chris Nashawaty ( August 2 , 2010 ) . `` Caddyshack '' . Sports Illustrated . Jump up ^ Caddyshack on IMDb Jump up ^ Hinson , Mark ( August 7 , 2009 ) . `` ' Caddyshack ' siren joins the fun for film school 's 20th '' . Tallahassee Democrat . p. 14D . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sorokach , Josh ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Caddyshack ' Was Fueled By Rampant Cocaine Use , New Book Reveals '' . Decider . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Caddyshack ( 1980 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Caddyshack ( 1980 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) at Filmcritic. com 's Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( January 1 , 1980 ) . `` Caddyshack '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved July 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kehr , Dave . `` Caddyshack '' . Chicago Reader . Retrieved July 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Tom Hoffarth ( February 20 , 2007 ) . `` ' Caddyshack ' former hottie in revival mode '' . Palm Beach Post . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2012 . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods Talks ... To His Twitter Followers '' . Radar Online . November 30 , 2010 . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ben Craw and Dan Abramson ( May 30 , 2010 ) . `` All The Best ' Caddyshack ' Quotes In One Video : Pick Your Favorite ! '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , Brett ( July 2009 ) . `` Harold Ramis Gets the Last Laugh '' . GQ : 64 -- 67 , 124 -- 25 . Retrieved June 22 , 2009 . Like , it bothers me that nobody except Michael O'Keefe can swing a golf club . A movie about golf with the worst bunch of golf swings you 've ever seen ! It does n't bother golfers , though . Jump up ^ Iben Albinus Sabroe ( 2008 ) . Jeg vil vinde en Oscar ( I Want to Win an Oscar ) . Jump up ^ `` Bravo 's 100 funniest movies list '' . Listsofbests.com . June 2 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2009 . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 : Top 10 Sports '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Murray Bros. Caddyshack home page '' . Murraybroscaddyshack . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2012 . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kindelsperger , Nick ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` Bill Murray visits his Caddyshack restaurant in Chicago and does n't disappoint '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Caddyshack Caddyshack on IMDb Caddyshack at AllMovie Caddyshack at the TCM Movie Database Caddyshack at Box Office Mojo Caddyshack at Rotten Tomatoes Caddyshack , an homage to Doug Kenney , ESPN / Golf Digest , April 2004 `` Caddyshack Culture '' -- Meta - critique from the erstwhile Suck.com . Sports Illustrated retrospective article 2009 documentary Caddyshack : The Inside Story Films directed by Harold Ramis Caddyshack ( 1980 ) National Lampoon 's Vacation ( 1983 ) Club Paradise ( 1986 ) Groundhog Day ( 1993 ) Stuart Saves His Family ( 1995 ) Multiplicity ( 1996 ) Analyze This ( 1999 ) Bedazzled ( 2000 ) Analyze That ( 2002 ) The Ice Harvest ( 2005 ) Year One ( 2009 ) GND : 7572642 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caddyshack&oldid=853859353 '' Categories : 1980 films English - language films 1980s comedy films American films American satirical films American screwball comedy films American sports comedy films Directorial debut films Films scored by Johnny Mandel Films directed by Harold Ramis Films shot in Florida Golf films Orion Pictures films Screenplays by Brian Doyle - Murray Screenplays by Douglas Kenney Screenplays by Harold Ramis Warner Bros. films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from June 2017 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from January 2014 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 11 : 59 ( UTC ) . 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what harry potter movie is after prisoner of azkaban	The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter , alongside Rupert Grint and Emma Watson as Harry 's best friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger . It also features well - known actors in supporting roles , including Gary Oldman as Sirius Black , David Thewlis as Remus Lupin , Michael Gambon ( in his debut in the role of Albus Dumbledore ) , Emma Thompson as Sybill Trelawney and Timothy Spall as Peter Pettigrew . It is the sequel to Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets and is followed by Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire .	Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire	Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( film )	harry potter and the prisoner of azkaban ( film )		Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban British theatrical release poster Directed by Alfonso Cuarón Produced by David Heyman Chris Columbus Mark Radcliffe Screenplay by Steve Kloves Based on Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban by J.K. Rowling Starring Daniel Radcliffe Rupert Grint Emma Watson Robbie Coltrane Michael Gambon Richard Griffiths Gary Oldman Alan Rickman Fiona Shaw Maggie Smith Timothy Spall David Thewlis Emma Thompson Julie Walters Music by John Williams Cinematography Michael Seresin Edited by Steven Weisberg Production companies Warner Bros. Pictures Heyday Films 1492 Pictures Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date 23 May 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 23 ) ( Radio City Music Hall ) 31 May 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 31 ) ( United Kingdom ) 4 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 04 ) ( United States ) Running time 142 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $130 million Box office $796.7 million Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban is a 2004 fantasy film directed by Alfonso Cuarón and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures . It is based on the 1999 novel of the same name by J.K. Rowling . The film , which is the third instalment in the Harry Potter film series , was written by Steve Kloves and produced by Chris Columbus ( director of the first two instalments ) , David Heyman , and Mark Radcliffe . The story follows Harry Potter 's third year at Hogwarts as he is informed that a prisoner named Sirius Black has escaped from Azkaban intending to kill him . The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter , alongside Rupert Grint and Emma Watson as Harry 's best friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger . It also features well - known actors in supporting roles , including Gary Oldman as Sirius Black , David Thewlis as Remus Lupin , Michael Gambon ( in his debut in the role of Albus Dumbledore ) , Emma Thompson as Sybill Trelawney and Timothy Spall as Peter Pettigrew . It is the sequel to Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets and is followed by Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . The film was released on 31 May 2004 in the United Kingdom and on 4 June 2004 in North America , as the first Harry Potter film released into IMAX theatres and to be using IMAX Technology . It was also the last Harry Potter film to be released on VHS . The film was nominated for two Academy Awards , Best Original Music Score and Best Visual Effects at the 77th Academy Awards in 2005 . Prisoner of Azkaban grossed a total of $796.7 million worldwide , making it the second highest - grossing film of 2004 and received praise for Cuarón 's direction and the performances of the lead actors . It marked a notable change in the film series ' tone and directing , and is considered by many critics and fans to be one of the best Harry Potter films . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 3.3 Effects 3.4 Music 4 Differences from the book 5 Distribution 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Theatrical release 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Harry Potter has been spending another dissatisfying summer with The Dursleys . When Aunt Marge insults Harry 's parents , Harry loses his temper and silently wills her to bloat up and float away . Harry flees with his luggage , fed up with his life with the Dursleys . The Knight Bus delivers Harry to the Leaky Cauldron , where he is forgiven by Minister of Magic Cornelius Fudge for using magic outside of Hogwarts . After reuniting with his best friends Ron and Hermione , Harry learns that Sirius Black , a convicted supporter of the dark wizard Voldemort , who murdered Harry 's parents , has escaped Azkaban prison , intending to kill Harry . The trio are returning to Hogwarts for the school year on the Hogwarts Express , when dementors suddenly board the train , searching for Sirius . One enters the trio 's compartment , causing Harry to pass out . New Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher Professor Lupin repels the dementor with a Patronus Charm . At Hogwarts , headmaster Albus Dumbledore announces that dementors will be guarding the school while Sirius is at large . Hogwarts groundskeeper Hagrid is announced as the new Care of Magical Creatures teacher ; his first class goes awry when Draco Malfoy deliberately provokes a hippogriff , Buckbeak , who attacks him . Draco exaggerates his injury , and Draco 's father Lucius Malfoy later has Buckbeak sentenced to death . The Fat Lady 's portrait , which guards the Gryffindor quarters , is found ruined and empty . Terrified and hiding in another painting , the Fat Lady tells Dumbledore that Sirius Black has entered the castle . During a stormy Quidditch match against Hufflepuff , dementors attack Harry , causing him to fall off his broomstick . At Hogsmeade , Harry is shocked to learn that not only had Sirius Black been his father 's best friend and apparently betrayed them to Voldemort , but that Sirius is also his godfather . Lupin privately teaches Harry to defend himself against dementors , using the Patronus Charm . After Harry , Ron and Hermione witness Buckbeak 's execution , Ron 's pet rat Scabbers bites him and escapes . When Ron gives chase , a large dog appears and drags both Ron and Scabbers into a hole at the Whomping Willow 's base , which leads to an underground passage to the Shrieking Shack . The trio discover that the dog is actually Sirius , who is an Animagus . Lupin arrives and embraces Sirius as an old friend . He admits to being a werewolf , and explains that Sirius is innocent . Sirius was falsely accused of betraying the Potters to Voldemort , and murdering twelve Muggles and their mutual friend , Peter Pettigrew . It is revealed that Scabbers is actually Pettigrew , an Animagus who committed the crime for which Sirius was convicted , and had betrayed the Potters . After forcing him back into human form , Lupin and Sirius prepare to kill him , but Harry convinces them to turn Pettigrew over to the dementors . As the group departs , the full moon rises ; Lupin transforms into a werewolf , and Sirius transforms into his dog form to fight him off . In the chaos , Pettigrew transforms back into a rat and escapes . Sirius and Harry are attacked by dementors and Harry sees a figure in the distance save them by casting a powerful Patronus spell . He believes the mysterious figure is his deceased father , and passes out . He awakens to discover that Sirius has been captured and sentenced to the Dementor 's Kiss . Acting on Dumbledore 's advice , Harry and Hermione travel back in time with Hermione 's Time Turner , and watch themselves and Ron repeat the night 's events . They save Buckbeak from execution and witness the Dementors overpower Sirius and Harry . The present Harry realises that it was actually he who conjured the Patronus , and does so again . Harry and Hermione rescue Sirius , who escapes with Buckbeak . Lupin resigns to prevent an uproar from parents over a werewolf teaching their children . Sirius sends Harry a Firebolt broom , and Harry happily takes it for a ride . Cast ( edit ) Further information : List of Harry Potter cast members Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter , a 13 - year - old British wizard famous for surviving his parents ' murder at the hands of the evil dark wizard Lord Voldemort as an infant , who now enters his third year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley , Harry 's best friend at Hogwarts . Emma Watson as Hermione Granger , Harry 's Muggle - born best friend and the trio 's brains . Robbie Coltrane as Rubeus Hagrid , the gamekeeper and new Care of Magical Creatures teacher at Hogwarts . Michael Gambon as Albus Dumbledore , the headmaster of Hogwarts and one of the greatest wizards of the age . Gambon assumed the role after Richard Harris , who played Dumbledore in the previous two films , died on 25 October 2002 , 3 weeks before the 2nd film 's release . Despite his illness , Harris was determined to film his part , telling a visiting David Heyman not to recast the role . Four months after Harris 's death , Cuarón chose Gambon as his replacement . Gambon was unconcerned with bettering or copying Harris , instead giving his own interpretation , putting on a slight Irish accent for the role , as well as completing his scenes in three weeks . Rumours of Ian McKellen being offered the role started to spread , but when asked he rejected the rumours and stated he had played a similar character in Gandalf of The Lord of the Rings trilogy . He also stated it would have been inappropriate to take Harris 's role , as the late actor had called McKellen a `` dreadful '' actor . Harris 's family had expressed an interest in seeing Harris 's close friend Peter O'Toole being chosen as his replacement . Richard Griffiths as Vernon Dursley , Harry 's Muggle uncle . Gary Oldman as Sirius Black , Harry 's infamous godfather , who escapes from the Wizarding prison Azkaban after serving twelve years there for being falsely accused of being the Death Eater who betrayed Harry 's parents to Voldemort . Oldman accepted the part because he needed the money , as he had not taken on any major work in several years after deciding to spend more time with his children . He was `` surprised by how difficult it was to pull off '' , comparing the role to Shakespearean dialogue . Alan Rickman as Severus Snape , the Potions teacher at Hogwarts and head of Slytherin . Fiona Shaw as Petunia Dursley , Harry 's Muggle aunt . Maggie Smith as Minerva McGonagall , Deputy Headmistress of Hogwarts , the Transfiguration teacher at Hogwarts and head of Gryffindor . Tom Felton as Draco Malfoy , Harry 's arch rival and a Slytherin house student . Timothy Spall as Peter Pettigrew , a friend of Harry 's parents said to have been killed by Sirius Black , but was later revealed to have been the real Death Eater who betrayed Harry 's parents to Voldemort . David Thewlis as Remus Lupin , the new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher at Hogwarts and a werewolf . Thewlis , who had previously auditioned for the role of Quirinus Quirrell in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , was Cuarón 's first choice for the role of Professor Lupin . He accepted the role on advice from Ian Hart , who was cast as Quirrell , and had told him that Professor Lupin was `` the best part in the book . '' Thewlis had seen the first two films and had only read part of the first book , although after taking the role he read the third . Emma Thompson as Sybill Trelawney , the Divination teacher at Hogwarts . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) With Prisoner of Azkaban , production of the Harry Potter films switched to an eighteen - month cycle , which producer David Heyman explained was `` to give each ( film ) the time it required . '' Chris Columbus , the director of the previous two films , decided not to return to helm the third instalment as he `` had n't seen ( his ) own kids for supper in the week for about two and a half years . '' Even so , he remained on as a producer alongside Heyman . Guillermo del Toro was approached to direct , but considered the film `` so bright and happy and full of light , that ( he ) was n't interested . '' Marc Forster turned down the film because he had made Finding Neverland and did not want to direct child actors again . M. Night Shyamalan was considered to direct but turned it down because he was working on his own film , The Village . Warner Bros. then composed a three - name short list for Columbus 's replacement , which comprised Callie Khouri , Kenneth Branagh ( who played Gilderoy Lockhart in Chamber of Secrets ) and eventual selection Alfonso Cuarón . Cuarón was initially nervous about accepting as he had not read any of the books , or seen the films . After reading the series , he changed his mind and signed on to direct , as he had immediately connected to the story . Cuarón 's appointment pleased J.K. Rowling who loved his film Y Tu Mamá También and was impressed with his adaptation of A Little Princess . Heyman found that `` tonally and stylistically , ( Cuarón ) was the perfect fit . '' As his first exercise with the actors who portray the central trio , Cuarón assigned Radcliffe , Grint and Watson to write an autobiographical essay about their character , written in the first person , spanning birth to the discovery of the magical world , and including the character 's emotional experience . Of Rupert Grint 's essay , Cuarón recalls , `` Rupert did n't deliver the essay . When I questioned why he did n't do it , he said , ' I 'm Ron ; Ron would n't do it . ' So I said , ' Okay , you do understand your character . ' That was the most important piece of acting work that we did on Prisoner of Azkaban , because it was very clear that everything they put in those essays was going to be the pillars they were going to hold on to for the rest of the process . '' Filming ( edit ) Loch Shiel , where scenes from Prisoner of Azkaban were filmed . Principal photography began on 24 February 2003 , at Leavesden Film Studios , and wrapped in October 2003 . The third film was the first to extensively utilise real - life locations , as much of the first two films had been shot in the studio . Some sets for the film were built in Glen Coe , Scotland , near the Clachaig Inn . The indoor sets , including ones built for the previous two films , are mainly in Leavesden Film Studios . The Hogwarts Lake was filmed from Loch Shiel , Loch Eilt and Loch Morar in the Scottish Highlands . Incidentally , the train bridge , which was also featured in the Chamber of Secrets , is opposite Loch Shiel and was used to film the sequences when the Dementor boarded the train . A small section of the triple - decker bus scene , where it weaves in between traffic , was filmed in North London 's Palmers Green . Some parts were also filmed in and around Borough Market and Lambeth Bridge in London . Hogwarts grew and expanded significantly with the third film . For the first time , the Hogwarts courtyard and bridge were seen . At the end of the bridge , rock monoliths were placed onto the hillside to evoke a Celtic feeling . The use of live - action also significantly changed the look of Hagrid 's hut . In the first two films , it appeared at the end of a flat stretch , right in front of the Forbidden Forest . The third film utilised the more rugged Scottish locations to place Hagrid 's hut at the bottom of a steep hillside . A large pumpkin patch was added behind the hut . The Honeydukes set in this film is a redress of the set of Flourish & Blotts that was seen in Chamber of Secrets , which , in turn , was a redress of the Ollivanders set from the first film . Rowling allowed Cuarón to make minor changes to the book , on the condition that he stuck to the book 's spirit . She allowed him to place a sundial on Hogwarts ' grounds , but rejected a graveyard , as that would play an important part in the then unreleased sixth book . Rowling said she `` got goosebumps '' when she saw several moments in the film , as they inadvertently referred to events in the final two books , she stated `` people are going to look back on the film and think that those were put in deliberately as clues . '' When filming concluded , Cuarón found that it had `` been the two sweetest years of my life , '' and expressed his interest in directing one of the sequels . Effects ( edit ) Cuarón originally wanted to move away from CGI toward puppetry . He hired master underwater puppeteer Basil Twist to help , using puppets to study the potential movement of the Dementors . Once it became apparent that puppetry would be too expensive and unable to portray the specific elements of the Dementors , Cuarón turned to CGI ; however , he and his team did use footage of Dementor puppets underwater as a basis for the flowing movements of the computer - generated Dementors . The Knight Bus segment when Harry is being taken to The Leaky Cauldron uses the technique known as bullet time , popularised in The Matrix series of films . This segment takes humorous advantage of the magic quality of the Harry Potter world by having the Muggle world go into bullet time while inside the Knight Bus , Harry , Stan Shunpike and Ernie Prang ( and the talking shrunken head ) keep moving in real time . Music ( edit ) John Williams Main article : Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( soundtrack ) The Academy Award - nominated score was the third and final score in the series to be composed and conducted by John Williams . It was released on CD on 25 May 2004 . In general , this film 's music is not as bright as that of the previous films , with distinct medieval influences in the instrumentation . One of the new themes , `` Double Trouble , '' was written during production so that a children 's choir could perform it in Hogwarts 's Great Hall in one of the film 's earlier scenes . The lyrics of `` Double Trouble '' are from a ritual performed by the Weïrd Sisters in Act 4 , Scene 1 of Shakespeare 's Macbeth . The film 's trailer prominently features the cues `` Anticipation '' and `` Progeny '' by Brand X Music , a trailer music band . Differences from the book ( edit ) Prisoner of Azkaban was , at the time of publication , the series ' longest book . The increasing plot complexity necessitated a looser adaptation of the book 's finer plot lines and back - story . The film opens with Harry using magic to light his wand in short bursts , whereas in the same scene in the book , he uses a torch / flashlight , as performing magic outside the wizard world is illegal for wizards under the age of seventeen . The connection between Harry 's parents and the Marauder 's Map is only briefly mentioned , as is Remus Lupin 's association to both the map and James Potter . Additionally , it was never mentioned who the Marauders were or who the nicknames Moony , Wormtail , Padfoot , and Prongs referred to . Some exposition was removed for dramatic effect : both the Shrieking Shack and Scabbers the rat are mentioned only very briefly in the film , while they receive a more thorough coverage in the novel . Most of Sirius Black 's back story is also cut , with no mention of the manner of his escape from Azkaban . Only the first Quidditch game was kept in the film , due to its importance to the storyline ; the second ( Gryffindor / Ravenclaw ) and third ( Gryffindor / Slytherin ) were cut . Thus , Harry receives the Firebolt at the film 's end , while in the book he receives it anonymously at Christmas and it is confiscated for a few weeks to be checked for possible jinxes by Professor Flitwick and Madam Hooch . On account of pace and time considerations , the film glosses over detailed descriptions of magical education . Only one Hippogriff , Buckbeak , is seen , and only Malfoy and Harry are seen interacting with the Hippogriff during Care of Magical Creatures lessons , and most other lessons , including all of Snape 's potions classes , were cut from the film . The Fidelius Charm 's complicated description is removed entirely from the film , with no explanation given of exactly how Black `` betrayed '' the Potters to Lord Voldemort . Many of this scene 's lines are redistributed amongst Cornelius Fudge and Minerva McGonagall ; in compensation , McGonagall 's exposition of the Animagus transformation is instead given by Snape . In the film , where Harry and Hermione have travelled back in time and are hiding outside of Hagrid 's hut , it is heavily implied that Dumbledore somehow knows that they are there , as he distracts the other characters at key moments or slows down the proceedings ( such as by suggesting that he sign Buckbeak 's execution order as well , then after Fudge agrees he says it will take some time as he has an extremely long name ) , which allows Harry and Hermione time to free Buckbeak unseen . In the book , Dumbledore merely comments that the executioner must sign the order , right before he is about to leave the cabin to execute Buckbeak . The embryonic romantic connection between Ron and Hermione is more prominent in the film than the book ; in response to criticism of the first two films for sacrificing character development for mystery and adventure , the emotional development of all three lead characters is given more attention in the third film . That said , any mention of the beginnings of Harry 's crush on Cho Chang is removed . Chang herself is not even seen until the next film . Harry 's darker side is first glimpsed in this film , when Harry proclaims , `` I hope he ( Black ) finds me . Cause when he does , I 'm going to be ready . When he does , I 'm going to kill him ! '' Distribution ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) As with the series ' previous instalments , Prisoner of Azkaban was a large merchandising opportunity . The video game version , designed by EA UK , was released 25 May 2004 in North America and 29 May 2004 in Europe . Mattel released film tie - ins that included the Harry Potter Championship Quidditch board game and character action figures . Lego also expanded on its previous merchandising for the first two films with the release of sets ranging from the Knight Bus to the Shrieking Shack . Theatrical release ( edit ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban held its New York premiere at Radio City Music Hall on 23 May 2004 , followed by its London premiere at Leicester Square on 30 May 2004 . The film then opened in the United Kingdom on 31 May 2004 and on 4 June 2004 in the United States . It was the first film in the series to be released in both conventional and IMAX theatres . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Upon release , the film broke the record for biggest single day in the United Kingdom 's box office history making £ 5.3 million on a Monday . It went on to break records both with and without previews making a stunning £ 23.9 million including previews and £ 9.3 million excluding them . Prisoner of Azkaban had the highest - opening weekend at the UK 's box office , until Spectre beat the record in 2015 . It went on to make a total of £ 45.6 million in the UK . The film made $93.7 million during its opening weekend in the United States and Canada at 3,855 theatres , achieving , at the time , the third biggest - opening weekend of all time . This opening also broke Hulk 's record ( $62.1 million ) for the highest - opening weekend for a film released in June . Prisoner of Azkaban held this record for five years until Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen topped it in 2009 with $108.9 million . The film was also No. 1 at the North American box office for two consecutive weekends . Prisoner of Azkaban made a total of $796.7 million worldwide , which made it 2004 's second - highest - grossing film worldwide behind Shrek 2 . In the U.S. and Canada , it was only the year 's sixth - highest - grossing film , making $249.5 million . Everywhere else in the world , however , it was the year 's number one film , making $547 million compared to Shrek 2 's $478.6 million . Despite its successful box office run , Azkaban is the lowest - grossing Harry Potter film ( all the others have grossed more than US $800 million worldwide ) and the lowest - grossing film of J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World Series . Critical response ( edit ) Prisoner of Azkaban is often regarded by critics and fans as one of the best films in the franchise . On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 91 % based on 250 reviews , with an average rating of 7.9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Under the assured direction of Alfonso Cuarón , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban triumphantly strikes a delicate balance between technical wizardry and complex storytelling . '' On Metacritic the film has a score of 82 out of 100 , based on 40 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . On CinemaScore , audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle lauded the film 's more mature tone and said it was `` darker , more complex , rooted in character . '' The Hollywood Reporter called the film `` a deeper , darker , visually arresting and more emotionally satisfying adaptation of the J.K. Rowling literary phenomenon , '' especially compared to the first two installments . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film three - and - a-half out of four stars : `` Not only is this dazzler by far the best and most thrilling of the three Harry Potter movies to date , it 's a film that can stand on its own even if you never heard of author J.K. Rowling and her young wizard hero . '' Stephanie Zacharek of Salon.com asserts it to be `` one of the greatest fantasy films of all time . '' Nicole Arthur of The Washington Post praised the film as `` complex , frightening , ( and ) nuanced . '' Roger Ebert gave the film three - and - a-half out of four stars , saying that the film was not quite as good as the first two , but still called it `` delightful , amusing and sophisticated '' Claudia Puig from USA Today found the film to be `` a visual delight , '' and added that `` Cuarón is not afraid to make a darker film and tackle painful emotions . '' while Richard Roeper called the film `` a creative triumph . '' Sean Smith from Newsweek said : `` The Prisoner of Azkaban boasts a brand - new director and a bold new vision , '' he also called the film `` moving , '' praising the performances by the three main leads , while Entertainment Weekly praised the film for being more mature than its predecessors . Accolades ( edit ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was nominated for Best Original Music Score ( John Williams ) and Best Visual Effects at the 77th Academy Awards held in 2005 . This was the second film in the series to be nominated for an Oscar . The film also ranks at No. 471 in Empire magazine 's 2008 list of the 500 greatest movies of all time . IGN designated Prisoner of Azkaban as the fifth best fantasy film . Additionally , Moviefone designated the film as the tenth best of the decade . In 2011 , the film was voted Film of the Decade at the First Light Awards by children aged 5 -- 15 . American Film Institute recognition AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- Nominated AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- Nominated Fantasy Film show List of awards and nominations Award Category Recipient ( s ) Outcome Ref . 77th Academy Awards Best Original Music Score John Williams Nominated Best Visual Effects Tim Burke , Roger Guyett , Bill George , John Richardson Amanda Awards Best Foreign Feature Film 58th British Academy Film Awards Best British Film Best Production Design Stuart Craig Best Makeup & Hair Nick Dudman , Eithne Fennel , Amanda Knight Best Visual Effects Broadcast Film Critics Association Best Family Film ( Live Action ) Best Young Actor Daniel Radcliffe Best Young Actress Emma Watson 47th Grammy Awards Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media John Williams Hugo Awards Best Dramatic Presentation 2005 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie 2002 MTV Movie Awards Breakthrough Male Performance Daniel Radcliffe Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards Best Live Action Family Film Won 31st Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Film Nominated Best Director Alfonso Cuarón Best Supporting Actor Gary Oldman Best Performance by a Younger Actor Daniel Radcliffe Best Writer Steve Kloves Best Music John Williams Best Costumes Jany Temime Best Make - Up Nick Dudman , Amanda Knight Best Special Effects Roger Guyett , Tim Burke , Bill George , John Richardson Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Action Won Choice Summer Movie Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in an Effects Driven Motion Picture Roger Guyett , Tim Burke , Theresa Corrao , Emma Norton Won Best Single Visual Effect of the Year Bill George , David Andrews , Sandra Scott , Dorne Huebler Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Animated Character in a Live Action Motion Picture Michael Eames , David Lomax , Felix Balbas , Pablo Grillo Won Outstanding Models and Miniatures in a Motion Picture Jose Granell , Nigel Stone Nominated Outstanding Compositing in a Motion Picture Dorne Huebler , Jay Cooper , Patrick Brennan , Anthony Shafer See also ( edit ) Book : Harry Potter List of films featuring time loops Harry Potter portal Film portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` HARRY POTTER AND THE PRISONER OF AZKABAN ( 2004 ) '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 13 May 2004 . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) Film Forever ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 5 February 2009 . 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Retrieved 10 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Vaughan , Johnny ; Henry , Lenny ( 2004 ) . Head to Shrunken Head ( DVD ) . Warner Bros. Pictures . Jump up ^ Synnot , Siobhan ( 30 May 2004 ) . `` Olivier , Dumbledore and two broken ribs '' . The Scotsman . Retrieved 30 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Stern / CompuWeb , Keith . `` Rumours '' . www.mckellen.com . Jump up ^ MuggleNet -- Mckellen on Harris Archived 10 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Harris ' Family Calling for O'Toole To Take on Harry Potter Role '' . Internet Movie Database. 9 January 2003 . Retrieved 30 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Coventry Evening Telegraph : GO : CINEMA : I CASHED IN ON HARRY POTTER ! '' . Coventry Evening Telegraph . 28 May 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Oldman : Seriously Sirius '' . Newsround. 28 May 2004 . Retrieved 30 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Morris , Clint ( 9 June 2004 ) . `` Interview : David Thewlis '' . Movie Hole . Archived from the original on 26 September 2007 . Retrieved 28 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Columbus COS : full interview '' . Newsround. 13 November 2002 . Retrieved 10 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Dickey , Lucinda . `` The creators of Harry Potter break out of character to discuss The Prisoner of Azkaban '' . Science Fiction Weekly . Archived from the original on 19 August 2007 . Retrieved 10 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Larry ( 26 October 2007 ) . `` Guillermo Game For Harry Potter '' . MTV . Archived from the original on 27 October 2007 . Retrieved 26 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Susman , Gary ( 19 July 2002 ) . `` Great Expectations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 10 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alfonso Cuaron : the man behind the magic '' . Newsround. 24 May 2004 . Retrieved 10 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Puig , Claudia ( 27 May 2004 ) . `` New Potter movie sneaks in spoilers for upcoming books '' . USA Today . Retrieved 29 August 2007 . Jump up ^ McCabe , Bob . Harry Potter Page to Screen : The Complete Filmmaking Journey. 2011 . Harper Design . Page 102 . Jump up ^ Schmitz , Greg Dean . `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved 10 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Shakespeare , William ( 2009 ) . Macbeth. 4.1. 10 -- 45 : Simon & Schuster Paperbacks . pp. 119 -- 121 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7434 - 7710 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Dadds , Kimberly ; Miriam Zendle ( 9 July 2007 ) . `` Harry Potter : books vs. films '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 10 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Movie Rant '' . CanMag Magazine . 28 November 2004 . Retrieved 14 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Situation '' . Entertainment Weekly . 17 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Watson , Julie ( 3 June 2004 ) . `` J.K. Rowling And Her Magical Cash Cow '' . Frobes . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Bhatnagar , Parija ( 10 February 2004 ) . `` Hot in 2004 : Movie toys & singing Barbie '' . CNN Money . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Toy Fair 2004 : Harry Potter -- LEGO ® '' . Row M Enterprises , Inc. 2004 . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Potter star mobbed at US premiere '' . BBC News . 24 May 2004 . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wizard turn out for Harry Potter premiere '' . Daily Mail . 31 May 2004 . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Potter 3 will be screened on IMAX '' . CBBC Newsround. 19 December 2003 . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Azkaban breaks box office record '' . BBC News . 2 June 2004 . Retrieved 24 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Highest UK box office opening weekends '' . 25th Frame . Retrieved 7 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All time box office openings no previews '' . Sky is Falling . Archived from the original on 23 August 2007 . Retrieved 24 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and The Prisoner of Azkaban UK box office '' . 25th Frame . Retrieved 7 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gray , Brandon ( 7 June 2004 ) . `` Hotter Potter : Summer Bow Yields Franchise High '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 22 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( 29 June 2009 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Revenge of the Fallen ' Rises with Optimal Debut '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 3 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` June 11 - 13 , 2004 Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 24 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 24 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 DOMESTIC GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 24 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` OVERSEAS TOTAL YEARLY BOX OFFICE '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 24 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 13 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 21 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( 4 June 2004 ) . `` It had to happen . Harry Potter 's growing up '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 21 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter : Prisoner of Azkaban '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 28 May 2004 . Archived from the original on 17 April 2007 . Retrieved 21 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban '' . Newsround. 27 May 2004 . Retrieved 21 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( 3 June 2004 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban '' . Salon.com . Retrieved 17 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Arthur , Nicole ( 4 June 2004 ) . `` Cuaron 's Magic Touch '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 3 June 2004 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban '' . Chicago Sun Times . Retrieved 23 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Puig , Claudia ( 3 June 2004 ) . `` Azkaban wizard Cuaron casts an artful spell '' . USA Today . Retrieved 23 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( 3 June 2004 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban '' . Ebert & Roeper . Archived from the original on 7 March 2008 . Retrieved 23 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sean ( 31 May 2004 ) . `` The Harry Potter books have finally gotten the wondrous movie they deserve . The Prisoner of Azkaban boasts a brand - new director and a bold new vision '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 23 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( 3 June 2004 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 24 September 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 77th Academy Awards ( 2005 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Empire 's Greatest Movies of all Time '' . Empire . Retrieved 13 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Pirrello , Phil ( 4 April 2011 ) . `` IGN 's Top 25 Fantasy Films '' . IGN . Retrieved 5 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Prisoner of Azkaban named film of the decade '' . BBC . 16 March 2011 . Retrieved 16 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) Ballot '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Institute , American Film . `` AFI.com Error '' ( PDF ) . www.afi.com . Jump up ^ `` Amanda Awards for 2005 '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bafta Film Awards 2005 : The nominations '' . BBC News . 17 January 2005 . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nominee list for the 47th Annual Grammy Awards '' . Sound Spike. 7 December 2004 . Archived from the original on 3 May 2012 . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Hugo Award Nominations '' . AwardWeb . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Host / Nominee Release -- Knickelodeon Kids Choice Awards '' . Nickelodeon. 8 February 2005 . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Movie Awards for 2002 '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 PHOENIX FILM CRITICS SOCIETY AWARD WINNERS '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Saturn Awards . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2005 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards for 2005 '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd Annual VES Awards '' . Visual Effects Society . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( film ) Official Warner Bros. Page Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban on IMDb Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban at AllMovie Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban at Rotten Tomatoes Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban at Box Office Mojo Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban at Metacritic The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Novels The Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) The Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Ginny Weasley Supporting Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 Lego Creator : Harry Potter Creator : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Hogwarts Mystery Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Exhibitions Harry Potter : The Exhibition Harry Potter : A History of Magic Warner Bros. Studio Tour London -- The Making of Harry Potter Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock The Methods of Rationality My Immortal Severus Snape and the Marauders Voldemort : Origins of the Heir Related Wizarding World Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Portkey Games List of organisms named after the Harry Potter series Book Category Portal Films directed by Alfonso Cuarón Sólo con Tu Pareja ( 1991 ) A Little Princess ( 1995 ) Great Expectations ( 1998 ) Y Tu Mamá También ( 2001 ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) Children of Men ( 2006 ) Gravity ( 2013 ) Roma ( 2018 ) Works by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter series Novels Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2001 ) Quidditch Through the Ages ( 2001 ) Harry Potter prequel ( 2008 ) The Tales of Beedle the Bard ( 2008 ) The Cursed Child ( 2016 ) Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies ( 2016 ) Cormoran Strike series ( as Robert Galbraith ) The Cuckoo 's Calling ( 2013 ) The Silkworm ( 2014 ) Career of Evil ( 2015 ) Lethal White ( 2018 ) Other works The Casual Vacancy ( 2012 ) Filmography Films produced Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 , also wrote ) Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald ( 2018 , also wrote ) TV series The Casual Vacancy ( 2015 ) Strike ( 2017 -- present ) See also Wizarding World `` The template below ( Wizarding World ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Wizarding World Feature films Harry Potter The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 production The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 production Fantastic Beasts Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them The Crimes of Grindelwald Stage play The Cursed Child Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Outside media Video games The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets Quidditch World Cup The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 Book of Spells Book of Potions Harry Potter : Hogwarts Mystery Harry Potter : Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Digital publication Pottermore See also Harry Potter cast Music of the Harry Potter films Harry Potter book series Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them book Portkey Games Book Category Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie -- Action The Matrix Reloaded ( 2003 ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) X-Men Origins : Wolverine ( 2009 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Abduction ( 2012 ) Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) Divergent ( 2014 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) Deadpool ( 2016 ) Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) LCCN : no2004061093 VIAF : 227703490 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Potter_and_the_Prisoner_of_Azkaban_(film)&oldid=856542884 '' Categories : 2004 films English - language films 1492 Pictures films 2000s fantasy films 2000s sequel films American films American fantasy adventure films American sequel films British films British adventure films British sequel films British fantasy adventure films Films about shapeshifting Films directed by Alfonso Cuarón Films produced by Chris Columbus Films produced by David Heyman Films scored by John Williams Films set in England Films set in Scotland Films set in London Films using computer - generated imagery Harry Potter ( film series ) Heyday Films films High fantasy films IMAX films Size change in fiction Time travel films Warner Bros. films Werewolves in film Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 EngvarB from June 2014 Use dmy dates from June 2014 Pages with editnotices Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote አማርኛ Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Žemaitėška 中文 54 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 00 : 02 ( UTC ) . 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which is older windows xp or windows 7	Release date Title Architectures Based Upon 20 November 1985 Windows 1.0 x86 -- 16 - bit MS - DOS 9 December 1987 Windows 2.0 x86 -- 16 - bit MS - DOS 27 May 1988 Windows 2.10 x86 -- 16 - bit MS - DOS 13 March 1989 Windows 2.11 x86 -- 16 - bit MS - DOS 22 May 1990 Windows 3.0 x86 -- 16 - bit MS - DOS 20 October 1991 Windows 3.0 with Multimedia Extensions x86 -- 16 - bit MS - DOS 6 April 1992 Windows 3.1 x86 -- 16 - bit MS - DOS 27 October 1992 Windows for Workgroups 3.1 x86 -- 16 - bit MS - DOS 27 July 1993 Windows NT 3.1 IA - 32 , DEC Alpha , MIPS Windows NT 8 November 1993 Windows for Workgroups 3.11 x86 -- 16 - bit MS - DOS 21 September 1994 Windows NT 3.5 IA - 32 , DEC Alpha , MIPS Windows NT 30 May 1995 Windows NT 3.51 IA - 32 , DEC Alpha , MIPS , PowerPC Windows NT 24 August 1995 Windows 95 IA - 32 MS - DOS 24 August 1996 Windows NT 4.0 IA - 32 , DEC Alpha , MIPS , PowerPC Windows NT 25 June 1998 Windows 98 IA - 32 MS - DOS 5 May 1999 Windows 98 SE IA - 32 MS - DOS 17 February 2000 Windows 2000 IA - 32 Windows NT 14 September 2000 Windows ME IA - 32 MS - DOS 25 October 2001 Windows XP IA - 32 Windows NT 25 October 2001 Windows XP 64 - Bit Edition ( v2002 ) Itanium Windows NT 31 October 2002 Windows XP Media Center Edition IA - 32 Windows NT 28 March 2003 Windows XP 64 - Bit Edition ( v2003 ) Itanium Windows NT 24 April 2003 Windows Server 2003 IA - 32 , x64 , Itanium Windows NT 30 September 2003 Windows XP Media Center Edition 2004 IA - 32 Windows NT 12 October 2004 Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005 IA - 32 Windows NT 25 April 2005 Windows XP Professional x64 Edition x64 Windows NT 6 December 2005 Windows Server 2003 R2 IA - 32 , x64 , Itanium Windows NT 8 July 2006 Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs IA - 32 Windows NT 30 November 2006 Windows Vista for Business use IA - 32 , x64 Windows NT 30 January 2007 Windows Vista for Home use ; released in fifty countries IA - 32 , x64 Windows NT 7 November 2007 Windows Home Server IA - 32 , x64 Windows NT 27 February 2008 Windows Server 2008 IA - 32 , x64 Windows NT 22 October 2009 Windows 7 IA - 32 , x64 Windows NT 22 October 2009 Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Windows NT 6 April 2011 Windows Home Server 2011 x64 Windows NT 1 July 2011 Windows Thin PC IA - 32 Windows NT 4 September 2012 Windows Server 2012 x64 Windows NT 26 October 2012 Windows 8 IA - 32 , x64 Windows NT 26 October 2012 Windows RT ARM Windows NT 18 October 2013 Windows 8.1 IA - 32 , x64 Windows NT 18 October 2013 Windows RT 8.1 ARM Windows NT 18 October 2013 Windows Server 2012 R2 x64 Windows NT 29 July 2015 Windows 10 IA - 32 , x64 , ARM Windows NT 27 September 2016 Windows Server 2016 x64 Windows NT	Windows XP	Timeline of Microsoft Windows	timeline of microsoft windows	This article presents a timeline of events in the history of Microsoft Windows operating systems from 1985 .	The Windows family tree Contents 1 Desktop and server 2 Mobile 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Desktop and server ( edit ) Release date Title Architectures Based Upon 20 November 1985 Windows 1.0 x86 -- 16 - bit MS - DOS 9 December 1987 Windows 2.0 x86 -- 16 - bit MS - DOS 27 May 1988 Windows 2.10 x86 -- 16 - bit MS - DOS 13 March 1989 Windows 2.11 x86 -- 16 - bit MS - DOS 22 May 1990 Windows 3.0 x86 -- 16 - bit MS - DOS 20 October 1991 Windows 3.0 with Multimedia Extensions x86 -- 16 - bit MS - DOS 6 April 1992 Windows 3.1 x86 -- 16 - bit MS - DOS 27 October 1992 Windows for Workgroups 3.1 x86 -- 16 - bit MS - DOS 27 July 1993 Windows NT 3.1 IA - 32 , DEC Alpha , MIPS Windows NT 8 November 1993 Windows for Workgroups 3.11 x86 -- 16 - bit MS - DOS 21 September 1994 Windows NT 3.5 IA - 32 , DEC Alpha , MIPS Windows NT 30 May 1995 Windows NT 3.51 IA - 32 , DEC Alpha , MIPS , PowerPC Windows NT 24 August 1995 Windows 95 IA - 32 MS - DOS 24 August 1996 Windows NT 4.0 IA - 32 , DEC Alpha , MIPS , PowerPC Windows NT 25 June 1998 Windows 98 IA - 32 MS - DOS 5 May 1999 Windows 98 SE IA - 32 MS - DOS 17 February 2000 Windows 2000 IA - 32 Windows NT 14 September 2000 Windows ME IA - 32 MS - DOS 25 October 2001 Windows XP IA - 32 Windows NT 25 October 2001 Windows XP 64 - Bit Edition ( v2002 ) Itanium Windows NT 31 October 2002 Windows XP Media Center Edition IA - 32 Windows NT 28 March 2003 Windows XP 64 - Bit Edition ( v2003 ) Itanium Windows NT 24 April 2003 Windows Server 2003 IA - 32 , x64 , Itanium Windows NT 30 September 2003 Windows XP Media Center Edition 2004 IA - 32 Windows NT 12 October 2004 Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005 IA - 32 Windows NT 25 April 2005 Windows XP Professional x64 Edition x64 Windows NT 6 December 2005 Windows Server 2003 R2 IA - 32 , x64 , Itanium Windows NT 8 July 2006 Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs IA - 32 Windows NT 30 November 2006 Windows Vista for Business use IA - 32 , x64 Windows NT 30 January 2007 Windows Vista for Home use ; released in fifty countries IA - 32 , x64 Windows NT 7 November 2007 Windows Home Server IA - 32 , x64 Windows NT 27 February 2008 Windows Server 2008 IA - 32 , x64 Windows NT 22 October 2009 Windows 7 IA - 32 , x64 Windows NT 22 October 2009 Windows Server 2008 R2 x64 Windows NT 6 April 2011 Windows Home Server 2011 x64 Windows NT 1 July 2011 Windows Thin PC IA - 32 Windows NT 4 September 2012 Windows Server 2012 x64 Windows NT 26 October 2012 Windows 8 IA - 32 , x64 Windows NT 26 October 2012 Windows RT ARM Windows NT 18 October 2013 Windows 8.1 IA - 32 , x64 Windows NT 18 October 2013 Windows RT 8.1 ARM Windows NT 18 October 2013 Windows Server 2012 R2 x64 Windows NT 29 July 2015 Windows 10 IA - 32 , x64 , ARM Windows NT 27 September 2016 Windows Server 2016 x64 Windows NT Mobile ( edit ) Timeline of Windows CE Development Date Release Notes 16 November 1996 Windows CE 1.0 25 June 1997 Windows CE 1.01 29 September 1997 Windows CE 2.0 1 November 1997 Windows CE 2.0 Handheld PC ( H / PC ) 8 January 1998 Windows CE 2.01 Palm - sized PC , Pocket PC ( P / PC ) and smartphone 8 January 1998 Windows CE 2.01 Auto PC 1 March 1998 Windows CE 2.10 1 July 1999 Windows CE 2.11 28 September 1999 Windows CE 2.12 19 April 2000 Windows CE 3.0 19 April 2000 Pocket PC 2000 Palm - sized PC , Pocket PC ( P / PC ) and smartphone 25 September 2000 Windows CE 3.0 Core Add - on Pack 4 October 2001 Pocket PC 2002 Palm - sized PC , Pocket PC ( P / PC ) and smartphone 7 January 2002 Windows CE 4.0 1 June 2002 Windows CE 4.1 . NET Core 23 April 2003 Windows CE 4.2 . NET Core 23 June 2003 Windows Mobile 2003 24 March 2004 Windows Mobile 2003 SE 9 July 2004 Windows CE 5.0 9 May 2005 Windows Mobile 5.0 15 September 2006 Windows CE 6.0 12 February 2007 Windows Mobile 6.0 1 April 2008 Windows Mobile 6.1 11 May 2009 Windows Mobile 6.5 8 November 2010 Windows Phone 7 1 March 2011 Windows Embedded Compact 7 29 October 2012 Windows Phone 8 13 June 2013 Windows Embedded Compact 2013 14 April 2014 Windows Phone 8.1 20 November 2015 Windows 10 Mobile See also ( edit ) Microsoft portal History of Microsoft Windows Comparison of Microsoft Windows versions Microsoft version numbering List of Microsoft codenames Timeline of DOS operating systems History of operating systems Timeline of OpenBSD Comparison of operating systems List of operating systems References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Unveils Plans for 64 - Bit Windows Platform '' . News Center . Microsoft . May 23 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Releases Windows XP 64 - Bit Edition Version 2003 to Manufacturing '' . News Center . Microsoft . March 28 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Windows Thin PC Specs '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . External links ( edit ) Official Microsoft Windows Website Microsoft Windows family Components History Timeline Criticism DOS - based Windows 1.0 Windows 2.0 Windows 2.1 x Windows 3.0 Windows 3.1 x Windows 9x Windows 95 ( Development ) Windows 98 Windows ME Windows NT Windows NT 3.1 Windows NT 3.5 Windows NT 3.51 Windows NT 4.0 Windows 2000 Client versions Windows XP editions x64 Media Center Fundamentals Development of XP Windows Vista editions Development of Vista Windows 7 editions Windows 8 editions RT 8.1 Windows 10 editions version history Windows Server Server 2003 Home Server Server 2008 EBS 2008 HPC Server 2008 Server 2008 R2 Home Server 2011 Server 2012 Server 2012 R2 Server 2016 Server 2019 MultiPoint Server Server Essentials Specialized Windows Preinstallation Environment Windows Embedded Embedded Compact CE 5.0 Embedded CE 6.0 Embedded Compact 7 Embedded Automotive Embedded Industry Windows Mobile Pocket PC 2000 Pocket PC 2002 Mobile 2003 Mobile 5.0 Mobile 6.0 Mobile 6.1 Mobile 6.5 Windows Phone Phone 7 Phone 8 Phone 8.1 Windows 10 Mobile Cancelled Cairo Nashville Neptune Odyssey Related New Features XP Vista 7 8 10 Removed Features XP Vista 7 8 10 Criticism of Windows XP Vista 10 List of versions Comparison Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Microsoft_Windows&oldid=850335158 '' Categories : Microsoft Windows Computing timelines History of software Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български فارسی Magyar Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 06 : 30 ( UTC ) . 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first indian to be made a fellow of royal society of london	He is noted for having been the first Indian to be elected a Fellow of the Royal Society . He is also recorded as having introduced several ( at the time ) novel technologies to the city of Bombay ( now Mumbai ) , including gas lighting , the sewing machine , steam pump - driven irrigation and electro - plating .		Ardaseer Cursetjee	ardaseer cursetjee		Ardaseer Cursetjee Wadia 6 October 1808 Bombay , British India 16 November 1877 ( 1877 - 11 - 16 ) ( aged 69 ) Richmond , United Kingdom Occupation Engineer Ardaseer Cursetjee Wadia FRS ( 6 October 1808 -- 16 November 1877 ) born Parsi , an Indian shipbuilder and engineer belonging to the Wadia ship building family . He is noted for having been the first Indian to be elected a Fellow of the Royal Society . He is also recorded as having introduced several ( at the time ) novel technologies to the city of Bombay ( now Mumbai ) , including gas lighting , the sewing machine , steam pump - driven irrigation and electro - plating . Contents 1 Biography 2 Family 3 References 4 Further reading Biography ( edit ) Ardaseer Cursetjee was the son of Cursetjee Rustomjee , a scion of the wealthy Wadia family of shipbuilders and naval architects , who was a ship builder at the Bombay Dockyard ( today , Mumbai 's Naval Dockyard ) . In 1822 , aged 14 , Ardaseer joined his father at the dockyards . He is described to have been particularly interested in steam engines . In 1833 , aged 25 , he designed and launched a small 60 ton ocean - going ship called Indus . This ship would subsequently warrant a mention in his nomination for the Royal Society . In 1834 , in the presence of the Governor of Bombay , he had his house and gardens at Mazgaon lit using gas lighting . He married a Parsi girl , Awahbai , and the couple had several children who subsequently became the initial members of the wealthy Wadia business family of India . In 1837 , Ardaseer was elected a non-resident member of the Royal Asiatic Society In 1839 , at the age of 31 , he travelled overland to England to further his studies of marine steam power on behalf of the East India Company . He recounted his journey in The Diary of an Overland Journey from Bombay to England , which was published in London in 1840 . While in England , he constructed a steam engine , which he then had shipped to India for installation on the Indus . On 27 May 1841 , Cursetjee was elected Fellow of the Royal Society . The nomination , made by Spencer Compton , Marquess of Northampton , the then President of the Society , describes him as a `` gentleman well versed in the theory and practice of naval architecture and devoted to scientific pursuits . '' It credits him with both the introduction of gas lighting to Bombay , as well as having `` built a ( sea - going ) vessel of 60 tons to which he adapted a Steam Engine . '' In 1855 he was elected a Justice of the Peace . Ardaseer Cursetjee remained Chief Engineer at the Bombay Docks until 1 August 1857 , when he retired . He returned to England , where he settled . In 1858 , Ardaseer made his last trip to London and decided to permanently live in the UK with his mistress , an English woman named Marian Barber . While the couple did not marry , they had children and their lineage continues to live in the United Kingdom to date . One of his descendants Blair Southerden has written books , including A gentle lion and other ancestors ( 2013 ) tracing back his lineage , profiling the Parsi community and their interests in ship building . He died , aged 69 , on 16 November 1877 in Richmond , London . On 27 May 1969 , the Indian Postal Service issued a commemorative stamp in recognition of his contributions as `` pioneer and innovator . '' His children in the UK continued to carry his name for some time . St. Mathias church in Surrey records that in 1879 , one of children Gustasp Ardaseer married Florence Neal . Family ( edit ) Cursetjee set up home with Marian Barber ( 1817 -- 1899 ) in England , living together although they never formally married . Marian was a British woman , from Tower Hamlets whose brother worked as a clerk in the docks of London . Together the couple had a number of children , the first of which , Lowjee Annie , was born in Bombay in December 1853 . Her second child , Gustasp Ardaseer , was born in Bombay in 1856 . The couple subsequently returned to UK as the Parsi community in India did not accept their marriage . Ardaseer had a wife in India , Awahbai , who he left there when he migrated to UK . His children from Awahbai and his children from Marian continued to maintain relations , sometimes intermarrying amongst themselves . For example , Cursetjee Rustomjee ( 1855 -- 1941 ) , the grandson of Awahbai and Ardaseer was sent to England to study for the Indian Civil Service examination and stayed with his grandfather in Richmond . There , he met Lowjee Annie , his aunt and the daughter of Ardaseer and Marian . He married her in 1880 . While their three children were all born in India , their father returned to England soon after retirement in 1911 . He died in Matlock , Derbyshire in 1941 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ardaseer Cursetjee ( Wadia ) , F.R.S '' . Nature . 153 : 706 . 10 June 1944 . Retrieved 19 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Wadia , D.F. History of the Lodge Rising Star of Western India . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` ARDASEER CURSETJEE WADIA , FIRST INDIAN ELECTED to ROYAL SOCIETY '' . www.auspostalhistory.com . Australian postal history and philately . Retrieved 19 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` List of members '' . Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society . 15 April 1865 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Cursetjee , Ardaseer . The Diary of an Overland Journey from Bombay to England . London . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Gupta , Arvind . Ardaseer Cursetjee ( PDF ) . INSA - Indian national science academy . Retrieved 19 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( iv ) Obituary of Ardaseer Cursetjee , Proceedings of the Society of Civil Engineers , 51 ( 1878 ) , p. 271 '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Ardaseer Cursetjee -- a case study on innovation and steam power '' . blogs.ucl.ac.uk . University College of London . Retrieved 13 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Southerden , Blair ( 2013 ) . A Gentle Lion and other ancestors . ^ Jump up to : Indian Postal Service . `` Ardaseer Cursetji Wadia amid Ships '' . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Case study -- Ardaseer Cursetjee '' ( PDF ) . blogs.ucl.ac.uk/eicah/files/2014/05/Cursetjee-Final-PDF-19.08.14.pdf . UCL London . Retrieved 13 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bombay Calendar 1854 , transcribed by Families in British India Society '' . fibis.org . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Reports of cases heard and determined by the Judicial Committee , 6 : 8 , p. 376 . This case came before the Privy Council in 1856 on appeal from the Supreme Court . The findings that it was impossible to apply the law of the Diocese of London , a Christian law to persons professing the Zoroastrian religion were to be much quoted in future cases '' . blogs.ucl.ac.uk . UCL London . Retrieved 13 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Kochhar , Rajesh K. ( January 1993 ) . `` Ardaseer Cursetjee ( 1808 -- 1877 ) , the First Indian Fellow of the Royal Society of London '' . Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London . 47 ( 1 ) : 33 -- 47 . doi : 10.1098 / rsnr. 1993.0004 . Jump up ^ `` East India Company at Home , 1757 -- 1857 '' . University College of London . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Further reading ( edit ) Kochhar , Rajesh K. ( March 2001 ) . `` Indian Fellows of the Royal Society , London ( 1841 -- 2000 ) '' ( PDF ) . Current Science . 80 ( 6 ) : 721 -- 722 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ardaseer_Cursetjee&oldid=841080146 '' Categories : 1808 births 1877 deaths Fellows of the Royal Society Indian shipbuilders Engineers from Maharashtra Parsi people from Mumbai Scientists from Mumbai 19th - century Indian engineers Parsi people Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Pages using web citations with no URL EngvarB from July 2017 Use dmy dates from July 2017 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Malagasy Edit links This page was last edited on 13 May 2018 , at 23 : 29 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardaseer%20Cursetjee	1,884
is a level 7 diploma equivalent to a degree	Short courses at FHEQ level 7 / SCQF level 11 ( master 's degree level ) leading to Postgraduate Certificates and Postgraduate Diplomas , which are taught qualifications ;		Qualification types in the United Kingdom	qualification types in the united kingdom	In the UK education sector , there are a wide range of qualification types offered by the United Kingdom awarding bodies . Qualifications range in size and type , can be academic , vocational or skills - related , and are grouped together into different levels of difficulty . In England , Wales and Northern Ireland , qualifications are divided into Higher Education qualifications , which are on the Framework for Higher Education Qualifications ( FHEQ ) and are awarded by bodies with degree awarding powers , and Regulated qualifications , which are on the Regulated Qualifications Framework ( RQF ) and are accredited by Ofqual in England , the Council for the Curriculum , Examinations and Assessment in Northern Ireland and Qualifications Wales in Wales . In Scotland , qualifications are divided into Higher Education qualifications , Scottish Qualifications Authority qualifications and Scottish Vocational Qualifications / Modern Apprenticeships , all of which are on the Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework ( SCQF ) . Scottish Higher Education Qualifications are on both the SCQF and the FHEQ .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Qualification levels 2 The Business and Technology Education Council ( BTEC ) 3 A General National Vocational Qualification , or GNVQ 4 AS and A levels / Highers and Advanced Highers 5 Bachelor 's degrees 6 Diplomas ( for 14 - to 19 - year - olds ) 7 Entry level qualifications 8 Foundation Degrees 9 GCSEs / National 5s 10 HNCs and HNDs 11 International Baccalaureate 12 Key Skills qualifications 13 Postgraduate qualifications 14 Skills for Life qualifications 15 Vocational qualifications 16 See also 17 References 18 External links Qualification levels ( edit ) Qualifications are grouped together into different levels . Each level corresponds to a particular qualification 's degree of difficulty . However , qualifications within any one level can cover a huge range of subjects and take different amounts of time to complete , often expressed in terms of credits . In England , Northern Ireland and Wales , the levels are contained within the Regulated Qualifications Framework ( RQF ) , which superseded the Qualifications and Credit Framework from 1 October 2015 . There are nine levels of difficulty in the framework , from entry level ( which is sub-divided into 3 ) to level 8 . Higher education qualifications are contained in the Framework for Higher Education Qualifications ( FHEQ ) . The FHEQ corresponds with levels 4 to 8 of the RQF . Scotland has its own education system and its own twelve level system , the Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework . These can also be equated with the European Qualifications Framework . The business and technology education Council ( BTEC ) ( edit ) The Business and Technology Education Council ( BTEC ) is a provider ( existing as part of Pearson Education Ltd ) of secondary school leaving qualifications and Further education qualifications in England , Wales and Northern Ireland . Whilst the T in BTEC it has been mistakenly understood to stand for Technician , according to the DFE ( 2016 ) it actually stands for Technology . ( 1 ) BTEC qualifications , especially Level 3 , are accepted by many universities ( excluding Cambridge and Oxford unless combined with more qualifications ) when assessing the suitability of applicants for admission , and many such universities base their conditional admissions offers on a student 's predicted BTEC grades . A General National vocational qualification , or GNVQ ( edit ) A General National Vocational Qualification , or GNVQ , is a certificate of vocational education in the United Kingdom . The last GNVQs were awarded in 2007 . The qualifications relate to occupational areas in general , rather than any specific job . They could be taken in a wide range of subjects . There are different levels of GNVQ , namely the Intermediate level ( equivalent to four General Certificates of Secondary Education ) and Advanced level ( equivalent to two Advanced - level General Certificates of Education ) . GNVQs were available to people of all ages . Many schools and colleges offered these courses and they could be studied alongside GCSEs or A levels . The GNVQ generally involved a lot of coursework ( 6 - 8 large assignments ) , which allowed holders to show their skills when applying for jobs . RQF / CQFW level FHEQ level SCQF level EQF level Example qualification 8 8 12 8 Doctoral degree 7 7 11 7 Master 's degree 6 6 10 6 Bachelor 's degree with honours 9 Non-honours bachelor 's degree 5 5 8 5 Higher National Diploma 7 Higher National Certificate N / A 6 A-level N / A 5 GCSE ( grades A * -- C ) N / A GCSE ( grades D-G ) Entry E3 N / A Skills for Life E2 N / A N / A E1 N / A N / A As and a levels / Highers and Advanced Highers ( edit ) AS level and A ( Advanced ) level qualifications focus on traditional study skills . They normally take two years to complete full - time in school or college , and can be taken part - time . AS and A levels are available in a wide range of academic and applied ( work - related ) subjects , and are often used as entry into higher education . In Scotland , students usually take Highers and Advanced Highers . AS and A levels are at level 3 on the RQF . Bachelor 's degrees ( edit ) A bachelor 's degree is a course of higher education academic study leading to a qualification such as a bachelor of arts ( BA ) or bachelor of science ( BSc ) . They are sometimes known as ' undergraduate ' or ' first ' degrees . A bachelor 's degree is designed to give learners a thorough understanding of a subject , and usually takes three years to complete full - time in England , Wales and Northern Ireland ; in Scotland ' ordinary ' bachelor 's degrees normally take three years while bachelor 's degrees with honours take four years . Bachelor 's degrees are at level 6 on the FHEQ in England , Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scottish ordinary bachelor 's degrees are at level 9 of the SCQF and honours bachelor 's degrees at level 10 . All UK bachelor 's degrees are first cycle ( end of cycle ) qualifications in the Bologna Process . Some awards titled bachelor 's for historical reasons are actually master 's - level degrees , similarly the Scottish MA is actually a bachelor 's degree that has retained its historical title . Diplomas ( for 14 - to 19 - year - olds ) ( edit ) The 14 -- 19 Diploma was a qualification for 14 - to 19 - year - olds , offering a more practical , hands - on way of gaining the essential skills employers and universities look for . The 14 -- 19 Diplomas were at levels 1 to 3 on the NQF . From September 2008 , Diplomas in five subject areas were made available in selected schools and colleges around the country . Further subjects were added every year until 2011 when there were 17 subjects available . Diploma courses were cancelled from September 30 , 2013 onwards by the coalition government due to issues surrounding its popularity and how the qualifications were `` viewed by employers and universities '' . Entry level qualifications ( edit ) Entry level qualifications are known as ' certificates ' or ' awards ' , and are designed for learners who are not yet ready to take qualifications at level 1 on the RQF . They may be appropriate for learners who do not have traditional qualifications , or who have been away from learning for a long time . They are available in a wide variety of subjects , and at the three different sub-levels of the RQF 's entry level . Foundation degrees ( edit ) Foundation Degrees are higher education qualifications that combine academic study with workplace learning . They have been designed jointly by universities , colleges and employers , and are available in a range of work - related subjects . They are broadly equivalent to the first two years of a bachelor 's degree . Foundation Degrees are at level 5 on the FHEQ ; they are not offered in Scotland . GCSEs / National 5s ( edit ) GCSEs ( General Certificate of Secondary Education ) are the main qualification taken by 14 - to 16 - year - olds ( adults can take them as well ) in England and Wales . They are available in a wide range of academic and applied ( work - related ) subjects , and also as a ' short - course ' option ( equivalent to half a full GCSE ) . GCSEs are at levels 1 and 2 on the RQF , depending on the grade achieved . The Scottish equivalent of GCSE is the National 5 qualification . Hncs and HNDs ( edit ) HNCs ( Higher National Certificates ) and HNDs ( Higher National Diplomas ) are work - related higher education qualifications . HNCs can take one year to complete full - time . HNDs take two years full - time ( both can also be studied part - time ) . They are highly valued by employers , and can also count towards membership of professional bodies and other employer organisations . HNCs and HNDs are at level 5 on the NQF . International Baccalaureate ( edit ) The International Baccalaureate ( IB ) Diploma Programme is an internationally recognised qualification for students aged 16 to 19 . It is based around detailed academic study of a wide range of subjects . The student is required to take at least one language , a science , maths , english , and a humanity . The sixth option can be used to pursue an arts subject ( drama , music , art , etc . ) or another language , or science , or humanity . The IB also encompasses a Core of Theory of Knowledge ( ToK ) , CAS ( Creativity , Action , Service ) , and the Extended Essay ( EE ) . This all leads to a single qualification . The IB Diploma Programme is at level 3 on the RQF . Key skills qualifications ( edit ) Key Skills qualifications were designed to develop the skills that are commonly needed in education and training , work and life in general . They have been replaced by `` Functional Skills '' in England , `` Essential Skills '' in Northern Ireland and `` Essential Skills Wales '' in Wales . Postgraduate qualifications ( edit ) See also : master 's degree and doctoral degree Postgraduate qualifications are higher education qualifications at levels 7 or 8 of the FHEQ / levels 11 or 12 of the SCQF which require that learners have already completed a bachelor 's degree . Most postgraduate qualifications will include taught and research elements , and are defined as either ' taught ' or ' research ' qualifications depending on which of these predominates . While all UK universities have taught degree awarding powers and can award taught postgraduate degrees , only bodies with research degree awarding powers may award research degrees . Generally , they fall into three categories : Short courses at FHEQ level 7 / SCQF level 11 ( master 's degree level ) leading to Postgraduate Certificates and Postgraduate Diplomas , which are taught qualifications ; Master 's degrees ( FHEQ level 7 / SCQF level 11 ) , which may be defined as either taught or research degrees ; Doctoral degrees ( FHEQ level 8 / SCQF level 12 ) , which are all research degrees . In addition to these , primary qualifications in medicine ( Bachelor of Medicine , Bachelor of Surgery ) , dentistry ( Bachelor of Dental Surgery ) and veterinary science ( Bachelor of Veterinary Science ) , and integrated master 's degrees ( e.g. Master of Engineering , Master of Physics , etc . ) are undergraduate - entry courses that lead to postgraduate - level degrees ( FHEQ level 7 / SCQF level 11 ) . The Scottish MA and the Oxbridge MA are not postgraduate qualifications . In addition to postgraduate qualifications , the UK has graduate qualifications . These are short courses . ( up to one year ) at FHEQ level 6 / SCQF level 10 or 11 ( bachelor 's degree level ) that require students to have already gained a first degree , leading to Graduate Certificates and Graduate Diplomas . Skills for Life qualifications ( edit ) Skills for Life ( sometimes referred to as Basic Skills qualifications ) are designed to help learners develop their reading , writing , maths and ICT skills . There is also a Skills for Life qualification in English for Speakers of Other Languages ( ESOL ) . They are available for those learners who are over 16 years of age , have left compulsory full - time education and do not have an up - to - date English or maths qualification at level 2 ( such as a GCSE ) on the NQF . In some cases , schools can also offer the qualifications for 14 - to 16 - year - olds . Skills for Life qualifications are available at entry level on the RQF . Vocational qualifications ( edit ) Vocational qualifications are designed to give learners the skills and knowledge to do a particular job , work in a particular industry , or acquire more general skills to do a variety of jobs . They are offered by a variety of awarding bodies such as City and Guilds , Edexcel , OCR , NCFE and ABC Awards . They are available at various levels on the RQF , and in a variety of different sizes . A range of vocational qualifications include the competence - based National Vocational Qualifications ( NVQs ) that can be taken at work , college , or as part of an Apprenticeship . They are based on national standards for various occupations , and cover the practical , work - related tasks designed to help learners do a job effectively . NVQs are at levels 1 to 7 on the RQF . See also ( edit ) Secondary education Further education Lifelong learning Recognising and Recording Progress and Achievement References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What qualification levels mean '' . Gov.uk . Retrieved 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Credit and Qualifications Framework for Wales '' . Welsh Government . Retrieved 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework '' . Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework . Retrieved 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What qualification levels mean '' . Gov.uk . Retrieved 11 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Find and Compare Qualifications Frameworks '' . European Commission . Retrieved 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Diploma aggregation service ( DAS ) Closure Jump up ^ Anger grows as diploma support wanes BBC News Jump up ^ `` Key Skills '' . City & Guilds . Retrieved 11 October 2016 . External links ( edit ) ( https://web.archive.org/web/20080618111904/http://www.qca.org.uk/14-19/qualifications/index_main-qualifications-gp.hm Qualifications and Curriculum Authority ( QCA ) QCA NQF factsheet ( PDF ) National Database of Accredited Qualifications Department for Children Schools and Families , Section 96 qualifications ( for learners aged under 19 ) International Baccalaureate Organization City and Guilds Edexcel OCR Examinations Qualification Reform Support Programme Guide to Higher Education Qualifications Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qualification_types_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=798470831 '' Categories : Education in the United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 2 September 2017 , at 04 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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what's the robot's name in justice league			List of Justice League members	list of justice league members	The Justice League is a team of comic book superheroes in the DC Comics Universe . Over the years they have featured a large number of characters in a variety of combinations .	The JLA members are listed here in order of their first joining the team , and none are listed twice . No retconned members are listed ( except where they historically took part in the stories ) . No associates and unofficial members , or members of the Super Friends ( except when they are also Justice League members in the mainstream comics ) are listed . Non-full members and staff are also listed below . Characters in bold are current Justice League active members . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre-New 52 / Rebirth 1.1 Members 1.2 Other members 1.3 Staff 2 The New 52 / DC Rebirth 2.1 Members 2.2 Alternate Leagues 3 References Pre-new 52 / Rebirth DC Comics had the first fictional universe of superheroes , with the Justice Society of America forming in the Golden Age of Comic Books in the 1940s . This shared continuity became increasingly complex with multiple worlds , including a similar team of all - star superheroes formed in the 1960s named the Justice League of America , debuting The Brave and the Bold Volume 1 # 28 . This universe included several reboots and retcons starting with Crisis on Infinite Earths in 1986 and culminating in the Flashpoint storyline , leading to the New 52 in 2011 . Members Character Real name Joined in Notes Original team : Justice League of America Seven members were featured in the team 's first appearance ( The Brave and the Bold Vol. 1 # 28 , February -- March 1960 ) , with new members added in the team 's own series ( Justice League of America Vol. 1 , launched in November 1960 ) . This incarnation lasted until the mid-1980s . Superman Kal - El / Clark Kent The Brave and the Bold # 28 Founding member . Active . Batman Bruce Wayne Wonder Woman Princess Diana / Diana Prince The Flash Barry Allen Green Lantern Hal Jordan Aquaman Orin / Arthur Curry Martian Manhunter J'onn J'onzz / John Jones Green Arrow Oliver Queen Justice League of America # 4 Active Atom Ray Palmer Justice League of America # 14 Active in civilian identity as an agent of S.H.A.D.E Hawkman Katar Hol / Carter Hall Justice League of America # 31 Retconned as the Golden Age Hawkman ( JLA : Incarnations # 1 ) . Active . Metamorpho Rex Mason Justice League of America # 42 Metamorpho is offered membership but refuses , willing to be a stand - by member . He is later called into action in issue # 44 and appears with several superheroes in issues # 100 -- 102 . Black Canary Dinah Laurel Lance Justice League of America # 74 Active in Birds of Prey . For a period , after Crisis on Infinite Earths a retcon in Secret Origins Volume 2 # 32 ( November , 1988 ) revealed she was a founding member instead of Wonder Woman . The latter was changed to being a fairly new hero who debuted several years after the League formed . Phantom Stranger Unknown Justice League of America # 103 Active . Elongated Man Ralph Dibny Justice League of America # 105 Deceased in 52 # 42 . Post Flash - Point member of the Secret Six . Elongated Man is one of the few Justice League members who is n't reimagined Gold Age hero but is similar to Quality Comics ' Plastic Man ; DC acquired the rights to all Quality characters in 1956 but editor Julius Schwartz was evidently ignorant of this when he had Elongated Man created in the pages of The Flash . Red Tornado Ulthoon / John Smith Justice League of America # 106 Post Flash - Point Status unknown Green Lantern John Stewart Justice League of America # 110 Stewart fills in for Earth 's primary Green Lantern , Hal Jordan . He also appears in Justice League of America Volume 1 Annual # 1 in 1983 and the Red Tornado Volume 1 mini-series . Hawkgirl Shayera Hol / Shiera Hall Justice League of America # 146 Retconned as the Golden Age Hawkgirl ( JLA : Incarnations # 1 ) . Active . Zatanna Zatanna Zatara Justice League of America # 161 Active in Justice League Dark . Firestorm Ronnie Raymond and Martin Stein Justice League of America # 179 Ronnie Raymond ( with Jason Rusch ) Active . Martin Stein Deceased in Brightest Day # 22 . Detroit team This team existed for a few years in the mid-1980s following the disbanding of the original team . It consisted of Aquaman , Zatanna , Elongated Man and J'onn J'onzz ( and later Batman ) , plus the following members : Steel Hank Heywood III Justice League of America Annual # 2 Deceased in Justice League America # 38 . Vixen Mari Jiwe McCabe Active in JLI Vibe Paco Ramone Deceased in Justice League of America # 258 . Gypsy Cindy Reynolds Justice League of America # 236 Active . Justice League International This group was formed in the late 1980s after the Crisis on Infinite Earths and lasted until the early 1990s . During this era the Justice League was split into several teams . Lineup changes were rather frequent . Most of the Silver Age members were at least briefly part of one of these teams , and in addition , the following characters joined for the first time during this period : Blue Beetle Ted Kord Legends # 6 Deceased in Countdown to Infinite Crisis # 1 . Captain Marvel Billy Batson Inactive ; depowered in Justice Society of America vol. 3 , # 23 . Doctor Fate Kent Nelson Deceased in Book of Fate # 1 . Green Lantern Guy Gardner Active in the Green Lantern Corps and JLI . Mister Miracle Scott Free Justice League # 1 Deceased in Death of the New Gods # 8 . Resurrected , but then displaced to Earth - 51 , in Final Crisis # 7 . Doctor Light Kimiyo Hoshi Active . Booster Gold Michael Carter Justice League # 4 Active in JLI . Captain Atom Nathaniel Adam Justice League International # 7 Active . Rocket Red 7 Vladimir Mikoyan Revealed as a Manhunter cyborg . Destroyed in Justice League International # 9 . Rocket Red 4 Dimitri Pushkin Justice League International # 11 Deceased in The OMAC Project # 5 . Fire Beatriz da Costa Justice League International # 14 Active in JLI . Ice Tora Olafsdotter Deceased in Justice League Task Force # 14 . Revived in Birds of Prey # 104 . Active in JLI . Hawkman Fel Andar Justice League International # 19 Retcon membership ; originally the Silver Age Katar Hol . Revealed as a traitor . Deceased in Hawkman Vol. 4 # 48 . Hawkwoman Sharon Parker Retcon membership ; originally the Silver Age Shayera Hol . Deceased in Hawkworld Vol. 2 # 23 . Huntress Helena Bertinelli Justice League America # 30 Active in Birds of Prey . Doctor Fate Linda Strauss Justice League America # 31 Deceased in Dr. Fate # 24 . Lightray Sollis Justice League America # 42 Deceased in Countdown to Final Crisis # 48 . Resurrected , but then displaced to Earth - 51 , in Final Crisis # 7 . Orion Orion of Apokolips Deceased in Final Crisis # 1 . General Glory Joseph Jones Justice League America # 50 Deceased in Justice League Quarterly # 16 . Tasmanian Devil Hugh Dawkins Justice League America # 56 Deceased in Justice League : Cry for Justice # 3 . Resurrected in Starman / Congorilla # 1 Maxima Maxima of Almerac Justice League America # 63 Deceased in Man of Steel # 117 . Ray Ray Terrill Justice League America # 71 Active in the Freedom Fighters . Black Condor Ryan Kendall Deceased in Infinite Crisis # 1 . Agent Liberty Benjamin Lockwood Deceased in Action Comics # 873 . Bloodwynd -- Justice League America # 78 Active . Flash Jay Garrick Active in the JSA . Justice League Europe Animal Man Buddy Baker Justice League International # 24 Active . Flash Wally West Metamorpho Rex Mason Active in the Outsiders . Power Girl Kara Zor - L / Karen Starr Active . Crimson Fox Vivian and Constance d'Aramis Justice League Europe # 13 Vivian deceased in Justice League America # 104 . Constance deceased in Starman vol. 2 , # 38 . Blue Jay Jay Abrams Justice League Europe # 20 Active . Left for the Multiverse in Justice League of America ( vol. 2 ) # 53 . Silver Sorceress Laura Neilsen Deceased in Justice League Europe # 35 . Maya Chandi Gupta Justice League Europe # 50 . Active . Justice League Antarctica This was a one - shot team played exclusively for humor . Major Disaster Paul Booker Justice League Annual # 4 . Death confirmed in Blackest Night : Director 's Cut # 1 . G'nort Gnort Esplanade G'neeshmacher MIA , presumed dead as of Green Lantern : Sinestro Corps Secret Files and Origins # 1 . Multi-Man Duncan Pramble Active . Big Sir Dufus P. Ratchett Deceased in Suicide Squad Vol. 2 # 1 . Cluemaster Arthur Brown Active . Clock King William Tockman The Mighty Bruce Bruce ( presumably ) Scarlet Skier Dren Keeg Post-Zero Hour Three teams would use the name Justice League in the early 1990s : Justice League America ( led by Wonder Woman ) , Justice League Task Force ( led by the Martian Manhunter ) , and Extreme Justice ( led by Captain Atom ) . Triumph William MacIntyre Justice League International # 67 Deceased in JLA # 38 . Hawkman ( Modern Age ) Katar Hol Justice League America # 0 Deceased in JSA # 23 . Nuklon Albert Rothstein Active in the JSA as Atom Smasher . Obsidian Todd Rice Active in the JSA . Amazing Man Will Everett , III Deceased in Starman Vol. 2 # 38 . Blue Devil Daniel Cassidy Justice League America # 98 . Active . Icemaiden Sigrid Nansen Inactive due to severe injuries . L - Ron / Despero L - Ron / Despero of Kalanor Justice League Task Force # 12 L - Ron / Despero now separated . L - Ron : Active in Robot Renegades . Despero : Active . Note : L - Ron , in his robot form , is also listed in the staff section . Mystek Jennifer Barclay Justice League Task Force # 26 Deceased in Justice League Task Force # 32 . Zan & Jayna Zan & Jayna of Exor Extreme Justice # 16 Active . JLA This team was formed in the September 1996 Justice League : A Midsummer 's Nightmare written by Mark Waid and Fabian Nicieza . The JLA series , by Grant Morrison , was a return to the `` Big Seven , '' with Superman , Batman , Wonder Woman , Flash ( Wally West ) , Green Lantern ( Kyle Rayner ) , Aquaman and J'onn J'onzz . New to the team were : Green Lantern Kyle Rayner Justice League : A Midsummer 's Nightmare # 3 Active in the Green Lantern Corps . Tomorrow Woman Clara Kendall JLA # 5 Destroyed in JLA # 5 and revived as human in Trinity # 52 . Aztek Uno / Curt Falconer Aztek # 10 Deceased in JLA # 41 . Green Arrow Connor Hawke JLA # 9 Active . Oracle Barbara Gordon JLA # 16 Active as Batgirl . Plastic Man Patrick O'Brien Active . Steel John Henry Irons Zauriel -- Wonder Woman Hippolyta of Themyscira Active as the Queen of the Amazons . Big Barda Barda Free JLA # 17 Deceased in Death of the New Gods # 1 . Resurrected , but then displaced to Earth - 51 , in Final Crisis # 7 . Hourman Matthew Tyler JLA # 26 Defunct in JSA # 66 . Jade Jennie - Lynn Hayden Made reserve in JLA # 27 Deceased in Rann / Thanagar War : Infinite Crisis Special # 1 Resurrected in Blackest Night # 8 . Active . Antaeus Mark Antaeus JLA : Superpower Deceased in JLA : Superpower Jesse Quick Jesse Chambers Flash Vol. 2 # 140 Active . Dark Flash Walter West JLA # 33 Last seen traveling through Hypertime to find home dimension in Flash vol. 2 , # 159 . Moon Maiden Laura Klein JLA Giant Size Special # 3 Retconned into the Silver Age team . Whereabouts unknown . Nightwing / Batman Dick Grayson JLA # 69 Active as Nightwing . Faith Active . Hawkgirl Kendra Saunders Deceased in Blackest Night # 1 . Folded into the resurrected Shiera Hall . Jason Blood ( Etrigan ) -- Active . Green Lantern John Stewart JLA # 76 Active in the Green Lantern Corps . Previously filled in for Hal Jordan in 1970s comics . Manitou Raven -- JLA # 78 Deceased in Justice League Elite # 8 . Justice League Elite Sister Superior organized the JL Elite for missions the JLA refused to do . Included JLA past core member Green Arrow , as well as JLA members Flash ( Wally West ) , Manitou Raven and Major Disaster . Sister Superior Vera Lynn Black JLA # 100 Whereabouts unknown . Menagerie Sonja ( last name unrevealed ) Last seen in Justice League custody . Coldcast Nathan Jones Whereabouts unknown . Naif al - Sheikh -- Justice League Elite # 1 Kasumi Cassandra Cain Active in Batman Inc. as Blackbat . Manitou Dawn -- Active . Post-Infinite Crisis : during 52 Firestorm 's brief Justice League from the pages of 52 . This Justice League did not operate in any official capacity sanctioned by any previous incarnations of the team or previous members . Firestorm Jason Rusch ( and other hosts ) 52 # 24 Active . Host Gehenna deceased in Blackest Night # 3 , currently merged with Ronnie Raymond . Firehawk Lorraine Reily Active . Super-Chief Jon Standing Bear Deceased in 52 # 24 . Bulleteer Alix Harrower Active . Ambush Bug Irwin Schwab One Year Later Recruits A new Justice League of America was formed following the case entitled The Tornado 's Path . Every hero who participated in the case was offered membership . Black Lightning Jefferson Pierce Justice League of America Vol. 2 # 7 . Originally offered membership in and declined in Justice League of America Volume 1 # 173 and reiterated it the following issue . Red Arrow Roy Harper Active in the Outlaws as Arsenal . Geo - Force Prince Brion Markov Active . Cry for Justice In a mini-series written by James Robinson , Hal Jordan forms a more pro-active league with Oliver Queen and Ray Palmer , as well as new members . Supergirl Kara Zor - El / Linda Lang Justice League : Cry for Justice # 3 Active . Starman Mikaal Tomas Justice League : Cry for Justice # 5 Congorilla William `` Congo Bill '' Glenmorgan Post-Cry for Justice New team which also includes Batman ( Dick Grayson ) , Green Lantern ( Hal Jordan ) , Green Arrow ( Oliver Queen ) , Atom ( Ray Palmer ) and Dr. Light ( Kimiyo Hoshi ) Guardian Jim Harper Justice League of America Vol. 2 # 41 Retired Superman : War of the Supermen # 4 . Mon - El Lar Gand Returned to the Phantom Zone , as seen in Adventure Comics Vol. 2 # 11 . Active in the Legion of Super-Heroes in the 31st century . Donna Troy Donna Troy Active . Cyborg Victor Stone Retconned as founding member post-Flashpoint . Active . Starfire Koriand'r Active in the Outlaws . Generation Lost In the maxi - series written by Keith Giffen and Judd Winick , Justice League International is re-established along with several new members . Blue Beetle Jaime Reyes Justice League : Generation Lost # 3 Active . Rocket Red # 7 Gavril Ivanovich Justice League : Generation Lost # 4 Deceased . Other members Character Real name Non-full membership in Notes This section is for honorary and other non-full members . Snapper Carr Lucas `` Snapper '' Carr Made honorary member , and team mascot in The Brave and The Bold # 28 Resigned in Justice League of America # 77 . Active as a member of Checkmate , briefly a superhero with The Blasters , and later a non-powered friend to the android Hourman . The 1998 -- 99 mini-series JLA : Year One revises this history to include Carr 's uncle Simon Carr as a patron of League shortly after they formed . Sargon the Sorcerer John Sargent Made honorary in Justice League of America # 99 Killed in Swamp Thing Vol. 2 # 50 . Appears in issues # 97 -- 98 , helping the League with a magical enemy Starbreaker . Issue # 99 includes an off - hand reference to Sargon being voted an honorary member . Golden Eagle Charley Parker Infiltrates the League Justice League of America # 116 Parker is a fan of Hawkman who impersonates him and briefly helps the League in issue 116 . In the following issue , the JLAers suggest voting on him as an honorary member but never actually do and instead welcome the actual Hawkman back to the League following a brief leave . Parker later creates the persona of Golden Eagle and makes a handful of appearances , mostly with the Teen Titans before being killed in the `` Titans Hunt '' storyline . A retconned version of him from the Hawkworld series was later active on Thanagar . Captain Comet Adam Blake Made honorary in DC Special # 27 Active in adventuring . Comet is appointed an honorary member by Hawkman while patrolling on the JLA 's satellite headquarters . He would later appear at the wedding of Ray Palmer ( The Atom ) and Jean Loring in Justice League of America Volume 1 # 157 . Sandman Garrett Sanford Made honorary in Justice League of America Annual # 1 Committed suicide . Death confirmed in Sandman Volume 2 # 12 . Sue Dibny -- Made honorary in Justice League International # 24 Murdered by Jean Loring in Identity Crisis # 1 . Adam Strange -- Made honorary in JLA : Secret Files # 1 Active in adventuring . Strange was often a JLA guest star , starting in Mystery in Space Volume 1 # 75 and Justice League of America Volume 1 # 24 . During the Mystery in Space adventure , the Flash thinks , `` Terrific ! I 'm going to propose Adam Strange for membership in the Justice League at our next meeting ! '' but this never happens in subsequent comics . Tempest Garth Made honorary in Justice League of America Vol. 2 Killed in Blackest Night # 2 . Batgirl Barbara Gordon Made honorary after her death in Zero Hour # 0 Killed in Zero Hour # 0 . Note : This was an alternative - reality version of Barbara Gordon ( as Batgirl ) . She was granted honorary JLA membership ( in the 1990s crossover `` Zero Hour '' ) after sacrificing herself to save Damage during a battle with Hal Jordan / Parallax . Creeper Jack Ryder Made honorary in Justice League International # 24 Active . Retro Unrevealed Made honorary in New Year 's Evil : Prometheus Killed by Prometheus in New Year 's Evil : Prometheus . Resurrection Man Mitch Shelley Granted probationary in Resurrection Man # 21 Active . Toyman Hiro Okamura Made honorary in Superman / Batman # 49 Revealed to be an android in Action Comics # 865 . Tattooed Man Mark Richards Made honorary in Final Crisis # 6 Active . Bulleteer Alix Harrower Made reserve member in Justice League of America ( vol. 2 ) # 56 Staff Character Real name Joined staff in Notes This section covers staff . Simon Carr -- JLA : Year One # 1 Financer ( fronting for Oliver Queen ) . Dale Gunn -- Justice League of America Annual # 2 Whereabouts unknown . Operator of the League 's headquarters The Bunker . He never joins the JLA but accompanies Steel under the direction of his grandfather , the original Commander Steel , Hank Heywood Sr . Maxwell Lord -- Justice League # 1 Killed by Wonder Woman in Wonder Woman vol. 2 , # 219 . Resurrected in Blackest Night # 8 . Oberon -- Active with the Meta - Movers ( Doom Patrol vol. 5 , # 7 ) . Catherine Cobert -- Justice League International # 8 Whereabouts unknown . Kilowog Kilowog of Bolovax Vik Justice League America # 33 Active in the Green Lantern Corps . L - Ron -- Justice League America # 42 Active in the Robot Renegades . Hannibal Martin -- Justice League Task Force # 1 Whereabouts unknown . Yazz -- Justice League America # 95 Deceased . Yazz appears in a monument to fallen members erected by the Martian Manhunter in 52 # 24 . The new 52 / DC Rebirth After the New 52 universe was published for five years , DC merged several of their prior continuities again in the DC Rebirth event . The consequent universe contains elements of all previous DC publications . Members Character Real name Joined in Notes THE NEW 52 New 52 Justice League The Justice League was rebooted in 2011 . Batman Bruce Wayne Justice League ( Vol. 2 ) # 6 Founding member . Also active in the Justice League of America . Superman Clark Kent / Kal - El Founding member . Active . The Flash Bartholomew `` Barry '' Allen Wonder Woman Princess Diana of Themyscira Cyborg Victor `` Vic '' Stone Aquaman Orin / Arthur Curry Founding member . Active . Left the League before Vol. 3 issue # 24 , and rejoined before issue # 34 . Green Lantern Harold `` Hal '' Jordan Founding member . Left the League in Vol. 2 issue # 12 , rejoined in issue # 39 , and left again after issue Vol. 2 issue # 52 . Rejoined before the Vol. 3 Dark Nights : Metal event . Also active in the Green Lantern Corp . Martian Manhunter J'onn J'onzz / John Jones Between Justice League ( Vol. 2 ) issues # 6 and # 7 Active . Joined the League , attacked it , and left ( as noted in Vol. 2 issue # 8 ) ; rejoined in Dark Night : Metal # 6 . Former member of Stormwatch , the Justice League of America , and the Justice League United . The Atom Rhonda Pineda Justice League ( Vol. 2 ) # 18 Revealed in Vol. 2 issue # 23 that , although she was spying for the Justice League of America , she was actually a member of the Crime Syndicate of America . Died in Forever Evil # 7 . Element Woman Emily Sung Left the League after Forever Evil # 7 . Firestorm Ronnie Raymond and Jason Rusch Shazam William `` Billy '' Batson Justice League ( Vol. 2 ) # 31 Left the League after issue Vol. 2 issue # 52 . Lex Luthor Lex Luthor Justice League ( Vol. 2 ) # 33 Left the League after issue Vol. 2 issue # 52 . Currently active with the Superfamily . Captain Cold Leonard Snart Left after Vol. 2 issue # 41 , before the Darkseid War . Power Ring / Green Lantern Jessica Cruz Justice League ( Vol. 2 ) # 35 ( as Power Ring ) Becomes a Green Lantern in Vol. 2 issue # 50 . Left the League after Vol. 3 issue # 7 , rejoins in issue # 11 , and left again before the Dark Nights : Metal event . Currently active in the Green Lantern Corp . Green Lantern Simon Baz Justice League ( Vol. 3 ) # 1 Left the League before the Dark Nights : Metal event . Former member of the Justice League of America . Currently active in the Green Lantern Corp . Mera Mera of Xebel Justice League ( Vol. 3 ) # 24 Left the League after Vol. 3 issue # 31 . Currently active with the Aquafamily . Green Arrow Oliver `` Ollie '' Queen Green Arrow ( Vol. 6 ) # 31 Declined invitation to join , but accepted to be active as a Rogue Agent of the League . Former member of the Justice League of America and the Justice League United . Hawkgirl Kendra Saunders Dark Night : Metal # 6 Active . New 52 Justice League Dark A separate , new team was formed to handle situations deemed unfit for the traditional Justice League . Madame Xanadu Nimue Inwudu Justice League Dark # 1 Brought the team together . Rejoins in Annual # 2 . Constantine John Constantine Became leader of the team in issue # 9 , left in issue # 29 , and rejoins in Annual # 2 . Currently active on his own . Deadman Boston Brand Previously appeared in Justice League of America Volume 1 , possessing Aquaman . Zatanna Zatanna Zatara Left the team after issue # 18 , and rejoins and become leader in issue # 29 . Shade , the Changing Man Rac Shade Left the team in issue # 8 . Mind Warp Jay Young Justice League Dark # 3 Left the team in issue # 5 . Andrew Bennett Andrew Bennett Justice League Dark # 9 Left the team in issue # 14 , and rejoins in Annual # 2 . Black Orchid Alba Garcia Left the team in issue # 30 , and rejoins in Annual # 2 . Doctor Mist Nommo Balewa Turned out to be working for Felix Faust in issue # 11 . Timothy Hunter Timothy Hunter Justice League Dark # 11 . Left the team in issue # 18 . Frankenstein Justice League Dark Annual # 1 Left the team in issue # 30 . Amethyst Amaya Left the team after issue # 14 . Swamp Thing Alec Holland Justice League Dark # 25 Joined to help fight Blight during Forever Evil . Nightmare Nurse Asa Justice League Dark # 24 Pandora Pandora Trinity of Sin : Phantom Stranger # 14 Joined to help fight Blight during Forever Evil . Killed in DC Rebirth Special . The Phantom Stranger Judas Iscariot Joined to help fight Blight during Forever Evil , and left after issue # 29 . Zauriel Zauriel Constantine # 10 New 52 Justice League International A separate , new team was formed by the United States to be a world government controlled team without Secret Identities . Booster Gold Michael Jon Carter Justice League International ( Vol. 3 ) # 1 Appointed team leader . August General in Iron Fang Zhifu Fire Beatriz da Costa Badly injured , goes into a coma in issue # 7 . Godiva Dorcas Leigh Green Lantern Guy Gardner Quits the League in issue # 1 , and rejoins in issue # 2 . Currently active in the Green Lantern Corp . Ice Tora Olafsdotter Badly injured in issue # 7 , rejoins team in Annual # 1 Rocket Red Gavril Ivanovich Dies in issue # 7 . Vixen Mari Jiwe McCabe Badly injured in issue # 7 , rejoins team in Annual # 1 . Currently active in the Justice League of America . Batman Bruce Wayne UN initially turned down the suggestion of adding Batman , but he assisted the team on missions , with Booster Gold 's blessing . Currently active in the Justice League and the Justice League of America . Batwing David Zavimbe Justice League International ( Vol. 3 ) # 8 Former member of Batman , Inc . Currently active with the Batfamily . O.M.A.C. Kevin Kho Justice League International ( Vol. 3 ) # 9 Olympian Aristides Demetrios Justice League International ( Vol. 3 ) Annual # 1 Briefly join the League before it disbands . Blue Beetle Jaime Reyes Briefly join the League before it disbands . Currently active on his own . New 52 Justice League of America Following the events of `` Throne of Atlantis '' , a separate , new Justice League of America was formed by Amanda Waller and Steve Trevor . Col. Steve Trevor Steve Trevor Justice League of America ( Vol. 3 ) # 2 Field Leader . Currently active with the Wonderfamily . Hawkman Katar Hol Former member of the Justice League United . Died in Death of Hawkman # 6 . Martian Manhunter J'onn J'onzz / John Jones Former member of Stormwatch and the Justice League United . Currently active in the Justice League . Katana Tatsu Yamashiro Former member of the Birds of Prey . Currently active in the Suicide Squad . Vibe Francisco `` Cisco '' Ramon Stargirl Courtney Whitmore Catwoman Selina Kyle Currently active with the Batfamily . Green Arrow Oliver `` Ollie '' Queen Justice League of America ( Vol. 3 ) # 4 Former member of the Justice League United . Currently active on his own and as a Rogue Agent of the Justice League . Green Lantern Simon Baz Justice League of America ( Vol. 3 ) # 5 Former Member of the Justice League . Currently active in the Green Lantern Corp . Doctor Light Arthur Light Justice League ( Vol. 2 ) # 22 Killed by Superman in Justice League Vol. 2 # 22 New 52 Justice League United A continuation of the Justice League of America without ARGUS . Stargirl Courtney Whitmore Joined the JLA in Justice League of America Vol. 3 # 1 Former member of the Justice League of America . Martian Manhunter J'onn J'onzz / John Jones Former member of Stormwatch and the Justice League of America . Currently active in the Justice League . Green Arrow Oliver `` Ollie '' Queen Former member of the Justice League of America . Currently active on his own and as a Rogue Agent of the Justice League . Animal Man Bernhard `` Buddy '' Baker Justice League United # 1 Adam Strange Adam Strange Died in Death of Hawkman # 6 . Supergirl Kara Zor - El Justice League United # 2 Currently active on her own and with the Superfamily Equinox Miiyabin Marten Justice League United # 5 Allied with the team in Justice League United # 0 -- 4 before officially joining in issue # 5 . Hawkman Katar Hol Justice League United # 3 Former member of the Justice League of America . Died in Death of Hawkman # 6 . DC REBIRTH DC Rebirth Justice League of America Following the events of `` Justice League vs. Suicide Squad '' , a new Justice League of America was formed by Batman . Batman Bruce Wayne Justice League of America ( vol. 5 ) # 1 Founding member . Also active in the Justice League . Black Canary Dinah Laurel Lance Founding member . Also active in the Birds of Prey and with the Arrowfamily . Vixen Mari Jiwe McCabe Founding member . Active . Atom Ryan Choi Lobo Unpronounceable Killer Frost Caitlin Snow Founding member . Active . Former member of the Suicide Squad . Ray Ray Terrill Founding member . Active . Left the League in issue # 18 , and rejoined in issue # 24 . Aztek Nayeli Constant Justice League of America ( vol. 5 ) # 25 Active . DC Rebirth Justice League of China The Republic of China 's gathering of superheroes . Super-Man Kong Kenan New Super-Man # 2 Founding Member . Active Wonder - Woman Peng Deilan Bat - Man Wang Baixi The Flash Ho Avery New Super-Man # 9 Active . DC UNIVERSE DC Universe Justice League Dark The mystical Justice League is back . Wonder Woman Princess Diana of Themyscira Justice League Dark ( Vol. 2 ) # 1 ( Upcoming ) Constantine John Constantine Zatanna Zatanna Zatara Swamp Thing Alec Holland Man - Bat Robert Kirkland `` Kirk '' Langstrom Detective Chimp Bobo T. Chimpanzee DC Universe Justice League Odyssey The Justice League goes to space . Cyborg Victor `` Vic '' Stone Justice League Odyssey # 1 ( Upcoming ) Green Lantern Jessica Cruz Starfire Koriand'r Azrael Jean - Paul Valley Darkseid Uxas Alternate leagues Character Real name Joined in Notes New 52 Justice League 3000 A 31st century Justice League of resurrected heroes . Batman Bruce Wayne Justice League 3000 # 1 The Flash Barry Allen Dies in issue # 2 , resurrected in issue # 4 , dies again in issue # 7 , and resurrected again sometime before Justice League 3001 # 3 . Left the team in order to supervise the Super Buddies 3000 . Dies again in 3001 # 7 . Green Lantern Hal Jordan Left the team prior to Justice League 3001 # 1 in order to supervise the Super Buddies 3000 . Superman Clark Kent / Kal - El Wonder Woman Princess Diana Firestorm Ronnie Raymond and Jason Rusch Justice League 3000 # 4 Left the team in issue # 8 . Later , assumed charge of CADMUS . The Flash Teri Justice League 3000 # 9 Genetically recreated with DNA of Barry Allen . Green Lantern Guy Gardner Justice League 3001 # 1 Brought back to life in a female body . New 52 Super Buddies 3000 A 31st century recreation of the Super Buddies / Justice League International . Blue Beetle Ted Kord Sometime prior to Justice League 3001 # 3 Woke up in the 31st century after being frozen . Booster Gold Michael Jon Carter Fire Beatriz Bonilla da Costa Ice Tora Olafsdotter The Flash Barry Allen Resurrected again sometime prior to Justice League 3001 # 3 , joined the team in order to supervise it . Dies again in 3001 # 7 . Green Lantern Hal Jordan Joined the team in order to supervise it . Presumed dead after the scullion attack in 3001 # 7 . Futures End Justice League Beyond The active Justice League from 35 years in the future . Superman Kal - El Batman Beyond ( Vol. 5 ) # 9 Green Lantern Kai - Ro Big Barda Barda Free Aquagirl Mareena Curry Warhawk Rex Stewart Micron Unknown name References Jump up ^ Dick Giordano ( p ) , Terry Austin ( i ) . `` ( Key to the JLA Pin - Up ) '' Limited Collector 's Edition v5 , 46 ( August -- September 1976 ) , New York City , New York , United States : DC Comics Jump up ^ Amash , Jim ( 2010 ) . Carmine Infantino : Penciler , Publisher , Provocateur . Raleigh , North Carolina : TwoMorrows Publishing . p. 80 . ISBN 978 - 1605490250 . ( Jim Amash ) : Was there any discussion about Plastic Man when you did ' The Elongated Man ' with Julie ? ( Carmine Infantino ) : No , he never mentioned him . Jump up ^ Harvey , R.C. ( 2003 ) . The Life and Art of Murphy Anderson . Raleigh , North Carolina : TwoMorrows Publishing . p. 150 . ISBN 978 - 1893905214 . Not knowing that DC owned these old Quality characters -- and Julie 'll deny it , I guess , and say they wanted to do something different -- but they came up with the Elongated Man instead of Plastic Man , and they came up with the Atom instead of Doll Man . They could have resurrected either of these two characters ... ( b ) ut the whole concept of Plastic Man would have escaped them . It 's just crazy humor , and it needs someone who really understands that stuff . Jump up ^ Mike Friedrich ( w ) , Dick Dillin ( p ) , Joe Giella ( i ) , Julius Schwartz ( ed ) . `` Seeds of Destruction ! '' Justice League of America 99 : 15 ( August -- September 1976 ) , New York City , New York , United States : DC Comics Jump up ^ Bob Rozakis ( w ) , Rich Buckler ( p ) , Joe Rubinstein ( i ) , Jerry Serpe ( col ) , Milt Snapinn ( let ) . `` Danger : Dinosaurs at Large ! '' DC Special v7 , 27 ( April -- May 1977 ) , New York City , New York , United States : DC Comics Justice League Gardner Fox Founding members Superman Batman Wonder Woman Green Lantern ( Hal Jordan ) Flash ( Barry Allen ) Aquaman Martian Manhunter ( original ) Black Canary ( some retellings ) Triumph ( some retellings ) Cyborg ( some retellings ) Enemies Major antagonists Amazo Anti-Monitor Appellaxians Brainiac Darkseid Deathstroke Despero Doctor Destiny Doctor Light Doomsday Eclipso Felix Faust General Wade Eiling Imperiex Joker Kanjar Ro Key Lex Luthor Libra Maxwell Lord Neron Professor Ivo Prometheus Queen Bee Queen of Fables Ra 's al Ghul Sinestro Sonar Starro T.O. Morrow Vandal Savage White Martians Organizations Aryan Brigade Brotherhood of Evil Demons Three Extremists Crime Syndicate of America Kobra Legion of Doom Secret Society of Super Villains Injustice Gang Injustice League League of Assassins Manhunters Royal Flush Gang Spin - off groups Extreme Justice Just'a Lotta Animals Justice Guild of America Justice League 3000 Justice League Dark Justice League Elite Justice League Europe Justice League International Justice League Task Force Justice League United Justice Legion Alpha Super Buddies Super Jrs . Young Justice Bases and facilities Hall of Justice Happy Harbor Secret Sanctuary Justice League Satellite Justice League Watchtower Publications Storylines `` Breakdowns '' `` JLApe : Gorilla Warfare ! 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when did roger federer win the french open	Roger Federer Federer at Wimbledon in 2009 Country ( sports ) Switzerland Residence Bottmingen , Switzerland ( 1981 - 08 - 08 ) 8 August 1981 ( age 36 ) Basel , Switzerland Height 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) Turned pro 1998 Plays Right - handed ( one - handed backhand ) Prize money US $ 111,885,682 All - time leader in earnings Official website rogerfederer.com Singles Career record 1132 -- 250 ( 81.91 % ) Career titles 95 ( 2nd in the Open Era ) Highest ranking No. 1 ( 2 February 2004 ) Current ranking No. 2 ( 11 September 2017 ) Grand Slam Singles results Australian Open W ( 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2010 , 2017 ) French Open W ( 2009 ) Wimbledon W ( 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2012 , 2017 ) US Open W ( 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 ) Other tournaments Tour Finals W ( 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2010 , 2011 ) Olympic Games F ( 2012 ) Doubles Career record 129 -- 89 ( 59.17 % ) Career titles 8 Highest ranking No. 24 ( 9 June 2003 ) Grand Slam Doubles results Australian Open 3R ( 2003 ) French Open 1R ( 2000 ) Wimbledon QF ( 2000 ) US Open 3R ( 2002 ) Other doubles tournaments Olympic Games W ( 2008 ) Team competitions Davis Cup W ( 2014 ) Hopman Cup W ( 2001 ) Olympic medal record ( hide ) 2008 Beijing Doubles 2012 London Singles Last updated on : 11 December 2017 .	2009	Roger Federer	roger federer	US $ 111,885,682	All - time leader in earnings Official website rogerfederer.com Singles Career record 1132 -- 250 ( 81.91 % ) Career titles 95 ( 2nd in the Open Era ) Highest ranking No. 1 ( 2 February 2004 ) Current ranking No. 2 ( 11 September 2017 ) Grand Slam Singles results Australian Open W ( 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2010 , 2017 ) French Open W ( 2009 ) Wimbledon W ( 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2012 , 2017 ) US Open W ( 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 ) Other tournaments Tour Finals W ( 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2010 , 2011 ) Olympic Games F ( 2012 ) Doubles Career record 129 -- 89 ( 59.17 % ) Career titles 8 Highest ranking No. 24 ( 9 June 2003 ) Grand Slam Doubles results Australian Open 3R ( 2003 ) French Open 1R ( 2000 ) Wimbledon QF ( 2000 ) US Open 3R ( 2002 ) Other doubles tournaments Olympic Games W ( 2008 ) Team competitions Davis Cup W ( 2014 ) Hopman Cup W ( 2001 ) Olympic medal record ( hide ) 2008 Beijing Doubles 2012 London Singles Last updated on : 11 December 2017 . Roger Federer ( German pronunciation : ( ˈrɔdʒər ˈfeːdərər ) ; born 8 August 1981 ) is a Swiss professional tennis player who is currently ranked world No. 2 in men 's singles tennis by the Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) . Federer has won 19 Grand Slam singles titles , the most in history for a male tennis player and has held the world No. 1 spot in the ATP rankings for a record total of 302 weeks , including a record 237 consecutive weeks . After turning professional in 1998 , he was continuously ranked in the top ten from October 2002 to November 2016 . He re-entered the top ten following his victory at the 2017 Australian Open . In majors , he has won a record eight Wimbledon titles , five Australian Open titles , a record five consecutive US Open titles and one French Open title . He is among only eight men to have captured a career Grand Slam and has reached a record 29 men 's singles Grand Slam finals , including ten in a row from the 2005 Wimbledon Championships to the 2007 US Open . Given these achievements , many players and analysts consider Federer the greatest tennis player of all time . Among Federer 's other ATP tournament records include winning six ATP World Tour Finals , 19 ATP Tour 500 tournaments and playing in the finals at all nine ATP Masters 1000 tournaments . He is the only male player to win ten hard court Grand Slams ( 5 Australian Open and 5 US Open ) . He is the fourth male player to reach four consecutive French Open Finals after Borg , Lendl and Nadal . He has also won an Olympic gold medal in doubles with his compatriot Stan Wawrinka at the 2008 Summer Olympic Games and an Olympic silver medal in singles at the 2012 Summer Olympic Games . Representing Switzerland , Federer was a part of the 2001 winning Hopman Cup team and the 2014 winning Davis Cup team . Federer has been named Swiss Sports Personality of the Year a record seven times . In 2007 , he won the ESPY Award for Best International Athlete and he has won the Best Male Tennis Player award a record seven times . He was named ATP Player of the Year five times , was named ITF World Champion five times , and won the Laureus World Sportsman of the Year for a record four consecutive years . He was named four times the BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year . In 2017 , ESPN ranked him fourth in its most famous athletes list , first among tennis players . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 1.1 Childhood and early life 1.2 Family 1.3 Philanthropy and outreach 2 Tennis career 2.1 Pre -- 1998 : Junior years 2.2 1998 -- 2002 : Early professional career 2.3 2003 : Maiden Grand slam title and maiden Wimbledon victory 2.4 2004 : Imposing dominance 2.5 2005 : Consolidating dominance 2.6 2006 : Outstanding season 2.7 2007 : Holding off young rivals 2.8 2008 : Illness , fifth US Open title and Olympic Gold 2.9 2009 : Career Grand Slam , and Major title record 2.10 2010 : Fourth Australian Open 2.11 2011 : Tour Finals title record 2.12 2012 : Wimbledon title and Olympic Silver 2.13 2013 : Injury struggles 2.14 2014 : Davis Cup glory 2.15 2015 : 1,000 th win 2.16 2016 : Knee surgery and recovery 2.17 2017 : Renaissance , Australian Open & Wimbledon record title 3 National representation 3.1 Davis Cup 3.2 Olympics 4 Rivalries 4.1 Federer vs. Nadal 4.2 Federer vs. Djokovic 4.3 Federer vs. Murray 4.4 Federer vs. Roddick 4.5 Federer vs. Hewitt 4.6 Federer vs. Agassi 4.7 Federer vs. del Potro 4.8 Federer vs. Safin 4.9 Federer vs. Nalbandian 4.10 Federer vs. Berdych 4.11 Federer vs. Tsonga 4.12 Federer vs. Wawrinka 5 Legacy 6 Cultural impact 7 Playing style 8 Equipment and apparel 8.1 Equipment 8.2 Apparel 9 Endorsements 10 Career statistics 10.1 Grand Slam tournament performance timeline 10.1. 1 Grand Slam tournament finals : 29 ( 19 titles , 10 losses ) 10.2 Records 10.2. 1 All - time tournament records 10.2. 2 Open Era records 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 14.1 Video 15 External links 15.1 Profiles Personal life ( edit ) Childhood and early life ( edit ) Federer was born in Basel , Switzerland . His father , Robert Federer , is Swiss - German , from Berneck , in the Canton of St. Gallen , and his mother , Lynette Federer ( née Durand ) , from Kempton Park , Gauteng . Federer 's mother is descended from Dutch and French Huguenots . Federer has one sibling , his older sister Diana , who is the mother of a set of twins . Since his mother is South African , he holds both Swiss and South African citizenship . He grew up in nearby Birsfelden , Riehen , and then Münchenstein , close to the French and German borders and speaks Swiss German , Standard German , English and French fluently , as well as functional Italian and Swedish , Swiss German being his native language . Federer served as a ball boy at his hometown Basel tournament , the Swiss Indoors , in 1992 and 1993 . Federer 's signature Like all male Swiss citizens , Federer was subject to compulsory military service in the Swiss Armed Forces . However , in 2003 he was ruled `` unsuitable '' and was subsequently not required to fulfill his military obligation . Instead , he served in the civil protection force and was required to pay 3 % of his taxable income as an alternative . He grew up supporting F.C. Basel and the Swiss National Football Team . Federer also credits his hand - eye coordination to the wide range of sports he played as a child , including badminton and basketball . Family ( edit ) Federer is married to former Women 's Tennis Association player Mirka Federer . He met her while both were competing for Switzerland in the 2000 Sydney Olympics . Miroslava Vavrinec retired from the tour in 2002 because of a foot injury seven years before she married Federer . They were married at Wenkenhof Villa in Riehen near Basel on 11 April 2009 , surrounded by a small group of close friends and family . In July 2009 , Mirka gave birth to identical twin girls , Myla Rose and Charlene Riva . The Federers had another pair of identical twins in 2014 , this time boys whom they named Leo and Lennart ( known as Lenny ) . Philanthropy and outreach ( edit ) In 2003 , he established the Roger Federer Foundation to help disadvantaged children and to promote their access to education and sports . Since May 2004 , citing his close ties with South Africa , including that being where his mother was raised , he began supporting the South Africa - Swiss charity IMBEWU which helps children better connect to sports and social and health awareness . Later , In 2005 , Federer visited South Africa to meet the children that had benefited from his support . In 2005 , he auctioned his racquet from his US Open championship to aid victims of Hurricane Katrina . At the 2005 Pacific Life Open in Indian Wells , Federer arranged an exhibition involving several top players from the ATP and WTA tour called Rally for Relief . The proceeds went to the victims of the tsunami caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake . In December 2006 he visited Tamil Nadu , one of the areas in India most affected by the tsunami . He was appointed a Goodwill Ambassador by UNICEF in April 2006 and has appeared in UNICEF public messages to raise public awareness of AIDS . In response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake , Federer arranged a collaboration with fellow top tennis players for a special charity event during the 2010 Australian Open called ' Hit for Haiti ' , in which proceeds went to Haiti earthquake victims . He participated in a follow - up charity exhibition during the 2010 Indian Wells Masters which raised $1 million . The Nadal vs Federer `` Match for Africa '' in 2010 in Zurich and Madrid raised more than $4 million for the Roger Federer Foundation and Fundación Rafa Nadal . In January 2011 , Federer took part in an exhibition , Rally for Relief , to raise money for the victims of the Queensland floods . In 2014 , the `` Match for Africa 2 '' between Federer and Stan Wawrinka , again in Zurich , raised £ 850,000 for education projects in southern Africa . On November 24th 2017 Federer received an honorary doctorate awarded to him by his home university , the University of Basel . He received the title in recognition for his role in increasing the international reputation of Basel and Switzerland , and also his engagement for children in Africa through his charitable foundation . Tennis career ( edit ) Pre -- 1998 : junior years ( edit ) Main article : Roger Federer junior years Federer 's main accomplishments as a junior player came at Wimbledon in 1998 , where he won both the boys ' singles final over Irakli Labadze , and in doubles teamed with Olivier Rochus , defeating the team of Michaël Llodra and Andy Ram . In addition , Federer lost the US Open Junior final in 1998 to David Nalbandian . He won four ITF junior singles tournaments in his career , including the prestigious Orange Bowl , where he defeated Guillermo Coria in the final . He ended 1998 with the # 1 junior world ranking , is awarded ITF junior World Champion , and he entered his first tournament as a professional during 1998 in Gstaad , where he lost to Lucas Arnold Ker in the first round . 1998 -- 2002 : early professional career ( edit ) Main article : Roger Federer 's early career Federer entered the top 100 ranking for the first time on 20 September 1999 and started at the 1999 Marseille Open defeating the reigning champion of the 1998 French Open , Spaniard Carlos Moyá . His first final came at the Marseille Open in 2000 , where he lost to fellow Swiss Marc Rosset . Federer won the 2001 Hopman Cup representing Switzerland , along with Martina Hingis . The duo defeated the American pair of Monica Seles and Jan - Michael Gambill in the finals . Federer 's first singles win was at the 2001 Milan Indoor tournament , where he defeated Julien Boutter in the final . Although he won his first title already in 1999 on the Challenger tour , winning the doubles event in Segovia , Spain with Dutchman Sander Groen , the final was played on Federer 's 18th birthday . In 2001 , Federer made his first Grand Slam quarterfinal at the French Open , losing to former world # 2 and eventual finalist Alex Corretja . His run to the French quarterfinals launched him into the top 15 for the first time in his career . His international breakthrough came at the 2001 Wimbledon Championships where a 19 year old Federer faced the four - time defending champion and all - time Grand Slam leader Pete Sampras . The teenage Swiss stunned the seven time Wimbledon champion and # 1 seed in a dramatic five set epic to reach the quarterfinals . In the quarters he faced Englishman Tim Henman , eventually losing in an overtime fourth set tiebreaker . Federer 's breakthrough at Wimbledon signaled the record breaking dominance he would display at the All England Club over the next two decades . The first final he reached at the prestigious Masters level came at the 2002 Miami Masters event , where he lost to former and future world # 1 Andre Agassi on hard court . Federer won his first Master Series event at the 2002 Hamburg Masters on clay , over Marat Safin ; the victory put him in top 10 for the first time . Federer made 10 singles finals between 1998 and 2002 , of which he won four and lost six . He also made six finals in doubles . Of note are Federer and partner Max Mirnyi 's defeat in the final of the Indian Wells Masters in 2002 , and their victory in the same year in the final of the Rotterdam 500 series event . Federer had won the latter a year earlier with partner Jonas Björkman . He finished 2001 with an ATP ranking of # 13 , and 2002 was the first year he was ranked within the top 10 , finishing at # 6 . 2003 : maiden Grand Slam title and maiden Wimbledon victory ( edit ) Main article : 2003 Roger Federer tennis season In 2003 , Federer won his first Grand Slam singles title at Wimbledon , beating Andy Roddick in the semifinals and Mark Philippoussis in the final . In August he had a chance to take over the # 1 ranking for the first time from Andre Agassi if he made it to the Montreal final . However , he fell in the semifinals to Roddick , in a final set tiebreaker leaving him a tantalizing 120 points behind Agassi . This , coupled with early losses to David Nalbandian at Cincinnati and the US Open , denied Federer the chance to become # 1 for the duration of the season . Federer won his first and only doubles Masters Series 1000 event in Miami with Max Mirnyi and made it to one singles Masters Series 1000 event in Rome on clay , which he lost . Federer made it to nine finals on the ATP Tour and won seven of them , including the 500 series events at Dubai and Vienna . Lastly , Federer won the year - end championships over Andre Agassi , finishing the year as world # 2 , narrowly behind Andy Roddick by only 160 points . 2004 : imposing dominance ( edit ) Federer at the 2004 US Open , where he became the first man since 1988 to win three majors in a season Main article : 2004 Roger Federer tennis season During 2004 , Federer won three Grand Slam singles titles for the first time in his career and became the first person to do so since Mats Wilander in 1988 . His first major hard - court title came at the Australian Open over Marat Safin , thereby becoming the world # 1 for the first time . He then won his second Wimbledon crown over Andy Roddick . Federer defeated the 2001 US Open champion , Lleyton Hewitt , at the US Open for his first title there . Federer won three ATP Masters Series 1000 events , one was on clay in Hamburg , and the other two were on hard surfaces at Indian Wells and in Canada . Federer took the ATP 500 series event at Dubai and wrapped up the year by winning the year - end championships for the second time . He also won his first tournament on home soil by capturing the Swiss Open in Gstaad . His 11 singles titles were the most of any player in two decades , and his record of 74 -- 6 was the best since Ivan Lendl in 1986 . He reached the year - end world No. 1 ranking for the first time . 2005 : consolidating dominance ( edit ) Main article : 2005 Roger Federer tennis season In 2005 , Federer failed to reach the finals of the first two Grand Slam tournaments , losing the Australian Open semifinal to eventual champion Safin after holding match points , and the French Open semifinal to eventual champion Rafael Nadal . However , Federer quickly reestablished his dominance on grass , winning the Wimbledon Championships over Andy Roddick . At the US Open , Federer defeated Andre Agassi in the latter 's last major final . Federer also took four ATP Masters Series 1000 wins : Indian Wells , Miami and Cincinnati on hard court , and Hamburg on clay . The win in Miami was particularly noteworthy as it was the first final contested between Federer and Nadal in what would become one of the greatest rivalries in tennis history . Federer recovered from two sets and a break down to take the final in five sets . Furthermore , Federer won two ATP 500 series events at Rotterdam and Dubai . Federer lost the year - end championships to David Nalbandian in five sets while playing through a foot injury that sidelined him for almost the rest of the season after September . He maintained his position as world # 1 for the entire season . The season was statistically one of the most dominant in the Open Era . He won 11 singles titles , which tied his 2004 season as the most in over two decades , his 81 match victories were the most since Pete Sampras in 1993 , and his record of 81 -- 4 ( 95.2 % ) remains the second - best winning percentage in the Open Era behind only John McEnroe in 1984 . 2006 : outstanding season ( edit ) Main article : 2006 Roger Federer tennis season The 2006 season was statistically the best season of Federer 's career , as well as one of the greatest seasons of any player in tennis history . In November 2011 , Stephen Tignor , chief editorial writer for Tennis.com , ranked Federer 's 2006 season as the second - greatest season of all time during the Open Era , behind only Rod Laver 's Grand Slam year of 1969 . Federer hits a forehand at the 2006 US Open , where he became the first man in history to achieve the Wimbledon - US Open double for three consecutive seasons Federer won 12 singles titles ( the most of any player since John McEnroe in 1984 ) and had a match record of 92 -- 5 ( the most wins since Ivan Lendl in 1982 ) . Federer reached the finals in an astounding 16 of the 17 tournaments he entered during the season . In 2006 , Federer won three Grand Slam singles titles and reached the final of the other , with the only loss coming against Nadal in the French Open . This was Federer and Nadal 's first meeting in a Grand Slam final . He was the first man to reach all four finals in a calendar year since Rod Laver in 1969 . Federer defeated Nadal in the Wimbledon Championships final . In the Australian Open , Federer defeated Marcos Baghdatis , and at the US Open , Federer defeated Roddick ( 2003 champion ) . In addition , Federer made it to six ATP Masters Series 1000 finals , winning four on hard surfaces and losing two on clay to Nadal . Federer , however , consistently pushed Nadal to the limit on clay throughout the season taking him to fourth - set tiebreakers in Monte - Carlo and Paris , and a thrilling match in Rome that went to a deciding fifth - set tiebreaker . Federer won one ATP 500 series event in Tokyo and captured the year - end championships for the third time in his career , again finishing the year as world # 1 . Federer only lost to two players during 2006 , to Nadal four times in finals , and to 19 - year - old Andy Murray in the second round of the 2006 Cincinnati Masters , in what would be Federer 's only defeat before reaching the final of a tournament that year . Federer finished the season on a 29 - match winning streak , as well as winning 48 of his last 49 matches after the French Open . A personal highlight for Federer came near the end of the season when he won his hometown tournament , the Swiss Indoors in Basel , Switzerland . 2007 : holding off young rivals ( edit ) Main article : 2007 Roger Federer tennis season In 2007 , Federer reached all four Grand Slam singles finals , winning three of them again . He won the Australian Open without dropping a set , beating Fernando González in the final . This made him the first man in the 21st century to accomplish the feat , as Björn Borg at the 1980 French Open was the last to win a Grand Slam tournament without the loss of a set . Federer had entered the year on a huge winning streak and after capturing his fourth Dubai crown Federer 's winning streak stood at 41 matches , the longest of his career and only five shy of the record . Federer entered Indian Wells as the three - time defending champion , but his streak would end in controversy . He was defeated by an Argentine , Guillermo Cañas , who had failed a drug test for illegal doping . Federer was coined `` Darth Federer '' by fans and commentators at the 2007 US Open This surprising first - round defeat marked the first time since August 2006 he suffered defeat , a period spanning over seven months . During the clay season , Federer 's victory in the Hamburg Masters final was particularly impressive , as it snapped Nadal 's 81 - match winning streak on clay , an Open - era record . Federer turned the match around from a set down to sweep 12 of the final 14 games , including a final set bagel . At the French Open , some anticipated that Federer could become the first man in almost 40 years to hold all four majors simultaneously , having just resoundingly defeated young rival Nadal on clay entering the tournament . However , in a repeat of the previous year Federer played a tough four - set final against Nadal , but was undone by going 1 / 17 on break - point chances . At Wimbledon , Federer entered the tournament not only as the four - time defending champion , but also riding a 48 - match winning streak on grass . Once again , he defeated Rafael Nadal for a second consecutive year in the final , this time in a thrilling five - set encounter that many analysts hailed as the greatest Wimbledon final since 1980 . Victory at Wimbledon equaled him with Björn Borg for the record of five consecutive championships at the All England Club . Federer reached the final in Montreal before playing a young and relatively unknown Serbian named Novak Djokovic . Djokovic proved his potential by stunning the world # 1 in a final - set tiebreaker upset . Federer rebounded in Cincinnati to capture his fifth title of the year . Federer entered the US Open as the three - time defending champion and faced Djokovic in the final . This time , Federer prevailed in a close straight - set match . Victory in New York moved him ahead of Laver and Borg for third on the all - time list of major championship victories . Throughout the tournament , the American press labelled him Darth Federer for his all - black attire ( which included tuxedo - striped shorts ) and the tournament played The Imperial March from Star Wars when he was announced onto the court for each of his matches . He would close out the year with victories in Basel and the Year End Championships in Shanghai . He finished the season as the year - end world # 1 for the fourth year in a row , demonstrating his dominance , and during these four years he won 11 Grand Slam singles titles . After his phenomenal triple Grand Slam season yet again , Federer became the only player in history to win three Majors in a year for three years ( 2004 , 2006 , 2007 ) . It was the third consecutive season that Federer would hold the world # 1 ranking for all 52 weeks of the year . 2008 : illness , fifth US Open title and Olympic gold ( edit ) Main article : 2008 Roger Federer tennis season Federer 's success in 2008 was severely hampered by a lingering bout of mononucleosis , which he suffered from during the first half of the year . At the end of the year , he would suffer a back injury that would prove to be recurring throughout his career . In 2008 , Federer captured one Grand Slam , a singles title at the US Open over Andy Murray . Federer was defeated by Nadal in two Grand Slam finals , at the French Open , and at Wimbledon , when he was going for six straight wins to break Björn Borg 's record . At the Australian Open , Federer lost in the semifinals to eventual winner Djokovic , which ended his record of 10 consecutive finals . Later in the year , it was found Federer had been suffering from mononucleosis at the start of the year , particularly during the Australian Open . He lost twice in Masters Series 1000 finals on clay to Nadal , at Monte Carlo and Hamburg . However , Federer captured three titles in 250 - level events at Estoril , Halle , and Basel . At the Olympic Games , Federer and Stan Wawrinka won the gold medal in doubles , after beating the Bryan brothers American team in the semifinals and the Swedish duo of Simon Aspelin and Thomas Johansson in the final However , Federer could only reach the quarterfinals in the singles draw , knocked out by then world # 8 James Blake . He ended the year as world # 2 . 2009 : career Grand Slam , and major title record ( edit ) Main article : 2009 Roger Federer tennis season Federer entered the 2009 season with 13 Grand Slams , only one behind Pete Sampras ' all - time record . The season began with a loss to Nadal in the finals of the Australian Open in a hotly contested five - set match . Federer struggled following the defeat in Melbourne and entered the clay season without a title . Federer winning the French Open , and completing the career Grand Slam . Federer 's season turned around in the final masters event of the clay season when he defeated Nadal on clay for only the second time to capture the Madrid Masters . Federer entered the French Open with few predicting him to win the elusive Parisian title having lost to Nadal in the final weekend for the past four seasons . After Nadal 's unexpected defeat to Robin Söderling , Federer suddenly became the overwhelming favorite . It would not be easy as in his next match as he was forced to come from two sets and break point down in the third set to defeat Tommy Haas in five sets . He was also forced to fight back from a two - sets - to - one deficit against a young Juan Martín del Potro to win a five setter in the semifinals . In the final , he faced Söderling , and with a straight sets victory , he finally captured the Coupe des Mousquetaires and career Grand Slam . This victory tied him with Pete Sampras for the most Grand Slam singles titles . Federer immediately turned his sights to the grass courts of Wimbledon , where he breezed his way to the final . In the championship match he faced long - time rival Andy Roddick in what would be their eighth and eventually final meeting at a Grand Slam . Roddick pushed Federer into a record - setting fifth set , which the Swiss claimed 16 -- 14 to win his 15th men 's singles Grand Slam singles title , breaking the all - time record of Pete Sampras . Federer continued his summer run by winning his third title on the lightning - fast courts of the Cincinnati Masters , defeating Novak Djokovic in the final . At the US Open he defeated Söderling in the quarters and Djokovic , for the third consecutive year , in the semifinals . On the penultimate point of the Djokovic match he hit what many consider to be the greatest shot of his career , a tweener winner , to setup match points . Federer played del Potro in the final and led two sets to one before ultimately losing a fourth set tiebreaker and subsequently the match . The 2009 season was perhaps the most historically relevant of Federer 's career as he completed a career Grand Slam by winning his first French Open title and won a men 's record fifteenth Grand Slam singles title at Wimbledon , surpassing Pete Sampras 's mark of fourteen . The Wimbledon final was also historic for being the longest Grand Slam final in terms of games played with Federer prevailing 16 -- 14 in the fifth set . Upon breaking the Grand Slam tournament record , Federer was hailed by some analysts and many tennis greats as the greatest player in tennis history . Federer finished the season as the year end World No. 1 for the fifth time in his career . 2010 : fourth Australian Open ( edit ) Main article : 2010 Roger Federer tennis season Federer won a record 16th Major at the 2010 Australian Open The year started with a win at the Australian Open , where he defeated Andy Murray in the final and extended the Grand Slam singles record to sixteen titles , matching Andre Agassi 's record of four Australian Open titles . Since Wimbledon 2005 Federer had made the finals of 18 out of 19 Grand Slam tournaments , an extraordinary period of sustained excellence unparalleled in the Open Era . This tournament , however , would mark the end of his utter dominance at the majors . At the French Open , Federer won his 700th tour match and 150th tour match on clay . However , he failed to reach a Grand Slam semifinal for the first time since the 2004 French Open , losing to Söderling in the last 8 and relinquishing his # 1 ranking , having been just one week away from equalling Pete Sampras 's record of 286 weeks as world # 1 . In a huge upset at Wimbledon , Federer lost in the last 8 again to Tomáš Berdych and fell to # 3 in the rankings for the first time in 6 years and 8 months . Towards the middle of July , Federer hired Pete Sampras ' old coach Paul Annacone on a trial basis to put his tennis game and career back on track . At the 2010 US Open , Federer reached the semifinals , where he lost a heart - breaking five - set match to Novak Djokovic after holding two match points . Federer made it to four Masters 1000 finals , prevailing at the Cincinnati Masters against Mardy Fish . Federer finished the year in strong form , winning indoor titles at the Stockholm Open , Swiss Indoors , and the ATP World Tour Finals in London , which brought his tally to 66 career titles . Federer won the year - end championships in London by beating rival Rafael Nadal for his fifth title at the event . He showed much of his old form , beating all contenders except Nadal in straight sets . It remains the only tournament in his career where Federer defeated all fellow members of the Big Four . Since Wimbledon 2010 , Federer had a win - loss record of 34 -- 4 . Federer finished in the top two for the eighth consecutive season . 2011 : Tour finals title record ( edit ) Main article : 2011 Roger Federer tennis season The 2011 season , although great by most players ' standards , was a lean year for Federer . He was defeated in straight sets in the semifinals of the 2011 Australian Open by eventual champion Novak Djokovic , marking the first time since July 2003 that he did not hold any of the four major titles . In the French Open semifinals , Federer ended Djokovic 's undefeated streak of 43 consecutive wins with a four - set victory . However , Federer then lost in the final to Rafael Nadal . At Wimbledon , Federer advanced to his 29th consecutive Grand Slam quarterfinal , but lost to Jo - Wilfried Tsonga . It marked the first time in his career that he had lost a Grand Slam tournament match after winning the first two sets . At the US Open , Federer lost a much - anticipated semifinal match to Novak Djokovic , after squandering two match points in the fifth set , which repeated his previous year 's result against Djokovic and added a second loss from two sets up in Grand Slam tournament play to his record . With that loss , it meant that Federer did not win at least one of the four majors in 2011 , the first time since 2002 . Later that month in September 2011 , in a South African poll , Federer was voted the second most trusted and respected person in the world , next to Nelson Mandela . Federer finished the season on a high note by yet again dominating the indoor season , winning his last three tournaments of the year at the Swiss Indoors , Paris Masters , and ATP World Tour Finals , and with a 16 match winning streak . He ended a 10 - month title drought by winning the Swiss Indoors for the fifth time , defeating Kei Nishikori . Federer followed this up with his first Paris Masters title , where he became the first player to reach all nine Masters 1000 finals . In the final of the 2011 ATP World Tour Finals , Federer defeated Jo - Wilfried Tsonga for the third consecutive Sunday and , in doing so , claimed a record sixth ATP World Tour Finals title , finishing the year as world # 3 . 2012 : Wimbledon title and Olympic silver ( edit ) Main article : 2012 Roger Federer tennis season The 2012 season was a return to excellence for Federer . He had his most match wins since 2006 and his highest winning percentage and number of titles won since 2007 . Federer reached the semifinal of the 2012 Australian Open , setting up a 27th career meeting with Nadal , a match he lost in four tight sets . He then won the Rotterdam Open for the first time since 2005 , defeating Juan Martín del Potro . Federer played in the 2012 Dubai Tennis Championships , where he defeated Andy Murray in the final and won the championship title for the fifth time in his career . Federer then moved on to the Indian Wells Masters , where he defeated Rafael Nadal in the semifinals , and John Isner in the final . Federer won the title for a record fourth time , and , in doing so , equalled Nadal 's record of 19 ATP Masters 1000 titles . Federer won a record 17th Major , a record - equaling 7th Wimbledon , and returned to No. 1 . Federer went on to compete at the Madrid Masters on the new blue clay surface , where he beat Tomáš Berdych in the final , thus regaining the world # 2 ranking from Rafael Nadal . In the French Open , Federer made the semifinals before losing to Djokovic . At Wimbledon , Federer survived a five - set match in the third round against Julien Benneteau on his way to the semifinals . In his semifinal match - up against world # 1 Novak Djokovic , Federer earned a record eighth Wimbledon final appearance after dispatching Djokovic in four sets . Federer defeated Andy Murray in four sets in the 2012 Wimbledon final , regaining the world # 1 ranking in the process . `` It 's amazing . It equals me with Pete Sampras , who 's my hero . It just feels amazing '' , Federer said of winning his seventh Wimbledon championship , tying Sampras ' Open Era record . By defeating top - ranked Djokovic in the semifinals and winning in the finals , Federer returned to the top spot in the world rankings and , in doing so , broke Sampras ' record of 286 weeks atop the list . Four weeks after the Wimbledon final , Federer again faced Murray on the Wimbledon centre court , this time for the final of the 2012 Summer Olympics . This came after an epic 4 - hour 26 - minute semifinal against Juan Martín del Potro of Argentina that Federer won 19 -- 17 in the third and final set . He lost to Murray in straight sets in the final , winning a silver medal for his country . Federer won in Cincinnati , beating Novak Djokovic soundly in the final . In the US Open , five - time champ Federer was defeated by Tomáš Berdych in the quarterfinals . In the Shanghai Rolex Masters , defeating Stan Wawrinka in the third round , Federer confirmed his 300th week at # 1 . Federer made it to the finals of the ATP Finals , where he lost to Novak Djokovic in two sets . 2013 : injury struggles ( edit ) Main article : 2013 Roger Federer tennis season Federer struggled with back injuries sustained in March and again in July and saw his ranking drop from # 2 to # 6 . The 2013 season was the first since 1999 in which Federer failed to reach a final in the first four months of the year . Federer 's first and only title of 2013 came at the Gerry Weber Open ( def . Mikhail Youzhny ) , where he also played doubles with good friend Tommy Haas . With the victory in Halle , he tied John McEnroe for the third-most number of ATP titles won by a male player in the Open Era . Federer , however , was unable to maintain his form into Wimbledon , suffering his worst Grand Slam tournament defeat since 2003 in the second round against Sergiy Stakhovsky . Not only did the loss end Federer 's record streak of 36 consecutive quarterfinals at Grand Slam tournaments , it meant he would drop out of the top 4 for first time since July 2003 , exactly 10 years after he won his first Wimbledon title . During the summer , he experimented with various different racquets and played the German Open with a blacked - out 98 - inch Wilson racquet , instead of his regular Pro Staff 6.1 90 BLX racquet with the smaller 90 - inch hitting area . He returned to his regular racquet for the second half of the season . After Wimbledon , Federer continued to be upset early in tournaments in Hamburg and Gstaad because of a serious back injury through October , when he announced that he was parting ways with Paul Annacone , his coach for the last three years . Federer made the final in Basel , succumbing to Juan Martín del Potro in three sets , and indicated it was a mistake to have played certain tournaments while suffering from a back injury . On 27 December 2013 , Federer announced that Stefan Edberg was joining his team as co-coach with Severin Lüthi . 2014 : Davis Cup glory ( edit ) Main article : 2014 Roger Federer tennis season Federer began the season by changing rackets for the first time in his career , from his longtime frame of 90 square inches to one measured at 97 square inches . He had long been at a comparative disadvantage in equipment as almost the entire tour , including his top rivals Nadal and Djokovic , used more powerful frames of between 95 and 100 square inches . At the Australian Open , Federer defeated Jo - Wilfried Tsonga and Andy Murray to reach his 11th consecutive semifinal in Melbourne , before losing to Rafael Nadal in straight sets . At the Dubai Tennis Championships , he defeated Novak Djokovic in the semifinals , and then defeated Tomáš Berdych in the final to win his sixth Dubai crown and his first title since Halle in 2013 . Federer made the final at the Indian Wells Masters , but lost to Novak Djokovic in a final - set tiebreaker . At the Davis Cup quarterfinals , Federer won both of his singles rubbers against Kazakhstan , the second of which was the first live deciding rubber of his Davis Cup career . Federer then took a wild card into the Monte - Carlo Masters defeating Novak Djokovic on his way to the finals , but lost to compatriot Stan Wawrinka in a tight final . In June , Federer announced that after the end of his third term , he would resign as President of the ATP Players Council , a position he had held since 2008 . At the Halle Open , Federer reached both the singles and the doubles finals and won his seventh Halle singles title , beating Alejandro Falla in the final . At Wimbledon , Federer reached a record ninth final , but he was defeated by Djokovic in an epic five - set match . Federer receiving serve against Richard Gasquet in the title clinching match for Switzerland at the 2014 Davis Cup Federer made the final of the Canadian Open but was defeated by Jo - Wilfried Tsonga . Federer defeated Spain 's David Ferrer in three sets to capture his sixth Cincinnati crown and 22nd ATP World Tour Masters 1000 title , his first in Cincinnati since 2012 . He then reached the semifinals at the US Open but lost in straight sets to eventual champion Marin Čilić . At the Davis Cup semifinals , Federer won both his singles matches against Italy in straight sets and led Switzerland to the final for the first time since 1992 . Federer then played in the Shanghai Masters . He beat Novak Djokovic in the semifinals , ending the Serb 's 28 - match unbeaten run on Chinese soil . He battled Frenchman Gilles Simon in his second Shanghai final , defeating him in two tiebreak sets and collected the 23rd Masters 1000 title of his career . The victory saw Federer return to world # 2 for the first time since May 2013 . Federer then played the Swiss Indoors in October , where he won a record sixth title and his 82nd ATP men 's singles title overall . Federer also reached the finals of the 2014 ATP World Tour Finals to face Djokovic again , but withdrew from the final because of another back injury from his semifinal match against Stan Wawrinka . Despite his injury , Federer finished the season on a high by defeating Richard Gasquet to clinch the Davis Cup for Switzerland for the first time in its history . The final was held at the Stade Pierre - Mauroy in Lille , France attracting over 27,000 spectators per match ; this broke attendance record for the highest ever officially - sanctioned competition tennis match . 2015 : 1,000 th win ( edit ) Main article : 2015 Roger Federer tennis season Federer started his season at the Brisbane International . He defeated Milos Raonic in the final , thereby becoming only the third man in the Open Era to have 1000 or more wins , joining Jimmy Connors and Ivan Lendl , as well as the first man in the Open Era to win at least one title in each of 15 consecutive years . In Dubai , Federer successfully defended his title with a straight - set victory over Novak Djokovic in the final , marking his seventh title at the tournament and , after Wimbledon and Halle , was the third time he had won seven or more titles in a tournament . Additionally , Federer became the fourth person since 1991 to surpass 9,000 career aces . In March , he reached the final of the Indian Wells , but lost in three sets to defending champion Djokovic . Federer won his third title of the season at the inaugural Istanbul Open clay - court tournament , ending a title drought on red clay since the 2009 French Open . Federer made it to the final of the Italian Open in May , but was unable to win his first title there , losing to Djokovic in the final . As the new expanded grass season began , Federer won his record eighth Gerry Weber Open and become only the third man in the Open Era to win a title eight times . Federer entered Wimbledon as the second seed . He played a flawless match to defeat Andy Murray in straight sets in the semifinals and advance to his 10th Wimbledon final in a repeat against Novak Djokovic . Federer lost the match in four sets . He defeated Andy Murray and Novak Djokovic in straight sets to win the Cincinnati Masters for the seventh time . This marked the first time that Federer had beaten the top 2 players in the world at the same tournament . At the US Open , he advanced to his first final there since 2009 without dropping a set , including a win over Stan Wawrinka in the semifinals . In the final , he was once again defeated by top seed Djokovic in four sets . At the Swiss Indoors tournament in Basel , Federer won his sixth singles title of the year , and his 88th ATP title , defeating his old rival Rafael Nadal in the final . It was the seventh time he had captured his hometown tournament . In December , Federer announced that he would enter the 2016 ATP World Tour season with a new - look coaching team , having additionally announced that Stefan Edberg would not be travelling with him next year . While countryman Severin Lüthi remained Federer 's head coach , joining the team in 2016 was Croatian former world # 3 player Ivan Ljubicic . The Swiss tennis player revealed that Edberg originally signed on to the coaching team for one season only in 2014 , but agreed to stay on in 2015 . 2016 : knee surgery and recovery ( edit ) Main article : 2016 Roger Federer tennis season Federer started his season in the Brisbane International as the defending champion , despite having a virus when the tournament started . However , in a rematch of the previous year 's final , he lost in the final to Milos Raonic in straight sets . Federer then participated at the 2016 Australian Open and rebounded from his third round defeat by Andreas Seppi in 2015 by reaching the semifinals but lost to eventual champion Novak Djokovic in four sets . The day after his loss to Djokovic , Federer sustained a knee injury and in early February , he underwent arthroscopic surgery to repair a torn meniscus in his knee and missed the tournaments in Rotterdam , Dubai and Indian Wells in February and March . He was scheduled to return to action in Miami . Due to a stomach virus he had to withdraw from Miami thus prolonging his time on the sidelines . Federer made his comeback at the Monte - Carlo Masters , losing in the quarterfinals to Jo - Wilfried Tsonga in three sets . In Madrid , he suffered a back injury during practice and withdrew shortly after arriving . He then participated in the Internazionali BNL d'Italia where he lost in the third round to Dominic Thiem . His withdrawal from the French Open broke a record run of 65 consecutive participations in the main draw of Grand Slam tournaments , stretching back to the 2000 Australian Open . Still suffering from recurring knee pain during the grass season he lost in the semifinals of Stuttgart and Halle . On 6 July , he came back from two sets down to defeat Marin Čilić in five sets in the 2016 Wimbledon quarterfinals , equalling Jimmy Connors ' all - time records of eleven Wimbledon semifinals and 84 match wins . He suffered his first defeat in a Wimbledon semifinal two days later in a five - set loss to Raonic , re-injuring his knee in the fifth set . On 26 July , Federer announced that he would miss the 2016 Summer Olympics and the remainder of the 2016 season to fully recover from his knee injury . 2017 : renaissance , Australian Open & Wimbledon record title ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Roger Federer tennis season Federer 's 2017 season marked a return to excellence for him . He had the most number of grand slams since 2009 , most titles since 2007 , and highest win percentage since 2006 . Statistically , this season was his best since 2007 . Federer played in the Hopman Cup and Australian Open in January 2017 . At the Australian Open , he beat top - 10 players Tomáš Berdych and Kei Nishikori to reach the quarterfinals , where he beat Mischa Zverev , making Federer the oldest man to compete in a grand slam semi-final since Jimmy Connors in 1991 . In the semi-finals , he defeated Stanislas Wawrinka in five sets , making him the oldest player to compete in a Grand Slam final since Ken Rosewall in 1974 . Coming back from a break down in the fifth set , Federer defeated Rafael Nadal to win the Australian Open , which also marked Federer 's 100th match at the Australian Open ; it was the first time Federer had won a match against Nadal in a Grand Slam event since the 2007 Wimbledon final , and also marked Federer 's first ever Grand Slam victory over Nadal outside the grass courts of Wimbledon . His victory against Nadal moved Federer to number ten in the ATP rankings . In March , the Swiss won his 25th Masters title at Indian Wells , defeating Wawrinka in the final and gaining another victory over Nadal in the 4th round . This was also Federer 's 90th career title and he climbed to # 6 in the ATP rankings . Federer collected his 26th Masters title by defeating Nadal in the final of the Miami Masters in straight sets and climbed to # 4 in the ATP rankings . This marked the third time Federer had won in Indian Wells and Miami back - to - back , colloquially referred to as the Sunshine Double ( 2005 , 2006 and 2017 ) . Due to concerns about his longevity , Federer decided that he would skip the entire clay - court season . He returned to the tour at the beginning of the grass - court season in Stuttgart , where he suffered a shock defeat to Tommy Haas in the second round despite holding match points , the lowest - ranked player ( No. 302 ) to beat him since No. 407 Bjoern Phau in 1999 . He rebounded the following week by winning a record - extending ninth title at the Gerry Weber Open in Halle , doing so without the loss of a set . In the 2017 Wimbledon Championships , Federer made it to the final without dropping a set , defeating Milos Raonic in the quarterfinals and Tomáš Berdych in the semifinals . In the final , Federer defeated a physically and mentally out of sorts Marin Cilic in straight sets to win a record - breaking eighth Wimbledon Gentleman singles title and his record - extending 19th overall major title , to become the oldest male player to win Wimbledon in the Open era . The Swiss became the second man in the Open era to win Wimbledon without dropping a set after Björn Borg in 1976 . It marked the second time in his career that he had won a grand slam tournament without losing a set , matching his performance at the 2007 Australian Open . Federer moved up to become world No. 3 in the ATP Rankings after the event and qualified for the ATP Finals for a record 15th time . At the opening of the summer hard court swing Federer was defeated in the final of the Montreal Masters by Alexander Zverev after injuring his back during the match . Due to the injury , he opted to withdraw from the Cincinnati Masters to be fit for the US Open . This injury effectively cost him the # 1 ranking as he would have attained it by reaching the Cincinnati final , a tournament he has won seven times . Despite his withdrawal from Cincinnati , Federer had little time to recover for the US Open , and the back injury severely affected his practice sessions . Even from the start , he looked uncomfortable and it took him five sets to win each of the first two rounds against Frances Tiafoe and Mikhail Youzhny . His campaign at the US Open finally ended in the last 8 , where he lost to Juan Martin del Potro in four sets . His game was hampered by unforced errors at crucial points in the match and even he admitted that he never felt he had a chance to win the tournament . Federer 's next participation was in September in the inaugural Laver Cup , representing team Europe . Federer played his first singles match on day two , where he dispatched Sam Querrey in straight sets . Later on day two , he partnered with his rival Nadal in doubles , where they defeated the Team World duo of Sam Querrey and Jack Sock in the match tie breaker , which took place at one set all . This was the first time Federer and Nadal competed on the same side of a doubles match . On day three , Federer competed in the final match of the tournament , where he sealed victory for Team Europe by defeating Nick Kyrgios in the champion 's tiebreak ( saving a match point ) . With three wins and seven points , Federer was the most accomplished player of the tournament . At the Shanghai Masters , Federer captured his third Masters title of the season , defeating world No. 1 , Rafael Nadal in the final . This was Federer 's fifth straight victory over Nadal in their rivalry and his 94th career title , drawing him level with 2nd - placed Ivan Lendl . During the indoor season , Federer defeated Juan Martin Del Potro in the final of his hometown tournament , the Swiss Indoors in Basel , earning a record eighth championship there and winning his 95th career title , surpassing Ivan Lendl in number of career titles . Federer qualified for the 2017 ATP Finals , but was beaten by David Goffin in the semifinals , ending his 2017 season . National representation ( edit ) Davis Cup ( edit ) Federer made his Davis Cup for Switzerland debut in the World Group 1st Round against Italy in 1999 at 17 years of age . In his first match he defeated Davide Sanguinetti in four sets and recorded a second singles victory in a dead rubber two days later as Switzerland advanced to the World Group Quarterfinals . In the Quarterfinals Federer , who was still 17 years old , suffered his first Davis Cup loss when he was defeated by Belgian Christophe Van Garsse in five sets . The Swiss team would go on to lose the rubber 3 -- 2 . A year later , Federer competed in his first Davis Cup doubles rubber where he teamed with countryman Lorenzo Manta to defeat Australians Wayne Arthurs and Sandon Stolle in four sets . Despite the doubles victory , Federer lost both singles rubbers to Mark Philippoussis and Lleyton Hewitt which saw Switzerland sent to the World Group Playoffs for the first time in Federer 's career . He would return for the playoffs in July 2000 and led Switzerland to a 5 -- 0 win over Belarus by recording wins in singles and doubles . His first Davis Cup highlight came in 2003 as the newly crowned Wimbledon champion led his country to an historic semifinal run . After recording five wins in ties against the Netherlands and France , the Swiss team traveled to Melbourne to play the highly rated Australians . Federer once again defeated Wimbledon runner - up Mark Philippoussis in the second rubber but allowed the Australians to lead the tie 2 -- 1 going into Day 3 after dropping the doubles rubber in five sets . Federer then played Lleyton Hewitt in a sudden death situation for Switzerland and despite leading two sets to love , succumbed to a fast finishing Hewitt in five sets . Australia would go on to claim the Davis Cup title months later as Federer 's interest in Davis Cup began to wane and his focus shifted to his personal career . He would go on to skip many ties over the years but often competed in the World Group Playoffs each year in order for Switzerland to maintain their place in the top division . The emergence of countryman Stanislas Wawrinka as a Grand Slam singles champion in 2014 renewed hope for Federer in his Davis Cup quest , and the pair both committed to playing each tie that year . Their commitment would pay off as wins over Serbia , Kazakhstan and Italy allowed the Swiss team to advance to the 2014 Davis Cup Final . Leading into the final , Federer was suffering from a back injury that threw serious doubt over Switzerland 's chance to claim the title , and a second rubber straight sets loss to Gaël Monfils seemingly spelled the worst for Switzerland . However , a rejuvenated Federer returned the next day to help claim the doubles rubber , which set up a fourth rubber singles tie between Federer and Richard Gasquet . Federer defeated Gasquet in straight sets and in doing so handed Switzerland its first ( and only to date ) Davis Cup title . Federer holds many Davis Cup records for Switzerland that includes most total wins , most singles wins and most years played . Olympics ( edit ) An 18 - year - old Federer made his Olympic debut at Sydney in 2000 , where he entered the singles competition . He surprised many by reaching the semifinals but lost to Tommy Haas in the semifinals and then to Arnaud Di Pasquale in the bronze medal match , causing Federer to leave Sydney empty handed . At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Federer was the clear favorite after claiming the world number one ranking earlier in the year and capturing the Australian Open and Wimbledon titles . However , he lost in the second round to 18 - year - old Tomáš Berdych . In doubles , he and compatriot Yves Allegro lost in the second round . At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , Federer was again the top seed and favorite , but lost in the quarterfinals to James Blake . However , he found more success on the doubles court , capturing the gold medal in men 's doubles with compatriot Stan Wawrinka , defeating Simon Aspelin and Thomas Johansson of Sweden . At both the Athens and Beijing Olympic Games , Federer was the flagbearer for Switzerland in the opening ceremony . At London 2012 , Federer won his first singles medal , losing to Andy Murray in the final to claim the silver . He and Wawrinka were unable to defend their gold medal in doubles , losing in the second round to Jonathan Erlich and Andy Ram of Israel . Federer did not compete in the Rio Olympics after taking the rest of the season off after Wimbledon to recover from a knee injury . Rivalries ( edit ) See also : Big Four ( tennis ) Federer vs. Nadal ( edit ) Main article : Federer -- Nadal rivalry Federer and Nadal at the 2008 Wimbledon final Nadal leads their head - to - head 23 -- 15 . Federer has a winning record on grass ( 2 -- 1 ) and indoor hard courts ( 5 -- 1 ) , while Nadal leads the outdoor hard courts ( 8 -- 6 ) and clay ( 13 -- 2 ) . Because tournament seedings are based on rankings , 24 of their matches have been in tournament finals which have included an all - time record nine Grand Slam finals . Federer and Rafael Nadal have been playing each other since 2004 , and their rivalry is a significant part of both men 's careers . They held the top two rankings on the ATP Tour from July 2005 until 17 August 2009 , when Nadal fell to world # 3 ( Andy Murray became the new # 2 ) , and again since 11 September 2017 . They are the only pair of men to have ever finished six consecutive calendar years at the top . Federer was ranked # 1 for a record 237 consecutive weeks beginning in February 2004 . Nadal , who is five years younger , ascended to # 2 in July 2005 and held this spot for a record 160 consecutive weeks , before surpassing Federer in August 2008 . From 2006 to 2008 , they played in every French Open and Wimbledon final . They then met in the 2009 Australian Open final , the 2011 French Open final , and the 2017 Australian Open final . Nadal won six of the nine , losing the first two Wimbledon finals and the second Australian Open final . Four of these finals were five set - matches ( 2007 and 2008 Wimbledon , 2009 and 2017 Australian Open ) , with the 2008 Wimbledon final being lauded as the greatest match ever by many long - time tennis analysts . Of their 38 meetings , 13 have reached a deciding set . They have also played in 12 Masters Series finals , including their lone five - hour match at the 2006 Rome Masters which Nadal won in a fifth - set tie - break , having saved two match points . Federer vs. Djokovic ( edit ) Main article : Djokovic -- Federer rivalry Federer and Novak Djokovic have met 45 times with Federer trailing 22 -- 23 wins . They are tied 17 -- 17 on hard - courts and 4 -- 4 on clay while Federer trails 1 -- 2 on grass . The Federer -- Djokovic rivalry is the largest rivalry in men 's Grand Slam tournament history with a record 15 matches played against each other with Federer trailing 6 -- 9 . Djokovic is the only player besides Nadal to defeat Federer in consecutive Grand Slam tournaments ( 2010 US Open and 2011 Australian Open , also 2015 Wimbledon , US Open and 2016 Australian Open ) , and the only player besides Nadal and Murray who has double - figure career wins over Federer . Djokovic is one of two players ( the other again being Nadal ) on tour to have defeated Federer in straight sets at a Grand Slam event ( 2008 Australian Open , 2011 Australian Open , 2012 French Open ) and the only player to do so three times . Of their 45 meetings , 15 have reached a deciding set . Federer and Djokovic first played in a Grand Slam final at the 2007 US Open where the three - time reigning champion and world # 1 Federer emerged victorious in straight sets . Federer ended Djokovic 's perfect 41 -- 0 start to the 2011 season in the semifinals of the French Open , but Djokovic was able to avenge this loss at the 2011 US Open in five sets after saving two match points against Federer for the second straight year . In the semifinals of Wimbledon 2012 , Federer beat defending champion and world # 1 Djokovic in four sets . The two met again during the finals of the 2014 Wimbledon Championships with Djokovic emerging victorious after five sets . Federer also ended Djokovic 's 28 straight wins in China at 2014 Shanghai Open . Federer and Djokovic rematched in the 2015 Wimbledon Championships with Djokovic once again claiming victory in four sets . The pair met once more for the final major of the season , the 2015 US Open and once more Djokovic prevailed in four sets . Many experts have included the rivalry between Federer and Djokovic as one of the best rivalries in the Open Era . Federer vs. Murray ( edit ) Main article : Federer -- Murray rivalry Federer and Andy Murray have met 25 times with Federer leading 14 -- 11 . Federer leads 12 -- 10 on hard courts , and 2 -- 1 on grass . They have never met on clay . The two have met six times at the Grand Slam tournament level , the first three times in the finals , Federer winning all three of these matches ; at the 2008 US Open and the 2010 Australian Open , both of which he won in straight sets , and at the 2012 Wimbledon Championships in which Murray took the opening set , but went on to lose in four sets . However , Murray won their encounter in the semifinals of the 2013 Australian Open , defeating the Swiss for the first time at a Grand slam tournament in five sets . At the 2014 Australian Open , Federer reversed that result , defeating Murray in four sets in the quarterfinals . The most recent meeting between the two in a Major was in the semifinals of the 2015 Wimbledon Championships , where a dominant Federer triumphed in straight sets . They met in the final of the 2012 Summer Olympic Games , in which Murray defeated Federer in straight sets , denying the Swiss a career Golden Slam . Murray also leads 6 -- 3 in ATP 1000 tournaments , 2 -- 0 in finals . They have also met five times at the ATP World Tour Finals , with Murray winning in Shanghai in 2008 , and Federer in London in 2009 , 2010 , 2012 , and 2014 . Murray is one of only three players to have recorded 10 or more victories over Federer ( the other two being Nadal and Novak Djokovic ) . Federer vs. Roddick ( edit ) Main article : Federer -- Roddick rivalry Federer leads their head - to - head 21 -- 3 . Roddick lost his world # 1 ranking to Federer after Federer won his first Australian Open in 2004 . Federer and Roddick met on 24 occasions , including four Grand Slam event finals ( three at Wimbledon and one at the US Open -- all won by Federer ) . Roddick himself said it was not much of a rivalry , being so one - sided . In the 2009 Wimbledon final , Roddick lost to Federer in five sets . The match included a 30 - game fifth set ( a Grand Slam final record ) and lasted over four hours . In the final game of the deciding set , Roddick 's serve was broken for the first time in the match . With that victory , Federer broke Pete Sampras ' record of 14 Grand Slam singles titles , and Roddick apologised to Sampras ( who was there ) for not being able to stop Federer . Federer vs. Hewitt ( edit ) Federer leads their head - to - head 18 -- 9 . Early in their careers , Lleyton Hewitt dominated Federer , winning seven of their first nine meetings , including a victory from two sets down in the 2003 Davis Cup semifinal which allowed Australia to defeat Switzerland . However , from 2004 onward , Federer dominated the rivalry , winning 16 of the last 18 meetings . This is Hewitt 's longest rivalry as these two first played each other as juniors in 1996 . They met in one Grand Slam tournament final , the 2004 US Open final , where Federer won his first US Open title in a lopsided encounter in which Federer scored a bagel on both sides of a second - set tiebreak . Federer met Hewitt at six of the Grand Slam tournaments in which he lifted the trophy , including all five of his triumphs between 2004 and 2005 . Their last meeting was at the 2014 Brisbane International , where Hewitt triumphed over Federer in three sets for his first title since 2010 , when he also beat Federer to the Halle title . Hewitt and Federer teamed up in the men 's doubles at Wimbledon in 1999 . They lost in third round to Jonas Björkman and Pat Rafter . Federer vs. Agassi ( edit ) Federer leads their head - to - head 8 - 3 . This was Federer 's most significant rivalry with an all - time great player of the previous generation . They first met in only the third tournament of Federer 's career at the 1998 Swiss Indoors in Federer 's hometown , with Andre Agassi prevailing over the 17 - year - old . Agassi also defeated Federer at the 2001 US Open and the finals of the Miami Masters in 2002 . Federer began to turn the tide at the Masters Cup in 2003 , when he defeated Agassi in both the round robin and the final . They played a memorable quarterfinal match at the 2004 US Open that spanned over two days with Federer eventually prevailing in five sets . At the 2005 Dubai Championships , Federer and Agassi attracted worldwide headlines with a publicity stunt that saw the two tennis legends play on a helipad almost 220 meters above sea level at the hotel Burj al - Arab . Their final match was at one of the most prestigious platforms in the sport , when they played in the finals of the 2005 US Open . Federer was victorious in four sets , claiming the 6th Grand Slam tournament of his career and denying Agassi his 9th . Federer vs. del Potro ( edit ) Juan Martín del Potro and Roger Federer have played 24 times with Federer leading 18 -- 6 . They have met seven times in Grand Slam tournaments with Federer leading 5 -- 2 . Their two most famous Grand Slam tournament meetings came in 2009 . The first was in the French Open semifinals , when Federer survived a five - set clash when he was on his way to the only French title of his career . The second was in the final of the US Open , where del Potro stunned five - time defending champion Federer in five sets , ending his 20 - match winning streak at Grand Slams . Another high - profile match was in the semifinals of the 2012 London Olympics , where Federer prevailed 19 -- 17 in the final set to secure the Olympic silver medal . They also met in the finals of the Swiss Indoors in 2012 , 2013 and 2017 , with del Potro prevailing on first two occasions , and Federer on last one of them in tight three - set matches . In the 2017 U.S. Open quarterfinals , in a rematch of the 2009 US Open final , Del Potro again stunned Federer in four sets to end his unbeaten streak in grand slams that year . With this win , Del Potro also denied the first Federer - Nadal match at US Open , as in 2009 where he crushed Nadal in straight sets in the semifinals . Federer , however avenged this loss at the Shanghai Masters semifinals , where he beat del Potro in three sets after coming from a set down . Federer vs. Safin ( edit ) Marat Safin and Federer played each other 12 times , with Federer leading 10 -- 2 . Federer and Safin turned pro within one year of each other , with Safin turning pro in 1997 and Federer in 1998 . Federer leads 4 -- 1 on hard courts , 3 -- 0 on grass , and 3 -- 0 on clay courts , while Safin leads 1 -- 0 on carpet . Notable meetings include Federer 's defeating Safin at the 2002 Hamburg Masters to win the first Masters 1000 title of his career , as well as Federer 's emerging victorious in the semifinals of the 2004 Tennis Masters Cup , after winning a tiebreak 20 -- 18 on his eighth match point . Federer also defeated Safin in the finals of the 2004 Australian Open to capture his first Australian Open and second Grand Slam tournament title . However , Safin defeated Federer in the 2005 Australian Open semifinals , having saved one match point in the fourth - set tiebreak , to end a 26 - match winning streak by Federer . They met each other five times in Grand Slam tournaments , with Federer leading 4 -- 1 . Federer vs. Nalbandian ( edit ) The two played each other 19 times , with Federer leading 11 -- 8 . David Nalbandian was Federer 's biggest rival in his early career . Nalbandian dominated early on , winning their first five matches from 2002 -- 03 . Federer reversed this trend at the 2003 Masters Cup , where he recorded his first victory , and would go on to win 11 of their last 14 meetings . Federer leads 6 -- 5 on hard courts , 1 -- 0 on grass , and 3 -- 1 on clay courts , while Nalbandian leads 2 -- 1 on carpet . Notable meetings include Nalbandian 's win in a fifth - set tiebreaker to win the 2005 Masters Cup , and Federer 's win in the 2006 French Open semifinals . They met each other six times in Grand Slam tournaments , with Federer leading 4 -- 2 . Federer vs. Berdych ( edit ) Tomáš Berdych and Federer have played each other 25 times with Federer leading 19 -- 6 . Federer leads 11 -- 5 on hard courts , 3 -- 1 on grass courts , 4 -- 0 on clay courts , and 1 -- 0 on carpet . Berdych won their first professional match , notably upsetting then world # 1 Federer at the 2004 Summer Olympics . Federer then went on to win their next eight meetings , before Berdych ended the losing streak in 2010 . Between 2010 and 2013 , Berdych won 5 of 8 meetings . Federer then switched to a larger racquet in 2014 to prevent being overpowered by players like Berdych and leads 8 -- 0 since . They have met nine times in Grand Slam tournaments , with Federer leading 7 -- 2 , and Berdych is one of five players , along with Arnaud Clément , Álex Corretja , David Nalbandian , and Jo - Wilfried Tsonga , to defeat Federer multiple times in majors before the semifinal stage . Their most notable Grand Slam matches took place in the 2009 Australian Open , when Federer prevailed in five sets after dropping the first two sets , the 2010 Wimbledon Championships and the 2012 US Open , both of which Berdych won in four sets . Berdych went on to reach the only Grand Slam final of his career after the Wimbledon quarterfinal victory which was significant as it ended Federer 's run of seven consecutive finals at Wimbledon dating back to 2003 . Federer vs. Tsonga ( edit ) Jo - Wilfried Tsonga and Federer have met 17 times with Federer leading 11 -- 6 . Federer leads 5 -- 3 on outdoor hard courts and 4 -- 0 on indoor hard , while Tsonga leads 1 -- 0 on grass . They are 2 -- 2 on clay courts . The pair have met six times in Grand Slam tournaments , including their five - set matches in the quarterfinals of 2011 Wimbledon and 2013 Australian Open . They have also one Grand Slam semifinal meeting in the 2010 Australian Open , with Federer winning in straight sets . Federer and Tsonga have played in the 2011 ATP World Tour Finals final and the Swiss maestro won his record - sixth Year - End Championship , after a three - setter . The pair have also met in two ATP World Tour Masters 1000 finals . The first was in the 2011 BNP Paribas Masters , with Federer winning his first title in Bercy , and the second was in the 2014 Rogers Cup , with Tsonga winning his second Masters 1000 title . Federer vs. Wawrinka ( edit ) Federer 's most notable matchup with a compatriot has been with Stan Wawrinka and they have played each other 23 times with Federer leading 20 -- 3 . Federer leads 6 -- 1 in Grand Slam tournaments , 15 -- 0 on hard courts , 1 -- 0 on grass courts and 4 -- 3 on clay courts . The pair are 1 -- 1 in finals . Their first meeting in the final came at 2014 Monte - Carlo Rolex Masters where Wawrinka defeated Federer in three sets to win his first Masters 1000 title before Federer avenged his loss at 2017 BNP Paribas Open by beating him in the final . While the rivalry is one - sided in Federer 's favour , the two of them have contested some close matches . Wawrinka defeated Federer in straight sets during the 2015 French Open quarterfinals en route to winning his first French Open title , although Federer then won a straight - sets victory in the 2015 US Open semifinals . Other close matches include the 2012 Shanghai Masters and the 2013 Indian Wells Masters , both of which Federer won in three sets , the 2014 Wimbledon quarterfinal which Federer won in four sets , the 2014 ATP World Tour Final semifinal in which Federer won in three sets after saving four match points and the 2017 Australian Open semifinal which Federer won in five sets . Despite their on - court rivalry , they are friends off court and they have played doubles together on numerous occasions , most notably when they won the doubles Olympic Gold at the 2008 Beijing Olympics and the 2014 Davis Cup . Legacy ( edit ) Many players and analysts consider Federer the greatest tennis player of all time . He dominated the game at his peak and has won more Grand Slam tournament titles ( 19 ) than any other men 's singles player . He is also the first men 's singles player to have reached ten consecutive Grand Slam tournament finals and a total of 29 Grand Slam finals . He has earned a men 's doubles gold medal , and a men 's single silver medal at the Olympics in 2008 and 2012 , respectively . He spent the most amount of time in the Open Era at the top of the ATP Rankings ( 302 weeks ) . He also holds the record for the most titles ( 6 ) at the year - end tournament , where only the year - end eight highest - ranked players participate . Federer was ranked among the top eight players in the world continuously for 14 years and two weeks ; from 14 October 2002 till 31 October 2016 , when injuries forced him to skip much of the 2016 season . Federer has won the ATPWorldTour.com Fans ' Favourite Award a record 15 times consecutively ( 2003 -- 17 ) , won the ATP Player of the Year five time ( 2004 -- 07 , 2009 ) , become ITF World Champion 5 times ( 2004 -- 07 , 2009 ) and won the Stefan Edberg Sportsmanship Award ( voted for by the players ) a record 13 times ( 2004 -- 09 , 2011 -- 17 ) , both being awards indicative of respect and popularity . He also won the Arthur Ashe Humanitarian of the Year Award twice ( 2006 , 2013 ) , Laureus World Sportsman of the Year for a record four consecutive years ( 2005 -- 08 ) and Comeback Player once following his 2017 renaissance . Federer is at times known as Federer Express , shortened to Fed Express or FedEx , and Swiss Maestro , or just Maestro . In 2016 , he was ranked by ESPN as the greatest male or female tennis player ever . After his victory over Rafael Nadal in the 2017 Australian Open final , John McEnroe concluded that `` Federer ( had ) cemented himself as the greatest player of all time '' . One of his most lasting legacies may turn out to be his creation of a new annual tournament called the Laver Cup which pits Europe against the rest of the world . Federer founded the tournament in honor of tennis legend Rod Laver and the inaugural edition was played in 2017 . Cultural impact ( edit ) Federer helped to lead a revival in tennis known by many as the Golden Age . This led to increased interest in the sport , which in turn led to higher revenues for many venues across tennis . During this period rising revenues led to exploding prize money ; when Federer first won the Australian Open in 2004 he earned $985,000 , compared to when he won in 2017 and the prize had increased to $2,774,000 . Upon winning the 2009 French Open and completing the career Grand Slam , Federer became the first individual male tennis player to grace the cover of Sports Illustrated since Andre Agassi in 1999 . He was also the first non-American player to appear on the cover of the magazine since Stefan Edberg in 1992 . Federer again made the cover of Sports Illustrated following his record breaking 8th Wimbledon title and second Grand Slam of 2017 , becoming the first male tennis player to be featured on the cover since himself in 2009 . Federer by many is considered to be a cultural icon of today 's generation and is considered to be one of the greatest athletes of all time . Playing style ( edit ) Federer 's versatility has been described by Jimmy Connors as : `` In an era of specialists , you 're either a clay court specialist , a grass court specialist , or a hard court specialist ... or you 're Roger Federer . '' Federer serving An elite athlete , Federer is an all - court , all - around player known for his speed , fluid style of play , and exceptional shot making . Federer mainly plays from the baseline but is also comfortable at the net , being one of the best volleyers in the game . He has a powerful , accurate smash and very effectively performs rare elements playing tennis , such as backhand smash and skyhook , half - volley and jump smash ( slam dunk ) . David Foster Wallace compared the brute force of Federer 's forehand motion with that of `` a great liquid whip '' , while John McEnroe has referred to Federer 's forehand as `` the greatest shot in our sport . '' Federer is also known for his efficient movement around the court and excellent footwork , which enables him to run around shots directed to his backhand and instead hit a powerful inside - out or inside - in forehand , one of his best shots . Federer plays with a single - handed backhand , which gives him great variety . He employs the slice , occasionally using it to lure his opponent to the net and deliver a passing shot . Federer can also fire topspin winners and possesses a ' flick ' backhand with which he can generate pace with his wrist ; this is usually used to pass the opponent at the net . His serve is difficult to read because he always uses a similar ball toss , regardless of what type of serve he is going to hit and where he aims to hit it , and turns his back to his opponents during his motion . He is often able to produce big serves on key points during a match . His first serve is typically around 200 km / h ( 125 mph ) ; however , he is capable of serving at 220 km / h ( 137 mph ) . Federer is also accomplished at serve and volleying , and employed this tactic frequently in his early career . Later in his career , Federer added the drop shot to his arsenal and can perform a well - disguised one off both wings . He sometimes uses a between - the - legs shot , which is colloquially referred to as a `` tweener '' or `` hotdog '' . His most notable use of the tweener was in the semifinals of the 2009 US Open against Novak Djokovic , bringing him triple match point . Federer is one of the top players who employs successfully the `` squash shot '' , when he gets pushed deep and wide on his forehand wing . Since Stefan Edberg joined his coaching team at the start of the 2014 season , Federer has played a more offensive game , attacking the net more often , and improved his volley shots . In the lead - up to the 2015 US Open , Federer successfully added a new unique shot to his arsenal called SABR ( Sneak Attack by Roger ) , in which he charges his opponent while receiving the serve and hits a return on the run . The SABR is totally unique , in the way that Federer manages to add enough power and placement into the shot , that makes it very difficult , or close to impossible for the opponent to reach it . With the switch to a bigger 97 inch racket from 90 inches , Federer has gained easy power while relinquishing some control on his shots . The bigger racket has enabled easier serving and better defense on both wings with less shanks . However this has diminished his forehand , slice backhand and dropshot . Since his comeback in 2017 , Federer is noted for his improved backhand both down the line and cross court which was cited as the reason for his defeat of Nadal in the 2017 Australian Open Final and Indian Wells 4th round . Federer is also noted for his cool demeanour and emotional control on the court . In contrast to his early career , most of his professional game has been characterised by lack of outbursts or emotional frustration at errors , which gives him an advantage over less controlled opponents . `` I do n't get the anxiety during a match so much anymore . You know , to throw racquets , to toss balls out of the court , scream and stuff . I almost laugh ( on the inside ) about it a little bit today when an opponent does it . But that 's something for me that 's not a problem any more . '' ~ Roger Federer Equipment and apparel ( edit ) Equipment ( edit ) Federer plays with the Wilson Prostaff RF97 Autograph , a 97 square inch tennis racquet with 21.5 mm beam , 360 g weight , 331 swing weight and 16x19 string pattern ( all strung with overgrip ) . Since the 1998 Wimbledon Junior Championships Federer has played with a Pro Staff 6.0 85 racquet . He switched to a bigger custom - built 90 tennis racquet in 2003 , which is characterised by its smaller hitting area of 90 square inches , heavy strung weight of 364 grams , and thin beam of 17.5 millimetres . His grip size was 4 3 / 8 inches ( sometimes referred to as L3 ) . Federer strung his racquets at 21.5 kg mains / 20 kg crosses pre-stretched 20 percent , using Wilson Natural Gut 16 gauge for his main strings and Luxilon Big Banger ALU Power Rough 16L gauge ( polyester ) for his cross strings . When asked about string tensions , Federer stated `` this depends on how warm the days are and with what kind of balls I play and against who I play . So you can see -- it depends on several factors and not just the surface ; the feeling I have is most important . '' As of November 2017 , Federer 's preferred tension is 26.5 kg mains / 25 kg crosses . Apparel ( edit ) Federer has a contract with Nike footwear and apparel . For the 2006 championships at Wimbledon , Nike designed a jacket emblazoned with a crest of three tennis racquets , symbolising the three Wimbledon Championships he had previously won , and which was updated the next year with four racquets after he won the Championship in 2006 . At Wimbledon 2008 , and again in 2009 , Nike continued this trend by making him a personalised cardigan that also had his own logo , an R and an F joined together . Endorsements ( edit ) Federer is one of the highest - earning athletes in the world . He is listed at # 4 on the Forbes `` World 's Highest Paid Athletes '' list . As of 2013 , he remains the top earner in tennis with ten endorsement deals . He makes 40 to 50 million euros a year from prize money and endorsements from Nike and the Swiss companies Nationale Suisse , Credit Suisse , Rolex , Lindt , Sunrise , and Jura Elektroapparate . In 2010 , his endorsement by Mercedes - Benz China was extended into a global partnership deal . His other sponsors include Gillette , Wilson , and Moët & Chandon . Previously , he was an ambassador for NetJets , Emmi AG , and Maurice Lacroix . Career Statistics ( edit ) Main article : Roger Federer career statistics Grand Slam tournament performance timeline ( edit ) Key SF QF # R RR Q # NH ( W ) Won ; ( F ) finalist ; ( SF ) semifinalist ; ( QF ) quarterfinalist ; ( # R ) rounds 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 ; ( RR ) round - robin stage ; ( Q # ) qualification round ; ( A ) absent ; ( NH ) not held . To avoid confusion and double counting , these charts are updated either at the conclusion of a tournament , or when the player 's participation in the tournament has ended . Tournament 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 SR W -- L Win % Australian Open Q1 3R 3R 4R 4R SF SF SF SF SF SF 3R SF 5 / 18 87 -- 13 87.00 French Open 1R 4R QF 1R 1R 3R SF QF SF QF 4R QF 1 / 17 65 -- 16 80.25 Wimbledon 1R 1R QF 1R QF QF 2R SF 8 / 19 91 -- 11 89.22 US Open Q2 3R 4R 4R 4R SF SF QF 4R SF QF 5 / 17 82 -- 12 87.23 Win -- Loss 0 -- 0 0 -- 2 7 -- 4 13 -- 4 6 -- 4 13 -- 3 22 -- 1 24 -- 2 27 -- 1 26 -- 1 24 -- 3 26 -- 2 20 -- 3 20 -- 4 19 -- 3 13 -- 4 19 -- 4 18 -- 4 10 -- 2 18 -- 1 19 / 71 325 -- 52 86.21 Note : Federer received fourth - round walkovers at the US Open ( 2004 and 2012 ) and the Wimbledon Championships ( 2007 ) , and a second - round walkover at the Australian Open ( 2012 ) ; these are not counted as wins Grand Slam tournament finals : 29 ( 19 titles , 10 losses ) ( edit ) Result Year Tournament Surface Opponent Score Win 2003 Wimbledon Grass Mark Philippoussis 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 6 Win Australian Open Hard Marat Safin 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 Win Wimbledon ( 2 ) Grass Andy Roddick 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 Win US Open Hard Lleyton Hewitt 6 -- 0 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 Win 2005 Wimbledon ( 3 ) Grass Andy Roddick 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 Win 2005 US Open ( 2 ) Hard Andre Agassi 6 -- 3 , 2 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 Win 2006 Australian Open ( 2 ) Hard Marcos Baghdatis 5 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 2 Loss 2006 French Open Clay Rafael Nadal 6 -- 1 , 1 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 Win 2006 Wimbledon ( 4 ) Grass Rafael Nadal 6 -- 0 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 Win 2006 US Open ( 3 ) Hard Andy Roddick 6 -- 2 , 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 1 Win 2007 Australian Open ( 3 ) Hard Fernando González 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 Loss 2007 French Open Clay Rafael Nadal 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 Win 2007 Wimbledon ( 5 ) Grass Rafael Nadal 7 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 Win 2007 US Open ( 4 ) Hard Novak Djokovic 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 Loss 2008 French Open Clay Rafael Nadal 1 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 , 0 -- 6 Loss 2008 Wimbledon Grass Rafael Nadal 4 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 9 Win 2008 US Open ( 5 ) Hard Andy Murray 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 2 Loss 2009 Australian Open Hard Rafael Nadal 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 2 -- 6 Win 2009 French Open Clay Robin Söderling 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 Win 2009 Wimbledon ( 6 ) Grass Andy Roddick 5 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 , 16 -- 14 Loss 2009 US Open Hard Juan Martín del Potro 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 7 , 2 -- 6 Win Australian Open ( 4 ) Hard Andy Murray 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 Loss 2011 French Open Clay Rafael Nadal 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 , 1 -- 6 Win 2012 Wimbledon ( 7 ) Grass Andy Murray 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 Loss 2014 Wimbledon Grass Novak Djokovic 7 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 , 4 -- 6 Loss 2015 Wimbledon Grass Novak Djokovic 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 Loss 2015 US Open Hard Novak Djokovic 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 4 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 Win 2017 Australian Open ( 5 ) Hard Rafael Nadal 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 Win 2017 Wimbledon ( 8 ) Grass Marin Čilić 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 Records ( edit ) Main article : List of career achievements by Roger Federer All - time tournament records ( edit ) Roger Federer has spent a total of 302 weeks and 237 consecutive weeks at the top of the ATP rankings , the most of any player . Roger Federer Singles Ranking History Chart Tournament Since Record accomplished Players matched Refs Grand Slam 1877 19 men 's singles titles overall Stands alone 3 men 's singles titles per - year 3 times ( 2004 , 2006 -- 07 ) 2 men 's singles titles per - year 6 times ( 2004 -- 07 , 2009 , 2017 ) 5 consecutive wins in 2 Grand Slams ( 2003 -- 2007 Wimbledon , 2004 -- 2008 U.S. Open ) 29 men 's singles finals overall 42 men 's singles semifinals overall 51 men 's singles quarterfinals overall 10 consecutive men 's singles finals 23 consecutive men 's singles semifinals 36 consecutive men 's singles quarterfinals 65 consecutive men 's singles tournament appearances 325 singles match wins overall 169 hardcourt wins overall 5 titles in 3 different tournaments ( Wimbledon , US Open , Aus Open ) Reached all 4 Grand Slam finals 3 times ( 2006 -- 07 , 2009 ) 11 men 's singles finals at a single major 71 men 's singles tournament appearances Open Era records ( edit ) These records were attained in the Open Era of tennis . Records in bold indicate peerless achievements . Records in italics are active streaks . ( show ) Time span Selected Grand Slam tournament records Players matched 2003 Wimbledon -- 2009 French Open Career Grand Slam Rod Laver Andre Agassi Rafael Nadal Novak Djokovic 2003 Wimbledon -- 2017 Wimbledon 5 + titles at 3 different Majors Stands alone 2003 Wimbledon -- 2008 US Open 5 consecutive titles at 2 different Majors Stands alone 2003 Wimbledon -- 2017 Wimbledon 5 + finals at all 4 Majors Stands alone 2003 Wimbledon -- 2006 Australian Open First 7 finals won Stands alone 2004 Australian Open -- 2017 Australian Open 10 hard court titles Stands alone 2003 Wimbledon -- 2017 Wimbledon 8 grass court titles Stands alone 2008 US Open -- 2009 Wimbledon Simultaneous holder of Majors on clay , grass and hard court Rafael Nadal Novak Djokovic 2004 Australian Open -- 2017 Wimbledon 6 existing Major champions defeated in finals Björn Borg 2006 -- 2007 & 2009 All 4 Major finals in 1 season Rod Laver Novak Djokovic 2000 Australian Open -- 2017 US Open 80 + match wins at 3 Majors Stands alone 2006 27 match wins in 1 season Novak Djokovic 2017 Australian Open 4 match victories vs. top 10 opponents in one tournament Guillermo Vilas Björn Borg Mats Wilander 1999 French Open -- 2017 US Open 71 Major tournament appearances Stands alone ( show ) Grand Slam tournaments Time Span Records at each Grand Slam tournament Players matched Refs Australian Open 2004 -- 2017 6 finals overall Novak Djokovic 2007 Won title without losing a set Ken Rosewall 2004 -- 2014 11 consecutive semifinals Stands alone 2000 -- 2017 87 match wins overall 2006 -- 2008 30 consecutive sets won French Open -- Wimbledon 2009 Accomplished a `` Channel Slam '' : Winning both tournaments in the same year Rod Laver Björn Borg Rafael Nadal Wimbledon 2003 -- 2017 8 titles overall Stands alone 2003 -- 2007 5 consecutive titles Björn Borg 2017 Won title without losing a set Björn Borg 2001 -- 2017 91 match wins overall Stands alone 2003 -- 2017 11 finals overall 2003 -- 2009 7 consecutive finals 2003 -- 2017 12 career semifinals 2001 -- 2017 15 career quarterfinals 2005 -- 2006 34 consecutive sets won US Open 2004 -- 2008 5 titles overall Jimmy Connors Pete Sampras 2004 -- 2008 5 consecutive titles Stands alone 2004 -- 2009 40 consecutive match wins ( show ) Time span Other selected records Players matched Year - End Championship records 2003 -- 2011 6 titles overall Stands alone 2003 -- 2015 10 finals overall 2002 -- 2017 14 semifinals overall 2002 -- 2017 55 match wins overall 2002 -- 2015 14 consecutive appearances 2002 -- 2015 , 2017 15 appearances overall ATP Masters 1000 records 2000 -- 2017 350 match wins overall Stands alone 2002 -- 2017 46 finals overall Rafael Nadal 2002 -- 2011 9 different finals Novak Djokovic Rafael Nadal 2004 -- 2017 5 Indian Wells Masters titles Novak Djokovic 2002 -- 2007 4 Hamburg Masters titles Stands alone 2005 -- 2015 7 Cincinnati Masters titles 2012 , 2015 Won title without having serve broken or losing a set ( Cincinnati Masters ) Other records 2004 -- 2012 302 total weeks at No. 1 Stands alone 2 February 2004 -- 17 August 2008 237 consecutive weeks at No. 1 2003 -- 2017 11 times ranked year - end Top 2 6 times ranked year - end No. 2 13 times ranked year - end Top 3 12 June 2000 -- 01 January 2018 917 consecutive weeks in Top 50 3 March 2003 -- 01 January 2018 685 weeks ranked in Top 4 27 January 2003 -- 01 January 2018 721 weeks ranked in Top 5 2003 -- 2005 26 consecutive match victories vs. top 10 opponents 1999 -- 2017 708 hard court match victories 1999 -- 2017 860 outdoor court match victories 2005 -- 2006 56 consecutive hard court match victories 2003 -- 2008 65 consecutive grass court match victories 2003 -- 2005 24 consecutive tournament finals won 2003 -- 2017 17 grass court titles 2002 -- 2017 65 hard court titles 2000 -- 2017 13 finals at a single tournament ( Swiss Indoors ) 2001 -- 2015 15 consecutive years winning 1 + title 1998 -- 2017 416 tiebreaks won 1999 -- 2017 87.23 % ( 164 -- 24 ) grass court match winning percentage 2005 -- 2007 3 consecutive calendar years as wire - to - wire No. 1 1998 -- 2017 All - time prize money leader ( $111,885,682 ) 2000 -- 2016 10 match wins after trailing 0 -- 2 in sets Aaron Krickstein Boris Becker 2002 -- 2017 19 ATP World Tour 500 Series titles Rafael Nadal Davis Cup records 1999 -- 2015 40 Davis Cup singles wins for Switzerland Stands alone 1999 -- 2015 52 Davis Cup singles and doubles wins for Switzerland 1999 -- 2015 15 years playing a Davis Cup tie for Switzerland Heinz Günthardt See also ( edit ) Tennis portal Biography portal Switzerland portal Book : Roger Federer Roger Federer career statistics List of career achievements by Roger Federer List of Grand Slam men 's singles champions All - time tennis records -- men 's singles Open Era tennis records -- men 's singles ( since 1968 ) ATP World Tour records ( since 1990 ) ATP World Tour Awards List of ATP number 1 ranked singles players ( since 1973 ) 2004 Summer Olympics national flag bearers 2008 Summer Olympics national flag bearers Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ See . See also 100 Greatest of All Time . Jump up ^ The existing Major champions Federer defeated were Marat Safin ( 2004 Australian Open ) , Andy Roddick ( 2004 , 2005 & 2009 Wimbledon and 2006 US Open ) , Lleyton Hewitt ( 2004 US Open ) , Andre Agassi ( 2005 US Open ) , Rafael Nadal ( 2006 & 2007 Wimbledon and 2017 Australian Open ) and Marin Čilić ( 2017 Wimbledon ) . Jump up ^ Known as `` Tennis Masters Cup '' ( 2000 -- 2008 ) and `` ATP World Tour Finals '' ( 2009 -- present ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Player profile -- Roger Federer '' . ATP World Tour . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ATP Rankings '' . ATP World Tour . Archived from the original on 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer - Rankings History - ATP World Tour - Tennis '' . Jump up ^ `` Federer named greatest player by Tennis Channel '' . Fox Sports . 23 March 2012 . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian tennis great Rod Laver says Roger Federer is the greatest player of all time '' . adelaidenow.com.au. 5 July 2012 . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Richard ( 24 June 2007 ) . `` Jack the Lad '' . The Observer . London . Retrieved 15 February 2009 . Jack Kramer ' is ready to anoint Roger Federer as the best he has seen ' . Jump up ^ `` Federer the greatest ever -- Lloyd '' . BBC Sport. 7 June 2009 . Retrieved 7 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Jago , Richard ( 5 June 2009 ) . `` ' Roger Federer is the greatest ' says Pete Sampras after record broken '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 9 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Simon ( 8 June 2009 ) . `` Roger Federer , greatest of all time , ensures statistics back up unrivalled artistry '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Men 's Tennis Players of All Time '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Federer the best of all time , says Agassi . The Age . Retrieved 20 July 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` Federer cemented himself as greatest of all time '' . ESPN . 30 January 2017 . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Federer greatest of all time , says Laver `` . tennis.com/au . Retrieved 20 July 2012 Jump up ^ `` Borg : Federer a True Artist '' . NOS. 9 July 2012 . Retrieved 25 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tennis ' top 20 of all time '' . ESPN . 23 June 2016 . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hewitt : Federer is the greatest tennis player of all time '' . The New Paper . 19 March 2015 . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Federer ' is the greatest ever tennis player ' '' . CNN . 9 July 2012 . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN World Fame 100 '' . ESPN . 30 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Credit Suisse -- Roger Federer , a Basel Boy Forever '' . Sponsorship.credit-suisse.com . Archived from the original on 30 May 2013 . Retrieved 22 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer se Suid - Afrikaanse Durand - Hugenote afkoms '' . 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Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer Ties John McEnroe With 77th Career Title In Halle '' . Retrieved 18 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer loses at Wimbledon , snapping greatest streak in tennis '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer 's ranking history '' . ATP World Tour . Retrieved 6 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Matt Cronin ( 16 July 2013 ) . `` Federer playing with new , larger racquet in Hamburg '' . Tennis.com . Jump up ^ Matt Cronin ( 27 December 2013 ) . `` Federer to play with larger racquet in 2014 '' . Tennis.com . Jump up ^ Newman , Paul ( 13 October 2013 ) . `` The fading Roger Federer puts coach Paul Annacone out to grass '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Federer reflects on mistakes of playing injured '' . Tennis.com. 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ rogerfederer.com Jump up ^ Greg Bishop ( 16 January 2014 ) . `` Seeking Bigger Sweet Spot , Roger Federer Hopes His Racket Will Grow on Him '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer fights back to beat Tomas Berdych in Dubai '' . BBC Sport. 1 March 2014 . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Ben Rothenberg ( 29 August 2014 ) . `` Council Replaces President in Election That 's More Than a Popularity Contest '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Chris Oddo ( 22 June 2014 ) . `` Roger Federer Stepping Down as President of ATP Player Council '' . TennisNow.com . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Federer celebrated for ATP Player Council contribution '' . ATP World Tour . 21 June 2014 . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Switzerland 3 : 2 Italy '' . Davis Cup . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer , Switzerland win first Davis Cup title '' . USA Today . 23 November 2014 . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Davis Cup final attracts record crowd '' . Reuters. 21 November 2014 . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . 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The Guardian . 3 February 2016 . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer pulls out of comeback match at Miami Open '' . BBC . 25 March 2016 . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer withdraws from French Open '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Greg Garber ( 6 July 2016 ) . `` The comeback king : Roger Federer still has the capacity to surprise '' . ESPN . Retrieved 8 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Newbery , Piers ( 8 July 2016 ) . `` Wimbledon 2016 : Milos Raonic beats Roger Federer to reach first Grand Slam final '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 8 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer to miss Rio 2016 Olympics and rest of season with knee injury '' . BBC . 26 July 2016 . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer 's schedule for 2017 '' . Jump up ^ Michael Gleeson ( 22 January 2017 ) . `` Australian Open 2017 : Roger Federer beats Kei Nishikori in enthralling five - set battle '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Ubha , Ravi ( 2 July 2008 ) . `` Federer 's serve allowing him to manufacture easy points '' . ESPN . Retrieved 16 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Stephen Bierley ( 8 July 2003 ) . `` Serve - volley dead ? No one told Federer '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 19 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Best Serve and Volleyer in the World '' . Essential Tennis. 11 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 23 May 2011 . Retrieved 19 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Kamakshi Tandon ( 25 June 2014 ) . `` Federer looks for ' that little extra ' with return to serve - and - volley roots '' . Tennis.com . Jump up ^ Nima Naderi ( 30 September 2009 ) . `` The Tale of Two Tweeners : Federer vs. Llodra '' . bleacherreport.com . Archived from the original on 7 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Steve Tignor ( 3 December 2014 ) . `` No. 8 : The Roger Resurgence '' . Tennis.com . Jump up ^ Peter Bodo ( 17 August 2014 ) . `` The Reliables '' . Tennis.com . Jump up ^ `` The SABR : Federer 's new bravado '' . USOpen.org . Jump up ^ Stanton Peele ( 28 August 2016 ) . `` Why Roger Federer is Great '' . psychologytoday.com . Jump up ^ David Waldstein ( 28 August 2016 ) . `` Cool Federer Image Was Forged in a Hot Head '' . nytimes.com . Jump up ^ Patrick Cohn ( 28 August 2016 ) . `` Federer 's Mental Toughness and Maturity '' . sportspsychologytennis.com . Jump up ^ `` Wilson Sports '' . Wilson Sporting Goods . Archived from the original on 22 January 2010 . Retrieved 29 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Tim Necwomb ( 15 October 2014 ) . `` Designing with Federer : How a superstar shapes his signature gear '' . Sports Illustrated . ^ Jump up to : `` Ask Roger -- Equipment '' . Roger Federer Official Website . Archived from the original on 25 July 2009 . Retrieved 29 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ask Roger ; Official website '' . Roger Federer Official Website . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 2 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer locker room interview with Anabelle Croft - O2 Finals 2017 '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer Sponsors '' . Roger Federer Official Website . Archived from the original on 6 February 2015 . Retrieved 5 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Hodgkinson , Mark ( 27 June 2006 ) . `` More than a jacket for Federer '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 14 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Hodgkinson , Mark ( 27 June 2006 ) . `` More jacket than racket for Federer '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 5 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Bruback , Holly ( 29 August 2009 ) . `` The Main Characters of Tennis , and Style '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 6 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roger Federer Forbes '' . Forbes.com. 2015 . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Federer Grinding It Out '' . Tennis.com. 20 May 2009 . Retrieved 10 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mercedes - Benz Announces Global Partnership with Roger Federer '' . PR Newswire. 27 May 2010 . Retrieved 6 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Soshnick , Scott ( 1 June 2012 ) . `` Roger Federer , Agent Tony Godsick Leaving Management Company IMG '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer MOËT & CHANDON Ambassador '' . Moet.com. 2 January 2012 . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top - Ranked Player Wants Top - Shelf Endorsements '' . The New York Times . 29 January 2006 . Retrieved 9 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer Chronometer '' . Europa Star . 2 April 2005 . Retrieved 14 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Federer Wins Seventh Wimbledon Crown '' . ATP World Tour . 8 July 2012 . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Darren Walton ( 9 July 2012 ) . `` Federer joins sporting all - time greats '' . Wide World of Sports . NineMSN . AAP . Archived from the original on 16 December 2014 . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . In addition to his 17 titles from an unrivalled 24 grand slam finals ... Jump up ^ `` Federer Cruises Past Youzhny Into 32nd Major Semi-Final '' . ATP World Tour . 4 July 2012 . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Gleeson , Michael ( 24 January 2013 ) . `` Federer taken to the brink by dogged Frenchman '' . The Age . Melbourne . Retrieved 24 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Federer tops Tsonga , setting up Aussie Open QF with Murray '' . Tennis.com. 20 January 2014 . Retrieved 5 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vintage Federer Takes Out Tsonga '' . ATP World Tour . 20 January 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Tandon , Kamakshi ( 9 June 2009 ) . `` Federer 's numbers speak volumes '' . ESPN . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Lilley , Drew . `` Wimbledon Legends -- Roger Federer '' . Wimbledon.com . Archived from the original on 26 August 2011 . Retrieved 5 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Macpherson , Paul ( 12 January 2010 ) . `` Roger 's Records To Stand Test of Time '' . ATP World Tour . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Ford , Bonnie D. ( 21 January 2013 ) . `` Federer , again , silences the young '' . ESPN . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Federer Sets Slam Streak ; Tsong Cruises '' . ATP World Tour . 14 January 2014 . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer breezes past James Duckworth '' . The Guardian . Australian Associated Press . 14 January 2014 . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Federer Moves Clear of Connors For Most Major Match Wins '' . ATP World Tour . 30 May 2012 . Retrieved 30 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Sharko , Greg ( 19 January 2013 ) . `` Shark Bites : Federer 's 250 Major Match Wins '' . ATP World Tour . Retrieved 22 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Federer never doubted Paris win '' . BBC Sport. 7 June 2009 . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Clarey , Christopher ( 7 June 2009 ) . `` The Greatest ? Federer 's Victory Fills Last Hole on His Résumé '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Open : Roger Federer beats Rafael Nadal to win 18th Grand Slam title '' . BBC Sport. 29 January 2017 . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Garber , Greg ( 13 September 2004 ) . `` Federer unbeatable right now '' . ESPN . Retrieved 31 August 2012 . Federer also became the first man in the Open Era to win his first four Grand Slam finals . Jump up ^ Hinds , Richard ( 30 January 2006 ) . `` Federer takes new leap towards history '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 31 August 2012 . Federer 's perfect record in seven grand slam finals . Jump up ^ Beasley , Bryan ( 29 January 2017 ) . `` The numbers behind Federer 's 5th Australian Open title '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on 30 January 2017 . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Tandon , Kamakshi ( 24 December 2009 ) . `` What 's your tennis IQ ? -- 2009 tennis holiday quiz '' . ESPN . Retrieved 18 June 2012 . ( Nadal 's ) Australian Open title made him the first man to simultaneously hold majors on clay , grass and hard courts . Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer Bio '' . Tennis Magazine . Retrieved 5 September 2012 . In 2006 , Federer became the first man since Rod Laver in 1969 to make all four Grand Slam finals in a calendar year , winning three of them ; he repeated that feat in 2007 . He also made all four finals in 2009 , winning two . Jump up ^ `` Federer Records 60th Win at Roland Garros ; Raonic Powers Through '' . ATP World Tour . 28 May 2014 . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Garber , Greg ( 29 January 2017 ) . `` Roger Federer beats longtime rival Rafael Nadal , wins 18th Grand Slam '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on 29 January 2017 . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petkovski , Suzi ( 26 January 2012 ) . `` Top 10 : Fed 's feats and streaks '' . Australian Open . Archived from the original on 27 December 2012 . Retrieved 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Courtney ( 24 January 2013 ) . `` Roger Federer forced to dig deep over five sets by Jo - Wilfried Tsonga in Australian Open '' . The Australian . Retrieved 24 January 2013 . ( H ) e threatened to end another of Federer 's streaks ... a tenth straight semi-final in Melbourne . Jump up ^ Cambers , Simon ( 19 January 2008 ) . `` Federer survives massive scare in Melbourne '' . Reuters . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . It was the first set he had dropped at the Australian Open since 2006 . Jump up ^ Tandon , Kamakshi ( 17 June 2011 ) . `` Nadal eyes another Channel Slam '' . ESPN . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Federer Claims Historic Eighth Wimbledon Title '' . ATP World Tour . 16 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 18 July 2017 . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bhagavatula , Manoj ( 16 July 2017 ) . `` The numbers behind Roger Federer 's Wimbledon win '' . ESPN . ESPN Internet Ventures . Archived from the original on 18 July 2017 . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wimbledon -- Championships History '' . Wimbledon.com . Archived from the original on 1 June 2012 . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Newbery , Piers ( 4 July 2017 ) . `` Wimbledon 2017 : Roger Federer & Novak Djokovic through after opponents quit '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Aimee ( 6 July 2012 ) . `` Federer beats Djokovic to reach final '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Garber , Greg ( 6 July 2012 ) . `` Just like old times for Roger Federer '' . ESPN . Retrieved 7 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Elser , Christopher ( 3 July 2009 ) . `` Roddick Beats Murray for Wimbledon Final With Federer '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on 29 December 2013 . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . Federer is the first man to reach the Wimbledon final seven years in a row since 1922 , when the system of automatically putting the defending champion into the title match was dropped . Jump up ^ `` Wimbledon 2017 : Federer reaches record 12th semi-final at SW19 '' . Jump up ^ `` Federer equals Wimbledon quarter - final record after beating Johnson '' . Jump up ^ 2005 Wimbledon Championships on ATPWorldTour.com `` 2006 Wimbledon draws and results '' . ATP World Tour . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Open Most Championship Titles Record Book '' ( PDF ) . US Open . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 September 2011 . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` US Open Singles Record Book '' ( PDF ) . US Open . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 September 2012 . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Barcays ATP World Tour Finals -- Historical Stats '' . ATP Tour . Retrieved 6 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nishikori wins , Federer advances '' . ESPN . Associated Press . 13 November 2014 . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Federer To Return To Barclays ATP World Tour Finals For Record 13th Straight Year '' . ATP World Tour . 18 August 2014 . Retrieved 18 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 ATP World Tour Media Guide '' . ATP World Tour . Retrieved 31 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Federer Wins Fifth Indian Wells Title '' . ATP World Tour . 19 March 2012 . Retrieved 22 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Federer Wins Record Fifth Cincinnati Crown ; Ties Nadal 's Masters 1000 Mark '' . ATP World Tour . 19 August 2012 . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Federer Holds Off Ferrer for 80th Title , Sixth in Cincinnati '' . ATP World Tour . 17 August 2014 . Retrieved 18 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Buddell , James ( 16 July 2012 ) . `` Federer Rises Above '' . London : ATP World Tour . Retrieved 16 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Rossingh , Danielle ( 7 November 2012 ) . `` Federer Breaks Tour Finals Record to Open Bid for Seventh Title '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . ( Federer ) ... completed a record 302nd week at # 1 before being usurped by Djokovic this week . Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer da 17 anni in top 50 . Superato il record di Jimmy Connors '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Roger Federer overcomes Connors to beat an historical record '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Roger Federer : By The Numbers '' . Sports Illustrated . 8 July 2009 . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` FedEx ATP Reliability Index -- Winning percentage on Grass '' . ATP World Tour . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FedEx ATP Reliability Index -- Winning percentage on Hard '' . ATP World Tour . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer in 1,000 th career win with Brisbane International title '' . BBC Sport. 11 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FedEx ATP Reliability Index -- Tie - breakers '' . ATP World Tour . Retrieved 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Imhoff , Dan ( 6 July 2016 ) . `` Federer delivers one of his greatest comebacks '' . Wimbledon.com . Archived from the original on 6 July 2016 . Retrieved 6 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Team -- Switzerland ( SUI ) '' . Davis Cup . 6 April 2014 . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Bowers , Chris ( 2007 ) . Fantastic Federer : The Biography of the World 's Greatest Tennis Player . John Blake . ISBN 1 - 84454 - 407 - 9 . Stauffer , René ( 2007 ) . The Roger Federer Story : Quest for Perfection . New York : New Chapter Press . ISBN 0 - 942257 - 39 - 1 . Publications by and about Roger Federer in the catalogue Helveticat of the Swiss National Library Video ( edit ) Wimbledon Classic Match : Federer vs Sampras . Standing Room Only , DVD release date : 31 October 2006 , run time : 233 minutes , ASIN B000ICLR98 . Wimbledon 2007 Final : Federer vs. Nadal ( 2007 ) . Kultur White Star , DVD release date : 30 October 2007 , run time : 180 minutes , ASIN B000V02CU0 . Wimbledon -- The 2008 Finals : Nadal vs. Federer . Standing Room Only , DVD release date : 19 August 2008 , run time : 300 minutes , ASIN B001CWYUBU . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Roger Federer Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roger Federer . Official website ( in English ) Profiles ( edit ) Roger Federer at the Association of Tennis Professionals Roger Federer at the International Tennis Federation Roger Federer at the International Tennis Federation Junior Profile Roger Federer at the Davis Cup Roger Federer on IMDb Roger Federer ( achievement predecessor and successor ) Sporting positions Preceded by Andy Roddick Rafael Nadal Novak Djokovic World No. 1 February 2 , 2004 -- August 18 , 2008 July 6 , 2009 -- June 7 , 2010 July 9 , 2012 -- November 5 , 2012 Succeeded by Rafael Nadal Rafael Nadal Novak Djokovic Preceded by Andy Roddick US Open Series Champion 2007 Succeeded by Rafael Nadal Awards and achievements Preceded by Andy Roddick Rafael Nadal ITF World Champion -- Men 's singles 2004 -- 07 2009 Succeeded by Rafael Nadal Rafael Nadal ATP Player of the Year 2004 -- 07 2009 Preceded by Marat Safin ATP Fans ' Favorite Player 2003 -- 17 Succeeded by Incumbent Preceded by Paradorn Srichaphan Rafael Nadal ATP Stefan Edberg Sportsmanship Award 2004 -- 09 2011 -- 17 Succeeded by Rafael Nadal Incumbent Preceded by Simon Ammann Thomas Lüthi Didier Cuche Dario Cologna Fabian Cancellara Swiss Sportsman of the Year 2003 -- 04 2006 -- 07 2012 2014 2017 Succeeded by Thomas Lüthi Fabian Cancellara Dario Cologna Stan Wawrinka Incumbent Preceded by Lance Armstrong Shane Warne Simone Biles BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year 2006 -- 07 2017 Succeeded by Shane Warne Usain Bolt Incumbent Preceded by None Rafael Nadal Golden Bagel Award 2006 -- 07 Succeeded by Rafael Nadal David Ferrer Preceded by Andy Roddick Best Male Tennis Player ESPY Award 2005 -- 10 Succeeded by Rafael Nadal Preceded by Michael Schumacher Laureus World Sportsman of the Year 2005 -- 08 Succeeded by Usain Bolt Preceded by Hicham El Guerrouj L'Équipe Champion of Champions 2005 -- 07 Preceded by Michael Phelps Gazzetta dello Sport Sportsman of the Year 2005 -- 07 Preceded by Carlos Moyá Novak Djokovic Arthur Ashe Humanitarian of the Year 2006 2013 Succeeded by Ivan Ljubičić Andy Murray Preceded by Juan Martín del Potro ATP Comeback Player of the Year 2017 Succeeded by Incumbent Records Preceded by Pete Sampras Novak Djokovic ATP Prize money leader 2007 -- 2016 2017 -- Succeeded by Novak Djokovic Incumbent Preceded by Pete Sampras Most career Grand Slam singles titles July 5 , 2009 -- Incumbent Preceded by Pete Sampras Most weeks at World No. 1 July 16 , 2012 -- Incumbent Olympic Games Preceded by Thomas Frischknecht Flagbearer for Switzerland Athens 2004 Beijing 2008 Succeeded by Stanislas Wawrinka Roger Federer Team Mirka Federer ( wife ) Severin Lüthi ( coach , 2007 -- current ) Ivan Ljubičić ( coach , 2015 -- current ) Stefan Edberg ( coach , 2014 -- 2015 ) Paul Annacone ( coach , 2010 -- 2013 ) José Higueras ( coach , 2008 ) Tony Roche ( coach , 2005 -- 2007 ) Peter Lundgren ( coach , 2000 -- 2003 ) Career Achievements Statistics Big Four Rivalry with Rafael Nadal Rivalry with Novak Djokovic Rivalry with Andy Roddick Rivalry with Andy Murray Notable matches 2007 Wimbledon final 2008 Wimbledon final 2009 Australian Open final 2009 French Open final 2009 Wimbledon final 2012 Wimbledon final 2014 Wimbledon final 2015 Wimbledon final 2017 Australian Open final Seasons Juniors Early career 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Australian Open 2006 2007 2017 French Open 2009 Wimbledon Juniors : 1998 ( Singles & Doubles ) Seniors : 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2012 2017 US Open 2005 2006 2007 2008 World Tour Final 2003 2006 2007 2011 Indian Wells 2005 2006 2012 2017 Miami 2005 2006 2017 Monte Carlo Finals : 2006 2007 2008 2014 Roma Finals : 2003 2006 2013 2015 Hamburg / Madrid 2002 ( H ) 2004 ( H ) 2005 ( H ) 2007 ( H ) 2009 2012 Montreal / Toronto 2004 ( T ) 2006 ( T ) Cincinnati 2005 2007 2009 2012 2014 2015 Madrid / Shanghai 2006 ( M ) 2014 2017 Paris 2011 Olympics 2012 ( Singles ) 2008 ( Doubles ) Davis Cup 2014 Hopman Cup 2001 Official website Big Four Roger Federer , Rafael Nadal , Novak Djokovic and Andy Murray Rivalries Federer -- Nadal Djokovic -- Federer Djokovic -- Nadal Federer -- Murray Djokovic -- Murray Seasons Roger Federer 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Rafael Nadal 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Novak Djokovic 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Andy Murray 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Roger Federer ( Statistics and Achievements ) Australian Open 2006 2007 2009 2017 French Open 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 Wimbledon 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2012 2014 2015 2017 US Open 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2015 Tour Finals 2003 2005 2006 2007 2011 2012 2014 2015 Masters titles Indian Wells ( 5 ) Miami ( 3 ) Madrid / Hamburg ( 6 ) Canada ( 2 ) Cincinnati ( 7 ) Shanghai / Madrid ( 2 ) Paris ( 1 ) Rafael Nadal ( Statistics and Achievements ) Australian Open 2009 2012 2014 2017 French Open 2005 2006 2007 2008 2011 2012 2013 2014 2017 Wimbledon 2006 2007 2008 2011 US Open 2011 2013 2017 Tour Finals 2013 Masters titles Indian Wells ( 3 ) Monte Carlo ( 10 ) Madrid / Hamburg ( 5 ) Rome ( 7 ) Canada ( 3 ) Cincinnati ( 1 ) Shanghai / Madrid ( 1 ) Novak Djokovic ( Statistics and Achievements ) Australian Open 2008 2011 2012 2013 2015 2016 French Open 2012 2014 2015 2016 Wimbledon 2011 2013 2014 2015 US Open 2007 2011 2012 2013 2015 2016 Tour Finals 2008 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Masters titles Indian Wells ( 5 ) Miami ( 6 ) Monte Carlo ( 2 ) Madrid ( 2 ) Rome ( 4 ) Canada ( 4 ) Shanghai ( 3 ) Paris ( 4 ) Andy Murray ( Statistics and Achievements ) Australian Open 2011 2013 2015 2016 French Open 2016 Wimbledon 2012 2013 2016 US Open 2008 2012 Tour Finals 2016 Masters titles Miami ( 2 ) Madrid ( 1 ) Rome ( 1 ) Canada ( 3 ) Cincinnati ( 2 ) Shanghai / Madrid ( 4 ) Paris ( 1 ) Notable matches 2007 Wimbledon final 2008 Wimbledon final 2009 Australian Open final 2012 Australian Open final 2012 French Open final 2012 Wimbledon final 2012 US Open final 2013 Wimbledon final 2014 Wimbledon final 2015 Wimbledon final 2016 French Open final 2017 Australian Open final Roger Federer in Grand Slam tournaments Wimbledon ( Open Era ) boys ' singles champions 1968 John Alexander 1969 Byron Bertram 1970 Byron Bertram 1971 Robert Kreiss 1972 Björn Borg 1973 Billy Martin 1974 Billy Martin 1975 Chris Lewis 1976 Heinz Günthardt 1977 Van Winitsky 1978 Ivan Lendl 1979 Ramesh Krishnan 1980 Thierry Tulasne 1981 Matt Anger 1982 Pat Cash 1983 Stefan Edberg 1984 Mark Kratzmann 1985 Leonardo Lavalle 1986 Eduardo Vélez 1987 Diego Nargiso 1988 Nicolás Pereira 1989 Nicklas Kulti 1990 Leander Paes 1991 Thomas Enqvist 1992 David Škoch 1993 Răzvan Sabău 1994 Scott Humphries 1995 Olivier Mutis 1996 Vladimir Voltchkov 1997 Wesley Whitehouse 1998 Roger Federer 1999 Jürgen Melzer 2000 Nicolas Mahut 2001 Roman Valent 2002 Todd Reid 2003 Florin Mergea 2004 Gaël Monfils 2005 Jérémy Chardy 2006 Thiemo de Bakker 2007 Donald Young 2008 Grigor Dimitrov 2009 Andrey Kuznetsov 2010 Márton Fucsovics 2011 Luke Saville 2012 Filip Peliwo 2013 Gianluigi Quinzi 2014 Noah Rubin 2015 Reilly Opelka 2016 Denis Shapovalov 2017 Alejandro Davidovich Fokina Wimbledon ( Open Era ) boys ' doubles champions 1982 Pat Cash / John Frawley 1983 Mark Kratzmann / Simon Youl 1984 Ricky Brown / Robbie Weiss 1985 Agustín Moreno / Jaime Yzaga 1986 Tomas Carbonell / Petr Korda 1987 Jason Stoltenberg / Todd Woodbridge 1988 Jason Stoltenberg / Todd Woodbridge 1989 Jared Palmer / Jonathan Stark 1990 Sébastien Lareau / Sébastien Leblanc 1991 Karim Alami / Greg Rusedski 1992 Steven Baldas / Scott Draper 1993 Steven Downs / James Greenhalgh 1994 Ben Ellwood / Mark Philippoussis 1995 Martin Lee / James Trotman 1996 Daniele Bracciali / Jocelyn Robichaud 1997 Luis Horna / Nicolás Massú 1998 Roger Federer / Olivier Rochus 1999 Guillermo Coria / David Nalbandian 2000 Dominique Coene / Kristof Vliegen 2001 Frank Dancevic / Giovanni Lapentti 2002 Florin Mergea / Horia Tecău 2003 Florin Mergea / Horia Tecău 2004 Brendan Evans / Scott Oudsema 2005 Jesse Levine / Michael Shabaz 2006 Kellen Damico / Nathaniel Schnugg 2007 Daniel Alejandro López / Matteo Trevisan 2008 Yang Tsung - hua / Hsieh Cheng - peng 2009 Pierre - Hugues Herbert / Kevin Krawietz 2010 Liam Broady / Tom Farquharson 2011 George Morgan / Mate Pavić 2012 Andrew Harris / Nick Kyrgios 2013 Thanasi Kokkinakis / Nick Kyrgios 2014 Orlando Luz / Marcelo Zormann 2015 Lý Hoàng Nam / Sumit Nagal 2016 Kenneth Raisma / Stefanos Tsitsipas 2017 Axel Geller / Hsu Yu - hsiou Australian Open men 's singles champions ( 1969 ) Rod Laver ( 1970 ) Arthur Ashe ( 1971 ) Ken Rosewall ( 1972 ) Ken Rosewall ( 1973 ) John Newcombe ( 1974 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1975 ) John Newcombe ( 1976 ) Mark Edmondson ( 1977 ( Jan ) ) Roscoe Tanner ( 1977 ( Dec ) ) Vitas Gerulaitis ( 1978 ) Guillermo Vilas ( 1979 ) Guillermo Vilas ( 1980 ) Brian Teacher ( 1981 ) Johan Kriek ( 1982 ) Johan Kriek ( 1983 ) Mats Wilander ( 1984 ) Mats Wilander ( 1985 ) Stefan Edberg ( 1986 ) Not Held ( 1987 ) Stefan Edberg ( 1988 ) Mats Wilander ( 1989 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1990 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1991 ) Boris Becker ( 1992 ) Jim Courier ( 1993 ) Jim Courier ( 1994 ) Pete Sampras ( 1995 ) Andre Agassi ( 1996 ) Boris Becker ( 1997 ) Pete Sampras ( 1998 ) Petr Korda ( 1999 ) Yevgeny Kafelnikov ( 2000 ) Andre Agassi ( 2001 ) Andre Agassi ( 2002 ) Thomas Johansson ( 2003 ) Andre Agassi ( 2004 ) Roger Federer ( 2005 ) Marat Safin ( 2006 ) Roger Federer ( 2007 ) Roger Federer ( 2008 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2009 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2010 ) Roger Federer ( 2011 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2012 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2013 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2014 ) Stanislas Wawrinka ( 2015 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2016 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2017 ) Roger Federer French Open men 's singles champions ( 1968 ) Ken Rosewall ( 1969 ) Rod Laver ( 1970 ) Jan Kodeš ( 1971 ) Jan Kodeš ( 1972 ) Andrés Gimeno ( 1973 ) Ilie Năstase ( 1974 ) Björn Borg ( 1975 ) Björn Borg ( 1976 ) Adriano Panatta ( 1977 ) Guillermo Vilas ( 1978 ) Björn Borg ( 1979 ) Björn Borg ( 1980 ) Björn Borg ( 1981 ) Björn Borg ( 1982 ) Mats Wilander ( 1983 ) Yannick Noah ( 1984 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1985 ) Mats Wilander ( 1986 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1987 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1988 ) Mats Wilander ( 1989 ) Michael Chang ( 1990 ) Andrés Gómez ( 1991 ) Jim Courier ( 1992 ) Jim Courier ( 1993 ) Sergi Bruguera ( 1994 ) Sergi Bruguera ( 1995 ) Thomas Muster ( 1996 ) Yevgeny Kafelnikov ( 1997 ) Gustavo Kuerten ( 1998 ) Carlos Moyá ( 1999 ) Andre Agassi ( 2000 ) Gustavo Kuerten ( 2001 ) Gustavo Kuerten ( 2002 ) Albert Costa ( 2003 ) Juan Carlos Ferrero ( 2004 ) Gastón Gaudio ( 2005 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2006 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2007 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2008 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2009 ) Roger Federer ( 2010 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2011 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2012 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2013 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2014 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2015 ) Stan Wawrinka ( 2016 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2017 ) Rafael Nadal Wimbledon ( Open Era ) gentlemen 's singles champions ( 1968 ) Rod Laver ( 1969 ) Rod Laver ( 1970 ) John Newcombe ( 1971 ) John Newcombe ( 1972 ) Stan Smith ( 1973 ) Jan Kodeš ( 1974 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1975 ) Arthur Ashe ( 1976 ) Björn Borg ( 1977 ) Björn Borg ( 1978 ) Björn Borg ( 1979 ) Björn Borg ( 1980 ) Björn Borg ( 1981 ) John McEnroe ( 1982 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1983 ) John McEnroe ( 1984 ) John McEnroe ( 1985 ) Boris Becker ( 1986 ) Boris Becker ( 1987 ) Pat Cash ( 1988 ) Stefan Edberg ( 1989 ) Boris Becker ( 1990 ) Stefan Edberg ( 1991 ) Michael Stich ( 1992 ) Andre Agassi ( 1993 ) Pete Sampras ( 1994 ) Pete Sampras ( 1995 ) Pete Sampras ( 1996 ) Richard Krajicek ( 1997 ) Pete Sampras ( 1998 ) Pete Sampras ( 1999 ) Pete Sampras ( 2000 ) Pete Sampras ( 2001 ) Goran Ivanišević ( 2002 ) Lleyton Hewitt ( 2003 ) Roger Federer ( 2004 ) Roger Federer ( 2005 ) Roger Federer ( 2006 ) Roger Federer ( 2007 ) Roger Federer ( 2008 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2009 ) Roger Federer ( 2010 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2011 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2012 ) Roger Federer ( 2013 ) Andy Murray ( 2014 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2015 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2016 ) Andy Murray ( 2017 ) Roger Federer US Open men 's singles champions ( 1968 ) Arthur Ashe ( 1969 ) Rod Laver ( 1970 ) Ken Rosewall ( 1971 ) Stan Smith ( 1972 ) Ilie Năstase ( 1973 ) John Newcombe ( 1974 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1975 ) Manuel Orantes ( 1976 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1977 ) Guillermo Vilas ( 1978 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1979 ) John McEnroe ( 1980 ) John McEnroe ( 1981 ) John McEnroe ( 1982 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1983 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1984 ) John McEnroe ( 1985 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1986 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1987 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1988 ) Mats Wilander ( 1989 ) Boris Becker ( 1990 ) Pete Sampras ( 1991 ) Stefan Edberg ( 1992 ) Stefan Edberg ( 1993 ) Pete Sampras ( 1994 ) Andre Agassi ( 1995 ) Pete Sampras ( 1996 ) Pete Sampras ( 1997 ) Patrick Rafter ( 1998 ) Patrick Rafter ( 1999 ) Andre Agassi ( 2000 ) Marat Safin ( 2001 ) Lleyton Hewitt ( 2002 ) Pete Sampras ( 2003 ) Andy Roddick ( 2004 ) Roger Federer ( 2005 ) Roger Federer ( 2006 ) Roger Federer ( 2007 ) Roger Federer ( 2008 ) Roger Federer ( 2009 ) Juan Martín del Potro ( 2010 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2011 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2012 ) Andy Murray ( 2013 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2014 ) Marin Čilić ( 2015 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2016 ) Stan Wawrinka ( 2017 ) Rafael Nadal Grand Slam / non-calendar year / career Grand Slam - winning singles / doubles tennis players Grand Slam Men 's singles 1938 : Don Budge 1962 : Rod Laver 1969 : Rod Laver Women 's singles 1953 : Maureen Connolly 1970 : Margaret Court 1988 : Steffi Graf Men 's doubles 1951 : Ken McGregor / Frank Sedgman Women 's doubles 1960 : Maria Bueno 1984 : Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver 1998 : Martina Hingis Mixed doubles 1963 : Margaret Court / Ken Fletcher 1965 : Margaret Court 1967 : Owen Davidson Non-calendar year Grand Slam Men 's singles 2015 -- 16 : Novak Djokovic Women 's singles 1983 -- 84 : Martina Navratilova 1993 -- 94 : Steffi Graf 2002 -- 03 : Serena Williams 2014 -- 15 : Serena Williams Men 's doubles 2012 -- 13 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan Women 's doubles 1949 -- 50 : Louise Brough 1986 -- 87 : Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver 1992 -- 93 : Gigi Fernández / Natasha Zvereva 1996 -- 97 : Natasha Zvereva 2009 -- 10 : Serena Williams / Venus Williams Mixed doubles 1967 -- 68 Billie Jean King Career Grand Slam Men 's singles 1933 - 34 - 35 : Fred Perry 1937 - 38 : Don Budge 1960 - 61 - 62 : Rod Laver 1961 - 63 - 64 : Roy Emerson 1992 - 94 - 95 - 99 : Andre Agassi 2003 - 04 - 09 : Roger Federer 2005 - 08 - 09 - 10 : Rafael Nadal 2008 - 11 - 16 : Novak Djokovic Women 's singles 1951 - 52 - 53 : Maureen Connolly 1949 - 50 - 51 - 54 : Doris Hart 1951 - 56 - 57 : Shirley Fry Irvin 1960 - 62 - 63 : Margaret Court 1966 - 67 - 68 - 72 : Billie Jean King 1974 - 75 - 82 : Chris Evert 1978 - 81 - 82 - 83 : Martina Navratilova 1987 - 88 : Steffi Graf 1999 - 2002 - 03 : Serena Williams 2004 - 06 - 08 - 12 : Maria Sharapova Men 's doubles 1935 - 36 - 39 : Adrian Quist 1948 - 50 - 51 Frank Sedgman 1951 : Ken McGregor 1953 -- 56 : Lew Hoad / Ken Rosewall 1957 - 58 - 59 : Neale Fraser 1959 - 60 - 62 : Roy Emerson 1965 -- 67 : John Newcombe / Tony Roche 1962 - 64 - 67 - 77 : Bob Hewitt 1982 - 84 - 86 - 89 : John Fitzgerald 1983 - 87 - 89 : Anders Järryd 1994 - 95 - 98 : Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis 1989 - 92 -- 93 - 2000 : Mark Woodforde 1992 -- 93 - 95 - 2000 : Todd Woodbridge 1998 - 2002 - 03 - 05 : Jonas Björkman 2003 - 05 - 06 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2002 - 04 - 07 - 08 : Daniel Nestor 1999 - 2006 - 12 : Leander Paes Women 's doubles 1942 - 46 - 50 : Louise Brough Clapp 1947 - 48 - 50 - 51 : Doris Hart 1950 - 51 - 57 : Shirley Fry Irvin 1956 -- 1957 : Althea Gibson 1958 -- 60 : Maria Bueno 1961 -- 64 : Lesley Turner Bowrey 1961 - 63 - 64 : Margaret Court 1964 - 66 - 69 - 70 : Judy Tegart Dalton 1980 -- 81 : Kathy Jordan / Anne Smith 1975 - 76 - 77 - 80 : / Martina Navratilova 1981 - 82 - 83 - 84 : Pam Shriver 1989 - 90 - 93 : Helena Suková 1988 -- 90 - 91 - 92 : Gigi Fernández 1989 - 90 - 91 - 93 : / Natasha Zvereva 1989 - 90 - 94 : Jana Novotná 1996 - 97 - 98 : Martina Hingis 1999 - 2000 - 01 : Serena Williams / Venus Williams 2000 - 01 - 06 : Lisa Raymond 2012 - 13 - 14 : Sara Errani / Roberta Vinci Mixed doubles 1925 - 26 - 27 - 28 Jean Borotra 1949 -- 51 : Doris Hart / Frank Sedgman 1961 - 1963 : Margaret Court 1962 - 1963 : Ken Fletcher 1965 - 66 - 67 : Owen Davidson 1967 -- 68 : Billie Jean King 1969 -- 75 : Marty Riessen 1961 - 70 - 77 - 79 : Bob Hewitt 1992 -- 93 - 95 : Mark Woodforde 1990 - 93 - 94 - 95 : Todd Woodbridge 1974 - 85 - 2003 : Martina Navratilova 2001 - 02 - 05 : Daniela Hantuchová 1997 - 99 - 2005 - 06 : Mahesh Bhupathi 2002 - 04 - 08 - 10 : Cara Black 1999 - 2003 - 08 - 16 : Leander Paes 2006 - 15 - 16 : Martina Hingis Male tennis players who have won 3 or more Grand Slam singles titles in one season ( 1933 ) Jack Crawford ( 3 ) ( 1934 ) Fred Perry ( 3 ) ( 1938 ) Don Budge ( 4 ) ( 1955 ) Tony Trabert ( 3 ) ( 1956 ) Lew Hoad ( 3 ) ( 1958 ) Ashley Cooper ( 3 ) ( 1962 ) Rod Laver ( 4 ) ( 1964 ) Roy Emerson ( 3 ) ( 1969 ) Rod Laver ( 4 ) ( 1974 ) Jimmy Connors ( 3 ) ( 1988 ) Mats Wilander ( 3 ) ( 2004 ) Roger Federer ( 3 ) ( 2006 ) Roger Federer ( 3 ) ( 2007 ) Roger Federer ( 3 ) ( 2010 ) Rafael Nadal ( 3 ) ( 2011 ) Novak Djokovic ( 3 ) ( 2015 ) Novak Djokovic ( 3 ) Men 's tennis players who won two or more Grand Slam singles titles in one calendar year Four wins 1938 : Don Budge 1962 : Rod Laver 1969 : Rod Laver Three wins 1933 : Jack Crawford ( AC&FC&WI ) 1934 : Fred Perry ( AC&WI&US ) 1955 : Tony Trabert ( FO&WI&US ) 1956 : Lew Hoad ( AO&FO&WI ) 1958 : Ashley Cooper ( AC&WI&US ) 1964 : Roy Emerson ( AC&WI&US ) 1974 : Jimmy Connors ( AO&WI&US ) 1988 : Mats Wilander ( AO&FO&US ) 2004 : Roger Federer ( AO&WI&US ) 2006 : Roger Federer ( AO&WI&US ) 2007 : Roger Federer ( AO&WI&US ) 2010 : Rafael Nadal ( FO&WI&US ) 2011 : Novak Djokovic ( AO&WI&US ) 2015 : Novak Djokovic ( AO&WI&US ) Two wins 1903 : Laurence Doherty ( WI&US ) 1920 : Bill Tilden ( WI&US ) 1921 : Bill Tilden ( WI&US ) 1925 : René Lacoste ( FC&WI ) 1927 : René Lacoste ( FC&US ) 1928 : Henri Cochet ( FC&US ) 1932 : Ellsworth Vines ( WI&US ) 1935 : Fred Perry ( FC&WI ) 1936 : Fred Perry ( WI&US ) 1937 : Don Budge ( WI&US ) 1939 : Bobby Riggs ( WI&US ) 1947 : Jack Kramer ( WI&US ) 1950 : Budge Patty ( FC&WI ) 1951 : Dick Savitt ( AC&WI ) ) 1952 : Frank Sedgman ( WI&US ) 1953 : Ken Rosewall ( AC&FO ) 1959 : Alex Olmedo ( AC&WI ) 1960 : Neale Fraser ( WI&US ) 1961 : Roy Emerson ( AC&US ) 1963 : Roy Emerson ( AC&FC ) 1965 : Roy Emerson ( AC&WI ) 1967 : Roy Emerson ( AC&FC ) 1967 : John Newcombe ( WI&US ) 1973 : John Newcombe ( AO&US ) 1977 : Guillermo Vilas ( FO&US ) 1978 : Björn Borg ( FO&WI ) 1979 : Björn Borg ( FO&WI ) 1980 : Björn Borg ( FO&WI ) 1981 : John McEnroe ( WI&US ) 1982 : Jimmy Connors ( WI&US ) 1984 : John McEnroe ( WI&US ) 1986 : Ivan Lendl ( FO&US ) 1987 : Ivan Lendl ( FO&US ) 1989 : Boris Becker ( WI&US ) 1992 : Jim Courier ( AO&FO ) 1993 : Pete Sampras ( WI&US ) 1994 : Pete Sampras ( AO&WI ) 1995 : Pete Sampras ( WI&US ) 1997 : Pete Sampras ( AO&WI ) 1999 : Andre Agassi ( FO&US ) 2005 : Roger Federer ( WI&US ) 2008 : Rafael Nadal ( FO&WI ) 2009 : Roger Federer ( FO&WI ) 2013 : Rafael Nadal ( FO&US ) 2016 : Novak Djokovic ( AO&FO ) 2017 : Roger Federer ( AO&WI ) 2017 : Rafael Nadal ( FO&US ) AC = Australasian / Australian Championships , AO = Australian Open , FC = French Championships , FO = French Open , WI = Wimbledon , US = U.S. National Championships / US Open Roger Federer 's achievements Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) world No. 1 singles players Ilie Năstase ( 1973 / 1974 -- 40 w ) John Newcombe ( 1974 -- 8 w ) Jimmy Connors ( 1974 / 1983 -- 268 w ) Björn Borg ( 1977 / 1981 -- 109 w ) John McEnroe ( 1980 / 1985 -- 170 w ) Ivan Lendl ( 1983 / 1990 -- 270 w ) Mats Wilander ( 1988 / 1989 -- 20 w ) Stefan Edberg ( 1990 / 1992 -- 72 w ) Boris Becker ( 1991 -- 12 w ) Jim Courier ( 1992 / 1993 -- 58 w ) Pete Sampras ( 1993 / 2000 -- 286 w ) Andre Agassi ( 1995 / 2003 -- 101 w ) Thomas Muster ( 1996 -- 6 w ) Marcelo Ríos ( 1998 -- 6 w ) Carlos Moyá ( 1999 -- 2 w ) Yevgeny Kafelnikov ( 1999 -- 6 w ) Patrick Rafter ( 1999 -- 1 w ) Marat Safin ( 2000 / 2001 -- 9 w ) Gustavo Kuerten ( 2000 / 2001 -- 43 w ) Lleyton Hewitt ( 2001 / 2003 -- 80 w ) Juan Carlos Ferrero ( 2003 -- 8 w ) Andy Roddick ( 2003 / 2004 -- 13 w ) Roger Federer ( 2004 / 2012 -- 302 w ) Rafael Nadal ( 2008 / 2017 -- 159 w ) Novak Djokovic ( 2011 / 2016 -- 223 w ) Andy Murray ( 2016 / 2017 -- 41 w ) ATP singles rankings incepted on August 23 , 1973 ( year first held / year last held -- number of weeks ( w ) ) current No. 1 in bold , as of week of December 18 , 2017 Year - end championships winners singles ( 1970 ) Stan Smith ( 1971 ) Ilie Năstase ( 1972 ) Ilie Năstase ( 1973 ) Ilie Năstase ( 1974 ) Guillermo Vilas ( 1975 ) Ilie Năstase ( 1976 ) Manuel Orantes ( 1977 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1978 ) John McEnroe ( 1979 ) Björn Borg ( 1980 ) Björn Borg ( 1981 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1982 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1983 ) John McEnroe ( 1984 ) John McEnroe ( 1985 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1986 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1987 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1988 ) Boris Becker ( 1989 ) Stefan Edberg ( 1990 ) Andre Agassi ( 1991 ) Pete Sampras ( 1992 ) Boris Becker ( 1993 ) Michael Stich ( 1994 ) Pete Sampras ( 1995 ) Boris Becker ( 1996 ) Pete Sampras ( 1997 ) Pete Sampras ( 1998 ) Alex Corretja ( 1999 ) Pete Sampras ( 2000 ) Gustavo Kuerten ( 2001 ) Lleyton Hewitt ( 2002 ) Lleyton Hewitt ( 2003 ) Roger Federer ( 2004 ) Roger Federer ( 2005 ) David Nalbandian ( 2006 ) Roger Federer ( 2007 ) Roger Federer ( 2008 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2009 ) Nikolay Davydenko ( 2010 ) Roger Federer ( 2011 ) Roger Federer ( 2012 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2013 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2014 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2015 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2016 ) Andy Murray ( 2017 ) Grigor Dimitrov ATP Masters Series : Singles champions Indian Wells Masters 1990 : Stefan Edberg 1991 : Jim Courier 1992 : Michael Chang 1993 : Jim Courier 1994 : Pete Sampras 1995 : Pete Sampras 1996 : Michael Chang 1997 : Michael Chang 1998 : Marcelo Ríos 1999 : Mark Philippoussis 2000 : Àlex Corretja 2001 : Andre Agassi 2002 : Lleyton Hewitt 2003 : Lleyton Hewitt 2004 : Roger Federer 2005 : Roger Federer 2006 : Roger Federer 2007 : Rafael Nadal 2008 : Novak Djokovic 2009 : Rafael Nadal 2010 : Ivan Ljubičić 2011 : Novak Djokovic 2012 : Roger Federer 2013 : Rafael Nadal 2014 : Novak Djokovic 2015 : Novak Djokovic 2016 : Novak Djokovic 2017 : Roger Federer Miami Masters 1990 : Andre Agassi 1991 : Jim Courier 1992 : Michael Chang 1993 : Pete Sampras 1994 : Pete Sampras 1995 : Andre Agassi 1996 : Andre Agassi 1997 : Thomas Muster 1998 : Marcelo Ríos 1999 : Richard Krajicek 2000 : Pete Sampras 2001 : Andre Agassi 2002 : Andre Agassi 2003 : Andre Agassi 2004 : Andy Roddick 2005 : Roger Federer 2006 : Roger Federer 2007 : Novak Djokovic 2008 : Nikolay Davydenko 2009 : Andy Murray 2010 : Andy Roddick 2011 : Novak Djokovic 2012 : Novak Djokovic 2013 : Andy Murray 2014 : Novak Djokovic 2015 : Novak Djokovic 2016 : Novak Djokovic 2017 : Roger Federer Monte - Carlo Masters 1990 : Andrei Chesnokov 1991 : Sergi Bruguera 1992 : Thomas Muster 1993 : Sergi Bruguera 1994 : Andriy Medvedev 1995 : Thomas Muster 1996 : Thomas Muster 1997 : Marcelo Ríos 1998 : Carlos Moyá 1999 : Gustavo Kuerten 2000 : Cédric Pioline 2001 : Gustavo Kuerten 2002 : Juan Carlos Ferrero 2003 : Juan Carlos Ferrero 2004 : Guillermo Coria 2005 : Rafael Nadal 2006 : Rafael Nadal 2007 : Rafael Nadal 2008 : Rafael Nadal 2009 : Rafael Nadal 2010 : Rafael Nadal 2011 : Rafael Nadal 2012 : Rafael Nadal 2013 : Novak Djokovic 2014 : Stan Wawrinka 2015 : Novak Djokovic 2016 : Rafael Nadal 2017 : Rafael Nadal Hamburg / Madrid Masters 1990 : Juan Aguilera 1991 : Karel Nováček 1992 : Stefan Edberg 1993 : Michael Stich 1994 : Andriy Medvedev 1995 : Andriy Medvedev 1996 : Roberto Carretero 1997 : Andriy Medvedev 1998 : Albert Costa 1999 : Marcelo Ríos 2000 : Gustavo Kuerten 2001 : Albert Portas 2002 : Roger Federer 2003 : Guillermo Coria 2004 : Roger Federer 2005 : Roger Federer 2006 : Tommy Robredo 2007 : Roger Federer 2008 : Rafael Nadal 2009 : Roger Federer 2010 : Rafael Nadal 2011 : Novak Djokovic 2012 : Roger Federer 2013 : Rafael Nadal 2014 : Rafael Nadal 2015 : Andy Murray 2016 : Novak Djokovic 2017 : Rafael Nadal Rome Masters 1990 : Thomas Muster 1991 : Emilio Sánchez 1992 : Jim Courier 1993 : Jim Courier 1994 : Pete Sampras 1995 : Thomas Muster 1996 : Thomas Muster 1997 : Àlex Corretja 1998 : Marcelo Ríos 1999 : Gustavo Kuerten 2000 : Magnus Norman 2001 : Juan Carlos Ferrero 2002 : Andre Agassi 2003 : Félix Mantilla 2004 : Carlos Moyá 2005 : Rafael Nadal 2006 : Rafael Nadal 2007 : Rafael Nadal 2008 : Novak Djokovic 2009 : Rafael Nadal 2010 : Rafael Nadal 2011 : Novak Djokovic 2012 : Rafael Nadal 2013 : Rafael Nadal 2014 : Novak Djokovic 2015 : Novak Djokovic 2016 : Andy Murray 2017 : Alexander Zverev Jr . Canada Masters 1990 : Michael Chang 1991 : Andrei Chesnokov 1992 : Andre Agassi 1993 : Mikael Pernfors 1994 : Andre Agassi 1995 : Andre Agassi 1996 : Wayne Ferreira 1997 : Chris Woodruff 1998 : Patrick Rafter 1999 : Thomas Johansson 2000 : Marat Safin 2001 : Andrei Pavel 2002 : Guillermo Cañas 2003 : Andy Roddick 2004 : Roger Federer 2005 : Rafael Nadal 2006 : Roger Federer 2007 : Novak Djokovic 2008 : Rafael Nadal 2009 : Andy Murray 2010 : Andy Murray 2011 : Novak Djokovic 2012 : Novak Djokovic 2013 : Rafael Nadal 2014 : Jo - Wilfried Tsonga 2015 : Andy Murray 2016 : Novak Djokovic 2017 : Alexander Zverev Jr . Cincinnati Masters 1990 : Stefan Edberg 1991 : Guy Forget 1992 : Pete Sampras 1993 : Michael Chang 1994 : Michael Chang 1995 : Andre Agassi 1996 : Andre Agassi 1997 : Pete Sampras 1998 : Patrick Rafter 1999 : Pete Sampras 2000 : Thomas Enqvist 2001 : Gustavo Kuerten 2002 : Carlos Moyá 2003 : Andy Roddick 2004 : Andre Agassi 2005 : Roger Federer 2006 : Andy Roddick 2007 : Roger Federer 2008 : Andy Murray 2009 : Roger Federer 2010 : Roger Federer 2011 : Andy Murray 2012 : Roger Federer 2013 : Rafael Nadal 2014 : Roger Federer 2015 : Roger Federer 2016 : Marin Čilić 2017 : Grigor Dimitrov Stockholm / Essen / Stuttgart / Madrid / Shanghai Masters 1990 : Boris Becker 1991 : Boris Becker 1992 : Goran Ivanišević 1993 : Michael Stich 1994 : Boris Becker 1995 : Thomas Muster 1996 : Boris Becker 1997 : Petr Korda 1998 : Richard Krajicek 1999 : Thomas Enqvist 2000 : Wayne Ferreira 2001 : Tommy Haas 2002 : Andre Agassi 2003 : Juan Carlos Ferrero 2004 : Marat Safin 2005 : Rafael Nadal 2006 : Roger Federer 2007 : David Nalbandian 2008 : Andy Murray 2009 : Nikolay Davydenko 2010 : Andy Murray 2011 : Andy Murray 2012 : Novak Djokovic 2013 : Novak Djokovic 2014 : Roger Federer 2015 : Novak Djokovic 2016 : Andy Murray 2017 : Roger Federer Paris Masters 1990 : Stefan Edberg 1991 : Guy Forget 1992 : Boris Becker 1993 : Goran Ivanišević 1994 : Andre Agassi 1995 : Pete Sampras 1996 : Thomas Enqvist 1997 : Pete Sampras 1998 : Greg Rusedski 1999 : Andre Agassi 2000 : Marat Safin 2001 : Sébastien Grosjean 2002 : Marat Safin 2003 : Tim Henman 2004 : Marat Safin 2005 : Tomáš Berdych 2006 : Nikolay Davydenko 2007 : David Nalbandian 2008 : Jo - Wilfried Tsonga 2009 : Novak Djokovic 2010 : Robin Söderling 2011 : Roger Federer 2012 : David Ferrer 2013 : Novak Djokovic 2014 : Novak Djokovic 2015 : Novak Djokovic 2016 : Andy Murray 2017 : Jack Sock ATP Masters Series : Doubles champions Indian Wells Masters 1990 : Boris Becker / Guy Forget 1991 : Jim Courier / Javier Sánchez 1992 : Steve DeVries / David Macpherson 1993 : Guy Forget / Henri Leconte 1994 : Grant Connell / Patrick Galbraith 1995 : Tommy Ho / Brett Steven 1996 : Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde 1997 : Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 1998 : Jonas Björkman / Patrick Rafter 1999 : Wayne Black / Sandon Stolle 2000 : Alex O'Brien / Jared Palmer 2001 : Wayne Ferreira / Yevgeny Kafelnikov 2002 : Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 2003 : Wayne Ferreira / Yevgeny Kafelnikov 2004 : Arnaud Clément / Sébastien Grosjean 2005 : Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 2006 : Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 2007 : Martin Damm / Leander Paes 2008 : Jonathan Erlich / Andy Ram 2009 : Mardy Fish / Andy Roddick 2010 : Marc López / Rafael Nadal 2011 : Alexandr Dolgopolov / Xavier Malisse 2012 : Marc López / Rafael Nadal 2013 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2014 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2015 : Vasek Pospisil / Jack Sock 2016 : Pierre - Hugues Herbert / Nicolas Mahut 2017 : Raven Klaasen / Rajeev Ram Miami Masters 1990 : Rick Leach / Jim Pugh 1991 : Wayne Ferreira / Piet Norval 1992 : Ken Flach / Todd Witsken 1993 : Richard Krajicek / Jan Siemerink 1994 : Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis 1995 : Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde 1996 : Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde 1997 : Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde 1998 : Ellis Ferreira / Rick Leach 1999 : Wayne Black / Sandon Stolle 2000 : Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde 2001 : Jiří Novák / David Rikl 2002 : Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 2003 : Roger Federer / Max Mirnyi 2004 : Wayne Black / Kevin Ullyett 2005 : Jonas Björkman / Max Mirnyi 2006 : Jonas Björkman / Max Mirnyi 2007 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2008 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2009 : Max Mirnyi / Andy Ram 2010 : Lukáš Dlouhý / Leander Paes 2011 : Mahesh Bhupathi / Leander Paes 2012 : Leander Paes / Radek Štěpánek 2013 : Aisam - ul - Haq Qureshi / Jean - Julien Rojer 2014 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2015 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2016 : Pierre - Hugues Herbert / Nicolas Mahut 2017 : Łukasz Kubot / Marcelo Melo Monte - Carlo Masters 1990 : Petr Korda / Tomáš Šmíd 1991 : Luke Jensen / Laurie Warder 1992 : Boris Becker / Michael Stich 1993 : Stefan Edberg / Petr Korda 1994 : Nicklas Kulti / Magnus Larsson 1995 : Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis 1996 : Ellis Ferreira / Jan Siemerink 1997 : Donald Johnson / Francisco Montana 1998 : Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis 1999 : Olivier Delaître / Tim Henman 2000 : Wayne Ferreira / Yevgeny Kafelnikov 2001 : Jonas Björkman / Todd Woodbridge 2002 : Jonas Björkman / Todd Woodbridge 2003 : Mahesh Bhupathi / Max Mirnyi 2004 : Tim Henman / Nenad Zimonjić 2005 : Leander Paes / Nenad Zimonjić 2006 : Jonas Björkman / Max Mirnyi 2007 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2008 : Rafael Nadal / Tommy Robredo 2009 : Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić 2010 : Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić 2011 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2012 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2013 : Julien Benneteau / Nenad Zimonjić 2014 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2015 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2016 : Pierre - Hugues Herbert / Nicolas Mahut 2017 : Rohan Bopanna / Pablo Cuevas Hamburg / Madrid Masters 1990 : Sergi Bruguera / Jim Courier 1991 : Sergio Casal / Emilio Sánchez 1992 : Sergio Casal / Emilio Sánchez 1993 : Paul Haarhuis / Mark Koevermans 1994 : Scott Melville / Piet Norval 1995 : Wayne Ferreira / Yevgeny Kafelnikov 1996 : Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 1997 : Luis Lobo / Javier Sánchez 1998 : Donald Johnson / Francisco Montana 1999 : Wayne Arthurs / Andrew Kratzmann 2000 : Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde 2001 : Jonas Björkman / Todd Woodbridge 2002 : Mahesh Bhupathi / Jan - Michael Gambill 2003 : Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 2004 : Wayne Black / Kevin Ullyett 2005 : Jonas Björkman / Max Mirnyi 2006 : Paul Hanley / Kevin Ullyett 2007 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2008 : Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić 2009 : Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić 2010 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2011 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2012 : Mariusz Fyrstenberg / Marcin Matkowski 2013 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2014 : Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić 2015 : Rohan Bopanna / Florin Mergea 2016 : Jean - Julien Rojer / Horia Tecău 2017 : Łukasz Kubot / Marcelo Melo Rome Masters 1990 : Sergio Casal / Emilio Sánchez 1991 : Omar Camporese / Goran Ivanišević 1992 : Jakob Hlasek / Marc Rosset 1993 : Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis 1994 : Yevgeny Kafelnikov / David Rikl 1995 : Cyril Suk / Daniel Vacek 1996 : Byron Black / Grant Connell 1997 : Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 1998 : Mahesh Bhupathi / Leander Paes 1999 : Ellis Ferreira / Rick Leach 2000 : Martin Damm / Dominik Hrbatý 2001 : Wayne Ferreira / Yevgeny Kafelnikov 2002 : Martin Damm / Cyril Suk 2003 : Wayne Arthurs / Paul Hanley 2004 : Mahesh Bhupathi / Max Mirnyi 2005 : Michaël Llodra / Fabrice Santoro 2006 : Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 2007 : Fabrice Santoro / Nenad Zimonjić 2008 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2009 : Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić 2010 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2011 : John Isner / Sam Querrey 2012 : Marcel Granollers / Marc López 2013 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2014 : Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić 2015 : Pablo Cuevas / David Marrero 2016 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2017 : Pierre - Hugues Herbert / Nicolas Mahut Canada Masters 1990 : Paul Annacone / David Wheaton 1991 : Patrick Galbraith / Todd Witsken 1992 : Patrick Galbraith / Danie Visser 1993 : Jim Courier / Mark Knowles 1994 : Byron Black / Jonathan Stark 1995 : Yevgeny Kafelnikov / Andrei Olhovskiy 1996 : Patrick Galbraith / Paul Haarhuis 1997 : Mahesh Bhupathi / Leander Paes 1998 : Martin Damm / Jim Grabb 1999 : Jonas Björkman / Patrick Rafter 2000 : Sébastien Lareau / Daniel Nestor 2001 : Jiří Novák / David Rikl 2002 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2003 : Mahesh Bhupathi / Max Mirnyi 2004 : Mahesh Bhupathi / Leander Paes 2005 : Wayne Black / Kevin Ullyett 2006 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2007 : Mahesh Bhupathi / Pavel Vízner 2008 : Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić 2009 : Mahesh Bhupathi / Mark Knowles 2010 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2011 : Michaël Llodra / Nenad Zimonjić 2012 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2013 : Alexander Peya / Bruno Soares 2014 : Alexander Peya / Bruno Soares 2015 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2016 : Ivan Dodig / Marcelo Melo 2017 : Pierre - Hugues Herbert / Nicolas Mahut Cincinnati Masters 1990 : Darren Cahill / Mark Kratzmann 1991 : Ken Flach / Robert Seguso 1992 : Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde 1993 : Andre Agassi / Petr Korda 1994 : Alex O'Brien / Sandon Stolle 1995 : Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde 1996 : Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 1997 : Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde 1998 : Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 1999 : Byron Black / Jonas Björkman 2000 : Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde 2001 : Mahesh Bhupathi / Leander Paes 2002 : James Blake / Todd Martin 2003 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2004 : Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 2005 : Jonas Björkman / Max Mirnyi 2006 : Jonas Björkman / Max Mirnyi 2007 : Jonathan Erlich / Andy Ram 2008 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2009 : Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić 2010 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2011 : Mahesh Bhupathi / Leander Paes 2012 : Robert Lindstedt / Horia Tecău 2013 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2014 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2015 : Daniel Nestor / Édouard Roger - Vasselin 2016 : Ivan Dodig / Marcelo Melo Stockholm / Essen / Stuttgart / Madrid / Shanghai Masters 1990 : Guy Forget / Jakob Hlasek 1991 : John Fitzgerald / Anders Järryd 1992 : Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde 1993 : Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde 1994 : Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde 1995 : Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis 1996 : Sébastien Lareau / Alex O'Brien 1997 : Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde 1998 : Sébastien Lareau / Alex O'Brien 1999 : Byron Black / Jonas Björkman 2000 : Jiří Novák / David Rikl 2001 : Max Mirnyi / Sandon Stolle 2002 : Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 2003 : Mahesh Bhupathi / Max Mirnyi 2004 : Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 2005 : Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor 2006 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2007 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2008 : Mariusz Fyrstenberg / Marcin Matkowski 2009 : Julien Benneteau / Jo - Wilfried Tsonga 2010 : Jürgen Melzer / Leander Paes 2011 : Max Mirnyi / Daniel Nestor 2012 : Leander Paes / Radek Štěpánek 2013 : Ivan Dodig / Marcelo Melo 2014 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2015 : Raven Klaasen / Marcelo Melo 2016 : John Isner / Jack Sock Paris Masters 1990 : Scott Davis / David Pate 1991 : Anders Järryd / John Fitzgerald 1992 : John McEnroe / Patrick McEnroe 1993 : Byron Black / Jonathan Stark 1994 : Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis 1995 : Grant Connell / Patrick Galbraith 1996 : Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis 1997 : Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis 1998 : Mahesh Bhupathi / Leander Paes 1999 : Sébastien Lareau / Alex O'Brien 2000 : Nicklas Kulti / Max Mirnyi 2001 : Ellis Ferreira / Rick Leach 2002 : Nicolas Escudé / Fabrice Santoro 2003 : Wayne Arthurs / Paul Hanley 2004 : Jonas Björkman / Todd Woodbridge 2005 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2006 : Arnaud Clément / Michaël Llodra 2007 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2008 : Jonas Björkman / Kevin Ullyett 2009 : Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić 2010 : Mahesh Bhupathi / Max Mirnyi 2011 : Rohan Bopanna / Aisam - ul - Haq Qureshi 2012 : Mahesh Bhupathi / Rohan Bopanna 2013 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2014 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2015 : Ivan Dodig / Marcelo Melo 2016 : Henri Kontinen / John Peers 2017 : Łukasz Kubot / Marcelo Melo Olympic Tennis Champions in men 's doubles Demonstration 1968 : Rafael Osuna & Vicente Zarazua ( MEX ) Indoor 1908 : Herbert Barrett & Arthur Gore ( GBR ) 1912 : Maurice Germot & André Gobert ( FRA ) Outdoor 1896 : John Pius Boland ( GBR ) & Friedrich Traun ( GER ) 1900 : Laurence Doherty & Reginald Doherty ( GBR ) 1904 : Edgar Leonard & Beals Wright ( USA ) 1908 : Reginald Doherty & George Hillyard ( GBR ) 1912 : Harold Kitson & Charles Winslow ( RSA ) 1920 : Oswald Turnbull & Max Woosnam ( GBR ) 1924 : Francis Hunter & Vincent Richards ( USA ) 1988 : Ken Flach & Robert Seguso ( USA ) 1992 : Boris Becker & Michael Stich ( GER ) 1996 : Todd Woodbridge & Mark Woodforde ( AUS ) 2000 : Sébastien Lareau & Daniel Nestor ( CAN ) 2004 : Fernando González & Nicolás Massú ( CHI ) 2008 : Roger Federer & Stanislas Wawrinka ( SUI ) 2012 : Bob Bryan & Mike Bryan ( USA ) 2016 : Marc López & Rafael Nadal ( ESP ) Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year 2000 -- 01 : Tiger Woods 2002 : Michael Schumacher 2003 : Lance Armstrong * 2004 : Michael Schumacher 2005 -- 08 : Roger Federer 2009 -- 10 : Usain Bolt 2011 : Rafael Nadal 2012 : Novak Djokovic 2013 : Usain Bolt 2014 : Sebastian Vettel 2015 -- 16 : Novak Djokovic 2017 : Usain Bolt World rankings -- Top ten tennis players as of week of 18 December 2017 ATP singles ATP doubles WTA singles WTA doubles Rafael Nadal Roger Federer Grigor Dimitrov Alexander Zverev Dominic Thiem Marin Čilić David Goffin Jack Sock Stan Wawrinka Pablo Carreño Busta Marcelo Melo Łukasz Kubot Henri Kontinen John Peers Ivan Dodig Nicolas Mahut Jean - Julien Rojer Horia Tecău Jamie Murray Bruno Soares Simona Halep Garbiñe Muguruza Caroline Wozniacki Karolína Plíšková Venus Williams Elina Svitolina Jeļena Ostapenko Caroline Garcia Johanna Konta CoCo Vandeweghe Martina Hingis Chan Yung - jan Elena Vesnina Ekaterina Makarova Andrea Sestini Hlaváčková Lucie Šafářová Tímea Babos Bethanie Mattek - Sands Peng Shuai Casey Dellacqua Association of Tennis Professionals : Top ten European male singles tennis players as of 4 December 2017 1 . Rafael Nadal ( 1 ) 2 . Roger Federer ( 2 ) 3 . Grigor Dimitrov ( 3 ) 4 . Alexander Zverev ( 4 ) 5 . Dominic Thiem ( 5 ) 6 . Marin Čilić ( 6 ) 7 . David Goffin ( 7 ) 8 . Stan Wawrinka ( 9 ) 9 . Pablo Carreño Busta ( 10 ) 10 . Novak Djokovic ( 12 ) Association of Tennis Professionals : Top ten Swiss male singles tennis players as of 18 December 2017 1 . Roger Federer ( 2 ) 2 . Stan Wawrinka ( 9 ) 3 . Henri Laaksonen ( 121 ) 4 . Marco Chiudinelli ( 420 1 ) 5 . Adrian Bodmer ( 474 3 ) 6 . Adrien Bossel ( 540 2 ) 7 . Marc - Andrea Hüsler ( 598 ) 8 . Yann Marti ( 658 1 ) 9 . Raphael Baltensperger ( 696 3 ) 10 . Antoine Bellier ( 699 4 ) Best International Athlete ESPY Award winners 2005 : Pujols 2006 : Pujols 2007 : Federer 2008 : Ochoa 2009 : Bolt 2010 -- 2011 : Award not given 2012 : Messi 2013 : Bolt 2014 : Ronaldo 2015 : Messi 2016 : Ronaldo 2017 : Bolt VIAF : 78783058 LCCN : n2006023994 ISNI : 0000 0000 7844 9693 GND : 129256560 SUDOC : 085185086 BNF : cb14611813r ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_Federer&oldid=816126576 '' Categories : Roger Federer 1981 births Australian Open ( tennis ) champions French Open champions Grand Slam ( tennis ) champions in men 's singles Hopman Cup competitors Laureus World Sports Awards winners Living people Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics Münchenstein Olympic gold medalists for Switzerland Olympic medalists in tennis Olympic silver medalists for Switzerland Olympic tennis players of Switzerland People from Basel - Stadt South African people of Swiss descent Sports world record holders Swiss male tennis players Swiss people of Dutch descent Swiss people of French descent Swiss people of South African descent Swiss Roman Catholics Tennis players at the 2000 Summer Olympics Tennis players at the 2004 Summer Olympics Tennis players at the 2008 Summer Olympics Tennis players at the 2012 Summer Olympics UNICEF ambassadors US Open ( tennis ) champions Wimbledon champions Wimbledon junior champions World No. 1 tennis players Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use dmy dates from November 2017 Use British English from September 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Acèh Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Aymar aru Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Лезги Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Ripoarisch Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Twi Тыва дыл Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon Yorùbá 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 13 : 03 . 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who sings the nfl thursday night football song	The first game produced by NBC Sports was broadcast exclusively on NFL Network on November 3 , 2016 , while the first game simulcast nationally on NBC aired on November 17 . A cappella group Pentatonix recorded a reworked version of their song `` Sing '' ( `` Weekend Go '' ) to serve as the opening theme song for NBC 's Thursday Night Football telecasts ; NBC also commissioned new instrumental theme music by Jimmy Greco , `` Ca n't Hold Us Down '' , which was performed by members of the orchestra from the Broadway musical Hamilton . Both were retained for NBC 's games in 2017 .	Pentatonix\|members of the orchestra from the Broadway musical Hamilton	Thursday Night Football	thursday night football	Thursday Night Football ( or simply TNF ) is the branding used for broadcasts of National Football League ( NFL ) games that broadcast primarily on Thursday nights . Most of the games kick off at 8 : 25 p.m. Eastern Time , but games in the package also air occasionally on Saturdays in the later portion of the season , as well as a single Sunday morning game from London in the NFL International Series ( these games have been branded since 2017 as NFL Network Special ) .	Debuting on November 23 , 2006 , the telecasts were originally part of NFL Network 's Run to the Playoffs package , which consisted of eight total games broadcast on Thursday and Saturday nights ( five on Thursdays , and three on Saturdays , originally branded as Saturday Night Football ) during the latter portion of the season . Since 2012 , the TNF package has begun during the second week of the NFL season ; the NFL Kickoff Game and the Thanksgiving primetime game are both broadcast as part of NBC Sports ' Sunday Night Football contract and are not included in Thursday Night Football , although the Thanksgiving primetime game was previously part of the package from 2006 until 2011 . At its launch , the package proved highly controversial mainly due to the relative unavailability of NFL Network at the time ; the league used the games as leverage to encourage television providers to carry NFL Network on their basic service tiers , rather than in premium , sports - oriented packages that required subscribers to pay a higher fee ; although , as with all other national cable telecasts of NFL games , the league 's own regulations require the games to be syndicated to over-the - air television stations in the local markets of the teams . These issues were magnified in 2007 , when a game that saw the New England Patriots close out a perfect regular season was simulcast nationally on both CBS and NBC , in addition to NFL Network and the local stations that the game was sold to , following concerns from politicians and other critics . In 2014 , the NFL shifted the package to a new model to increase its prominence . The entire TNF package would be produced by a separate rightsholder , who would hold rights to simulcast a portion of the package on their respective network . CBS was the first rightsholder under this model , airing nine games on broadcast television , and producing the remainder of the package to air exclusively on NFL Network to satisfy its carriage agreements . The package was also extended to Week 16 of the season , and included a new Saturday doubleheader split between CBS and NFL Network . On January 18 , 2015 , CBS and NFL Network extended the same arrangement for a second season . In the 2016 and 2017 , the NFL continued with a similar arrangement , but adding NBC as a second rightsholder alongside CBS , with each network airing five games on broadcast television each . In 2018 , the NFL reached a long - term deal with Fox to hold the rights through 2022 . The games are broadcast on radio via Westwood One , which syndicates the broadcasts to its partner radio stations around the United States . In 2016 , the NFL also began to sub-license digital streaming rights to the broadcast TV portion of the package to third - parties , beginning with Twitter in 2016 , and Amazon Prime Video in 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Early history 1.2 2014 -- 2015 : partnership with CBS Sports 1.3 2016 -- 2017 : CBS and NBC 1.4 2018 -- 2022 : Fox 2 Coverage 2.1 Game announcers 2.2 Pregame , halftime and postgame coverage 2.3 Radio coverage 3 Game announcers 3.1 Television 3.1. 1 Former 3.2 Radio 3.2. 1 Current 3.2. 2 Former 4 Results 5 Reception 5.1 Carriage 5.2 Game quality and viewership 5.3 Player safety 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) Early history ( edit ) The NFL Network 's coverage was not the first time that NFL games were covered on Thursday or Saturday . Prior to the new contract , ESPN carried a handful of sporadic Thursday night games ( usually those displaced from Sunday night ) and the broadcast networks used to air several national games on Saturday afternoons in mid-to - late December after the college football regular season ended . Incidentally , the only reason the league is even allowed to televise football games on Saturday night stems from a legal loophole : the league 's antitrust exemption , the Sports Broadcasting Act of 1961 , was written when the NFL regular season ended in mid-December , and as such , it contains specific language that prohibits televising NFL games in most markets on Friday nights and all day on Saturdays between the second week of September and the second week of December , to protect high school and college football . Since most high school and college seasons have ended by mid-December , other than bowl games , there has been little desire to close this loophole , even though the regular season has expanded well beyond mid-December since the law 's passage . In 2005 , when the NFL negotiated a new set of television contracts , Comcast - owned OLN offered to pay $450 million for an eight - year contract to carry NFL prime time games . In exchange , Comcast planned to add NFL Network to its digital cable lineup . The channel was added , but NFL Network decided to air the games itself , foregoing a rights fee . The other television deals generated $3.735 billion per year over an eight - year period for CBS , Fox , NBC , ESPN and DirecTV ( owner of the out - of - market sports package NFL Sunday Ticket ) . Thursday Night Football debuted on November 23 , 2006 , with the Kansas City Chiefs handing the visiting Denver Broncos a 19 -- 10 Thanksgiving defeat . Each of the game broadcasts were titled either Thursday Night Football or Saturday Night Football , depending on the night on which it aired . This format carried over to the 2007 season . Starting in 2008 , NFL Network eliminated all but one of the Saturday night games and started their Thursday night package three weeks earlier . This was done to accommodate the earlier schedule and the league 's antitrust exemption that prohibits Saturday games from being held for most of the season . In the following season , all references to Saturday Night Football were dropped , and any games that are not played on Thursday ( such as in 2016 , two Christmas weekend games and an NFL International Series game ) have since been branded as `` special editions '' of Thursday Night Football , and later Thursday Night Special or NFL Network Special . The Thanksgiving matchup was moved from NFL Network to NBC 's Sunday Night Football package as part of the new broadcast contract after the 2011 season . During Super Bowl week in 2012 , it was announced that the Thursday Night Football package would expand from eight to 13 games and air on NFL Network , again soliciting and rejecting offers from Turner Sports and Comcast . 2014 -- 2015 : partnership with CBS Sports ( edit ) In January 2014 , it was reported that the NFL was planning to sub-license a package of up to eight Thursday Night Football games to another broadcaster for the 2014 NFL season . The league had negotiated with its existing broadcast partners , along with Turner Sports . These eight games were to be simulcast by NFL Network , and reports indicated that ESPN planned to place the games on ABC in the event it won the rights , bringing the NFL back to the network for the first time since Super Bowl XL and the move of Monday Night Football to ESPN in 2006 . The remaining games would remain exclusive to NFL Network , due to carriage contracts with TV providers requiring at least eight NFL games to air exclusively on the channel per season . The decision came as the league wished to heighten the profile of its Thursday night games , which had suffered from relatively lower viewership and advertising revenue in comparison to other games . On February 5 , 2014 , the NFL announced that CBS had acquired the partial rights to Thursday Night Football for the 2014 season . Under the agreement , all of the Thursday Night Football telecasts would be produced by CBS Sports and called by the network 's primary announcing team of Jim Nantz and Phil Simms . The first eight games of the season were simulcast nationally on NFL Network and CBS ; the remaining games in the package only aired nationally on NFL Network , but per league broadcast polices , were simulcast on local stations in the participating teams ' markets . CBS affiliates were given right of first refusal to air the local simulcast before it is offered to another station ( as had occurred in Cincinnati , Ohio where the market 's NBC affiliate WLWT aired a game between the Bengals and the Cleveland Browns instead of CBS affiliate WKRC - TV ) . A Saturday doubleheader was also added on Week 16 : NFL Network aired the early game , while CBS aired the second , prime time game . The NFL considered CBS 's bid to be the most attractive , owing to the network 's overall ratings stature ( CBS had been the highest - rated broadcast network in the U.S. since the 2005 - 06 television season ) , a commitment to aggressively promote the Thursday games across its properties , and its plans to utilize CBS Sports ' top NFL talent and production staff across all of the games in the package to ensure a major improvement in quality over the previous , in - house productions . CBS staff also cited experience with its joint coverage of the NCAA Men 's basketball tournament with Turner Sports as an advantage in its collaboration with NFL Network staff , as talent from both networks collaborate on pre-game , halftime and post-game coverage . During the games , a distinct graphics package co-branded with both CBS and NFL Network logos is used , certain players on each team wear microphones , and 4K cameras are used to allow zoom - in shots during instant replays . With the move of selected games to CBS , media executives expected more major match - ups to appear on Thursday Night Football than in previous years in order to attract better viewership ; in the past , Thursday Night Football had been criticized for often featuring games between lesser and poorer - performing teams . CBS and the NFL unveiled the games scheduled for Thursday Night Football in April 2014 ; CBS 's slate of games featured a number of major divisional rivalries , including New York Giants -- Washington , Green Bay -- Minnesota , and its opening game on September 11 , 2014 , featuring the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Baltimore Ravens . In the wake of the controversy surrounding Ravens player Ray Rice ( who had been removed from the team and suspended from the NFL earlier in the week following the discovery of footage showing the player physically assaulting his wife , Janay , who was engaged to Rice at the time the security camera footage was recorded ) , changes were made to pre-game coverage on the first game in order to accommodate additional interviews and discussion related to the incident . Among these changes were the removal of an introductory segment featuring Rihanna ( who was similarly assaulted by fellow performer Chris Brown in 2009 ) performing her song `` Run This Town '' . Following complaints by Rihanna on Twitter regarding the removal , the song was pulled entirely from future broadcasts . The rights were negotiated under a one - year contract valued at $275 million ; on January 18 , 2015 , the NFL announced that it would renew the arrangement with CBS for the 2015 season , with its value increasing to around $300 million . 2016 -- 2017 : CBS and NBC ( edit ) In November 2015 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that in response to the success of the package under CBS , the NFL was planning to negotiate a long - term contract for Thursday Night Football , with CBS , Fox , NBC , and Turner Sports showing interest . The New York Post reported that this deal would also include the sale of a stake in NFL Network itself . On December 16 , 2015 , it was reported that the NFL was shopping the Thursday Night Football package as a one - year deal with an option for a second year , similarly to the current arrangement with CBS ; the league also requested that bidders outline goals for `` growing '' NFL Network . The league was also reportedly interested in selling non-exclusive digital rights to simulcast the games to another partner , such as Amazon.com , Apple Inc. , Google , or Yahoo ! ( which exclusively streamed an International Series as part of a trial during the 2015 season , but would shut down its original video content service in January 2016 ) . In January 2016 , it was reported that the NFL was considering splitting the Thursday Night Football package across multiple broadcasters in tandem with the possibility of expanding the overall package to 17 games . It was also reported that ESPN and Turner Sports were not interested in the package due to its short - term nature , and that Fox was attempting to outbid CBS . On February 1 , 2016 , the NFL announced that Thursday Night Football would be shared between CBS , NBC , and NFL Network for the 2016 and 2017 seasons . CBS and NBC would each air five games ( resulting in a schedule of 10 games on broadcast TV in comparison to 8 under the previous deal ) , followed by an additional eight games exclusively on NFL Network to satisfy NFL Network 's retransmission consent contracts with cable providers ; the eight NFL Network - exclusive games included six Thursday contests , a Sunday morning International Series contest , and a Christmas day game . As with the previous contract , all games will be simulcast by NFL Network . Commissioner Roger Goodell stated that the league was `` thrilled to add NBC to the Thursday Night Football mix , a trusted partner with a proven track record of success broadcasting NFL football in primetime , and look forward to expanding with a digital partner for what will be a unique tri-cast on broadcast , cable and digital platforms . '' On April 5 , 2016 , it was revealed that Twitter had acquired non-exclusive worldwide digital streaming rights to the 10 broadcast television TNF games . The collaboration will also include streaming content on Twitter 's Periscope service , such as behind the scenes access . Rogers Media , who owns television rights to the Thursday Night Football package in Canada through the end of the 2016 season but has not yet acquired digital rights ( the majority of the NFL 's media rights in Canada are owned by Rogers 's rival , Bell Media ) , successfully forced Twitter to block the game streams in that country , overriding the league 's insistence that the free stream be global . Due to the streaming deal , over-the - top television providers PlayStation Vue and Sling TV are also required to black out the simulcast of the games on NFL Network . The first game produced by NBC Sports was broadcast exclusively on NFL Network on November 3 , 2016 , while the first game simulcast nationally on NBC aired on November 17 . A cappella group Pentatonix recorded a reworked version of their song `` Sing '' ( `` Weekend Go '' ) to serve as the opening theme song for NBC 's Thursday Night Football telecasts ; NBC also commissioned new instrumental theme music by Jimmy Greco , `` Ca n't Hold Us Down '' , which was performed by members of the orchestra from the Broadway musical Hamilton . Both were retained for NBC 's games in 2017 . On April 4 , 2017 , it was announced that Amazon.com had acquired non-exclusive streaming rights to the 10 broadcast television games for the 2017 season over their Amazon Prime Video service , under a deal valued at $50 million , a five-fold increase over the $10 million paid by Twitter . The streams will be exclusive to paid Prime subscribers . The deal includes $30 million worth of promotion . Amazon planned several special features for its inaugural game , including broadcasting alternate feeds with Spanish , Portuguese and British English commentary ( the last of which being intended for those unfamiliar with the rules and terminology of American football ) , and a pre-show hosted by Tiki Barber and Curtis Stone that featured presentations of NFL merchandise available for purchase on Amazon . The November 16 , 2017 telecast between the Pittsburgh Steelers and Tennessee Titans was the first NFL broadcast to intentionally use the Skycam as its primary camera angle , as opposed to the usual sideline camera that has been used since telecasts of NFL games began in 1939 . NBC Sports had previously switched to a skycam - only presentation for portions of two Sunday night games earlier that season because of fog and smoke ( and , sixteen years prior , during its coverage of the XFL ) ; positive reaction to the impromptu change prompted NBC to experiment with using the strategy for the full game . 2018 -- 2022 : Fox ( edit ) In early January 2018 , Bloomberg reported that ABC / ESPN and Fox Sports had both made bids for the next Thursday Night Football package . Both Fox and Fox Sports 1 were named as potential outlets for the package in the Fox Sports bid , which was intended to showcase Fox 's continued commitment to sports after the proposed sale of its entertainment businesses to ESPN 's majority - owner The Walt Disney Company ( which will exclude the Fox network itself and Fox Sports ' national operations , such as FS1 , among other assets ) . CBS and NBC were also considering renewing their existing contracts , but had requested a lower rights fee to compensate for the decreasing viewership of the NFL ( TNF had been cited as one factor in the downturn , due to a perceived oversaturation of nationally - televised games ) . It was also reported that the NFL would also allow digital companies to make bids for exclusive rights to the Thursday Night Football package which forego a television partner entirely , unlike the previous non-exclusive deals with Twitter and Amazon . On January 30 , 2018 , it was reported by multiple sources that Fox had won the package . The next day , the NFL officially announced that Fox had acquired the broadcast television rights to the Thursday Night Football package under a five - year deal lasting from 2018 through 2022 ( which is aligned with the conclusion of the NFL 's other television deals ) . The Fox network will air 11 games per season in simulcast with NFL Network . ESPN.com reported that Fox would be paying around $60 million per game -- an increase over the estimated $45 million per game paid by CBS and NBC under the previous contract , totalling an estimated $660 million per season . Coverage ( edit ) Game Announcers ( edit ) The initial NFL Network team consisted of HBO Sports ' Bryant Gumbel as play - by - play announcer , NBC Sports ' Cris Collinsworth as the color commentator for the Thursday telecasts , and Dick Vermeil replacing Collinsworth for Saturday telecasts . In 2007 , Collinsworth replaced Vermeil alongside Gumbel for all games . Gumbel left the network after the 2007 season and his then - HBO colleague Bob Papa , who is also the radio voice of the New York Giants , was brought in to replace him . Collinsworth stayed on until the end of the 2008 season , then left to take over for the retiring John Madden as lead analyst on NBC Sunday Night Football . NFL Network replaced him with Matt Millen , who returned to broadcasting in 2009 , and then added former ESPN analyst Joe Theismann for 2010 . For 2011 , then ESPN now CBS play - by - play man Brad Nessler took over the Thursday night broadcast . He was joined by NFL Network draft analyst and NBC Notre Dame color man Mike Mayock , and the pairing spent three seasons calling games . As a result of CBS taking over production responsibilities for the Thursday Night Football broadcasts , its number one broadcast team of Jim Nantz and Phil Simms took over the broadcast booth . With NBC adding games in 2016 , Al Michaels and Cris Collinsworth , the broadcast team of NBC Sunday Night Football , were required under league contract to do the same . NBC had initially hired former Monday Night Football play - by - play man Mike Tirico for Thursdays before the league nixed the idea of any separate broadcast teams for Sunday and Thursday nights . Tirico would eventually call three Sunday Night Football games , including the Thanksgiving night game which is in the SNF package , in order for NBC to allow Michaels over a week 's rest before the end of the season . Tirico would also call the December 22 , 2016 TNF game alongside Collinsworth , as well as two NBC - produced Thursday Night Special game broadcasts on December 18 and Christmas Day , respectively , both alongside former USFL and NFL quarterback Doug Flutie , who serves as the analyst for NBC 's college football coverage as well . On May 31 , 2017 , it was announced that Mike Tirico would replace Al Michaels full - time for NBC 's Thursday Night Football games . For 2017 , Kurt Warner will similarly fill in for Collinsworth on two non-Thursday games . For 2017 , CBS hired Tony Romo as its lead color commentator . Numerous complications needed to be resolved , namely Romo 's reluctance to cover both Sunday and Thursday nights as required under the Thursday Night Football contract , and the fact that Simms remains under contract with CBS through the next several years . However , the network confirmed via press release that Romo 's duties would include Sunday and Thursday games . Pre-game , halftime and post-game coverage ( edit ) Each game telecast is preceded on NFL Network by TNF GameDay , which broadcasts live from the site of each game and currently features Rich Eisen as its host , with Steve Mariucci , Deion Sanders , Michael Irvin and either Kurt Warner or other NFL Network colleagues as analysts . The show generally begins two hours before game time ( 6 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time ) . The game proper is preceded by a pre-game show ; CBS games are preceded by Thursday Night Kickoff , hosted by James Brown , Bill Cowher , and Deion Sanders . NBC games are preceded by Football Night in America ( renamed in reference of the host city of the game , such as Football Night in Tampa ) , hosted by Liam McHugh , Tony Dungy , and Rodney Harrison . CBS joined Thursday Night Kickoff at 7 : 30 p.m. Eastern Time during its games . This resulted in some controversy among viewers and the producers of syndicated programming in the locally programmed timeslot before network primetime , where the pre-game affects programs such as Wheel of Fortune , Jeopardy ! and Entertainment Tonight ( all distributed by CBS 's sister syndication division CBS Television Distribution ) , along with several other programs , which then require pre-emption or slotting on lower - profile alternate timeslots or stations to air in markets where they are carried by CBS , Fox , or NBC affiliates in order to accommodate the Thursday games . Radio coverage ( edit ) Westwood One provided national radio broadcasts of the Thursday Night Football games through a contract that lasted through the 2017 season . During that final season , Ian Eagle called play - by - play , with Tony Boselli handling color analysis and Hub Arkush as the sideline reporter . Boomer Esiason , the Monday Night Football analyst for Westwood One , is a regular substitute should Boselli be unavailable due to other commitments ( in some cases , Esiason would call the Thursday night game if he is unavailable for the previous / next Monday night game and / or if the Thursday game is in close proximity to his New York home ) . Westwood One 's parent company Cumulus Media filed for bankruptcy and began terminating both its national talent contracts and its sports contracts in January 2018 , just as its NFL contract was expiring . No word has yet emerged on the league 's bidding process for the 2018 season and beyond . Game announcers ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Television ( edit ) Pre-game show Rich Eisen -- Host ( 2006 -- present ) Chris Rose -- Fill - in Host ( 2016 -- present ) Amber Theoharis - Fill - in Host ( 2016 -- present ) Dan Hellie - Fill - in Host ( 2017 -- present ) Michael Irvin -- Analyst ( 2011 -- present ) Steve Mariucci -- Analyst ( 2006 -- present ) LaDanian Tomlinson -- Fill - in Analyst ( 2016 -- present ) Willie McGinest -- Fill - in Analyst ( 2016 -- present ) Steve Smith Sr. - Fill - in Analyst ( 2017 -- present ) Reggie Wayne - Fill - in Analyst ( 2017 - present ) Former ( edit ) James Brown -- CBS Host ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Fran Charles -- NFLN pre-game host ( 2006 - 2008 ) Cris Collinsworth - NFLN color commentator ( 2006 - 2008 ) ; NBC Color Commentator ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Bob Costas -- NBC Host ( 2016 ) Bill Cowher -- CBS Analyst ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Heather Cox -- NBC Sideline Reporter ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Jenny Dell -- CBS Fill - in Sideline Reporter ( 2014 ) Tony Dungy -- NBC Analyst and Fill - in Color Analyst ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Ian Eagle -- CBS Fill - in Play - by - Play ( 2014 -- 2015 ) ( Still calls TNF on the Radio ) Jamie Erdahl - CBS Fill - in Sideline Reporter ( 2017 ) Marshall Faulk -- Analyst ( 2006 -- 2017 Week 14 ) Alex Flanagan -- NFLN sideline reporter ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Doug Flutie -- NBC Fill - in Color Commentator ( 2016 ) Jay Glazer -- NFLN pre-game analyst ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Trent Green -- CBS Fill - in Color Commentator ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Bryant Gumbel -- NFLN play - by - play ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Greg Gumbel -- CBS Fill - in Play - by - Play ( 2017 ) Tom Hammond -- NFLN substitute play - by - play ( 2007 ) Scott Hanson -- NFLN sideline reporter ( 2009 ) Rodney Harrison -- NBC Analyst ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Kara Henderson -- NFLN pre-game host ( 2011 ) Harry Kalas -- NFLN sponsorship announcer ( 2006 -- 2008 ; deceased ) Mike Mayock -- NFLN color analyst ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Liam McHugh -- Fill - in NBC Host ( 2016 ) ; NBC Host ( 2017 ) Al Michaels - NBC play - by - play ( 2016 ) Matt Millen -- NFLN color analyst ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Jim Mora -- NFLN pre-game analyst ( 2010 ) Jim Nantz -- CBS Play - by - Play ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Brad Nessler -- NFLN play - by - play ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Bob Papa -- NFLN play - by - play ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Dan Patrick - Fill - in NBC Host ( 2017 ) Tony Romo -- CBS Color analyst ( 2017 ) Deion Sanders -- CBS Analyst ( 2006 -- 2017 ) Warren Sapp -- NFLN pre-game analyst ( 2008 ) Adam Schefter -- NFLN sideline reporter ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Sterling Sharpe -- NFLN pre-game analyst ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Phil Simms -- CBS Color analyst ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Pat Summerall -- NFLN sponsorship announcer ( 2009 ; deceased ) Joe Theismann -- NFLN color commentator ( 2010 ) Mike Tirico -- NBC Host & Fill - in Play - by - Play ( 2016 ) ; NBC Play - by - Play ( 2017 ) Dick Vermeil -- NFLN Saturday color commentator ( 2006 ) Kurt Warner -- NFLN Color Commentator ( 2010 -- 2011 ) ; NBC Fill - in Color Commentator ( 2017 ) Evan Washburn -- Fill - in CBS Sideline Reporter ( 2015 ) Tracy Wolfson -- CBS Sideline Reporter ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Radio ( edit ) Current ( edit ) Ian Eagle -- play - by - play ( 2008 -- present ) Boomer Esiason -- color analyst ( 2013 -- present ) Select Games Tony Boselli -- color analyst ( 2015 -- present ) Select Games Former ( edit ) Bonnie Bernstein -- sideline reporter ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Randy Cross -- color analyst ( 2009 ) Dick Enberg -- play - by - play ( 2006 -- 2007 ) -- deceased Dennis Green -- color analyst ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Mike Mayock -- color analyst ( 2014 ) Tim Ryan -- color analyst ( 2015 ) Select Games Sam Wyche -- color analyst ( 2006 ) Results ( edit ) Main article : NFL Network Thursday Night Football results ( 2006 -- present ) This table shows the National Football League teams ' all - time standings for games played on Thursday Night Football . Standings are current as of December 25 , 2017 . Team Games Played Wins Losses Ties Win Pct . First Appearance Most Recent Appearance Indianapolis Colts 9 7 . 778 000000002007 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2007 defeated Atlanta 31 -- 13 000000002017 - 12 - 23 - 0000 December 23 , 2017 lost to Baltimore 23 - 16 Kansas City Chiefs 8 6 . 750 000000002006 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 2006 defeated Denver 19 -- 10 000000002017 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 2017 defeated L.A. Chargers 30 - 13 Pittsburgh Steelers 11 8 . 727 000000002006 - 12 - 07 - 0000 December 7 , 2006 defeated Cleveland 27 -- 7 000000002017 - 12 - 25 - 0000 December 25 , 2017 defeated Houston 34 - 6 New York Jets 7 . 571 000000002008 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2008 defeated New England 34 -- 31 000000002017 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2017 defeated Buffalo 34 -- 21 Los Angeles Chargers ‡ 7 5 . 714 000000002008 - 12 - 04 - 0000 December 4 , 2008 defeated Oakland 34 -- 7 000000002017 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 2017 lost to Kansas City 30 - 13 Dallas Cowboys 10 8 . 800 000000002006 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 2006 defeated Atlanta 38 -- 28 000000002017 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2017 defeated Washington 38 - 14 Philadelphia Eagles 7 . 571 000000002008 - 11 - 27 - 0000 November 27 , 2008 defeated Arizona 48 -- 20 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 defeated Carolina 28 -- 23 New York Giants 7 . 571 000000002006 - 12 - 30 - 0000 December 30 , 2006 defeated Washington 34 -- 28 000000002016 - 12 - 22 - 0000 December 22 , 2016 lost to Philadelphia 24 -- 19 San Francisco 49ers 11 5 6 . 455 000000002006 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 2006 defeated Seattle 24 -- 14 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 lost to L.A. Rams 41 - 39 Denver Broncos 11 6 5 . 545 000000002006 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 2006 lost to Kansas City 19 -- 10 000000002017 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 2017 defeated Indianapolis 25 - 13 Atlanta Falcons 10 7 . 700 000000002006 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 2006 lost to Dallas 38 -- 28 000000002017 - 12 - 07 - 0000 December 7 , 2017 defeated New Orleans 20 - 17 Chicago Bears 10 6 . 400 000000002007 - 12 - 06 - 0000 December 6 , 2007 lost to Washington 24 -- 16 000000002017 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 2017 lost to Detroit 20 - 10 Baltimore Ravens 11 7 . 636 000000002006 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2006 lost to Cincinnati 13 -- 7 000000002017 - 12 - 23 - 0000 December 23 , 2017 defeated Indianapolis 23 - 16 Seattle Seahawks 6 5 . 833 000000002006 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 2006 lost to San Francisco 24 -- 14 000000002017 - 11 - 09 - 0000 November 9 , 2017 defeated Arizona 22 - 16 Green Bay Packers 6 5 . 833 000000002006 - 12 - 21 - 0000 December 21 , 2006 defeated Minnesota 9 -- 7 000000002017 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2017 defeated Chicago 35 - 14 Arizona Cardinals 8 . 500 000000002008 - 11 - 27 - 0000 November 27 , 2008 lost to Philadelphia 48 -- 20 000000002017 - 11 - 09 - 0000 November 9 , 2017 lost to Seattle 22 - 16 Washington Redskins 9 5 . 444 000000002006 - 12 - 30 - 0000 December 30 , 2006 lost to N.Y. Giants 34 -- 28 000000002017 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2017 lost to Dallas 38 - 14 New England Patriots 6 5 . 833 000000002007 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 2007 defeated N.Y. Giants 38 -- 35 000000002017 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2017 defeated Tampa Bay 19 -- 14 Miami Dolphins 8 . 500 000000002009 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 2009 defeated Carolina 24 -- 17 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 lost to Baltimore 40 - 0 Houston Texans 8 5 . 375 000000002007 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2007 defeated Denver 31 -- 13 000000002017 - 12 - 25 - 0000 December 25 , 2017 lost to Pittsburgh 34 - 6 Oakland Raiders 9 5 . 556 000000002006 - 12 - 23 - 0000 December 23 , 2006 lost to Kansas City 20 -- 9 000000002017 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 2017 defeated Kansas City 31 - 30 Cleveland Browns 8 5 . 375 000000002006 - 12 - 07 - 0000 December 7 , 2006 lost to Pittsburgh 27 -- 7 000000002017 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 2017 lost to Minnesota 33 - 16 Cincinnati Bengals 10 6 . 400 000000002006 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2006 defeated Baltimore 13 -- 7 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 lost to Houston 13 -- 9 Carolina Panthers 10 7 . 300 000000002007 - 12 - 22 - 0000 December 22 , 2007 lost to Dallas 20 -- 13 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 lost to Philadelphia 28 - 23 Jacksonville Jaguars 8 5 . 375 000000002008 - 12 - 18 - 0000 December 18 , 2008 lost to Indianapolis 31 -- 24 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 lost to Tennessee 36 -- 22 Tennessee Titans 8 5 . 375 000000002009 - 12 - 25 - 0000 December 25 , 2009 lost to San Diego 42 -- 17 000000002017 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2017 lost to Pittsburgh 40 - 17 New Orleans Saints 8 5 . 375 000000002008 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 2008 lost to Chicago 27 -- 24 000000002017 - 12 - 07 - 0000 December 7 , 2017 lost to Atlanta 20 - 17 Buffalo Bills 7 5 . 288 000000002009 - 12 - 03 - 0000 December 3 , 2009 lost to N.Y. Jets 19 -- 13 000000002017 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2017 lost to N.Y. Jets 34 -- 21 Los Angeles Rams † 8 5 . 375 000000002007 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 2007 lost to Pittsburgh 41 -- 24 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 defeated San Francisco 41 - 39 Minnesota Vikings 6 . 333 000000002006 - 12 - 21 - 0000 December 21 , 2006 lost to Green Bay 9 -- 7 000000002017 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 2017 defeated Cleveland 33 - 16 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 6 5 . 167 000000002011 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2011 lost to Dallas 31 -- 15 000000002017 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2017 lost to New England 19 - 14 Detroit Lions . 500 000000002015 - 12 - 03 - 0000 December 3 , 2015 lost to Green Bay 27 - 23 000000002017 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 2017 defeated Chicago 20 - 10 † St. Louis Rams , 1995 -- 2015 ‡ San Diego Chargers , 1961 -- 2016 Reception ( edit ) Carriage ( edit ) Upon the original launch of the Thursday and Saturday night games , few television service providers carried the NFL Network due to disputes during the network 's terms in its carriage contracts during negotiations . These disputes were magnified throughout the 2007 season , as two high - profile matchups were to be broadcast by the network . The first was a matchup between the Dallas Cowboys and Green Bay Packers which was scheduled for the week after Thanksgiving and saw both teams at 10 - 1 , vying for the top seed in the NFC , and the second was Week 17 Saturday night game between the New England Patriots and the New York Giants , where the Patriots had a chance to become the first team since the 1972 Miami Dolphins to end a regular season undefeated . In the first case , fans were displeased that a matchup between two teams at such a critical point in the season was not available on broadcast television except in the Dallas and Green Bay markets . To avoid such a problem with the potential sixteenth victory for the Patriots , CBS and NBC bought broadcast rights to the game so it could be seen by a nationwide audience on both cable and broadcast television . This ended up causing another controversy , however , as the move by the networks infringed on the exclusivity that would normally have been enjoyed by WWOR - TV in New York City and WCVB - TV in Boston , which were the Giants ' and Patriots ' respective local over-the - air broadcasters for cable - televised games ( the game aired on these stations , as well as on WCBS - TV , WNBC , WBZ - TV and WHDH in the teams ' market areas ) . Game quality and viewership ( edit ) Thursday Night Football games on NFL Network are among the lowest - rated nationally televised NFL broadcasts . Critics have argued that the games televised on Thursday Night Football have been of lower quality than other prime time games , as they often featured match - ups between lesser or poor - performing teams , and that the shortened rest between games triggered by Thursday games also has an effect on their overall quality . In an analysis by Sports on Earth writer Aaron Roberts , it was determined that most Thursday games were of average or above - average quality in comparison to normal , non-prime time games , but that this was `` by design '' due to the leverage of other NFL broadcasters on how games are scheduled throughout the season ( which traditionally prioritizes `` major '' games for either late - afternoon or Sunday and Monday nights ) . The move of selected games to CBS brought improved ratings : the inaugural game was the highest - rated program of the night , with an audience share of 13.7 and an average of 20.7 million viewers , representing a 108 % increase in ratings over the first NFL Network game in 2013 . The game , whose ratings were boosted by coverage of the Ray Rice scandal , also brought CBS its highest prime time ratings on a Thursday night since May 2006 . While lower , at 9.6 million viewers , the Week 3 game between the Atlanta Falcons and Tampa Bay Buccaneers was also the highest - rated program of the night . The first four games of the package , however , featured blowout victories . In total , average viewership of the games increased from around 7 million to around 11.8 million in the 2014 season . Controversy over ratings and the quality of play in Thursday night contests escalated when on November 28 , 2016 , a report circulated that the league was considering ending the franchise . The NFL , however , denied this rumor . The subsequent game on December 1 , 2016 between the Dallas Cowboys and the Minnesota Vikings was the highest rated Thursday Night Football of the season . During the 2016 season , current and former players including Richard Sherman , J.J. Watt , and Charles Woodson expressed their dislikes for Thursday Night Football , with Richard Sherman calling it a `` poopfest '' . Player safety ( edit ) As mentioned , a team needing to play a Thursday night game can result in a shortened rest period for players between games . On October 6 , 2014 , Arian Foster , then of the Houston Texans , made a statement considering it hypocritical for the NFL to emphasize the safety of players ( particularly in regards to concussions ) while allowing its players to play a game on only three days ' rest , which he considered to be equally `` dangerous '' . Richard Sherman of the Seattle Seahawks has also voiced displeasure about Thursday night games reducing prep time , and wrote a 2016 editorial for The Players ' Tribune about the games . Sherman 's 2017 season would end on November 9 , 2017 during a Thursday night game against the Arizona Cardinals , when he ruptured his Achilles tendon . On January 29 , 2015 , the NFL released its health and safety report , which states that an average of 4.8 injuries were sustained during Thursday games compared to 6.9 injuries per game on Sundays and Mondays . See also ( edit ) Fox NFL NFL on CBS NFL on NBC NBC Sunday Night Football Monday Night Football References ( edit ) Jump up ^ John Ourand ( January 25 , 2009 ) . `` Why NFL Network is on the sidelines '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved January 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` N.F.L. Explores New TV Deal '' . The New York Times . January 13 , 2014 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sources : NFL Wants Thursday Games Simulcast On NFL Network '' . Sports Business Journal . January 15 , 2014 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sources : ABC Planning To Bid For Thursday Night NFL Package '' . Sports Business Journal . January 16 , 2014 . Retrieved January 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Expected to Receive Bids to Air Thursday Games '' . The Wall Street Journal . January 15 , 2014 . Retrieved January 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL aims to boost network with ' Thursday Night Football ' bidding war '' . New York Post . Retrieved 28 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` How CBS won Thursday night '' . Sports Business Daily . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Panthers ' blowout loss sinks TV interest , too '' . Charlotte Business Journal . American City Business Journals . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bengals - Browns game on WLWT - TV on Thursday '' . Cincinnati.com . Gannett Company . November 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rivalries Abound in CBS Thursday Night Football Slate '' . Adweek . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` CBS to broadcast eight Thursday night football games in 2014 '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` CBS to broadcast NFL games on Thursday in 2014 '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` CBS , NFL Network Begin Final Push for Thursday Night Football Launch '' . Sports Video Group . August 21 , 2014 . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Execs expect strong NFL slate for CBS '' . Sports Business Journal . April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dan Levy . `` Is Thursday Night Football Hurting the NFL Brand ? '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eye on Football staff . `` 2014 NFL Thursday Night Football schedule '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CBS announces changes to TNF coverage in wake of Ray Rice saga '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Ray - Riceless Ravens are playing Pittsburgh tonight . The opening act is Rihanna '' . The Washington Post . September 11 , 2014 . Retrieved September 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Dropped From Thursday Night Football After She Slams NFL and CBS '' . Time . September 16 , 2014 . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brian Steinberg ( January 18 , 2015 ) . `` CBS , NFL Renew Deal For ' Thursday Night Football ' '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Targets Massive Payday in Thursday Night TV Deal '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Ready To Accept New Bids For Thursday Night Package , Including Streaming Companies '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Sports in Aggressive Bid to Steal NFL Thursday Night Games from CBS '' . TheStreet.com . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sources : NFL Could Split Up Thursday Night Package Among Multiple Broadcast Networks '' . Sports Business Daily . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CBS & NBC To Share ' Thursday Night Football ' With NFL Network ; League Eyes `` Tri-Cast '' With Digital Partner `` . Deadline.com . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL reaches deal with CBS , NBC to split ' Thursday Night Football ' '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Brodkin , Jon ( 5 April 2016 ) . `` Twitter buys NFL streaming rights for 10 Thursday Night Football games '' . Ars Technica . Conde Nast . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rogers blacks out NFL games on Twitter in Canada '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadians will be blacked out from Twitter Inc 's deal to broadcast Thursday night NFL games '' . Financial Post . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Surprise ! Thursday Night Football not available for streaming on Sling , PS Vue '' . Awful Announcing . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pentatonix to Sing NFL Thursday Night Football Opening Song '' . Billboard . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBC gearing up to produce ' Thursday Night Football ' '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FIRST LISTEN : Hamilton Orchestra Performs Thursday Night Football Theme Music '' . People . Retrieved 5 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon will stream ' Thursday Night Football ' in 2017 . Here 's what you need to know '' . SBNation . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon 's NFL Deal Includes $30 Million in Free Marketing '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Levy , Nat ( 28 September 2017 ) . `` Amazon 's first NFL live stream overcomes early glitches and long weather delay '' . GeekWire . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon 's NFL stream of Green Bay - Chicago could draw diehards , boycotters and the curious '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon gives NFL global feel '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey C. Arnold ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` NBC 's ' SkyCam ' will provide Madden - like view of tonight 's Titans - Steelers game '' . oregonlive.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Is Trying to Win the Rights to Thursday NFL Games '' . Bloomberg.com. 2018 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Close to Deal to Air NFL 's ' Thursday Night Football ' '' . Bloomberg.com. 2018 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Fox reportedly near deal to win broadcast rights to Thursday Night Football '' . Awful Announcing. 2018 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` FOX SPORTS REACHES FIVE YEAR RIGHTS AGREEMENT WITH NFL TO BROADCAST THURSDAY NIGHT FOOTBALL PRESENTED BY BUD LIGHT '' ( Press release ) . National Football League . January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fox gets Thursday Night Football through ' 22 '' . ESPN.com . January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bonesteel , Matt ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' Thursday Night Football ' will move to Fox next season '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Raissman , Bob ( August 20 , 2016 ) . `` Al Michaels , not Mike Tirico , will be calling NFL games on Thursday for NBC '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Syracuse University alum Mike Tirico to call NFL games on NBC '' . Syracuse.com . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tirico To Call `` Thursday Night Football '' For NBC This Season `` . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Phil . `` Cris Collinsworth wo n't be thrown to Lions ; Kurt Warner to call Bears game '' . chicagotribune.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ Ourand , John ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Sources : Romo To Land With CBS ; Could Replace Simms As Top Analyst '' . sportsbusinessdaily.com . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gantt , Darin ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Phil Simms ' agent : `` Multiple years '' left on contract `` . NBC Sports . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Romo Joins CBS Sports as Lead NFL Game Analyst '' . CBS Sports . April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Timothy Burke ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` How CBS And The NFL Teamed Up To Screw Wheel Of Fortune And Jeopardy ! '' . Deadspin . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Announcers '' . Westwood One Sports . Retrieved January 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dusty Saunders ( January 2 , 2008 ) . `` COMMENTARY : Antitrust threat prompted NFL 's reversal '' . Rocky Mountain News . Arkansas Democrat - Gazette . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2008 . Retrieved January 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` By design , Thursday Night Football is merely average '' . Sports On Earth . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Night Blights '' . Sports On Earth . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CBS ' ' Thursday Night Football ' Easily Dominates Thursday Ratings '' . Variety . Penske Media Company . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Thursday Night Football ' ratings up from last year , down from last week '' . SBNation . Vox Media . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CBS gets 13.7 rating , up 108 percent , for Ravens - Steelers '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bucs Turning Point , Week 3 : Worst Thursday Night Football game ever '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Night Football a mixed bag in the TV ratings '' . Sporting News . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Brian Smith ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` Texans ' Arian Foster says NFL Thursday night games are dangerous , hypocritical '' . The Houston Chronicle . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Night Football package saw viewer increase this season '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Denies Speculation About ' Thursday Night Football ' Ending Amid Ratings Slump '' . Variety . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' Surges to Season High , CW Crossover Stays Strong '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Cowboys Rustle Up Big NFL ' Thursday Night Football ' Numbers '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why I Hate Thursday Night Football - The Players ' Tribune '' . Jump up ^ `` J.J. Watt : Thursday night games are `` very difficult '' `` . Jump up ^ `` NFL 's Thursday night football : A bad idea here to stay '' . Jump up ^ Wire , SI . `` Richard Sherman rips Thursday Night Football '' . Jump up ^ Sherman , Richard ( 14 December 2016 ) . `` Why I Hate Thursday Night Football '' . The Players ' Tribune . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Charlotte ( 9 November 2017 ) . `` Richard Sherman injury : Seahawks CB ruptured Achilles '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Darin Gantt ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` NFL health and safety report says concussions , ACLs are down '' . Pro Football Talk . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . 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when was the last super bowl dallas cowboys won	Super Bowl championships ( 5 ) 1971 ( VI ) , 1977 ( XII ) , 1992 ( XXVII ) , 1993 ( XXVIII ) , 1995 ( XXX )	1995	Dallas Cowboys	dallas cowboys	National Football League ( 1960 -- present )	Western Conference ( 1960 ) Eastern Conference ( 1961 -- 1969 ) Capitol Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC East ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Navy Blue , Metallic Silver , White , Royal Blue Mascot Rowdy Personnel Owner ( s ) Jerry Jones CEO Stephen Jones President Jerry Jones General manager Jerry Jones Head coach Jason Garrett Team history Dallas Cowboys ( 1960 -- present ) Team nicknames America 's Team Doomsday Defense The ' Boys Big D Championships League championships ( 5 ) Super Bowl championships ( 5 ) 1971 ( VI ) , 1977 ( XII ) , 1992 ( XXVII ) , 1993 ( XXVIII ) , 1995 ( XXX ) Conference championships ( 10 ) NFL Eastern : 1966 , 1967 NFC : 1970 , 1971 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 Division championships ( 22 ) NFL Capitol : 1967 , 1968 , 1969 NFC East : 1970 , 1971 , 1973 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1981 , 1985 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 2007 , 2009 , 2014 , 2016 Playoff appearances ( 32 ) NFL : 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1985 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , 2003 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2014 , 2016 Home fields Cotton Bowl ( 1960 -- 1971 ) Texas Stadium ( 1971 -- 2008 ) AT&T Stadium ( 2009 -- present ) The Dallas Cowboys are a professional American football team based in the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex . The Cowboys compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . The team is headquartered in Frisco , Texas , and plays its home games at AT&T Stadium in Arlington , Texas , which opened for the 2009 season . The stadium took its current name prior to the 2013 season . The Cowboys joined the NFL as an expansion team in 1960 . The team 's national following might best be represented by its NFL record of consecutive sell - outs . The Cowboys ' streak of 190 consecutive sold - out regular and post-season games ( home and away ) began in 2002 . The franchise has made it to the Super Bowl eight times , tied with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Denver Broncos for second most Super Bowl appearances in history , just behind the New England Patriots record ten Super Bowl appearances . This has also corresponded to eight NFC championships , most in the NFC . The Cowboys have won five of those Super Bowl appearances , tying them with their NFC rivals , the San Francisco 49ers , and the AFC 's Patriots ; all three are second to Pittsburgh 's record six Super Bowl championships . The Cowboys are the only NFL team to record 20 straight winning seasons ( 1966 -- 85 ) , in which they only missed the playoffs twice ( 1974 and 1984 ) , an NFL record that remains unchallenged . In 2015 , the Dallas Cowboys became the first sports team to be valued at $4 billion , making it the most valuable sports team in the world , according to Forbes . The Cowboys also generated $620 million in revenue in 2014 , a record for a U.S. sports team . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1960s 1.2 1970s 1.3 1980s 1.4 1990s 1.5 2000 -- 09 1.6 2010 -- 13 1.7 2014 1.8 2015 1.9 2016 1.10 2017 2 Logos and uniforms 2.1 Logo 2.2 Uniforms 2.2. 1 Uniform history 2.2. 2 Home / road jersey history 2.2. 3 Thanksgiving Day uniforms 3 Stadiums 3.1 Cotton Bowl 3.2 Texas Stadium 3.3 AT&T Stadium 4 Training camp sites 5 Rivalries 5.1 Washington Redskins 5.2 Philadelphia Eagles 5.3 New York Giants 5.4 Pittsburgh Steelers 5.5 San Francisco 49ers 5.6 Green Bay Packers 6 Season - by - season records 7 Players of note 7.1 Current roster 7.2 Pro Football Hall of Famers 7.3 Texas Sports Hall of Fame 7.4 Super Bowl MVPs 7.5 Ring of Honor 7.6 All - time first - round draft picks 8 Head coaches and staff 8.1 Head coaches 8.2 Current staff 9 Radio and television 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History Main article : History of the Dallas Cowboys This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( November 2015 ) 1960s Prior to the formation of the Dallas Cowboys , there had not been an NFL team south of Washington , D.C. since the Dallas Texans folded in 1952 . Oilman Clint Murchison Jr. had been trying to get an NFL expansion team in Dallas ( as was Lamar Hunt -- who ended up with an AFL franchise ) , but George Preston Marshall , owner of the Washington Redskins , had a monopoly in the South . Murchison had tried to purchase the Washington Redskins from Marshall in 1958 . An agreement was struck , but as the deal was about to be finalized , Marshall called for a change in terms . This infuriated Murchison and he called off the deal . Marshall then opposed any franchise for Murchison in Dallas . Since NFL expansion needed unanimous approval from team owners at that time , Marshall 's position would prevent Murchison from joining the league . Marshall had a falling out with the Redskins band leader Barnee Breeskin . Breeskin had written the music to the Redskins fight song `` Hail to the Redskins '' and Marshall 's wife had penned the lyrics . Breeskin owned the rights to the song and was aware of Murchison 's plight to get an NFL franchise . Angry with Marshall , Breeskin approached Murchison 's attorney to sell him the rights to the song before the expansion vote in 1959 . Murchison purchased `` Hail to the Redskins '' for $2,500 . Before the vote to award franchises in 1959 , Murchison revealed to Marshall that he owned the song and Marshall could not play it during games . After a few Marshall expletives , Murchison gave the rights to `` Hail to the Redskins '' to Marshall for his vote , the lone one against Murchison getting a franchise at that time , and a rivalry was born . 1970s The Cowboys playing against the Dolphins in Super Bowl VI . From 1970 through 1979 , the Cowboys won 105 regular season games , more than any other NFL franchise during that span . In addition , they appeared in 5 and won two Super Bowls , at the end of the 1971 and 1977 regular seasons . 1980s Danny White became the Cowboys ' starting quarterback in 1980 after quarterback Roger Staubach retired . Despite going to 12 -- 4 in 1980 , the Cowboys came into the playoffs as a Wild Card team . In the opening round of the 1980 -- 81 NFL playoffs they avenged their elimination from the prior year 's playoffs by defeating the Rams . In the Divisional Round they squeaked by the Atlanta Falcons 30 -- 27 . For the NFC Championship they were pitted against division rival Philadelphia , the team that won the division during the regular season . The Eagles captured their first conference championship and Super Bowl berth by winning 20 -- 7 . 1981 brought another division championship for the Cowboys . They entered the 1981 - 82 NFL playoffs as the number 2 seed . Their first game of the postseason saw them blowout and shutout Tampa Bay 38 -- 0 . For the Conference Title game they were pitted against the San Francisco 49ers , the number 1 seed . Despite having a late 4th quarter 27 -- 21 lead , they would lose to the 49ers 28 -- 27 . 49ers quarterback Joe Montana led his team to an 89 - yard game - winning touchdown drive connecting to Dwight Clark in a play known as The Catch . The Cowboys playing against the Broncos in Super Bowl XII . The 1982 season was shortened after a player strike . With a 6 -- 3 record Dallas made it to the playoffs for the 8th consecutive season . As the number 2 seed for the 1982 -- 83 NFL playoffs they eliminated the Buccaneers 30 -- 17 in the Wild Card round and dispatched the Packers 37 -- 26 in the Divisional round to advance to their 3rd consecutive Conference championship game . 3 times was not a charm for the Cowboys as they fell 31 -- 17 to division rival and eventual Super Bowl XVII champions Redskins . For the 1983 season the Cowboys went 12 -- 4 and made it once again to the playoffs but were defeated at home in the Wild Card by the Rams 24 -- 17 . Prior to the 1984 season , H.R. `` Bum '' Bright purchased the Dallas Cowboys from Clint Murchison Jr . Dallas posted a 9 -- 7 record that season but missed the playoffs for the first time in 10 seasons . After going 10 -- 6 in 1985 and winning a division title , the Cowboys were blown out in the Divisional round at home to the Rams 20 -- 0 . Hard times came for the organization as they went 7 -- 9 in 1986 , 7 -- 8 in 1987 , and 3 -- 13 in 1988 . During this time period Bright became disenchanted with the team . During the Savings and Loan crisis , the team and Mr. Bright 's Savings and Loan were taken over by the FSLIC . During an embarrassing home loss to Atlanta in 1987 , Bright told the media that he was `` horrified '' at coach Tom Landry 's play calling . The FSLIC forced Mr. Bright to sell the Cowboys to Jerry Jones on February 25 , 1989 . Jones immediately fired Tom Landry , the only head coach in franchise history , replacing him with University of Miami head coach Jimmy Johnson , who was also Jerry Jones ' teammate in University of Arkansas as a fellow defensive lineman and Michael Irvin was under his tutelage in college . With the first pick in the draft , the Cowboys selected UCLA quarterback Troy Aikman . Later that same year , they would trade veteran running back Herschel Walker to the Minnesota Vikings for five veteran players and eight draft choices . Although the Cowboys finished the 1989 season with a 1 -- 15 record , their worst in almost 30 years , `` The Trade '' later allowed Dallas to draft a number of impact players to rebuild the team . 1990s Johnson quickly returned the Cowboys to the NFL 's elite . Skillful drafts added fullback Daryl Johnston and center Mark Stepnoski in 1989 , running back Emmitt Smith in 1990 , defensive tackle Russell Maryland and offensive tackle Erik Williams in 1991 , and safety Darren Woodson in 1992 . The young talent joined holdovers from the Landry era such as wide receiver Michael Irvin , guard Nate Newton , linebacker Ken Norton Jr. , and offensive lineman Mark Tuinei , defensive lineman Jim Jeffcoat , and veteran pickups such as tight end Jay Novacek and defensive end Charles Haley . Five - time World Champions Mural Things started to look up for the franchise in 1990 . On Week 1 Dallas won their first home game since September 1988 when they defeated the San Diego Chargers 17 -- 14 . They went 2 -- 7 in their next 9 games but won 4 of their last 6 games to finish the season with a 4th place 7 -- 9 record . Coming into 1991 the Cowboys replaced offensive coordinator Dave Shula with Norv Turner ; the Cowboys raced to a 6 -- 5 start , then defeated the previously - unbeaten Redskins despite injury to Troy Aikman . Backup Steve Beuerlein took over and the Cowboys finished 11 -- 5 . In the Wild Card round they defeated the Bears 17 -- 13 for the Cowboys first playoff win since 1982 . In the Divisional round their season ended in a 38 -- 6 playoff rout by the Lions . In 1992 Dallas set a team record for regular season wins with a 13 -- 3 mark . They started off the season by defeating the defending Super Bowl champion Redskins 23 -- 10 . Going into the playoffs as the number 2 seed they had a first round bye before facing division rival the Philadelphia Eagles . The Cowboys won that game 34 -- 10 to advance to the NFC Conference Championship game for the first time in 10 years . They were pitted against the San Francisco 49ers , the number 1 seed . On January 17 , 1993 the Cowboys went to Candlestick Park and defeated the 49ers 30 -- 20 to clinch their first Super Bowl berth since 1978 . Dallas defeated the Buffalo Bills 52 -- 17 in Super Bowl XXVII , during which they forced a record nine turnovers . Johnson became the first coach to claim a national championship in college football and a Super Bowl victory in professional football . Despite starting the 1993 season 0 -- 2 , they again defeated the Buffalo Bills in Super Bowl XXVIII , 30 -- 13 ( becoming the first team in NFL history to win a Super Bowl after starting 0 -- 2 ) . Dallas finished the regular season 12 -- 4 as the number 1 seed of the NFC . They defeated the Green Bay Packers 27 -- 17 in the divisional round . In the NFC Conference Championship , Dallas beat the 49ers in Dallas , 38 -- 21 . Dallas sent a then - NFL record 11 players to the Pro Bowl in 1993 : Aikman , safety Thomas Everett , Irvin , Johnston , Maryland , Newton , Norton , Novacek , Smith , Stepnoski and Williams . Dallas Cowboys championship banners inside AT&T Stadium Only weeks after Super Bowl XXVIII , however , friction between Johnson and Jones culminated in Johnson stunning the football world by announcing his resignation . Jones then hired former University of Oklahoma head coach Barry Switzer to replace Johnson . The Cowboys finished 12 -- 4 in 1994 . They once again clinched a first round bye and defeated Green Bay 35 -- 9 in the Divisional Round . They missed the Super Bowl , however , after losing to the 49ers in the NFC Championship Game , 38 -- 28 . Prior to the start of 1995 season Jerry Jones lured All - Pro cornerback Deion Sanders away from San Francisco . Dallas started the season 4 -- 0 including shutting out their division rival New York Giants 35 -- 0 at Giants Stadium to open their season . Emmitt Smith set an NFL record with 25 rushing touchdowns that season . They ended the season 12 -- 4 and went into the playoffs as the number 1 seed . In the Divisional round they dispatched their division rival Eagles 30 -- 11 to advance to their 4th consecutive NFC Conference Championship Game , in which they defeated Green Bay , 38 -- 27 . In Super Bowl XXX the Cowboys defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 27 -- 17 at Sun Devil Stadium for their fifth Super Bowl championship . Switzer joined Johnson as the only coaches to win a college football national championship and a Super Bowl . The glory days of the Cowboys were again beginning to dim as free agency , age , and injuries began taking their toll . Star receiver Michael Irvin was suspended by the league for the first five games of 1996 following a drug - related arrest ; he came back after the Cowboys started the season 2 -- 3 . They finished the regular season with a 10 -- 6 record , won the NFC East title , and entered the playoffs as the number 3 seed in the NFC . They defeated Minnesota 40 -- 15 in the Wild Card round but were eliminated in the Divisional round of the playoffs 26 -- 17 by the Carolina Panthers . The Cowboys went 6 -- 10 in 1997 ( including losing their last 6 games of the season ) , with discipline and off - field problems becoming major distractions . As a result , Switzer resigned as head coach in January 1998 and former Steelers offensive coordinator Chan Gailey was hired to take his place . Gailey led the team to two playoff appearances with a 10 -- 6 record in 1998 and an NFC East championship , but the Cowboys were defeated in the playoffs by the Arizona Cardinals 20 -- 7 . In 1999 Dallas went 8 -- 8 ( during which Irvin suffered a career - ending spinal injury in a loss to the Philadelphia Eagles ) ending in another playoff loss ( this time to the Minnesota Vikings 27 -- 10 ) . Gailey was fired and became the first Cowboys coach who did not take the team to a Super Bowl . 2000 -- 09 Defensive coordinator Dave Campo was promoted to head coach for the 2000 season . Prior to the season starting cornerback Deion Sanders was released after 5 seasons with the team . He later signed with division rival Washington . In Week 1 , they were blown out 41 -- 14 by Philadelphia . That game was very costly when veteran quarterback Troy Aikman suffered a serious concussion which ultimately ended his career . Longtime NFL QB Randall Cunningham filled in for Aikman for the rest of the season at QB . The Cowboys finished the season in 4th place with a 5 -- 11 record . The only highlights of 2000 were Emmitt Smith having his 10th consecutive 1,000 yard rushing season and a season sweep over the Redskins . 2001 was another hard year in Dallas . Prior to the season starting Aikman was released from the team and he retired due to the concussions he had received . Jerry Jones signed Tony Banks as a QB . Banks had been a starter for half of the season the previous year for the Super Bowl Champion Baltimore Ravens before being benched . Jones also drafted QB Quincy Carter in the second round of that year 's draft , but Banks was released during the preseason . Ryan Leaf , Anthony Wright , and Clint Stoerner all competed for the quarterback position that season . Dallas again finished at 5 -- 11 , last place in the NFC East . They did sweep the Redskins for the 4th consecutive season . Prior to the 2002 season Dallas drafted safety Roy Williams with the 8th overall pick . The season started out low as the Cowboys lost to the expansion Houston Texans 19 -- 10 on Week 1 . By far the highlight of 2002 was on October 28 , when during a home game against the Seattle Seahawks , Emmitt Smith broke the all - time NFL rushing record previously held by Walter Payton . Their Thanksgiving Day win over the Redskins was their 10th consecutive win against Washington . However , that was their final win of 2002 : Dallas lost their next 4 games to finish with another last place 5 -- 11 record . The losing streak was punctuated with a Week 17 20 -- 14 loss against Washington . That game was Smith 's last game as a Cowboys player : he was released during the offseason . Campo was immediately fired as head coach at the conclusion of the season . Jones then lured Bill Parcells out of retirement to coach the Cowboys . The Cowboys became the surprise team of the 2003 season getting off to a hot 7 -- 2 season , but went 3 -- 4 for the rest of the season . They were able to win the division with a 10 -- 6 record but lost in the Wild Card round to eventual conference champion Carolina Panthers 29 -- 10 . In 2004 Dallas was unable to replicate their 2003 success , and ended 6 -- 10 . Quincy Carter was released during the preseason and was replaced at QB by Vinny Testaverde . Dallas got off to a hot 7 -- 3 start for the 2005 season but ended the season in 3rd place with a 9 -- 7 record . Prior to the season starting the Cowboys signed veteran Drew Bledsoe as a quarterback . 2006 was an interesting year for the Cowboys . Prior to the season Dallas signed free agent wide receiver Terrell Owens who was talented yet controversial . The Cowboys started the season 3 -- 2 . During a week 7 matchup against the Giants , Bledsoe , who had been struggling since the start of the season , was pulled from the game and was replaced by backup Tony Romo . Romo was unable to salvage that game and Dallas lost 38 -- 22 . However , Romo was named the starter for team and went 5 -- 1 in his first 6 games . Dallas ended the season with a 9 -- 7 2nd - place finish . They were able to clinch the number 5 playoff seed . They traveled to play Seattle where the Seahawks won 21 -- 20 . After the season Parcells retired and was replaced as head coach by Wade Phillips . Dallas started off the 2007 season with a bang . They began the season with a 12 -- 1 start , including winning their first five games . Their only loss during that time span came against New England , who went undefeated that season . Despite dropping two of their last three regular season games , the Cowboys clinched their first number 1 NFC seed in 12 years , which also granted them a first round bye and home field advantage throughout the playoffs . The Cowboys lost in the divisional round 21 -- 17 to the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants . In the tumultuous 2008 season , the Cowboys started off strong , going 3 -- 0 for the second straight year , en route to a 4 -- 1 start . However , things soon went downhill from there , after quarterback Tony Romo suffered a broken pinkie in an overtime loss to the Arizona Cardinals . With Brad Johnson and Brooks Bollinger playing as backups , Dallas went 1 -- 2 during a three - game stretch . Romo 's return showed promise , as Dallas went 3 -- 0 . However , injuries mounted during the season with the team losing several starters for the year , such as Kyle Kosier , Felix Jones , safety Roy Williams and punter Mat McBriar , and several other starters playing with injuries . Entering December , the 8 -- 4 Cowboys underperformed , finishing 1 -- 3 . They failed to make the playoffs after losing at Philadelphia in the final regular season game which saw the Eagles reach the playoffs instead . On May 2 , 2009 , the Dallas Cowboys ' practice facility collapsed during a wind storm . The collapse left twelve Cowboys players and coaches injured . The most serious injuries were special teams coach Joe DeCamillis , who suffered fractured cervical vertebrae and had surgery to stabilize fractured vertebrae in his neck , and Rich Behm , the team 's 33 - year - old scouting assistant , who was permanently paralyzed from the waist down after his spine was severed . The 2009 season started on a positive with a road win against Tampa Bay , but fortunes quickly changed as Dallas fell to a 2 -- 2 start . In week five , with starting wide receiver Roy Williams sidelined by injury , receiver Miles Austin got his first start of the season and had a record setting day ( 250 yards receiving and 2 TDs ) to help lead Dallas to an overtime win over Kansas City . Following their bye week , Dallas went on a three - game winning streak including wins over Atlanta and NFC East division rival Philadelphia . Despite entering December with a record of 8 -- 3 , Dallas lost its slim grip on 1st place in the division with losses to the New York Giants and San Diego . Talks of past December collapses resurfaced , and another collapse in 2009 seemed validated . However , the Dallas team surged in the final three weeks of the season with a 24 -- 17 victory at the Superdome , ending New Orleans ' previously unbeaten season in week 15 . For the first time in franchise history , Dallas posted back - to - back shutouts when they beat division rivals Washington ( 17 -- 0 ) and Philadelphia ( 24 -- 0 ) to end the season . In the process , the Cowboys clinched their second NFC East title in three years as well as the third seed in the NFC Playoffs . Six days later , in the wild - card round of the playoffs , Dallas played the Eagles in a rematch of week 17 . The Cowboys defeated the Eagles for the first Cowboys ' post-season win since the 1996 season , ending a streak of six consecutive NFL post-season losses . Dallas ended their playoff run after a hard divisional playoff loss to the Minnesota Vikings . 2010 -- 13 After beginning the 2010 season at 1 -- 7 , Phillips was fired as head coach and was replaced by offensive coordinator Jason Garrett as the interim head coach . The Cowboys finished the season 6 -- 10 . With the 9th pick of the 1st round of the 2011 draft , the Cowboys selected USC tackle Tyron Smith . To start the 2011 season the Cowboys played the New York Jets on a Sunday night primetime game in New York , on September 11 , 2011 . The Cowboys held the lead through most of the game , until a fumble , blocked punt , and interception led to the Jets coming back to win the game . In week 2 Dallas traveled to San Francisco to play the 49ers . In the middle of the 2nd quarter , while the Cowboys trailed 10 -- 7 , Tony Romo suffered a rib injury and was replaced by Jon Kitna . Kitna threw 1 Touchdown and 2 interceptions until Romo returned in the 3rd quarter as Dallas trailed 17 -- 7 . Romo then threw 3 touchdown passes to Miles Austin as the Cowboys rallied to send the game into overtime . On the Cowboys opening possession after 49ers punt , Romo found WR Jesse Holley on a 78 - yard pass , which set up the game - winning field goal by rookie kicker Dan Bailey . Dallas ended the season 8 -- 8 . They were in a position to win the NFC East but lost to the Giants in a Week 17 primetime Sunday Night game on NBC which allowed New York to win the division . The Giants would go on to win Super Bowl XLVI . The Cowboys started off the 2012 season on a high note by defeating the defending Super Bowl Champion New York Giants 24 -- 17 on the opening night of the season . They would hover around the . 500 mark for the majority of the season . They lost a close Week 6 game to eventual Super Bowl XXVII Champion Baltimore Ravens 31 -- 29 at M&T Bank Stadium in Baltimore . Going into Week 17 they found themselves once again one win away from winning the division . Standing in their way was the Redskins who had beat them on Thanksgiving at AT&T Stadium and whom were also one win away from their first division title since 1999 . Led by Robert Griffin III the Redskins defeated the Cowboys at home 28 - 18 . Dallas once again finished the season 8 -- 8 . In the 2013 season Dallas started off by defeating the Giants for the second straight year this time 36 -- 31 . It was the first time since AT&T Stadium had opened back in 2009 that the Cowboys were able to defeat New York at home . The win was punctuated by Brandon Carr returning an Eli Manning interception to a touchdown late in the 4th quarter . For the third straight year Dallas once again found themselves stuck in the . 500 area . In Week 5 , they lost a shootout to eventual AFC Champion Denver Broncos 51 -- 48 . They battled it out with Philadelphia for control of the division throughout the season . In December however they lost 2 crucial back to back games to Chicago and Green Bay . They were very successful in division games having a 5 -- 0 division record heading into another Week 17 showdown for the NFC East crown against the Eagles . That included beating Washington 24 -- 23 on Week 16 thanks to late game heroics of Tony Romo . However Romo received a severe back injury in that game which prematurely ended his season . The Cowboys called upon backup QB Kyle Orton to lead them into battle on the final week of the season . Orton was unsuccessful who threw a game ending interception to the Eagles which allowed Philly to win 24 -- 22 . Dallas ended the year at 8 -- 8 for the third year in a row . The only difference of this 8 -- 8 ending compared to the others was that Dallas ended the season in second place compared to the 2 previous 3rd - place finishes . 2014 Main article : 2014 Dallas Cowboys season To start off the 2014 season Dallas began by losing to San Francisco 28 -- 17 . After that they went on a 6 - game winning streak . The highlight of this streak was defeating the Seahawks at CenturyLink Field 30 -- 23 . In Week 8 , the Redskins won in overtime 20 -- 17 , and Romo 's back became once again injured . He missed next week , a home loss to the Arizona Cardinals 28 -- 17 with backup QB Brandon Weeden . Romo returned in Week 9 to lead a 31 -- 17 victory of the Jacksonville Jaguars which was played at Wembley Stadium in London , England as part of the NFL International Series . Dallas played into their traditional Thanksgiving home game , this time against division rival Philadelphia . Both teams were vying for first place in the division with identical 8 -- 3 records . The Eagles got off to a fast start and the Cowboys were unable to catch up , losing 33 -- 10 . They would rebound the next week where on the road Thursday night game they defeated Chicago 41 -- 28 for their 9th win of the year to clinch their first winning season since 2009 . This was the first time that Dallas played on back to back Thursdays . Week 15 was a rematch against 1st place Philadelphia . This time it was the Cowboys who got off to a fast start going up 21 -- 0 . Then the Eagles put up 24 answered points but Dallas came back to win 38 -- 27 to go into first place for the first time in the season and improve to 10 -- 4 . Going into their Week 16 matchup at home against Indianapolis , Dallas was in a position to clinch their first division title since 2009 by defeating the Colts thanks to the Eagles losing that week to the Redskins . They would not disappoint as they blew out the Colts 42 -- 7 to become the 2014 NFC East Champions , eliminating the Eagles from the playoffs . Dallas would end the regular season with a 12 -- 4 record and an 8 -- 0 away record when they won on the road against Washington 44 -- 17 . They would also finish December 4 -- 0 which was huge for the Cowboys since they had struggled in the recent years in the month of December . On January 4 , 2015 , the Cowboys , as the number 3 seed , hosted the number 6 seed Detroit Lions in the wild card round of the NFL playoffs . In the game , the Lions got off to a hot start , going up 14 -- 0 in the first quarter . Dallas initially struggled on both sides of the ball . However , towards the end of the second quarter Romo threw a 76 - yard touchdown pass to Terrance Williams . Matt Prater of the Lions would kick a field goal before halftime to go up 17 -- 7 . Dallas came out swinging to start the second half by picking off Detroit quarterback Matthew Stafford on the first play of the third quarter . However , the Cowboys failed to capitalize on the turnover , as Dan Bailey missed a field goal during Dallas 's ensuing drive . Detroit then kicked another field goal to make the score 20 -- 7 . A DeMarco Murray touchdown later in that quarter closed the gap to 20 -- 14 . A 51 - yard Bailey field goal almost 3 minutes into the fourth quarter trimmed the Cowboys ' deficit to 3 . The Lions got the ball back and started driving down the field . On 3rd down - and - 1 of that Lions drive , Stafford threw a 17 - yard pass intended for Lions tight end Brandon Pettigrew , but the ball hit Cowboys linebacker Anthony Hitchens in the back a fraction of a second before he ran into Pettigrew . The play was initially flagged as defensive pass interference against Hitchens . However , the penalty was then nullified by the officiating crew . The Cowboys got the ball back on their 41 - yard line and had a successful 59 - yard drive which was capped off by an 8 - yard touchdown pass from Romo to Williams to give the Cowboys their first lead of the game at 24 -- 20 . The Lions got the ball back with less than 2 : 30 to play in regulation . Stafford fumbled the ball at the 2 minute mark . The fumble was recovered by Cowboys defensive end DeMarcus Lawrence , who then fumbled the ball which was recovered by the Lions . Lawrence would redeem himself by sacking Stafford on a 4th down - and - 3 play . The sack led to Stafford fumbling the ball again , which Lawrence recovered to seal the game for the Cowboys , who won 24 -- 20 . This was the first time in franchise playoff history that Dallas had been down by 10 or more points at halftime and rallied to win the game . The following week , the Cowboys traveled to Lambeau Field in Green Bay , Wisconsin to play the Packers in the divisional round . Despite having a 14 -- 7 halftime lead , the Cowboys fell to the Packers 26 -- 21 , thus ending their season . The season ended on an overturned call of a completed catch by Dez Bryant . The catch was challenged by the Packers , and the referees overturned the call because of the `` Calvin Johnson rule . '' During the 2015 offseason the Cowboys allowed running back DeMarco Murray to become a free agent . Murray signed with the division rival Philadelphia Eagles . On July 15 wide receiver Dez Bryant signed a 5 - year , $70 million contract . 2015 Main article : 2015 Dallas Cowboys season At home against the New York Giants , Dallas won 27 -- 26 . Dez Bryant left the game early with a fractured bone in his foot . On the road against the Philadelphia Eagles , Romo suffered a broken left collarbone , the same one he injured in 2010 , and Brandon Weeden replaced him . Dallas won 20 -- 10 to begin the season 2 -- 0 , but then went on a seven - game losing streak . Dallas finished the season 4 -- 12 and last in their division . 2016 Main article : 2016 Dallas Cowboys season After a preseason injury to Tony Romo , rookie quarterback Dak Prescott was slated as the starting quarterback , as Romo was expected to be out 6 -- 8 weeks . In game 1 against the New York Giants , Dallas lost 20 -- 19 . After this loss , Dallas would go on an eleven - game winning streak . After much speculation leading to a potential quarterback controversy , Romo made an announcement that Prescott has earned the right to take over as Cowboys quarterback . In game 10 , Romo suited up for the first time this season and was the backup quarterback . Dallas defeated the Baltimore Ravens to win their 9th straight game , breaking a franchise record of 8 straight games set in 1977 . It also marked rookie running back Ezekiel Elliott breaking Tony Dorsett 's single season rushing record for a Cowboys rookie . Prescott also tied an NFL rookie record held by Russell Wilson and Dan Marino by throwing multiple touchdowns in 5 straight games . Dallas finished 13 -- 3 , tying their best 16 - game regular season record . While Dallas defeated Green Bay at Lambeau Field in week 6 , the Packers would win at AT&T Stadium in the divisional round of the NFL playoffs on a last - second field goal , ending their season . Dak Prescott was named NFL Rookie of the Year in the NFL honors on February 4 , 2017 , and Ezekiel Elliott led the league in rushing yards . Both Prescott and Elliott made the 2017 Pro Bowl . This is the first time the Cowboys sent two rookies to the Pro Bowl . 2017 Main article : 2017 Dallas Cowboys season Logos and uniforms Logo The Cowboys ' script logo . The Dallas Cowboys ' blue star logo , representative of Texas as `` The Lone Star State '' , is one of the most well - known team logos in professional sports . The blue star originally was a solid shape until a white line and blue border was added in 1964 . The logo has remained the same since . Today , the blue star has been extended to not only the Dallas Cowboys , but owner Jerry Jones ' AFL team , the Dallas Desperados that have a similar logo based on the Cowboys . The blue star also is used on other entries like an imaging facility and storage facility . Uniforms The Dallas Cowboys ' white home jersey has royal blue ( PMS 287 C ) solid socks , numbers , lettering , and two stripes on the sleeves outlined in black . The home pants are a common metallic silver - green color ( PMS 8280 C ) that help bring out the blue in the uniform . The navy ( PMS 289 C ) road jerseys ( nicknamed the `` Stars and Stripes '' jersey ) have white lettering and numbers with navy pinstripes . A white / gray / white stripe are on each sleeve as well as the collared V - neck , and a Cowboys star logo is placed upon the stripes . A `` Cowboys '' chest crest is directly under the NFL shield . The away pants are a pearlish metallic - silver color ( PMS 8180 C ) and like the home pants , enhance the navy in the uniforms . The team uses a serifed font for the lettered player surnames on the jersey nameplates . The team 's helmets are also a unique silver with a tint of blue known as `` Metallic Silver Blue '' ( PMS 8240 C ) and have a blue / white / blue vertical stripe placed upon the center of the crown . The Cowboys also include a unique , if subtle , feature on the back of the helmet : a blue strip of Dymo tape with the player 's name embossed , placed on the white portion of the stripe at the back of the helmet . Front of Dallas Cowboys helmet Back of Dallas Cowboys helmet Uniform history When the Dallas Cowboys franchise debuted in 1960 , the team 's uniform included a white helmet adorned with a simple blue star and a blue - white - blue stripe down the center crown . The team donned blue jerseys with white sleeves and a small blue star on each shoulder for home games and the negative opposite for away games . Their socks also had two horizontal white stripes overlapping the blue . c1960 -- 1963 Blue home uniforms White away uniforms In 1964 the Cowboys opted for a simpler look ( adopting essentially the team 's current uniform ) by changing their jersey / socks to one solid color with three horizontal stripes on the sleeves ; the white jersey featured royal blue stripes with a narrow black border , the royal blue jersey white stripes with the same black outline . The star - shouldered jerseys were eliminated ; `` TV '' numbers appeared just above the jersey stripes . The new helmet was silverblue , with a blue - white - blue tri-stripe down the center ( the middle white stripe was thicker ) . The blue `` lone star '' logo was retained , but with a white border setting it off from the silver / blue . The new pants were silverblue , with a blue - white - blue tri-stripe . In 1964 the NFL allowed teams to wear white jerseys at home ; several teams did so , and the Cowboys have worn white at home ever since , except on certain `` throwback '' days . In 1966 , the team modified the jerseys , which now featured only two sleeve stripes , slightly wider ; the socks followed the same pattern . In 1967 the `` lone star '' helmet decal added a blue outline to the white - bordered star , giving the logo a bigger , bolder look . The logo and this version of the uniform has seen little change to the present day . c1964 -- 1966 White home uniforms Blue away uniforms The only notable changes in the last 40 years were : from 1970 -- 1973 when the `` TV '' numbers were moved from the shoulders to the sleeves above the stripes from 1982 -- 1988 the pants featured a white uniform number in an elliptical blue circle worn near the hip . the removal of the indented serifs on the front and back jersey numbers in the early 1980s ( seen currently on the throwback jersey ) In 1980 the blue jersey was rendered in a slightly darker shade than the 1964 -- 79 version ; from 1981 -- 1994 the dark jerseys sported numbers that were gray with white borders and a blue pinstripe . The stripes on the sleeves and socks also used the same gray with white border scheme ( sans navy pinstripe ) . Player names on jersey backs , which appeared in 1970 , were originally in block - letter style ; from 1982 onward the names were slightly smaller and in footed , `` serif '' style . the 1996 addition of the word `` Cowboys '' in the center of the neckline which lasted until 1998 on the white jersey but currently remains on the blue jersey . During the 1976 season , the blue - white - blue stripe on the crown of the helmets were temporarily changed to red - white - blue to commemorate the United States ' bicentennial anniversary . The `` throwback '' NFL 75th Anniversary uniform was introduced in 1994 . In 1994 , the NFL celebrated their 75th Anniversary , and the Dallas Cowboys celebrated their back - to - back Super Bowl titles by unveiling a white `` Double - Star '' jersey on Thanksgiving Day . This jersey was used for special occasions and was worn throughout the 1994 -- 1995 playoffs . During the same season , the Cowboys also wore their 1960 -- 63 road jersey with a silver helmet for one game as part of a league - wide `` throwback '' policy . During the 1995 season , the team wore the navy `` Double - Star '' jersey for games at Washington and Philadelphia and permanently switched to solid color socks ( royal blue for the white uniform , and navy blue for the dark uniform ) . The navy `` Double - Star '' jersey was not seen again until the NFL 's Classic Throwback Weekend on Thanksgiving Day 2001 -- 2003 . In 2004 , the Cowboys resurrected their original 1960 -- 1963 uniform on Thanksgiving Day . This uniform became the team 's alternate or `` third jersey '' and was usually worn at least once a year , primarily Thanksgiving Day . Two exceptions were when the Cowboys wore their normal white uniforms on Thanksgiving in 2007 and 2008 . While the team did n't wear the throwback uniform exactly on Thanksgiving Day in those two years , Dallas wore them on a date around Thanksgiving for those two years . In 2007 Dallas wore the throwback uniform on November 29 , 2007 against the Green Bay Packers . In 2008 Dallas wore the throwback uniform on November 23 , 2008 against the San Francisco 49ers . The team went back to wearing this uniform at home on Thanksgiving Day in 2009 while their opponent was the Oakland Raiders who wore their AFL Legacy Weekend throwbacks . Dallas wore this alternate uniform on October 11 , 2009 as part of one of the NFL 's AFL Legacy Weekends when they traveled to Kansas City to play the Chiefs who were sporting their AFL Dallas Texans ' uniforms . This created a rare game in which neither team wore a white jersey and the first time the Cowboys wore the alternative uniform as a visiting team . The 1960 -- 1963 uniform may also be used on other special occasion . Other instances include the 2005 Monday Night game against the Washington Redskins when the team inducted Troy Aikman , Emmitt Smith , and Michael Irving into the Cowboys Ring of Honor , and the 2006 Christmas Day game against the Philadelphia Eagles . In 2013 , the NFL issued a new helmet rule stating that players will no longer be allowed to use alternate helmets due to the league 's enhanced concussion awareness . This caused the Cowboys ' white 1960s throwback helmets to become non-compliant . The team instead decided to wear their normal blue jerseys at home for Thanksgiving , which has since become an annual tradition . In 2017 , the team initially announced that they will wear blue jerseys at home on a more regular basis , only to rescind soon after . In 2015 , the Cowboys released their Color Rush uniform , featuring a variation of the 1990s `` Double Star '' alternates with white pants and socks . The uniform was first used in a Thanksgiving game against the Carolina Panthers and in subsequent Thursday Night Football games during the 2016 and 2017 seasons . The Cowboys also unveiled a navy uniform - white pants combination which was first used on December 10 , 2017 against the Giants . Home / road jersey history In 1964 , Tex Schramm started the tradition of the Cowboys wearing their white jersey at home , contrary to an unofficial rule that teams should wear colored jerseys at home . Schramm did this because he wanted fans to see a variety of opponents ' colors at home games . Since then , a number of other teams have worn their white uniforms at home , including the Miami Dolphins . According to Mike McCord , the Cowboys ' equipment director , one of the reasons why the Cowboys started wearing white at home was because of the intense heat during Cowboys ' home games at Texas Stadium . Roger Staubach and Bob Lilly jerseys shown at Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton , Ohio . Throughout the years , the Cowboys ' blue jersey has been popularly viewed to be `` jinxed '' because the team often seemed to lose when they wore them . This purported curse drew attention after the team lost Super Bowl V with the blue jerseys . However , the roots of the curse likely date back earlier to the 1968 divisional playoffs , when the blue - shirted Cowboys were upset by the Cleveland Browns in what turned out to be Don Meredith 's final game with the Cowboys . Dallas 's lone victory in a conference championship or Super Bowl wearing the blue jerseys was in the 1978 NFC Championship game against the Los Angeles Rams . Since the 1970 NFL - AFL merger , league rules were changed to allow the Super Bowl home team to pick their choice of jersey . Most of the time , Dallas will wear their blue jerseys when they visit Washington , Philadelphia ( sometimes ) , Miami , or one of the handful of other teams that traditionally wear their white jerseys at home during the first half of the season due to the hot climates in their respective cities or other means . Occasionally opposing teams will wear their white jerseys at home to try to invoke the curse , such as when the Philadelphia Eagles hosted the Cowboys in the 1980 NFC Championship Game , as well as their November 4 , 2007 meeting . Various other teams followed suit in the 1980s . Although Dallas has made several tweaks to their blue jerseys over the years , Schramm said he did not believe in the curse . Since the league began allowing teams to use an alternate jersey , the Cowboys ' alternates have been primarily blue versions of past jerseys and the Cowboys have generally had success when wearing these blue alternates . With the implementation of the 2013 NFL helmet rule for alternate jerseys , the team decided instead to wear their regular blue jerseys for their Thanksgiving game , something they have not done at home since Schramm started the white - jersey - at - home tradition . Thanksgiving Day uniforms With the Cowboys traditionally hosting Thanksgiving Day games , separate uniform practices have been used for these games in recent years . Through the 2000 season , the Cowboys continued the usual practice of wearing white at home . In 2001 , the Cowboys wore blue at home for the first time in years , but it was an older design of the blue jersey . Dallas would lose the game , but again wore the older blue jersey at home on Thanksgiving the next year and won . With the 2002 victory , it seems an exception the theory of the blue jersey jinx is invoked on Thanksgiving . Thus , the Cowboys continued wearing blue at home on Thanksgiving from 2003 -- 2006 , however it was always an older - styled blue jersey . In 2007 and 2008 , the Cowboys returned to wearing white at home for their Thanksgiving game . Since 2009 , the Cowboys returned to wearing blue at home on Thanksgiving only ( From 2009 -- 2012 , the team again decided to go with an older - styled blue uniform as they had in previous years on Thanksgiving , and since 2013 have worn the newer - styled blue jersey ) . In the 2015 season , the Cowboys wore their Color Rush variation of the 1990s `` Double Star '' jerseys for a Thanksgiving game against the Carolina Panthers . Stadiums Cotton Bowl Main article : Cotton Bowl ( stadium ) The main entrance of the Cotton Bowl The Cotton Bowl is a stadium which opened in 1932 and became known as `` The House That Doak Built '' due to the immense crowds that former SMU running back Doak Walker drew to the stadium during his college career in the late 1940s . Originally known as the Fair Park Bowl , it is located in Fair Park , site of the State Fair of Texas . Concerts or other events using a stage allow the playing field to be used for additional spectators . The Cotton Bowl was the longtime home of the annual Cotton Bowl Classic college football bowl game , for which the stadium is named . ( Beginning with the January 2010 game , the Cotton Bowl Classic has been played at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington . ) The Dallas Cowboys called the Cotton Bowl home for 11 years , from the team 's formation in 1960 until 1971 , when the Cowboys moved to Texas Stadium . It is the only Cowboys stadium within the Dallas city limits . The Cowboys hosted the Green Bay Packers for the 1966 NFL Championship at the Cotton Bowl . Texas Stadium Main article : Texas Stadium The outside of Texas Stadium For the majority of the franchise 's history the Cowboys played their home games at Texas Stadium . Just outside the city of Dallas , the stadium was located in Irving , Texas . The stadium opened on October 24 , 1971 , at a cost of $35 million and with a seating capacity of 65,675 . The stadium was famous for its hole - in - the - roof dome . The roof 's worn paint had become so unsightly in the early 2000s that it was repainted in the summer of 2006 by the City of Irving . It was the first time the famed roof was repainted since Texas Stadium opened . The roof was structurally independent from the stadium it covered . The Cowboys lost their final game at Texas Stadium to the Baltimore Ravens , 33 -- 24 , on December 20 , 2008 . After Cowboys Stadium was opened in 2009 , the Cowboys turned over the facility to the City of Irving . In 2009 , it was replaced as home of the Cowboys by Cowboys Stadium , which officially opened on May 27 , 2009 in Arlington , Texas . Texas Stadium was demolished by implosion on April 11 , 2010 . AT&T Stadium Main article : AT&T Stadium AT&T Stadium during a game AT&T Stadium , previously named Cowboys Stadium , is a domed stadium with a retractable roof in Arlington , Texas . After failed negotiations to build a new stadium on the site of the Cotton Bowl , Jerry Jones along with the city of Arlington , Texas a suburb of Fort Worth , funded the stadium at a cost of $1.3 billion . The stadium is located in Tarrant County , the first time the Cowboys will call a stadium home outside of Dallas County . It was completed on May 29 , 2009 and seats 80,000 , but is expandable to seat up to 100,000 . AT&T Stadium is the largest domed stadium in the world . A highlight of AT&T Stadium is its gigantic , center - hung high - definition television screen , the largest in the world . The 160 by 72 feet ( 49 by 22 m ) , 11,520 - square - foot ( 1,070 m ) scoreboard surpasses the 8,736 sq ft ( 812 m ) screen that opened in 2009 at the renovated Kauffman Stadium in Kansas City , Missouri as the world 's largest . At the debut pre-season game of Cowboys Stadium , a punt by Tennessee Titans kicker , A.J. Trapasso , hit the 2,100 in . screen above the field . The punt deflected and was ruled in - play until Titans coach Jeff Fisher informed the officials that the punt struck the scoreboard . ( Many believe Trapasso was trying to hit the suspended scoreboard , based on replays and the angle of the kick . ) The scoreboard is , however , within the regulation of the NFL guidelines -- hanging approximately five feet above the minimum height . No punts hit the scoreboard during the entire 2009 regular season during an actual game . Also , on August 22 , 2009 , the day after AJ Trapasso hit the screen , many fans touring the facility noted that half of the field was removed with large cranes re-positioning the screen . According to some fans , a tour guide explained that Jerry Jones invited a few professional soccer players to drop kick soccer balls to try to hit the screen . Once he observed them hitting it consistently he had the screen moved up another 10 feet . The first regular season home game of the 2009 season was against the New York Giants . A league record - setting 105,121 fans showed up to fill Cowboys Stadium for the game before which the traditional `` blue star '' at the 50 - yard line was unveiled for the first time ; however , the Cowboys lost in the final seconds , 33 -- 31 . The Cowboys got their first regular season home win on September 28 , 2009 . They beat the Carolina Panthers 21 -- 7 with 90,588 in attendance . The game was televised on ESPN 's Monday Night Football and marked a record 42nd win for the Cowboys on Monday Night Football . On July 25 , 2013 , the Cowboys announced that AT&T will take over the naming rights for the stadium . Training camp Sites Dallas Cowboys training camp locations : 1960 : Pacific University , Forest Grove , Oregon 1961 : St. Olaf College , Northfield , Minnesota 1962 : Northern Michigan College , Marquette , Michigan 1963 -- 1989 : California Lutheran College , Thousand Oaks , California 1990 -- 1997 : St. Edward 's University , Austin , Texas 1998 -- 2002 : Midwestern State University , Wichita Falls , Texas 2001 : River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2002 -- 2003 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas . 2004 -- 2006 : River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2007 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas 2008 , 2012 -- 2015 : River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2009 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas 2010 -- 2011 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas and River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2016 -- present : The Ford Center at The Star , Frisco , Texas Rivalries The NFC East , composed of the Cowboys , Philadelphia Eagles , Washington Redskins and New York Giants , is one of the least - changed divisions of the original six formed in the wake of the NFL - AFL merger ( its only major changes being the relocation of the Cardinals franchise from St. Louis to Arizona and its subsequent move to the NFC West in the league 's 2002 realignment ) . Three of the four teams have been division rivals since the Cowboys ' entry into the NFL . As such , the Cowboys have some of the longest and fiercest rivalries in the sport . Washington Redskins Main article : Cowboys -- Redskins rivalry The Redskins and Dallas Cowboys enjoy what has been called by Sports Illustrated the top NFL rivalry of all time and `` one of the greatest in sports . '' Some sources trace the enmity to before the Cowboys were even formed , due to a longstanding disagreement between Redskins owner George Preston Marshall and Cowboys founder Clint Murchison Jr. over the creation of a new football team in the South , due to Preston 's TV monopoly in that region . The two teams ' storied on - field rivalry goes back to 1960 when the two clubs first played each other , resulting in a 26 -- 14 Washington victory . Since that time , the two teams have met in 116 regular season contests and two NFC Championships . Dallas leads the regular season all - time series 70 -- 42 -- 2 , and the Redskins lead the all - time playoff series 2 -- 0 . The Cowboys currently have a 14 -- 7 advantage over the Redskins at FedEx Field . Some notable moments in the rivalry include Washington 's victory over Dallas in the 1982 NFC Championship and the latter 's 1989 win over the Redskins for their only victory that season . The last Cowboys game with Tom Landry as coach was a win over Washington on December 11 , 1988 . In the 2010s , the Redskins have struggled to consistently compete for the Division title , but still play the Cowboys particularly tough , posting an impressive upset victory against Dallas in 2014 , despite being outclassed by the Cowboys in the overall standings . Philadelphia Eagles Main article : Cowboys -- Eagles rivalry The competition with Philadelphia has been particularly intense since the late 1970s , when the long - moribund Eagles returned to contention . In January 1981 , the two teams faced off in the NFC Championship , with Philadelphia winning 20 -- 7 . A series of other factors heightened tensions during the 1980s and 1990s , including several provocative actions by Philadelphia fans and Eagles head coach Buddy Ryan . Among these were the 1989 `` Bounty Bowls '' , in which Ryan allegedly placed a bounty on Dallas kicker Luis Zendejas and Veterans Stadium fans pelted the Cowboys with snowballs and other debris . A 1999 game at Philadelphia saw Eagles fans cheering as Michael Irvin lay motionless and possibly paralyzed on the field . In 2008 the rivalry became more intense when in the last game of the year in which both teams could clinch a playoff spot with a victory , the Philadelphia Eagles defeated the Cowboys 44 -- 6 . The following season , the Cowboys avenged that defeat by beating the Eagles three times : twice during the regular season to claim the title as NFC East champions and once more in a wild - card playoff game by a combined score of 78 -- 30 , including a 24 -- 0 shutout in week 17 . That three game sweep was Dallas ' first over any opponent and the longest winning streak against the Eagles since 1992 -- 1995 when Dallas won seven straight matches against Philadelphia . During the 2013 season Dallas won the first meeting 17 -- 3 at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia . They would meet again in Week 17 at AT&T Stadium with the winner clinching the 2013 NFC East title . The Cowboys came into the game at a disadvantage with starting quarterback Tony Romo out with a season ending back injury which put backup Kyle Orton as the starter . It was a tight game with the Eagles up 24 -- 22 with less than 2 minutes to go in regulation . Orton got the ball and started driving down the field when he was intercepted by the Eagles defense , which ended the game and the Cowboys season . In 2014 , the Cowboys and Eagles both won against each other on the road , with Philadelphia posting a dominant 33 -- 10 win on Thanksgiving Day in Dallas , and Dallas returning the favor two weeks later by defeating the Eagles 38 -- 27 in Philadelphia . The second game between these rivals clenched a playoff spot for Dallas and led to formerly first place Philadelphia missing out on the post-season . Dallas leads the regular season all - time series 63 -- 50 . New York Giants Main article : Cowboys -- Giants rivalry The first game ever played between the Giants and Cowboys was a 31 -- 31 tie on December 4 , 1960 . Dallas logged its first win in the series on October 29 , 1961 and New York 's first was on November 11 , 1962 . Among the more notable moments in the rivalry was the Giants ' defeat of Dallas in the 2007 playoffs en route to their victory in Super Bowl XLII and winning the first regular season game played at Cowboys Stadium in 2009 . Dallas currently leads the all - time series 64 -- 45 -- 2 . Pittsburgh Steelers Main article : Cowboys -- Steelers rivalry The two teams met in the first regular season game the Cowboys ever played in 1960 ( a 35 -- 28 loss to the Steelers ) , the first - ever regular season victory for the expansion Cowboys in 1961 , and would later meet in three Super Bowls , all of them closely contested events . The Steelers - Cowboys is to date the Super Bowl matchup with the most contests . The Steelers won Super Bowl X and Super Bowl XIII ; both games were decided in the final seconds , first on a last - second throw by Roger Staubach , then as a fourth - quarter rally by Dallas fell short on an onside kick . The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX in January 1996 . It is said that the rivalry was fueled in the 1970s due to the stark contrast of the teams : the Cowboys , being more of a `` flashy '' team with Roger Staubach 's aerial attack and the `` flex '' Doomsday Defense ; while the Steelers were more of a `` blue - collar '' team with a strong running game and the 1970s-esque Steel Curtain defense , a contrast that still exists today . In addition , both teams have national fan bases rivaled by few NFL teams , and both come from areas with a strong following for football at all levels . Dallas leads the all - time series 16 -- 13 including the playoffs . San Francisco 49ers Main article : 49ers -- Cowboys rivalry The bitter rivalry between the Dallas Cowboys and San Francisco 49ers has been going on since the 1970s . The NFL Top 10 ranked this rivalry to be the tenth best in the history of the NFL . San Francisco has played Dallas in seven postseason games . The Cowboys defeated the 49ers in the 1970 and 1971 NFC Championship games , and again in the 1972 Divisional Playoff Game . The 1981 NFC Championship Game in San Francisco , which saw the 49ers ' Joe Montana complete a game - winning pass to Dwight Clark in the final minute ( now known as The Catch ) is one of the most famous games in NFL history . The rivalry became even more intense during the 1992 -- 1994 seasons . San Francisco and Dallas faced each other in the NFC Championship Game three separate times . Dallas won the first two match - ups , and San Francisco won the third . In each of these pivotal match - ups , the game 's victor went on to win the Super Bowl . Both the Cowboys and the 49ers ( and the New England Patriots ) are second all time in Super Bowl victories to the Pittsburgh Steelers with five each . The 49ers - Cowboys rivalry is also part of the larger cultural rivalry between California and Texas . The 49ers lead the series all - time series with a record of 15 -- 13 -- 1 . Green Bay Packers Main article : Cowboys - Packers rivalry The Cowboys -- Packers rivalry is rivalry between the Dallas Cowboys and the Green Bay Packers . It is one of the best known intra-conference rivalry games in the NFL . The two teams do not play every year ; instead , they play once every three years due to the NFL 's rotating division schedules , or if the two teams finish in the same place in their respective divisions , they would play the ensuing season . The rivalry has also resulted in notable playoff games . The all time regular seasons series record is 15 -- 13 in favor of the Packers , and the postseason series is tied 4 -- 4 . Season - by - season records Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys seasons Players of note Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys players Current roster Dallas Cowboys roster view talk Quarterbacks 4 Dak Prescott 7 Cooper Rush Running backs 21 Ezekiel Elliott 45 Rod Smith Wide receivers 11 Cole Beasley 85 Noah Brown 88 Dez Bryant 14 Lance Lenoir 10 Ryan Switzer 83 Terrance Williams Tight ends 80 Rico Gathers 84 James Hanna 89 Blake Jarwin 87 Geoff Swaim 82 Jason Witten Offensive linemen 71 La'el Collins T / G 78 Kadeem Edwards T / G 72 Travis Frederick C 79 Chaz Green G / T 70 Zack Martin G 77 Tyron Smith T Defensive linemen 76 Richard Ash DT / DE 97 Taco Charlton DE 96 Maliek Collins DT 98 Tyrone Crawford DE / DT 56 Datone Jones DE 93 Benson Mayowa DE 66 Lewis Neal DT / DE 68 Daniel Ross DT 99 Charles Tapper DE Linebackers 58 Tre'Von Johnson MLB 50 Sean Lee OLB 54 Jaylon Smith MLB 57 Damien Wilson OLB / MLB Defensive backs 24 Chidobe Awuzie CB / FS 30 Anthony Brown CB 35 Kavon Frazier SS 38 Jeff Heath SS / FS 31 Byron Jones FS 27 Jourdan Lewis CB 32 Orlando Scandrick CB 26 Duke Thomas CB 25 Xavier Woods FS / SS Special teams 5 Dan Bailey K 6 Chris Jones P Reserve lists 18 Brian Brown WR ( Future ) 81 K.D. Cannon WR ( Future ) 94 Randy Gregory DE ( Susp . ) -- Marqueston Huff FS ( Future ) 62 Jarron Jones T ( Future ) 28 Jameill Showers FS / SS ( Future ) -- Jason Thompson SS ( Future ) 67 Joe Vellano DT ( Future ) 39 Marquez White CB ( Future ) 34 Trey Williams RB ( Future ) Unrestricted FAs 75 Byron Bell T / G 23 Bené Benwikere CB 19 Brice Butler WR 64 Jonathan Cooper G / C 59 Anthony Hitchens MLB / OLB 91 L.P. Ladouceur LS 90 DeMarcus Lawrence DE 73 Joe Looney C / G 46 Alfred Morris RB 55 Stephen Paea DT 51 Kyle Wilber OLB / MLB Restricted FAs 95 David Irving DT / DE 53 Justin March - Lillard OLB 41 Keith Smith FB Exclusive - Rights FAs 3 Zac Dysert QB 92 Brian Price DT Rookies in italics Roster updated February 8 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 45 Active , 10 Inactive , 16 FAs → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Pro Football Hall of Famers Dallas Cowboys Hall of Famers No . Name Position Seasons Inducted 26 Adderley , Herb Herb Adderley CB 1970 -- 1972 1981 8 Aikman , Troy Troy Aikman QB 1989 -- 2000 2006 73 Allen , Larry Larry Allen 1994 -- 2005 2013 19 Alworth , Lance Lance Alworth WR 1971 -- 1972 1978 89 Ditka , Mike Mike Ditka TE 1969 -- 1972 1988 33 Dorsett , Tony Tony Dorsett RB 1977 -- 1987 1994 79 Gregg , Forrest Forrest Gregg OT 1971 1977 94 Haley , Charles Charles Haley DE 1992 -- 1996 2015 22 Hayes , Bob Bob Hayes WR 1965 -- 1974 2009 88 Irvin , Michael Michael Irvin WR 1988 -- 1999 2007 -- Jones , Jerry Jerry Jones Owner / Executive 1989 -- present 2017 -- Landry , Tom Tom Landry Coach 1960 -- 1988 1990 74 Lilly , Bob Bob Lilly DT 1961 -- 1974 1980 25 Tommy McDonald WR 1964 1998 81 Owens , Terrell Terrell Owens WR 2006 - 2008 2018 -- Parcells , Bill Bill Parcells Coach 2003 -- 2006 2013 20 Renfro , Mel Mel Renfro CB 1964 -- 1977 21 Sanders , Deion Deion Sanders CB , KR 1995 -- 1999 2011 -- Schramm , Tex Tex Schramm President / GM 1960 -- 1989 1991 22 Smith , Emmitt Emmitt Smith RB 1990 -- 2002 81 Smith , Jackie Jackie Smith TE 1978 1994 12 Staubach , Roger Roger Staubach QB 1969 -- 1979 1985 54 White , Randy Randy White DT , LB 1975 -- 1988 1994 70 Wright , Rayfield Rayfield Wright OT 1967 -- 1979 2006 Texas Sports Hall of Fame Main article : Texas Sports Hall of Fame Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl MVP Winners SB Player Position V Chuck Howley LB VI Roger Staubach QB XII Randy White DT Harvey Martin DE XXVII Troy Aikman QB XXVIII Emmitt Smith RB XXX Larry Brown CB Ring of Honor Unlike many NFL teams , the Cowboys do not retire jersey numbers of past standouts as a matter of policy . Instead , the team has a `` Ring of Honor '' , which is on permanent display encircling the field . Originally at Texas Stadium , the ring is now on display at AT&T Stadium in Arlington . The first inductee was Bob Lilly in 1975 and by 2005 , the ring contained 17 names , all former Dallas players except for one head coach and one general manager / president . Although the team does not officially retire jersey numbers , some are kept `` unofficially inactive '' , so it is uncommon to find any current players wearing the number of one of the `` Ring of Honor '' inductees . For instance , the jersey numbers of inductees Aikman ( 8 ) , Staubach ( 12 ) , Hayes and Smith ( 22 ) , Irvin ( 88 ) , and Lilly ( 74 ) were not worn during the 2008 season . For the 2010 season , number 88 was issued to rookie Dez Bryant . The Ring of Honor has been a source of controversy over the years . Tex Schramm was believed to be a `` one - man committee '' in choosing inductees and many former Cowboys players and fans felt that Schramm deliberately excluded linebacker Lee Roy Jordan because of a bitter contract dispute the two had during Jordan 's playing days . When Jerry Jones bought the team he inherited Schramm 's Ring of Honor `` power '' and immediately inducted Jordan . Jones also has sparked controversy regarding his decisions in handling the `` Ring of Honor '' . For four years he was unsuccessful in convincing Tom Landry to accept induction . Meanwhile , he refused to induct Tex Schramm ( even after Schramm 's induction to the Pro Football Hall of Fame ) . In 1993 , thanks in part to the efforts of Roger Staubach as an intermediary , Landry accepted induction and had a ceremony on the day of that year 's Cowboys - Giants game ( Landry had played and coached for the Giants ) . In 2003 , Jones finally chose to induct Tex Schramm . Schramm and Jones held a joint press conference at Texas Stadium announcing the induction . Unfortunately , Schramm did not live to see his ceremonial induction at the Cowboys - Eagles game that fall . Some of the more recent inductees were Troy Aikman , all - time NFL leading rusher Emmitt Smith , and Michael Irvin , known as `` The Triplets '' . The Cowboys waited until Smith had retired as a player before inducting Aikman and Irvin , so all three could be inducted together , which occurred during halftime at a Monday Night Football home game against the arch - rival Washington Redskins on September 19 , 2005 . The most recent inductees are defensive end Charles Haley , offensive lineman Larry Allen , and wide receiver Drew Pearson , who were inducted into the Ring of Honor during halftime of the Cowboys ' game vs. the Seattle Seahawks on November 6 , 2011 , and safety Darren Woodson , who was inducted on November 1 , 2015 . All - time first - round draft picks Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys first - round draft picks Head coaches and staff Head coaches Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys head coaches Current staff Dallas Cowboys staff Front Office Owner / President / General Manager -- Jerry Jones COO / Executive Vice President / Director of Player Personnel -- Stephen Jones Senior Director of Football Operations / Football Administration -- Todd Williams Director of Salary Cap & Player Contracts -- Adam Prasifka Vice President Player Personnel -- Will McClay Senior Executive , College Scouting -- Tom Ciskowski Director of College Scouting -- Lionel Vital Director of Pro Scouting -- Alex Loomis Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Chris Hall Director of Football Research -- Tom Robinson Head Coaches Head Coach -- Jason Garrett Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Scott Linehan Quarterbacks -- Kellen Moore Running Backs -- Gary Brown Wide Receivers -- Sanjay Lal Assistant Wide Receivers -- Kyle Valero Tight Ends -- Doug Nussmeier Offensive Line -- Paul Alexander Assistant Offensive Line -- Marc Colombo Offensive Assistant -- Stephen Brown Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator / Defensive Line -- Rod Marinelli Defensive Tackles -- Leon Lett Linebackers -- Ben Bloom Defensive Backs / Passing Game Coordinator -- Kris Richard Safeties -- Greg Jackson Defensive Assistant -- Ken Amato Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Keith O'Quinn Assistant Special Teams -- Doug Colman Support Staff Director of Advance Scouting & Special Projects -- Judd Garrett Strength and Conditioning Director of Strength and Conditioning -- Mike Woicik Strength and Conditioning -- Brett Bech Strength and Conditioning -- Markus Paul Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Kendall Smith → Coaching Staff and Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Radio and television See also : Dallas Cowboys Radio Network As of 2010 , the Cowboys ' flagship radio station is KRLD - FM . Brad Sham is the team 's longtime play - by - play voice . Working alongside him is former Cowboy quarterback Babe Laufenberg , who returned in 2007 after a one - year absence to replace former safety Charlie Waters . The Cowboys , who retain rights to all announcers , chose not to renew Laufenberg 's contract in 2006 and brought in Waters . However , Laufenberg did work as the analyst on the `` Blue Star Network '' , which televises Cowboys preseason games not shown on national networks . The anchor station is KTVT , the CBS owned and operated station in Dallas . Previous stations which aired Cowboys games included KVIL - FM , KRLD , and KLUV - FM . Kristi Scales is the sideline reporter on the radio broadcasts . During his tenure as Cowboys coach , Tom Landry co-hosted his own coach 's show with late veteran sportscaster Frank Glieber and later with Brad Sham . Landry 's show was famous for his analysis of raw game footage and for he and his co-host making their NFL `` predictions '' at the end of each show . Glieber is one of the original voices of the Cowboys Radio Network , along with Bill Mercer , famous for calling the Ice Bowl of 1967 and both Super Bowl V and VI . Mercer is perhaps best known as the ringside commentator of World Class Championship Wrestling in the 1980s . Upon Mercer 's departure , Verne Lundquist joined the network , and became their play - by - play announcer by 1977 , serving eight years in that capacity before handing those chores permanently over to Brad Sham , who joined the network in 1977 as the color analyst and occasional fill - in for Lundquist . Longtime WFAA - TV sports anchor Dale Hansen was the Cowboys color analyst with Brad Sham as the play - by - play announcer from 1985 -- 1996 . Dave Garrett served as the Cowboys ' play - by - play announcer from 1995 -- 97 , when Brad Sham left the team and joined the Texas Rangers ' radio network team as well as broadcast Sunday Night Football on Westwood One . Seeking to expand its radio broadcasting scope nationally , the Cowboys began a five - year partnership with Compass Media Networks on February 2 , 2011 . The result was the America 's Team Radio Network , a supplement to the franchise 's regional one . Beginning with the 2011 season , Kevin Burkhardt and Danny White handled the broadcasts , with Jerry Recco as the studio host . See also American football portal Dallas - Fort Worth portal Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders List of Dallas Cowboys seasons List of Dallas Cowboys players America 's Team Doomsday Defense References NFL 2002 Record & Fact Book ISBN 0 - 7611 - 2643 - 0 Jump up ^ `` 1960 Dallas Cowboys '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scales , Kristi ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` BREAKING NEWS : Why the Cowboys Are Wearing a New Uniform Color - Combination on Sunday '' . 5PointsBlue.com . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . The Cowboys do not have an all - blue set of Color Rush . But they do have their navy jerseys ( PMS 289 C ) which are normally worn with silver pants ( Metallic Silver PMS 8180 C ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Fingertip Information '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Dallas Cowboys Media Guide . Dallas Cowboys . July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AT&T Takes Naming Rights Of Stadium ; Now AT&T Stadium '' . Dallas Cowboys . July 25 , 2013 . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL History 1951 -- 1960 '' . National Football League . September 28 , 2015 . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys Attendance Records -- 2015 Dallas Cowboys Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . Dallas Cowboys . August 28 , 2015 . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Team History : 1999 Dallas Cowboys '' . DallasCowboys.com . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2011 . Retrieved February 17 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ozanian , Mike ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` The Most Valuable Teams In The NFL '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Team Game Finder Query Results '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Law Nation ( 2017 - 01 - 07 ) , The Story of Dallas Cowboys 1992 3rd Super Bowl , retrieved 2017 - 06 - 18 Jump up ^ `` Jeff Pearlman on the unbelievable story of the implosion of the Dallas Cowboys '' . the Guardian . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Cowboys Coaches '' . Cowboysplus.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Josh ( October 28 , 2008 ) . `` The Injury List Just Keeps On Growing '' . DallasCowboys.com . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2008 . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Network : Cowboys fire Wade Phillips as head coach , promote Jason Garrett '' . USA Today . November 8 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys News : Dak Prescott And Ezekiel Elliott Headline Cowboys ' Pro Bowl Selections - Blogging The Boys '' . Blogging the Boys ( Dallas Cowboys blog ) . ^ Jump up to : Eatman , Nick ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Cowboys To Wear Blue Jerseys At Home Thursday '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Cowboys will wear navy jerseys at home more often '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DaSilva , Cameron ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's the real reason behind the Dallas Cowboys ' mismatched uniform colors '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gross , Shannon ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` CowBuzz : Boys ' To Wear Navy Jerseys This Weekend '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( December 19 , 2005 ) . `` The Island of Misfit Unis '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Cowboys will wear navy jerseys at home more often '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DaSilva , Cameron ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's the real reason behind the Dallas Cowboys ' mismatched uniform colors '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( October 26 , 2007 ) . `` ESPN Page 2 -- Uni Watch : How ' bout them Cowboys ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Williams , Charean ( November 22 , 2001 ) . `` Cowboys going with retro look '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Jump up ^ Wallace , William N. ( January 7 , 1981 ) . `` EAGLES DEVISE COLOR SCHEME FOR COWBOYS '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys to Wash Out Blue '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . January 15 , 1981 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gross , Shannon ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` CowBuzz : Cowboys Unveil New ColorRush Uniform For Thanksgiving Day Game '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bell , Jarrett ( September 18 , 2009 ) . `` ' This transcends football ' : ' Boys boast as new stadium shines '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Popik , Barry ( 2009 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Jerrydome or Jerry Dome ( Dallas Cowboys Stadium in Arlington ) -- The Big Apple '' . Barrypopik.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Murph , Darren ( May 18 , 2009 ) . `` Kansas City Royals to get ' world 's largest ' HD LED scoreboard '' . Engadgethd.com . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2009 . Retrieved May 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ MJD ( June 12 , 2008 ) . `` Jerry Jones aims to make all Cowboys ' fans blind by 2010 '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys reveal world 's largest HD LED screen to the public `` , LEDs Magazine , 2009 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Open & Shut '' Archived June 19 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , DallasCowboys.com , 2009 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved on 2009 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys shut down Panthers ' offense for first win in new stadium '' . ESPN . September 29 , 2009 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( 2013 - 07 - 25 ) . `` Cowboys Stadium now called AT&T Stadium after deal '' . National Football League . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` History of Dallas Cowboys Training Camp Sites , 2008 Update -- Know Your Dallas Cowboys Know Your Dallas Cowboys '' . Knowyourdallascowboys.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys Records by Opponent '' . FootballDB.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beaver County Times & Allegheny Times Online -- Steelers '' . The Times . UK . 2008 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Michelle Munoz ( Contributor ) . `` Cowboys - 49ers : A Rivalry for the Ages '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Rivalries in the NFL : 49ers - Cowboys '' . Niners Nation . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ DawnMacelli ( 9 January 2017 ) . `` Packers - Cowboys : A Playoff Rivalry As Old As The Super Bowl Itself '' . Blogging The Boys . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas - Green Bay reaches the top of NFL playoff rivalries '' . newsok.com. 12 January 2017 . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Compass signs the Dallas Cowboys for new network '' Archived February 5 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Radio Business Report , Wednesday , February 2 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Radio Broadcast Information '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Further reading Aron , Jaime ( 2010 ) . Dallas Cowboys : The Complete Illustrated History . MVP Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 3520 - 8 . Hitzges , Norm ; St. Angelo , Ron ( 2007 ) . Greatest Team Ever : The Dallas Cowboys Dynasty of the 1990s . Rutledge Hill Press . ISBN 1 - 4016 - 0340 - 8 . Myers , Gary ( 2009 ) . The Catch : One Play , Two Dynasties , and the Game That Changed the NFL . Crown Archetype . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 40908 - 9 . Patoski , Joe Nick ( 2012 ) . The Dallas Cowboys : The Outrageous History of the Biggest , Loudest , Most Hated , Best Loved Football Team in America . Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 07755 - 2 . Pearlman , Jeff ( 2008 ) . Boys Will Be Boys : The Glory Days and Party Nights of the Dallas Cowboys Dynasty . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 125680 - 6 . St. John , Bob ( 2000 ) . Landry : The Legend and the Legacy . Word Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8499 - 1670 - 4 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dallas Cowboys . Official website NFL.com -- Dallas Cowboys Dallas Cowboys Founded in 1960 Based in Arlington , Texas Headquartered in Frisco , Texas Franchise Franchise History Coaches Players Seasons Expansion draft Draft history Starting quarterbacks First - round draft picks The Ford Center at The Star Stadiums Cotton Bowl Texas Stadium AT&T Stadium Culture NFL on Thanksgiving Day America 's Team Cheerleaders Doomsday Defense Crazy Ray Rowdy Jerry Jones Black Sunday ( film ) King of the Hill Lore Tom Landry Tex Schramm Captain Comeback Ice Bowl Hail Mary The Catch Herschel Walker trade Dirty Dozen Ring of Honor Bounty Bowl series Rivalries New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Green Bay Packers San Francisco 49ers Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Oilers / Texans Division championships ( 23 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1981 1985 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 2007 2009 2014 2016 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1966 1967 1970 1971 1977 1978 1992 1993 1995 League Championships ( 5 ) 1971 ( VI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1995 ( XXX ) Ring of Honor Bob Lilly Don Meredith Don Perkins Chuck Howley Mel Renfro Roger Staubach Lee Roy Jordan Tom Landry Tony Dorsett Randy White Bob Hayes Tex Schramm Cliff Harris Rayfield Wright Troy Aikman Michael Irvin Emmitt Smith Drew Pearson Charles Haley Larry Allen Darren Woodson Media Broadcasters Radio network KRLD - FM Brad Sham Babe Laufenberg Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Links to related articles National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network Radio Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Color Rush Sports teams based in Texas Baseball MLB Houston Astros Texas Rangers PCL El Paso Chihuahuas Round Rock Express TL Corpus Christi Hooks Frisco RoughRiders Midland RockHounds San Antonio Missions AA Cleburne Railroaders Texas AirHogs ALPB Sugar Land Skeeters PL Alpine Cowboys SWL Royse City Griffins Waco BlueCats Basketball NBA Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets San Antonio Spurs G League Austin Spurs Rio Grande Valley Vipers Texas Legends WNBA Dallas Wings ABA Dallas Impact IBL Texas Lone Star Strikers Football NFL Dallas Cowboys Houston Texans CIF Amarillo Venom Dallas Marshals Texas Revolution LFL Austin Acoustic WFA Arlington Impact Austin Outlaws Dallas Elite Houston Power IWFL Austin Yellow Jackets Houston Energy San Antonio Regulators South Texas Lady Crushers Hockey NHL Dallas Stars AHL San Antonio Rampage Texas Stars ECHL Allen Americans NAHL Amarillo Bulls Corpus Christi IceRays Lone Star Brahmas Odessa Jackalopes NA3HL Mid-Cities Junior Stars Texas Jr . 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when do they play sweet caroline at the red sox games	The song has been played at Fenway Park , home of Major League Baseball 's Boston Red Sox , since at least 1997 , and in the middle of the eighth inning at every game since 2002 . On opening night of the 2010 season at Fenway Park , the song was performed by Diamond himself . `` Sweet Caroline '' was played at Penn State Nittany Lions football games at Beaver Stadium until August 2012 , halting after the Penn State child sex abuse scandal . Performances at Beaver Stadium resumed in September 2013 , however . The song is played at the start of the fourth quarter of Pittsburgh Panthers Football games at Heinz Field . In response , West Virginia University students in turn will yell `` EAT S * * * PITT '' during the refrain if heard played . It is also an unofficial song of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , being played at athletic events and pep rallies .	in the middle of the eighth inning	Sweet Caroline	sweet caroline	`` Sweet Caroline '' is a song written and performed by American recording artist Neil Diamond and officially released on September 16 , 1969 , as a single with the title `` Sweet Caroline ( Good Times Never Seemed So Good ) '' . It was arranged by Charles Calello , and recorded at American Sound Studio in Memphis , Tennessee .	The song reached # 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart on August 23 , 1969 and eventually went platinum for sales of one million singles . Sweet Caroline '' was also the first of fifty - eight entries on the US Easy Listening chart , peaking at # 3 . The Billboard ranking supports those sources which indicate that Sweet Caroline actually charted on June 29 , 1969 . In the autumn of 1969 , Diamond performed `` Sweet Caroline '' on several television shows . It later reached # 8 on the UK singles chart in 1971 . In a 2007 interview , Diamond stated the inspiration for his song was John F. Kennedy 's daughter , Caroline , who was eleven years old at the time it was released . Diamond sang the song to her at her 50th birthday celebration in 2007 . On December 21 , 2011 , in an interview on CBS 's The Early Show , Diamond said that a magazine cover photo of Caroline Kennedy as a young child on a horse with her parents in the background created an image in his mind , and the rest of the song came together about five years after seeing the picture . However , in 2014 Diamond said the song was about his then - wife Marsha , but he needed a three - syllable name to fit the melody . The song has proven to be enduringly popular , and as of November 2014 has sold over two million digital downloads in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Versions 2 Use at sporting events 3 Personnel 4 Cover versions 5 References 6 External links Versions ( edit ) There are three distinct mixes of this song . The original mono 45 mix had a louder orchestra and glockenspiel compared to the stereo version on the Brother Love 's Travelling Salvation Show LP . The third version was a remix found only on the initial CD release of Diamond 's His 12 Greatest Hits . This version has the orchestra mixed down and has the background vocals mixed up . It has a longer fade as well . A live version of the song is on his Hot August Night LP . Use at sporting events ( edit ) The playing of `` Sweet Caroline '' has become a fixture at many sporting events in the United States . In this version , the horn figure after Diamond sings `` Sweet Caroline '' in the chorus is replaced by the crowd singing `` ba , ba , ba '' , and after he sings `` Good times never seemed so good , '' the crowd sings `` So good , so good , so good . '' This pattern is repeated whenever the chorus is played . The song has been played at Fenway Park , home of Major League Baseball 's Boston Red Sox , since at least 1997 , and in the middle of the eighth inning at every game since 2002 . On opening night of the 2010 season at Fenway Park , the song was performed by Diamond himself . `` Sweet Caroline '' was played at Penn State Nittany Lions football games at Beaver Stadium until August 2012 , halting after the Penn State child sex abuse scandal . Performances at Beaver Stadium resumed in September 2013 , however . The song is played at the start of the fourth quarter of Pittsburgh Panthers Football games at Heinz Field . In response , West Virginia University students in turn will yell `` EAT S * * * PITT '' during the refrain if heard played . It is also an unofficial song of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , being played at athletic events and pep rallies . On April 16 , 2013 , the day after the Boston Marathon bombing , the New York Yankees -- longtime rivals of the Red Sox -- announced they would play the song during their home game , preceded by a moment of silence , as a tribute to the victims . On Saturday , April 20 , 2013 , during the 8th inning of the Red Sox - Kansas City game in Fenway Park , Neil Diamond led the crowd in a rendition of the song . The song was sung at sporting events across the country after the Boston Marathon bombings , in efforts to show solidarity with those affected by the tragedy . It was also played right before the start of the Hamburg Marathon in Hamburg , Germany , on Sunday , April 21 , 2013 , subsequent to a minute of silence . The song was also played before the start of the Stockholm Marathon in Stockholm , Sweden , on Saturday , June 1 , 2013 , as a tribute to those affected by the Boston Marathon bombings . On April 25 , 2013 , `` Sweet Caroline '' was played following a tribute to the victims of the Boston Marathon bombing during the NFL Draft . Diamond has announced that he will donate all royalties from sales of the song since the marathon bombings to the One Fund Boston charity to help the people most affected by the bombings . Diamond said that sales of the song surged nearly 600 percent in the week after the bombings , to 19,000 copies , up from 2,800 the week before . The song is played after every Carolina Panthers home win . The song is used by the Northern Ireland national football team fans at major tournaments . It is also used by the Castleford Tigers rugby league club after a win at the Mend a hose stadium . It is also used by Northern Irish darts player Daryl Gurney in his walk - on prior to matches which he plays in . The song is also played during the quarter time break of Sydney Swans AFL home games at the Sydney Cricket Ground . The song has also been adopted by Oxford United . The song 's introduction , first verse and chorus are one of the regular songs played at English T20 cricket matches , getting particular coverage on televised matches , especially when David `` Bumble '' Lloyd is part of the commentary team . Personnel ( edit ) Neil Diamond - vocals , guitar Cover versions ( edit ) Bert Kaempfert released an instrumental version in 1969 Pierre Lalonde in 1969 made a French cover of this song as `` Caroline '' . Andy Williams released a version in 1969 on his album , Get Together with Andy Williams . Elvis Presley covered it in 1970 . Checkmates , Ltd. released a version of the song on their 1971 album , Life . Bobby Womack covered this song in his 1972 album Understanding . Roy Orbison covered it Live on Australian television in 1973 . Frank Sinatra recorded a big band cover of `` Sweet Caroline '' for his 1974 LP Some Nice Things I 've Missed . Neil Diamond has stated this is one of his favorite covers . Julio Iglesias covered this song in Spanish as `` Dulce Carolina '' on his 1972 album Por una mujer . Waylon Jennings performed a version on his 1977 album Ol ' Waylon . Claude Gray in 1986 released a cover version . It peaked at # 77 on the Billboard country charts , making it his last charted single to date . The third full - length release from the punk band Me First and the Gimme Gimmes , entitled `` Have a Ball '' , released July 29 , 1997 , features a punk - rock cover of `` Sweet Caroline '' . In November 2001 , Dustin the Turkey took the song to number one on the Irish Singles Chart . David Archuleta performed the song during the Final Five American Idol Episode on April 29 , 2008 and later recorded a studio version . On July 7 - 8th 2006 , the Dave Matthews Band performed a cover of the song at their 2 - day concert at Fenway Park , which was released as their album `` Live Trax Vol. 6 : Fenway Park '' . In 2009 , Mark Salling covered the song on the Fox TV show Glee . In 2009 , South African singer Steve Hofmeyr covered the song on his album , Tribute . In 2009 , the Boston Pops Orchestra and Keith Lockhart recorded it on their live album The Red Sox Album . Also , on July 4 , 2009 , Neil Diamond performed it with them on the Hatch Shell stage . DJ Ötzi , an Austrian entertainer and singer released it in 2009 finding great success in German - speaking charts peaking at number 19 on the German Singles Chart and number 18 on the Austrian charts . Bertín Osborne covered the song in 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chilton , Martin . `` Neil Diamond : ' did n't like Sweet Caroline ' '' . Retrieved September 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith . `` Neil Diamond 's Top Singles ' '' . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Calello , Charles . `` Calello 's Billboard Magazine Top 100 '' . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Diamond '' ( biography ) . Billboard . Retrieved November 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 78 . Jump up ^ http://www.las-solanas.com/arsa/surveys_item.php?svid=27298 Jump up ^ Glaister , Dan ( November 21 , 2007 ) . `` Neil Diamond reveals secret of Sweet Caroline '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Beggy , Carol ; Shanahan , Mark ( November 21 , 2007 ) . `` ' Sweet Caroline ' revealed '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved March 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Sandy ( November 20 , 2007 ) . `` Diamond Reveals ` Caroline ' Inspiration '' . Washington Post . Associated Press . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Respers , Lisa ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Neil Diamond reveals story behind ' Sweet Caroline ' '' . CNN . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Appel , Rich ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` Revisionist History , Part 5 : Bon Jovi 's ' Prayer ' Answered , ' Caroline ' Is Sweeter Than ' Sugar ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Diamond Album Overview Part 4 : 1981 - 2003 The Compilation - Mania Years '' . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ian ( April 17 , 2013 ) . `` Fenway Park 's anthem started innocuously '' . MLB.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vosk , Stephanie ( May 29 , 2005 ) . `` Another mystery of the Diamond , explained at last '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Clark , Lauren ( 2012 - 08 - 27 ) . `` Penn State Kills ' Sweet Caroline ' '' . Boston Magazine . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` No ' Sweet Caroline ' at Penn State games , no public allowed in most athletic facilities -- This Just In - CNN.com Blogs '' . News.blogs.cnn.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Horne , Kevin ( 2013 - 09 - 23 ) . `` Sweet Caroline Returns to Beaver Stadium '' . Onward State . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` WVU College Gameday ' Sweet Caroline ' '' . YouTube . November 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Summer Ratcliff ( 2014 - 11 - 02 ) , WVU College GameDay `` Sweet Caroline '' , retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 Jump up ^ `` Yankees Twitter '' . New York Yankees. April 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 15,000 expected at Hamburg Marathon '' . TheLocal. April 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Diamond to Donate ' Sweet Caroline ' Royalties to Boston Bombing Charity '' . The New York Times . April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Diamond to Donate ' Sweet Caroline ' Royalties to Boston Charity '' . The Hollywood Reporter. April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Andy ( 17 March 2014 ) . `` Set of Six : Why Castleford Tigers fans are singing Neil Diamond 's Sweet Caroline '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.oufc.co.uk/news/2017/march/a-song-for-wembley/ Jump up ^ `` Elvis Presley - Sweet Caroline ( 1970 ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Checkmates , Ltd. , Life Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Roy Orbison : `` Sweet Caroline '' from Live in Australia `` . Jump up ^ `` Singer / songwriter Neil Diamond here , AMA ! '' . Reddit. 16 October 2014 . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DMB Live Trax Vol. 6 : Fenway Park '' . Dave Matthews Band . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Tribute '' . Last.fm . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Austriancharts.at : DJ ÖTZI - `` Sweet Caroline '' External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Neil Diamond singles discography Singles 1960s 1962 `` You Are My Love at Last '' `` I 'm Afraid '' 1963 `` At Night '' 1966 `` Solitary Man '' `` Cherry , Cherry '' `` I Got the Feelin ' ( Oh No No ) '' 1967 `` Girl , You 'll Be a Woman Soon '' `` Thank the Lord for the Night Time '' `` Kentucky Woman '' `` Some Day Baby '' 1968 `` New Orleans '' `` Red Red Wine '' `` Brooklyn Roads '' `` Two - Bit Manchild '' `` Shilo '' `` Sunday Sun '' 1969 `` Brother Love 's Travelling Salvation Show '' `` Sweet Caroline '' `` Holly Holy '' Singles 1970s 1970 `` Shilo '' `` Until It 's Time for You to Go '' `` Soolaimon '' `` And The Grass Wo n't Pay No Mind '' `` Solitary Man '' `` Cracklin ' Rosie '' `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' `` Do It '' 1971 `` I Am ... I Said '' `` Done Too Soon '' `` I 'm a Believer '' `` Stones '' 1972 `` Song Sung Blue '' `` Play Me '' `` Walk on Water '' 1973 `` Cherry , Cherry '' `` The Long Way Home '' `` The Last Thing on My Mind '' `` Be '' `` Skybird '' `` Longfellow Serenade '' `` Morningside '' `` I 've Been This Way Before '' `` The Last Picasso '' 1976 `` If You Know What I Mean '' `` Do n't Think ... Feel '' `` Beautiful Noise '' 1977 `` Stargazer '' `` Lady - Oh '' `` Desiree '' 1978 `` God Only Knows '' `` Let Me Take You In My Arms Again '' `` I 'm Glad You 're Here With Me Tonight '' `` You Do n't Bring Me Flowers '' `` The Dancing Bumble Bee / Bumble Boogie '' 1979 `` Forever in Blue Jeans '' `` Say Maybe '' `` The American Popular Song '' `` September Morn '' Singles 1980s 1980 `` That Kind '' `` The Good Lord Loves You '' `` Dancing in the Street '' `` Love on the Rocks '' 1981 `` Hello Again '' `` America '' `` Yesterday 's Songs '' 1982 `` On the Way to the Sky '' `` Be Mine Tonight '' `` Rainy Day Song '' `` Heartlight '' `` I 'm Alive '' `` Turn Around '' Boston Red Sox Formerly the Boston Americans Based in Boston , Massachusetts Franchise History Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Owners and executives Managers Coaches Captains Broadcasters Opening Day starters First - round draft picks Logos and uniforms Hall of Fame Ballparks Huntington Avenue Grounds Braves Field Fenway Park Spring training Venues Majestic Park Plant Field Whittington Park Riverside Park Ninth Street Park Payne Park Bader Field Scottsdale Stadium Chain of Lakes Park City of Palms Park JetBlue Park at Fenway South Culture Red Sox Nation Royal Rooters `` Nuf Ced '' McGreevy Curse of the Bambino Green Monster Pesky 's Pole Wally the Green Monster Victoria Snelgrove `` Tessie '' `` Dirty Water '' `` Sweet Caroline '' `` Dream On '' `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' `` Three Little Birds '' Field of Dreams Good Will Hunting Fever Pitch Moneyball Game 6 The Town The Jimmy Fund Yawkey Way Kenmore Square Citgo Sign Golden Outfield Carl Beane Sherm Feller Cheers Still , We Believe : The Boston Red Sox Movie Four Days in October Red Sox Rule Lore Cy Young 's perfect game Slaughter 's Mad Dash Babe Ruth 's 573 - foot home run into Alligator Farm 1948 AL tie - breaker game The Impossible Dream Carlton Fisk waves it fair 1978 AL East tie - breaker game Bill Buckner 's error Aaron Boone 's home run The bloody sock `` Idiots '' break the curse Boston Strong Rivalries New York Yankees Administration Owners : Fenway Sports Group John W. Henry Tom Werner President and CEO : Sam Kennedy President of Baseball Operations : Dave Dombrowski General Manager : Vacant Manager : John Farrell World Series Championships ( 8 ) 1903 1912 1915 1916 1918 2007 2013 League Pennants ( 13 ) 1903 1904 1912 1915 1916 1918 1946 1967 1986 2007 2013 Division championships ( 8 ) 1986 1988 1990 1995 2007 2013 2016 2017 Wild card berths ( 7 ) 1998 1999 2003 2005 2008 2009 Minor league affiliates AAA Pawtucket Red Sox AA Portland Sea Dogs A Adv . Salem Red Sox Greenville Drive Short A Lowell Spinners Rookie Gulf Coast League Red Sox DSL Red Sox Other assets New England Sports Network Seasons ( 117 ) 1900s 1900 * 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990s 1990 1991 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Carolina Panthers Founded in 1995 Based and headquartered in Charlotte , North Carolina Franchise Franchise Team history Seasons Coaches Players Expansion draft First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Records and statistics Broadcasters Stadiums Memorial Stadium ( Clemson ) Bank of America Stadium Culture and lore Jerry Richardson Sir Purr Cardiac Cats Carolina Topcats `` Sweet Caroline '' ( song ) `` Cat Scratch Fever '' ( song ) Rivalries Atlanta Falcons Tampa Bay Buccaneers Seattle Seahawks Hall of Honor Mike McCormack Sam Mills PSL Owners Playoff appearances ( 7 ) 2003 2005 2008 2013 2014 2015 Division championships ( 6 ) 2003 2008 2013 2014 2015 Conference championships ( 2 ) 2003 2015 Retired numbers 51 Media Broadcasters Mick Mixon Eugene Robinson Bill Rosinski TV : WCCB Radio : WBT Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : South Division Seasons ( 23 ) 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweet_Caroline&oldid=802419728 '' Categories : 1969 singles 1971 singles 2001 singles Songs written by Neil Diamond Baseball music Neil Diamond songs Checkmates , Ltd. songs Bobby Womack songs Andy Williams songs Song recordings produced by Chips Moman Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Football songs and chants Boston Red Sox Carolina Panthers Uni Records singles MCA Records singles 1969 songs Schlager songs Songs about women Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Bahasa Indonesia 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 01 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet%20Caroline	1,890
what is the time zone for the us	The Atlantic standard time zone The Eastern standard time zone The Central standard time zone The Mountain standard time zone The Pacific standard time zone The Alaska standard time zone The Hawaii -- Aleutian standard time zone The Samoa standard time zone The Chamorro standard time zone	The Atlantic standard time zone\|The Eastern standard time zone\|The Central standard time zone\|The Mountain standard time zone\|The Pacific standard time zone\|The Alaska standard time zone\|The Hawaii -- Aleutian standard time zone\|The Samoa standard time zone\|The Chamorro standard time zone	Time in the United States	time in the united states	Time in the United States , by law , is divided into nine standard time zones covering the states and its possessions , with most of the United States observing daylight saving time ( DST ) for approximately the spring , summer , and fall months . The time zone boundaries and DST observance are regulated by the Department of Transportation . Official and highly precise timekeeping services ( clocks ) are provided by two federal agencies : the National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) ( an agency of the Department of Commerce ) ; and its military counterpart , the United States Naval Observatory ( USNO ) . The clocks run by these services are kept synchronized with each other as well as with those of other international timekeeping organizations .	It is the combination of the time zone and daylight saving rules , along with the timekeeping services , which determines the legal civil time for any U.S. location at any moment . Map of U.S. time zones since November 2007 , when 5 counties in Indiana returned to the Eastern time zone Contents 1 History 1.1 From GMT to UTC 2 United States time zones 2.1 Standard time and daylight saving time 2.2 Zones used in the contiguous U.S. 2.3 Zones used in states beyond the contiguous U.S. 2.4 Zones outside the states 2.5 Minor Outlying Islands 2.6 Antarctic research stations 3 Boundaries between the zones 3.1 Eastern - Central boundary 3.2 Central - Mountain boundary 3.3 Mountain - Pacific boundary 4 Daylight saving time 5 Time representation 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Prior to the adoption of four standard time zones for the continental United States , many towns and cities set their clocks to noon when the sun passed their local meridian , pre-corrected for the equation of time on the date of observation , to form local mean solar time . Noon occurred at different times but time differences between distant locations were barely noticeable prior to the 19th century because of long travel times and the lack of long - distance instant communications prior to the development of the telegraph . The use of local solar time became increasingly awkward as railways and telecommunications improved . American railroads maintained many different time zones during the late 1800s . Each train station set its own clock making it difficult to coordinate train schedules and confusing passengers . Time calculation became a serious problem for people travelling by train ( sometimes hundreds of miles in a day ) , according to the Library of Congress . Every city in the United States used a different time standard so there were more than 300 local sun times to choose from . Time zones were therefore a compromise , relaxing the complex geographic dependence while still allowing local time to be approximate with mean solar time . Railroad managers tried to address the problem by establishing 100 railroad time zones , but this was only a partial solution to the problem . Operators of the new railroad lines needed a new time plan that would offer a uniform train schedule for departures and arrivals . Four standard time zones for the continental United States were introduced at noon on November 18 , 1883 , when the telegraph lines transmitted time signals to all major cities . In October 1884 , the International Meridian Conference at Washington DC adopted a proposal which stated that the prime meridian for longitude and timekeeping should be one that passes through the centre of the transit instrument at the Greenwich Observatory in the United Kingdom ( UK ) . The conference therefore established the Greenwich Meridian as the prime meridian and Greenwich Mean Time ( GMT ) as the world 's time standard . The US time - zone system grew from this , in which all zones referred back to GMT on the prime meridian . From GMT to UTC ( edit ) GMT was superseded as the international civil time standard by Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ) in 1960 , when the International Radio Consultative Committee formalized the concept of Coordinated Universal Time , abbreviated as UTC . It is , within about 1 second , mean solar time at 0 ° . It does not observe daylight saving time . It is one of several closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time ( GMT ) . For most purposes , UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT , but GMT is no longer precisely defined by the scientific community . United States time zones ( edit ) Standard time zones in the United States are currently defined at the federal level by law 15 USC § 260 . The federal law also establishes the transition dates and times at which daylight saving time occurs , if observed . It is ultimately the authority of the Secretary of Transportation , in coordination with the states , to determine which regions will observe which of the standard time zones and if they will observe daylight saving time . As of August 9 , 2007 , the standard time zones are defined in terms of hourly offsets from UTC . Prior to this they were based upon the mean solar time at several meridians 15 ° apart west of Greenwich ( GMT ) . Only the full - time zone names listed below are official ; abbreviations are by common use conventions , and duplicated elsewhere in the world for different time zones . The United States uses nine standard time zones . As defined by US law they are : The Atlantic standard time zone The Eastern standard time zone The Central standard time zone The Mountain standard time zone The Pacific standard time zone The Alaska standard time zone The Hawaii -- Aleutian standard time zone The Samoa standard time zone The Chamorro standard time zone View the standard time zone boundaries here . Standard time and daylight saving time ( edit ) Time Zone Standard Time Daylight Time States in Zone Hawaii -- Aleutian Time Zone HST ( UTC − 10 : 00 ) HDT ( UTC − 09 : 00 ) Alaska , Hawaii ( no DST ) Alaska Time Zone AKST ( UTC − 09 : 00 ) AKDT ( UTC − 08 : 00 ) Alaska Pacific Time Zone PST ( UTC − 08 : 00 ) PDT ( UTC − 07 : 00 ) California , Washington , Oregon , Nevada Mountain Time Zone MST ( UTC − 07 : 00 ) MDT ( UTC − 06 : 00 ) Arizona ( no DST outside of Navajo Nation ) , Colorado , Idaho , Kansas , Montana , Nebraska , Nevada , New Mexico , North Dakota , Oregon , South Dakota , Texas , Utah , Wyoming , Idaho Central Time Zone CST ( UTC − 06 : 00 ) CDT ( UTC − 05 : 00 ) Alabama , Arkansas , Florida , Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , Michigan , Minnesota , Mississippi , Missouri , Nebraska , North Dakota , Oklahoma , South Dakota , Tennessee , Texas , Wisconsin Eastern Time Zone EST ( UTC − 05 : 00 ) EDT ( UTC − 04 : 00 ) Connecticut , Florida , District of Columbia , Delaware , Georgia , Indiana , Kentucky , Maine , Massachusetts , Michigan , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , North Carolina , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , Tennessee , Vermont , Maryland , Virginia , West Virginia Zones used in the contiguous US ( edit ) From east to west , the times zones of the contiguous United States are : The Eastern standard time zone : ( Zone R ) , which comprises roughly the states on the Atlantic coast and the eastern two thirds of the Ohio Valley . The Central standard time zone : ( Zone S ) , which comprises roughly the Gulf Coast , Mississippi Valley , and Great Plains . The Mountain standard time zone : ( Zone T ) , which comprises roughly the states and portions of states that include the Rocky Mountains . The Pacific standard time zone : ( Zone U ) , which comprises roughly the states on the Pacific coast , plus Nevada and the Idaho panhandle . Zones used in States beyond the contiguous US ( edit ) The Alaska standard time zone : ( AKST ; UTC − 09 : 00 ; Zone V ) , which comprises most of the state of Alaska . The Hawaii - Aleutian standard time zone : ( or unofficially Hawaii Standard Time ) ( HST ; UTC − 10 : 00 ; zone W ) , which includes Hawaii and most of the length of the Aleutian Islands chain ( west of 169 ° 30 ′ W ) . Zones outside the States ( edit ) The Samoa standard time zone ( SST ; UTC − 11 : 00 ; Zone X ) , which comprises American Samoa . The Chamorro standard time zone : ( ChST ; UTC + 10 : 00 ; Zone K ) , which comprises Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands . The Atlantic standard time zone : ( AST ; UTC - 4 : 00 ; Zone Q ) , which comprises Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands . Minor outlying Islands ( edit ) Some United States Minor Outlying Islands are outside the time zones defined by 15 U.S.C. § 260 and exist in waters defined by Nautical time . In practice , military crews may simply use Zulu time ( UTC ± 00 : 00 ) when on these islands . Baker Island and Howland Island are in UTC − 12 , while Wake Island is in UTC + 12 : 00 . Because they exist on opposite sides of the International Date Line , it can , for example , be noon Thursday on Baker and Howland islands while simultaneously being noon Friday on Wake Island . Other outlying islands include Jarvis Island , Midway Atoll , Palmyra Atoll , and Kingman Reef ( UTC − 11 : 00 ) ; Johnston Atoll ( UTC − 10 : 00 ) ; and Navassa Island , Bajo Nuevo Bank , and Serranilla Bank ( UTC − 05 : 00 ) . Antarctic research stations ( edit ) See also : Time in Antarctica In Antarctica , the US research facility Palmer Station is in UTC − 03 : 00 , while McMurdo Station and Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station use UTC + 12 : 00 in order to coordinate with their main supply base in New Zealand . Boundaries between the zones ( edit ) ( Described from north to south along each boundary . ) Eastern - Central boundary ( edit ) Marker showing the border of Wayne County , Kentucky , and the Eastern Time Zone Time in Indiana : red areas belong to the Central Time Zone . roughly follows the border between Wisconsin ( to the south and west ) and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan ( to the north and east ) ; the Upper Peninsula counties that border Wisconsin ( namely Gogebic , Iron , Dickinson , and Menominee counties ) observe CT , all other counties in the U.P. observe ET follows Lake Michigan divides a small portion of Northwestern Indiana near Chicago from the rest of the state follows the border between Illinois ( west ) and Indiana ( east ) divides a small portion of Southwestern Indiana from the rest of the state divides Kentucky in half roughly along a line that is west of Louisville , Kentucky running from northwest to southeast . divides the region legally defined as East Tennessee , except for four counties adjoining Middle Tennessee , from the rest of Tennessee . follows the border between Alabama ( west ) and Georgia ( east ) , although Phenix City , Alabama and some nearby towns unofficially observe Eastern Time . divides the Florida Panhandle along the Apalachicola River and Intracoastal Waterway just west of Tallahassee , Florida . Central - Mountain boundary ( edit ) divides the southwest portion of North Dakota from the rest of the state divides South Dakota roughly in half divides the western third of Nebraska from the rest of the state divides a very small portion of extreme western Kansas bordering Colorado ( Greeley , Hamilton , Sherman , and Wallace counties ) from the rest of the state ( three other counties which border Colorado -- Cheyenne , Morton , and Stanton counties -- observe CST ) follows the border between New Mexico ( west ) and Oklahoma ( east ) ( although the zone legally begins at the Oklahoma -- New Mexico state line , Kenton in extreme northwestern Cimarron County , Oklahoma unofficially observes MST ) follows the border between New Mexico ( west ) and Texas ( east ) divides El Paso County , Hudspeth County , and a portion of northwestern Culberson County that includes eastern Guadalupe Mountains National Park from the rest of Texas Mountain - Pacific boundary ( edit ) follows the border between northern Idaho ( to the west ) and northwestern Montana ( to the east ) turns west at 45 ° 33.46 ′ N 114 ° 33.89 ′ W / 45.55767 ° N 114.56483 ° W / 45.55767 ; - 114.56483 ( just south of Nez Perce Pass ) , and follows the Idaho County line to the Salmon River follows the Salmon River west to the town of Riggins , where the Salmon River turns north . This puts almost all of northern Idaho in the Pacific time zone , except for the small loop described next . turns north and follows the Salmon River to the Snake River at the Oregon border ( at 45 ° 51.3 ′ N 116 ° 47.5 ′ W / 45.8550 ° N 116.7917 ° W / 45.8550 ; - 116.7917 ) . This loop to the north creates a curious situation where one can enter a more - westerly time zone by traveling east over one of the bridges across this portion of the Salmon River . turns south and follows the Snake River between Oregon ( west ) and Idaho ( east ) to the northern border of Malheur County , Oregon turns west and follows the northern border of Malheur County , Oregon to its western border , where it turns south follows the western border of Malheur County to latitude 42.45 ° ( 42 ° 27 ′ N ) , where it turns east , and returns to the Oregon / Idaho border turns south and follows the border between Oregon ( west ) and Idaho ( east ) turns east and follows the border between Idaho ( north ) and Nevada ( south ) along the 42nd parallel north to longitude 114.041726 W . turns south and follows the border between Nevada ( west ) and Utah ( east ) , except for following the west city limit line of West Wendover dividing it from the rest of Nevada , and putting it in the Mountain Time Zone . Jackpot , Nevada , just south of the 42nd parallel and some 25 miles ( 40 km ) west of the time zone south turn , also observes Mountain Time , on an unofficial basis . follows the border between Nevada ( west ) and Arizona ( east ) follows the border between California ( west ) and Arizona ( east ) , mostly defined by the Colorado River , to the border between the U.S. and Mexico . Daylight saving time ( edit ) Main article : Daylight saving time in the United States The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time ( DST ) for an additional month beginning in 2007 . The start of DST now occurs on the second Sunday in March and ends on the first Sunday in November . Clocks will be set ahead one hour at 2 a.m. on the following start dates and set back one hour at 2 a.m. on these ending dates : Year Start date Ending date 2006 April 2 October 29 2007 March 11 November 4 2008 March 9 November 2 2009 March 8 November 1 March 14 November 7 2011 March 13 November 6 2012 March 11 November 4 2013 March 10 November 3 2014 March 9 November 2 2015 March 8 November 1 2016 March 13 November 6 2017 March 12 November 5 2018 March 11 November 4 2019 March 10 November 3 2020 March 8 November 1 In response to the Uniform Time Act of 1966 , each state of the US has officially chosen to apply one of two rules over its entire territory : Most use the standard time for their zone ( or zones , where a state is divided between two zones ) , except for using daylight saving time during the summer months . Originally this ran from the last Sunday in April until the last Sunday in October . Two subsequent amendments , in 1986 and 2005 , have shifted these days so that daylight saving time now runs from the second Sunday in March until the first Sunday in November . Arizona time zones Arizona and Hawaii use standard time throughout the year . However : The Navajo Nation observes DST throughout its entire territory , including the portion that lies in Arizona . But the Hopi Nation , which is entirely surrounded by the Navajo Nation and is entirely in Arizona , does not observe DST . ( See map inset right . ) In 2005 , Indiana passed legislation which took effect on April 2 , 2006 , that placed the entire state on daylight saving time ( see Time in Indiana ) . Before then , Indiana officially used standard time year - round , with the following exceptions : The portions of Indiana that were on Central Time observed daylight saving time . Also , some Indiana counties near Cincinnati and Louisville were on Eastern Time , but did ( unofficially ) observe DST . Time representation ( edit ) Further information : Date and time notation in the United States and Speaking clock § United States There exist more than one hundred clock towers in the United States ; see Category : Clock towers in the United States . See also ( edit ) History of time in the United States List of time zones by U.S. state Daylight saving time in the United States Lists of time zones Effects of time on North American broadcasting Date and time notation in the United States East Coast bias References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Why Do We Have Time Zones ? '' . Jump up ^ What is Greenwich Mean Time ( GMT ) http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/info/gmt.htm Jump up ^ Bernard Guinot , `` Solar time , legal time , time in use '' Metrologica , August 2011 ( volume 48 , issue 4 ) , pages 181 -- 185 . Jump up ^ 15 USC § 260 . Jump up ^ `` 15 U.S. Code Subchapter IX - STANDARD TIME '' . Jump up ^ Public Law 110 -- 69 -- America COMPETES Act ( August 9 , 2007 ) . Sec. 3013 ) Jump up ^ Standard Time Zone Boundaries 49CFR71 Jump up ^ `` '' What are the time zones in the United States ? `` '' . National Institute of Standards and Technology , U.S. Department of Commerce . May 18 , 2018 . Retrieved August 6 , 2018 . Hawaii - Aleutian ( HT ) ; HST - 10 ; HDT - 9 ; DST observed in Aleutian Islands , but not Hawaii External links ( edit ) Official website U.S. Navy time zone page North American Time Zone border data and images CFR 's Title 40 - Protection of Environment ( also at wikisource : Code of Federal Regulations / Title 49 / Subtitle A / Part 71 ) Standard Time Law 15USC260 - 267 ( also at wikisource : United States Code / Title 15 / Chapter 6 / Subchapter IX ) hide Time in the Americas North America Central America South America Caribbean Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands French Guiana Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands US Virgin Islands hide Time in the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Time_in_the_United_States&oldid=864517471 '' Categories : Time in the United States Geography of the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Frysk Bahasa Indonesia Русский Українська اردو 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2018 , at 18 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time%20in%20the%20United%20States	1,891
who played barry in close encounters of the third kind	Cary Guffey ( born May 10 , 1972 ) is a former American child actor . He is best remembered for his debut in the role of Barry Guiler in the film Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977 ) .	Cary Guffey	Cary Guffey	cary guffey	Cary Guffey ( born May 10 , 1972 ) is a former American child actor . He is best remembered for his debut in the role of Barry Guiler in the film Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977 ) .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 2 Filmography 3 Bibliography 4 External links Biography ( edit ) Born in Douglasville , Georgia , Guffey made his film debut in the 1977 film Close Encounters of the Third Kind . In 1979 , he appeared in the movie The Sheriff and the Satellite Kid and its sequel Everything Happens to Me , with Bud Spencer . Guffey made his last onscreen appearance in the 1985 miniseries North and South . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Film Role Notes 1977 Close Encounters of the Third Kind Barry Guiler 1979 The Sheriff and the Satellite Kid H7 - 25 -- extraterrestrial child Alternative title : E.T. and the Sheriff 1980 Everything Happens to Me H7 - 25 ( aka Charlie Warren ) Alternative title : Why Did You Pick on Me ? Cross Creek Floyd Turner Stroker Ace Little Doc Alternative title : Stand on It 1984 Mutant Billy Alternative title : Night Shadows The Bear Grandson Marc Television Year Title Role Notes Chiefs Billy Lee Miniseries 1985 Poison Ivy Timmy Mezzy Television movie North and South Young Billy Hazard Miniseries , ( final television appearance ) Bibliography ( edit ) Holmstrom , John . The Moving Picture Boy : An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995 , Norwich , Michael Russell , 1996 , p. 390 . External links ( edit ) Cary Guffey on IMDb Cary Guffey at AllMovie VIAF : 87305442 This article about a United States film and television actor or actress born in the 1970s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cary_Guffey&oldid=776103752 '' Categories : 1972 births Male actors from Georgia ( U.S. state ) American male child actors American male film actors American male television actors Living people People from Douglasville , Georgia American screen actor , 1970s birth stubs Hidden categories : Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Italiano Română Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2017 , at 00 : 16 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cary%20Guffey	1,892
where do water buffalo live in the united states	In 1974 , four water buffalo were imported to the United States from Guam to be studied at the University of Florida . In February 1978 , the first herd arrived for commercial farming . Until 2002 , only one commercial breeder was in the United States . Water buffalo meat is imported from Australia . Until 2011 , water buffalo were raised in Gainesville , Florida , from young obtained from zoo overflow . They were used primarily for meat production , frequently sold as hamburger . Other US ranchers use them for production of high - quality mozzarella cheese .		Water buffalo	water buffalo	The water buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis ) or domestic Asian water buffalo is a large bovid originating in South Asia , Southeast Asia , and China . Today , it is also found in Europe , Australia , North America , South America and some African countries . The wild water buffalo ( Bubalus arnee ) native to Southeast Asia is considered a different species , but most likely represents the ancestor of the domestic water buffalo .	Two extant types of domestic water buffalo are recognized based on morphological and behavioural criteria -- the river buffalo of South Asia and further west to the Balkans , Egypt , and Italy , and the swamp buffalo , found from Assam in the west through Southeast Asia to the Yangtze valley of China in the east . The origins of the domestic water buffalo types are debated , although results of a phylogenetic study indicate that the swamp type may have originated in China and was domesticated about 4,000 years ago , while the river type may have originated from India and was domesticated about 5,000 years ago . Water buffalo were traded from the Indus Valley Civilisation to Mesopotamia , in modern Iraq , 2500 BC by the Meluhhas . The seal of a scribe employed by an Akkadian king shows the sacrifice of water buffalo . At least 130 million domestic water buffalo exist , and more people depend on them than on any other domestic animal . They are especially suitable for tilling rice fields , and their milk is richer in fat and protein than that of dairy cattle . The large feral population of northern Australia became established in the late 19th century , and smaller feral herds are in New Guinea , Tunisia , and northeastern Argentina . Feral herds are also present in New Britain , New Ireland , Irian Jaya , Papua New Guinea , Colombia , Guyana , Suriname , Brazil , and Uruguay . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 2 Ecology and behavior 2.1 Diet 2.2 Reproduction 3 Taxonomic history 4 Domestication and breeding 5 Distribution of populations 5.1 In Asia 5.2 In Europe and the Mediterranean 5.3 In Australia 5.4 In South America 5.5 In North America 6 Husbandry 6.1 Dairy products 6.2 Meat and skin products 6.3 Bone and horn products 7 Environmental effects 8 Research 9 In culture 9.1 Fighting festivals 9.2 Racing festivals 9.3 Religious festival 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Characteristics ( edit ) Water buffalo skull . A water buffalo in Thailand An albino swamp buffalo in Chiang Mai province , Thailand The skin of river buffalo is black , but some specimens may have dark , slate - coloured skin . Swamp buffalo have a grey skin at birth , but become slate blue later . Albinoids are present in some populations . River buffalo have comparatively longer faces , smaller girths , and bigger limbs than swamp buffalo . Their dorsal ridges extend further back and taper off more gradually . Their horns grow downward and backward , then curve upward in a spiral . Swamp buffalo are heavy - bodied and stockily built ; the body is short and the belly large . The forehead is flat , the eyes prominent , the face short , and the muzzle wide . The neck is comparatively long , and the withers and croup are prominent . A dorsal ridge extends backward and ends abruptly just before the end of the chest . Their horns grow outward , and curve in a semicircle , but always remain more or less on the plane of the forehead . The tail is short , reaching only to the hocks . Height at withers is 129 -- 133 cm ( 51 -- 52 in ) for males , and 120 -- 127 cm ( 47 -- 50 in ) for females . They range in weight from 300 -- 550 kg ( 660 -- 1,210 lb ) , but weights of over 1,000 kg ( 2,200 lb ) have also been observed . Tedong bonga is a black pied buffalo featuring a unique black and white colouration that is favoured by the Toraja of Sulawesi . The swamp buffalo has 48 chromosomes ; the river buffalo has 50 chromosomes . The two types do not readily interbreed , but fertile offspring can occur . Buffalo - cattle hybrids have not been observed to occur , but the embryos of such hybrids reach maturity in laboratory experiments , albeit at lower rates than non-hybrids . The rumen of the water buffalo has important differences from that of other ruminants . It contains a larger population of bacteria , particularly the cellulolytic bacteria , lower protozoa , and higher fungi zoospores . In addition , higher rumen ammonia nitrogen ( NH - N ) and higher pH have been found as compared to those in cattle . Ecology and behavior ( edit ) Water buffalo enjoy being in water . Water buffalo wallowing in mud River buffalo prefer deep water . Swamp buffalo prefer to wallow in mudholes which they make with their horns . During wallowing , they acquire a thick coating of mud . Both are well adapted to a hot and humid climate with temperatures ranging from 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) in the winter to 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) and greater in the summer . Water availability is important in hot climates , since they need wallows , rivers , or splashing water to assist in thermoregulation . Some breeds are adapted to saline seaside shores and saline sandy terrain . Diet ( edit ) Water buffalo thrive on many aquatic plants and during floods , will graze submerged , raising their heads above the water and carrying quantities of edible plants . They eat reeds , Arundo donax , a kind of Cyperaceae , Eichhornia crassipes , and Juncaceae . Some of these plants are of great value to local peoples . Others , such as E. crassipes , are a major problem in some tropical valleys and water buffalo may help to keep waterways clear . Green fodders are used widely for intensive milk production and for fattening . Many fodder crops are conserved as hay , chaffed , or pulped . Fodders include alfalfa , the leaves , stems or trimmings of banana , cassava , Mangelwurzel , esparto , Leucaena leucocephala and kenaf , maize , oats , Pandanus , peanut , sorghum , soybean , sugarcane , bagasse , and turnips . Citrus pulp and pineapple wastes have been fed safely to buffalo . In Egypt , whole sun - dried dates are fed to milk buffalo up to 25 % of the standard feed mixture . Reproduction ( edit ) A water buffalo calf in India Swamp buffalo generally become reproductive at an older age than river breeds . Young males in Egypt , India , and Pakistan are first mated at about 3.0 -- 3.5 years of age , but in Italy they may be used as early as 2 years of age . Successful mating behaviour may continue until the animal is 12 years or even older . A good river male can impregnate 100 females in a year . A strong seasonal influence on mating occurs . Heat stress reduces libido . Although buffalo are polyoestrous , their reproductive efficiency shows wide variation throughout the year . Buffalo cows exhibit a distinct seasonal change in displaying oestrus , conception rate , and calving rate . The age at first oestrus of heifers varies between breeds from 13 -- 33 months , but mating at the first oestrus is often infertile and usually deferred until they are 3 years old . Gestation lasts from 281 -- 334 days , but most reports give a range between 300 and 320 days . Swamp buffalo carry their calves for one or two weeks longer than river buffalo . It is not rare to find buffalo that continue to work well at the age of 30 , and instances of a working life of 40 years are recorded . Taxonomic History ( edit ) Water buffalo Carl Linnaeus first described the genus Bos and the water buffalo under the binomial Bos bubalis in 1758 ; the species was known to occur in Asia and was held as a domestic form in Italy . Ellerman and Morrison - Scott treated the wild and domestic forms of the water buffalo as conspecifics , whereas others treated them as different species . The nomenclatorial treatment of wild and domestic forms has been inconsistent and varies between authors and even within the works of single authors . In March 2003 , the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature achieved consistency in the naming of wild and domestic water buffalo by ruling that the scientific name Bubalus arnee is valid for the wild form . B. bubalis continues to be valid for the domestic form and applies also to feral populations . Domestication and breeding ( edit ) Murrah buffalo at the Philippine Carabao Center Water buffalo were domesticated in Indian subcontinent about 5000 years ago , and in China about 4000 years ago . Two types are recognized , based on morphological and behavioural criteria -- the river buffalo of the Indian subcontinent and further west to the Balkans and Italy , and the swamp buffalo , found from Assam in the west through Southeast Asia to the Yangtze valley of China in the east . The present - day river buffalo is the result of complex domestication processes involving more than one maternal lineage and a significant maternal gene flow from wild populations after the initial domestication events . Twenty - two breeds of the river type water buffalo are known , including Murrah , NiliRavi , Surti , Jafarabadi , Anatolian , Mediterranean , and Egyptian buffalo . China has a huge variety of buffalo genetic resources , comprising 16 local swamp buffalo breeds in various regions . Results of mitochondrial DNA analyses indicate that the two types were domesticated independently . Sequencing of cytochrome b genes of Bubalus species implies that the domestic buffalo originated from at least two populations , and that the river and the swamp types have differentiated at the full species level . The genetic distance between the two types is so large that a divergence time of about 1.7 million years has been suggested . The swamp type was noticed to have the closest relationship with the tamaraw . Distribution of populations ( edit ) Carabao buffalo in the Philippines The water buffalo population in the world is about 172 million . In Asia ( edit ) Carabao cart in the Philippines in 1899 More than 95.8 % of the world population of water buffalo are found in Asia , including both river and swamp types . The water buffalo population in India numbered over 97.9 million head in 2003 , representing 56.5 % of the world population . They are primarily of the river type , with 10 well - defined breeds comprising Badhawari , Murrah , Nili - Ravi , Jafarabadi , Marathwada , Mehsana , Nagpuri , Pandharpuri , Toda , and Surti . Swamp buffalo occur only in small areas in the north - eastern part of the country and are not distinguished into breeds . In 2003 , the second - largest population lived in China , with 22.76 million head , all of the swamp type with breeds kept only in the lowlands , and other breeds kept only in the mountains ; as of 2003 , 3.2 million swamp - type carabao buffalo were in the Philippines , nearly three million swamp buffalo were in Vietnam , and 772,764 buffalo were in Bangladesh . About 750,000 head were estimated in Sri Lanka in 1997 . In Japan , water buffalo is domestic animal throughout the Ryukyuan islands or Okinawa prefecture . It was also recorded that 889,246 buffalo were in Nepal . The water buffalo is the main dairy animal in Pakistan , with 23.47 million head in 2010 . Of these , 76 % are kept in the Punjab . The rest of them are mostly in the province of Sindh . Breeds used are NiliRavi , Kundi , and Azi Kheli . Karachi has the largest population of water buffalos for an area where fodder is not grown , consisting of 350,000 head kept mainly for milking . In Thailand , the number of water buffalo dropped from more than 3 million head in 1996 to less than 1.24 million head in 2011 . Slightly over 75 % of them are kept in the country 's northeastern region . The statistics also indicate that by the beginning of 2012 , less than one million were in the country , partly as a result of illegal shipments to neighboring countries where sales prices are higher than in Thailand . Water buffalo are also present in the southern region of Iraq in the Mesopotamian Marshes . The draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes by Saddam Hussein was an attempt to punish the south for the 1991 uprisings in Iraq . After 2003 and the Firdos Square statue destruction , these lands were reflooded and a 2007 report on Maysan and Dhi Qar shows a steady increase in the number of water buffalo . The report puts the number at 40,008 head in those two provinces . In Europe and the Mediterranean ( edit ) Water buffalo were probably introduced to Europe from India or other Oriental countries . In Italy , the Longobard King Agilulf is said to have received water buffalo in about the year 600 . These were probably a present from the Khan of the Avars , a Turkic nomadic tribe that dwelt near the Danube River at the time . Sir H. Johnston knew of a herd of water buffalo presented by a King of Naples to the Bey of Tunis in the mid-19th century that had resumed the feral state in northern Tunis . European buffalo are all of the river type and considered to be of the same breed named Mediterranean buffalo . In Italy , the Mediterranean type was particularly selected and is called Mediterranean Italian breed to distinguish it from other European breeds , which differ genetically . Mediterranean buffalo are also found in Romania , Bulgaria , Greece , Albania , Kosovo , and the Republic of Macedonia , with a few hundred in the United Kingdom , Germany , the Netherlands , Switzerland , and Hungary . Little exchange of breeding buffalo has occurred among countries , so each population has its own phenotypic features and performances . In Bulgaria , they were crossbred with the Indian Murrah breed , and in Romania , some were crossbred with Bulgarian Murrah . Populations in Turkey are of the Anatolian buffalo breed . In Australia ( edit ) A feral water buffalo in Australia Between 1824 and 1849 , water buffalo were introduced into the Northern Territory from Timor , Kisar , and probably other islands in the Indonesian archipelago . In 1886 , a few milking types were brought from India to Darwin . They have been the main grazing animals on the subcoastal plains and river basins between Darwin and Arnhem Land since the 1880s . In the early 1960s , an estimated population of 150,000 to 200,000 buffalo were living in the plains and nearby areas . They became feral and are causing significant environmental damage . Buffalo are also found in the Top End . As a result , they were hunted in the Top End from 1885 until 1980 . The commencement of the brucellosis and tuberculosis campaign ( BTEC ) resulted in a huge culling program to reduce buffalo herds to a fraction of the numbers that were reached in the 1980s . The BTEC was finished when the Northern Territory was declared free of the disease in 1997 . Numbers dropped dramatically as a result of the campaign , but have since recovered to an estimated 150,000 animals across northern Australia in 2008 . During the 1950s , buffalo were hunted for their skins and meat , which was exported and used in the local trade . In the late 1970s , live exports were made to Cuba and continued later into other countries . Buffalo are now crossed with riverine buffalo in artificial insemination programs , and may be found in many areas of Australia . Some of these crossbreds are used for milk production . Melville Island is a popular hunting location , where a steady population up to 4,000 individuals exists . Safari outfits are run from Darwin to Melville Island and other locations in the Top End , often with the use of bush pilots . The horns , which can measure up to a record of 3.1 m ( 10 ft ) tip - to - tip , are prized hunting trophies . The buffalo have developed a different appearance from the Indonesian buffalo from which they descend . They live mainly in freshwater marshes and billabongs , and their territory range can be quite expansive during the wet season . Their only natural predators in Australia are adult saltwater crocodiles , with whom they share the billabongs , and dingoes , which have been known to prey on buffalo calves and occasionally adult buffalo when the dingoes are in large packs . Buffalo were exported live to Indonesia until 2011 , at a rate of about 3000 per year . After the live export ban that year , the exports dropped to zero , and had not resumed as of June 2013 . In South America ( edit ) Murrah buffalo in a Brazilian Farm Water buffalo were introduced into the Amazon River basin in 1895 . They are now extensively used there for meat and dairy production . In 2005 , the buffalo herd in the Brazilian Amazon stood at roughly 1.6 million head , of which 460,000 were located in the lower Amazon floodplain . Breeds used include Mediterranean from Italy , Murrah and Jafarabadi from India , and Carabao from the Philippines . During the 1970s , small herds were imported to Costa Rica , Ecuador , Cayenne , Panama , Surinam , Guyana , and Venezuela . In Argentina , many game ranches raise water buffalo for commercial hunting . In north America ( edit ) In 1974 , four water buffalo were imported to the United States from Guam to be studied at the University of Florida . In February 1978 , the first herd arrived for commercial farming . Until 2002 , only one commercial breeder was in the United States . Water buffalo meat is imported from Australia . Until 2011 , water buffalo were raised in Gainesville , Florida , from young obtained from zoo overflow . They were used primarily for meat production , frequently sold as hamburger . Other US ranchers use them for production of high - quality mozzarella cheese . Husbandry ( edit ) Water buffalo ploughing rice fields in Java , Indonesia Water buffalo are used for ploughing in Si Phan Don , Laos . Water buffalo dung is dried against the façade of a house in Yuanyang County , Yunnan , China The husbandry system of water buffalo depends on the purpose for which they are bred and maintained . Most of them are kept by people who work on small farms in family units . Their buffalo live in very close association with them , and are often their greatest capital asset . The women and girls in India generally look after the milking buffalo while the men and boys are concerned with the working animals . Throughout Asia , they are commonly tended by children who are often seen leading or riding their charges to wallowing places . Water buffalo are the ideal animals for work in the deep mud of paddy fields because of their large hooves and flexible foot joints . They are often referred to as `` the living tractor of the East '' . It probably is possible to plough deeper with buffalo than with either oxen or horses . They are the most efficient and economical means of cultivation of small fields . In most rice - producing countries , they are used for threshing and for transporting the sheaves during the rice harvest . They provide power for oilseed mills , sugarcane presses , and devices for raising water . They are widely used as pack animals , and in India and Pakistan also for heavy haulage . In their invasions of Europe , the Turks used buffalo for hauling heavy battering rams . Their dung is used as a fertilizer , and as a fuel when dried . Buffalo contribute 72 million tones of milk and three million tones of meat annually to world food , much of it in areas that are prone to nutritional imbalances . In India , river - type buffalo are kept mainly for milk production and for transport , whereas swamp - type buffalo are kept mainly for work and a small amount of milk . Dairy products ( edit ) Further information : List of water buffalo cheeses Dairy products of water buffalo milk Water buffalo milk presents physicochemical features different from that of other ruminant species , such as a higher content of fatty acids and proteins . The physical and chemical parameters of swamp and river type water buffalo milk differ . Water buffalo milk contains higher levels of total solids , crude protein , fat , calcium , and phosphorus , and slightly higher content of lactose compared with those of cow milk . The high level of total solids makes water buffalo milk ideal for processing into value - added dairy products such as cheese . The conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) content in milk ranged from 4.4 mg / g fat in September to 7.6 mg / g fat in June . Seasons and genetics may play a role in variation of CLA level and changes in gross composition of the water buffalo milk . Water buffalo milk is processed into a large variety of dairy products : Cream churns much faster at higher fat levels and gives higher overrun than cow cream . Butter from water buffalo cream displays more stability than that from cow cream . Ghee from water buffalo milk has a different texture with a bigger grain size than ghee from cow milk . Heat - concentrated milk products in the Indian subcontinent include paneer , khoa , rabri , kheer and basundi . Fermented milk products include dahi , yogurt , and chakka . Whey is used for making ricotta and mascarpone in Italy , and alkarish in Syria and Egypt . Soft cheeses made include mozzarella in Italy , karish , mish , and domiati in Egypt , madhfor in Iraq , alghab in Syria , kesong puti in the Philippines , and vladeasa in Romania . The semihard cheese beyaz peynir is made in Turkey . Hard cheeses include braila in Romania , rahss in Egypt , white brine in Bulgaria , and akkawi in Syria . Watered - down buffalo milk is used as a cheaper alternative to regular milk . Top ten buffalo milk producers -- 11 June 2008 Country Production ( tonnes ) Footnote India 56,960,000 Unofficial , Semi-official , mirror data Pakistan 21,500,000 official figure China 2,900,000 FAO estimate Egypt 2,300,000 FAO estimate Nepal 930,000 FAO estimate Iran 241,500 FAO estimate Myanmar 205,000 FAO estimate Italy 200,000 FAO estimate Turkey 35,100 FAO estimate Vietnam 31,000 FAO estimate World 85 396 902 Meat and skin products ( edit ) Main article : Buffalo meat Water buffalo meat , sometimes called `` carabeef '' , is often passed off as beef in certain regions , and is also a major source of export revenue for India . In many Asian regions , buffalo meat is less preferred due to its toughness ; however , recipes have evolved ( rendang , for example ) where the slow cooking process and spices not only make the meat palatable , but also preserve it , an important factor in hot climates where refrigeration is not always available . Their hides provide tough and useful leather , often used for shoes . Bone and horn products ( edit ) A bihu dancer is blowing a hornpipe . The bones and horns are often made into jewellery , especially earrings . Horns are used for the embouchure of musical instruments , such as ney and kaval . Environmental effects ( edit ) Wildlife conservation scientists have started to recommend and use introduced populations of feral domestic water buffalo in far - away lands to manage uncontrolled vegetation growth in and around natural wetlands . Introduced water buffalo at home in such environs provide cheap service by regularly grazing the uncontrolled vegetation and opening up clogged water bodies for waterfowl , wetland birds , and other wildlife . Grazing water buffalo are sometimes used in Great Britain for conservation grazing , such as in Chippenham Fen National Nature Reserve . The buffalo can better adapt to wet conditions and poor - quality vegetation than cattle . Currently , research is being conducted at the Lyle Center for Regenerative Studies to determine the levels of nutrients removed and returned to wetlands when water buffalo are used for wetland vegetation management . However , in uncontrolled circumstances , water buffalo can cause environmental damage , such as trampling vegetation , disturbing bird and reptile nesting sites , and spreading exotic weeds . Research ( edit ) The super carabaos at the milking and breeding station In 2007 , the development of Southeast Asia 's first cloned buffalo was announced in the Philippines . The Department of Agriculture 's Philippine Carabao Center implemented cloning through somatic cell nuclear transfer as a tool for genetic improvement in water buffalo to produce `` super buffalo calves '' by multiplying existing germplasms but without modifying or altering genetic material . In January 2008 , the Philippine Carabao Center in Nueva Ecija , per Filipino scientists , initiated a study to breed a super water buffalo that could produce 4 to 18 litres of milk per day using gene - based technology . Also , the first in vitro river buffalo was born there in 2004 from an in vitro - produced , vitrified embryo , named `` Glory '' after President Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo . Joseph Estrada 's most successful project as an opposition senator , the PCC was created through Republic Act 3707 , the Carabao Act of 1992 . Indian scientists from the National Dairy Research Institute , Karnal developed a cloned buffalo in 2010 . The buffalo calf was named Samrupa . The calf did not survive more than a week , due to genetic defects . A few months later , a second cloned calf was successfully born , named Garima . The Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes , India 's premier research institute on buffalo , also became the second institute in the world to successfully clone the buffalo in 2016 . In culture ( edit ) Ceramic water buffalo from 2300 BC found in Lopburi , Thailand Hindu god Yama ( god of death ) on a buffalo Water Buffalo ( Suigyū ) by Katsushika Hokusai , circa 1875 Horns of water buffalo sacrificed in West Sumba , Indonesia , circa 1936 ( collection Tropenmuseum ) Some ethnic groups , such as Batak and Toraja in Indonesia and the Derung in China , sacrifice water buffalo or kerbau ( called horbo in Batak or tedong in Toraja ) at several festivals . Legend has it that the Chinese philosophical sage Laozi left China through the Han Gu Pass riding a water buffalo . According to Hindu lore , the god of death Yama , rides on a male water buffalo . The Hindu goddesses Varahi and Vihot Mata also ride on buffalo as their vahana . According to another folk lore , Mahishasura , a half - buffalo and half - human demon , was killed by goddess Durga . The Yoruban Orisha Oya ( goddess of change ) takes the form of a water buffalo . The carabao breed is considered a national symbol of the Philippines . In Vietnam , water buffalo are often the most valuable possession of poor farmers : ' Con trâu là đầu cơ nghiệp ' . They are treated as a member of the family : ' Chồng cày , vợ cấy , con trâu đi bừa ' , meaning ' the husband ploughs , the wife sows , water buffalo draws the rake ' . Children talk to their water buffalo : ' Bao giờ cây lúa còn bông . Thì còn ngọn cỏ ngoài đồng trâu ăn ' . Hà Nội used to be named Kim Ngưu - Golden Water Buffalo . Many ethnic groups use the horn of water buffalo as a game trophy , musical instruments and ornaments . In the Thai and Sinhalese animal and planetary zodiac , the buffalo is the third animal zodiac of the Thai and the fourth animal zodiac of the Sinhalese people of Sri Lanka . Similarly , the water buffalo is the second animal zodiac in the Vietnamese zodiac . Fighting festivals ( edit ) An unstaged water buffalo fight Pasungay Festival is held annually in the town of San Joaquin , Iloilo in the Philippines . Moh juj Water Buffalo fighting is held every year in Bhogali Bihu in Assam . Ahotguri in Nagaon is famous for it . Do Son Water Buffalo Fighting Festival of Vietnam is held each year on the ninth day of the eighth month of the lunar calendar at Do Son Township , Haiphong City in Vietnam . It is one of the most popular Vietnam festivals and events in Haiphong City . The preparations for this buffalo fighting festival begin from the two to three months earlier . The competing buffalo are selected and methodically trained months in advance . It is a traditional festival of Vietnam attached to a Water God worshipping ceremony and the Hien Sinh custom to show martial spirit of the local people of Do Son , Haiphong . `` Hai Luu '' Water Buffalo Fighting Festival of Vietnam has existed since the 2nd century B.C. General Lu Gia at that time , had the buffalo slaughtered to give a feast to the local people and the warriors , and organized buffalo fighting for amusement . Eventually , all the fighting buffalo will be slaughtered as tributes to the deities . `` Ko Samui '' Water Buffalo Fighting Festival of Thailand is a very popular event held on special occasions such as New Year 's Day in January , and Songkran in mid-April , this festival features head - wrestling bouts in which two male Asian water buffalo are pitted against one another . Unlike in Spanish Bullfighting , wherein bulls get killed while fighting sword - wielding men , Buffalo Fighting Festival held at Ko Samui , Thailand is fairly harmless contest . The fighting season varies according to ancient customs & ceremonies . The first Buffalo to turn and run away is considered the loser , the winning buffalo becomes worth several million baht . `` Ma'Pasilaga Tedong '' Water Buffalo Fighting Festival , in Tana Toraja Regency of Sulawesi Island , Indonesia , is a popular event where the Rambu Solo or a Burial Festival took place in Tana Toraja . Racing festivals ( edit ) Water buffalo racing at Babulang 2006 Buffalo race at Vandar village , Udupi district , India . Carabao Carroza Festival is being held annually every May in the town of Pavia , Iloilo , Philippines . Kambala races of Karnataka , India , take place between December and March . The races are conducted by having the water buffalo ( he buffalo ) run in long parallel slushy ditches , where they are driven by men standing on wooden planks drawn by the buffalo . The objectives of the race are to finish first and to raise the water to the greatest height and also a rural sport . Kambala races are arranged with competition , as well as without competition and as a part of thanks giving ( to god ) in about 50 villages of coastal Karnataka . In the Chonburi Province of Thailand , and in Pakistan , there are annual water buffalo races . Chon Buri Water buffalo racing festival , Thailand In downtown Chonburi , 70 km ( 43 mi ) south of Bangkok , at the annual water buffalo festival held in mid-October . About 300 buffalo race in groups of five or six , spurred on by bareback jockeys wielding wooden sticks , as hundreds of spectators cheer . The water buffalo has always played an important role in agriculture in Thailand . For farmers of Chon Buri Province , near Bangkok , it is an important annual festival , beginning in mid-October . It is also a celebration among rice farmers before the rice harvest . At dawn , farmers walk their buffalo through surrounding rice fields , splashing them with water to keep them cool before leading them to the race field . This amazing festival started over a hundred years ago when two men arguing about whose buffalo was the fastest ended up having a race between them . That 's how it became a tradition and gradually a social event for farmers who gathered from around the country in Chonburi to trade their goods . The festival also helps a great deal in preserving the number of buffalo , which have been dwindling at quite an alarming rate in other regions . Modern machinery is rapidly replacing buffalo in Thai agriculture . With most of the farm work mechanized , the buffalo - racing tradition has continued . Racing buffalo are now raised just to race ; they do not work at all . The few farm buffalo which still do work are much bigger than the racers because of the strenuous work they perform . Farm buffalo are in the `` Buffalo Beauty Pageant '' , a Miss Farmer beauty contest and a comic buffalo costume contest etc ... This festival perfectly exemplifies a favored Thai attitude to life -- `` sanuk , '' meaning fun . Babulang Water buffalo racing festival in Sarawak , Malaysia , is the largest or grandest of the many rituals , ceremonies and festivals of the traditional Bisaya community of Limbang , Sarawak . Highlights are the Ratu Babulang competition and the Water buffalo races which can only be found in this town in Sarawak , Malaysia . Vihear Suor village Water buffalo racing festival , Cambodia , each year , people visit Buddhist temples across the country to honor their deceased loved ones during a 15 - day period commonly known as the Festival of the Dead but in Vihear Suor village , about 22 miles ( 35 km ) northeast of Cambodia , citizens each year wrap up the festival with a water buffalo race to entertain visitors and honour a pledge made hundreds of years ago . There was a time when many village cattle which provide rural Cambodians with muscle power to plough their fields and transport agricultural products died from an unknown disease . The villagers prayed to a spirit to help save their animals from the disease and promised to show their gratitude by holding a buffalo race each year on the last day of `` P'chum Ben '' festival as it is known in Cambodian . The race draws hundreds of spectators who come to see riders and their animals charge down the racing field , the racers bouncing up and down on the backs of their buffalo , whose horns were draped with colorful cloth . Buffalo racing in Kerala is similar to Kambala races . Religious festival ( edit ) The Pulilan Carabao Festival is held annually every 14 and 15 May in the Philippine town of Pulilan in honor of St. Isidore the Laborer , the patron saint of farmers . As thanksgiving for a bountiful harvest every year , farmers parade their carabaos in the main town street , adorning them with garlands and other decorations . One of the highlights of the festival is the kneeling of the carabaos in front of the parish church . See also ( edit ) Wild African buffalo ( Syncerus caffer ) List of water buffalo breeds Cattle in religion Zebu , the common breed of domestic cattle from India References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Cockrill , W.R. ( 1977 ) . The water buffalo ( PDF ) . Rome : Animal Production and Health Series No. 4 . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . Jump up ^ Lau , C.H. , Drinkwater , R.D. , Yusoff , K. , Tan , S.G. , Hetzel , D.J.S. and Barker , J.S.F. ( 1998 ) . `` Genetic diversity of Asian water buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis ) : mitochondrial DNA D - loop and cytochrome b sequence variation '' . Animal Genetics 29 ( 4 ) : 253 -- 264 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Cockrill , W.R. ( ed . ) ( 1974 ) . The husbandry and health of the domestic buffalo . Rome : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Yang , D.Y. , Liu , L. , Chen , X. , Speller , C.F. ( 2008 ) . Wild or domesticated : DNA analysis of ancient water buffalo remains from north China . Journal of Archaeological Science 35 : 2778 -- 2785 . Jump up ^ McIntosh , J. ( 2008 ) . The Ancient Indus Valley : New Perspectives . ABC - CLIO , Santa Barabara . Jump up ^ Khan , G. , Church , S.K. , Harding , R. , Lunde , P. , McIntosh , J. , Stone , C. ( 2011 ) . The First Civilizations in Contact : Mesopotamia and the Indus . The Civilizations in Contact Project , Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies , University of Cambridge . Jump up ^ Scherf , B.D. ( 2000 ) . World watch list for domestic animal diversity . Third edition . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations , Rome . Jump up ^ Long , J.L. ( 2003 ) . Introduced Mammals of the World : Their History , Distribution and Influence . Csiro Publishing , Collingwood , Australia . ISBN 9780643099166 Jump up ^ Priyanto , D. , Suradisastra , K. ( 2010 ) . Ko - evolusi dan Panarchy : Integrasi Ternak Kerbau dalam Sistem Sosial Etnis Toraja . Seminar dan Lokakarya Nasional Kerbau 2010 Jump up ^ Kochhar , H.P. , Rao , K.B. , Luciano , A.M. , Totey , S.M. , Gandolfi , F. , Basrur , P.K. , King , W.A. ( 2002 ) . `` In vitro production of cattle - water buffalo ( Bos taurus - Bubalus bubalis ) hybrid embryos '' . Zygote. 102 : 155 -- 162 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Wanapat , M. ; Ngarmsang , A. ; Korkhuntot , S. ; Nontaso , N. ; Wachirapakorn , C. ; Beakes , G. ; Rowlinson , P. ( 2000 ) . A comparative study on the rumen microbial population of cattle and swamp buffalo raised under traditional village conditions in the northeast of Thailand . Asian - Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 13 ( 7 ) : 918 -- 921 . Jump up ^ Wanapat , M. ( 2001 ) . `` Swamp buffalo rumen ecology and its manipulation '' . Proceedings Buffalo Workshop . ^ Jump up to : Borghese , A. , Mazzi , M. ( 2005 ) . Buffalo Population and Strategies in the World . Pages 1 -- 39 in Borghese , A. ( ed . ) Buffalo Production and Research . REU Technical Series 67 . Inter-regional Cooperative Research Network on Buffalo , FAO Regional Office for Europe , Rome . Jump up ^ Barile , V.L. ( 2005 ) . Reproductive Efficiency in Female Buffaloes . Pages 77 -- 108 in Borghese , A. ( ed . ) Buffalo Production and Research . REU Technical Series 67 . Inter-regional Cooperative Research Network on Buffalo , FAO Regional Office for Europe , Rome . Jump up ^ Linnaeus , C. ( 1758 ) . `` Bos Bubalis '' . Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis ( 10 ed . ) . Holmiae : Laurentii Salvii . p. 72 . Jump up ^ Ellerman , J.R. , Morrison - Scott , T.C.S. ( 1966 ) . `` Genus Bubalus H. Smith , 1827 '' . Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946 ( Second ed . ) . London : British Museum of Natural History . pp. 383 -- 384 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Corbet , G.B. and Hill , J.E. ( 1987 ) . A World List of Mammalian Species , Second edition . London : British Natural History Museum . ISBN 0565009885 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Groves , C.P. ( 1971 ) . `` Request for a declaration modifying Article 1 so as to exclude names proposed for domestic animals from Zoological Nomenclature '' . Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature . 27 : 269 -- 272 . Jump up ^ International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature ( 2003 ) . `` Opinion 2027 ( Case 3010 ) . Usage of 17 specific names based on wild species which are predated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals ( Lepidoptera , Osteichthyes , Mammalia ) : conserved '' . Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 60 : 81 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Gentry , A. Clutton - Brock , J. , Groves , C.P. ( 2004 ) . `` The naming of wild animal species and their domestic derivatives '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Archaeological Science 31 : 645 -- 651 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 May 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Kumar , S. , Nagarajan , M. , Sandhu , J.S. , Kumar , N. , Behl , V. ( 2007 ) . `` Phylogeography and domestication of Indian river buffalo '' . BMC Evolutionary Biology . 7 : 186 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 7 - 186 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Moioli , B. and A. Borghese ( 2005 ) . Buffalo Breeds and Management Systems . Pages 51 -- 76 in Borghese , A. ( ed . ) Buffalo Production and Research . REU Technical Series 67 . Inter-regional Cooperative Research Network on Buffalo , FAO Regional Office for Europe , Rome . Jump up ^ Kumar , S. , Nagarajan , M. , Sandhu , J.S. , Kumar , N. , Behl , V. and Nishanth , G. ( 2007 ) . `` Mitochondrial DNA analyses of Indian water buffalo support a distinct genetic origin of river and swamp buffalo '' ( PDF ) . Animal Genetics . 38 : 227 -- 232 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2052.2007. 01602. x . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Tanaka , K. , Solis , C.D. , Masangkay , J.S. , Maeda , K. , Kawamoto , I.Y. and Namikawa , T. ( 1996 ) . Phylogenetic relationship among all living species of the genus Bubalus based on DNA sequences of the cytochrome b gene . Biochemical Genetics 34 : 443 -- 452 . Jump up ^ Borghese , A. ( 2011 ) . Situation and Perspectives of Buffalo in the World , Europe and Macedonia . Macedonian Journal of Animal Science 1 ( 2 ) : 281 -- 296 . ^ Jump up to : Singh , C.V. and R.S. Barwal ( 2010 ) . Buffalo Breeding Research and Improvement Strategies in India . Pages 1024 -- 1031 in The Buffalo in the World . Proceedings of the 9th World Buffalo Congress , Buenos Aires , April 2010 . Jump up ^ Agricultural Census Commission ( 2012 ) . Pakistan Agricultural Census 2010 . Government of Pakistan , Statistics Division , Agricultural Census Organization , Lahore . Jump up ^ FAO ( 2013 ) . Breeds reported by Pakistan : Buffalo . Domestic Animal Diversity Information System , Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations , Rome . Jump up ^ Uriyapongson , S. ( 2013 ) . Buffalo and Buffalo Meat in Thailand . Buffalo Bulletin 32 : 329 -- 332 . Jump up ^ Abid , Haider ( February 2007 ) . `` Water Buffalo in the Iraqi Marshes '' . Nature Iraq : 29 . Jump up ^ Lydekker , R. ( 1898 ) . `` The Indian buffalo -- Bos bubalis '' . Wild Oxen , Sheep , and Goats of all Lands . London : Rowland Ward . pp. 118 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Letts , G.A. ( 1964 ) . `` Feral Animals in the Northern Territory '' . Australian Veterinary Journal . 40 ( 3 ) : 84 -- 88 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1751 - 0813.1964. tb01703. x . Jump up ^ The feral water buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis ) . Fact Sheet . Department of Sustainability , Environment , Water , Population and Communities . Retrieved on 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Sharp , K. ( 2009 ) . Frontier to the Crossroads . Outback Magazine 67 : Jump up ^ ABC website Buffalo exports still suffering June 10 , 2013 Jump up ^ Sheikh , P.A. , Merry , F.D. , McGrath , D.G. ( 2006 ) . `` Water buffalo and cattle ranching in the Lower Amazon Basin : Comparisons and conflicts '' . Agricultural Systems 87 : 313 -- 330 . Abstract ^ Jump up to : National Research Council ( U.S. ) . ( 2002 ) . The Water Buffalo : New Prospects for an Underutilized Animal : Report . National Academy Press , Washington , D.C. Jump up ^ `` Buffalos find home on the kitchen range / / Sought - after meat lower than beef in cholesterol , fat '' ( 1989 ) . Austin American Statesman : D3 Jump up ^ Mehren , E. ( 2003 ) . `` Water buffalo enlisted for Vermont venture '' Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Mehren , E. ( 2003 ) . `` A Taste of Italy , Via Vermont '' ( 2003 ) . Los Angeles Times Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 2006 ) . `` Buffalo make the mozzarella '' Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Fletcher , J. ( 2006 ) . `` Buffalo milk 's curds and whey '' San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ D'Ambrosio , C. , Arena , S. , Salzano , A.M. , Renzone , G. , Ledda , L. and Scaloni , A. ( 2008 ) . A proteomic characterization of water buffalo milk fractions describing PTM of major species and the identification of minor components involved in nutrient delivery and defense against pathogens . Proteomics 8 ( 17 ) : 3657 -- 3666 . Jump up ^ Khan , M.A.S. , Islam , M.N. , Siddiki , M.S.R. ( 2007 ) . Physical and chemical composition of swamp and water buffalo milk : a comparative study . Italian Journal of Animal Science 6 , ( Suppl. 2 ) : 1067 -- 1070 . Jump up ^ Han , X. , Lee , F.L. , Zhang , L. and M.R. Guo ( 2012 ) . Chemical composition of water buffalo milk and its low - fat symbiotic yogurt development . Functional Foods in Health and Disease 2 ( 4 ) : 86 -- 106 . Jump up ^ Borghese , A. ( 2005 ) . Buffalo Cheese and Milk Industry . Pages 185 -- 195 in Borghese , A. ( ed . ) Buffalo Production and Research . REU Technical Series 67 . Inter-regional Cooperative Research Network on Buffalo , FAO Regional Office for Europe , Rome . Jump up ^ https://agritrop.cirad.fr/574408/2/document_574408.pdf Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Milk '' . Dairy For All . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Food And Agricultural Organization of United Nations : Economic And Social Department : The Statistical Division Jump up ^ `` Why Wear Horn Earrings ? '' ( PDF ) . Bandaru Organics . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ BBC News February 2004 Buffalo improve wildlife habitat Jump up ^ `` Buffaloes and wetlands '' -- grazing in wetland management : A discussion from the Ramsar Forum over late March 1998 Jump up ^ Natural England ( 2008 ) . `` Buffalo improve wildlife habitat in Cambridgeshire '' . Natural England East of England press office . Jump up ^ Roth , J. & P. Myers ( 2004 ) . `` Bubalis Bubalis '' . University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Animal Diversity Web . Jump up ^ Hicap , J.M. ( 2007 ) . `` RP to produce Southeast Asia ` s first cloned buffalo '' . The Manila Times . Jump up ^ Uy , Jocelyn ( 2007 ) . `` ' Super carabao ' making the scene in year of the rats '' . Jump up ^ Samrupa , World 's first cloned buffalo calf from India . Retrieved from Topinews.com Jump up ^ 2010 . India . Parliament . House of the People , India . Parliament . Lok Sabha , pp. 151 . ) Jump up ^ DNA India - CIRB becomes India 's second centre to produce a cloned buffalo , 2016 Jump up ^ Upham , E. ( 1829 ) . The History and Doctrine of Budhism : Popularly Illustrated : with Notices of the Kappooism , Or Demon Worship , and of the Bali , Or Planetary Incantations , of Ceylon . London : R. Ackermann . Jump up ^ Dutta , Pullock ( 12 January 2008 ) . `` Bonfire , feast & lots more '' . The Telegraph . Calcutta , India . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Do Son : buffalo fighting festival ( Vietnam ) , 14 September 2005 , VietNamNet Bridge Jump up ^ Do Son Buffalo Fighting Festival Vietnam , Asiarooms.com Jump up ^ Buffalo Fighting in Hai Luu Commune , Vietnam News Agency Jump up ^ VIDEO on YouTube : Water Buffalo - fighting festival Jump up ^ Koh Samui Point ( 2017 ) . Buffalo Fighting Jump up ^ Buffalo Racing , Thailand , thailand-guide.org ( p ) some content provided by Tourism Authority of Thailand , Last Updated : 1 July 2007 ; Watching the Buffalo Racing , by Panrit `` Gor '' Daoruang , 14 October 2003 , Thailand Life ; Running of the buffalo : Thais take their beasts of burden to the races ; by : Alisa Tang , Associated Press Writer ; Buffalo Racing , The lowdown by Aliwyn Cole , 1 August 2005 , Urban Lowdown ; `` Running with the Buffalo '' , originally published in the Learning Post , a supplement of the Bangkok Post Jump up ^ Buffalo Racing in Cambodia , 27 September 2006 Jump up ^ `` Bull race held at Kaakkoor peacefully '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 27 February 2004 . Jump up ^ `` ' Maramadi ' winners '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 27 February 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Pulilan Carabao Festival ( Pulilan , Bulacan ) '' . Experience Bulacan . Provincial Government of Bulacan . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Clutton - Brock , J. 1999 . A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals . Cambridge UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 63495 - 4 . Guinness Book of Records , 2005 Nowak , R.M. and Paradiso , J.L. 1983 . Walker 's Mammals of the World . Baltimore , Maryland , USA : The Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 2525 - 3 Voelker , W. 1986 . The Natural History of Living Mammals . Medford , New Jersey , USA : Plexus Publishing , Inc . ISBN 0 - 937548 - 08 - 1 . Roth , J. and P. Myers . `` Bubalis Bubalis '' , University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Animal Diversity Web . Retrieved on 15 January 2009 Fahimuddin , M. 1989 . Domestic Water Buffalo . Janpath , New Delhi : Oxford & IBH Publishing Co . Pvt. Ltd . ISBN 81 - 204 - 0402 - 5 . The Water Buffalo : New Prospects For An Underutilized Animal . Washington , D.C. 1981 . National Academy Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 309 - 04159 - 1 . Wilson , D.E. and Reeder , D.M. 1993 . Mammal Species of the World , Second Edition , A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference . Smithsonian Institution . Ruangprim , T. et al. 2007 . Rumen microbes and ecology of male dairy , beef cattle and buffaloes . In : Proceedings Animal Science Annual Meeting , Khon Kaen University , Khon Kaen 40002 , Thailand . Thu , Nguyen Van and T.R. Preston . 1999 . Rumen environment and feed degradability in swamp buffaloes fed different supplements . Livestock Research for Rural Development 11 ( 3 ) Wanapat , M. 2000 . Rumen manipulation to increase the efficient use of local feed resources and productivity of ruminants in the tropics . Asian - Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 13 ( Suppl . ) : 59 - 67 . Wanapat , M. and P. Rowlinson. 2007 . Nutrition and feeding of swamp buffalo : Feed resources and rumen approach . Paper to be presented at the VIII World Buffalo Congress , 19 -- 22 October 2007 , Caserta , Italy , organized by The International Buffalo Federation . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Water buffalo . Wikispecies has information related to Water buffalo Wikisource has the text of an 1879 American Cyclopædia article about Water buffalo . Feral buffalo in Australia Animal Info : Wild Asian ( Water ) Buffalo Creature features : Buffaloes Breeds of Livestock : Murrah National Agricultural Innovation Project : Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci for Milk yield , Fat and Protein Percent in Buffaloes Medium of exchange Commodity money Precious metals Salt ( Roman world ) Koku ( rice ) Shells Shekel ( barley ) Cocoa bean ( PreHispanic ) Rai stones ( Micronesia ) Manilla ( W. Africa ) Trade bead Domestic animals Water buffalo ( SE Asia ) Cow ( Hindu ) Camel ( Arabia ) Yak ( Tibet ) Money Currency Coinage Paper money Fiat money Local currency Electronic money Digital currency Cryptocurrency General List of historical currencies Barter Alternative currency Virtual currency Flex dollar Loyalty program Smart contract Representative money Fiat money Gold certificates Extant Artiodactyla species Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Infraclass : Eutheria Superorder : Laurasiatheria Suborder Ruminantia Antilocapridae Antilocapra Pronghorn ( A. americana ) Giraffidae Okapia Okapi ( O. johnstoni ) Giraffa Northern giraffe ( G. camelopardalis ) Southern giraffe ( G. giraffa ) Reticulated giraffe ( G. reticulata ) Masai giraffe ( G. tippelskirchi ) Moschidae Moschus Anhui musk deer ( M. anhuiensis ) Dwarf musk deer ( M. berezovskii ) Alpine musk deer ( M. chrysogaster ) Kashmir musk deer ( M. cupreus ) Black musk deer ( M. fuscus ) Himalayan musk deer ( M. leucogaster ) Siberian musk deer ( M. moschiferus ) Tragulidae Hyemoschus Water chevrotain ( H. aquaticus ) Moschiola Indian spotted chevrotain ( M. indica ) Yellow - striped chevrotain ( M. kathygre ) Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain ( M. meminna ) Tragulus Java mouse - deer ( T. javanicus ) Lesser mouse - deer ( T. kanchil ) Greater mouse - deer ( T. napu ) Philippine mouse - deer ( T. nigricans ) Vietnam mouse - deer ( T. versicolor ) Williamson 's mouse - deer ( T. williamsoni ) Cervidae Large family listed below Bovidae Large family listed below Family Cervidae Cervinae Muntiacus Indian muntjac ( M. muntjak ) Reeves 's muntjac ( M. reevesi ) Hairy - fronted muntjac ( M. crinifrons ) Fea 's muntjac ( M. feae ) Bornean yellow muntjac ( M. atherodes ) Roosevelt 's muntjac ( M. rooseveltorum ) Gongshan muntjac ( M. gongshanensis ) Giant muntjac ( M. vuquangensis ) Truong Son muntjac ( M. truongsonensis ) Leaf muntjac ( M. putaoensis ) Sumatran muntjac ( M. montanus ) Pu Hoat muntjac ( M. puhoatensis ) Elaphodus Tufted deer ( E. cephalophus ) Dama Fallow deer ( D. dama ) Persian fallow deer ( D. mesopotamica ) Axis Chital ( A. axis ) Rucervus Barasingha ( R. duvaucelii ) Panolia Eld 's deer ( P. eldii ) Elaphurus Père David 's deer ( E. davidianus ) Hyelaphus Hog deer ( H. porcinus ) Calamian deer ( H. calamianensis ) Bawean deer ( H. kuhlii ) Rusa Sambar deer ( R. unicolor ) Rusa deer ( R. timorensis ) Philippine sambar ( R. mariannus ) Philippine spotted deer ( R. alfredi ) Cervus Red deer ( C. elaphus ) Elk ( C. canadensis ) Thorold 's deer ( C. albirostris ) Sika deer ( C. nippon ) Capreolinae Alces Moose ( A. alces ) Hydropotes Water deer ( H. inermis ) Capreolus Roe deer ( C. capreolus ) Siberian roe deer ( C. pygargus ) Rangifer Reindeer ( R. tarandus ) Hippocamelus Taruca ( H. antisensis ) South Andean deer ( H. bisulcus ) Mazama Red brocket ( M. americana ) Small red brocket ( M. bororo ) Merida brocket ( M. bricenii ) Dwarf brocket ( M. chunyi ) Gray brocket ( M. gouazoubira ) Pygmy brocket ( M. nana ) Amazonian brown brocket ( M. nemorivaga ) Yucatan brown brocket ( M. pandora ) Little red brocket ( M. rufina ) Central American red brocket ( M. temama ) Ozotoceros Pampas deer ( O. bezoarticus ) Blastocerus Marsh deer ( B. dichotomus ) Pudu Northern pudú ( P. mephistophiles ) Southern pudú ( P. pudu ) Odocoileus White - tailed deer ( O. virginianus ) Mule deer ( O. hemionus ) Family Bovidae Cephalophinae Cephalophus Abbott 's duiker ( C. spadix ) Aders 's duiker ( C. adersi ) Bay duiker ( C. dorsalis ) Black duiker ( C. niger ) Black - fronted duiker ( C. nigrifrons ) Brooke 's duiker ( C. brookei ) Harvey 's duiker ( C. harveyi ) Jentink 's duiker ( C. jentinki ) Ogilby 's duiker ( C. ogilbyi ) Peters 's duiker ( C. callipygus ) Red - flanked duiker ( C. rufilatus ) Red forest duiker ( C. natalensis ) Ruwenzori duiker ( C. rubidis ) Weyns 's duiker ( C. weynsi ) White - bellied duiker ( C. leucogaster ) White - legged duiker ( C. crusalbum ) Yellow - backed duiker ( C. Sylvicultor ) Zebra duiker ( C. zebra ) Philantomba Blue duiker ( P. monticola ) Maxwell 's duiker ( P. maxwellii ) Walter 's duiker ( P. walteri ) Sylvicapra Common duiker ( S. grimmia ) Hippotraginae Hippotragus Roan antelope ( H. equinus ) Sable antelope ( H. niger ) Oryx East African oryx ( O. beisa ) Scimitar oryx ( O. dammah ) Gemsbok ( O. gazella ) Arabian oryx ( O. leucoryx ) Addax Addax ( A. nasomaculatus ) Reduncinae Kobus Upemba lechwe ( K. anselli ) Waterbuck ( K. ellipsiprymnus ) Kob ( K. kob ) Lechwe ( K. leche ) Nile lechwe ( K. megaceros ) Puku ( K. vardonii ) Redunca Southern reedbuck ( R. arundinum ) Mountain reedbuck ( R. fulvorufula ) Bohor reedbuck ( R. redunca ) Aepycerotinae Aepyceros Impala ( A. melampus ) Peleinae Pelea Grey rhebok ( P. capreolus ) Alcelaphinae Beatragus Hirola ( B. hunteri ) Damaliscus Topi ( D. korrigum ) Common tsessebe ( D. lunatus ) Bontebok ( D. pygargus ) Bangweulu tsessebe ( D. superstes ) Alcelaphus Hartebeest ( A. buselaphus ) Red hartebeest ( A. caama ) Lichtenstein 's hartebeest ( A. lichtensteinii ) Connochaetes Black wildebeest ( C. gnou ) Blue wildebeest ( C. taurinus ) Pantholopinae Pantholops Tibetan antelope ( P. hodgsonii ) Caprinae Large subfamily listed below Bovinae Large subfamily listed below Antilopinae Large subfamily listed below Family Bovidae ( subfamily Caprinae ) Ammotragus Barbary sheep ( A. lervia ) Budorcas Takin ( B. taxicolor ) Capra Wild goat ( C. aegagrus ) Domestic goat ( C. aegagrus hircus ) West Caucasian tur ( C. caucasia ) East Caucasian tur ( C. cylindricornis ) Markhor ( C. falconeri ) Alpine ibex ( C. ibex ) Nubian ibex ( C. nubiana ) Spanish ibex ( C. pyrenaica ) Siberian ibex ( C. sibirica ) Walia ibex ( C. walie ) Capricornis Japanese serow ( C. crispus ) Taiwan serow ( C. swinhoei ) Sumatran serow ( C. sumatraensis ) Mainland serow ( C. milneedwardsii ) Red serow ( C. rubidusi ) Himalayan serow ( C. thar ) Hemitragus Nilgiri tahr ( H. hylocrius ) Arabian tahr ( H. jayakari ) Himalayan tahr ( H. jemlahicus ) Naemorhedus Red goral ( N. baileyi ) Long - tailed goral ( N. caudatus ) Himalayan goral ( N. goral ) Chinese goral ( N. griseus ) Oreamnos Mountain goat ( O. americanus ) Ovibos Muskox ( O. moschatus ) Ovis Argali ( O. ammon ) Domestic sheep ( O. aries ) Bighorn sheep ( O. canadensis ) Dall sheep ( O. dalli ) Mouflon ( O. musimon ) Snow sheep ( O. nivicola ) Urial ( O. orientalis ) Pseudois Bharal ( P. nayaur ) Dwarf blue sheep ( P. schaeferi ) Rupicapra Pyrenean chamois ( R. pyrenaica ) Chamois ( R. rupicapra ) ( hide ) Family Bovidae ( subfamily Bovinae ) Boselaphini Tetracerus Four - horned antelope ( T. quadricornis ) Boselaphus Nilgai ( B. tragocamelus ) Bovini Bubalus Water buffalo ( B. bubalis ) Wild Water Buffalo ( B. arnee ) Lowland anoa ( B. depressicornis ) Mountain anoa ( B. quarlesi ) Tamaraw ( B. mindorensis ) Bos Banteng ( B. javanicus ) Gaur ( B. gaurus ) Gayal ( B. frontalis ) Domestic yak ( B. grunniens ) Wild yak ( B. mutus ) Cattle ( B. taurus ) Kouprey ( B. sauveli ) Pseudonovibos Kting voar ( P. spiralis ) Pseudoryx Saola ( P. nghetinhensis ) Syncerus African buffalo ( S. caffer ) Bison American bison ( B. bison ) European bison ( B. bonasus ) Tragelaphini Tragelaphus ( including kudus ) Sitatunga ( T. spekeii ) Nyala ( T. angasii ) Kéwel ( T. scriptus ) Cape bushbuck ( T. sylvaticus ) Mountain nyala ( T. buxtoni ) Lesser kudu ( T. imberbis ) Greater kudu ( T. strepsiceros ) Bongo ( T. eurycerus ) Taurotragus Common eland ( T. oryx ) Giant eland ( T. derbianus ) Family Bovidae ( subfamily Antilopinae ) Antilopini Ammodorcas Dibatag ( A. clarkei ) Antidorcas Springbok ( A. marsupialis ) Antilope Blackbuck ( A. cervicapra ) Eudorcas Mongalla gazelle ( E. albonotata ) Red - fronted gazelle ( E. rufifrons ) Thomson 's gazelle ( E. thomsonii ) Heuglin 's gazelle ( E. tilonura ) Gazella Mountain gazelle ( G. gazella ) Neumann 's gazelle ( G. erlangeri ) Speke 's gazelle ( G. spekei ) Dorcas gazelle ( G. dorcas ) Chinkara ( G. bennettii ) Cuvier 's gazelle ( G. cuvieri ) Rhim gazelle ( G. leptoceros ) Goitered gazelle ( G. subgutturosa ) Litocranius Gerenuk ( L. walleri ) Nanger Dama gazelle ( N. dama ) Grant 's gazelle ( N. granti ) Soemmerring 's gazelle ( N. soemmerringii ) Procapra Mongolian gazelle ( P. gutturosa ) Goa ( P. picticaudata ) Przewalski 's gazelle ( P. przewalskii ) Saigini Pantholops Tibetan antelope ( P. hodgsonii ) Saiga Saiga antelope ( S. tatarica ) Neotragini Dorcatragus Beira ( D. megalotis ) Madoqua Günther 's dik - dik ( M. guentheri ) Kirk 's dik - dik ( M. kirkii ) Silver dik - dik ( M. piacentinii ) Salt 's dik - dik ( M. saltiana ) Neotragus Bates 's pygmy antelope ( N. batesi ) Suni ( N. moschatus ) Royal antelope ( N. pygmaeus ) Oreotragus Klipspringer ( O. oreotragus ) Ourebia Oribi ( O. ourebi ) Raphicerus Steenbok ( R. campestris ) Cape grysbok ( R. melanotis ) Sharpe 's grysbok ( R. sharpei ) Suborder Suina Suidae Babyrousa Buru babirusa ( B. babyrussa ) North Sulawesi babirusa ( B. celebensis ) Togian babirusa ( B. togeanensis ) Hylochoerus Giant forest hog ( H. meinertzhageni ) Phacochoerus Desert warthog ( P. aethiopicus ) Common warthog ( P. africanus ) Porcula Pygmy hog ( P. salvania ) Potamochoerus Bushpig ( P. larvatus ) Red river hog ( P. porcus ) Sus ( Pigs ) Palawan bearded pig ( S. ahoenobarbus ) Bornean bearded pig ( S. barbatus ) Indo - chinese warty pig ( S. bucculentus ) Visayan warty pig ( S. cebifrons ) Celebes warty pig ( S. celebensis ) Flores warty pig ( S. heureni ) Oliver 's warty pig ( S. oliveri ) Philippine warty pig ( S. philippensis ) Wild boar ( S. scrofa ) Timor warty pig ( S. timoriensis ) Javan warty pig ( S. verrucosus ) Tayassuidae Tayassu White - lipped peccary ( T. pecari ) Catagonus Chacoan peccary ( C. wagneri ) Pecari Collared peccary ( P. tajacu ) Giant peccary ( P. maximus ) Suborder Tylopoda Camelidae Lama Llama ( L. glama ) Guanaco ( L. guanicoe ) Vicugna Vicuña ( V. vicugna ) Alpaca ( V. pacos ) Camelus Dromedary ( C. dromedarius ) Bactrian camel ( C. bactrianus ) Wild Bactrian camel ( C. ferus ) Whippomorpha ( unranked clade ) Hippopotamidae Hippopotamus Hippopotamus ( H. amphibius ) Choeropsis Pygmy hippopotamus ( C. liberiensis ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_buffalo&oldid=824976170 '' Categories : Domesticated animals Beef Water buffalo Livestock Mammals of Southeast Asia Mammals of South Asia Mammals of India Mammals of Nepal Mammals of Indonesia Mammals of Malaysia Mammals of Pakistan Mammals of Thailand Mammals of Vietnam Mammals described in 1758 Invasive animal species in Australia Feral animals Fauna naturalised in Australia Pack animals Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Use dmy dates from January 2012 Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Acèh Адыгэбзэ Аҧсшәа Aragonés অসমীয়া Авар Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - 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how old is the cast of stranger things			Stranger Things	stranger things	Stranger Things is an American science fiction - horror web television series created , written , directed and co-executive produced by The Duffer Brothers , as well as co-executive produced by Shawn Levy and Dan Cohen . The first season , released in July 2016 , stars Winona Ryder , David Harbour , Finn Wolfhard , Millie Bobby Brown , Gaten Matarazzo , Caleb McLaughlin , Natalia Dyer , Charlie Heaton , Cara Buono and Matthew Modine , with Noah Schnapp and Joe Keery in recurring roles . For the second season , Schnapp and Keery were promoted to series regulars , along with the additions of Sadie Sink , Dacre Montgomery , Sean Astin and Paul Reiser .	Set in the fictional town of Hawkins , Indiana , in the 1980s , the first season focuses on the investigation into the disappearance of a young boy amid supernatural events occurring around the town including the appearance of a girl with psychokinetic abilities who helps the missing boy 's friends in their own search . The second season , titled Stranger Things 2 , is set a year after the first , and deals with attempts of the characters to return to normal and consequences that linger from the first season . The Duffer Brothers developed the series as a mix of investigative drama alongside supernatural elements with childlike sensibilities , establishing its time frame in the 1980s and creating a homage to pop culture of that decade . Several themes and directorial aspects were inspired and aesthetically informed by the works of Steven Spielberg , John Carpenter , and Stephen King , among others , including several films , anime and video games . The first season was released on Netflix on July 15 , 2016 . It received critical acclaim for its characterization , pacing , atmosphere , acting , soundtrack , directing , writing , and homages to 1980s genre films . The series has received several industry nominations and awards , including winning the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2016 , and receiving eighteen nominations for the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards , including Outstanding Drama Series . On August 31 , 2016 , Netflix renewed the series for a second season of nine episodes , which was released on October 27 , 2017 . In December 2017 , Netflix ordered a third season . The Duffer Brothers have said that Stranger Things is likely to end after its fourth or fifth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.2. 1 Introduced in season one 2.2. 2 Introduced in season two 2.3 Guest 2.3. 1 Introduced in season one 2.3. 2 Introduced in season two 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Writing 4.3 Casting 4.4 Filming 4.5 Visual effects 4.6 Music 4.6. 1 Soundtracks 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Audience viewership 6.2 Critical reception 6.2. 1 Season 1 6.2. 2 Season 2 6.3 Commentary 6.4 Awards and nominations 7 Other media 7.1 Beyond Stranger Things 7.2 Mobile video game 7.3 PlayStation VR game 7.4 Others 8 References 9 External links Premise Stranger Things is set in the fictional rural town of Hawkins , Indiana , during the early 1980s . The nearby Hawkins National Laboratory ostensibly performs scientific research for the United States Department of Energy , but secretly does experiments into the paranormal and supernatural , including those that involve human test subjects . Inadvertently , they have created a portal to an alternate dimension called `` the Upside Down '' . The influence of the Upside Down starts to affect the unknowing residents of Hawkins in calamitous ways . The first season begins in November 1983 , when Will Byers is abducted by a creature from the Upside Down . His mother , Joyce , and the town 's police chief , Jim Hopper , search for Will . At the same time , a young psychokinetic girl called Eleven escapes from the laboratory and assists Will 's friends , Mike , Dustin , and Lucas , in their own efforts to find Will . The second season is set a year later , starting in October 1984 . Will has been rescued , but few know of the details of the events . When it is discovered that Will is still being influenced by entities from the Upside Down , his friends and family learn there is a larger threat to their universe from the Upside Down . Cast and characters The Duffer Brothers , Shawn Levy and the main cast of season 2 of Stranger Things at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con International Main Winona Ryder as Joyce Byers , the mother of Will and Jonathan Byers . She is divorced from Lonnie Byers . David Harbour as Jim Hopper , chief of Hawkins Police Department . After his young daughter died of cancer , Hopper got divorced and lapsed into alcoholism . Finn Wolfhard as Mike Wheeler , son of Karen and Ted , younger brother of Nancy , and one of three friends of Will Byers . He is an intelligent and conscientious student and is committed to his friends . He develops romantic feelings for Eleven . Millie Bobby Brown as Eleven ( `` El '' ) , a young girl with psychokinetic abilities and a limited vocabulary . Her real name is Jane , the biological daughter of Terry Ives . After escaping from Hawkins Laboratory , where experiments were being performed on her , she befriends Mike , Dustin , and Lucas . She develops romantic feelings for Mike . Gaten Matarazzo as Dustin Henderson , one of Will 's friends . His cleidocranial dysplasia causes him to lisp . In the second season , he is proud of his new front teeth and is attracted to Max . Caleb McLaughlin as Lucas Sinclair , one of Will 's friends . He is wary of Eleven but later befriends her . In season two , he is one of Max 's love interests . Natalia Dyer as Nancy Wheeler , daughter of Karen and Ted and older sister of Mike . In season one , she is Steve Harrington 's girlfriend . In season two , she becomes Jonathan Byers ' girlfriend . Charlie Heaton as Jonathan Byers , the older brother of Will Byers and the son of Joyce Byers . He is a quiet teenager , an outsider at school , and an aspiring photographer . He is close with his mother and brother , and he becomes the boyfriend of Nancy Wheeler . Cara Buono as Karen Wheeler , mother of teenaged Nancy , middle schooler Mike , and toddler Holly . Matthew Modine as Martin Brenner , the scientist in charge of Hawkins Laboratory . He is manipulative and remote . He and his team are searching for Eleven . He reappears in season 2 briefly . Noah Schnapp as Will Byers , the younger brother of Jonathan Byers and the son of Joyce Byers . He is captured by a monster from the `` Upside Down '' , an alternate dimension discovered by Hawkins Laboratory scientists . Schnapp was promoted to series regular for the second season , after recurring in the first . Sadie Sink as Maxine `` Max '' Mayfield / `` Madmax '' , Billy 's younger stepsister , and a tomboy who catches the attention of both Lucas and Dustin . Joe Keery as Steve Harrington , a popular high school student and the boyfriend of Nancy Wheeler . He ostracizes Jonathan Byers , but later comes to befriend him . He begins as Nancy 's boyfriend but breaks up with her in season two . Keery was promoted to series regular for the second season , after recurring in the first . Dacre Montgomery as Billy Hargrove , Max 's violent and unpredictable older stepbrother . He challenges Steve 's popularity . Sean Astin as Bob Newby , a former schoolmate of Joyce and Hopper . In season two , he runs the Hawkins RadioShack and is Joyce 's boyfriend , putting him at odds with Hopper . Paul Reiser as Sam Owens , a Department of Energy executive . He replaces Brenner as director of Hawkins Laboratory . He is stubborn and committed to scientific research , yet empathetic to the residents of Hawkins . Recurring Introduced in season one Joe Chrest as Ted Wheeler , husband of Karen , father of teenager Nancy , middle schooler Mike , and toddler Holly . Rob Morgan as Powell , one of Hopper 's officers . He is serious and by the book . Shannon Purser as Barbara `` Barb '' Holland , best friend of Nancy Wheeler . She is concerned that her friendship with Nancy may be threatened by Nancy 's relationship with Steve . John Reynolds as Callahan , another of Hopper 's officers . Not nearly as serious as his partner , he still works hard in the search for Will Byers . Mark Steger as the Monster , a creature that exists in the Upside Down . Referred to as `` the Demogorgon '' by Mike , Lucas and Dustin . Catherine Dyer as Connie Frazier , Brenner 's FBI enforcer who has no qualms about murdering those who have come into contact with Eleven . Randy Havens as Scott Clarke , the boys ' teacher . He encourages their interest in science and technology and helps them whenever asked . Hugh Holub as the lead scientist at Hawkins Laboratory . Tobias Jelinek as the lead agent at Hawkins National Laboratory , who assists Brenner . Cade Jones as James , a school bully who hangs around with Troy . Anniston and Tinsley Price as Holly Wheeler , daughter of Karen and Ted , younger sister of Nancy and Mike . Susan Shalhoub Larkin as Florence ( `` Flo '' ) , the secretary at the Hawkins Police Station . Tony Vaughn as Russell Coleman , the principal at Hawkins Middle School . Peyton Wich as Troy , a school bully of Mike , Lucas , Dustin , and Will . Charles Lawlor as Donald Melvald , the owner of a general store where Joyce Byers works . Chester Rushing as Tommy H. , former friend of Steve , and boyfriend of Carol . Chelsea Talmadge as Carol , former friend of Steve , and girlfriend of Tommy . Robert Walker - Branchaud as an agent of Hawkins Laboratory who disguises himself as a repairman . Cynthia Barrett as Marsha Holland , Barbara Holland 's mother . Aimee Mullins as Terry Ives , a woman who claims her daughter , Jane , was stolen from her shortly after she gave birth , but she has since gone into a mental state where she is unaware of her surroundings . She is the biological mother of Eleven . Introduced in season two Linnea Berthelsen as Kali / Eight , a young woman with illusion manipulation abilities who , along with Eleven , was experimented on at the Hawkins Laboratory but later managed to escape . Vanathi Kalai Parthiban portrays a young Kali . Catherine Curtin as Claudia Henderson , Dustin 's mother . Brett Gelman as Murray Bauman , a former journalist that became a conspiracy theorist , who visits Hawkins to go after a cold case . Joe Davison as a technician at Hawkins Laboratory . Priah Ferguson as Erica Sinclair , Lucas ' younger sister . Guest Introduced in season one Ross Partridge as Lonnie Byers , the drunk , egotistical , selfish ex-husband of Joyce Byers and father of Jonathan and Will . He has a much younger girlfriend named Cynthia . Chris Sullivan as Benny Hammond , owner and chef of Benny 's Burgers , and friend of Hopper . Andrew Benator as a scientist at Hawkins Laboratory . Glennellen Anderson as Nicole , a classmate of Nancy , Steve and Jonathan . Pete Burris as the head of security at Hawkins Laboratory . Jerri Tubbs as Diane Hopper , Jim 's ex-wife . Amy Seimetz as Becky Ives , Terry 's sister who takes care of her . Elle Graham as Sarah Hopper , Jim and Diane 's daughter . Executive producer Shawn Levy cameos as a morgue worker . Introduced in season two Kai L. Greene as Funshine , a member of Kali 's crew . James Landry Hébert as Axel , a member of Kali 's crew . Anna Jacoby - Heron as Dottie , a member of Kali 's crew . Gabrielle Maiden as Mick , a member of Kali 's crew . Aaron Muñoz as Mr. Holland , Barbara 's father . Karen Ceesay as Mrs. Sinclair , Lucas and Erica 's mother . Drew Scheid as Nancy , Steve and Jonathan 's classmate . Pruitt Taylor Vince as Ray , a technician at Hawkins Laboratory who performed forcible electroshock therapy on Terry Ives , contributing to her deteriorated mental state . Arnell Powell as Mr. Sinclair , Lucas and Erica 's father . Will Chase as Neil Hargrove , Billy 's abusive father , Max 's stepfather , and Susan 's husband . Jennifer Marshall as Susan Hargrove , Max 's mother , Billy 's stepmother , and Neil 's wife . Episodes Season 1 ( 2016 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) On November 6 , 1983 , in a U.S. Department of Energy laboratory in the town of Hawkins , Indiana , a scientist is attacked by an unseen creature . While bicycling home from a Dungeons & Dragons session with his friends , 12 - year - old Will Byers encounters the creature and vanishes . The next day , a buzz - cut young girl wearing a hospital gown steals food from a local diner . The owner , Benny , takes pity on her and feeds her before calling social services . From a tattoo on her arm , he learns that her name is Eleven . A woman posing as a social worker arrives and murders Benny . Armed men search the diner for Eleven , but she escapes . Will 's mother Joyce believes she hears Will 's voice on a distorted phone call , but her phone short circuits . Will 's friends Mike , Dustin , and Lucas search for Will in the woods and find Eleven . `` Chapter Two : The Weirdo on Maple Street '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) The boys bring Eleven to Mike 's house , where she sleeps in the basement . The next day , Mike nicknames her `` El '' . She says that `` bad people '' are looking for her and refuses to meet Mike 's parents . Scientists from the laboratory find a substance oozing from the walls of Joyce 's home . At Mike 's home , Eleven recognizes and points out Will in a photo . Dustin and Lucas want to inform Mike 's parents about Eleven , but she uses psychokinesis to stop them . While searching for Will , Mr. Clarke , the boys ' science teacher , discovers a scrap of a hospital gown outside the laboratory grounds . Nancy goes with her friend Barb to a party at her boyfriend Steve 's house . Will 's brother Jonathan investigates the woods where Will went missing . Hearing screaming , he runs to help but finds only Steve , Nancy , and their friends roughhousing around Steve 's swimming pool . He secretly photographs them . Barb , left alone by the poolside , vanishes . Joyce receives another call from Will , hears music from his room , and sees something coming through the wall . `` Chapter Three : Holly , Jolly '' Shawn Levy Jessica Mecklenburg July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Barb wakes up in an empty and decaying pool . She screams for Nancy and attempts to climb out but is dragged down by something unseen . Joyce strings Christmas lights around her home to talk to Will , who can turn them on and off . Hawkins Lab director Dr. Martin Brenner allows Hopper to view the lab 's security camera footage . Hopper realizes it is fake . He and his deputies research Hawkins Lab , Brenner , and a woman named Terry Ives who claimed her daughter was taken by Brenner . Eleven has a flashback in which Brenner , whom she calls `` Papa , '' has her put in solitary confinement for refusing to telekinetically harm a cat . Nancy worries about Barb , who is missing . Steve and his friends discover Jonathan 's photographs . They destroy them and his camera . Nancy recovers a photo of Barb by the poolside and returns to Steve 's house to search for her . Nancy finds Barb 's car and sees the creature in the woods . Joyce establishes a code with Will using the lights , which he uses to tell her that he is alive but unsafe . He tells Joyce to run as a creature begins to climb through her wall . Will 's apparent body is discovered in the water at a quarry . `` Chapter Four : The Body '' Shawn Levy Justin Doble July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Eleven proves to the boys that Will is still alive by making contact through Mike 's walkie - talkie . Joyce goes to the morgue to view the body and refuses to believe it is Will . The boys give Eleven a makeover so they can sneak her into school . Joyce hears Will in her living room wall . Tearing away the wallpaper , she sees him behind a membrane . At school , Eleven uses Mr. Clarke 's ham radio to channel Will talking to his mother . Joyce demolishes the wall with an axe but reveals only her front porch . Nancy discovers a figure behind Barb in Jonathan 's photo . Jonathan realizes that the figure matches his mother 's description of the creature : a humanoid figure with long arms and no face . Nancy tells the police about her missing friend and subsequently admits to her mother that she slept with Steve . When she tells Steve about the police , she is irritated that he cares only about not getting in trouble with his father . Hopper confronts the state trooper who found Will 's body and beats him until he admits he was ordered to lie . Hopper goes to the morgue and finds that Will 's supposed body is a dummy . He breaks into Hawkins laboratory . 5 5 `` Chapter Five : The Flea and the Acrobat '' The Duffer Brothers Alison Tatlock July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Will 's father Lonnie assures Joyce her experiences are hallucinations . Hopper discovers a portal in the basement of the lab but is knocked out by the lab 's guards . He wakes at home and discovers a hidden microphone . Sheriff 's deputies inform Hopper that Barb 's car was found , but Hopper finds the state 's involvement suspicious . The boys determine Will is trapped in an alternate dimension Eleven calls the `` Upside Down , '' and he is being pursued by a monster similar to a Demogorgon . After Will 's funeral , science teacher Mr. Clarke tells the boys that a high - energy spacetime tear could create a passage between dimensions . Using their compasses , they search for a disruption in the Earth 's electromagnetic field . Eleven remembers encountering the creature during a lab experiment , and afraid , she redirects the compasses . Lucas notices and confronts her . Mike defends her , he and Lucas fight , and Eleven telekinetically flings Lucas off Mike . While Dustin and Mike tend to the unconscious Lucas , Eleven disappears . In the woods , Nancy and Jonathan find a wounded deer . The creature drags the deer away , and Nancy follows the trail of blood to a portal to the Upside Down . She crawls through and discovers the creature feasting upon the deer . She snaps a twig and draws the creature 's attention . 6 6 `` Chapter Six : The Monster '' The Duffer Brothers Jessie Nickson - Lopez July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Jonathan pulls Nancy back through the portal and saves her from the monster . Later , Steve sees them together through her bedroom window and assumes they are dating . Nancy and Jonathan resolve to kill the monster and purchase supplies from an army surplus store . During a fist fight with Steve , Jonathan inadvertently assaults a police officer and is arrested . Joyce and Hopper track down Terry Ives , who is catatonic and tended by her sister Becky . Becky explains that Terry underwent Project MKUltra testing while unknowingly pregnant ; she believed her daughter Jane was kidnapped by Brenner at birth . Joyce and Hopper conclude Eleven is likely Jane . Eleven shoplifts Eggo waffles . She recalls being asked to contact the monster and accidentally opening the portal to the Upside Down in the laboratory basement . While searching for Eleven , Mike and Dustin are ambushed by school bullies Troy and James . Troy holds Dustin at knifepoint and demands Mike make a suicidal jump into the lake where Will 's body was discovered . Mike jumps but is levitated to safety by Eleven , who scares away the bullies . Lucas realizes agents from the laboratory are heading to Mike 's house . 7 7 `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' The Duffer Brothers Justin Doble July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Lucas warns Mike via walkie - talkie that government agents are en route . Mike , Dustin , and Eleven flee . Eleven telekinetically flips a van that blocks their path , and the kids escape . Lucas reconciles with Mike and Eleven . Joyce and Hopper are called to the police station because of Jonathan 's assault . Jonathan and Nancy reveal their knowledge of the monster to Joyce and Hopper . The group contacts Mike and his friends and they rendezvous . They ask Eleven to search for Will and Barb , but her earlier feats have left her too weak to find them . To amplify Eleven 's powers , they break into the middle school and build a sensory - deprivation tank . Eleven finds Barb 's corpse with a slug - like creature crawling out of her mouth . With Joyce 's help , she finds Will alive , hiding in the Upside Down `` Castle Byers , '' his backyard fort . Hopper and Joyce break into Hawkins Laboratory but are apprehended by security guards . Nancy and Jonathan resolve to kill the monster and steal their hunting gear back from the police station . In the Upside Down , the monster breaks into the fort where Will is hiding . 8 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' The Duffer Brothers Story by : Paul Dichter Teleplay by : The Duffer Brothers July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Hopper gives up Eleven 's location so that he and Joyce can enter the Upside Down . They find Will unconscious in the Upside - Down town library . They pull a tendril out of his throat , perform CPR , and revive him . Nancy and Jonathan booby - trap the Byers ' home , then cut their hands to attract the monster with their blood . Steve arrives , intending to apologize to Jonathan about their fight , but the monster attacks . The monster springs the trap but escapes back to the Upside Down . Eleven and the boys hide in the middle school . Mike asks Eleven to a school dance , the Snow Ball , and kisses her . The military storms the school to re-capture Eleven , but she kills them and collapses . As Brenner cradles her , the monster attacks , apparently killing him . The boys hide Eleven in a classroom . The monster corners them , but Eleven pins it against a wall . She says goodbye to Mike , disintegrates the monster , and vanishes . Will is hospitalized and reunited with his mother , brother , and friends . Hopper is reluctantly picked up by a black car . One month later , Nancy and Steve are back together , and both are friends with Jonathan . Hopper leaves Eggo waffles and other food in a box in the woods . Will coughs up a slug - like creature and has a vision of the world as the Upside Down , but he hides this from his family . Season 2 ( 2017 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 9 `` Chapter One : MADMAX '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) On October 28 , 1984 , Kali and her gang use her psychic powers to escape the police . Her wrist tattoo marks her as `` 008 . '' At the Hawkins arcade , Will has a vision of the Upside Down . Murray Bauman describes an elaborate conspiracy theory to Hopper . Hopper investigates a blight on Bob Merril 's pumpkin patch . Mr. Clarke introduces a new girl named Maxine ( `` Max '' ) to his class . At Hawkins Lab , Owens examines Will . He tells Joyce that Will is experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder . Nancy and Steve have dinner with Barb 's parents , who are selling their house to pay for Bauman 's investigation into Barb 's disappearance . Mike tries to contact with Eleven , still believing she is alive even 352 days after her disappearance . Dustin hears a noise from the trashcan outside his home , and Will has a vision of an enormous spidery creature in the Upside Down . Hopper goes home to a cabin in the woods , where Eleven accuses him of being late . 10 `` Chapter Two : Trick or Treat , Freak '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) In a flashback , Eleven awakens in the Upside Down middle school , having just destroyed the monster at the end of the first season . After escaping the Upside Down , she goes to Mike 's house . To avoid government agents , she hides in the woods . In the present , Eleven asks to go trick - or - treating , but Hopper says it 's too risky . Hopper learns the blight has spread to pumpkin patches all over town . Nancy wants to tell Barb 's parents about her death , but Steve insists it 's too dangerous . At a Halloween party that evening , Nancy gets drunk and tells Steve she does n't love him . Angered , Steve leaves , and asks Jonathan to take her home . Mike , Will , Dustin , Lucas , and Max go trick - or - treating . Will has a vision of a shadowy monster from the Upside Down trying to catch him . Mike admits to Will that he is still trying to contact Eleven . Eleven tries to contact Mike but fails . Dustin finds a creature in his trash can . 11 `` Chapter Three : The Pollywog '' Shawn Levy Justin Doble October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Dustin feeds the creature a 3 Musketeers chocolate bar and names it d'Artagnan ( `` Dart '' ) . In a flashback , Hopper leaves food in the woods for Eleven . She approaches him and moves into his grandfather 's hunting cabin . In the present , Hopper refuses to allow Eleven outside . Angry , she escapes and looks for Mike . Bob recounts a childhood nightmare to Will and encourages him to stand up to his fears . Nancy persuades Jonathan to help her tell Barb 's parents the truth . Hopper confronts Owens with evidence that the pumpkin blight comes from the lab . Dustin brings Dart to school and shows it to Will , Mike , Lucas , and Max . Will realizes Dart is from the Upside Down . Dart molts and escapes . Eleven sees Mike and Max arguing and mistakes it for flirting . Jealous , she makes Max fall off her skateboard . On a videotape Will made while trick - or - treating , Joyce discovers an image of the monster . Will finds Dart , triggering a vision of the Upside Down . Dustin recovers Dart . Following Bob 's advice , Will confronts the monster , but it invades his body . 12 `` Chapter Four : Will the Wise '' Shawn Levy Paul Dichter October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Joyce takes Will home . His temperature is strangely low , but he refuses a warm bath . Eleven returns to the cabin . She and Hopper fight , and Hopper grounds her . Will tells Joyce and Hopper that he 's connected to the Shadow Monster . Unable to explain in words , he makes a vast number of scribbles . Joyce and Hopper piece them together into a map . Nancy and Jonathan are caught by lab agents . Owens shows them the gate to the Upside Down . He says it can be contained but not destroyed , admits Barb died , and allows Nancy and Jonathan to go free . Secretly , Nancy records his confession . Billy warns Max to stay away from Lucas . Eleven finds Hopper 's notes on Hawkins Lab . Using her psychic powers , she contacts Terry Ives , who calls her `` Jane . '' Dustin discovers Dart devouring his cat and realizes Dart is a young Demogorgon . Following Will 's map , Hopper digs in Merril 's field and finds a tunnel corrupted by the Upside Down . 13 5 `` Chapter Five : Dig Dug '' Andrew Stanton Jessie Nickson - Lopez October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Vines trap Hopper in the infected tunnels . Will realizes Hopper is in danger . Lucas tells Max the truth about Will 's disappearance last year , but she does n't believe him . Jonathan and Nancy play Owens ' confession to Bauman . The three agree to publicize a watered down and more believable story about Barb dying from toxins released by the lab . Dustin traps Dart in his root cellar and recruits Steve to fight it . Owens and the lab scientists realize the soil from the infected pumpkin patches is part of a hive mind . Eleven hitchhikes to Terry 's house . She telepathically communicates with Terry , seeing images of another child kept in Hawkins Lab and of Terry being crippled by forced shock therapy . Bob figures out Hopper 's location , and he and Joyce enter the tunnels to rescue him . They are joined by scientists from Hawkins Lab . As the scientists burn the vines filling the tunnels , Will screams in agony and collapses . 14 6 `` Chapter Six : The Spy '' Andrew Stanton Kate Trefry October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Will is rushed to the lab , where he can not recognize Bob , Hopper , or Owens . Owens speculates that damaging the tunnels may be lethal to Will . He shows Hopper the lab basement , where an enormous gate to the Upside Down has been discovered under the floor . Dart molts again and escapes the root cellar . Nancy and Jonathan spend the night at Bauman 's and admit their feelings for each other . Lucas offers to prove to Max that his story is true , and he sneaks her out of her house . Steve offers Dustin dating tips . Steve , Dustin , Lucas and Max set a trap for Dart at the junkyard . Max opens up to Lucas about Billy 's anger over his father 's remarriage to Max 's mother . Dart , now the size of a large dog , arrives with a pack of adolescent Demogorgons and traps the four in a bus . Will announces he knows how to stop the Shadow Monster . Owens sends a team of soldiers into the tunnels , and the Demodogs leave the junkyard . Will apologizes , saying the Shadow Monster made him do it . The Demodogs ambush the soldiers , slaughter them , and climb into the lab . 15 7 `` Chapter Seven : The Lost Sister '' Rebecca Thomas Justin Doble October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) In Chicago , Eleven locates Kali , who is the girl from Terry 's memories . Kali can create illusions , and she leads a gang of outcasts who exact revenge on those who have hurt them . She teaches Eleven to channel her anger towards stronger powers . Eleven uses her powers to find Ray , the lab technician who performed shock therapy on Terry , and the gang breaks into his apartment . Ray claims Brenner is still alive , and he offers to lead Kali and Eleven to Brenner . They disbelieve him , and Kali tries to coax Eleven into killing Ray . When Eleven learns he has two daughters , she stops and prevents Kali from killing him . Back at their hideout , Kali conjures a vision of Brenner and demands that Eleven avenge their mother . Eleven visualizes Mike and Hopper and realizes they are in trouble . While Kali and her gang escape the police , Eleven returns to Hawkins . 16 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) The Demodogs overwhelm the lab . Mike convinces Joyce to sedate Will so that the Shadow Monster can not track them . Mike , Will , Joyce , Hopper , Bob , and Owens shelter in the lab 's security room . Dustin , Steve , Lucas , and Max track the Demodogs to the lab , where they regroup with Nancy and Jonathan . When the power goes out , Bob resets the circuit breakers so they can escape . Owens stays behind and uses the security cameras to guide the others out . Mike , Will , Joyce , and Hopper escape , but Bob is killed by the Demodogs . The group retreat to the Byers ' house , where Dustin suggests that the Shadow Monster is a Mind Flayer . After disguising their location , they interrogate Will . Using Morse code , he taps out , `` CLOSE GATE . '' The house phone rings , and Will realizes where he is . The Mind Flayer sends a Demodog to the house , but , to everyone 's surprise , Eleven arrives and kills it . 17 9 `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) After finally reuniting with Mike , Eleven and Hopper head for the lab , where they find the gate guarded by Demodogs . Jonathan , Nancy , and Joyce take Will to Hopper 's cabin and overheat him , forcing the Mind Flayer out . Mike , Dustin , Lucas , and Max want to draw the Demodogs away from the gate , but Steve keeps them at the house for their own safety . Billy , forced by his abusive father to look for Max , arrives at the Byers house . He overpowers Steve in a fistfight , but Max sedates him , and the group leaves in Billy 's car . They start a fire in the tunnels , but Dart blocks their return . Dustin feeds Dart a 3 Musketeers bar , and Dart allows them to pass . Eleven channels her anger into closing the gate , and as the gate closes , the remaining monsters in Hawkins die . One month later , Hawkins Lab has shut down . Barb is given a funeral , and Owens provides Hopper a birth certificate for Eleven . The students attend the school 's winter dance , the Snow Ball . Max and Lucas kiss , as do Mike and Eleven . Nancy pities Dustin and dances with him . In the Upside Down , the Mind Flayer towers over the school . Production Development Ross ( left ) and Matt Duffer , the creators of the series Stranger Things was created by Matt and Ross Duffer , known professionally as The Duffer Brothers . The two had completed writing and producing their 2015 film Hidden , which they had tried to emulate the style of M. Night Shyamalan , however , due to changes at Warner Bros. , its distributor , the film did not see a wide release and the Duffers were unsure of their future . To their surprise , television producer Donald De Line approached them , impressed with Hidden 's script , and offered them the opportunity to work on episodes of Wayward Pines alongside Shyamalan . The brothers were mentored by Shyamalan during the episode 's production , so that when they finished , they felt they were ready to produce their own television series . The Duffer Brothers prepared a script that would essentially be similar to the series ' actual pilot episode , along with a 20 - page pitch book to help shop the series around for a network . They pitched the story to a number of cable networks , all of which rejected the script on the basis that they felt a plot centered around children as leading characters would not work , asking them to make it a children 's show or to drop the children and focus on Hopper 's investigation in the paranormal . In early 2015 , Dan Cohen , the VP of 21 Laps Entertainment , brought the script to his colleague Shawn Levy . They subsequently invited The Duffer Brothers to their office and purchased the rights for the series , giving full authorship of it to the brothers . After reading the pilot , the streaming service Netflix purchased the whole season for an undisclosed amount ; the show was subsequently announced for a planned 2016 release by Netflix in early April 2015 . The Duffer Brothers stated that at the time they had pitched to Netflix , the service had already gotten recognized for its original programming , such as House of Cards and Orange Is the New Black , with well - recognized producers behind them , and were ready to start giving upcoming producers like them a chance . The brothers started to write out the series and brought Levy and Cohen in as executive producers to start casting and filming . The series was originally known as Montauk , as the setting of the script was in Montauk , New York and nearby Long Island locations . The brothers had chosen Montauk as it had further Spielberg ties with the film Jaws , where Montauk was used for the fictional setting of Amity Island . After deciding to change the narrative of the series to take place in the fictional town of Hawkins instead , the brothers felt they could now do things to the town , such as placing it under quarantine , that they really could not envision with a real location . With the change in location , they had to come up with a new title for the series under direction from Netflix 's Ted Sarandos so that they could start marketing it to the public . The brothers started by using a copy of Stephen King 's Firestarter novel to consider the title 's font and appearance , and came up with a long list of potential alternatives . Stranger Things came about as it sounded similar to another King novel , Needful Things , though Matt noted they still had a `` lot of heated arguments '' over this final title . With the critical success of the first season after its release in July 2016 , speculation on a possible second season was raised . By the end of July , The Duffer Brothers had outlined a plan for such a season if it was green - lit , and Netflix 's CEO Reed Hastings said in early August that the company `` would be dumb not to '' renew Stranger Things for a second season . On August 31 , 2016 , Netflix announced it had renewed Stranger Things for a second season of nine episodes , to be released in 2017 . The Duffer Brothers revealed that the series had been renewed for a second season before the first premiered . Regarding the decision to wait more than a month after the first season premiered to announce the renewal , Matt Duffer said , `` it actually ended up working because it had built up to this fever pitch . I guess that 's what ( Netflix ) were intending to do all the time . '' The Duffers wrote the second season to make the combined first and second season feel like a complete work , but setting elements in place to go forward with additional seasons if they are green - lit . While most of the story for the second season had been decided before the first season aired , the Duffers took in the audience reactions from the first season to adjust some of the details within the second season . They knew they would not have the same element of audience surprise as when the show aired anew , and were aware fans wanted to see certain elements , but Ross said `` ... the point is not to give everyone what they think they want . Because I do n't think they really know what they want . '' The Duffers felt that the second season should be treated more as a sequel rather than a continuation , and thus have opted to call the second Stranger Things 2 . This approach had some trepidation from Netflix , since the company felt movie sequels typically have a bad reputation , but the Duffers pointed out that there had been many successful sequels that surpassed the original film , and felt confident with this name . Despite revealing episode titles for the season in the announcement teaser in order `` to provide some hint of where we were going in season two without giving anything away , '' Matt Duffer stated that some of the titles would change , since there were some things `` we did n't want to put on there because we felt like it would give too much away , '' and because `` people are smart on the fucking internet '' with fan - created `` videos analyzing the chapter titles ... right on a lot '' of how the titles related to the plot of the season . In early October 2017 , the Duffers revealed the final titles for the first six episodes of the season . Levy noted in November 2016 that he and The Duffer Brothers had already begun planning a potential third season , saying , `` We are not gon na be caught off guard and we do n't wan na be making stuff up like the day before we have to write it and make it , so we are definitely optimistic and we have started thinking ahead . '' The Duffers anticipate having about four to five seasons to work with , but do want to `` have a really finite ending '' while the show is still at a height of success , according to Matt , rather than letting it draw out indefinitely . In August 2017 , the Duffers confirmed there would be a third season , with the likelihood of one more season following that , with Ross saying , `` We 're thinking it will be a four - season thing and then out '' . However , executive producer Shawn Levy later suggested that either four or five total seasons were possibilities , claiming that `` the truth is we 're definitely going four seasons and there 's very much the possibility of a fifth . Beyond that , it becomes I think very unlikely . '' Matt Duffer later commented that no official decision has been made , claiming that `` It 's hard , like four seems short , five seems long . So I do n't know what to do . '' In December 2017 , Netflix officially confirmed that they have greenlit the third season . Later that month , David Harbour said that the Duffers were still writing episodes for the season , and did not expect the season would release until 2019 . Writing The idea of Stranger Things started with how the brothers felt they could take the concept of the 2013 film Prisoners , detailing the moral struggles a father goes through when his daughter is kidnapped , and expand it out over eight or so hours in a serialized television approach . As they focused on the missing child aspect of the story , they wanted to introduce the idea of `` childlike sensibilities '' they could offer , and toyed around with the idea of a monster that could consume humans . The brothers thought the combination of these things `` was the best thing ever '' . To introduce this monster into the narrative , they considered `` bizarre experiments we had read about taking place in the Cold War '' such as Project MKUltra , which gave a way to ground the monster 's existence in science rather than something spiritual . This also helped them to decide on using 1983 as the time period , as it was a year before the film Red Dawn came out , which focused on Cold War paranoia . Subsequently , they were able to use all their own personal inspirations from the 1980s , the decade they were born , as elements of the series , crafting it in the realm of science fiction and horror . The Duffer Brothers have cited as influence for the show ( among others ) : Stephen King novels ; films produced by Steven Spielberg , John Carpenter , Wes Craven , Robert Zemeckis , George Lucas and Guillermo del Toro ; films such as Alien and Stand by Me ; Japanese anime such as Akira and Elfen Lied ; and video games such as Silent Hill , The Last of Us , and Dark Souls . The Duffers also believe that they may have brought influences from other works unintentionally , including Beyond the Black Rainbow and D.A.R.Y.L. , discovered by reviewing fan feedback on the show . With Netflix as the platform , The Duffer Brothers were not limited to a typical 22 - episode format , opting for the eight - episode approach . They had been concerned that a 22 - episode season on broadcast television would be difficult to `` tell a cinematic story '' with that many episodes . Eight episodes allowed them to give time to characterization in addition to narrative development ; if they had less time available , they would have had to remain committed to telling a horror film as soon as the monster was introduced and abandon the characterization . Within the eight episodes , the brothers aimed to make the first season `` feel like a big movie '' with all the major plot lines completed so that `` the audience feels satisfied '' , but left enough unresolved to indicate `` there 's a bigger mythology , and there 's a lot of dangling threads at the end '' , something that could be explored in further seasons if Netflix opted to create more . Regarding writing for the children characters of the series , The Duffer Brothers considered themselves as outcasts from other students while in high school and thus found it easy to write for Mike and his friends , and particularly for Barb . Joyce was fashioned after Richard Dreyfuss ' character Roy Neary in Close Encounters of the Third Kind , as she appears `` absolutely bonkers '' to everyone else as she tries to find Will . Other characters , such as Billy in the second season , have more villainous attributes that are not necessarily obvious from the onset ; Matt explained that they took further inspiration from Stephen King for these characters , as King `` always has really great human villains '' that may be more malicious than the supernatural evil . Casting The Duffers cast David Harbour as Chief Hopper believing this was his opportunity to have a lead character in a work . In June 2015 , it was announced that Winona Ryder and David Harbour had joined the series as Joyce and as the unnamed chief of police , respectively . The brothers ' casting director Carmen Cuba had suggested Ryder for the role of Joyce , which the two were immediately drawn to because of her predominance in the films of the 1980s . Levy believed Ryder could `` wretch up the emotional urgency and yet find layers and nuance and different sides of ( Joyce ) '' . Ryder praised that the show 's multiple storylines required her to act for Joyce as `` she 's out of her mind , but she 's actually kind of onto something '' , and that the producers had faith she could pull off the difficult role . The Duffer Brothers had been interested in Harbour before , who until Stranger Things primarily had smaller roles as villainous characters , and they felt that he had been `` waiting too long for this opportunity '' to play a lead , while Harbour himself was thrilled by the script and the chance to play `` a broken , flawed , anti-hero character '' . Additional casting followed two months later with Finn Wolfhard as Mike , Millie Bobby Brown in an undisclosed role , Gaten Matarazzo as Dustin , Caleb McLaughlin as Lucas , Natalia Dyer as Nancy , and Charlie Heaton as Jonathan . In September 2015 , Cara Buono joined the cast as Karen , followed by Matthew Modine as Martin Brenner a month later . Additional cast who recur for the first season include Noah Schnapp as Will , Shannon Purser as Barbara `` Barb '' Holland , Joe Keery as Steve Harrington , and Ross Partridge as Lonnie , among others . Actors auditioning for the children roles read lines from Stand By Me . The Duffer Brothers estimated they went through about a thousand different child actors for the roles . They noted that Wolfhard was already `` a movie buff '' of the films from the 1980s period and easily filled the role , while they found Matarazzo 's audition to be much more authentic than most of the other audition tapes , and selected him after a single viewing of his audition tape . As casting was started immediately after Netflix greenlit the show , and prior to the scripts being fully completed , this allowed some of the actor 's takes on the roles to reflect into the script . The casting of the young actors for Will and his friends had been done just after the first script was completed , and subsequent scripts incorporated aspects from these actors . The brothers said Modine provided significant input on the character of Dr. Brenner , whom they had not really fleshed out before as they considered him the hardest character to write for given his limited appearances within the narrative . In October 2016 , it was announced that Schnapp and Keery had been promoted to the main cast for the second season , after each recurring in the first season , and that Sadie Sink and Dacre Montgomery would join the main cast as Max and Billy , respectively . Ryder , Harbour , Wolfhard , Brown , Matarazzo , McLaughlin , Dyer and Heaton also return for the season . Sean Astin as Bob Newby and Paul Reiser as Sam Owens are also part of the main cast in the season . For Owens , The Duffer Brothers had referred to the character in their pitch to Netflix for the season as `` Paul Reiser '' , and specifically alluded to Reiser 's character Burke in Aliens , with Ross referencing James Cameron 's casting choice for that film , saying , `` ( Cameron ) thought people would inherently trust ( Reiser ) and it would be a twist '' . Reiser 's son was a fan of Stranger Things , and gave his father an early appreciation of the series , so that by when the production called his agent about the role , Reiser was excited for the part . Joining them in recurring roles are Linnea Berthelsen as Kali / Eight and Brett Gelman as Murray Bauman . Filming The brothers had desired to film the series around the Long Island area to match the initial Montauk concept . However , with filming scheduled to take place in November 2015 , it was difficult to shoot in Long Island in the cold weather , and the production started scouting locations in and around the Atlanta , Georgia area . The brothers , who grew up in North Carolina , found many places that reminded them of their own childhoods in that area , and felt the area would work well with the narrative shift to the fictional town of Hawkins , Indiana . The filming of the first season began in November 2015 and was extensively done in Atlanta , Georgia , with The Duffer Brothers and Levy handling the direction of individual episodes . Jackson served as the basis of the fictional town of Hawkins , Indiana . Other shooting locations included the Georgia Mental Health Institute as the Hawkins National Laboratory site , Bellwood Quarry , Patrick Henry High School in Stockbridge , Georgia , for the middle and high school scenes , Emory University 's Continuing Education Department , the former city hall in Douglasville , Georgia , Georgia International Horse Park , the probate court in Butts County , Georgia , Old East Point Library and East Point First Baptist Church in East Point , Georgia , Fayetteville , Georgia , Stone Mountain Park , Palmetto , Georgia , and Winston , Georgia . Set work was done at Screen Gem Studios in Atlanta . The series was filmed with a Red Dragon digital camera . Filming for the first season concluded in early 2016 . While filming , the brothers tried to capture shots that could be seen as homages to many of the 1980s references they recalled . Their goal was not necessarily to fill the work with these references , but instead make the series seem to the viewer as a 1980s film . They spent little time reviewing those works and instead went by memory . Matt further recognized that some of their filming homages were not purposely done but were found to be very comparable , as highlighted by a fan - made video comparing the show to several 1980s works side - by - side . Matt commented on the video that `` Some were deliberate and some were subconscious . '' The brothers recognized that many of the iconic scenes from these 1980s films , such as with Poltergeist , was about `` taking a very ordinary object that people deal with every day , their television set , and imbuing it with something otherworldly '' , leading to the idea of using the Christmas light strings for Will to communicate with Joyce . The brothers attributed much of the 1980s feel to set and costume designers and the soundtrack composers that helped to recreate the era for them . Lynda Reiss , the head of props , had about a $220,000 budget , similar to most films , to acquire artifacts of the 1980s , using eBay and searching through flea markets and estate sales around the Atlanta area . The bulk of the props were original items from the 1980s with only a few pieces , such as the Dungeons & Dragons books made as replicas . Costume designer Kimberly Adams - Galligan for the first season aimed for capturing authenticity of the clothes choices by the characters , such as reflecting that the Byers would likely use hand - me - down clothes compared to the other families ; in this case , while the costume department did distress the outfits for all the characters , they spent more time for Will 's clothes compared to Mike 's . Frequently , they needed to create outfits for the kids themselves since many were still growing during the time of filming , and could not readily acquire period fashion across a range of sizes . Director of photography Tim Ives shot the first season with Leica lens and the 6K Red Scarlet Dragon to `` make sure that our images had the soft and round tones that are in ' 80s films '' ; this is achieved through digital image processing . Ives said that these cameras allow them to create an adaptable quality to the recorded film that is adaptable to a wide range of viewing experiences , including support for newer and future television technologies such as high dynamic range video that was just becoming adopted at the time of filming . Filming for the second season began on November 7 , 2016 , once again in and around the Atlanta Metro area . While parts of Season 2 were set in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , these were actually filmed in downtown Atlanta , with skylines of Pittsburgh added in post-production . Andrew Stanton , director of Pixar 's Finding Nemo and WALL - E , directed the fifth and sixth episodes of the second season . Levy stated that Stanton was a big fan of the show and called up Levy , offering his directorial abilities for the show . Rebecca Thomas directed the seventh episode of the season . Unlike the first season , which they were able to film without any real security issues , the heightened awareness of the show required the producers to take significant steps to keep the show 's production in secret while filming the second season . They spoke to the production team of HBO 's Game of Thrones for tips and advice for securing filming sites , and have adopted code names for the series and various parts to allow the actors to speak to others without revealing details of the show 's plot . Kim Wilcox took over for costumes in the second season , finding many of the same problems with designing for the child actors that were aging . Furthermore , she wanted to create the 80 's aestetic but as reflected in a small rural town , with the trends of period slowly filtering into it rather that immediately jump on elements like neon colors . The second season concluded filming on June 2 , 2017 . Ives once again used Leica lens to film the season , while upgrading to the Red Weapon 8K S35 camera . Visual effects To create the aged effect for the series , a film grain was added over the footage , which was captured by scanning in film stock from the 1980s . The Duffers wanted to scare the audience , but not to necessarily make the show violent or gory , following in line with how the 1980s Amblin Entertainment films drove the creation of the PG - 13 movie rating . It was `` much more about mood and atmosphere and suspense and dread than they are about gore '' , though they were not afraid to push into more scary elements , particularly towards the end of the first season . The brothers had wanted to avoid any computer - generated effects for the monster and other parts of the series and stay with practical effects . However , the six - month filming time left them little time to plan out and test practical effects rigs for some of the shots . They went with a middle ground of using constructed props including one for the monster whenever they could , but for other shots , such as when the monster bursts through a wall , they opted to use digital effects . Post-production on the first season was completed the week before it was released to Netflix . The title sequence uses closeups of the letters in the Stranger Things title with a red tint against a black background as they slide into place within the title . The sequence was created by the studio Imaginary Forces , formerly part of R / GA , led by creative director Michelle Doughtey . Levy introduced the studio to The Duffer Brothers , who explained their vision of the 1980s - inspired show , which helped the studio to fix the concept the producers wanted . Later , but prior to filming , the producers sent Imaginary Forces the pilot script , the synth - heavy background music for the titles , as well as the various book covers from King and other authors that they had used to establish the title and imagery , and were looking for a similar approach for the show 's titles , primarily using a typographical sequence . They took inspiration from several title sequences of works from the 1980s that were previously designed by Richard Greenberg under R / GA , such as Altered States and The Dead Zone . They also got input from Dan Perri , who worked on the title credits of several 1980s films . Various iterations included having letters vanish , to reflect the `` missing '' theme of the show , and having letters cast shadows on others , alluding to the mysteries , before settling into the sliding letters . The studio began working on the title sequence before filming , and took about a month off during the filming process to let the producers get immersed in the show and come back with more input . Initially they had been working with various fonts for the title and used close - ups of the best features of these fonts , but near the end the producers wanted to work with ITC Benguiat , requiring them to rework those shots . The final sequence is fully computer generated , but they took inspiration from testing some practical effects , such as using Kodalith masks as would have been done in the 1980s , to develop the appropriate filters for the rendering software . The individual episode title cards used a `` fly through '' approach , similar to the film Bullitt , which the producers had suggested to the studio . Music Main article : Music of Stranger Things The Stranger Things original soundtrack was composed by Michael Stein and Kyle Dixon of the electronic band Survive . It makes extensive use of synthesizers in homage to 1980s artists and film composers including Jean - Michel Jarre , Tangerine Dream , Vangelis , Goblin , John Carpenter , Giorgio Moroder , and Fabio Frizzi . According to Stein and Dixon , The Duffer Brothers had been fans of Survive 's music , and used their song `` Dirge '' for the mock trailer that was used to sell the show to Netflix . Once the show was green - lit , the Duffers contacted Survive around July 2015 to ask if they were still doing music ; the two provided the production team with dozens of songs from their band 's past to gain their interest , helping to land them the role . Once aboard , the two worked with producers to select some of their older music to rework for the show , while developing new music , principally with character motifs . The two had been hired before the casting process , so their motif demos were used and played over the actors ' audition tapes , aiding in the casting selection . The show 's theme is based on an unused work Stein composed much earlier that ended up in the library of work they shared with the production staff , who thought that with some reworking would be good for the opening credits . In addition to original music , Stranger Things features period music from artists including The Clash , Joy Division , Toto , New Order , The Bangles , Foreigner , Echo and the Bunnymen , Peter Gabriel , and Corey Hart , as well as excerpts from Tangerine Dream , John Carpenter , and Vangelis . In particular , The Clash 's `` Should I Stay or Should I Go '' was specifically picked to play at pivotal moments of the story , such as when Will is trying to communicate with Joyce from the Upside Down . Soundtracks Stranger Things ' original soundtrack , consisting of 75 songs from Stein and Dixon split across two volumes , was released by Lakeshore Records . Digital release and streaming options were released on August 10 and 19 , 2016 for the two volumes , respectively , while retail versions were available on September 16 and 23 , 2016 . Limited editions of the soundtrack on vinyl , in both individual and a boxed set , are set for release in July 2017 . A cassette version of the soundtrack , sold exclusively by Urban Outfitters , was released on July 14 , 2017 . The cassette packaging features a cardboard cover that emulates an old VHS sleeves , while the cassette case is made to look like a VHS tape . Both volumes were nominated individually for the Best Score Soundtrack Category for the 2017 Grammy Awards , though neither won . The soundtrack for the second season of Stranger Things was released digitally on October 20 , 2017 . The soundtrack , once again composed by Stein and Dixon , consists of 34 songs and was released by Lakeshore Records in the United States and Invada Records internationally . The soundtrack is intended to be released on physical formats , such as compact disc , vinyl , and cassette as well . On the soundtrack 's composition , Stein and Dixon together said that the score for the season introduces `` new styles of composition , while still revisiting old themes when appropriate ... We 've created new elements that are necessary to support the story , but still want to remain true to the sound of Season 1 . '' The first track from the soundtrack , `` Walkin ' in Hawkins '' , was released on October 12 . Release The first season consisted of eight one - hour - long episodes which were released worldwide on Netflix on July 15 , 2016 , in Ultra HD 4K . The second season , consisting of nine episodes , was released on October 27 , 2017 in HDR . A teaser for the second season , which also announced the release date , aired during Super Bowl LI . Home Media The first season of Stranger Things was released on a Blu - ray / DVD combo pack exclusively to Target retailers on October 17 , 2017 , which includes a vintage VHS - inspired packaging . Reception Winona Ryder ( left ) was nominated for the Golden Globe , Satellite and Screen Actors Guild Award , while Millie Bobby Brown ( right ) was nominated for the Emmy Award and Screen Actors Guild Award for their work in the series . Audience viewership As Netflix does not reveal subscriber viewership numbers for any of their original series , Symphony Technology Group compiled data for the season based on people using software on their phones that measures television viewing by detecting a program 's sound . According to Symphony , within the first 35 days of release , Stranger Things averaged ratings around 14.07 million adults between the ages 18 -- 49 in the United States . This made it the third most - watched season of Netflix original content in the U.S. at the time behind the first season of Fuller House and fourth season of Orange Is the New Black . In a September 2016 analysis , Netflix found that Stranger Things `` hooked '' viewers by the second episode of the first season , indicating that the second episode was `` the first installment that led at least 70 percent of viewers who watched that episode to complete the entire first season of a show . '' In August 2017 , the marketing analytics firm Jumpshot determined the season was the seventh-most viewed Netflix season in the first 30 days after it premiered , garnering slightly more than 20 % of the viewers that the second season of Daredevil received , which was the most viewed season according to Jumpshot . Jumpshot , which `` analyzes click - stream data from an online panel of more than 100 million consumers '' , looked at the viewing behavior and activity of the company 's U.S. members , factoring in the relative number of U.S. Netflix viewers who watched at least one episode of the season . Critical reception Season 1 Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 94 % ( 69 reviews ) 76 ( 34 reviews ) 94 % ( 109 reviews ) 78 ( 32 reviews ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the first season an approval rating of 94 % based on 69 reviews , and a weighted average rating of 7.96 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , `` Exciting , heartbreaking , and sometimes scary , Stranger Things acts as an addictive homage to Spielberg films and vintage 1980s television . '' Review aggregator Metacritic gave the first season a normalized score of 76 out of 100 based on 34 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . IGN gave the score of 8 out of 10 and called the series `` Great '' , saying `` Stranger Things is an easy recommendation , offering viewers an atmospheric and endearing series that is a nostalgic throwback without feeling like a simple copy . '' In a review in the San Francisco Chronicle Dave Wiegand wrote : `` Stranger Things reminds us of a time marked by a kind of no - strings escapism . And as it does so , we find ourselves yearning for it because the Duffers have made it so irresistibly appealing . There may be other equally great shows to watch this summer , but I guarantee you wo n't have more fun watching any of them than you will watching Stranger Things . '' Joshua Alston of The A.V. Club also reviewed it positively saying , `` Balancing style and substance is always challenging for a series like Stranger Things , but the show is perfectly calibrated . It feels like watching a show produced during the era in which it 's set , but with the craft of today 's prestige television . '' Reviewing for HitFix , Alan Sepinwall said , `` Over the course of the eight hours , the story and characters take on enough life of their own so that the references do n't feel self - indulgent , and so that the series can be appreciated even if you do n't know the plot of E.T. or the title font of Stephen King 's early novels ( a huge influence on the show 's own opening credits ) by heart . '' Emily Nussbaum of The New Yorker also applauded the series and wrote , `` This is astoundingly efficient storytelling , eight hours that pass in a blink , with even minor characters getting sharp dialogue , dark humor , or moments of pathos . '' Television critic Mary McNamara of Los Angeles Times said , `` For the most part , and in absolute defiance of the odds , Stranger Things honors its source material in the best way possible : By telling a sweet ' n ' scary story in which monsters are real but so are the transformative powers of love and fealty . '' The Wall Street Journal 's Brian Kelly said , `` Matt Duffer and Ross Duffer , brothers and the show 's creators , have done their homework when it comes to ' 80s cinema . Whether you 're a fan of John Carpenter 's The Thing or The Goonies is more your speed , there 's plenty to like in Stranger Things . '' In a negative review , cultural critic Grafton Tanner called the series `` wish fulfillment '' and `` a window through which the present - shocked can gaze at a clichéd past . '' Similarly , Marinna Guzy of The Establishment wrote : `` When confronted with a story like Stranger Things , a recycled retelling of an old story being marketed as homage and good , clean nostalgia , one has to wonder whether or not studios and content creators like The Duffer Brothers ever ask themselves whether or not the story they are telling is the one that should be told . What purpose does Stranger Things serve beyond reinforcing the status quo in the media landscape and perpetuating the dangerous delusion that things were better way back when ? '' Season 2 On Rotten Tomatoes , the second season has an approval rating of 94 % based on 109 reviews , and an average rating of 7.83 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , `` Stranger Things ' slow - building sophomore season balances moments of humor and a nostalgic sweetness against a growing horror that 's all the more effective thanks to the show 's full - bodied characters and evocative tone . '' On Metacritic , the second season has a normalized score of 78 out of 100 , based on 32 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Commentary Shannon Purser 's performance as Barb received a great deal of attention from fans , and led to her being nominated for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series . Shortly after its release , Stranger Things gained a dedicated fanbase . One area of focus from these fans was the character of Barb , the nerdy friend and classmate of Nancy who is taken and killed by the monster early in the season . According to actress Shannon Purser , Barb `` was n't supposed to be a big deal '' , and The Duffer Brothers had not gone into great detail about the character since the focus was on finding Will . However , many fans sympathized with the character , with Laura Bradley of Vanity Fair suggesting that these people found that Barb would be a similar misfit in society , and `` looks more like someone you might actually meet in real life '' compared to the other characters , particularly Nancy , in the series . Hashtags such as `` # ImWithBarb '' and `` # JusticeforBarb '' grew in popularity after the series ' release , and several fan sites and forums were created to support her . While Purser did not return for the second season , The Duffer Brothers used the real - life `` Justice for Barb '' movement as inspiration for narrative at the start of the second season , with Nancy addressing the fact `` that no one ever cares about '' Barb . Purser and several media outlets took her nomination as Barb for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series in the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards as achieving `` Justice for Barb '' , highlighting how well her character was received . Another impact of the series has been an increase demand for Eggo waffles , as they are shown to be Eleven 's favorite food in several episodes and are seen as a representation of the show . The Kellogg Company , which manufactures Eggo , had not been part of the production prior to the first season 's release , but recognized the market impact of the series . It provided a vintage 1980s Eggo television advertisement for Netflix to use in its Super Bowl LI commercial , and is looking to become more involved with cross-promotion . Awards and nominations Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2016 Hollywood Music in Media Awards Best Main Title -- TV Show / Digital Streaming Series Kyle Dixon , Michael Stein Nominated Best Original Score -- TV Show / Miniseries Kyle Dixon , Michael Stein Nominated Outstanding Music Supervision -- Television Nora Felder Won American Film Institute Awards Top 10 TV Programs of the Year Stranger Things Won Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Stranger Things Nominated Most Bingeworthy Show Stranger Things Nominated 2017 Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama Stranger Things Nominated Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Winona Ryder Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Show Stranger Things Nominated Favorite Premium Sci - Fi / Fantasy Series Stranger Things Nominated Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress Millie Bobby Brown Nominated National Television Awards Best Period Drama Stranger Things Nominated Dorian Awards TV Drama of the Year Stranger Things Nominated TV Performance of the Year -- Actress Winona Ryder Nominated American Cinema Editors Awards Best Edited One Hour Series for Non-Commercial Television Dean Zimmerman `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Kevin D. Ross `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Producers Guild of America Awards Episodic Television , Drama The Duffer Brothers , Shawn Levy , Dan Cohen , Iain Paterson Won Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Winona Ryder Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Main cast Won Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement for a Drama Series The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Marc Kolbe , Aaron Sims , Olcun Tan Nominated Art Directors Guild Awards One - Hour Period or Fantasy Single - Camera Television Series Chris Trujillo `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' , `` Chapter Three : Holly , Jolly '' , `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated SOC Lifetime Achievement Awards Camera Operator of the Year -- Television Bob Gorelick Nominated Grammy Awards Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media Stranger Things Volume 1 Nominated Stranger Things Volume 2 Nominated NME Awards Best TV Series Stranger Things Nominated Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Best Music Supervision in a Television Drama Nora Felder Won Cinema Audio Society Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Series -- One Hour Chris Durfy , Joe Barnett , Adam Jenkins , Judah Getz , John Guentner `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Satellite Awards Best Television Series -- Genre Stranger Things Nominated Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Winona Ryder Nominated Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form -- Music David Klotz `` Chapter Three : Holly Jolly '' Won Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form -- FX / Foley Jacob McNaughton `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Make - Up Artists & Hair Stylists Guild Awards Best Period and / or Character Make - Up -- Television Amy L. Forsythe , Samantha Smith Nominated Best Period and / or Character Hair Styling -- Television Sarah Hindsgaul , Evelyn Roach Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards Drama Series Paul Dichter , Justin Doble , The Duffer Brothers , Jessica Mecklenburg , Jessie Nickson - Lopez , Alison Tatlock Nominated New Series Paul Dichter , Justin Doble , The Duffer Brothers , Jessica Mecklenburg , Jessie Nickson - Lopez , Alison Tatlock Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Period Television Series Kimberly Adams , Malgosia Turzanska Nominated IFMCA Awards Best Original Score for a Television Series Kyle Dixon , Michael Stein Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Digital TV Series or Film -- Young Actor Noah Schnapp Nominated Best Performance in a Digital TV Series or Film -- Young Actress Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Best Performance in a Digital TV Series or Film -- Teen Actor Gaten Matarazzo Nominated Caleb McLaughlin Nominated Finn Wolfhard Nominated Best Performance in a Digital TV Series or Film -- Teen Actress Natalia Dyer Nominated Empire Awards Best TV Series Stranger Things Nominated Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in Period Television Tony Holley Nominated Shorty Awards Best TV Show Stranger Things Nominated Peabody Awards Best Entertainment Program Stranger Things Nominated Bram Stoker Awards Bram Stoker Award for Best Screenplay The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards TV Show of the Year Stranger Things Won Best Actor in a TV Show Millie Bobby Brown Won Best Hero Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Best Villain The Demogorgon Nominated British Academy Television Awards Best International Program Matt Duffer , Ross Duffer , Shawn Levy , Dan Cohen Nominated Golden Trailer Awards Best Fantasy Adventure ( TV Spot / Trailer / Teaser for a series ) Stranger Things Won Best Sound Editing ( TV Spot / Trailer / Teaser for a series ) Stranger Things Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series Stranger Things Won Best Actress on a Television Series Winona Ryder Nominated Best Younger Actor on a Television Series Millie Bobby Brown Won TCA Awards Program of the Year Stranger Things Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Drama Stranger Things Nominated Outstanding New Program Stranger Things Nominated Hugo Awards Best Dramatic Presentation , Long Form The Duffer Brothers Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Fantasy / Sci - Fi Series Stranger Things Nominated Choice Breakout Series Stranger Things Nominated Choice Breakout TV Star Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Finn Wolfhard Nominated Dragon Awards Best Science Fiction or Fantasy TV Series Stranger Things Won Gold Derby TV Awards Drama Series Stranger Things Won Drama Supporting Actor David Harbour Nominated Drama Supporting Actress Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Winona Ryder Nominated Breakthrough Performer of the Year Millie Bobby Brown Won Drama Episode Justin Doble , The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Paul Ditcher , The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Ensemble of the Year Main cast Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series Stranger Things Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series David Harbour as Jim Hopper `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Millie Bobby Brown as Eleven `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series Nominated Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Shannon Purser as Barb Holland `` Chapter Three : Holly , Jolly '' Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Period Program ( One Hour or More ) Chris Trujillo , William Davis , Jess Royal `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Carmen Cuba , Tara Feldstein , Chase Paris Won Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) Tim Ives `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series Kevin D. Ross `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Dean Zimmerman `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Won Outstanding Hairstyling for a Single - Camera Series Sarah Hindsgaul , Evelyn Roach `` Chapter Two : The Weirdo on Maple Street '' Nominated Outstanding Makeup for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) Myke Michaels , Teresa Vest `` Chapter Six : The Monster '' Nominated Outstanding Music Supervision Nora Felder `` Chapter Two : The Weirdo on Maple Street '' Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series Bradley North , Craig Henighan , Jordan Wilby , Jonathan Golodner , Tiffany S. Griffth , Sam Munoz , David Klotz , Noel Vought , Ginger Geary `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Won Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( One Hour ) Joe Barnett , Adam Jenkins , Chris Durfy , Bill Higley `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Outstanding Main Title Design Michelle Dougherty , Peter Frankfurt , Arisu Kashiwagi , Eric Demeusy Won Outstanding Original Main Title Theme Music Michael Stein , Kyle Dixon Won Outstanding Creative Achievement in Interactive Media within a Scripted Program Netflix , CBS Digital Stranger Things VR Experience Nominated Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best TV Series Stranger Things Won Best TV Actress Millie Bobby Brown Won Best TV Supporting Actor David Harbour Nominated Best TV Supporting Actress Winona Ryder Won World Soundtrack Awards Best TV Composer of the Year Kyle Dixon , Michael Stein Nominated HPA Awards Outstanding Editing -- Television Dean Zimmerman `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Won Outstanding Sound -- Television Craig Henigham , Joe Barnett , Adam Jenkins , Jordan Wilby , Tiffany Griffith `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Won American Film Institute Awards Top 10 TV Programs of the Year Stranger Things Won 2018 Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama Stranger Things Nominated Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film David Harbour Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Stranger Things Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series David Harbour Won NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Performance by a Youth Caleb McLaughlin Won Producers Guild of America Awards Episodic Television , Drama Iain Paterson , Shawn Levy , Dan Cohen , The Duffer Brothers , Rand Geiger , Justin Doble Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series David Harbour Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Main cast Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series Max Calder , Crystal Hooks , Kathryn Howard , Cal Johnson , Jason Kehler , Jo Jo Lambert , Anderson Martin , Lonnie R. Smith , Jr Nominated American Cinema Editors Awards Best Edited Drama Series for Non-Commercial Television Kevin D. Ross `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' Pending Art Directors Guild Awards One - Hour Period or Fantasy Single - Camera Television Series Chris Trujillo `` Chapter Six : The Spy '' , `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' , `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' Pending Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement for a Drama Series The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' Pending SOC Lifetime Achievement Awards Camera Operator of the Year -- Television Bob Gorelick Pending Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Best Music Supervision in a Television Promo Bobby Gumm , Michael Paquette Pending Satellite Awards Best Television Series -- Genre Stranger Things Pending Writers Guild of America Awards Drama Series Paul Dichter , Justin Doble , The Duffer Brothers , Jessica Mecklenburg , Jessie Nickson - Lopez , Alison Tatlock Pending Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Paul Graff , Christina Graff , Seth Hill , Joel Sevilla , Caius the Man `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' Pending Outstanding Created Environment in an Episode , Commercial , or Real - Time Project Saul Galbiati , Michael Maher , Seth Cobb , Kate McFadden `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' Pending Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form -- Music David Klotz `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' Pending Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form -- Dialogue / ADR Bradley North , Tiffany Griffith `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' Pending Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form -- FX / Foley Bradley North , Craig Hennigan , Jordan Wilby , Antony Zeller , Zane D. Bruce , Lindsay Pepper `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' Pending Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Period Television Series Kim Wilcox Pending Cinema Audio Society Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Series -- One Hour Michael P. Clark , Joe Barnett , Adam Jenkins , Bill Higley , Anthony Zeller `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' Pending Make - Up Artists & Hair Stylists Guild Awards Best Period and / or Character Make - Up -- Television Amy L. Forsythe , Jillian Erickson Pending Best Special Make - Up Effects -- Television Amy L. Forsythe , Jillian Erickson Pending Other Media Beyond Stranger Things Logo for the aftershow With the release of the second season of the series , Netflix also released Beyond Stranger Things , an aftershow hosted by Jim Rash . The guests of the aftershow are composed of cast and crew from the series , including The Duffer Brothers and the series ' stars , to discuss the development and behind - the - scenes production of the series and its larger mythology . Unlike previous aftershows created by Embassy Row , such as Talking Dead and Talking Bad , Beyond Stranger Things is intended to be watched after a screening of the entire current season . No . Title Guests Video guests Original release date `` Mind Blown '' Shawn Levy , The Duffer Brothers , Finn Wolfhard , and Millie Bobby Brown David Harbour October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) `` Mad for Max '' Shawn Levy , The Duffer Brothers , Caleb McLaughlin , Gaten Matarazzo , and Sadie Sink None October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) `` Unlikely Allies '' Shawn Levy , The Duffer Brothers , Gaten Matarazzo , and Joe Keery None October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) `` Truth in Hawkins '' Joe Keery , Natalia Dyer , Charlie Heaton , and Brett Gelman David Harbour and Shannon Purser October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 5 `` The AV Club '' Caleb McLaughlin , Gaten Matarazzo , Noah Schnapp , Randy Havens , and Bill Nye Sean Astin October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 6 `` The New Class '' Sadie Sink , Brett Gelman , Dacre Montgomery , and Linnea Berthelsen Sean Astin and Paul Reiser October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 7 `` Closing the Gate '' Shawn Levy , The Duffer Brothers , Millie Bobby Brown , Noah Schnapp , and Natalia Dyer David Harbour , Sean Astin , and Eddie Tsang October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Mobile video game Netflix and BonusXP developed a free mobile game tie - in for Stranger Things , released to iOS and Android devices on October 4 , 2017 . The game uses a retro - pixel style of art , similar to games for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System . The game is loosely based on the Stranger Things story after season one , with the player starting as Chief of Police Jim Hopper looking for the missing boys . Once these characters are found , they become playable and have special abilities that allow the player to access more areas in the game . BonusXP had less than a year to complete the game . The team decided to make the game in a similar style to The Legend of Zelda because it `` was a perfect match because both ( Stranger Things and Zelda ) are about exploration , and it 's kind of a mysterious fit that fit the mood of the show , '' according to BonusXP president Dave Pottinger . The map of Hawkins in the game was based on a Google street view map of Jackson , Georgia where the series is filmed . In order to help keep the game a secret , BonusXP did not hire game testers for their quality assurance , instead having family members from the design team provide feedback ; this process helped create the two difficulty levels in the game . Completing the game gives players a clip from the Season 2 premiere episode of the show . The game was downloaded 3 million times in the first week , becoming a top download and receiving critical praise . With the release of season two , an update to the game added Max as a playable character , and a release for the Amazon Fire TV , which included controller support . PlayStation VR game Sony Interactive Entertainment has announced that it is working on a PlayStation 4 - exclusive game , based on Stranger Things , for their PlayStation VR peripheral . The company has since released a teaser showing the Christmas - lights - on - a-wall scenes . Others United States Representative David Cicilline compared the state of the nation during the presidency of Donald Trump to that of Stranger Things during a speech given in Congress on February 16 , 2017 , using a sign `` Trump Things '' in the same format as the title card of the show and saying `` Like the main characters in Stranger Things , we are now stuck in the Upside Down '' . As part of its release on Netflix on April 14 , 2017 , the cast of the rebooted version of Mystery Science Theater 3000 riffed on the first part of `` Chapter 1 '' of Stranger Things . Google used augmented reality ( AR ) `` stickers '' of Stranger Things characters to introduce its ARCore technology announced alongside its Pixel 2 phone in October 2017 . Sesame Street created a young audience - appropriate spoof of Stranger Things , called Sharing Things , released in November 2017 ; it featured Cookie Monster as the `` Cookiegorgon '' , Grover as Lucas , Ernie as Dustin , and included several nods to the narrative of the second season . References Jump up ^ Ho , Rodney ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` New Netflix drama series Stranger Things to shoot in Atlanta '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix to premiere original series Montauk in 2016 '' . Reuters. April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Caitlin ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Is Hawkins A Real Town ? ' Stranger Things ' Will Make You Nostalgic For These Other ' 80s Classics '' . Bustle . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things : Millie Bobby Brown to Return as Eleven in Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 : Shawn Levy Confirms He 's Directing Again ; Teases Season 3 '' . Collider . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things 2 returns to Upside Down with new monster , bigger story '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Time ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things 2 : Where is Eleven ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things season 2 : Who 's in danger ? Who 's new ? The plot revealed ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Longeretta , Emily ( January 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Scoop : Sean Astin Playing Winona Ryder 's ' Boyfriend ' & More '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hime , Nelly ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 2 Confirmed , Duffer Brothers Reveal Details '' . Nagame Digital . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Scoop : Winona Ryder to Headline Untitled Netflix Supernatural Thriller '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Duffer Bros. Netflix Supernatural Drama Series Sets Young Cast , Gets Title '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` Cara Buono Joins Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' ; Dean Cain In ' Lady Dynamite ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' Adds Matthew Modine to Cast ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Stranger Things ' executive producer confirms a major character 's fate '' . Business Insider . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Trailer : First Look At Netflix 's Supernatural Drama Starring Winona Ryder & Matthew Modine '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( October 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Netflix Series Adds Two New Regulars , Promotes Two For Season 2 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Crossan , Ashley ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Stranger Things ' Actor Joe Keery on Season 2 , Steve 's Hair and Justice for Barb '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schwindt , Oriana ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Casts Sean Astin , Paul Reiser , Linnea Berthelsen '' . Variety . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Coates , Tyler ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` This 19 - Year - Old Unknown Actress Just Became an ' 80s Cult Icon '' . Esquire . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nyren , Erin ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Steger on Portraying the Monster in ' Stranger Things ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Randall , Kayla ( November 2016 ) . `` Two young Louisiana actors are featured in two buzzed - about Netflix shows '' . 225 Baton Rouge . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kubai , Andy ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Real Life Conspiracy and Occult Connections '' . Screenrant.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Meet the mysterious Stranger Things 2 character at the heart of Eleven 's episode '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schwindt , Oriana ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Adds Brett Gelman as Conspiracy Theorist '' . Variety . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lerner , Will ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : There will be more of excellent Erica in Season 3 '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` Ross Patridge Joins cast of Stranger Things '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 2 : Nashville Vet Will Chase Joins Cast as ( Spoiler ) '' . TVline . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mellor , Louisa ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Stranger Things spoiler - free review '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sternbergh , Adam ( August 20 , 2017 ) . `` Turned Upside Down '' . Vulture . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Grow , Kory ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : How Two Brothers Created Summer 's Biggest TV Hit '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Finn ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` Matt and Ross Duffer Discuss ' Stranger Things , ' a Nightmare on ' 80s Street '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berkshire , Geoff ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : Shawn Levy on Directing Winona Ryder , Netflix 's Viral Model '' . Variety . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Spangler , Todd ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Orders ' Montauk ' Supernatural Drama Series from ' Wayward Pines ' Duffer Twins '' . Variety . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Orders Supernatural Drama Series From Matt & Ross Duffer , Shawn Levy '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Orders Supernatural Drama Series From Matt & Ross Duffer , Shawn Levy '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fienberg , Daniel ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` The Duffer Brothers Talk ' Stranger Things ' Influences , ' It ' Dreams and Netflix Phase 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leon , Melissa ( August 6 , 2016 ) . `` Inside ' Stranger Things ' : The Duffer Bros. on How They Made the TV Hit of the Summer '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nigel ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things creators tease ' darker ' second season '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Jasper ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things : Netflix boss says it would be ' dumb ' not to do season two '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things Renewed at Netflix , Season 2 to Premiere in 2017 '' . Variety . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Michael ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` The Duffer Brothers Are Reading Your ' Stranger Things ' Reddit Theories '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Time ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things : How many seasons will the Netflix series go ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brinbaum , Debra ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Remote Controlled : ' Stranger Things ' Creators Duffer Brothers on Going ' Big ' in Season 2 '' . Variety . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Kelly ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things season 2 episode titles : What do they mean ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things creators discuss those new chapter titles '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kurp , Josh ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` What Can We Learn From The ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Episode Titles ? '' . Uproxx . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chitwood , Adam ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 : Shawn Levy Confirms He 's Directing Again ; Teases Season 3 '' . Collider.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collinson , Gary ( October 1 , 2017 ) . `` Shawn Levy suggests that Stranger Things could run for 5 seasons '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Piester , Lauren ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 5 ? The Duffer Brothers Are Trying to Decide How Long the Show Will Last '' . Entertainment Online . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix officially renews Stranger Things for third season '' . Polygon . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` David Harbour Talks ' Stranger Things ' Season 3 Plans '' . Variety . December 10 , 2017 . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things is an Homage to the Greats '' . FrightFind . July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nassbaum , Emily ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` On Television : `` Stranger Things '' and `` The Get Down '' `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : all the hidden ( and not - so - hidden ) movie , TV and book references '' . The Telegraph . August 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leeds , Sarene ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` How Netflix 's Stranger Things Channels Steven Spielberg , John Carpenter and Stephen King '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Doty , Meriah ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things : 21 ' 80s Relics We 've Spotted So Far '' . TheWrap . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tobias , Scott ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` A Stranger Things Glossary : Every Major Film Reference in the Show , From A -- Z '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kimber , Tyree ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Strange Influences : Our Favorite Movie References From Stranger Things '' . Boomhowdy.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Sean ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Every ' 80s Pop Culture References in Stranger Things '' . Inverse . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Duffer Brothers Talk ' Stranger Things ' Influences , ' It ' Dreams and Netflix Phase 2 '' . Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` The cinematic influences behind Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' '' . ScreenerTV . July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yes , Stranger Things ' Upside Down was totally inspired by Silent Hill '' . GamesRadar+ . August 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brinbaum , Debra ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' EPs on Season 2 : ' We Could Explore It If Netflix Wanted To ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Thrower , Emma ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things : the Duffer brothers share the secrets of their hit show '' . Empire . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClendon , Lamarco ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : Winona Ryder Discusses First Major TV Role in Netflix Featurette '' . Variety . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilstein , Matt ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Star David Harbour 's Long , Dark Road to Leading Man '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Cast Photo Reveals Who Returns From The Upside Down '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things 2 : Paul Reiser shares how top - secret role is connected to Aliens '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ A. , Jonathan ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Atlanta Filmed ' Stranger Things ' Looks Amazing '' . Project Casting . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gross , Dough ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` New Netflix Show ' Stranger Things ' Films in Georgia '' . The Wrap . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Stranger Things ' shoots on Jackson square '' . Jackson Progress - Argus . November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stamp , -- Elizabeth ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Stranger Things 's Filming Locations Are Just as Spooky in Real Life '' . Architectural Digest . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Georgia Locations for Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' '' . Deep South Mag . July 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thevenon , Ulysse ( August 2016 ) . References to 70 - 80s movies in Stranger Things . Vimeo . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moyniah , Tim ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` The Stories Behind Stranger Things ' Retro ' 80s Props '' . Wired . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Raftery , Liz ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Best Dressed : How Stranger Things ' Costume Designers Took the Show 's Generation Z Stars Back to the ' 80s '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alvarez , Edgar ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` How Netflix keeps ' Stranger Things ' lo - fi in a high - tech world '' . Engadget . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walljasper , Matt ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` What 's filming in Atlanta now ? Stranger Things , The Quad , Jumanji , plus Shaq and Ludacris 's Christmas - themed PCM adventure '' . Atlanta . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walljasper , Matt ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` What 's filming in Atlanta now ? Jumanji , Stranger Things , The Quad , and a look at what 's in store for 2017 '' . Atlanta . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Tuned In : ' Stranger Things 2 ' starts in Pittsburgh '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Finding Dory director to helm 2 episodes of Stranger Things 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` How Game of Thrones influenced Stranger Things 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Molly ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 2 Wraps Filming '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ferrell , Sean Patrick ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` How the Stranger Things Titles Came Out So Perfectly Retro '' . Wired . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Will ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things ( 2016 ) '' . Art of the Title . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Gil ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things Co-Composer Shares the Story Behind 2016 's Most Unlikely Musical Sensation '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : 10 eerie electronic gems to hear if you loved the Netflix show '' . FACT Magazine : Music News , New Music . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Weingarten , Christopher ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : Meet the Band Behind Show 's Creepy , Nostalgic Score '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Helen . `` An Interview With SURVIVE : The Mysterious Band Behind The Epic ' Stranger Things ' Score '' . NME . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mylnar , Phillip ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Unpacking the ' 80s nostalgia of the ' Stranger Things ' soundtrack '' . Mashable . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Minsker , Evan ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Stranger Things Soundtrack Detailed '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yoo , Noah ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Inside the Spellbinding Sound of `` Stranger Things '' `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sodomsky , Sam ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` '' Stranger Things '' Soundtracks Get Cool Vinyl Releases , Box Set `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Galbraith , Alex ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Stranger Things ' Soundtrack Is Coming Out On A Cassette That Looks Like A Old VHS '' . Uproxx . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holub , Christian ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things soundtracks score Grammy nods '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cantrell , Liza ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Listen to a New Song From the Stranger Things Season 2 Soundtrack '' . Spin . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leight , Elisa ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Previews Season Two Soundtrack With Majestic New Song '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Unveils Premiere Dates For ' Orange Is The New Black , ' ' The Get Down , ' ' Flaked ' And Others '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 2 Premiere Date , Huge Monster Threat Revealed '' . E ! Online . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things '' . Netflix . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Super Bowl Ad Buzz : ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Trailer Tops the Field '' . Variety . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wampler , Scott ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Looks Like Stranger Things Is Coming To Blu - Ray , After All '' . Birth. Movies. Death . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` '' Stranger Things '' Season 1 Getting VHS - Style Blu - ray Release at Target `` . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Ratings : Where Series Ranks Among Netflix 's Most Watched '' . Variety . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Butler , Bethoine ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' won over most viewers in just two episodes , according to Netflix '' . Washington Post . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's ' Marvel 's The Defenders ' Poised for Binge - Viewing Pop , Data Indicates '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : Season 1 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( July 9 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things : Review '' . IGN . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wiegand , Dave ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` A thrilling echo of ' 80s sci - fi film in ' Stranger Things ' '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alston , Joshua ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's sci - fi throwback Stranger Things is yesterday 's summer blockbuster today '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' basks in ' 80s nostalgia , but does n't drown in it '' . HitFix . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , Emily ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` '' STRANGER THINGS '' AND `` THE GET DOWN '' `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Earth tones , rotary phones and Winona Ryder : Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' is totally ' 80s '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ P. Kelly , Brian ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Review : Supernaturally Sinister ' 80s Homage '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tanner , Grafton ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things and the Nostalgia Industry '' . The Hong Kong Review of Books . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Guzy , Marinna ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' and the Perils of Nostalgia '' . The Establishment . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : Season 2 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Michael ( December 17 , 2016 ) . `` Shannon Purser : ' People have actually had Barb 's face tattooed on their bodies ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` How the Internet Made Barb from Stranger Things Happen '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Drysdale , Jennifer ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Stranger Things ' Star Shannon Purser Reacts to First Emmy Nom and Finally Getting Justice for Barb '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` An Emmy Nomination Is Truly Justice for Barb '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Erin ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` # JusticeForBarb : ' Stranger Things Shannon Purser receives Emmy nomination '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Ashely ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Why Eleven From Stranger Things Is the Perfect National Waffle Day Mascot '' . Time . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sloane , Garrett ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Eggo 's Role In ' Stranger Things ' Turns Into Free Super Bowl Mention With More To Come '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Music In Visual Media Nominees -- Hollywood Music In Media Awards -- HMMA '' . Hollywood Music in Media Awards . Jump up ^ `` HMMA Winners -- Hollywood Music In Media Awards -- HMMA '' . Hollywood Music in Media Awards . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` AFI Awards : TV Honorees Heavy On Freshmen ; ' This Is Us ' Lone Network Show '' . Jump up ^ `` HBO Leads Television Nominations For The 22nd Annual Critics ' Choice Awards with 22 Nominations '' . November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Winners & Nominees 2017 '' . The Golden Globes . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards Nominees 2017 -- Full List '' . Deadline.com . November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The National Television Awards 2017 -- winners in full '' . Radio Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Moonlight ' Leads Gay and Lesbian Entertainment Critics ' Dorian Award Nominations '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paul Sheehan ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ACE Eddie Awards 2017 : Full list of nominations includes Oscar frontrunner ' La La Land ' '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Producers Guild TV Awards : ' Westworld , ' ' Stranger Things , ' ' Atlanta ' Grab Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Seth ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` SAG Award Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick . `` DGA TV Awards Nominations : ' Stranger Things ' , ' Westworld ' & ' Atlanta ' On List ; Docus Include ' OJ : Made In America ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As ' Doctor Strange , ' ' Jungle Book ' Grab 6 Each '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick . `` Art Directors Guild Awards Nominations : ' Rogue One ' , ' Game Of Thrones ' & More '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' La La Land ' Camera Operator Tops SOC Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy nominations 2017 : Beyoncé and R&B artists shine while rock suffers '' . The Guardian . December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` VO5 NME Awards 2017 - full winners ' list '' . NME . February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guild of Music Supervisors Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . Billboard . February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Wins Cinema Audio Society Award for Sound Mixing '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Winners & Nominees '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Slack , Anne . `` 2017 : Winners '' . mpse.memberclicks.net . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Slack , Anne . `` 2017 : Television Short Form Nominees '' . www.mpse.org . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad , ' ' Star Trek Beyond ' Among Winners at Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` Writers Guild TV Nominations : ' Stranger Things , ' ' Westworld , ' ' This Is Us , ' ' Atlanta ' Break Through '' . Variety . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Period Television Series '' . costumedesignersguild.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IFMCA Award Nominations 2016 '' . filmmusiccritics.org . February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees -- Young Artist Awards '' . Young Artist Awards . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nugent , John ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Three Empire Awards 2017 : Rogue One , Tom Hiddleston And Patrick Stewart Win Big '' . Empire . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hidden Figures , ' ' La La Land ' Among Location Managers Guild Award Nominees '' . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Shorty Awards 2017 : Finalists '' . Variety . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment -- Peabody Awards : ' Atlanta , ' ' Lemonade , ' ' Stranger Things ' Among Finalists '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Bram Stoker Awards Final Ballot '' . Horror World . February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations : See The Full List '' . MTV News . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Robert ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Leads BAFTA Television Award Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Trailer Awards Nominees : Warner Bros & ' Lego Batman ' Lead Pack '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' Wins Top Prize at Golden Trailer Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilyadov , Alex ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things , The Leftovers Among TCA Awards Nominees '' . IGN . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Osburn , Alex ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` Handmaid 's Tale , Atlanta Lead TCA Award Winners '' . IGN . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Hugo Awards '' . The Hugo Awards . December 31 , 2016 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella . `` The Pretty Little Liars Were ALL Nominated for the Same EXACT Award '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Reveal Second Wave of Nominations '' . E ! News . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Dragon Awards are a far - ranging sci - fi and fantasy reading list '' . The Verge . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Chris Beachum , Daniel Montgomery , Marcus James ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards nominations : ' This is Us , ' ' Veep , ' ' The Leftovers , ' ' Stranger Things ' among top contenders '' . Goldderby . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Emmy Nominations 2017 Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Emmy ® Awards Nominations For Programs Airing June 1 , 2016 -- May 31 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Creative Arts Emmy Winners : ' Stranger Things , ' ' Westworld , ' ' Big Little Lies ' Win Big -- Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Never mind Oscar , here 's the 2017 FANGORIA Chainsaw Awards Nominees Ballot ! '' . FANGORIA ® . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rebecca , Rubin ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' La La Land , ' ' Stranger Things ' Among 2017 World Soundtrack Award Nominees '' . Variety . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` HPA Awards : ' Dunkirk ' Wins Best Editing in a Feature '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2017 '' . American Film Institute . December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes : Full list of nominees '' . BBC News . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( December 2 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix , FX 's ' Feud ' Lead Critics ' Choice TV Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` NAACP Image Awards : ' Marshall , ' ' Get Out , ' ' Girls Trip ' Dominate Film Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` PGA Awards Film & TV Nominations Unveiled '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` SAG Award Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick . `` SAG Awards ' Stunt Ensemble Nominees Include Fallen ' Walking Dead ' Stuntman '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Giardina ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' Shape of Water , ' ' Baby Driver ' Among ACE Eddie Awards Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi , ' ' Dunkirk , ' ' Lady Bird ' Nab Art Directors Guild Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DGA Announces Nominees for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Television , Commercials and Documentary for 2017 '' . Directors Guild of America . January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Press Releases '' . socawards.com . January 11 , 2017 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lealos , Shawn S. ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Complete list of nominees for the Guild of Music Supervisors Awards 2018 '' . AXS . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . TheWrap . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia . `` Writers Guild Award TV Nominations : ' The Americans , ' ' Handmaid 's Tale , ' ' GLOW ' Grab Multiple Mentions '' . Variety . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' Apes , ' ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Motion Picture Sound Editors Reveal Golden Reel Nominations '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey . `` I , Tonya , Get Out earn Costume Designers Guild nominations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 50th Annual CAS Awards Timeline '' . Cinema Audio Society . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guild Awards Nominations Announced '' . local706.org . January 5 , 2018 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stedman , Alex ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Aftershow to Launch on Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webster , Andrew ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` This Stranger Things mobile game will help prepare you for the Upside Down '' . The Verge . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` There 's an official Stranger Things video game and it looks retro cool '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gallagher , Danny ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` How an Allen Studio Won the Contract to Make the Top - Secret Stranger Things Game '' . Dallas Observer . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Beating The Stranger Things Game Reveals This Never - Before - Seen Clip From Season 2 '' . GameSpot . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` PS4 's PlayStation VR Getting Stranger Things Experience , See A Teaser Here '' . Jump up ^ Bowerman , Mary ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Congressman compares Trump administration to ' Upside Down ' in ' Stranger Things ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` Mystery Science Theater 3000 perfectly dunks on Stranger Things '' . The Verge . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Adi ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Google is turning Stranger Things characters into adorable augmented reality stickers '' . The Verge . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lenker , Maureen Lee ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` Sesame Street parodies Stranger Things with Cookiegorgon '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . 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Noon O'Rourke Palladino Pennewill Piazza Pitt Shannon Sparks Stuhlbarg Van Wagner Whigham Williams Yusef 2012 : Downton Abbey , series 2 Bonneville Boyle Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Findlay Finneran Froggatt Glen Howes James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Nuttall Robb Smith Stevens Wilton 2013 : Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II Bowen Brandt Cranston Crawford Fletcher Fraser Gunn Metzler Mitte Norris Odenkirk Paul Plemons Quezada Rankin Sane 2014 : Downton Abbey , series 4 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Milne Robb Smith Speleers Theobold Wilton 2015 : Downton Abbey , series 5 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Cassidy Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Ovenden Smith Wilton 2016 : Stranger Things , season 1 Brown Buono Chrest Dyer Harbour Heaton Keery Matarazzo McLaughlin Modine Morgan Reynolds Ryder Schnapp Steger Wolfhard 2017 : This Is Us , season 1 / season 2 Baker Breckenridge Brown Chavis Hartley Herman Jones Metz Moore Sullivan Milo Ventimiglia Watson Zeile Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stranger_Things&oldid=821827692 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2010s American horror television series 2010s American mystery television series 2010s American science fiction television series 2016 American television series debuts Aftershows American science fiction television series American supernatural television series English - language television programs Fictional government investigations of the paranormal Horror drama television series Netflix original programming Parallel universes in fiction Psychic powers in fiction Telekinesis in fiction Television series set in 1983 Television series set in 1984 Television shows set in Indiana Thriller television series Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from January 2018 Citation overkill Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from November 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 21 : 33 . 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how much does the voice of jack in the box make			Jack Box	jack box	Jack Box ( full name Jack I. Box ; or simply known as Jack ) is the mascot of American restaurant chain Jack in the Box . In the advertisements , he is the founder , CEO , and ad spokesman for the chain . According to the company 's web site , he has the appearance of a typical male , with the exception of his huge spherical white head , blue dot eyes , conical black pointed nose , and a curvilinear red smile . He is most of the time seen wearing his yellow clown cap , and a business suit driving a red Viper convertible .	The company has used the Jack Box mascot in its advertising since 1994 and has won a number of advertising awards for the long campaign . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Company biography 3 Other facts and family members 4 2009 bus accident and recovery advertising campaign 5 In media 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Prior to 1980 , the chain used a huge clown head as its symbol , which sat atop the remote activated talking drive - thru menus ( in the 1960s and early ' 70s the rotating clown head was also at the top of the large signs at each location ) . In 1980 , the chain decided to establish a more `` mature '' image by introducing a wider variety of menu items and , most notably , discontinuing the use of Jack . A series of television commercials announced `` We 're blowing up clowns ! '' and showed the dramatic explosion of the notorious clown heads . Throughout the late 1980s to the 1990s , Jack in the Box tried to position itself as a premium fast food alternative , with varying results . In 1993 , a major food contamination crisis was linked to Jack in the Box restaurants and by 1994 , a series of lawsuits and negative publicity took their tolls and pushed their corporate parent , Foodmaker Inc. to the verge of bankruptcy . In the short term , they decided to promote their initiatives on food safety and then approved a new guerilla advertising campaign created by Richard ( Dick ) Sittig , then working at the TBWA \ Chiat \ Day ad agency in Santa Monica , California . The concept brought back the original company mascot , Jack , but now in the form of a savvy , no - nonsense businessman who happened to have an enormous round clown head . A series of new commercials featured a new , more - serious Jack with a smaller head and wearing a business suit ( according to him , `` thanks to the miracle of plastic surgery '' ) . In the very first of these new commercials , he blew up the board of directors as retribution for his supposed destruction in 1980 ( using the 7 - note musical signature in its previous campaign as a tribute ) . Their intent was to prove to a wary public that the company was no longer the same restaurant chain plagued by the food safety scandal , and because the commercials had a definite humorous element to them that undermined the alleged `` retribution '' that Jack was supposedly demonstrating in these commercials and overall , the public responded positively . Car antenna ornaments shaped like Jack 's head have been a mainstay of the restaurant chain 's promotion for several years . Dick Sittig was the voice of Jack until 2015 . He left TBWA / Chiat / Day in 1997 , taking the ad campaign with him to his own agency in Santa Monica , first called `` Kowloon Wholesale Seafood Co . '' and later as Secret Weapon Marketing . Jack in the Box ended its relationship with Sittig and Secret Weapon in 2015 . Company biography ( edit ) The company 's `` bio '' of him claims the following facts : According to his California driver 's license , Jack I. Box is 6 ' - 8 '' tall and weighs 195 pounds . It also shows his birthday to be May 16 . Jack was born on a cattle ranch in Colorado . He later moved to Southern California , where he met his blonde wife , Cricket , played by model Laura Dunn ( 1996 - 2010 ) and Gillian Vigman ( 2010 - present ) . They now have a young son named Jack Jr. ( who , like all males in the Box family tree , also has an oversized bald head ) . However , in May 2010 , Jack appeared in a new commercial with a woman that did not resemble Cricket , who appeared with him in a commercial in 1997 . The pair took in a movie where Jack complained and cried about the price of popcorn in relation to his low - priced menu . Jack revealed to his son that he really met Cricket at a concert at the Oracle Arena in Oakland , CA where Jack 's heavy metal band Hot Mess was the opening act . Jack is an alumnus of Ball State University , a reference to his ball - shaped head . Jack , fluent in English , Spanish and Chinese , has starred in more than 300 television and radio commercials , including more than 100 Spanish - language ads . Jack 's linguistic talents also include Mandarin , which he spoke in the 1999 television ad `` Titans . '' Jack ran for president in 1996 and beat out Bill Clinton , Bob Dole and Dogbert in a national independent Virtual Vote poll ; no recounts were required . During Super Bowl XXXV , Jack in the Box debuted a television commercial in which Jack announced his purchase of a professional American football team , the Carnivores . His team played against teams such as the Tofu Eaters and the Vegans . Other facts and family members ( edit ) In late 2009 , the company began to run a commercial in which Jack visited his cousin Jim , who was serving time in prison . Jim has a large white head that resembles a Ping - Pong ball squashed from both sides , with wispy gray hair and beard , along with a surly voice and facial expression . He does not wear a clown cap . In 2010 , a commercial aired where Jack visits his mother Patty , a blond - haired human , talking about her clipping coupons ; at the end of the ad , Jack 's father ( who has a normal body , and a white head which resembles an egg , with wispy grey hair on his temples ) comes in , saying `` It 's been more than 4 hours , call the doctor ( implying his father suffers from erectile dysfunction ) . '' Jack then says he has to leave . In late 2012 , a commercial introduced Jack 's cousin Joey and his son Joey Jr. , who live in Philadelphia . Both have large egg - shaped white heads , a slight upward curve to their noses , and brown hair in a mullet . Joey 's wife has a normal head . Near the end of both 2013 and 2014 , a series of commercials for the `` Jack 's Munchie Meal '' combo featured a small puppet version of Jack interacting with a human late at night . Both spoke and acted as if they were under the influence of drugs . Jack 's smile can change to reflect his mood ( puzzlement , fear , etc . ) . During one commercial , in which he was playing Texas hold ' em against several celebrities , he made his eyes and mouth disappear completely . The announcer remarked , `` Now that 's a world - class poker face . '' 2009 bus accident and recovery advertising campaign ( edit ) On February 1 , 2009 , a new ad campaign began with a Super Bowl ad that showed Jack being struck by a bus outside his corporate office . Along with his second in command , Phil , he was walking down the street , stating that he wants the public to know about the fact that the public can order anything on his menu , anytime . He states `` For instance , breakfast all day , or maybe a burg - . '' At that moment , a bus is seen to strike Jack head on , as onlookers cringe and his hat knocked off . The ad ends with Jack lying on the ground badly injured while the paramedics are being summoned . Viewers were then directed to visit the website hangintherejack.com to check on his condition . The next ad showed Jack being checked into the hospital and being operated on as his heart stopped , as Doctor Robert Conely was talking about the a `` midnight breakfast at Jack 's '' with Nurse O'Brien . It is also revealed that his head did not fit into the CAT scan machine and that the doctors were using unprofessional equipment ( Doctor Conely states at the end of the ad to give him a hot glue gun and a bonesaw ) . The third ad showed Jack in a coma , and Phil volunteering to take his place at the company 's head , despite Jack not being dead ( he felt that he was close enough to death that he should prepare to step up , and Dr. Conely even states that he might not live ) . All the while , another assistant , Barbara , is more positive about the situation , stating that Jack will recover . The fourth ad showed Phil announcing , after snapping his fingers , that he was going to take over Jack In the Box . Jack , regaining awareness of his surrounding ( albeit only listening and blurred vision ) , thinks to himself that Phil using most of his ideas is a good thing . However , Phil states that he intends to change the company name , to `` Phil in the Box '' , going as far to hold up the future company logo . At that moment , Jack woke up and began throttling Phil , stating that he will not let the name change occur , and stating that he has work to do , all the while demanding his pants . The words `` Jack 's Back '' appear on the screen . Shortly after the announcement , the company got rid of the old Jack In the Box logo , and introduced a newer , more modern logo , along with a redesigned website . The overall campaign was noted for its unusually extensive ( for the time ) use of social media to gain viewer impressions at a lower cost than traditional media . In media ( edit ) The Pilot Episode of American Dad ! shows Stan Smith falsely blaming a student body candidate at his son 's school for having a sexual relationship with Jack . When his son , Steve states that he thought that Jack was in the basement of the Smith house , it cuts to houseguest Roger Smith finding Jack in the basement , tied up and stripped down to presumably nothing . The April 24 , 2009 edition of the Adam Carolla Podcast featured Sittig , in character as Jack , involving a humorous discussion on other restaurant mascots ( Ronald McDonald , The Burger King ) , the fast food business and general listener Q&A . In the podcast , Jack insinuates that The Burger King is bisexual , citing his attire ( tights , felt shoes and a cape ) . Carolla jumps in with a tale of the King buying a drink for a male friend of his in Canada , though this claim can not be verified . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Jack in the Box , Inc . '' , The Encyclopedia of Major Marketing Campaigns , ( Gale Group , 2006 ) , ISBN 978 - 0787673567 , vol. 2 , pp. 811ff -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Jump up ^ Brandon A. Miller , Catherine Newton , `` Antenna balls are on the rebound '' , Knight Ridder / Tribune News Service , July 27 , 2001 -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Jump up ^ Randi Schmelzer , `` Dick Sittig On The Spot '' , Adweek , January 10 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Alana Semuels , `` This advertising shop knows Jack '' , Los Angeles Times , February 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gregory Solman , `` Dick Sittig , in Situ '' , Adweek , September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Oster , Erik . `` Jack in the Box Splits with Secret Weapon After 20 Years '' . Adweek . Retrieved 8 April 2016 . Jump up ^ HangInThereJack website Archived 2009 - 02 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dan Neil , `` Jack in the Box feeds the social media beast '' , Los Angeles Times , March 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Tim Nudd , `` Jack in the Box mascot lives , still a big tool '' , Adweek , March 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 4 / 24 / 2009 Adam Carolla Podcast ( explicit ) External links ( edit ) Official website Official corporate website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Box&oldid=832561053 '' Categories : Corporate mascots Fictional characters from Colorado Fictional characters from California Fictional businesspeople Fictional characters introduced in 1994 Fictional clowns Jack in the Box Fictional business executives Hidden categories : Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from June 2007 All articles needing additional references Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from October 2009 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 18 : 49 . 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who was the winner for american got talent	Season Duration Winner 's prize Finalists Presenter Judges Premiere Finale Winner Runner - up Third place June 21 , 2006 August 17 , 2006 $ 1,000,000 Bianca Ryan All That & The Millers Regis Philbin David Hasselhoff Piers Morgan Brandy Norwood N / A June 5 , 2007 August 21 , 2007 Terry Fator Cas Haley Butterscotch Jerry Springer Sharon Osbourne June 17 , 2008 October 1 , 2008 Neal E. Boyd Eli Mattson Nuttin ' But Stringz June 23 , 2009 September 16 , 2009 Kevin Skinner Bárbara Padilla Recycled Percussion Nick Cannon 5 June 1 , 2010 September 15 , 2010 Michael Grimm Jackie Evancho Fighting Gravity Howie Mandel 6 May 31 , 2011 September 14 , 2011 Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr . Silhouettes Team iLuminate 7 May 14 , 2012 September 13 , 2012 Olate Dogs Tom Cotter William Close Howard Stern 8 June 4 , 2013 September 18 , 2013 Kenichi Ebina Taylor Williamson Jimmy Rose Mel B Heidi Klum 9 May 27 , 2014 September 17 , 2014 Mat Franco Emily West AcroArmy 10 May 26 , 2015 September 16 , 2015 Paul Zerdin Drew Lynch Oz Pearlman 11 May 31 , 2016 September 14 , 2016 Grace VanderWaal The Clairvoyants Jon Dorenbos Simon Cowell 12 May 30 , 2017 September 20 , 2017 Darci Lynne Farmer Angelica Hale Light Balance Tyra Banks	Darci Lynne Farmer	America 's Got Talent	america's got talent	America 's Got Talent ( sometimes abbreviated as AGT ) is an American reality television series on the NBC television network , and part of the global Got Talent franchise . It is a talent show that features singers , dancers , magicians , comedians , and other performers of all ages competing for the advertised top prize of one million dollars . The show debuted in June 2006 for the summer television season . From season three ( 2008 ) onwards , the prize includes the one million dollars , payable in a financial annuity over 40 years , and a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip . Among its significant features is that it gives an opportunity to talented amateurs or unknown performers , with the results decided by an audience vote . The format is a popular one and has often been reworked for television in the United States and the United Kingdom .	This incarnation was created by Simon Cowell , and was originally due to be a 2005 British series called Paul O'Grady 's Got Talent but was postponed due to O'Grady's acrimonious split with broadcaster ITV ( later launching as Britain 's Got Talent in 2007 ) . Therefore , the U.S. version became the first full series of the franchise . The original judging panel consisted of David Hasselhoff , Brandy Norwood , and Piers Morgan . Sharon Osbourne replaced Norwood in season two ( 2007 ) , and Howie Mandel replaced Hasselhoff in season five ( 2010 ) . Howard Stern replaced Morgan in season seven ( 2012 ) . Mel B replaced Osbourne in season eight ( 2013 ) , while Heidi Klum joined as a fourth judge . Simon Cowell replaced Stern in season eleven ( 2016 ) . Regis Philbin was the original host ( season one ) , followed by Jerry Springer for two seasons ( 2007 -- 2008 ) , followed by Nick Cannon for eight seasons ( 2009 -- 2016 ) . Supermodel and host Tyra Banks replaced Cannon for the twelfth season ( 2017 ) . On August 2 , 2016 , NBC renewed the series for a twelfth season , which premiered on May 30 , 2017 . The season concluded on September 20 , 2017 . The series was been renewed through it 's fourteenth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 1.1 Guest judges 2 Selection process 2.1 Producers ' auditions 2.2 Judges ' Auditions 2.2. 1 Golden Buzzer 2.3 Judge cuts 2.4 YouTube auditions 2.5 Live shows 3 Season synopses 3.1 Season 1 ( 2006 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2007 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2008 ) 3.4 Season 4 ( 2009 ) 3.5 Season 5 ( 2010 ) 3.6 Season 6 ( 2011 ) 3.7 Season 7 ( 2012 ) 3.8 Season 8 ( 2013 ) 3.9 Season 9 ( 2014 ) 3.10 Season 10 ( 2015 ) 3.11 Season 11 ( 2016 ) 3.12 Season 12 ( 2017 ) 4 Post-show 4.1 America 's Got Talent Live 4.2 Holiday Spectacular 5 Reception 5.1 U.S. television ratings 5.2 Awards and nominations 5.3 Top - selling albums by former contestants 5.4 Contestants who have competed on other reality shows 6 International broadcasts 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Duration Winner 's prize Finalists Presenter Judges Premiere Finale Winner Runner - up Third place June 21 , 2006 August 17 , 2006 $ 1,000,000 Bianca Ryan All That & The Millers Regis Philbin David Hasselhoff Piers Morgan Brandy Norwood N / A June 5 , 2007 August 21 , 2007 Terry Fator Cas Haley Butterscotch Jerry Springer Sharon Osbourne June 17 , 2008 October 1 , 2008 Neal E. Boyd Eli Mattson Nuttin ' But Stringz June 23 , 2009 September 16 , 2009 Kevin Skinner Bárbara Padilla Recycled Percussion Nick Cannon 5 June 1 , 2010 September 15 , 2010 Michael Grimm Jackie Evancho Fighting Gravity Howie Mandel 6 May 31 , 2011 September 14 , 2011 Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr . Silhouettes Team iLuminate 7 May 14 , 2012 September 13 , 2012 Olate Dogs Tom Cotter William Close Howard Stern 8 June 4 , 2013 September 18 , 2013 Kenichi Ebina Taylor Williamson Jimmy Rose Mel B Heidi Klum 9 May 27 , 2014 September 17 , 2014 Mat Franco Emily West AcroArmy 10 May 26 , 2015 September 16 , 2015 Paul Zerdin Drew Lynch Oz Pearlman 11 May 31 , 2016 September 14 , 2016 Grace VanderWaal The Clairvoyants Jon Dorenbos Simon Cowell 12 May 30 , 2017 September 20 , 2017 Darci Lynne Farmer Angelica Hale Light Balance Tyra Banks Notes ^ A fourth judge was added in season eight . ^ Beginning with season three , the prize includes the one million dollars , payable in a financial annuity over 40 years , and a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip . The length of the headlining stint has varied , with season four 's prize including a 10 - week schedule and season eleven 's lasting three days . A book was released in 2013 titled , Inside AGT : The Untold Stories of America 's Got Talent . It describes the seasons , contestants , judges , and production techniques of the show and contains detailed interviews with contestants from all seasons . Current judging panel and host Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Tyra Banks Guest judges ( edit ) Starting with the tenth season , each of the main judges invited a guest judge to join the judging panel for one night during the Judge Cuts stage of the competition . The guest judges had the ability to employ the golden buzzer to bypass the other judges and advance an act to the live shows . The first guest judge , Neil Patrick Harris , appeared at the invitation of Howard Stern in episode eight of season ten , which aired on July 14 , 2015 . Michael Bublé appeared at the invitation of Heidi Klum in episode nine of season ten , which aired on July 21 , 2015 . Marlon Wayans appeared at the invitation of Howie Mandel in episode ten of season ten , which aired on July 28 , 2015 . Piers Morgan appeared at the invitation of Mel B in episode eleven of season ten , which aired on August 4 , 2015 . Beginning with the eleventh season the guest judges were announced without any indication if they were invited by one of the regular judges . This continued into the twelfth season when the guest judges were announced by NBC through various outlets . Season Guest Judge ( in order of appearance ) 10 Neil Patrick Harris Michael Bublé Marlon Wayans Piers Morgan 11 Ne - Yo Reba McEntire George Lopez Louis Tomlinson 12 Chris Hardwick DJ Khaled Laverne Cox Seal Selection process ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Producers ' auditions ( edit ) The general selection process of the show begins with separate producers ' auditions held in various cities across the United States , some of which host only the producers ' auditions , and some of which also host judges ' auditions held in theaters . This round is held several months before the judges ' audition . Acts that have made it through the producers ' audition then audition in front of the judges and a live audience . Judges ' auditions ( edit ) Following the producers ' auditions , acts audition in front of ( as of 2013 ) four celebrity judges . These auditions are held in theaters in various cities nationally and are later televised . Judges may individually register their disapproval of an act by pressing a red buzzer , which lights up their corresponding X above the stage . Any performer who receives X 's ( 3 in seasons 1 to 7 , or 4 from season 8 onwards ) from the judges must stop performing and is eliminated . Since season three ( 2008 ) , large audiences have also been a factor in the judging process , as their reaction to an act 's performance may swing or influence a judge 's vote . If an act receives three or more `` yes '' votes , they advance to the next round of competition . However , in the majority of seasons , several acts do not perform in the second round and are immediately sent home by the judges without a second performance . Golden buzzer ( edit ) Introduced in season nine , the `` Golden Buzzer '' is located on the center of the judges ' desk and may be used once per season by each judge . In season 9 , a judge could press the golden buzzer to save an act from elimination , regardless of the number of X 's earned from the other judges . Starting in season 10 and onward , any act that receives a golden buzzer advances directly to the live show ; and in season 11 , the hosts also were given the power to use the golden buzzer . The golden buzzer is also used in the Judge Cuts format . Eliminated at Judgement Week / Judge Cuts Quarterfinalist Reached Semifinals Reached Finals Fifth Place Fourth Place Third Place Runner - up Won season Season Nick Cannon Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Howard Stern 9 N / A Emmanuel & Phillip Hudson N / A Dustin 's Dojo 10 Drew Lynch Sharon Irving Arielle Baril Freckled Sky Season Nick Cannon Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell 11 Dorothy Williams Grace VanderWaal Laura Bretan Sal Valentinetti Calysta Bevier Season Tyra Banks Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell 12 Light Balance Christian Guardino Darci Lynne Farmer Angelina Green Mandy Harvey Judge Cuts ( edit ) From season two ( 2007 ) to season eight ( 2013 ) , Las Vegas Week has been an intermediary televised taped round between the auditions and the live shows . This round takes place in a notable venue on the Las Vegas Strip . Names for this round in previous seasons have included `` Las Vegas Callbacks '' and `` Vegas Verdicts '' . The Las Vegas round generally consists of acts performing a second time for the judges ( except for season four in 2009 ) , who then pick select acts to move on to the live shows . An act eliminated in Las Vegas Week is not completely excluded from the live show competition , as several seasons have featured contestants being brought back from this round as `` wild card '' acts . Prior to the inclusion of this round , the judges would have a list containing a number of acts which advanced past the auditions during each live show . The judges would then pick ten acts from that group each week , leaving several acts without the chance to perform . In season nine ( 2014 ) , acts went to New York instead of Las Vegas to determine a place in the live shows . YouTube auditions ( edit ) Jackie Evancho , the first YouTube winner ; placed 2nd in season five ( 2010 ) From season five ( 2010 ) to season seven ( 2012 ) , acts who did not attend live auditions could instead submit a taped audition online via YouTube . Acts from the online auditions were then selected to compete in front of the judges and a live audience during the `` live shows '' part of the season , prior to the semi-finals . The most successful act of the YouTube auditions was Jackie Evancho , who went on to place second in season five . Before the inclusion of this round , the show had a separate audition episode in seasons three and four ( 2008 -- 2009 ) for contestants who posted videos on MySpace . Live shows ( edit ) During the live shows , a group of acts ranging from only a Top 20 ( season two ) , to as many as 60 , compete for viewers ' and judges ' votes . In the first season , the judges could not end an act 's performance , but could either `` check '' or `` X '' the performance during their critique . Since season two ( 2007 ) , judges have been able to end an act 's performance early , and the `` check '' was removed . Generally , acts each perform first in a live round consisting of a series of quarterfinals . In seasons with YouTube auditions , the round of live judging of YouTube finalists takes place then , as part of these quarterfinals . Then there may be additional shows for `` Wild Card '' acts -- acts that one or more of the judges select to be given one more chance for audience vote despite previous elimination . From these shows , the existing group is narrowed through votes by the public and / or the judges ( depending on the season ) . Acts then move on to a semifinal round , and even further rounds ( such as a `` Top 8 '' or a `` Top 10 '' , depending on the season ) through a series of weekly shows , which trim the number of acts down each time based on a public vote . In the majority of seasons , judges have had no vote from the semifinals . All these rounds culminate in a live final , which has consisted of anywhere from four to ten acts throughout the seasons . The act with the most votes is declared the winner , given $1 million , and , since season three ( 2008 ) , a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip . During seasons one through six ( 2006 -- 11 ) , the live shows were filmed at Stage 36 of CBS Television City in Los Angeles . In season seven ( 2012 ) , the live shows were held at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark . From seasons eight through ten ( 2013 -- 15 ) , live performances were held at Radio City Music Hall in New York . From season eleven ( 2016 ) onwards the live shows are being held at the Dolby Theatre . For seasons five through eight ( 2010 -- 13 ) , the show also made the winner the headline act of a national tour with runners up following the final show , stopping in 25 cities . For season nine , however ( 2014 ) , there was no tour ; two shows were held in Las Vegas for the winner and some of the runner - up acts . ( See # America 's Got Talent Live , below . ) Season synopses ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2006 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 1 ) Bianca Ryan , season one winner In May 2006 , NBC announced the new show . The audition tour took place in June . Auditions were held in the following locations : Los Angeles , New York , and Chicago . Some early ads for the show implied that the winning act would also headline a show at a casino , possibly in Las Vegas ; however , this was replaced with a million dollars due to concerns of minors playing in Las Vegas , should one become a champion . More than 12 million viewers watched the series premiere ( which is more than American Idol got during its premiere in 2002 ) . The two - hour broadcast was the night 's most - watched program on U.S. television and the highest - rated among viewers aged 18 to 49 ( the prime - time audience that matters most to advertisers ) , Nielsen Media Research reported . On the season finale , there was an unaired segment that was scheduled to appear after Aly & AJ . The segment featured Tom Green dressing in a parrot costume and squawking with a live parrot to communicate telepathically . Green then proceeded to fly up above the audience , shooting confetti streamers out of his costume onto the crowd below . In season one , the show was hosted by Regis Philbin and judged by actor David Hasselhoff , singer Brandy Norwood , and journalist Piers Morgan . The winner of the season was 11 - year - old singer Bianca Ryan , and the runners - up were clogging group All That and musical group The Millers . Season 2 ( 2007 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 2 ) Terry Fator , season two winner After initially announcing in June 2006 that season two would premiere in January 2007 and would air at 8 pm on Sunday nights , with no separate results show , the network changed that , pushing the show back to the summer , where the first season had enjoyed great success . This move kept the show out of direct competition with American Idol , which had a similar premise and was more popular . In AGT 's place , another reality - based talent show , Grease : You 're The One That I Want , began airing on Sunday nights in the same time slot on NBC beginning in January . In March , NBC announced that Philbin would not return as host of the show , and that Jerry Springer would succeed him as host , with Sharon Osbourne ( formerly a judge on Cowell 's UK show The X Factor ) succeeding Brandy Norwood as a judge . The season finale was shown Tuesday , August 21 , with the winner being Terry Fator , a singing impressionist ventriloquist . The runner - up was singer Cas Haley . Season 3 ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 3 ) Neal E. Boyd , season three winner Season three premiered on June 17 , 2008 . Auditions took place in Charlotte , Nashville , Orlando , New York , Dallas , Los Angeles , Atlanta , and Chicago from January to April . A televised MySpace audition also took place . Season three differed from the previous two in many ways . Auditions were held in well - known theaters across the nation , and a new title card was introduced , featuring the American flag as background . The X 's matched the ones on Britain 's Got Talent as did the judges ' table . Like the previous season , the Las Vegas callbacks continued , but there were forty acts selected to compete in the live rounds , instead of twenty . This season also contained several results episodes , but not on a regular basis . The show took a hiatus for two - and - a-half weeks for the 2008 Summer Olympics , but returned with the live rounds on August 26 . Neal E. Boyd , an opera singer , was named the winner on October 1 . Eli Mattson , a singer and pianist , was runner - up . Season 4 ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 4 ) Kevin Skinner , season four winner Season four premiered on Tuesday , June 23 , 2009 . It was the first to be broadcast in high definition . Auditions for this season were held in more than nine major cities including New York , Los Angeles , Chicago , Washington , D.C. , Atlanta , Miami , Tacoma , Boston , and Houston . Los Angeles auditions kicked off the January 29 -- 31 tour at the Los Angeles Convention Center , followed by the February 7 -- 8 Atlanta auditions . New York and Miami auditions were held during March . Tacoma auditions were held April 25 and 26 . In addition to live auditions and the ability to send in a home audition tape , season four offered the opportunity for acts to upload their video direct to NBC.com/agt with their registration . This year 's host was Nick Cannon . Jerry Springer said that he could not return as host due to other commitments . The audition process in season four was the same as the previous season , but the ' Las Vegas Callbacks ' was renamed ' Vegas Verdicts ' . This was the first season since season one where results episodes lasted one hour on a regular basis . The title card this year featured bands of the American flag and stars waving around the America 's Got Talent logo . On September 16 , country music singer Kevin Skinner was named the season 's winner . The grand prize was $1 million and a 10 - week headline show at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip . The runner - up was Bárbara Padilla , an opera singer . Season 5 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 5 ) Michael Grimm , season five winner For season five , the network had considered moving the show to the fall , after rival series So You Think You Can Dance transferred from the summer to fall season in 2009 . NBC ultimately decided to keep Talent a summer show . Open auditions were held in the winter to early spring of 2010 in Chicago , Dallas , Los Angeles , New York , Orlando , and Portland ( Oregon ) . Non-televised producers ' auditions were also held in Atlanta and Philadelphia . For the first time , online auditions were also held via YouTube . David Hasselhoff left to host a new television show and was replaced by comedian and game show host Howie Mandel . This made Piers Morgan the only original judge left in the show . The show premiered Tuesday , June 1 , 2010 , at 8 pm ET . Afterward , Talent resumed the same time slot as the previous season . On September 15 , singer Michael Grimm was named the winner . He won a $1 million prize and a chance to perform at the Caesars Palace Casino and Resort on the Las Vegas Strip , as well as headline the 25 - city America 's Got Talent Live Tour along with runner - up Jackie Evancho , Fighting Gravity , Prince Poppycock , and the other top ten finalists . Season 6 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 6 ) Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr. , season six winner Season six premiered on Tuesday , May 31 , 2011 , with a two - hour special . Piers Morgan and Sharon Osbourne continued as judges after taking jobs on Piers Morgan Tonight and The Talk , respectively . On The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on July 27 , 2010 , Morgan officially stated that he had signed a three - year contract to stay on Talent . The show held televised auditions in Los Angeles , New York , Minneapolis , Atlanta , Seattle , and Houston . Non-televised producers ' auditions were also held in Denver and Chicago . Previews of auditions were shown during NBC 's The Voice premiere on April 26 . Online auditions via YouTube were also held for the second time in the show 's run , beginning on May 4 . Finalists for this audition circuit competed live on August 9 . On Wednesday , September 14 , Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr. , a Frank Sinatra - style singer , was named the winner . Dance group Silhouettes was runner - up . Season 7 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 7 ) Olate Dogs , season seven winners Season seven premiered on May 14 , 2012 . The first round of auditions , which are judged by producers , were held in New York , Washington , D.C. , Tampa , Charlotte , Austin , Anaheim , St. Louis , and San Francisco from October 2011 to February 2012 . The show began its live theater performances at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark on February 27 . Piers Morgan did not return as a judge for season seven , due to his work hosting CNN 's Piers Morgan Tonight , and he was replaced by Howard Stern . Since Stern hosts his SiriusXM radio show in New York City , the live rounds of the show were moved to nearby Newark , New Jersey . In December 2011 , Simon Cowell , the show 's executive producer , announced that the show would be receiving a `` top - to - bottom makeover '' , confirming that there would be new graphics , lighting , theme music , show intro , logo , and a larger live audience at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark . On July 2 , at the first live performance show of the season , their new location and stage were unveiled in a two - and - a-half - hour live special . A new set was also unveiled with a revised judges ' desk and a refreshed design of the `` X '' . On August 6 , Sharon Osbourne announced that she would leave America 's Got Talent after the current season , in response to allegations that her son Jack Osbourne was discriminated against by the producers of the upcoming NBC program Stars Earn Stripes . On September 13 , Olate Dogs were announced the winner of the season , becoming the show 's first completely non-singing act to win the competition and also the first non-solo act to win . Comedian Tom Cotter finished as the runner - up . Season 8 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 8 ) Season eight of AGT premiered on Tuesday , June 4 , 2013 . The new season was announced in a promotional video shown during a commercial break for season seven 's second live show . Sharon Osbourne initially stated that she would not return for the season , but later said that she was staying with the show `` for now . '' Osbourne confirmed that she would be leaving the show after a feud with NBC on August 6 , 2012 . On February 20 , 2013 , it was announced that one of the Spice Girls members , Mel B ( Melanie Brown ) , would replace Sharon Osbourne as the third judge . Entertainment Weekly also reported at the same time that NBC was looking at a possible fourth judge to be added . On March 3 , it was announced that supermodel Heidi Klum would be joining the show as the new fourth judge . An Audition Cities poll for the season was announced on July 11 , 2012 . The first batch of Audition Cities were announced as Los Angeles , Seattle , Portland ( Oregon ) , New Orleans , Birmingham , Memphis , Nashville , Savannah , Raleigh , Norfolk , San Antonio , New York , Columbus ( Ohio ) , and Chicago . This season , the auditions traveled to more cities than ever before . America 's Got Talent moved its live shows to Radio City Music Hall in New York for season eight . Auditions in front of the judges and an audience began taping on March 4 . The show traveled to New Orleans , New York , Chicago , Los Angeles , and San Antonio . On September 18 , 2013 , martial arts dancer / mime Kenichi Ebina was announced the winner of the season , the first dance act to win the competition . Stand - up comedian Taylor Williamson was the runner - up . Season 9 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 9 ) Mat Franco , season nine winner Season nine premiered on Tuesday , May 27 , 2014 , at 8 pm ET . The producers ' auditions began on October 26 , 2013 , in Miami . Other audition sites included Atlanta , Baltimore , Denver , Houston , Indianapolis , Los Angeles , and New York . Contestants could also submit a video of their audition online . Auditions in front of the judges were held February 20 -- 22 at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark , which also hosted the live shows during season seven . Judges ' auditions were held in New York City at Madison Square Garden from April 3 to 6 and in Los Angeles at the Dolby Theatre from April 21 to 26 . The live shows return to Radio City Music Hall on July 29 . There was also a new twist in the show , where `` Judgment Week '' was held in New York City instead of Las Vegas . Judgment Week was originally intended to be held in front of a live studio audience , but after three acts performed , the producers scrapped the live audience concept . This season also came with the addition of a `` Golden Buzzer , '' which was unveiled on that same year 's Britain 's Got Talent . Each judge can press the buzzer only once each season that can save an act , typically used when there is a tie . For this season , contestants were invited to submit a video of their performance to The Today Show website throughout June , and the top three entrants performed their acts on The Today Show on July 23 , 2014 . The performer with the most votes , Cornell Bhangra , filled the 48th spot in the quarterfinals . On September 17 , magician Mat Franco was announced the winner of the season , the first magic act to win the competition . Singer Emily West was the runner - up . Season 10 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 10 ) Season ten premiered on May 26 , 2015 . Producer auditions began on November 2 , 2014 , in Tampa . Other audition sites included Nashville , Richmond ( Virginia ) , New York , Chicago , St. Louis , San Antonio , Albuquerque , San Francisco , Seattle , Boise , Las Vegas , and Los Angeles . Online submissions were also accepted . Howard Stern rumored on his radio show on October 1 , 2014 , that he might not return , but announced on December 8 that he would return for the upcoming season . Nick Cannon returned for his seventh season as host . On February 9 , 2015 , Howie Mandel said he would return for season ten and Mel B announced the next day that she would be returning as well . It was revealed on February 11 that Heidi Klum would also be returning . It was announced on December 4 , 2014 , that Cris Judd would be named as a dance scout . He previously worked on the show as a choreographer behind the scenes , and on the New Zealand version of Got Talent as a judge . Auditions in front of the judges began on March 2 , 2015 , at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center . They continued at the Manhattan Center in New York City and the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles . A special `` extreme '' audition session was held outside at the Fairplex in Pomona , California , where danger acts performed outside for the judges , who were seated at an outdoor stage . During NBC 's summer press tour , it was announced that America 's Got Talent would be making their `` Golden Buzzer '' more like Britain 's Got Talent where the contestant that gets the buzzer will be sent directly to the live shows . An official trailer for the season was released , which showed that Dunkin Donuts was the show 's official sponsor for the season , with their cups prominently placed on the judges ' desk . Dunkin replaced Snapple , which sponsored the show since season seven . On June 24 , Howard Stern announced on The Howard Stern Show that season ten would be his last season as judge . Stern said , `` In all seriousness , I 've told you , I 'm just too f * cking busy ... something 's got to give ... NBC 's already asked me what my intentions are for next year , whether or not I 'd come back , I kind of have told them I think this is my last season . Not I think , this is my last season '' . On September 16 , Paul Zerdin was announced the winner of the season , making him the second ventriloquist to win . Comedian Drew Lynch was runner - up , and magician mentalist Oz Pearlman was in Third Place . Season 11 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 11 ) America 's Got Talent was renewed for an eleventh season on September 1 , 2015 . The season will have preliminary open call auditions in Detroit , New York , Phoenix , Salt Lake City , Las Vegas , San Jose , San Diego , Kansas City , Los Angeles , Atlanta , Orlando , and Dallas . As in years past , hopeful contestants may also submit auditions online . On October 22 , 2015 , it was announced that creator Simon Cowell would replace Howard Stern as a judge for season 11 . On January 12 , 2016 , it was announced that Mel B , Heidi Klum , and Howie Mandel would all return as judges , with Nick Cannon returning as host . The live shows will also move from New York back to Los Angeles , due to Howard Stern 's departure . The live shows will be held at the Dolby Theatre . Auditions in front of the judges began on March 3 , 2016 at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Pasadena , California . The season premiered on May 31 , 2016 . On September 14 , 12 - year - old singer - songwriter and ukulele player , Grace VanderWaal was announced as the winner making it the second time that a female act has won the show since Season 1 , and the second child act to win the competition . Magician mentalists The Clairvoyants was runner - up , and magician Jon Dorenbos was in Third Place . Season 12 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 12 ) On August 2 , 2016 , it was announced that host Nick Cannon and all four judges would be returning for season 12 . Later that year , on October 4 , Simon Cowell signed a contract to remain as a judge through to 2019 ( Season 14 ) . On February 13 , 2017 , Nick Cannon announced he would not return as host for the twelfth season , citing creative differences between him and executives at NBC . The resignation comes in the wake of news that the network considered firing Cannon after he made disparaging remarks about NBC in his recent Showtime comedy special , Stand Up , Do n't Shoot . Cannon , however , was technically under contract to host and could potentially have been sued by NBC for breach of contract , though this was ultimately considered unlikely . NBC executives did not accept his resignation and had expected Cannon to return , but ultimately began the search for a new host . NBC announced supermodel Tyra Banks as the new host on March 12 , 2017 after Cannon 's departure . The season premiered on Tuesday , May 30 , 2017 . On September 20 , Darci Lynne Farmer won the twelfth season , becoming the third ventriloquist , third child act and the third female act to win the competition ( second year in a row after VanderWaal 's win in 2016 ) . Child singer Angelica Hale was announced as the runner - up , Ukrainian dance act Light Balance finished in third place , deaf musician Mandy Harvey finished in fourth place and dog act Sara & Hero finished in fifth place . Post-show ( edit ) America 's Got Talent live ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) America 's Got Talent Live is a show on the Las Vegas Strip that features the winner of each season of America 's Got Talent as the main performance . In 2009 , America 's Got Talent Live appeared on the Las Vegas Strip appearing Wednesday through Sunday at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino in Las Vegas , in a limited ten - week run from October through January featuring winner Kevin Skinner , runner - up Barbara Padilla and fourth - place finisher The Texas Tenors . It featured the final ten acts which made it to the season four ( 2009 ) finale . Jerry Springer emceed , commuting weekly between Stamford , Connecticut , tapings of his self - named show and Las Vegas . In 2010 , on the first live show of season five , the winner headlined America 's Got Talent Live from Caesars Palace Casino and Resort on the Las Vegas Strip , which was part of a 25 - city tour that featured the season 's finalists . Jerry Springer returned as both host of the tour and the headline show . In 2012 , the tour returned , featuring winners Olate Dogs , Spencer Horsman , Joe Castillo , Lightwire Theater , David Garibaldi and his CMYK 's , Jarrett and Raja , Tom Cotter , and other fan favorites . In 2013 , after the success of the 2012 tour , another tour was scheduled , featuring season eight 's winner , Kenichi Ebina , and finalists Collins Key , Jimmy Rose , Taylor Williamson , Cami Bradley , The KriStef Brothers , and Tone the Chiefrocca . Tone hosted the tour . In 2014 , America 's Got Talent Live announced that performances in Las Vegas on September 26 and 27 would feature Taylor Williamson , the season eight ( 2013 ) runner - up , and the top finalists for season nine : Mat Franco , Emily West , Quintavious Johnson , AcroArmy , Emil and Dariel , Miguel Dakota , and Sons of Serendip . In 2015 , no tour was held . Instead , three shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas featuring winner Paul Zerdin , runner - up Drew Lynch , and fan favorite Piff the Magic Dragon . In 2016 , four shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas . They featured the top two finalists for season 11 , Grace VanderWaal and The Clairvoyants , as well as finalist Tape Face . In 2017 , four shows are planned at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas . They will feature winner Darci Lynne , runner - up Angelica Hale , third - placed Light Balance , and finalist Preacher Lawson . Holiday Spectacular ( edit ) NBC broadcast the two - hour America 's Got Talent Holiday Spectacular on December 19 , 2016 , hosted by Cannon with performances by Grace VanderWaal , Jackie Evancho , Andra Day , Penn & Teller , Pentatonix , Terry Fator , Mat Franco , Piff the Magic Dragon , Olate Dogs , Professor Splash , Jon Dorenbos and others , and featuring the Season 11 judges , including Klum , who sang a duet with Season 11 finalist Sal Valentinetti . The special drew 9.5 million viewers . Reception ( edit ) U.S. television Ratings ( edit ) Since the show began , its ratings have been very high , ranging from 9 million viewers to as many as 16 million viewers , generally averaging around 11 million viewers . The show has also ranked high in the 18 -- 49 demographic , usually rating anywhere from as low as 1.6 to as high as 4.6 throughout its run . Audition shows and performance shows rate higher on average than results shows . Although the show 's ratings have been high , the network usually keeps the show 's run limited to before the official start of the next television season in the third week of September with some reductions or expansions depending on Olympic years , where finale ratings are usually lower due to returning programming on other networks . The highest rated season in overall viewers to date is season four ( 2009 ) . The most - watched episode has been the finale of season five ( 2010 ) , with 16.41 million viewers . The series premiere and an episode featuring the first part of Las Vegas Week in season six ( 2011 ) have each tied for highest rating among adults 18 -- 49 , both having a 4.6 rating . Season Premiered Ended TV season Timeslot ( ET ) Season viewers Season ranking Date Viewers ( in millions ) Date Viewers ( in millions ) June 21 , 2006 12.41 Final Performances : August 16 , 2006 2005 -- 06 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm Season Finale : August 17 , 2006 12.05 Thursday 9 : 00 pm June 5 , 2007 12.93 Final Performances : August 20 , 2007 2006 -- 07 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm Season Finale : August 21 , 2007 13.87 June 17 , 2008 12.80 Final Performances : September 30 , 2008 10.23 2007 -- 08 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( June 17 -- August 5 ) Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( after August 26 ) Season Finale : October 1 , 2008 12.55 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after August 27 ) June 23 , 2009 11.30 Final Performances : September 15 , 2009 13.84 2008 -- 09 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm Season Finale : September 16 , 2009 15.53 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 5 June 1 , 2010 12.35 Final Performances : September 14 , 2010 14.60 2009 -- 10 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm Season Finale : September 15 , 2010 16.41 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 6 May 31 , 2011 15.28 Final Performances : September 13 , 2011 13.67 2010 -- 11 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( May 31 -- July 5 ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 5 ) 12.65 Season Finale : September 14 , 2011 14.37 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after June 22 ) 11.49 7 May 14 , 2012 10.48 Final Performances : September 12 , 2012 11.05 2011 - 12 Monday 8 : 00 pm ( May 14 -- July 3 ) Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( after July 3 ) 10.48 Season Finale : September 13 , 2012 10.59 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( May 14 -- July 3 ) Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 3 ) 10.58 8 June 4 , 2013 12.41 Final Performances : September 17 , 2013 11.19 2012 -- 13 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 11.22 Season Finale : September 18 , 2013 11.49 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after July 10 ) 10.34 9 May 27 , 2014 12.00 Final Performances : September 16 , 2014 11.46 2013 -- 14 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( May 27 -- July 15 ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 22 ) 10.31 Season Finale : September 17 , 2014 12.21 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 23 ) 10.37 10 May 26 , 2015 11.09 Final Performances : September 15 , 2015 11.33 2014 -- 15 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 10.70 Season Finale : September 16 , 2015 9.54 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after August 12 ) 9.07 11 May 31 , 2016 11.67 Final Performances : September 13 , 2016 13.97 2015 -- 16 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 11.71 Season Finale : September 14 , 2016 14.41 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after July 5 ) 10.97 12 May 30 , 2017 12.37 Final Performances : September 19 , 2017 14.70 2016 -- 17 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm TBA TBA Season Finale : September 20 , 2017 15.64 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after August 9 ) TBA TBA Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Result Ref . 2011 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Competition Show Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Hairstyling For A Multi-Camera Series Or Special Nominated 2012 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer TV Show Nominated Choice Male TV Personality : Nick Cannon Nominated 2013 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated 2014 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated 2015 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Talent Competition Show Nominated 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Won Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Talent Competition Show Nominated 2017 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Won Top - selling Albums by former contestants ( edit ) Sales numbers and rankings are U.S. sales only . See also : RIAA certification Rank Former contestant Total US sales Albums Jackie Evancho ( season 5 , runner - up ) 3,000,000 + Prelude to a Dream ( 2009 ) No. 121 O Holy Night ( 2010 ) No. 2 ( Platinum certification ) Dream with Me ( 2011 ) No. 2 ( Gold certification ) Heavenly Christmas ( 2011 ) No. 11 Songs from the Silver Screen ( 2012 ) No. 7 Awakening ( 2014 ) No. 17 Someday at Christmas ( 2016 ) No. 93 Two Hearts ( 2017 ) No. 100 ( Evancho 's 7th consecutive No. 1 ranking on the Classical Albums Chart ) Lindsey Stirling ( season 5 quarterfinalist ) 856,000 + Lindsey Stirling ( 2012 ) No. 23 Shatter Me ( 2014 ) No. 2 Brave Enough ( 2016 ) No. 5 The Texas Tenors ( season 4 , 4th place ) 500,000 + The Texas Tenors ( album ) Country Roots , Classical Sound ( 2009 ) did not chart The Texas Tenors ( album ) Country Roots , Classical Sound : Remastered Special Edition ( 2011 ) did not chart O Night Divine ( 2013 ) did not chart on Billboard 200 ; No. 22 Classical Albums chart You Should Dream ( 2013 ) did not chart on Billboard 200 ; No. 5 Classical Albums chart First 5 Years Live ( 2014 ) did not chart on Billboard 200 ; No. 11 Classical Albums chart Rise ( 2017 ) No. 111 ; No. 1 Classical Albums Chart , No. 5 Country Album Sales Chart , No. 22 Top Current Albums Chart Grace VanderWaal ( season 11 winner ) 200,000 + Perfectly Imperfect ( 2016 ) No. 4 5 Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr . ( season 6 winner ) 156,000 + That 's Life ( 2011 ) No. 34 Christmas Made for Two ( 2013 ) did not chart 6 Bianca Ryan ( season 1 winner ) 150,000 + Bianca Ryan ( 2006 ) No. 57 Christmas Everyday ( 2007 ) did not chart The True Meaning of Christmas ( 2009 ) did not chart 7 Cas Haley ( season 2 runner - up ) 40,000 + Cas Haley ( 2008 ) No. 8 Connection ( 2010 ) did not chart La Si Dah ( 2013 ) did not chart 8 Michael Grimm ( season 5 winner ) 22,000 + Michael Grimm Live ( 2007 ) did not chart I Am Michael Grimm ( 2009 ) did not chart Leave Your Hat On ( 2010 ) No. 101 Michael Grimm ( 2011 ) No. 13 9 Neal E. Boyd ( season 3 winner ) 6,000 + My American Dream ( 2009 ) No. 195 Contestants who have competed on other reality shows ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Many acts which have competed on America 's Got Talent , but were ultimately eliminated before the final round , have either previously competed on or went on to compete in a number of other reality shows , most notably American Idol and America 's Best Dance Crew . American Idol ( show ) The following America 's Got Talent ( AGT ) contestants also appeared on American Idol ( AI ) : AGT Season Year Contestant AI Season Year Outcome 2006 Jessica Sanchez 11 2012 Runner - up 2008 Holli Harden 9 Appeared 2009 Thia Megia 10 2011 Finished in the Top 11 4 , 9 2009 , 2014 Kelli Glover 2002 Appeared 6 2011 Shevonne Phillidor 15 2016 Appeared 9 2014 Nick Fradiani , member of Beach Avenue 14 2015 Winner 10 2015 Jenna Renae 15 2016 Top 24 11 2016 Sal Valentinetti 14 2015 Appeared America 's Best Dance Crew ( show ) The following America 's Got Talent ( AGT ) contestants also appeared on America 's Best Dance Crew ( ABDC ) : AGT Season Year Contestant ABDC Season Year Outcome 2007 Jabbawockeez 2008 Champions 2008 Extreme Dance FX 5 Competed as Blended Projekt 3 , 4 2008 , 2009 SQ Entertainment 2008 Runner - up 2009 BreakSk8 2008 Finished in fourth place 2009 FootworKINGz 6 2011 Competed 5 Rated Next Generation ( RNG ) 7 2012 Finished in Top Four 5 Strikers All - Stars 2009 Finished in Top Four 7 2012 787 Crew 6 2011 Competed 9 2014 Flight Crew Jump Rope 5 Finished in fifth place , and competed as Saltare Other shows ( show ) The following America 's Got Talent ( AGT ) contestants also appeared on these other shows : AGT Season Year Contestant Show Season Year Network Outcome 2006 Tonya Kay , member of Trey Knight 's Stilt World Who Wants to Be a Superhero ? 2006 SyFy 5th Place 2007 Tammie Brown RuPaul 's Drag Race 2009 Logo 8th Place 2007 Tika `` Sweetie '' Rainn Flavor of Love 2006 VH1 8th Place 2008 Derrick Barry RuPaul 's Drag Race 8 2016 Logo 5th Place 5 Justin Hopkins The Voice 2012 NBC Advanced to Battle Rounds 5 Murray SawChuck Celebracadabra 2008 VH1 Appeared 5 Alice Tan Ridley 30 Seconds to Fame Pilot 2002 Fox Winner 6 2011 Dani Shay The Glee Project 2012 Oxygen Appeared 7 2012 Trisha Paytas Who Wants to Be a Superhero ? 2007 SyFy 7th Place 7 2012 Horse American Ninja Warrior 2012 G4 and NBC Competed 7 2012 Bria Kelly The Voice 6 2014 NBC Advanced to Top 10 on Team Usher 7 2012 Academy of Villains Fake Off 2015 TruTV Appeared 7 2012 Lightwire Theatre Fake Off 2014 TruTV Winners 7 , 8 2012 , 2013 D'Angelo and Amanda Live to Dance 2011 CBS Winners 7 2015 Ben Blaque Britain 's Got Talent 10 ITV Advanced to the semi-finals 8 2015 Alexandr Magala Britain 's Got Talent 10 ITV 9th place 8 2013 Kennedy Davenport RuPaul 's Drag Race 7 2015 Logo 4th Place 8 2013 Tummy Talk The Gong Show 2017 ABC Appeared 8 2013 Angela Hoover First Impressions 2016 USA Network Appeared 8 2013 KriStef Brothers Fake Off 2014 TruTV 7th Place 8 2013 Taylor Williamson Last Comic Standing 7 NBC Semifinalist 9 2014 Adrian Romoff Child Genius 2016 Lifetime Winner 10 2015 Leroy Patterson Solitary 2007 Fox Reality 7th Place 10 2015 Myq Kaplan Last Comic Standing 7 NBC Finalist 10 2015 Freelusion Dance Company Fake Off 2014 TruTV Fourth place , appeared as Freelusion USA 10 2015 Piff the Magic Dragon Penn & Teller : Fool Us 2011 2014 ITV ( U.K. ) The CW ( U.S. ) Appeared 10 2015 Stevie Starr Britain 's Got Talent ITV Advanced to the semi-finals 11 2016 Cory Kahaney Last Comic Standing 2003 NBC Finalist 11 2016 Laura Bretan Romania 's Got Talent 6 2016 Pro TV Winner International broadcasts ( edit ) In Indonesia , the eleventh season has currently been broadcast by NET . since October 22 , 2016 every Saturday and Sunday at 10 pm WIB . But , since Monday , October 31 , in addition to the weekend slot , the show has also been broadcast every Monday to Friday at 5 pm WIB as the replacement of the currently concluded TV drama , the second season of Kesempurnaan Cinta , which was concluded on Friday , October 28 , 2016 . See also ( edit ) Got Talent The X Factor References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Got Talent / About the Show '' . nbc.com . NBC . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2015 . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Trade marks -- find by number '' . Ipo.gov.uk . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chan , Anna ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Simon Cowell to Replace Howard Stern as Judge on America 's Got Talent for Season 11 '' . USmagazine.com . American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Sets Tyra Banks As New Host For Season 12 '' . March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ King , Bill ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Season 12 Finale Recap : A New Champion is Crowned '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Simon Cowel Signs New Deal & Returns as Judge on NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' for Next Three Seasons '' . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Winner Grace VanderWaal Books Vegas Concerts '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Daly , Sean and Ashley Majeski . Inside AGT : The Untold Stories of America 's Got Talent , CreateSpace Independent Publishing ( 2013 ) ISBN 1492203602 Jump up ^ `` Four Guest Judges Are Coming to AGT ! '' . nbc.com . May 27 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2015 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Reba McEntire Joins ' America 's Got Talent ' as Guest Judge '' . Jump up ^ Medley , Erin S. ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' : Chris Hardwick , DJ Khaled Announced as Season 12 Guest Judges '' . tvinsider.com . NTVB Media , Inc . Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent Season 12 Adds Laverne Cox as Guest Judge '' . eonline.com . E ! Online . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Alexia ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Heidi Klum and Seal Reunite on America 's Got Talent as She Calls Him Her ' Fave Singer ' '' . People Online . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Judge Cuts 1 ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Judge Cuts 2 ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Judge Cuts 3 ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Judge Cuts 4 ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Performance FAQ '' . Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2017 - 2018 . January 10 , 2014 . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Starr , Michael . `` America 's Got Talent Live At Radio City '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ Glazowski , Paul . `` MySpace Opens Six - Day Virtual Audition For America 's Got Talent '' . Mashable . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent - NBC.com '' . August 2 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2016 . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fera , Jessica . `` Jackie Evancho Featured on ' Oprah Winfrey Show ' '' Archived August 30 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... WPXI.com . October 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Grimm says he feels blessed to be a part of ' America 's Got Talent , ' hitting Caesars today - Entertainment / Neon - ReviewJournal.com '' . Lvrj.com . October 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2010 . Retrieved November 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Got Talent Live Concert Tour '' . Facebook . p . About America 's Got Talent Live . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Note that the `` live '' version of this page is likely to change ; the archived version will provide the supporting information for this reference . Jump up ^ Mousavizadeh , Nader ( February 9 , 2009 ) . `` Reuters '' . Today.reuters.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBC 's mid-season 2006 -- 07 schedule '' . NBCUMV.com . November 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Popular Television Talk - Show Host Jerry Springer Named Host of NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' '' . Thefutoncritic.com . March 5 , 2007 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Cannon 's Got Talent '' . E ! Online . February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Americas Got Talent Live ! at Planet Hollywood '' . Vegasnews.com . October 10 , 2009 . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent -- In Summer Only -- NBC Benches Heavy Hitter for Fall '' . NYTimes.com . July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Hasselhoff Departing America 's Got Talent '' . TV Guide . January 6 , 2010 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Howie Mandel Joins America 's Got Talent '' . TV Guide . January 10 , 2010 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Reveals Summer Premiere Dates for America 's Got Talent , Last Comic Standing , 100 Questions , Persons Unknown '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . March 5 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gold , Matea ( July 28 , 2010 ) . `` Piers Morgan mum on whether he 's succeeding Larry King Show Tracker Los Angeles Times '' . Latimesblogs.latimes.com . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Audition Cities `` Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2011 -- 2012 '' . Americasgottalentauditions.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harmsworth , Andrei ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` Piers Morgan quits America 's Got Talent to focus on CNN Tonight show '' . Metro.co.uk . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Boedeker , Hal . `` Howard Stern to judge ' America 's Got Talent ' , which will move to New York '' . fox43.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McGlone , Peggy ( April 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' to film at NJPAC in Newark '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 Jump up ^ Daly , Sean ( August 6 , 2012 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne is quitting ' AGT ' after NBC axes Jack '' . The New York Post . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` WOO HOO ! We 're coming back to your TVs ... -- America 's Got Talent '' . Facebook . April 2 , 2013 . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( July 24 , 2012 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne leaving NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' ? -- The TV Column '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Americas Got Talent Sharon Osbourne Addresses Departure Rumors '' . E ! Online . July 25 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` News : Sharon Quits Over Ugly Fight With NBC '' . AGTNews.com . August 6 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2012 . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Daly , Sean ( August 6 , 2012 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne is quitting `` America 's Got Talent '' after NBC axed her son Jack `` . New York Post . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' hires Mel B as new judge '' . Inside TV . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Heidi Klum : I 'm Gonna Be a Judge on ' Americas Got Talent ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2012 -- 2013 -- Audition Cities '' . americasgottalentauditions.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Got Talent '' . on-camera-audiences.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NBC announces premiere date for America 's Got Talent Season Nine '' . Jump up ^ `` Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2015 -- 2016 '' . Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2015 -- 2016 . Jump up ^ Drewett , Meg . `` America 's Got Talent announces New York , Los Angeles auditions '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Season 9 : ' Golden Buzzer ' can save contestants -- Zap2It '' . Zap2It . Jump up ^ `` Audition Cities '' . Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2015 -- 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Howard Stern Says He May Quit America 's Got Talent '' . Empty Lighthouse Music & Arts Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Stern Show on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Howie Mandel on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Melanie Brown on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Timeline Photos -- America 's Got Talent -- Facebook '' . facebook.com . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Names Cris Judd as New Dance Scout '' . TheWrap . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent '' . On - Camera - Audiences . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2015 . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' making golden buzzers more like ' Britain 's Got Talent ' ; other minor changes '' . CarterMatt.com . Jump up ^ Mink , Casey ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Howard Stern Leaving ' America 's Got Talent ' -- Judge Confirms In Interview '' . Hollywood Life . PMC . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2015 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Renewed for Season 11 by NBC '' . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Audition In Person : 2015 -- 2016 Audition Cities '' . America 's Got Talent Auditions . FremantleMedia North America & Simco , Ltd . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Audition Online '' . America 's Got Talent Auditions . FremantleMedia North America & Simco , Ltd . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Simon Cowell is FINALLY returning to US TV as an America 's Got Talent judge with Mel B and Heidi Klum '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Auditions '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Paul ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Mel B and Heidi Klum show some skin on the red carpet during America 's Got Talent kick off event for 11th season '' . DailyMail.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Find out when Simon Cowell makes his US TV return on America 's Got Talent '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' renewed for Season 12 , judges all returning '' . Zap2it . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Cannon Quits America 's Got Talent After Threats of Firing over Race Joke '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Kiyonna ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent Execs Have This To Say About Nick Cannon 's Departure '' . Globalgrind . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Paul ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stand my ground ' : Nick Cannon resolves to ' stay firm ' after quitting AGT and picks Ryan Seacrest as heir '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBC summer 2017 schedule loads up : ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' Carmichael Show , ' ' World of Dance ' and more '' . March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lapowsky , Issie ( September 2 , 2009 ) . `` Jerry Springer to host ' America 's Got Talent Live ' ; new spinoff of reality show to play in Las Vegas '' . NYDailyNews.com . NY Daily News . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2016 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boedeker , Hal ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` Jerry Springer : Orlando group wows ' Talent ' tour '' . OrlandoSentinel.com . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2010 . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent Live TM Announces Full Tour Line - up Including Season 8 Winner , Kenichi Ebina '' . Business Wire . Berkashire Hathaway . September 19 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent winner , Suffern native VanderWaal plays sold - out Vegas show '' Archived October 30 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , News12.com , Westchester County , New York , October 28 , 2016 , accessed December 14 , 2016 ( content preview ) Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ America 's Got Talent Holiday Spectacular Archived December 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , TVGrapevine.com , December 18 , 2016 ; and Angermiller , Michele Amabile . `` America 's Got Talent Winner Grace VanderWaal Set to Headline Holiday Special '' Archived November 25 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Billboard , November 7 , 2016 Jump up ^ Boedeker , Hal . `` ESPN , AGT , Michelle Obama : Monday winners '' Archived December 21 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Orlando Sentinel , December 20 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Ratings : NBC 's America 's Got Talent Returns To Win , ABC 's Superstars Hardly Super '' . June 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2009 . Retrieved June 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Updated TV Ratings : The Jay Leno Show premieres big , rises to 18.4 million in the final # s '' . September 26 , 2009 . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Updated TV Ratings : AGT finale , Leno , Glee and The Beautiful Life '' . September 17 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2009 . Retrieved September 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Top 25 : NBA Finals & Everybody Else , Glee Leads Scripted 18 - 49 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2010 . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' , ' Survivor ' , ' America 's Got Talent ' Top Final Week of Broadcast ' Summer ' - Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2010 . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : NBA Finals & Reality Top Summer 's First Full Week -- Ratings '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parenthood ' Adjusts Down '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . 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Jump up ^ `` Grace VanderWaal '' , Austin City Limits Music Festival , accessed May 9 , 2017 ; Caulfield , Keith . `` The Hamilton Mixtape Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart '' , Billboard , December 11 , 2016 ( 52,000 units ) ; `` Sales Plus Streaming Chart '' , Hits Daily Double , December 16 , 2016 ( 14,687 units ) ; and `` Sales Plus Streaming Chart '' , Hits Daily Double , December 23 , 2016 ( 18,972 units ) Jump up ^ Carter , Brooke . `` What Happened to Landau Eugene Murphy Jr . -- Recent News & Updates '' , The Gazette Review ( Minneapolis , Minnesota ) , May 29 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr. : Chart History '' , Billboard , accessed December 11 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Game Clobbers Akon , Takes Albums Chart News '' . VH1.com . November 22 , 2006 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` # 2 Most Successful Independent In Sales -- Heavyweight Dj Forums -- Los Angeles '' . Heavyweightdj.com . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Klein , Danny ( March 25 , 2008 ) . `` Cas Haley ( interview ) '' . MalibuMag.com . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2011 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( May 25 , 2011 ) . `` Adele Notches Ninth Week At # 1 On Billboard -- Music , Celebrity , Artist News '' . MTV . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Moen , Nancy . `` MIZZOU Magazine -- Heartland star '' . Mizzoumag.missouri.edu . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Alex . `` In Full : ' Britain 's Got Talent ' Top 40 '' . DigitalSpy . Hearst Magazines UK . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Young opera singer who stunned America with her voice wins Romania 's Got Talent '' . Romania - Insider . Business Insider SRL . June 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NET . on Twitter : `` Mulai malam ini , setiap Sabtu & Minggu America 's ... '' Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Akhir Ceritanya Menggantung , Kesempurnaan Cinta akan Berlanjut ke Season 3 '' . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website America 's Got Talent on IMDb America 's Got Talent at TV.com America 's Got Talent Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Winners Bianca Ryan Terry Fator Neal E. Boyd Kevin Skinner Michael Grimm Landau Eugene Murphy Jr . Olate Dogs Kenichi Ebina Mat Franco Paul Zerdin Grace VanderWaal Darci Lynne Farmer Runners - up The Millers Cas Haley Eli Mattson Bárbara Padilla Jackie Evancho Silhouettes Tom Cotter Taylor Williamson Emily West Drew Lynch Angelica Hale Third place Butterscotch Nuttin ' But Stringz Recycled Percussion Team iLuminate Oz Pearlman Jon Dorenbos Light Balance Other notable contestants Season 1 Taylor Ware Alexis Jordan Celtic Spring The Passing Zone Rappin ' Granny Leonid the Magnificent Jessica Sanchez Season 2 Jabbawockeez Julienne Irwin Kevin James Season 3 Kaitlyn Maher ZOOperstars ! Derrick Barry Season 4 Grandma Lee The Texas Tenors Thia Megia Season 5 ArcAttack Haspop Alice Tan Ridley Prince Poppycock Connor Doran The Strange Familiar Lindsey Stirling Season 6 Geechy Guy Anna Graceman POPLYFE Professor Splash Melissa Villaseñor Season 7 David Garibaldi and His CMYK 's Rudy Coby Trish Paytas Season 8 Cami Bradley Marty Brown Brad Byers Forte Branden James Jim Meskimen John Wing Jr . 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who is the governor of dadra and nagar haveli	Office and union territory ( past officeholders ) Name Portrait Took office ( tenure length ) Ref Lieutenant Governor of Andaman and Nicobar Islands ( list ) Devendra Kumar Joshi 8 October 2017 ( 309 days ) Administrator of Chandigarh ( list ) V.P. Singh Badnore 22 August 2016 ( 1 year , 356 days ) Administrator of Dadra and Nagar Haveli ( list ) Praful Khoda Patel ( Additional charge ) 30 December 2016 ( 1 year , 226 days ) Administrator of Daman and Diu ( list ) Praful Khoda Patel 29 August 2016 ( 1 year , 349 days ) Lieutenant Governor of Delhi ( list ) Anil Baijal 31 December 2016 ( 1 year , 225 days ) Administrator of Lakshadweep ( list ) Farooq Khan 6 September 2016 ( 1 year , 341 days ) Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry ( list ) Kiran Bedi 29 May 2016 ( 2 years , 76 days )	Praful Khoda Patel	List of current Indian governors	list of current indian governors		Several governors , lieutenant governors and administrators pose with the President , Vice President and Prime Minister of India during the 49th Governors ' Conference , at Rashtrapati Bhavan , New Delhi , in June 2018 . In the Republic of India , a governor is the constitutional head of each of the twenty - nine states . The governor is appointed by the President of India for a term of five years , and holds office at the President 's pleasure . The governor is de jure head of the state government ; all its executive actions are taken in the governor 's name . However , the governor must act on the advice of the popularly elected council of ministers , headed by the chief minister , which thus holds de facto executive authority at the state - level . The Constitution of India also empowers the governor to act upon his or her own discretion , such as the ability to appoint or dismiss a ministry , recommend President 's rule , or reserve bills for the President 's assent . Over the years , the exercise of these discretionary powers have given rise to conflict between the elected chief minister and the central government -- appointed governor . The union territories of Andaman and Nicobar , Delhi and Puducherry are headed by lieutenant - governors . Since Delhi and Puducherry have a measure of self - government with an elected legislature and council of ministers , the role of the lieutenant - governor there is a mostly ceremonial one , akin to that of a state 's governor . The other four union territories -- Chandigarh ; Dadra and Nagar Haveli ; Daman and Diu ; and Lakshadweep -- are governed by an administrator . Unlike the administrators of other territories , who are drawn from the Indian Administrative Service , since 1985 the Governor of Punjab has also been the ex-officio Administrator of Chandigarh . Contents 1 Current governors of states 2 Current lieutenant governors and administrators of union territories 3 See also 4 References Current governors of states ( edit ) State ( past governors ) Name Portrait Took office ( tenure length ) Ref Andhra Pradesh ( list ) E.S.L. Narasimhan 28 December 2009 ( 7003315000000000000 ♠ 8 years , 228 days ) Arunachal Pradesh ( list ) B.D. Mishra 3 October 2017 ( 7002314000000000000 ♠ 314 days ) Assam ( list ) Jagdish Mukhi 10 October 2017 ( 7002307000000000000 ♠ 307 days ) Bihar ( list ) Satya Pal Malik 4 October 2017 ( 7002313000000000000 ♠ 313 days ) Chhattisgarh ( list ) Balram Das Tandon 25 July 2014 ( 7003148000000000000 ♠ 4 years , 19 days ) Goa ( list ) Mridula Sinha 31 August 2014 ( 7003144300000000000 ♠ 3 years , 347 days ) Gujarat ( list ) Om Prakash Kohli 16 July 2014 ( 7003148900000000000 ♠ 4 years , 28 days ) Haryana ( list ) Kaptan Singh Solanki 27 July 2014 ( 7003147800000000000 ♠ 4 years , 17 days ) Himachal Pradesh ( list ) Acharya Dev Vrat 12 August 2015 ( 7003109700000000000 ♠ 3 years , 1 day ) Jammu and Kashmir ( list ) Narinder Nath Vohra 25 June 2008 ( 7003370100000000000 ♠ 10 years , 49 days ) Jharkhand ( list ) Draupadi Murmu 18 May 2015 ( 7003118300000000000 ♠ 3 years , 87 days ) Karnataka ( list ) Vajubhai Vala 1 September 2014 ( 7003144200000000000 ♠ 3 years , 346 days ) Kerala ( list ) P. Sathasivam 5 September 2014 ( 7003143800000000000 ♠ 3 years , 342 days ) Madhya Pradesh ( list ) Anandiben Patel 23 January 2018 ( 7002202000000000000 ♠ 202 days ) Maharashtra ( list ) C. Vidyasagar Rao 30 August 2014 ( 7003144400000000000 ♠ 3 years , 348 days ) Manipur ( list ) Najma Heptulla 21 August 2016 ( 7002722000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 357 days ) Meghalaya ( list ) Ganga Prasad 5 October 2017 ( 7002312000000000000 ♠ 312 days ) Mizoram ( list ) Kummanam Rajasekharan 29 May 2018 ( 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 days ) Nagaland ( list ) Padmanabha Acharya 19 July 2014 ( 7003148600000000000 ♠ 4 years , 25 days ) Odisha ( list ) Ganeshi Lal 29 May 2018 ( 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 days ) Punjab ( list ) V.P. Singh Badnore 22 August 2016 ( 7002721000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 356 days ) Rajasthan ( list ) Kalyan Singh 4 September 2014 ( 7003143900000000000 ♠ 3 years , 343 days ) Sikkim ( list ) Shriniwas Patil 20 July 2013 ( 7003185000000000000 ♠ 5 years , 24 days ) Tamil Nadu ( list ) Banwarilal Purohit 6 October 2017 ( 7002311000000000000 ♠ 311 days ) Telangana ( list ) E.S.L. Narasimhan ( Additional Charge ) 2 June 2014 ( 7003153300000000000 ♠ 4 years , 72 days ) Tripura ( list ) Tathagata Roy 20 May 2015 ( 7003118100000000000 ♠ 3 years , 85 days ) Uttar Pradesh ( list ) Ram Naik 22 July 2014 ( 7003148300000000000 ♠ 4 years , 22 days ) Uttarakhand ( list ) Krishan Kant Paul 8 January 2015 ( 7003131300000000000 ♠ 3 years , 217 days ) West Bengal ( list ) Keshari Nath Tripathi 24 July 2014 ( 7003148100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 20 days ) Current lieutenant governors and administrators of union territories ( edit ) Office and union territory ( past officeholders ) Name Portrait Took office ( tenure length ) Ref Lieutenant Governor of Andaman and Nicobar Islands ( list ) Devendra Kumar Joshi 8 October 2017 ( 309 days ) Administrator of Chandigarh ( list ) V.P. Singh Badnore 22 August 2016 ( 1 year , 356 days ) Administrator of Dadra and Nagar Haveli ( list ) Praful Khoda Patel ( Additional charge ) 30 December 2016 ( 1 year , 226 days ) Administrator of Daman and Diu ( list ) Praful Khoda Patel 29 August 2016 ( 1 year , 349 days ) Lieutenant Governor of Delhi ( list ) Anil Baijal 31 December 2016 ( 1 year , 225 days ) Administrator of Lakshadweep ( list ) Farooq Khan 6 September 2016 ( 1 year , 341 days ) Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry ( list ) Kiran Bedi 29 May 2016 ( 2 years , 76 days ) See also ( edit ) List of current Indian chief ministers List of current Indian chief justices List of current Indian legislative speakers List of current Indian opposition leaders List of female Indian governors References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Durga Das Basu . Introduction to the Constitution of India . 1960 . 20th edition , 2011 reprint . LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8038 - 559 - 9 . p. 237 , 241 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Governors . India.gov.in . Retrieved on 3 September 2015 . Jump up ^ J. Balaji . `` Narasimhan to look after Andhra Pradesh '' . The Hindu . 28 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Brigadier BD Mishra sworn - in as Arunachal Pradesh governor '' . The Indian Express . 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jagdish Mukhi sworn in as governor of Assam '' . Hindustan Times . 10 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Satya Pal Malik takes oath as Governor of Bihar '' . The Indian Express . 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Pavan Dahat . `` Tandon sworn in as Chhattisgarh Governor '' . The Hindu . 26 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Prakash Kamat . `` Mridula Sinha sworn - in as Goa Governor '' . The Hindu . 31 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kohli sworn in as Gujarat Governor '' . The Hindu . 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Solanki sworn in as Haryana governor '' . The Hindu . 27 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dev Vrat sworn in as H.P. Governor '' . The Hindu . 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vohra sworn in as new Jammu and Kashmir Governor '' . The Hindu . 26 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Draupadi Murmu sworn in as first woman Governor of Jharkhand '' . The Hindu . 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Nagesh Prabhu . `` Vala sworn in as Karnataka Governor '' . The Hindu . 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Gireesh Menon . `` Sathasivam sworn in as Kerala Governor '' . The Hindu . 5 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Anandiben Patel sworn in as Madhya Pradesh Governor '' . The Hindu . 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rao sworn in as Maharashtra Governor '' . The Hindu . 31 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Iboyaima Laithangam . `` Najma Heptullah sworn in as Manipur Governor '' . The Hindu . 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ganga Prasad sworn in as Meghalaya Governor '' . The Indian Express . 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Rahul Karmakar . `` Kummanam Rajasekharan sworn - in as Mizoram Governor amid opposition '' . The Hindu . 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PB Acharya sworn in as Nagaland Governor '' . Business Standard . 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ganeshi Lal sworn in as new governor of Odisha '' . The Hindu . 30 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` V.P. Singh Badnore sworn in as new Punjab Governor '' . The Indian Express . 22 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kalyan Singh sworn - in as Rajasthan Governor '' . The Hindu . 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Message of Hon'ble Governor of Sikkim Shri Shriniwas Patil on the assumption of Office '' . Archived 2 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine . The Raj Bhavan , Gangtok , Sikkim. 20 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Banwarilal Purohit sworn in as Tamil Nadu governor '' . The Indian Express . 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ESL Narasimhan sworn in as Governor of Telangana '' . The Hindu . 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tathagata Roy sworn in as Governor of Tripura '' . The Hindu . 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ . `` Ram Naik sworn in as Uttar Pradesh Governor '' . India Today . 22 July 2014 . Jump up ^ . `` KK Paul sworn in as Uttarakhand Governor '' . The Tribune . 8 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mamata competent to deal with all problems of State : Governor '' . The Hindu . 25 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lt. Governors & Administrators '' . India.gov.in . Retrieved on 3 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Admiral DK Joshi ( Retd . ) sworn in as the 13th Lt. Governor of A& N Islands '' . The Island Reflector. 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` List of Former Administrators '' . Administration of Dadra and Nagar Haveli . Retrieved on 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` List of Former Administrators '' . Administration of Daman and Diu . Retrieved on 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anil Baijal sworn in as Delhi Lieutenant - Governor '' . The Hindu . 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bio-data of the Hon'ble Administrator '' Archived 21 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Official Website of Union Territory of Lakshadweep . Retrieved on 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kiran Bedi takes oath as Lt. Governor of Puducherry '' . The Times of India . 29 May 2016 . Lists of governors , lieutenant governors and administrators of Indian states and union territories ( and current incumbents ) Andaman and Nicobar Devendra Kumar Joshi Andhra Pradesh E.S.L. Narasimhan Arunachal Pradesh B.D. Mishra Assam Jagdish Mukhi Bihar Satya Pal Malik Chandigarh V.P. Singh Badnore Chhattisgarh Balram Das Tandon Dadra and Nagar Haveli Praful Khoda Patel Daman and Diu Praful Khoda Patel Delhi Anil Baijal Goa Mridula Sinha Gujarat Om Prakash Kohli Haryana Kaptan Singh Solanki Himachal Pradesh Acharya Dev Vrat Jammu and Kashmir Narinder Nath Vohra Jharkhand Draupadi Murmu Karnataka Vajubhai Vala Kerala P. Sathasivam Lakshadweep Farooq Khan Madhya Pradesh Anandiben Patel Maharashtra C. Vidyasagar Rao Manipur Najma Heptulla Meghalaya Ganga Prasad Mizoram Kummanam Rajasekharan Nagaland Padmanabha Acharya Odisha Ganeshi Lal Puducherry Kiran Bedi Punjab V.P. Singh Badnore Rajasthan Kalyan Singh Sikkim Shriniwas Patil Tamil Nadu Banwarilal Purohit Telangana E.S.L. Narasimhan Tripura Tathagata Roy Uttar Pradesh Ram Naik Uttarakhand Krishan Kant Paul West Bengal Keshari Nath Tripathi Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_current_Indian_governors&oldid=854108605 '' Categories : States and union territories of India - related lists Lists of governors of Indian states State governors of India Lists of current office - holders in India Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from July 2018 Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी Deutsch Español हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം Simple English தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 01 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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who got the first nobel prize in economics from india	Year Laureate Subject Rationale 1913 Rabindranath Tagore Literature Awarded `` because of his profoundly sensitive , fresh and beautiful verse , by which , with consummate skill , he has made his poetic thought , expressed in his own English words , a part of the literature of the West . '' 1930 C.V. Raman Physics `` For his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him . '' 1979 Mother Teresa ( born in Skopje , Ottoman Empire ) Peace `` For work undertaken in the struggle to overcome poverty and distress , which also constitutes a threat to peace . '' 1998 Amartya Sen Economic studies `` For his contributions to welfare economics . '' 2014 Kailash Satyarthi Peace Awarded jointly to Kailash Satyarthi and Malala Yousafzai -- `` for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education . ''	Amartya Sen	List of Indian Nobel laureates	list of indian nobel laureates	The Nobel Prize is a set of annual international awards bestowed on `` those who conferred the greatest benefit on mankind '' in the fields of Physics , Chemistry , Physiology or Medicine , Literature , Peace and Economics . Instituted by Alfred Nobel 's last will , which specified that his fortune be used to create a series of prizes , now known as the Nobel Prizes . They are widely recognized as one of the most prestigious honors awarded in the aforementioned fields .	A total of 835 individuals ( 791 men and 44 women ) and 21 organizations were awarded the Nobel Prize , some more than once . Among the total recipients , 12 are Indians ( 5 Indian citizens and 7 of Indian origin or residency ) . Rabindranath Tagore was the first Indian citizen to be awarded and Mother Teresa is the only woman in the list . Notably , Sri Aurobindo was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1943 and for the Nobel Prize in Peace in 1950 . On 1 December 1999 , the Norwegian Nobel Committee confirmed that Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was nominated for the Peace Prize thrice ( in 1937 -- 39 , 1947 and a few days before he was assassinated in January 1948 ) . In 2006 , Geir Lundestad , Secretary of Norwegian Nobel Committee said , `` The greatest omission in our 106 year history is undoubtedly that Mahatma Gandhi never received the Nobel Peace prize . Gandhi could do without the Nobel Peace prize . Whether Nobel committee can do without Gandhi is the question '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Laureates 1.1 Indian citizens 1.2 Overseas citizens of Indian origin 1.3 Other 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References Laureates ( edit ) Indian citizens ( edit ) The following are the Nobel laureates who were Indian citizens at the time they were awarded the Nobel Prize . Year Laureate Subject Rationale 1913 Rabindranath Tagore Literature Awarded `` because of his profoundly sensitive , fresh and beautiful verse , by which , with consummate skill , he has made his poetic thought , expressed in his own English words , a part of the literature of the West . '' 1930 C.V. Raman Physics `` For his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him . '' 1979 Mother Teresa ( born in Skopje , Ottoman Empire ) Peace `` For work undertaken in the struggle to overcome poverty and distress , which also constitutes a threat to peace . '' 1998 Amartya Sen Economic studies `` For his contributions to welfare economics . '' 2014 Kailash Satyarthi Peace Awarded jointly to Kailash Satyarthi and Malala Yousafzai -- `` for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education . '' Overseas citizens of Indian origin ( edit ) The following are Nobel laureates born in British India or who are of Indian origin but subsequently non-citizens of India ; however , they are still often included in lists of Indian Nobel laureates . Year Laureate Country Subject Rationale 1968 Har Gobind Khorana ( born in Raipur , British India ) United States Physiology or Medicine Awarded along with Robert W. Holley and Marshall W. Nirenberg -- `` for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis . '' Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar ( born in Lahore , British India ) United States Physics `` For his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars . '' 2009 Venkatraman Ramakrishnan ( born in Chidambaram , India ) United Kingdom / United States Chemistry `` For studies of the structure and function of the ribosome . '' Other ( edit ) The following are Nobel laureates with Indian linkages -- those foreigners who were born in India , those who are of Indian ancestry and those who were residents in India when they became recipients of the Nobel Prize . Year Laureate Country Subject Rationale 1902 Ronald Ross ( born in Almora , British India ) United Kingdom Physiology or Medicine `` For his work on malaria , by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it . '' 1907 Rudyard Kipling ( born in Bombay , British India ) United Kingdom Literature `` In consideration of the power of observation , originality of imagination , virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world - famous author . '' 14th Dalai Lama ( born in Taktser , Republic of China ) India Peace `` In his struggle for the liberation of Tibet ( he ) consistently has opposed the use of violence . He has instead advocated peaceful solutions based upon tolerance and mutual respect in order to preserve the historical and cultural heritage of his people . '' V.S. Naipaul ( born in Chaguanas , Trinidad and Tobago ) United Kingdom Literature `` For having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories . '' See also ( edit ) List of Indians List of Nobel laureates List of Nobel laureates by country List of Asian Nobel laureates Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Per Indian nationality law , article 9 of Indian Constitution says that a person who voluntarily acquires citizenship of any other country is no longer an Indian citizen . Also , according to The Passports Act , a person has to surrender his Indian passport ; it is a punishable offense under the act if he fails to surrender the passport . Hence , citizenship exclusively includes the jus sanguinis ( citizenship by right of blood ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Nobel Prizes - Britannica '' . Britannica . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Things About the Nobel Prizes '' . History.com . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` From 1913 to 2014 : Indian Nobel Prize winners '' . The Hindu . The Hindu Group . 10 October 2014 . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Rajinder Singh ( Sep 2012 ) . `` Aurobindo Gosh 's Nobel nomination '' . Rajinder Singh . p. 442 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Levinovitz , Agneta Wallin ( 2001 ) . Levinovitz . pp. 181 -- 186 . Jump up ^ Tønnesson , Øyvind ( 1 December 1999 ) . `` Mahatma Gandhi , the Missing Laureate '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Irwin ( 2001 ) . Irving Abrams . Irving Abrams . pp. 147 -- 148 . Jump up ^ `` Gandhi and Nobel '' . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Citizenship '' . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ P.J. George ( 10 October 2014 ) . `` List of laureates '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rabindranath Tagore '' . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CV Raman '' . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mother Teresa Agnes '' . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Amartya Sen '' . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 2014 '' . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` H. Gobind Khorana '' . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Subramanyan Chandrasekhar '' . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Venkatraman Ramakrishnan '' . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronald Ross '' . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rudyard Kipling '' . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dalai Lama 14th '' . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nobel Prize in Literature 2001 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 17 . Nobel Prizes Prizes Chemistry Economics Literature Peace Physics Physiology or Medicine Laureates by subject Chemistry Economics Literature Peace Physics Physiology or Medicine by criterion African Arab Asian Black Female Latino and Hispanic Jewish by country Argentine Australian Belgian Chinese Danish Hungarian Indian Israeli Italian Japanese Korean Liberian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Spanish Swedish Turkish Welsh by religion Christian Jewish Muslim Non-religious by year By year by university affiliation University affiliation by occupation Head of Government and State Committees and organisations Nobel Foundation Nobel Committees Chemistry Economics Physics Physiology or Medicine Norwegian Nobel Committee Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet Related topics Controversies Other prizes Alfred Nobel Nobel Memorial Prize ( not one of the original Nobel Prizes ) . Indian Nobel laureates Literature Rabindranath Tagore ( 1913 ) Physics C.V. Raman ( 1930 ) Peace Mother Teresa ( 1979 ) Kailash Satyarthi ( 2014 ) Economic Sciences Amartya Sen ( 1998 ) Indian Nobel laureates Literature Rabindranath Tagore ( 1913 ) Physics C.V. Raman ( 1930 ) Peace Mother Teresa ( 1979 ) Kailash Satyarthi ( 2014 ) Economic Sciences Amartya Sen ( 1998 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Indian_Nobel_laureates&oldid=790861647 '' Categories : Lists of Indian people Indian Nobel laureates Lists of Nobel laureates by nationality Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা हिन्दी मैथिली مصرى ଓଡ଼ିଆ اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2017 , at 16 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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who plays the dad in beauty and the beast 2017	Kevin Kline as Maurice , Belle 's protective widowed father . Jolyon Coy portrays the young Maurice .	Kevin Kline	Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film )	beauty and the beast ( 2017 film )	Beauty and the Beast is a 2017 American musical romantic fantasy film directed by Bill Condon from a screenplay written by Stephen Chbosky and Evan Spiliotopoulos , and co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Mandeville Films . The film is based on Disney 's 1991 animated film of the same name , itself an adaptation of Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's eighteenth - century fairy tale . The film features an ensemble cast that includes Emma Watson and Dan Stevens as the titular characters with Luke Evans , Kevin Kline , Josh Gad , Ewan McGregor , Stanley Tucci , Audra McDonald , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ian McKellen , and Emma Thompson in supporting roles .	Principal photography began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England on May 18 , 2015 , and ended on August 21 . Beauty and the Beast premiered on February 23 , 2017 , at Spencer House in London , and was released in the United States on March 17 , 2017 , in standard , Disney Digital 3 - D , RealD 3D , IMAX and IMAX 3D formats , along with Dolby Cinema . The film received generally positive reviews from critics and audiences , with many praising Watson and Stevens ' performances as well as the ensemble cast , faithfulness to the original animated film alongside elements from the Broadway play , visual style , production merits , and musical score , though it received criticism for some of the character designs and its excessive similarity to the original . The film grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide , becoming the highest - grossing live - action musical film , and making it the highest grossing film of 2017 and the 10th highest - grossing film of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Cast notes 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 North America 5.1. 2 Outside North America 5.2 Critical response 6 Accolades 7 Controversies 7.1 Gay character 7.2 Belle and the Beast 's relationship 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In Rococo - era France , an enchantress disguised as a beggar arrives at a ball and offers the host , a coldhearted prince , a rose for shelter . When he refuses , she transforms him into a beast and his servants into household objects , and erases the castle from the memories of their loved ones . She casts a spell on the rose and warns the prince that the curse will never lift unless he learns to love another , and earn their love in return , before the last petal falls . Years later , in the village of Villeneuve , Belle dreams of adventure and brushes off advances from Gaston , an arrogant former soldier . Lost in the forest , Belle 's father Maurice seeks refuge in the Beast 's castle , but the Beast imprisons him for stealing a rose . Belle ventures out in search for him and finds him locked in the castle dungeon . The Beast agrees to let her take Maurice 's place . Belle befriends the castle 's servants , who treat her to a spectacular dinner . When she wanders into the forbidden west wing and finds the rose , the Beast , enraged , scares her into the woods . She is cornered by wolves , but the Beast rescues her and is injured in the process . A friendship develops as Belle nurses his wounds . The Beast shows Belle a gift from the enchantress , a book that transports readers wherever they want . Belle uses it to visit her childhood home in Paris , where she discovers a plague doctor mask . Belle realises that she and her father were forced to leave her mother 's deathbed as her mother succumbed to the plague . In Villeneuve , Gaston sees rescuing Belle as an opportunity to win her hand in marriage and agrees to help Maurice . When Maurice learns of his ulterior motive and rejects him , Gaston abandons him to the wolves . Maurice is rescued by the beggar Agathe , but when he tells the townsfolk of Gaston 's crime , Gaston convinces them to send Maurice to an insane asylum . After sharing a romantic dance with the Beast , Belle discovers her father 's predicament using a magic mirror . The Beast releases her to save Maurice , giving her the mirror to remember him with . At Villeneuve , Belle proves Maurice 's sanity by revealing the Beast in the mirror to the townsfolk . Realizing that Belle loves the Beast , Gaston has her thrown into the asylum carriage with her father and rallies the villagers to follow him to the castle to slay the Beast . Maurice and Belle escape and Belle rushes back to the castle . During the battle , Gaston abandons his companion LeFou , who then sides with the servants to fend off the villagers . Gaston attacks the Beast in his tower , who is too depressed to fight back , but regains his will upon seeing Belle return . He overpowers Gaston but spares his life before reuniting with Belle . However , Gaston fatally shoots the Beast from a bridge , but it collapses when the castle crumbles and he falls to his death . The Beast dies as the last petal falls and the servants become inanimate . When Belle tearfully professes her love to him , Agathe reveals herself as the enchantress and undoes the curse , repairing the crumbling castle and restoring the Beast 's and servants ' human forms and the villagers ' memories . The Prince and Belle host a ball for the kingdom , where they dance happily . Cast ( edit ) Emma Watson as Belle , a beautiful and benevolent bibliophile who develops feelings for the Beast and begins to see the humanity within him . Daisy Duczmal portrays an infant Belle . Dan Stevens as The Prince / Beast , a cold - hearted prince who is transformed into a hideous beast and forced to earn back his humanity by learning to truly love and be loved in return . Adam Mitchell portrays the younger version of the Prince . Luke Evans as Gaston , a narcissistic and arrogant hunter and veteran of the French Royal Army who is willing to go as far as it takes to have Belle as his trophy wife . Kevin Kline as Maurice , Belle 's protective widowed father . Jolyon Coy portrays the young Maurice . Josh Gad as LeFou , Gaston 's flamboyant and long - suffering sidekick who bolsters his friend 's ego but gets very little in return . Ewan McGregor as Lumière , the Beast 's charismatic bouteiller who has been transformed into a candelabra . Stanley Tucci as Maestro Cadenza , the neurotic court composer and Madame de Garderobe 's husband who has been transformed into a harpsichord . Ian McKellen as Cogsworth , the Beast 's gruff but loyal majordomo and the head of the household staff who has been transformed into a mantel clock . Emma Thompson as Mrs. Potts , the castle 's motherly head housekeeper who has been transformed into a teapot . Audra McDonald as Madame de Garderobe , a world - renowned opera singer and Cadenza 's wife who has been transformed into a wardrobe . Gugu Mbatha - Raw as Plumette , one of the castle maids and Lumière 's lover who has been transformed into a feather duster . Nathan Mack as Chip , Mrs. Potts ' plucky son who has been transformed into a teacup . Hattie Morahan as Agathe , an impoverished hermit and resident of Villeneuve who , in reality , is the Enchantress responsible for cursing the Prince . Morahan also narrates the prologue . Rita Davies portrays the Enchantress in her beggar woman form . Adrian Schiller as Monsieur D'Arque , the sly warden of the local asylum who is bribed by Gaston to have Maurice institutionalized . Gerard Horan as Monsieur Jean Potts , an absent - minded potter and resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Mrs. Potts ' husband and Chip 's father . Haydn Gwynne as Clothilde , a resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Cogsworth 's wife . Michael Jibson as the Tavern Keeper , the owner and keeper of Villeneuve 's local tavern where Gaston and the village residents drink . Ray Fearon as Père Robert , Villeneuve 's local chaplain who encourages Belle to borrow the books in the chapel 's meager library . Sophie Reid , Rafaëlle Cohen , and Carla Nella as the Village Lasses , a trio of women who fawn over Gaston and have a jealousy for Belle . Jimmy Johnston , Dean Street , and Alexis Loizon as Tom , Dick , and Stanley , a trio of men who serve as Gaston 's henchmen . Zoe Rainey as Belle 's mother , Maurice 's late wife who contracted the plague and died when Belle was an infant . Clive Rowe as Cuisinier , the castle 's head chef who has been transformed into a stove . Gizmo as Frou - Frou , Maestro Cadenza 's and Madame de Garderobe 's pet Yorkshire Terrier who has been transformed into a footstool . Thomas Padden as Chapeau , the Prince 's valet who has been transformed into a coat rack . Tom Turner as The King , the Prince 's father who , following his wife 's death , raised his son to be just as selfish and arrogant as he was . Harriet Jones as The Queen , the Prince 's mother who died of an illness when he was a child . Cast notes ( edit ) ^ In the initial theatrical release , Mitchell was miscredited as Rudi Gooman in the cast , but listed under his real name in the soundtrack credits . ^ In the initial theatrical release , Turner is miscredited as Henry Garrett in the cast . Stephen Merchant also appeared in the film as Monsieur Toilette , a servant who was turned into a toilet . This character was cut from the film , but is featured in the deleted scenes . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Previously , Disney had begun work on a film adaptation of the 1994 Broadway musical . However , in a 2011 interview , composer Alan Menken stated the planned film version of the Beauty and the Beast stage musical `` was canned '' . By April 2014 , Walt Disney Pictures had already begun developing a new live - action version and remake of Beauty and the Beast after making other live - action fantasy films such as Alice in Wonderland , Maleficent , Cinderella and The Jungle Book . In June 2014 , Bill Condon was signed to direct the film from a script by Evan Spiliotopoulos . Later in September of that same year , Stephen Chbosky ( who had previously directed Watson in The Perks of Being a Wallflower ) was hired to re-write the script . Before Condon was hired to direct the film , Disney approached him with a proposal to remake the film in a more radical way as Universal Studios had remade Snow White and the Huntsman ( 2012 ) . Condon later explained that `` after Frozen opened , the studio saw that there was this big international audience for an old - school - musical approach . But initially , they said , ' We 're interested in a musical to a degree , but only half full of songs . ' My interest was taking that film and doing it in this new medium -- live - action -- as a full - on musical movie . So I backed out for a minute , and they came back and said , ' No , no , no , we get it , let 's pursue it that way . ' '' Walt Disney Pictures president of production Sean Bailey credited Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn with the decision to make the film as a musical : `` We worked on this for five or six years , and for 18 months to two years , Beauty was a serious dramatic project , and the scripts were written to reflect that . It was n't a musical at that time . But we just could n't get it to click and it was Alan Horn who championed the idea of owning the Disney of it all . We realized there was a competitive advantage in the songs . What is wrong with making adults feel like kids again ? '' Casting ( edit ) In January 2015 , Emma Watson announced that she would be starring as Belle , the female lead . Watson was the first choice of Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn , as he had previously overseen Warner Bros. which released the eight Harry Potter films that co-starred Watson as Hermione Granger . Two months later , Luke Evans and Dan Stevens were revealed to be in talks to play Gaston and the Beast respectively , and Watson confirmed their casting the following day through tweets . The rest of the principal cast , including Josh Gad , Emma Thompson , Kevin Kline , Audra McDonald , Ian McKellen , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ewan McGregor and Stanley Tucci were announced between March and April to play LeFou , Mrs. Potts , Maurice , Madame de Garderobe , Cogsworth , Plumette , Lumière and Cadenza , respectively . Susan Egan , who originated the role of Belle on Broadway , commented on the casting of Watson as `` perfect '' . Paige O'Hara , who voiced Belle in the original animated film and its sequels , offered to help Watson with her singing lessons . According to The Hollywood Reporter , Emma Watson was reportedly paid $3 million upfront , together with an agreement that her final take - home pay could rise as high as $15 million if the film generated gross box office income similar to Maleficent 's $759 million worldwide gross . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England , on May 18 , 2015 . Filming with the principal actors concluded on August 21 . Six days later , co-producer Jack Morrissey confirmed that the film had officially wrapped production . The Beast was portrayed with a `` more traditional motion capture puppeteering for the body and the physical orientation '' , where actor Dan Stevens was `` in a forty - pound gray suit on stilts for much of the film '' . The facial capture for the Beast was done separately in order to `` communicate the subtleties of the human face '' and `` ( capture the ) thought that occurs to him '' which gets `` through ( to ) the eyes , which are the last human element in the Beast . '' The castle servants who are transformed into household objects were created with CGI animation . Before the release of the film , Bill Condon refilmed one certain sequence in the `` Days of the Sun '' number , due to confusion among test audiences caused by actress Harriet Jones , who looked similar to Hattie Morahan , who portrayed Agathe . In the original version of the scene , it was Jones ' character , the Prince 's mother , who sings the first verse of the song , with Rudi Goodman playing the young Prince and Henry Garrett playing his father ; but in the reshot version of the scene , the singing part is given to the Prince ( now played by Adam Mitchell ) . The King was also recast to Tom Turner , although Harriet Jones was still the Queen , albeit with dark hair . Both Goodman and Garrett 's names were mistakenly featured in the original theatrical release 's credits , but was later corrected in home releases . Music ( edit ) Main article : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 soundtrack ) When released in 1991 , Beauty and the Beast marked a turning point for Walt Disney Pictures by appealing to millions of fans with its Oscar - winning musical score by lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken . In Bill Condon 's opinion , that original score was the key reason he agreed to direct a live - action version of the movie . `` That score had more to reveal '' , he says , `` You look at the songs and there 's not a clunker in the group . In fact , Frank Rich described it as the best Broadway musical of 1991 . The animated version was already darker and more modern than the previous Disney fairytales . Take that vision , put it into a new medium , make it a radical reinvention , something not just for the stage because it 's not just being literal , now other elements come into play . It 's not just having real actors do it '' . Condon initially prepared on only drawing inspiration from the original film , but he also planned to include most of the songs composed by Alan Menken , Howard Ashman and Tim Rice from the Broadway musical , with the intention of making the film as a `` straight - forward , live - action , large - budget movie musical '' . Menken returned to score the film 's music , which features songs from the original film by him and Howard Ashman , plus new material written by Menken and Tim Rice . Menken said the film will not include songs that were written for the Broadway musical and instead , created four new songs . However , an instrumental version of the song `` Home '' , which was written for the musical , is used during the scene where Belle first enters her room in the castle . On January 19 , 2017 , it was confirmed by both Disney and Céline Dion - singer of the original 1991 Beauty and the Beast duet song , with singer Peabo Bryson - that Dion would be performing one of the new original songs `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' to play over the end titles . She originally had doubts about whether or not to record the song due to the recent death of her husband and manager René Angélil , who had previously helped her secure the 1991 pop duet . While ultimately accepting the opportunity , she said : `` ( The ) first Beauty and the Beast decision was made with my husband . Now I 'm making decisions on my own . It 's a little bit harder . I could n't say yes right away , because I felt like I was kind of cheating in a way ''. ( 18 ) She eventually felt compelled to record the song because of the impact Beauty and the Beast has had on her career . According to Dion , `` I was at the beginning of my career , it put me on the map , it put me where I am today ''. ( 9 ) Also , Josh Groban was announced to be performing the new original song `` Evermore '' on January 26 , 2017 . The 2017 film features a remake of the 1991 original song Beauty and the Beast recorded as a duet by Ariana Grande and John Legend . Grande and Legend 's updated version of the Beauty and the Beast title song is faithful to the original , Grammy - winning duet , performed by Céline Dion and Peabo Bryson for the 1991 Disney classic . Emma Thompson also performed a rendition of `` Beauty and the Beast '' , which was performed by Angela Lansbury in the original 1991 animated film release . Disney debuted the music video for Ariana Grande and John Legend 's interpretation of the title song `` Beauty and the Beast '' on Freeform television network on March 5 , 2017 , and it has since attained over 100 million video views on the Vevo video hosting service . Release ( edit ) On March 16 , 2015 , Disney announced the film would be released in 3D on March 17 , 2017 . The first official presentation of the film took place at Disney 's three - day D23 Expo in August 2015 . The world premiere of Beauty and the Beast took place on February 23 , 2017 , at Spencer House in London , England ; and the film later premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood , California , on March 2 , 2017 . The stream was broadcast onto YouTube . A sing along version of the film released in over 1,200 US theaters nationwide on April 7 , 2017 . The United Kingdom received the same version on April 21 , 2017 . Marketing ( edit ) Disney spent around $140 million for marketing the film worldwide . Following an announcement on May 22 , 2016 , Disney premiered the first official teaser trailer on Good Morning America the next day . In its first 24 hours , the teaser trailer reached 91.8 million views , which topped the number of views seen in that amount of time in history , including for the teasers for other films distributed by Disney such as Avengers : Age of Ultron , Star Wars : The Force Awakens and Captain America : Civil War . This record has since been broken by Thor : Ragnarok and It . The first official teaser poster was released on July 7 , 2016 . On November 2 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly debuted the first official image on the cover of their magazine for the week along with nine new photos as well . One week later , Emma Watson and Disney debuted a new poster for the film . On November 14 , 2016 , the first theatrical trailer was released again on Good Morning America . The trailer reached 127.6 million views in its first 24 hours , setting a new record as the trailer with the most views in one day , beating out Fifty Shades Darker . This record has since been broken again by The Fate of the Furious . A TV spot with Watson singing was shown during the 74th Golden Globe Awards . Disney released the final trailer on January 30 , 2017 . Home Media ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast was released on Blu - ray , DVD and Digital HD on June 6 , 2017 . The film debuted at No. 1 on the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart , with all other titles in the top 20 , collectively , selling only 40 % as many units as Beauty and the Beast . The movie regained the top spot on the national home video sales charts during its third week of release . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Praised for her performance as Belle worldwide , Beauty and the Beast is Emma Watson 's second highest - grossing film , behind only the final Harry Potter film , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . Beauty and the Beast grossed $504 million in the United States and Canada and $758.6 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $1.262 billion . With a production budget of $160 million , it is the second-most expensive musical ever made ; only Hello , Dolly ! ( 1969 ) with a budget of $25 million ( $165 million in 2016 dollars ) cost more . In just ten days , it became the highest - grossing live - action musical of all time , beating the nine - year - old record held by Mamma Mia ! . It is currently the second biggest musical ever overall , behind Disney 's Frozen ( 2013 ) . Worldwide , the film proved to be a global phenomenon , earning a total of $357 million over its four - day opening weekend from 56 markets . Critics said the film was playing like superhero movies amongst women . It was the second biggest March global opening , behind only Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , the thirteenth - biggest worldwide opening ever and the seventh - biggest for Disney . This includes $21 million from IMAX plays on 1,026 screens , a new record for an IMAX PG title . It surpassed the entire lifetime total of the original film in just six days . Beauty and the Beast is the 300th digitally remastered release in IMAX company 's history , which began with the re-release of Apollo 13 in 2002 . Its robust global debut helped push the company past $6 billion for the first time , and led to analysts believing that the film had a shot of passing $1 billion worldwide from theatrical earnings . On April 12 , it passed the $1 billion threshold , becoming the first film of 2017 , the fourteenth Disney film , and the twenty - ninth film overall to pass the mark . It became the first film since Rogue One ( also a Disney property ) in December 2016 to make over a billion dollars , and did so on its twenty - ninth day of release . It is currently the highest - grossing film of 2017 , the highest - grossing March release , the highest - grossing remake of all - time , and the fifth biggest Disney film . Even after inflation adjusted , it is still ahead of the $425 million gross ( $760 million in 2017 dollars ) of the original film . North America ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , Beauty and the Beast topped Fandango 's pre-sales and became the fastest - selling family film in the company 's history , topping the studio 's own animated film Finding Dory released the previous year . Early tracking had the film grossing around $100 million in its opening weekend , with some publications predicting it could reach $130 million . By the time the film 's release was 10 days away , analysts raised projections to as high as $150 million . It earned $16.3 milion from Thursday previews night , marking the biggest of 2017 ( breaking Logan 's record ) , the biggest ever for a Disney live - action film ( breaking Maleficent 's record ) , the second biggest ever for both a G or PG - rated film ( behind the sixth Harry Potter film Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince which also starred Watson ) , and the third biggest ever in the month of March ( behind Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice and The Hunger Games ) . An estimated 41 % of the gross came from IMAX , 3D and premium large format screenings which began at 6 pm , while the rest -- 59 % -- came from regular 2D shows which began at 7 p.m. The numbers were considered more impressive given that the film played during a school week . On its opening day , the film made $63.8 million from 4,210 theaters across 9,200 screens , marking the third biggest in the month of March , trailing behind Batman v Superman ( $81.5 million ) and The Hunger Games ( $67 million ) . It was also the biggest opening day ever for a film that was n't PG - 13 , displacing the $58 million opening Wednesday of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Its opening day alone ( which includes Thursday 's previews ) almost matched the entire opening weekend of previous Disney live - action films , Maleficent ( $69.4 million ) and Cinderella ( $67.9 million ) . Unlike all previous four Disney live - action films witnessing a hike on their second day , Saturday , Beauty and the Beast actually fell - 2 % , but nevertheless , the dip was paltry , and the grosses are so much bigger compared to the other titles . Earning a total of $174.8 million on its opening weekend , it defied all expectations and went on to set numerous notable records . This includes the biggest opening of the year as well as the biggest for the month of March and pre-summer / spring opening , beating Batman v Superman , the biggest start ever for a PG title ( also for a family film ) , surpassing Finding Dory , the biggest debut of all time for a female - fueled film , ahead of The Hunger Games : Catching Fire , the biggest for a Disney live - action adaptation , ahead of Alice in Wonderland and the biggest musical debut ever , supplanting Pitch Perfect 2 . Furthermore , it is also Watson 's highest - opening , beating Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 same with Emma Thompson , director Bill Condon 's biggest debut ever ahead of The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 and the biggest outside of summer , save for Star Wars : The Force Awakens , not accounting for inflation . It became the forty - third film to debut with over $100 million and the fifteenth film to open above $150 million . Its three - day opening alone surpassed the entire original North American run of the first film ( $146 million ; before the 3D re-release ) , instantly becoming the second biggest film of the year , behind Logan ( $184 million ) , and also the second highest - grossing musical , behind Grease 's $188 million cumulative gross in 1978 . 70 % of the total ticket sales came from 2D showings signifying that people who do n't go to theaters frequently came out in bulk to watch the film . About 26 % of the remaining tickets were for 3D . IMAX accounted for 7 % ( $12.5 million ) of the total weekend 's gross , setting a new record for a PG title , ahead of Alice in Wonderland ( $12.1 million ) while PLF repped 11 % of the box office . 70 % of the film 's opening day demographic was female , dropping to 60 % through the weekend . According polling service PostTrak , about 84 percent of American parents who saw the film on its opening day said they would `` definitely '' recommend it for families . The film 's opening was credited to positive word of mouth from audiences , good reviews from critics , effective marketing which sold the title not just as a family film but also as a romantic drama , the cast 's star power ( especially Emma Watson ) , lack of competition , being the first family film since The Lego Batman Movie a month earlier , nostalgia , and the success and ubiquity of the first film and Disney 's brand . On Monday , its fourth day of release , the film fell precipitously by 72 % earning $13.5 million . The steep fall was due to a limited marketplace where only 11 % K - 12 and 15 % colleges were off per ComScore . Nevertheless , it is the second biggest March Monday , behind Batman v Superman ( $15 million ) . This was followed by the biggest March and pre-summer Tuesday with $17.8 million , a + 32 % increase from its previous day . The same day , the film passed $200 million in ticket sales . It earned $228.6 million in the first week of release , the sixth - biggest seven - day gross of all time . In its second weekend , the film continued to maintain the top positioning and fell gradually by 48 % earning another $90.4 million to register the fourth - biggest second weekend of all time , and the third - biggest for Disney . In terms of percentage drop , its 48 % decline is the third - smallest drop for any film opening above $125 million ( behind Finding Dory and The Force Awakens ) . The hold was notable considering how the film was able to fend off three new wide release ; Power Rangers , Life , and CHiPs . As a result , it passed the $300 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 the pass said mark . The film grossed $45.4 million in its third weekend , finally being overtaken for the top spot by newcomer The Boss Baby ( $50.2 million ) . On April 4 , 2017 , its nineteenth day of release , it passed the $400 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 to do so . By its fourth weekend , the film began was playing in 3,969 cinemas , a fall of 241 theaters from its previous weekend . Of those , approximately 1,200 cinemas were sing - along versions . It earned $26.3 million ( - 48 % ) and retained second place . By comparison , previous Disney films Moana ( − 8 % ) and Frozen ( − 2 % ) both witnessed mild percentage declines the weekend their sing - alone versions were released . Its seventh weekend of release was in contemporaneous with another Emma Watson - starring new film The Circle . That weekend , The Circle was number four , while Beauty and the Beast was at number six . By May 28 , the film had earned over $500 million in ticket sales becoming the first ( and currently only ) film of 2017 , the third female - fueled film ( after The Force Awakens and Rogue One : A Star Wars Story followed by Wonder Woman ) and the eighth overall film in cinematic history to pass the mark . It has already become the biggest March release , dethroning The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) , the biggest musical film ( both animated and live - action ) , as well as the biggest film of 2017 . Outside North America ( edit ) Internationally , the film began playing on Thursday , March 16 , 2017 . Through Sunday , March 19 , it had a total international opening of $182.3 million from 55 markets , 44 of which were major territories , far exceeding initial estimations of $100 million and opened at No. 1 in virtually all markets except Vietnam , Turkey , and India . Its launch is the second biggest for the month of March , behind Batman v Superman ( $256.5 million ) . In IMAX , it recorded the biggest debut for a PG title ( although it carried varying certificate amongst different markets ) with $8.5 million from 649 screens , the second biggest for a PG title behind The Jungle Book . In its second weekend , it fell just by - 35 % earning another $120.6 million and maintaining its first position hold . It added major markets like France and Australia . It top the international box office for three consecutive weekends before finally being dethroned by Ghost in the Shell and The Boss Baby in its fourth weekend . Despite the fall , the film helped Disney push past the $1 billion thresold internationally for the first time in 2017 . It scored the biggest opening day of the year in Hong Kong and the Philippines , the biggest March Thursday in Italy ( $1 million , also the biggest Disney Thursday debut ) , the biggest March opening day in Austria , and the second biggest in Germany ( $1.1 million ) , Disney 's biggest March in Denmark , the biggest Disney live - action debut in China ( $12.6 million ) , the UK ( $6.2 million ) , Mexico ( $2.4 million ) and Brazil ( $1.8 million ) and the third biggest in South Korea with $1.2 million , behind only Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End and Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides . In terms of opening weekend , the largest debut came from China ( $44.8 million ) , followed by the UK ( $24.3 million ) , Korea ( $11.8 million ) , Mexico ( $11.8 million ) , Australia ( $11.1 million ) , Brazil ( $11 million ) , Germany ( $10.7 million ) , France ( $8.4 million ) , Italy ( $7.6 million ) , Philippines ( $6.3 million ) , Russia ( $6 million ) and Spain ( $5.8 million ) . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , the film recorded the biggest opening ever for a PG film , the biggest Disney live - action opening of all time , the biggest March opening weekend , the biggest opening for a musical ( ahead of 2012 's Les Misérables ) , the number one opening of 2017 to date and the fifth - biggest ever overall with £ 19.7 million ( $24.5 million ) from 639 theatres and almost twice that of The Jungle Book ( £ 9.9 million ) . This included the second biggest Saturday ever ( £ 7.9 million ) , only behind Star Wars : The Force Awakens . It witnessed a decline in its second weekend , earning £ 12.33 million ( $15.4 million ) . Though the film was falling at a faster rate than The Jungle Book , it had already surpassed the said film and its second weekend is the third biggest ever ( behind the two James Bond films Skyfall ( 2012 ) and Spectre ) . In India , despite facing heavy competitions from four new Hindi releases , two Tamils films and a Malayalam and a Punjabi release , the film managed to take an occupancy of 15 % on its opening day , an impressive feat despite tremendous competitions . It earned around ₹ 1.5 crore ( US $230,000 ) nett on its opening day from an estimated 600 screens which is more than the three Hindi releases -- Machine , Trapped and Aa Gaya Hero -- combined . Disney reported a total of ₹ 9.26 crore ( US $1.4 million ) gross for its opening weekend there . It was ahead of all new releases and second overall behind Bollywood film Badrinath Ki Dulhania . In Russia , despite receiving a restrictive 16 rating , the film managed to deliver a very successful opening with $6 million . In China , expectations were high for the film . The release date was announced on January 24 , giving Disney and local distributor China Film Group Corporation ample time -- around two months -- to market the film nationwide . The release date was strategically chosen to coincide with White Day . Preliminary reports suggested that it could open to $40 -- 60 million in its opening weekend . Largely driven by young women , its opening day pre-sales outpaced that of The Jungle Book . The original film was however never widely popular in the country . Although China has occasionally blocked gay - themed content from streaming video services , in this case , Chinese censors decided to leave the gay scene intact . According to local box office tracker Ent Group , the film grossed an estimated $12.1 million on its opening day ( Friday ) , representing 70 % of the total receipts . Including previews , it made a total of $14.5 million from 100,000 screenings , which is 43 % of all screenings in the country . It climbed to $18.5 million on Saturday ( 102,700 showings ) for a three - day total of $42.6 million , securing 60 % of the total marketplace . Disney on the other hand reported a different figure of $44.8 million . Either ways , it recorded the second biggest opening for a Disney live - action film , with $3.4 million coming from 386 IMAX screens . Japan -- a huge Disney market -- served as the film 's final market and opened there on April 21 It debuted with a better - than - expected $12.5 million on its opening weekend helping the film push past the $1.1 billion threshold . An estimated $1.1 million came from IMAX screenings , the fourth - biggest ever in the country . The two day gross was $9.7 million , outstripping Frozen 's previous record of $9.5 million . Due to positive reviews , good word - of - mouth and benefitting from the Golden Week , the film saw a 9 % increase on its second weekend . The hold was strong enough to fend off newcomer The Fate of the Furious from securing the top spot . The total there is now over $98 million after seven weekends and is the biggest film release of the year and overall the eleventh biggest of all time . It topped the box office there for eight consecutive weekends . The only markets where the film did not top the weekend charts were Vietnam ( behind Kong : Skull Island ) , Turkey ( with two local movies and Logan ahead ) and India ( where Badrinath Ki Dulhania retained No. 1 ) . It topped the box office for four straight weekends in Germany , Korea , Austria , Finland , Poland , Portugal , Brazil , Venezuela , Bolivia , Switzerland and the UK ( exclusive of previews ) . In the Philippines , it emerged as the most commercial successful film of all time -- both local and foreign -- with over $13.5 million . In just five weeks , the film became one of the top 10 highest - grossing film of all time in the United Kingdom and Ireland , ahead of all but one Harry Potter film ( Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ) and all three The Lord of the Rings movies ( which also starred Ian McKellen ) . It is currently the eighth biggest grosser with £ 70.1 million ( $90 million ) , overtaking Mamma Mia ! to become the biggest musical production ever there . The biggest international earning markets following the UK are Japan ( $108 million ) , China ( $85.8 million ) , Brazil ( $41.5 million ) , Korea ( $37.5 million ) , and Australia ( $35 million ) . In Europe alone , the cumulative total is $267 million to become the second - highest - grossing film in the past 1 year ( behind Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ) . Critical response ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast received generally positive reviews , with praise for the faithfulness to the original film with a few elements of the Broadway musical version , cast performances , visuals , Jacqueline Durran 's costume designs , Alan Menken 's musical score and songs , though the designs of the Beast and the servants ' household object forms received mixed reviews . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 70 % based on 291 reviews , with an average rating of 6.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` With an enchanting cast , beautifully crafted songs , and a painterly eye for detail , Beauty and the Beast offers a faithful yet fresh retelling that honors its beloved source material . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 65 out of 100 , based on 47 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . In CinemaScore polls , audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Leslie Felperin of The Hollywood Reporter wrote : `` It 's a Michelin - triple - starred master class in patisserie skills that transforms the cinematic equivalent of a sugar rush into a kind of crystal - meth - like narcotic high that lasts about two hours . '' Felperin also praised the performances of Watson and Kline as well the special effects , costume designs and the sets while commended the inclusion of Gad 's character of LeFou as the first LGBT character in Disney . Owen Gleiberman of Variety , in his positive review of the film , wrote : `` It 's a lovingly crafted movie , and in many ways a good one , but before that it 's an enraptured piece of old - is - new nostalgia . '' Gleiberman compared Steven 's character of the Beast to a royal version of the titular character in The Elephant Man and the 1946 version of the Beast in Jean Cocteau 's original adaptation . A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised the performances of both Watson and Stevens , and wrote : `` It looks good , moves gracefully and leaves a clean and invigorating aftertaste . I almost did n't recognize the flavor : I think the name for it is joy . '' Likewise , The Washington Post 's Ann Hornaday complimented Watson 's performance , describing it as `` alert and solemn '' while noting her singing ability as `` serviceable enough to get the job done '' . Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times awarded the film three and a half stars , lauded the performances of Watson and Thompson which he drew a comparison to Paige O'Hara 's and Angela Lansbury 's performances in the 1991 animated version while appreciating the performances of the other cast and also pointing out on its usage of the combination of motion capture and CGI technology as a big advantage which he stated : `` Almost overwhelmingly lavish , beautifully staged and performed with exquisite timing and grace by the outstanding cast '' . Mike Ryan of Uproxx praised the cast , production design and the new songs while noting the film does n't try anything different , saying : `` There 's certainly nothing that new about this version of Beauty and the Beast ( well , except it is n't a cartoon anymore ) , but it 's a good recreation of a classic animated film that should leave most die - hards satisfied . '' In her A - review , Nancy Churnin of The Dallas Morning News praised the film 's emotional and thematic depth : `` There 's an emotional authenticity in director Bill Condon 's live - action Beauty and the Beast film that helps you rediscover Disney 's beloved 1991 animated film and 1994 stage show in fresh , stirring ways . '' Brian Truitt of USA Today commended the performances of Evans , Gad , McGregor and Thompson alongside Condon 's affinity with musicals , the production design , visual effects featured in some of the song numbers including new songs made by the composers Alan Menken and Tim Rice , particularly Evermore which he described the new song with a potential for an Academy Award for Best Original Song . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone rated the film three out of four stars which he deemed it as an `` exhilarating gift '' while he remarked that `` Beauty and the Beast does justice to Disney 's animated classic , even if some of the magic is M.I.A ( Missing in Action ) . '' Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine gave a positive review with a description as `` Wild , Vivid and Crazy - Beautiful '' as she wrote `` Nearly everything about Beauty and the Beast is larger than life , to the point that watching it can be a little overwhelming . '' and added that `` it 's loaded with feeling , almost like a brash interpretive dance expressing the passion and elation little girls ( and some boys , too ) must have felt upon seeing the earlier version . '' The San Francisco Chronicle 's Mick LaSalle struck an affirmative tone , calling it one of the joys of 2017 , stating that `` Beauty and the Beast creates an air of enchantment from its first moments , one that lingers and builds and takes on qualities of warmth and generosity as it goes along '' while referring the film as `` beautiful '' and also praised the film for its emotional and psychological tone as well Steven 's motion capture performance . Tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph gave the film four stars out of five and wrote that `` It dazzles on this chocolate box of a picture that feels almost greedy yet to make this film work , down to a sugar - rush finale to grasp the nettle and make an out - an - out , bells - and - whistles musical '' while he praised the performances of Watson , McKellen , Thompson , McGregor , Evans and Gad . Mark Hughes of Forbes also similarly praised the film which he wrote that `` it could revive the story in a faithful but entirely new and unique way elevating the material beyond expectations , establishing itself as a cinematic equal to the original '' and also complimented the importance of undertaking a renowned yet problematic masterpiece as well addressing changes in the elements of the story while acknowledging the film 's effectiveness in resonating to the audiences . Several critics regarded the film as inferior to its 1991 animated predecessor . David Sims of The Atlantic wrote that the 2017 film `` feels particularly egregious , in part , because it 's so slavishly devoted to the original ; every time it falls short of its predecessor ( which is quite often ) , it 's hard not to notice '' . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune said that the 2017 film `` takes our knowledge and our interest in the material for granted . It zips from one number to another , throwing a ton of frenetically edited eye candy at the screen , charmlessly . '' Phillips wrote that the film featured some `` less conspicuously talented '' performers who are `` stuck doing karaoke , or motion - capture work of middling quality '' , though he praised Kline 's performance as the `` best , sweetest thing in the movie ; he brings a sense of calm , droll authority '' . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian praised Watson 's performance and wrote that the film was `` lit in that fascinatingly artificial honey - glow light , and it runs smoothly on rails -- the kind of rails that bring in and out the stage sets for the lucrative Broadway touring version . '' In the same newspaper , Wendy Ide criticized the film as `` ornate to the point of desperation '' in its attempt to emulate the animated film . Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B - , writing that while the film looks `` exceptionally great '' , he sensed that the new songs were `` not transporting '' . He felt the film needed more life and depth , but praised Watson 's and Steven 's performances as the `` film 's stronger elements '' . Dana Schwartz of the Observer felt that some of the characters , such as Gaston and the Beast , had been watered down from the 1991 film , and that the additional backstory elements failed to `` advance the plot or theme in any meaningful way '' while adding considerable bloat . Schwartz considered the singing of the cast to be adequate but felt that their voices should have been dubbed over , especially for the complex songs . Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . MTV Movie & TV Awards May 7 , 2017 Movie of the Year Beauty and the Beast Won Best Actor in a Movie Emma Watson Best Kiss Emma Watson and Dan Stevens Nominated Best Duo Josh Gad and Luke Evans Golden Trailer Awards June 6 , 2017 Best Animation / Family Beauty and the Beast Best Original Score Best Animation / Family TV Spot Best Fantasy Adventure TV Spot Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice Movie : Fantasy Won Choice Movie : Fantasy Actor Dan Stevens Nominated Choice Movie : Fantasy Actress Emma Watson Won Choice Movie Villain Luke Evans Choice Movie Ship Emma Watson and Dan Stevens Choice Liplock Choice Scene Stealer Josh Gad Nominated Choice Hissy Fit Luke Evans Dan Stevens Controversies ( edit ) Gay character ( edit ) Controversy erupted after director Bill Condon said there was a `` gay moment '' in the film , when LeFou briefly waltzes with Stanley , one of Gaston 's friends . Afterwards in an interview with Vulture.com , Condon stated , `` Can I just say , I 'm sort of sick of this . Because you 've seen the movie -- it 's such a tiny thing , and it 's been overblown . '' Condon also added that Beauty and the Beast features much more diversity than just the highly - talked - about LeFou : `` That was so important . We have interracial couples -- this is a celebration of everybody 's individuality , and that 's what 's exciting about it . '' GLAAD president and CEO Sarah Kate Ellis praised the move stating , `` It is a small moment in the film , but it is a huge leap forward for the film industry . '' In Russia , Vitaly Milonov agitated the culture minister for banning the film , but instead it was given a 16 + rating ( children under the age of 16 can only be admitted to see it in theaters with accompanying adults ) . Additionally , a theater in Henagar , Alabama did not screen the film because of the subplot . In Malaysia , the Film Censorship Board insisted the `` gay moment '' scene be cut , prompting an indefinite postponement of its release by Disney , followed by their decision to withdraw it completely if it could not be released uncensored . The studio moved the release date to March 30 , to allow more time for Malaysia 's censor board to make a decision on whether or not to release the film without changes . The distributors and producers then submitted an appeal to the Film Appeal Committee of Malaysia , which allowed the film to be released without any cuts and a P13 rating on the grounds that the `` gay element '' was minor and did not affect the positive elements featured in the film . In Kuwait , the movie was withdrawn from cinemas by National Cinema Company which owns most of the cinemas in the country . A board member of the company stated that the Ministry of Information 's censorship department had requested it to stop its screening and edit it for things deemed offensive by it . There were also a number of boycotts against the film . A call to boycott on LifePetitions received over 129,000 signatures , while the American Family Association featured a petition to boycott with the film , asking the public to help crowdfund a CGI version of Pilgrim 's Progress instead . Belle and the Beast 's relationship ( edit ) Disney has sought to portray Belle as an empowered young woman , but a debate questioning whether it is possible to fall in love with someone who is holding you prisoner , and whether this is a problematic theme , has resulted . As was the case with the original animated film , one argument is that Belle suffers from Stockholm syndrome ( a condition that causes hostages to develop a psychological alliance with their captors as a survival strategy during captivity ) . Emma Watson studied whether Belle is trapped in an abusive relationship with the Beast before signing on and concluded that she does not think the criticism fits this version of the folk tale . Watson described Stockholm Syndrome as `` where a prisoner will take on the characteristics of and fall in love with the captor . Belle actively argues and disagrees with ( Beast ) constantly . She has none of the characteristics of someone with Stockholm Syndrome because she keeps her independence , she keeps that freedom of thought '' , also adding that Belle defiantly `` gives as good as she gets '' before forming a friendship and romance with the Beast . Psychiatrist Frank Ochberg , who coined the term `` Stockholm syndrome '' , said he does not think Belle exhibits the trauma symptoms of prisoners suffering from the syndrome because she does not go through a period of feeling that she is going to die . Some therapists , while acknowledging that the pairing 's relationship does not meet the clinical definition of Stockholm syndrome , argue that the relationship depicted is dysfunctional and abusive and does not model healthy romantic relationships for young viewers . Constance Grady of Vox writes that Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's Beauty and the Beast was a fairy tale originally written to prepare young girls in 18th century France for arranged marriages , and that the power disparity is amplified in the Disney version . Anna Menta of Elite Daily argued that the Beast does not apologize to Belle for imprisoning , hurting , or manipulating her , and his treatment of Belle is not painted as wrong . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Beauty and the Beast at Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . wdsmediafile.com . Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast remake : A traditional tale with a modern twist '' . University of New York . March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anne Thompson ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : How Bill Condon Built Hollywood 's Most Expensive Musical '' . IndieWire . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Teaser Tops ' Star Wars : Force Awakens ' in First Day '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erbland , Kate . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Is a Technological Marvel , But for Its Actors , the Challenge was Daunting '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Rosie ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast 2017 cast , trailer , release date and everything you need to know '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Ian ; Acuna , Kristin ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Disney announced all its movies coming in the next 4 years -- here 's what you have to look forward to '' . Tech Insider . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Emma Watson ( @ EmWatson ) ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Could not be more happy that this man will be Beast ! ! ! Welcome aboard @ thatdanstevens # beautyandthebeast pic.twitter.com/F1ghG3pvcU '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Earnest , Karen . `` Dan Stevens to Star in ' The Man Who Invented Christmas ' '' . Movies.mxdwn.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gets Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Josh Gad Joining Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Ewan McGregor to Play Lumiere in ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Stanley Tucci Rounds Out Cast of ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Ian McKellen to Play Cogsworth in Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Audra McDonald Joining Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Beyond the Lights ' Star Gugu Mbatha - Raw Joins ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gavin , Michael ( August 27 , 2016 ) . `` PHOTO : First look at Dan Stevens Beast ( prince form ) from Disney 's live - action ' Beauty and the Beast ' movie ! '' . Inside the Magic . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty and the Beast Release Date - 2017 '' . Releasedateportal.com . June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.slashfilm.com/beauty-and-the-beast-deleted-scene/ Jump up ^ http://ew.com/movies/2017/06/01/beauty-and-the-beast-deleted-scene-reveals-monsieur-toilette/ Jump up ^ Marmiroli , Adriana ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` Alan Menken Adesso musicalanche in Italia '' ( Alan Menken musicals now in Itaty ) . La Stampa ( in Italian ) . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim ( July 1 , 2009 ) . `` Hollywood bets big on ' Beast , ' considers remake of ' My Fair Lady ' '' . Jim Hill Media . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brew , Simon ( January 11 , 2011 ) . `` Alan Menken interview : Tangled , movie scores , musicals , Enchanted 2 , Snow Queen and more '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Rumor : Could Bill Condon Direct Disney 's Live - Action BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ? '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Bill Condon to Direct Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Film for Disney '' . Variety . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Perks of Being a Wallflower ' author will adapt ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Director on How ' La La Land ' Is Bringing Musicals Back '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( 21 March 2017 ) . `` Sean Bailey On How Disney 's Live - Action Division Found Its ' Beauty And The Beast ' Mojo '' . Deadline.com . Los Angeles : Penske Business Media . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayden , Erik ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Watson Cast in Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Luke Evans to Play Gaston in Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Casting Dan Stevens as the Beast ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Emma Watson ( @ EmWatson ) ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Bonjour Gaston ! ❤ ️ Welcome ! # BeautyAndTheBeast pic.twitter.com/oerhe1ilGs '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Thomlison , Adam . `` Q & A '' . TV Media . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Original Broadway ' Belle ' Susan Egan Comments on Emma Watson in BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Broadway World . January 26 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paige O'Hara wants to teach Emma Watson '' . Emma Watson Updates . February 4 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tatiana Siegel ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Emma Watson and What Disney Pays Its Modern Princesses '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( March 7 , 2015 ) . `` Todd Lieberman Offers Updates on Allegiant and Disney 's Beauty and the Beast '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 5 / 18 / 15 : Emma Watson Starts ' Beauty and the Beast ' , Oliver Stone Wraps ' Snowden ' , Melissa Mccarthy Finishes ' Michelle Darnell ' & More '' . SSN Insider . May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( August 23 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Watson Wraps ' Beauty and the Beast ' on ' Harry Potter ' Anniversary '' . Collider.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter Watch : Emma Watson & Luke Evans Wrap Filming on BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Broadway World . August 24 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Live Action BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Officially Wraps Production ! '' . Broadway World . August 27 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tale as Old as Time : Bill Condon livens up Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Film Journal International '' . Filmjournal.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Twilight ' director Bill Condon will translate Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' to live action ( UPDATED ) '' . HitFix . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Set for March 17 , 2017 '' . Variety . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Caryn ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` Alan Menken Confirms 3 New Songs for BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Film ; Broadway Tunes Will Not Be Included '' . Broadway World . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Composer Alan Menken on Rediscovering Lost Lyrics and Why He 's `` Shutting Up '' About That Gay Character `` . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracy , Brianne ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Céline Dion Set to Perform New Song for Live - Action Beauty and the Beast Soundtrack '' . Music . People . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dion , Céline ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` I am thrilled to announce that I 'll be performing an all - new original song , `` How Does A Moment Last Forever , '' for Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast . Being a part of the original film was such a magical experience in my life , and I 'm truly honored to be a part of this film again . / / Je suis ravie de vous annoncer que je chanterai la nouvelle chanson thème du film La Belle et la Bête , `` How Does A Moment Last Forever '' . Avoir fait partie du film original de Disney a été une expérience magique dans ma vie et je suis encore plus honorée de répéter cette expérience . -- Céline `` . Instagram . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracey , Brianne ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Céline Dion Set to Perform New Song for Live - Action Beauty and the Beast Soundtrack '' . People . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Céline Dion To Perform Original Song `` How Does A Moment Last Forever '' For Disney 's `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` . January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : Josh Groban records new song Evermore '' . Ew.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grande , Ariana ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Ariana Grande on Instagram : `` 🥀 . '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nessif , Bruna ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` It Looks Like Ariana Grande and John Legend Are Teaming Up for a Beauty and the Beast Duet '' . E !. Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan . `` Watch Ariana Grande , John Legend Cover ' Beauty and the Beast ' Theme '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Maane Khatchatourian . `` Beauty and the Beast Music Video : Ariana Grande John Legend Sing Theme '' . Variety . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ; Kit , Borys ( August 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Shows off ' Pirates 5 , ' ' Beauty and the Beast ' at D23 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Helena ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` '' Beauty and the Beast '' premieres in London `` . Daily Mail . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ JeniLynn Knopp ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` '' Beauty and the Beast Sing Along '' to hit theaters this Friday `` . Inside the Magic . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : Disney 's $300 Million Gamble '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Simon . `` Disney 's Live Action Beauty & The Beast Trailer Debuts Tomorrow '' . WhatCulture.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` Beauty and the Beast trailer : Disney 's live - action remake debuts first teaser '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver . `` Beauty and the Beast teaser outpaces Star Wars , Marvel in first day '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Trailer Is Marvel and Disney 's Most Watched Ever in 24 Hours ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` Beauty and the Beast debuts new teaser poster with flower power '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` This Week 's Cover : Be our guest for an exclusive look at Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ EW Staff . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : See 9 Enchanting , Exclusive Photos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Danielle Jackson . `` Emma Watson shares stunning new teaser poster for Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jessica Derschowitz . `` Beauty and the Beast debuts magical new trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark Collis . `` Beauty and the Beast trailer beats Fifty Shades , Star Wars for new record '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kofi Outlaw . `` Fate of the Furious Trailer Breaks Record for Most Views in 24 Hours '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson . `` Watch Emma Watson Sing ' Belle ' In Disney 's ' Beauty And The Beast ' TV Spot '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clark Collis . `` Beauty and the Beast : Watch the final trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pratt , Thom ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Comes to Blu - ray , Digital HD and DVD on June 6 '' . The Kingdom Insider . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts Atop Disc Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Regains Top Spot on Disc Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emma Watson '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Waltzes Past $700 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo . March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Enchants With $350 M Global Bow ; $180 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Makes Room For $222 M Offshore , $429 M WW On Tuesday '' . March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Crosses $500 M At Worldwide Box Office '' . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Twirling To $174 M+ ; Beats ' Harry Potter ' & ' Batman V. Superman ' ; Can It Go Higher ? -- Sunday Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Clobbers Record With $170 Million Opening '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarah Whitten ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' could be Disney 's first $1 billion film of 2017 '' . CNBC . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast 's ' Secret to Success : Female Power and Comfort '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nathan McAlonemar ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' could make $1.5 billion at the box office , and it has big implications for Disney 's future '' . Business Insider . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Milestone : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Waltzing Past $1 B Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNarry ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' to Cross $1 Billion at Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Roars Past $1 B At Worldwide Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH -- MARCH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tom Grater ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` How well do Hollywood remakes fare at the box office ? '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Roars on to Tracking , Looking to Shake Up March Records -- Box Office Projection '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Sets New Record for Advance Ticket Sales '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : Will ' Beauty and the Beast ' Waltz to New Records ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Proof That ' Beauty And The Beast ' Will Tear Up March B.O. Records : Pre-Sales Are Through The Roof '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnder ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Beauty and the Beast ' will be the biggest box - office hit of the year so far '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brian Gallagher ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast Roars Loudly with $16.3 M at Thursday Box Office '' . Movie Web . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Gorgeous On Thursday With $16.3 M , Beats ' Furious 7 ' -- Friday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nabs Monstreous $16.3 M Thursday '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Belts Out $64 Million on Friday '' . Variety . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Dazzling With $173 M+ Opening ; Bound To Set Records For Pre-Summer , Bill Condon & Emma Watson '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Waltzes To Beastly $64 M Friday For Possible $170 M+ Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : Disney 's ' Beauty And The Beast ' Debut Topped ' Batman V Superman ' And ' Iron Man 3 ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH -- MARCH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY SEASON -- SPRING '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MPAA RATING '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Box Office : 5 Biggest Records Broken '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nabs Record $170 M U.S. , $350 M Global Debut '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jake Coyle ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' roars to No. 1 with monstrous $170 M in box office '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : 5 Reasons the Disney Fantasy Scored at the Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : 5 Reasons the Disney Fantasy Scored at the Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Continues B.O. Dance With Second - Best Monday In March '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Hits A High Note With Best Pre-Summer Tuesday , Crosses $200 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Ends First Week Just Below $500 M '' . Jump up ^ `` TOP WEEKENDS : 2ND -- 12TH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BOX OFFICE TOP 20 : ' BEAUTY ' ADDS $90.4 MILLION IN WEEKEND 2 '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Joey Nolfi ( March 26 , 2017 ) . `` Box office report : Beauty and the Beast doubles Power Rangers ' weekend gross '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Boss Baby ' Cleans ' Beauty and the Beast 's Clock with $51 M+ Opening ; ' Ghost ' Shell - Shocked at $20 M + '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Enchants $900 M At WW Box Office ; Crosses $400 M Domestic '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Ends Week Three with $920 Million '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Emma Stefansky ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` How a Flashy Blockbuster and an Indian Fantasy Bested Emma Watson at the Box Office '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Latin Lover ' Sets $12 M Pantelion Record , ' Baahubali 2 ' Mighty With $10 M+ , ' Circle ' Is A Square As ' F8 ' Leads Listless Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Alien : Covenant ' Suffers Brutal 71 % Drop As ' Guardians 2 ' Tops ' Guardians ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Crosses $500 Million Milestone at Domestic Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Wonder Woman ' and ' Beauty and the Beast ' Should Lead to More Female - Centered Films '' . Variety . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Should Cross $1 Billion Today '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Musical '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 DOMESTIC GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' A $1 B Belle WW ? : Bow Enchants With Bigger $357 M Global , $182 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nears $700 M WW ; ' Kong ' Has Mighty $72 M China Bow , Tops $250 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( April 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty ' Is $876 M Beast WW ; ' Ghost In The Shell ' Sells $40 M Offshore ; ' Kong ' Sets WB China Record -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ghost In The Shell ' Rises To $93 M Offshore ; ' Beauty And The Beast ' Tops $977 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' A Monster With $52 M Offshore Through Friday , $115.6 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' continues box - office reign '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . 28 March 2017 . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast waltzes its way to the top of the UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( Press Release ) ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast smashes the box office in opening weekend '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast magic helps UK box office survive the spring sunshine '' . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & The Beast Opens Better Than Aa Gaya Hero , Trapped , Machine & Mantra '' . Koimoi . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty And The Beast Opens Better Than Hindi Releases '' . Box Office India . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Rajkummar Rao Faces A Lone Battle For Survival In ' Trapped ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty And The Beast Beats Hindi Films Combined '' . Box Office India . March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Varun Dhawan and Alia Bhatt Outrun ' Beauty And The Beast ' To Reign Again In India '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' box - office collection first weekend '' . The Times of India . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & The Beast Enjoys A Good 1st Weekend At The Box Office In India '' . Koimoi.com . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts to Magical $350 Million Globally '' . Variety . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` On Screen China : ' Beauty ' Looks Like a Beast '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Papish ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : First Place For ' Beauty ' Still Less Than Best '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens Strong in China With ' Gay Moment ' Intact '' . Variety . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens to $45 M , With Gay Moment Uncut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Beauty ' Dominates Weekend '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Fires Up $745 M Offshore , $908 M WW ; Tops ' Transformers ' In China -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mark Schilling ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens Strongly Ahead of Golden Week '' . Variety . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Russell Edwards ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Beast is Best in Japan ; Fast & Furious drives China , Korea '' . Asia Times . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians Of The Galaxy Vol 2 ' Zooms With $101.2 M Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians 2 ' Notches $428 M Global , Lifts MCU Past $11 B ; ' Furious 8 ' Tops $950 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians 2 ' Snags $63 M Weekend For $631 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Yearly Box Office ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Leaps To $125 M Offshore , $228 M Global Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mummy ' Unearths $141 M Offshore , $172.3 M Global ; ' Wonder Woman ' Flies To $232 M At International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` The Boss Baby makes a dummy of UK box - office competition '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' smashes Philippines ' all - time box office records '' . The Philippine Star . April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Fast & Furious 8 barrels past Boss Baby to top of UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol 2 blows away UK box office with huge debut '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione and Anita Busch ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Smokes Records With $432.3 M Overseas Bow ; $532.5 M Worldwide -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Live - action ' Beauty and the Beast ' is still enchanting ( but the original is better ) '' . The Charlotte Observer . Robert W. Butler . 16 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Hunneysett ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review : Irresistible charm shows no one casts a spell quite like Disney '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast '' . CinemaScore on Twitter . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Dazzling With $169 M+ Opening ; Bound To Set Records For Pre-Summer , Bill Condon & Emma Watson '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Felperin , Leslie ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Revels in Joy and Enchantment '' . The New York Times . A.O. Scott . 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Remake of ' Beauty and the Beast ' convincingly springs to life '' . The Washington Post . Ann Hornaday. 16 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Lavish ' Beauty and the Beast ' true as it can be to original '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The New ' Beauty And The Beast ' Should Satisfy Most Fans '' . Uproxx . March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Churnin , Nancy ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' brings fresh resonance to ' a tale as old as time ' '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Rousing new ' Beauty and the Beast ' is even better than the original '' . USA Today . Brian Truitt. 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Review : Live - Action Disney Classic Still Tale as Old as Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( March 4 , 2017 ) . `` REVIEW : The Reimagined Beauty and the Beast Is Wild , Vivid and Crazy - Beautiful '' . Time . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Enchanting ' Beauty and the Beast ' looks like a winner '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review : Emma Watson dazzles in Disney 's show - stopping chocolate box of a remake '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Magically Modernizes Classic Disney Fairy Tale '' . Forbes . Mark Hughes . 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' review : Animated Disney musical 's charms lost in translation '' . Chicago Tribune . March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review -- Emma Watson makes a perfect Belle in sugar - rush romance '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ide , Wendy ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review -- gilt complex '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Nashawaty ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations : See The Full List '' . MTV News . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The 18th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . GoldenTrailer.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : See the First Wave of Nominations '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Winners : ' Wonder Woman ' , ' Beauty And The Beast ' , ' Riverdale ' Among Honorees '' . Deadline . enske Business Media , LLC . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast 's ' gay moment ' may have been much ado about nothing '' . USA Today . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Condon on Beauty and the Beast , His Musical Influences , and Lindsay Lohan 's Plan for The Little Mermaid '' . Vulture . March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ned Ehrbar ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` GLAAD president : `` Beauty and the Beast '' foes are `` outliers '' `` . CBS News . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia May Ban Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Over Gay Character '' . Variety . March 4 , 2017 . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia wo n't ban Beauty and the Beast -- but will have an age restriction '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Theater Wo n't Show ' Beauty And The Beast ' Because Of Gay Subplot '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cheang , Michael ( 13 March 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast release postponed for ' internal review ' '' . The Star Online . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Disney pulls Beauty and the Beast from cinemas in Malaysia ' until further notice ' '' . Digital Spy . March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney refuses to cut ' gay moment ' from ' Beauty and the Beast ' for Malaysia '' . Malay Mail Online . 15 March 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Mia Galuppo ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Defies Malaysia Censors , Wo n't Cut ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gay Moment '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Malaysia Clears Release of ' Beauty and the Beast , ' with ' Gay Moment ' Intact '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film Appeal Committee 's decision to release Beauty and the Beast '' . The Star Online . March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast pulled from cinemas in Kuwait '' . BBC . March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SIGN THE BOYCOTT : Tell Disney ' NO ' to LGBT agenda in Beauty and the Beast - # BoycottDisney '' . Jump up ^ Say NO to Disney , Say YES to Pilgrim 's Progress ! Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Featurette Makes a Case for Feminist Belle '' . Yahoo Movies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Zoe ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : feminist or fraud '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Blasberg , Derek ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Cover Story : Emma Watson , Rebel Belle '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 27 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : Emma Watson addresses questions over Beast relationship '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/movies/2017/02/16/beauty-and-the-beast-emma-watson-belle-beast-relationship/ Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Does Belle From ' Beauty and the Beast ' Suffer From Stockholm Syndrome ? We Asked an Expert . '' . Yahoo Movies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Durvasula , Ramani ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Does Belle from Beauty and The Beast Have Stockholm Syndrome ? '' . Screen Junkies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Simon , Rachel ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Beauty And The Beast ' Relationship Is n't `` Stockholm Syndrome , '' No Matter How Screwed Up It May Be `` . Bustle . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Grady , Constance ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Is Beauty and the Beast `` a tale as old as Stockholm syndrome '' ? Depends how you read it. `` . Vox . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Menta , Anna . `` The ' Beauty And The Beast ' Love Story Does n't Hold Up To Emma Watson 's Feminism '' . Elite Daily . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) Disney portal Film in the United States portal 2010s portal Film portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) Official website Beauty and the Beast on IMDb Beauty and the Beast at Rotten Tomatoes Beauty and the Beast at Box Office Mojo Beauty and the Beast at AllMovie Beauty and the Beast Gabrielle - Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve 's Beauty and the Beast Film La Belle et la Bête ( 1946 ) The Scarlet Flower ( 1952 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1962 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1976 ) Panna a netvor ( 1978 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1987 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) soundtrack Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( or Blood of Beasts , 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2009 ) Beastly ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2014 ) Little Miss Perfect ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) soundtrack Television Series Beauty and the Beast , ( 1987 ) Exile ( 2003 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) episodes Brahmarakshas ( 2016 ) Episodes `` Reptar on Ice '' ( 1992 ) `` Skin Deep '' ( 2012 ) `` Her Handsome Hero '' ( 2016 ) Literature The Scarlet Flower ( 1858 ) Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast ( 1978 ) Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) Rose Daughter ( 1997 ) The Quantum Rose ( 2000 ) Beastly ( 2007 ) Fashion Beast ( 2012 ) Stage Zémire et Azor ( opera ) Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage ( stage ) Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) Songs `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1983 ) `` Election Day '' ( 1985 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) Other Disney Characters Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) Beauty and the Beast ( Disney franchise ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) The Fire Rose ( novel ) 1995 Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Disney Princess Snow White Cinderella Aurora Ariel Belle Jasmine Pocahontas Mulan Tiana Rapunzel Merida Films Featured Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Cinderella Sleeping Beauty The Little Mermaid Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Pocahontas Mulan The Princess and the Frog Tangled Brave Sequels The Return of Jafar Aladdin and the King of Thieves Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas Pocahontas II : Journey to a New World The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea Cinderella II : Dreams Come True Cinderella III : A Twist in Time Mulan II Tangled : Before Ever After Prequels Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Magical World The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning Shorts Tangled Ever After The Legend of Mor'du Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams ( DTV 2 shorts ) Live - 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who plays the music for game of thrones	The music for the fantasy TV series Game of Thrones is composed by Ramin Djawadi . The music is primarily instrumental with the occasional vocal performances , and is created to support musically the characters and plots of the show . It features various themes , the most prominent being the Main Title that accompanies the series ' title sequence . In every season , a soundtrack album would be released .	Ramin Djawadi	Music of Game of Thrones	music of game of thrones		Ramin Djawadi is the composer of the Game of Thrones score . The music for the fantasy TV series Game of Thrones is composed by Ramin Djawadi . The music is primarily instrumental with the occasional vocal performances , and is created to support musically the characters and plots of the show . It features various themes , the most prominent being the Main Title that accompanies the series ' title sequence . In every season , a soundtrack album would be released . The music of Game of Thrones has inspired many cover versions ; the main title theme is particularly popular . There are also decidedly non-medieval renditions of songs from the series 's source novels by indie bands . These adaptations , according to Wired , create attention for the series in media that would n't normally cover it , but are also notable for their musical merits independent of the series . A series of concerts which featured Game of Thrones music , Game of Thrones Live Concert Experience with composer Ramin Djawadi , took place in 2017 . First to be performed in Saint Paul , Minnesota , it then went on to tour across the United States and Canada . A world tour to be held starting May 2018 in Madrid was announced in September 2017 . Contents 1 Background 2 Themes 2.1 Main Title 2.2 Houses and characters 2.3 List of themes 3 Other compositions and songs 4 Releases 4.1 Soundtracks 4.2 Studio albums 4.3 Mixtapes 5 Tours 6 Awards 6.1 Awards and nominations 7 See also 8 References Background ( edit ) Initially a different composer , Stephen Warbeck , was hired for the pilot episode of Game of Thrones but he left the project . The music consultant for HBO and music supervisor of Game of Thrones Evyen Klean then suggested Ramin Djawadi to David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . Djawadi , although initially interested , declined the offer three days later as the schedule conflicted with a film he was working on . Djawadi was nevertheless persuaded to take on the project after a few meetings . The showrunners Benioff and Weiss sent Djawadi the first two episodes of the series , which Djawadi was impressed by , and so arranged a meeting with Benioff and Weiss to discuss the concept of the series , after which he began to compose the music for the series . According to Djawadi , Benioff and Weiss wanted the different characters and plots to be musically supported . They decided that the music would be used to express the emotion and mood of each scene in the series , and that distinct themes would be created for some of the main characters . Benioff and Weiss also wanted a soundscape that is distinct from other productions in the fantasy genre , therefore flutes and solo vocals were initially avoided , and cello became a prominent feature of the music of Game of Thrones , notably in its title theme . The process of composition is essentially the same throughout the series . Once the filming is nearly completed , episodes are sent to Djawadi in batches as they 're being edited together but often before any special effects added in the footage , and these episodes may be sent singly or in set of multiple episodes . Benioff and Weiss would also inform Djawadi in advance of the need to expand a theme or create new themes for characters . Asked in interview about the overall process of composing the music and how it is used in the series , Djawadi said : `` I sit with David and Dan and we do what 's called a spotting session where we watch the entire episode and then discuss when music should start and stop . Everybody 's very involved with that . And it constantly gets played with . What I love about Game of Thrones is that the positioning of the music is so well done , because it 's not overdone . When the music cuts in , it really has something to say . '' The recordings of most of the soundtracks were conducted in Prague with The Czech Film Orchestra and Choir . Djawadi interacted with the orchestra over the internet and would be present during the entire recording session , giving comments on the recordings via the internet . Themes ( edit ) Main title ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones Theme Game of Thrones ' main title theme Sample of `` Main Title '' , the series 's musical theme tune , illustrating the melody played with cello and variations of the riff in strings Problems playing this file ? See media help . According to Djawadi , the series creators wanted the main title theme that accompany the Game of Thrones title sequence to be about a journey as there are many locations , characters in the series and involves much traveling . After Djawadi had seen the preliminary animated title sequence the visual effect artists were still working on , he was inspired to write the piece . Djawadi said he intended to capture the overall impression of the series with the theme tune . The title theme is unusually long for a television series at nearly two minutes long , and cello was chosen as the main instrument for the music as he thought it has a `` darker sound '' that suited the series . The main title theme may also be incorporated into other music segments within the show , particularly at climactic moments . Houses and characters ( edit ) Djawadi composed leitmotifs for each of the major houses , some locations and some of the characters , which are often played in scenes involving them and these themes can be used to tell a story . Not all characters would have their own themes due to the large number of characters in the series . The theme for House Stark is the first theme to be composed and is played on a cello . Most of the Stark characters only have variations on the same theme on cello . Arya Stark is the first of the house to have her own theme , first heard when she started her lesson on swordplay in episode three of season one , with the music featuring a hammered dulcimer . A new theme for Jon Snow , previously using only the House Stark theme , was created in the sixth season and prominently featured in the episode `` Battle of the Bastards '' . It was first heard at the end of episode three when he said `` My watch is ended '' , signifying a shift in the character after he had been resurrected . Due to the large number of themes , the introductions of different themes are also deliberately spaced over a longer period so as not to confuse audience , for example , the theme for Theon Greyjoy was not introduced until the second season even though he first appeared in the first season . House Lannister has an associated song , `` The Rains of Castamere '' . The song was played at the Red Wedding , but first heard when Tyrion Lannister whistled a small part in the first episode of the second season . Djawadi may choose distinctive sounds and instruments for different themes , for example , didgeridoos are used for the wildlings , while the Armenian duduk flute is used for the Dothrakis . The duduk flute has a different sound from other flutes , which were deliberately avoided as they are frequently used in other fantasy films . The themes for the White Walkers and the Night King are more of sound designs rather than regular themes ; the White Walker theme initially employed a glass harmonica for a `` really high , eerie , icy sound '' , but became fully orchestral when the army of the dead was revealed in the season two finale . The theme music for the White Walker extended over time into the music of the Army of the Dead , representing the gathering strength of Army of the Dead , which was only introduced in full in the finale of the seventh season when the Wall fell . The themes may evolve over time in the series . The theme for Daenerys Targaryen started small , but became grander as she became more powerful . Her theme was initially played with a single instrument such as a processed cello , but later began incorporating more instruments , including Japanese taiko - inspired drums , Indonesian bedug drums , and an Armenian duduk flute . Syllables and words in Valyrian , a fictional language of Game of Thrones , were also used in her theme music , although not as whole sentences . The instrumentations for her theme are also used for dragon attacks . Different themes may also be combined in some themes and scenes . Several examples exist : during the first scene of the fourth season , as Ice , the Stark sword , is reforged by Tywin Lannister , the Starks ' and Lannisters ' themes are clearly played simultaneously , to finally end with the Lannister theme only . Also , in Season 5 , the music for House of Black and White is an extension from the themes for Arya and Jaqen H'ghar . In the finale of Season 6 with the shot of the armada at the end , at least five themes were combined -- themes for Daenerys , Theon , the Unsullied , the dragons , and the main title . List of themes ( edit ) The themes and their locations in the soundtracks ( seasons 1 -- 7 ) : Game of Thrones ( `` Main Title '' , `` Winter Has Come '' ) , White Walkers ( `` White Walkers '' ) , House Stark ( `` Goodbye Brother '' , `` Home '' ) , House Baratheon ( `` The King 's Arrival '' ) , Daenerys and Khal Drogo ( `` Love In The Eyes '' ) , Dragons ( `` Mother of Dragons '' , `` Breaker of Chains '' ) , Daenerys Targaryen ( `` Finale '' , `` Mhysa '' ) Night 's Watch ( `` The Wall '' ) , Water Dancing ( `` The Pointy End '' ) , Viserys Targaryen ( `` A Golden Crown '' ) Dothraki ( `` To Vaes Dothrak '' ) , Joffrey Baratheon ( `` You Win Or You Die '' ) House Greyjoy ( `` What Is Dead May Never Die '' , `` Pay the Iron Price '' ) , R'hllor Religion ( `` Warrior of Light '' , `` The Red Woman '' ) , Arya Stark ( `` Valar Morghulis '' , `` Needle '' ) , Qarth ( `` Qarth '' ) , Love ( `` I Am Hers , She Is Mine '' ) , Pyat Pree ( `` Pyat Pree '' ) , Craster 's Keep ( `` Craster 's Keep '' ) , Wildlings ( `` We Are the Watchers On the Wall '' ) , House Lannister ( `` A Lannister Always Pays His Debts '' , `` The Queen 's Justice '' ) , White Walker March ( `` White Walkers '' ) , Dracarys ( `` Dracarys '' ) , Jon and Ygritte ( `` You Know Nothing '' , `` The Real North '' ) Night 's Watch Adventure ( `` Wall of Ice '' ) , Jaime Lannister ( `` Kingslayer '' ) , White Walker Arrival ( `` White Walkers '' ) , Ramsay Bolton ( `` Reek '' ) , The Red Wedding ( `` The Lannisters Send Their Regards '' ) , Dragon Flight ( `` Blood of the Dragon '' ) , Grey Worm and Missandei ( `` I 'm Sorry For Today '' ) , Thenns ( `` Thenns '' ) , Battle of Castle Black ( `` Let 's Kill Some Crows '' ) , Meereen ( `` Meereen '' ) , Three - Eyed Raven ( `` Three - Eyed Raven '' ) , The Hound ( `` Oathkeeper '' ) , Battle at the Cave of the Three - Eyed Raven ( `` He Is Lost '' ) , The Children ( `` He Is Lost '' ) , Faceless Men ( `` House of Black and White '' ) , House Martell ( `` Jaws of the Viper '' ) The Night King ( `` Hardhome , Pt. 2 '' ) High Sparrow ( `` High Sparrow '' ) , House Bolton ( `` Let 's Play a Game '' ) , Sons of the Harpy ( `` Sons of the Harpy '' ) , Queen Cersei ( `` Light of the Seven '' ) , Euron Greyjoy ( `` Coronation '' ) , Jon Snow ( `` My Watch Has Ended '' ) , The Citadel ( `` Maester '' ) , Dragon Landing ( `` Reign '' ) , Dragon Awe ( `` Reign '' ) , House Tyrell ( `` Service of the Gods '' ) , The Mountain ( `` I Choose Violence '' ) , Dragonglass ( `` Dragonglass '' ) , Jon and Daenerys ( `` Dragonglass '' , `` Truth '' ) etc . Other compositions and songs ( edit ) Various pieces of music are also composed for particular plot lines in the series . A notable piece is the `` Light of the Seven '' which is played at the beginning of the final episode of the sixth season , `` The Winds of Winter '' . This piece , which is over nine minutes long , is unusual in its choice of piano which is not an instrument used before on the series . Such long pieces are seldom used , although in the sixth season there are soundtracks that cover a 10 - minute section in the Hodor scenes in `` The Door '' episode and a 22 - minute sequence in the `` Battle of the Bastards '' episode . A number of songs have been composed by Djawadi for the show using lyrics from the books A Song of Ice and Fire , the most prominent of which is `` The Rains of Castamere '' . The National recorded the song in the second season , while Sigur Rós also recorded it in the fourth season for a cameo appearance . In season 3 , Kerry Ingram who played the character Shireen Baratheon sang `` It 's Always Summer Under the Sea '' , while The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' was performed by The Hold Steady ( but first sung on the episode by the captors of Brienne of Tarth and Jaime Lannister ) . The character Bronn played by Jerome Flynn sang `` The Dornishman 's Wife '' in season 5 , while Ed Sheeran also appeared in a cameo to perform `` Hands of Gold '' in season 7 . However , neither of the latter two songs appear in the soundtrack albums . Releases ( edit ) In every season , a soundtrack album of the music used in that season was released toward the end of the season . The first two were released by Varèse Sarabande , while all subsequent releases were by WaterTower Music . Mixtapes were also released in 2014 and 2015 before the start of the fourth and fifth season respectively and they were available as free downloads to promote the season . Soundtracks ( edit ) Year Title Composer Ref ( s ) 2011 Game of Thrones ( season 1 ) Ramin Djawadi 2012 Game of Thrones ( season 2 ) 2013 Game of Thrones ( season 3 ) 2014 Game of Thrones ( season 4 ) 2015 Game of Thrones ( season 5 ) 2016 Game of Thrones ( season 6 ) 2017 Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) 2019 Game of Thrones ( season 8 ) Studio albums ( edit ) Year Title Artist Ref ( s ) 2019 Music Inspired by Game of Thrones Various Mixtapes ( edit ) Year Title Artist Ref ( s ) 2014 Catch the Throne : Volume I Various 2015 Catch the Throne : Volume II Various Tours ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones Live Concert Experience A concert tour featuring the music of Game of Thrones was produced in 2017 . The tour involved an 80 - piece orchestra , a choir , and seven custom 360 - degree stages . Instruments were specially created for the tour , such as a 12 - foot Wildling horn played during the Wildling attack on the Wall section . A world tour was also arranged for cities in Europe and North America in 2018 , with new music from season 7 added . Awards ( edit ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2011 International Film Music Critics Association Best Original Score for a Television Series Nominated 2012 ASCAP Awards Top Television Series Won 2013 ASCAP Awards Top Television Series Won International Film Music Critics Association Best Original Score for a Television Series Nominated 2014 66th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Music Composition For A Series ( Original Dramatic Score ) Episode : `` The Mountain and the Viper '' Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards Best Original Score - TV Show / Digital Streaming Series Nominated 2016 World Soundtrack Awards Television Composer of the Year Nominated International Film Music Critics Association Best Original Score for a Television Series Won Film Music Composition Of The Year Song : `` Light of the Seven '' Nominated 2018 60th Annual Grammy Awards Best Score Soundtrack For Visual Media Nominated 70th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Music Composition For A Series Episode : `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Won See also ( edit ) For other music based on the A Song of Ice and Fire novels , see Works based on A Song of Ice and Fire . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lynch , Joe ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` These Are the 10 Most Popular ' Game of Thrones ' Cover Songs on YouTube : Exclusive '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : Watercutter , Angela ( April 15 , 2013 ) . `` Why HBO Turned to Indie Bands for the Medieval Tunes of Game of Thrones '' . Wired . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones concert experience hits the road in 2017 '' . The Guardian . August 8 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Selcke , Dan ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Game of Thrones Live Concert Experience has begun , and fans love it '' . Winteriscoming.net . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tenreyro , Tatiana ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Live Concert Experience Announces 2018 World Tour '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Thrones Switches Composer '' . Winter is Coming . February 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kawashima , Dale ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Interview With Evyen Klean , Top Music Supervisor and Owner of Neophonic '' . Songwriter Universe . Jump up ^ Davis , Cindy ( September 12 , 2016 ) . `` Mindhole Blowers : 20 Facts About `` Game of Thrones '' That Might Leave You Crippled , a Bastard or a Broken Thing `` . Pajiba . ^ Jump up to : Renfro , Kim ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Meet the musical genius behind the Game of Thrones soundtrack who watches each season before anyone else '' . Tech Insider . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mahoney , Lesley ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` Behind the Scenes with Game of Thrones Composer Ramin Djawadi '' . Berklee College of Music . ^ Jump up to : Ferreiro , Laura ( April 25 , 2013 ) . `` Game of Thrones ' Composer Ramin Djawadi Talks Epic Score , Daenerys ' Dragons , and Metal ' Thrones ' Theme '' . Yahoo ! Music . ^ Jump up to : `` Composer Interview : Ramin Djawadi '' . Filmmusicmedia.com . December 22 , 2012 . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Blickley , Leigh ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Composer Breaks Down The Season Finale 's Opening Sequence '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hirway , Hrishikesh ; Djawadi , Ramin ( June 11 , 2015 ) . `` Here 's Why Game of Thrones Theme Song Is as Treacherous as Westeros '' . The Creators Project . Jump up ^ Hirway , Hrishikesh . `` Song Exploder 40 : RAMIN DJAWADI ( '' Game of Thrones `` ) '' . Soundcloud . ^ Jump up to : Bell , Crystal ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Inside the Epic Game of Thrones Tour That 's Bringing Westeros to Life '' . MTV . ^ Jump up to : Vineyard , Jennifer . `` Game of Thrones Composer Ramin Djawadi on the Show 's Key Musical Elements , and That Godfather-esque Finale Tune '' . Vulture . ^ Jump up to : Morton , Ashley ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Ramin Djawadi Shares Secrets of GoT Composing , Characters and Concerts '' . Making Game of Thrones ( HBO ) . ^ Jump up to : Selcke , Dan . `` Video : Game of Thrones Composer Ramin Djawadi on Writing the Show 's Music '' . Winter Is Coming . Jump up ^ Kalus , Ruben ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` No flutes allowed : Composer Ramin Djawadi on the music of ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Deutsche Welle . Jump up ^ Li , Shirley ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones composer breaks down season 7 finale score '' . Entertainment Weekley . Jump up ^ Misra , Sulagna ( June 12 , 2015 ) . `` Inside the Music of Game of Thrones Season 5 '' . Vanity Fair . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Composer Discusses `` Light of the Seven , '' the Finale 's `` Haunting '' King 's Landing Score `` . Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Cooper , Leonie ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Sigur Ros to cover The National for ' Game Of Thrones ' soundtrack '' . NME . Jump up ^ March 5 , 2013 , James . `` ' Game of Thrones ' and the Hold Steady team for season 3 song '' . EW.com . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` The secret meaning of Ed Sheeran 's Game of Thrones character - and the song he sings '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Battan , Carrie ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones '' Official HBO Mixtape to Feature Big Boi , Common , Wale , More `` . Pitchfork . Jump up ^ Camp , Zoe ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Stream Catch the Throne Vol. 2 , Official `` Game of Thrones '' Mixtape `` . Pitchfork . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones by Ramin Djawadi '' . AllMusic . Retrieved July 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 2 by Ramin Djawadi '' . Retrieved July 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 3 by Ramin Djawadi '' . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 4 by Ramin Djawadi '' . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 5 by Ramin Djawadi '' . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 6 by Ramin Djawadi '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 by Ramin Djawadi '' . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( June 4 , 2018 ) . `` Columbia Records Teaming With HBO for ' Music Inspired by Game of Thrones ' Album '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Beauchemin , Molly ; Battan , Carrie ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` Listen to the `` Game Of Thrones '' Mixtape , Catch the Throne `` . Pitchfork . Jump up ^ Blistein , Jon ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Hear the Second ' Game of Thrones ' Mixtape Now '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pfleegor , Dan ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` Behind the Scenes of The Game of Thrones Live Experience '' . Consequence of Sound . Jump up ^ Tenreyro , Tatiana ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Live Concert Experience Announces 2018 World Tour '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` IFMCA Award Nominations 2011 - IFMCA : the International Film Music Critics Association '' . Jump up ^ `` ASCAP Honors Top Film and Television Music Composers at 27th Annual Awards Celebration '' . www.ascap.com . Jump up ^ `` ASCAP Honors Top Film and Television Music Composers at 28th Annual Awards Celebration '' . www.ascap.com . Jump up ^ `` IFMCA Award Nominations 2013 - IFMCA : the International Film Music Critics Association '' . Jump up ^ `` Emmy Awards 2014 : the nominations in full '' . Daily Telegraph . July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards Nominations Announced '' . International Film Music Critics Association . October 8 , 2014 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gent , Film Fest . `` 16th World Soundtrack Awards announces first wave of nominees '' . Film Fest Gent . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IFMCA Award Winners 2016 IFMCA : International Film Music Critics Association '' . International Film Music Critics Association . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IFMCA Award Nominations 2016 IFMCA : International Film Music Critics Association '' . International Film Music Critics Association . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grammys 2018 : See the Complete List of Nominees '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Emmy Awards Nominations '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Reigns : Game of Thrones Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Fire & Blood ( 2018 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Myrcella Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte The Known World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Category Portal Ramin Djawadi Soundtracks Film Beat the Drum Thunderbirds Blade : Trinity Open Season Mr. Brooks Iron Man The Unborn Clash of the Titans A Turtle 's Tale : Sammy 's Adventures Fright Night Safe House Red Dawn Pacific Rim Dracula Untold Warcraft The Great Wall The Mountain Between Us A Wrinkle in Time Television Prison Break Prison Break : Season 3 & 4 Person of Interest Person of Interest : Season 2 Person of Interest : Season 3 & 4 Game of Thrones Season 1 5 6 7 Westworld Video game Medal of Honor Need for Speed : Shift 2 -- Unleashed Medal of Honor : Warfighter Gears of War 4 Songs `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Tours Game of Thrones Live Concert Experience Related Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Game_of_Thrones&oldid=863456390 '' Categories : Music of Game of Thrones 2011 soundtracks Classical music soundtracks Instrumental soundtracks Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Français Հայերեն Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2018 , at 21 : 43 ( UTC ) . 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who does john goodman play in the bee movie			Bee Movie	bee movie	Bee Movie is a 2007 American computer animated comedy film produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Paramount Pictures . Directed by Simon J. Smith and Steve Hickner , the film stars Jerry Seinfeld and Renée Zellweger , with Matthew Broderick , Patrick Warburton , John Goodman and Chris Rock in supporting roles . Its story follows Barry B. Benson ( Seinfeld ) , a honey bee who sues the human race for exploiting bees after learning from his florist friend Vanessa ( Zellweger ) that humans sell and consume honey .	Bee Movie is the first motion - picture script to be written by Seinfeld , who co-wrote the film with Spike Feresten , Barry Marder , and Andy Robin . The film was produced by Seinfeld , Christina Steinberg , and Cameron Stevning . The production was designed by Alex McDowell , and Christophe Lautrette was the art director . Nick Fletcher was the supervising editor and music for the film was composed by Rupert Gregson - Williams . The cast and crew include some veterans of Seinfeld 's long - running NBC sitcom Seinfeld , including writer / producers Feresten and Robin , and actors Warburton ( Seinfeld character David Puddy ) , Michael Richards ( Seinfeld character Cosmo Kramer ) , and Larry Miller ( who plays the title character on the Seinfeld episode `` The Doorman '' ) . Coincidentally , NBC was host to the broadcast television premiere of the film on November 27 , 2010 . Bee Movie opened on November 2 , 2007 . Upon release , the film was met with mixed reviews , with primary criticism directed at the film 's premise . While domestic box office performance failed to recoup its $150 million budget , it ultimately saw worldwide box office performance of $287.6 million and domestic video sales of $92.7 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Soundtrack 4 Marketing 4.1 Trailers 4.2 Books 4.3 Video game 4.4 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Box office 5.3 Awards and nominations 6 Lawsuits 6.1 Beebylon vs. DreamWorks 6.2 Beeceuticals vs. DreamWorks 7 Internet popularity 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot A young honey bee named Barry B. Benson ( Jerry Seinfeld ) has recently graduated from college and is about to enter the hive 's Honex Industries honey - making workforce alongside his best friend Adam Flayman ( Matthew Broderick ) . Barry is initially excited to join the workforce , but his courageous , non-conformist attitude emerges upon discovering that his choice of job will never change once picked . Later , the two bees run into a group of Pollen Jocks , bees who collect pollen from flowers outside the hive . The Jocks offer to take Barry outside the hive to a flower patch , and he accepts . While on his first pollen - gathering expedition in New York City , Barry gets lost in the rain , and ends up on the balcony of a human florist named Vanessa ( Renée Zellweger ) . Upon noticing Barry , Vanessa 's boyfriend Ken ( Patrick Warburton ) attempts to squash him , but Vanessa gently catches and releases Barry outside the window , saving his life . Barry later returns to express his gratitude to Vanessa , breaking the sacred rule that bees are not supposed to communicate with humans . Barry and Vanessa develop a close bond , bordering on attraction , and spend time together frequently . Later , while Barry and Vanessa are walking through a grocery store , Barry is horrified to discover that the humans have been stealing and eating the bees ' honey for centuries . He decides to journey to Honey Farms , which supplies the grocery store with its honey . Furious at the poor treatment of the bees in the hive , including the use of bee smokers to subdue the colony , Barry decides to sue the human race to put an end to the exploitation of bees . Barry 's mission attracts wide attention from bees and humans alike , and hundreds of people show up to watch the trial . Although Barry is up against tough defense attorney Layton T. Montgomery ( John Goodman ) the trial 's first day goes well . That evening , Barry is having dinner with Vanessa when Ken shows up . Vanessa leaves the room , and Ken expresses to Barry that he hates the pair spending time together . When Barry leaves to use the restroom , Ken ambushes Barry and attempts to kill him , only for Vanessa to intervene and break up with Ken . The next day at the trial , Montgomery taunts the bees , which causes Adam to sting him . Adam 's actions jeopardize the bees ' credibility and put his life in danger , though he manages to survive . While visiting Adam in the hospital , Barry notices two people smoking outside , and is struck by inspiration . The next day , Barry wins the trial by exposing the jury to the cruel treatment bees are subjected to , particularly the smoker , and humans are banned from stealing honey from bees ever again . Having lost the trial , Montgomery cryptically warns Barry that a negative shift in the balance of nature is imminent . As it turns out , the sudden , massive stockpile of honey has put every bee out of a job , including the vitally important Pollen Jocks . As a result , without anything to pollinate them , the world 's flowers slowly begin to die out . Before long , the only flowers left with healthy pollen are those in a flower parade called `` The Tournament of Roses '' in Pasadena , California . Barry and Vanessa travel to the parade and steal a parade float , which they load onto a plane to be delivered to the bees so they can re-pollinate the world 's flowers . When the plane 's pilot and copilot are knocked unconscious , Vanessa is forced to land the plane , with help from Barry and the bees from Barry 's hive . Armed with the pollen of the last flowers , Barry and the Pollen Jocks manage to reverse the damage and save the world 's flowers , restarting the bees ' honey production . Humans and bees are seen working together , and certain brands of honey are now `` bee - approved '' . Barry becomes a member of the Pollen Jocks , helping to pollinate the world 's plants . Barry is also seen running a law firm inside Vanessa 's flower shop , titled `` Insects at Law '' , handling disputes between animals and humans . The film ends with Barry flying off to a flower patch with the Pollen Jocks . Voice cast Jerry Seinfeld as Barry B. Benson Renée Zellweger as Vanessa Bloome Matthew Broderick as Adam Flayman Patrick Warburton as Ken John Goodman as Layton T. Montgomery Chris Rock as Mooseblood the Mosquito Kathy Bates as Janet B. Benson Barry Levinson as Martin B. Benson Megan Mullally as Trudy , Honex Tour Guide Rip Torn as Lou Lo Duca and the Pollen Jocks General Oprah Winfrey as Judge Bumbleton Michael Richards as Bud Ditchwater Larry King as Bee Larry King Larry Miller as Dean Buzzwell Jim Cummings as Title Narrator and Graduation Announcer David Moses Pimentel as Hector Chuck Martin as Andy Brian Hopkins as Sandy Shrimpkin and TSA Agent John DiMaggio as Bailiff and Janitor Tress MacNeille as Jeanette Chung , Mother and Cow Simon J. Smith as Truck Driver and Chet Ray Liotta as Himself Sting as Himself Robert Jayne as Bee ( uncredited ) Carl Kasell as Himself ( uncredited ) Soundtrack Bee Movie Film score by Rupert Gregson - Williams Released October 30 , 2007 Genre Score Length 44 : 56 Label RCA Records Rupert Gregson - Williams film scores chronology I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry ( 2007 ) Bee Movie ( 2007 ) Made of Honor ( 2008 ) All music composed by Rupert Gregson - Williams , except as noted . Track listing : No . Title Performer Length 1 . `` Graduation '' 3 : 13 2 . `` Honex '' 2 : 48 3 . `` The Pollen Jocks '' 1 : 32 4 . `` Barry Flies Out '' 5 : 34 5 . `` Vanessa Intervenes '' 2 : 01 6 . `` Sugar , Sugar '' The Archies 2 : 46 7 . `` Assault on Honey Farms '' 2 : 33 8 . `` Ken '' 2 : 28 9 . `` Barry Turns the Screws '' 3 : 12 10 . `` Monty Slanders and Adam Stings '' 2 : 12 11 . `` Hearts , Flowers and Hive Closures '' 2 : 34 12 . `` Honey Round Up '' 1 : 38 13 . `` Rooftop Consequences '' 1 : 50 14 . `` Land That Plane '' 6 : 39 15 . `` Here Comes the Sun '' Sheryl Crow 2 : 59 16 . `` Thinkin ' Bee '' ( iTunes bonus track ) Jerry Seinfeld & Matthew Broderick 0 : 57 Total length : 44 : 56 Marketing Trailers Two teaser trailers were released for the film that feature Seinfeld dressed in a bee costume , trying to shoot the film in live - action . Eddie Izzard portrays the direction agent , and Steven Spielberg suggests to Seinfeld in the second trailer to just do it as a cartoon . Upon the release of the first trailer , it was announced that three of the live - action teasers would be released in total . In the second trailer , Steven Spielberg is taking a picture of himself and an assistant director , referencing the camera gag Ellen DeGeneres pulled on him during the 79th Academy Awards . After Seinfeld fails to do scenes in live - action , Spielberg suggests Seinfeld that the film can just be made as a cartoon . One of the crew members announce that the film is a cartoon , having the crew leave the stage studio . The trailer finally shows the movie as an animated CGI feature . Also in the second trailer , the bear that jumps out at Barry is Vincent the Bear from Over the Hedge , another DreamWorks Animation SKG movie . The third trailer was released with Shrek the Third , but this was an animated teaser . The fourth trailer was released on the Bee Movie official website , and revealed most of the film 's plot . In addition , two weeks before the release , NBC aired 22 behind - the - scenes skits called `` Bee Movie TV Juniors , '' all of which are staged and tongue - in - cheek in nature . The popular internet site Gaia Online featured a great deal of promotional material for the film . Books Ten books were released for the film : Bee Movie : The Story Book , Bee Movie : The Honey Disaster , The Art of Bee Movie , Bee Movie : Deluxe Sound Storybook , Bee Movie ( Ultimate Sticker Books ) , Bee Movie ( I Can Find It ) , Bee Movie : The Junior Novel , Bee Movie : What 's the Buzz ? , Bee Movie Mad Libs , and Bee Movie : Bee Meets Girl . Video Game A video game titled Bee Movie Game was released on October 30 , 2007 for Microsoft Windows , Xbox 360 , Wii , PlayStation 2 , and Nintendo DS . Home media Bee Movie was released on DVD on March 11 , 2008 in both fullscreen and widescreen formats and a 2 - disc special edition DVD . The single - disc extras include the `` Inside the Hive : The Cast of Bee Movie '' and `` Tech of Bee Movie '' featurettes , `` We Got the Bee '' music video , `` Meet Barry B. Benson '' feature , and interactive games . The special edition DVD extras additionally include a filmmaker commentary , alternate endings , lost scenes with commentary , the live action trailers , and Jerry 's Flight Over Cannes . An HD DVD version was cancelled after the demise of HD DVD . Paramount released the movie on Blu - ray Disc on May 20 , 2008 . Reception Critical reception The film received a 51 % approval rating on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , based on 169 reviews with an average rating of 5.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Bee Movie has humorous moments , but its awkward premise and tame delivery render it mostly forgettable . '' Another review aggregator , Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 top reviews from mainstream critics , calculated a score of 54 based on 34 reviews . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Kyle Smith of the New York Post gave the film three out of four stars , saying `` After Shrek the Third 's flatulence jokes , the return of that Seinfeldian wit brings animation up a level . '' Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying `` It 's on the easygoing level of Surf 's Up , and a full tick up from , say , Over the Hedge or The Ant Bully . But given the Seinfeld pedigree it 's something of a disappointment . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film three out of four stars , saying `` At its relaxed best , when it 's about , well , nothing , the slyly comic Bee Movie is truly beguiling . '' Desson Thomson of The Washington Post said , `` Bee Movie feels phoned in on every level . The images , usually computer animation 's biggest draw , are disappointingly average . And as for the funny stuff , well , that 's where you were supposed to come in . '' A.O. Scott of the New York Times gave the film three and a half stars out of four , saying `` The most genuinely apian aspect of Bee Movie is that it spends a lot of its running time buzzing happily around , sniffing out fresh jokes wherever they may bloom . '' Claudia Puig gave the film one and a half stars out of four , saying `` Bee Movie is certainly not low - budget , but it has all the staying power and creative value of a B - movie . The secret life of bees , as told by Seinfeld , is a bore with a capital B . '' Steven Rea of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film three stars out of four , saying `` Bee Movie is not Shrek , and it is not Ratatouille either ( by far the standout computer - animated feature of the year ) . But it has enough buzzing wit and eye - popping animation to win over the kids -- and probably more than a few parents , too . '' Richard Roeper gave the film a positive review , saying `` This is a beautifully animated , cleverly executed , warm and funny adventure . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film two out of four stars , saying `` All of this material , written by Seinfeld and writers associated with his television series , tries hard , but never really takes off . We learn at the outset of the movie that bees theoretically can not fly . Unfortunately , in the movie , that applies only to the screenplay . It is really , really , really hard to care much about a platonic romantic relationship between Renee Zellweger and a bee , although if anyone could pull it off , she could . '' Ty Burr of The Boston Globe gave the film three out of four stars , saying `` The vibe is loose - limbed and fluky , and the gags have an extra snap that 's recognizably Seinfeldian . If I believed in a sitcom afterlife , I 'd swear the whole thing was cooked up by Kramer and George 's dad . '' Jack Mathews of the New York Daily News gave the film three out of four stars , saying `` Watching this pun - filled cartoon is like falling into a tray of children 's watercolors -- the warm end , where oranges and yellows and ambers wave . '' Stephen Whitty of the Newark Star - Ledger gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying `` The movie has some pretty pictures and a few good jokes , but not nearly enough . And the story suffers from sitcom attention - deficit disorder , veering off in a new direction every half - hour or so . '' David Botti of Newsweek said , `` What I like about Bee Movie is its comfy , off - the - cuff charm : unlike a lot of animated family entertainment , it 's not all Thwack Smash Kaboom . '' Moira MacDonald of The Seattle Times gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying `` Bee Movie does n't touch the bar raised so high by Pixar , but it creates a little buzz of its own . '' Peter Howell of the Toronto Star gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying `` Bee Movie is a cute movie . Not that there 's anything ... well , you know the rest . But cute is not what adults expect from Jerry Seinfeld , although children will be delighted . '' Box Office The film opened in second place to American Gangster , but its gross of $38,021,044 had it more in line with the studios ' lowest - grossing features , such as Shark Tale . The film had an average of $9,679 from 3,928 theaters . In its second weekend , the film held well with a 33 % drop to $25,565,462 and claiming the top spot , resulting in a $6,482 average from expanding to 3,944 theaters . Its widest release was 3,984 theaters , and closed on February 14 , 2008 after 104 days of release , grossing $126,631,277 domestically along with an additional $160,963,300 overseas for a worldwide total of $287,594,577 . Based on its domestic box office performance , the film failed to recoup its production budget of $150 million . Following the income from worldwide box office , home media , and pay television , the film ultimately turned a small profit for the studio . Awards and nominations Bee Movie was nominated for Best Animated Feature Film at the 65th Golden Globe Awards . Barry B. Benson was the presenter for Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film on the 80th Academy Awards for 2008 . Beforehand , he showed the audience some of his `` prior '' roles , including every bee in the swarm in The Swarm . Awards Award Name Outcome 35th Annie Awards Annie Award for Best Animated Feature Nominated Annie Award for Best Animation Production Artist Michael Isaak Annie Award for Best Music in an Animated Feature Production Rupert Gregson - Williams Annie Award for Best Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production Athanassios Vakalis Annie Award for Best Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production Patrick Warburton Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards Best Animated Feature Golden Globe Awards Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing - SFX , Foley , Dialogue & ADR for Feature Film Animation Michael Silvers Will Files Luke Dunn Gielmuda J.J. George Scott Guitteda Kyrsten Mate Comoglio Robert Shoup Shannon Mills Steve Slanec Kevin Crehan Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Animated Movie Favorite Voice from an Animated Movie Jerry Seinfeld Producers Guild of America Animated Theatrical Motion Picture Jerry Seinfeld Christina Steinerg Young Artist Awards Best Family Feature Film ( Animation ) Lawsuits Beebylon vs. DreamWorks Bee Movie is alleged to be similar to a concept developed in 2000 by a team of Swedish animation students , which they claim was presented to DreamWorks in 2001 under the name Beebylon . The animation students say DreamWorks rejected the idea , on the basis of it being `` too childish '' . When Bee Movie was announced in 2003 , the students claim they once again contacted DreamWorks to make sure the movie was not similar to their original concept , and was given a reassuring answer . When one of the members of the Beebylon team saw a trailer of the movie in 2007 , he found it to be extremely similar and attempted to find a U.S. lawyer who could represent them . Jerry Seinfeld rejected the plagiarism claims during his PR tour for Bee Movie in Sweden . `` I 'm doing my best not to laugh and I 'm taking it as serious as I can . But it 's a little bit hard . It is entirely possible that somebody else came up with an idea about making a movie about bees . I knew nothing of this until this very morning and I hope they are not too upset . '' Beeceuticals vs. DreamWorks A Florida - based cosmetics company called Beeceuticals filed a lawsuit over the use of their trademarked phrase `` Give Bees a Chance '' . The suit between the parties was settled out of court . Internet popularity Several years after the film 's release , Bee Movie had an unexpected rise in popularity as an Internet meme . In 2015 , posts of the entire film screenplay spread across Facebook . In November 2016 YouTube user `` Avoid at All Costs '' uploaded a video where the entire film sped up every time the word `` bee '' was used . The video has gathered over 17 million views as of May 2017 . The popularity of this video spawned several variants where the movie or trailer is edited in unusual ways . Vanity Fair would later characterize the film 's late popularity as `` totally bizarre . '' There have been some attempts to explain the phenomenon : Jason Richards , whom Vanity Fair identified as one of the larger promoters of the meme via his @ Seinfield2000 Twitter handle has noted the `` off - brand Pixar quality '' as a possible reason , while Barry Marder , one of the film 's script writers , identified `` that odd relationship between an insect and a human woman , '' as the possible cause . Inverse meanwhile writes that the film 's internet popularity `` was a reaction not just to the movie itself but to the realization among millennials that they 'd been shown a truly odd movie as children and thought nothing of it . '' Writing for New York magazine , Paris Martineau identified the meme as starting on Tumblr circa 2011 at which point users would , apparently in earnest , post the opening quotation identifying it as inspiring . By December 2012 , however these posts became so ubiquitous that it would inspire parodies . It has also been suggested that the spread of such videos was inspired by the preceding popularity of the `` We Are Number One '' meme . Seinfeld himself said that he has no interest to make a sequel to Bee Movie in the wake of it 's popularity . During a Reddit AMA in June 2016 , a fan asked if a Bee Movie 2 would happen . Seinfeld had this to say , I considered it this spring for a solid six hours . There 's a fantastic energy now for some reason , on the internet particularly . Tumblr , people brought my attention to . I actually did consider it , but then I realized it would make Bee Movie 1 less iconic . But my kids want me to do it , a lot of people want me to do it . A lot of people that do n't know what animation is want me to do it . If you have any idea what animation is , you 'd never do it . Notes Jump up ^ In July 2014 , the film 's distribution rights were purchased by DreamWorks Animation from Paramount Pictures . References Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( October 28 , 2007 ) . `` Review : ' Bee Movie ' '' . Variety . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bee Movie '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chney , Alexandra ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation Q2 Earnings Fall Short of Estimates , SEC Investigation Revealed '' . Variety . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ NBC 2010 Holiday Programming Announced Archived November 26 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bee Movie ( 2007 ) '' . The - Numbers . The-Numbers.com . Jump up ^ `` Bee Movie ( Music from the Motion Picture ) ( Bonus Track Version ) '' . iTunes . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Apple , Inc . `` Apple - Trailers - Bee Movie - Teaser 1 - Large '' . Trailers.apple.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bee Movie Trailer # 2 Revealed / Film '' . Slashfilm.com . February 15 , 2007 . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ziebarth , Christian ( September 14 , 2007 ) . `` Bee Movie Fun Facts '' . Animated Views . Retrieved September 11 , 2014 . Vincent the bear from Over the Hedge appears in both a trailer for Bee Movie and in the courtroom scene in the film . Jump up ^ Apple , Inc . `` Apple - Trailers - Bee Movie - Trailer 3 - Large '' . Trailers.apple.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren . `` ' Bee Movie TV Juniors ' : I mean WHAT is the DEAL with THESE ? ! PopWatch EW.com '' . Popwatch.ew.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Forum : : Main Index Gaia Online Jump up ^ Bee Movie : The Movie Storybook - Google Boeken . Books.google.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bee Movie : The Honey Disaster - Google Boeken . Books.google.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Art of Bee Movie - Jerry Beck - Google Boeken . Books.google.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bee Movie : Deluxe Sound Storybook by Justine Fontes 9780696233845 Interactive Book Barnes & Noble '' . Barnesandnoble.com . June 24 , 2013 . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bee Movie Ultimate Sticker Book by DK Publishing 9780756632144 Paperback Barnes & Noble '' . Barnesandnoble.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Don Curry , ed . ( October 2 , 2007 ) . `` Bee Movie ( I Can Find It ) : Don Curry : 9780696233852 : Amazon.com : Books '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stacia Deutsch ( September 18 , 2007 ) . `` Bee Movie : The Junior Novel : Susan Korman : 9780061251788 : Amazon.com : Books '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bee Movie Mad Libs - Leonard Stern , Roger Price , RICHARD PRICE - Google Boeken . Books.google.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bee Movie : Bee Meets Girl - Scout Driggs - Google Boeken . Books.google.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( October 24 , 2007 ) . `` ' Q&A with ' Bee Movie Game ' producer '' . G4 Canada . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bee Movie DVD : Full Screen Edition '' . Blu-ray.com . March 11 , 2008 . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Foster , Dave ( January 23 , 2008 ) . `` Bee Movie ( R1 ) in March - Art & Specs added '' . The Digital Fix . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Paramount Cancels Majority of HD DVD Slate ( UPDATED ) High - Def Digest '' . Hddvd.highdefdigest.com . Retrieved March 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Paramount officially rejoins the Blu - ray camp on May 20th '' . Engadget HD . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2009 . Retrieved March 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bee Movie '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bee Movie Reviews '' . Metacritic . June 16 , 2010 . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Smith , Jerry ( November 2 , 2007 ) . `` Jerry ' Bee ' Good '' . New York Post . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bee Movie - Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomson , Desson ( November 2 , 2007 ) . `` Bumbling ' Bee Movie ' Needs More of Jerry '' . Washingtonpost.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rea , Steven ( November 2 , 2007 ) . `` Bee Movie flies * * * - Philly.com '' . Articles.philly.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` Bee Movie Movie Review & Film Summary ( 2007 ) '' . Roger Ebert . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( November 2 , 2007 ) . `` Seinfeld 's Bee Movie proves buzz - worthy -- The Boston Globe '' . Boston.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bee Movie is bee - dazzling ! '' . New York : NY Daily News . October 31 , 2007 . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ David Ansen ( November 1 , 2007 ) . `` Ansen on Bee Movie -- Newsweek and The Daily Beast '' . Thedailybeast.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Macdonald , Moira ( November 2 , 2007 ) . `` Entertainment & the Arts A little bit of buzz for Bee Movie Seattle Times Newspaper '' . Community.seattletimes.nwsource.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bee Movie : Unearned stripes Toronto Star '' . Thestar.com . November 2 , 2007 . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for November 2 - 4 , 2007 '' . Box Office Mojo . January 7 , 2013 . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for November 9 - 11 , 2007 '' . Box Office Mojo . January 7 , 2013 . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bond , Paul ( February 27 , 2008 ) . `` ' Dragon ' Caged a Little Longer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Associate Press . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bee Movie Pushes Dreamworks Earnings '' . Cultjer . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ DreamWorks Animation ( February 26 , 2008 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2007 Financial Results '' . U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Foreign Press Association 2008 Golden Globe Awards For The Year Ended December 31 , 2007 '' . goldenglobes.org . December 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2007 . Retrieved December 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( February 25 , 2008 ) . `` PopWatch Petition : Enough ' Bee Movie ' product placement already ! PopWatch EW.com '' . Popwatch.ew.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Translated from Swedish ( original quote not given ) : `` Jag försöker att inte skratta och tar det så allvarligt jag kan . Men det är lite svårt . Det är fullt möjligt att någon annan kommit på en idé att göra en film om bin . Jag visste inget om detta imorse och hoppas att de inte är alltför upprörda . De borde försöka göra en egen film . '' Seinfelds skämt blev film ( Swedish ) Jump up ^ `` Seinfeld förnekar plagiat av filmidé ( Swedish ) '' . Sydsvenskan.se . November 27 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2007 . Retrieved March 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Har Stephen Spielberg stulit en svensk filmidé ? ( Swedish ) '' . Sr.se . June 3 , 2005 . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2009 . Retrieved March 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Svenskar anklagar Spielberg för stöld ( Swedish ) '' . Aftonbladet.se . June 5 , 2005 . Retrieved March 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Henrik anklagar Spielberg för stöld ( Swedish ) '' ... aftonbladet.se . June 5 , 2005 . Retrieved March 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Seinfeld ler av svensk søksmål ( Norwegian ) '' . Aftenposten.no . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2011 . Retrieved March 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Bee Movie ' Makers Sued Over Use Of Slogan - Entertainment News Story - WRTV Indianapolis '' . Theindychannel.com . November 7 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2008 . Retrieved March 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' Bee Movie '' Hit With Not - So - Sweet Lawsuit / / Archives / / ecorazzi.com : : the latest in green gossip `` . Ecorazzi.com . Retrieved March 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Paramount Pictures , DreamWorks Settle ` Bee Movie ' Slogan Suit Retrieved September 20 , 2008 Jump up ^ Purdom , Clayton ( 17 November 2016 ) . `` People are inexplicably flocking to watch Bee Movie at `` 20,000 X speed '' `` . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Feldman , Brian ( 2 December 2015 ) . `` The Best Prank on Facebook Right Now Involves the Entire Transcript of Bee Movie '' . Select All . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( 23 November 2016 ) . `` YouTube removes Bee Movie memes due to its policy on spam , deception and scams ( update ) '' . Polygon . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Shamsian , Jacob ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` This YouTube video that has been viewed over 12 million times could be the heralding of a new meme '' . INSIDER . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Feldman , Brian ( 18 November 2016 ) . `` Honestly , This New Bee Movie Meme Is Just Baffling '' . nymag.com . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bradley , Laura . `` How Bee Movie Won 2016 '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Tait , Amelia . `` A decade on , Bee Movie 's creators reflect on its many memes '' . New Statesman . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Bergado , Gabe . `` How Barry B. Benson Became an Internet A-Lister '' . Inverse . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Martineau , Paris . `` A Complete History of Bee Movie 's Many , Many Memes '' . Nymag.com . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Amid Amidi ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Jerry Seinfeld Wo n't Make A ' Bee Movie ' Sequel , But Not For The Reason You Might Think '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . 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Smith Feature films Bee Movie Penguins of Madagascar Short films Far Far Away Idol Shrek 4 - D Megamind : The Button of Doom Jerry Seinfeld Television / web series Seinfeld ( episodes , awards ) ( 1989 -- 98 ) The Marriage Ref ( 2010 -- 11 ) Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee ( since 2012 ) Film Comedian ( 2002 ) Bee Movie ( 2007 ) Stand - up Stand - Up Confidential ( 1987 ) I 'm Telling You for the Last Time ( 1998 ) Jerry Before Seinfeld ( 2017 ) Books Seinlanguage ( 1993 ) Halloween ( 2002 ) Related Jessica Seinfeld ( wife ) The Adventures of Seinfeld & Superman Jerry Seinfeld ( character ) `` Seinfeld '' ( Curb Your Enthusiasm ) `` SeinfeldVision '' ( 30 Rock ) LCCN : n2007005417 VIAF : 174750895 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bee_Movie&oldid=843254637 '' Categories : 2007 films English - language films 2007 computer - animated films 2000s American animated films American buddy films American children 's animated comedy films American computer - animated films American films Animated buddy films Animated comedy films Buddy comedy films DreamWorks Animation animated films Fictional bees Films about animals Films about insects Films directed by Steve Hickner Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in New York City Films using computer - generated imagery Internet memes Paramount Pictures films Paramount Pictures animated films Films involved in plagiarism controversies Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from October 2016 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 22 : 56 . 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what are some of the differences (musical cultural etc.) between the five african regions			Music of Africa	music of africa	The traditional music of Africa , given the vastness of the continent , is historically ancient , rich and diverse , with different regions and nations of Africa having many distinct musical traditions . Music in Africa is very important when it comes to religion . Songs and music are used in rituals and religious ceremonies , to pass down stories from generation to generation , as well as to sing and dance to .	Traditional music in most of the continent is passed down orally ( or aurally ) and is not written . In Sub-Saharan African music traditions , it frequently relies on percussion instruments of every variety , including xylophones , djembes , drums , and tone - producing instruments such as the mbira or `` thumb piano . '' The music and dance of the African diaspora , formed to varying degrees on African musical traditions , include American music and many Caribbean genres , such as soca , calypso ( see kaiso ) and zouk . Latin American music genres such as the rumba , conga , bomba , cumbia , salsa and samba were also founded on the music of enslaved Africans , and have in turn influenced African popular music . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music by regions 1.1 North Africa and the Horn of Africa 1.2 West , Central , Southeast and South Africa 2 Musical instruments 3 Relationship to language 4 Influences on African music 4.1 Influence on North American music 5 Popular music 6 Music industry 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Music by regions ( edit ) North Africa and the Horn of Africa ( edit ) Main articles : Middle Eastern and North African music traditions , Arabic music , and Middle Eastern music North Africa ( red region on map below ) is the seat of ancient Egypt and Carthage , civilizations with strong ties to the ancient Near East and which influenced the ancient Greek and Roman cultures . Eventually , Egypt fell under Persian rule followed by Greek and Roman rule , while Carthage was later ruled by Romans and Vandals . North Africa was later conquered by the Arabs , who established the region as the Maghreb of the Arab world . Aar Maanta performing with his band at Pier Scheveningen Strandweg in The Hague , Netherlands Like the musical genres of the Nile Valley and the Horn of Africa ( sky - blue and dark green region on map ) , its music has close ties with Middle Eastern music and utilizes similar melodic modes ( maqamat ) . North African music has a considerable range , from the music of ancient Egypt to the Berber and the Tuareg music of the desert nomads . The region 's art music has for centuries followed the outline of Arabic and Andalusian classical music : its popular contemporary genres include the Algerian Raï . With these may be grouped the music of Sudan and of the Horn of Africa , including the music of Eritrea , Ethiopia , Djibouti and Somalia . Somali music is typically pentatonic , using five pitches per octave in contrast to a heptatonic ( seven note ) scale such as the major scale . The music of the Ethiopian highlands uses a fundamental modal system called qenet , of which there are four main modes : tezeta , bati , ambassel , and anchihoy . Three additional modes are variations on the above : tezeta minor , bati major , and bati minor . Some songs take the name of their qenet , such as tizita , a song of reminiscence . West , Central , southeast and South Africa ( edit ) Main articles : Sub-Saharan African music traditions and Rhythm in Sub-Saharan African music Geo - political map of Africa divided for ethnomusicological purposes , after Alan P. Merriam , 1959 The ethnomusicological pioneer Arthur Morris Jones ( 1889 -- 1980 ) observed that the shared rhythmic principles of Sub-Saharan African music traditions constitute one main system . Similarly , master drummer and scholar C.K. Ladzekpo affirms the `` profound homogeneity '' of sub-Saharan African rhythmic principles . African traditional music is frequently functional in nature . Performances may be long and often involve the participation of the audience . There are , for example , little different kinds of work songs , songs accompanying childbirth , marriage , hunting and political activities , music to ward off evil spirits and to pay respects to good spirits , the dead and the ancestors . None of this is performed outside its intended social context and much of it is associated with a particular dance . Some of it , performed by professional musicians , is sacral music or ceremonial and courtly music performed at royal courts . Musicologically , Sub-Saharan Africa may be divided into four regions : The eastern region ( light green regions on map ) includes the music of Uganda , Kenya , Rwanda , Burundi , Tanzania , Malawi , Mozambique and Zimbabwe as well as the islands of Madagascar , the Seychelles , Mauritius and Comor . Many of these have been influenced by Arabic music and also by the music of India , Indonesia and Polynesia , though the region 's indigenous musical traditions are primarily in the mainstream of the sub-Saharan Niger -- Congo - speaking peoples . The southern region ( brown region on map ) includes the music of South Africa , Lesotho , Swaziland , Botswana , Namibia and Angola . The central region ( dark blue region on map ) includes the music of Chad , the Central African Republic , the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia , including Pygmy music . West African music ( yellow region on map ) includes the music of Senegal and the Gambia , of Guinea and Guinea - Bissau , Sierra Leone and Liberia , of the inland plains of Mali , Niger and Burkina Faso , the coastal nations of Cote d'Ivoire , Ghana , Togo , Benin , Nigeria , Cameroon , Gabon and the Republic of the Congo as well as islands such as Sao Tome and Principe . Southern , Central and West Africa are similarly in the broad Sub-Saharan musical tradition , but draw their ancillary influences primarily from Western Europe and North America . Musical instruments ( edit ) Algerian musician Abderrahmane Abdelli playing the oud Besides vocalisation , which uses various techniques such as complex hard melisma and yodel , a wide array of musical instruments are used . African musical instruments include a wide range of drums , slit gongs , rattles and double bells , different types of harps , and harp - like instruments such as the Kora and the ngoni , as well as fiddles , many kinds of xylophone and lamellophone such as the mbira , and different types of wind instrument like flutes and trumpets . Additionally , string instruments are also used , with the lute - like oud and Ngoni serving as musical accompaniment in some areas . There are five groups of sub-Saharan African musical instruments : membranophones , chordophones , aerophones , idiophones , and percussion . Membranophones are the drums , including kettles , clay pots , and barrels . Chordophones are stringed instruments like harps and fiddles . Aerophones are another name for wind instruments . These can include flutes and trumpets , similar to the instruments you hear in American music . Idiophones are rattles and shakers , while percussion can be sounds like foot - stomping and hand - clapping . Many of the wooden instruments have shapes or pictures carved out into them to represent ancestry . Some are decorated with feathers or beads . Drums used in African traditional music include talking drums , bougarabou and djembe in West Africa , water drums in Central and West Africa , and the different types of ngoma drums ( or engoma ) in Central and Southern Africa . Other percussion instruments include many rattles and shakers , such as the kosika ( kashaka ) , rain stick , bells and wood sticks . Also , Africa has lots of other types of drums , and lots of flutes , and lots of stringed and wind instruments . The playing of polyrhythms is one of the most universal characteristics of Sub-Sarahan music , in contrast to polyphony in Western music . Several uniquely designed instruments have evolved there over time to facilitate the playing of simultaneous contrasting rhythms . The mbira , kalimba , Kora , Ngoni and dousn'gouni are examples of these instruments which organize notes not in the usual single linear order from bass to treble , but in two separated rank arrays which allows additional ease in playing cross rhythms . The continuing influence of this principle can be seen in the 20th century American instruments the gravi - kora and gravikord which are new modern examples . Relationship to language ( edit ) Many languages spoken in Africa are tonal languages , leading to a close connection between music and language in some local cultures . These particular communities use vocal sounds and movements with their music as well . In singing , the tonal pattern or the text puts some constraints on the melodic patterns . On the other hand , in instrumental music a native speaker of a language can often perceive a text or texts in the music . This effect also forms the basis of drum languages ( talking drums ) . Influences on African music ( edit ) Traditional drummers in Ghana Historically , several factors have influenced the tribal music of Africa . The music has been influenced by language , the environment , a variety of cultures , politics , and population movement , all of which are intermingled . Each African tribe evolved in a different area of the continent , which means that they ate different foods , faced different weather conditions , and came in contact with different tribes than other societies did . Each tribe moved at different rates and to different places than others , and thus each was influenced by different people and circumstances . Furthermore , each society did not necessarily operate under the same government , which also significantly influenced their music styles . Influence on North American music ( edit ) See also : African - American music Although African American music is widely known and loved , and much popular North American music emerged from it , White American music also has strong African roots . The musical traditions of the Irish and Scottish settlers merged with African - American musical elements to become old - time and bluegrass , among other genres . African music has been a major factor in the shaping of what we know today as Dixieland , the blues and jazz . These styles have all borrowed from African rhythms and sounds , brought over the Atlantic Ocean by slaves . African music in Sub-Saharan Africa is mostly upbeat polyrhythmic and joyful , whereas the blues should be viewed as an aesthetic development resulting from the conditions of slavery in the new world . Steve Winwood 's progressive rock / jazz rock band Traffic often used West African rhythms On his album Graceland , the American folk musician Paul Simon employs African bands , rhythms and melodies as a musical backdrop for his own lyrics ; especially Ladysmith Black Mambazo . In the early 1970s , Remi Kabaka , an Afro - rock avant - garde drummer , laid the initial drum patterns that created the Afro - rock sounds in bands such as Ginger Baker 's Airforce , The Rolling Stones , and Steve Winwood 's Traffic . He continued to work with Winwood , Paul McCartney , and Mick Jagger throughout the decade . Certain Sub-Saharan African musical traditions also had a significant influence on such well - known works as Disney 's The Lion King and The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride , which blend traditional tribal music with Western music . Songs such as `` Circle of Life '' and `` He Lives in You '' combine of Zulu and English lyrics , as well as traditional African styles of music with more modern western styles . Additionally , the Disney classic incorporates numerous words from the Bantu Swahili language . The phrase hakuna matata , for example , is an actual Swahili phrase that does in fact mean `` no worries '' . Characters such as Simba , Kovu , and Zira are also Swahili words , meaning `` lion '' , `` scar '' , and `` hate '' , respectively . Babatunde Olatunji , Miriam Makeba , and Hugh Masakela were among the earliest African performing artists to develop sizable fan bases in the United States . Non-commercial African American radio stations promoted African music as part of their cultural and political missions in the 1960s and 1970s . African music also found eager audiences at Historically Black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) and appealed particularly to activists in the civil rights and Black Power movements . Popular music ( edit ) Main article : African popular music Miriam Makeba during a performance African popular music , like African traditional music , is vast and varied . Most contemporary genres of African popular music build on cross-pollination with western popular music . Many genres of popular music , including blues , jazz and rumba , derive to varying degrees from musical traditions from Africa , taken to the Americas by enslaved Africans . These rhythms and sounds have subsequently been adapted by newer genres like rock and rhythm and blues . Similarly , African popular music has adopted elements , particularly the musical instruments and recording studio techniques of western music . One of the most important 20th century singers of South African popular music was Miriam Makeba , who played a key - role , in the 60s , in drawing global audience 's attention to African music and its meaning . Zenzile Miriam Makeba was said to have been one of the most influential and popular musicians of Africa , beginning in the 1950s . She was a part of three bands , including one all - woman band and two others . She performed all types of jazz music , traditional African music , and music that was popular in western Africa at the time . Miriam played a majority of her music in the form of `` mbube '' , which was `` a style of vocal harmony which drew on American jazz , ragtime , and Anglican church hymns , as well as indigenous styles of music . '' After she moved to the U.S. , problems with Makeba 's passport occurred and she had to stay in America , it was said that she put an American twist on most of her African music . She had a very diverse scale of her vocal range and could hit almost any note . `` The Empress of African Music '' passed away at the age of 76 . The Afro - Euro hybrid style , the Cuban son , has had an influence on certain popular music in Africa . Some of the first guitar bands on the continent played covers of Cuban songs . The early guitar - based bands from the Congo called their music rumba ( although it was son rather than rumba - based ) . The Congolese style eventually evolved into what became known as soukous . Music industry ( edit ) For African artists concerts were the one of the fews ways to earn in the industry . Piracy and changing consumer behavior are behind declining sales of records . Enforcement of copyright law remains weak in Africa . MusikBi is the first legal music download website of Africa . It does not offer streaming and is limited by internet speeds in Africa . African countries ( Kenya , Gambia and South Africa ) have seen protest over airtime given to American music . In Zimbabwe 75 % of airtime has to be given to local music . Protective actions have seen the growth of new genres like Urban Grooves emerge in Zimbabwe . In 2016 Sony Music launched in Africa by opening an office in Nigeria , traditionally services of western major international studios have not been available in Africa . The local demand for their music being met through piracy . See also ( edit ) African heavy metal African popular music Victor Kofi Agawu Paul Berliner Clave ( rhythm ) Gravikord International Library of African Music Arthur Morris Jones Ashenafi Kebede Gerhard Kubik List of African guitarists Mine bengidzakiwe Polyrhythm Hugh Tracey Traditional sub-Saharan African harmony World music Africa portal Culture portal Music portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Definitions of Styles and Genres : Traditional and Contemporary African Music '' . CBMR . Columbia University . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Estrella , Espie . `` African music '' . Music Education . about.com . Retrieved 1 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Abdullahi , Mohamed Diriye ( 2001 ) . Culture and customs of Somalia . Greenwood . pp. 170 -- 171 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31333 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hoppenstand , Gary ( 2007 ) . The Greenwood Encyclopedia of World Popular Culture , Volume 4 . Greenwood Press . p. 205 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33255 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Shelemay , Kay Kaufman ( 2001 ) . Sadie , Stanley ; Tyrrell , John , eds . The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians . viii ( 2 ed . ) . London : Macmillan . p. 356 . Jump up ^ Abatte Barihun , liner notes of the album Ras Deshen , 200 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , A.M. ( 1959 ) . Studies in African Music . London : Oxford University Press . 1978 edition : ISBN 0 - 19 - 713512 - 9 . Jump up ^ Ladzekpo , C.K. ( 1996 ) . `` Cultural Understanding of Polyrhythm '' . Foundation Course in African Music . Jump up ^ GCSE Music -- Edexcel Areas of Study , Coordination Group Publications , UK , 2006 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ http://www.contemporary-african-art.com/african-musical-instruments.html Jump up ^ http://www.contemporary-african-art.com/african-musical-instruments.html Jump up ^ GCSE Music -- Edexcel Areas of Study , Coordination Group Publications , UK , 2006 , p. 35 , quoting examination board syllabus . Jump up ^ Nketia , J.H. Kwabena . The Music of Africa . New York : Norton and Company , 1974 . Print . Jump up ^ Azam , O.A. ( 1993 ) , `` The recent influence of African Music on the American music scene and music market '' . Jump up ^ `` The Characters . '' Lion King Pride. 2008 . Disney , 1997 -- 2008 . Web . 1 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Lion King Pride : The Characters '' . Lionking.org . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` African Sounds in the American South : Community Radio , Historically Black Colleges , and Musical Pan Africanism , '' The Journal of Popular Music Studies , December 2015 Jump up ^ Miriam Makeba # Musical style and themes Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/nov/11/miriam-makeba-obituary Jump up ^ Roberts , John Storm ( 1986 : cassette ) Afro - Cuban Comes Home : The Birth and Growth of Congo Music , Original Music . Jump up ^ France - Presse , Agence ( 24 February 2016 ) . `` Africa 's first music download service launches in Senegal '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 1 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` South African artists fume over lack of radio airplay '' . musicinafrica.net . Retrieved 1 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Music 's New Office in Africa Signals a Promising Near - Future for the Continent '' . Billboard . Retrieved 1 March 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Joshua Clark Davis , `` African Sounds in the American South : Community Radio , Historically Black Colleges , and Musical Pan Africanism , '' The Journal of Popular Music Studies , December 2015 Graeme Ewens . Africa O - Yé : a Celebration of African Music . 1992 , cop . 1991 . New York : Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80461 - 1 Ruth M. Stone , ed . The Garland handbook of African Music 2nd ed. , 2008 . NY & Oxford : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 96102 - 8 ( Abridged paperback edition of vol. `` Africa '' , vol. 1 of The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music with additional articles ) Rhythms of the Continent from the BBC International Library of African Music at Rhodes University Recordings of African music from the British Library 's collections External links ( edit ) Glossary of African music styles Historical Notes on African Melodies Music of Africa at DMOZ Lecture on music and politics in contemporary Mali ( show ) Music of Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla / ( see also plazas de soberanía ) ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) Western Sahara ( show ) Africa articles History Chronology Antiquity North Africa Archaeology Pre-colonial kingdoms Bantu expansion Arab conquest Exploration European colonisation Slavery Atlantic Arab Scramble for Africa Decolonisation By topic Economic Empires Historiography Military conflicts By region Central East North South West Geography Countries and territories Highest points Impact craters Islands Natural history Regions Central East North South West Rivers Politics African Union Elections Heads of government Heads of state Human rights LGBT rights Linguistic rights Religious rights Women 's rights International organisations Pan-African Parliament Pan-Africanism Politics parties United States of Africa Economy Central banks and currencies Countries by GDP ( nominal ) Countries by GDP ( PPP ) Countries by HDI Education Internet Millionaires Natural resources Poverty Renewable energy Stock exchanges Society Caste systems Circumcision Etiquette Infrastructure Languages Philosophy Culture Architecture Art contemporary Cinema films film festivals Cuisine Literature writers by country Media Newspapers Radio TV Music musicians guitarists Religion Irreligion World Heritage Sites Sport African Cricket Association African Games Afro - Asian Games Australian - rules football Confederation of African Football Africa Cup of Nations FIBA Africa Rugby Africa Africa Cup Stadiums by capacity Tour d'Afrique Demographics Countries by population density Emigration Ethnic groups HIV / AIDS Urbanization cities metropolitan areas By year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Outline Index Book Category Portal ( show ) Genres of African popular music African heavy metal African hip hop Afrobeat Apala Benga Bikutsi Boomba Cape Jazz Chaabi Chimurenga Congolese rumba Coupé - Décalé Fuji Genge Gnawa Gqom Highlife Hiplife Igbo highlife Igbo rap Isicathamiya Jit Jùjú Kizomba Kuduro Kwaito Kwassa kwassa Kwela Makossa Marabi Marrabenta Maloya Mbalax Mbaqanga Mbube Morna Ndombolo Njuup Palm - wine Raï Sakara Salegy Sega Sesube Soukous Taarab Township Jive Zouglou Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Africa&oldid=794329215 '' Categories : African music Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from May 2017 Articles with DMOZ links Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Nederlands Norsk Português Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2017 , at 09 : 43 . 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describe the condition of non russian nationalist before and after the october revolution			Russian nationalism	russian nationalism	Russian nationalism is a form of nationalism that asserts that Russians are a nation and promotes their cultural unity . Russian nationalism first rose in the 18th century and is closely related to pan-Slavism , from its origin during the Russian Empire to the Soviet Union .	Contents 1 History 1.1 Imperial Russian nationalism 1.2 Soviet nationalism 1.3 Contemporary nationalism 2 Extremist nationalism 3 Parties and organizations 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 Bibliography 8 External links History ( edit ) Further information : History of Russia Imperial Russian nationalism ( edit ) Further information : Pan-Slavism , Slavophilia , and Russification The Millennium of Russia monument build in 1862 that celebrated one - thousand years of Russian history . The Russian motto `` Orthodoxy , Autocracy , and Nationality '' was coined by Count Sergey Uvarov and adopted by Emperor Nicholas I as official ideology . Three components of Uvarov 's triad were : Orthodoxy -- Orthodox Christianity and protection of the Russian Orthodox Church . Autocracy -- unconditional loyalty to the House of Romanov in return for paternalist protection for all social estates . Nationality ( Narodnost , has been also translated as national spirit ) -- recognition of the state - founding role on Russian nationality . The Slavophile movement became popular in 19th - century Russia . Slavophiles opposed influences of Western Europe in Russia and were determined to protect Russian culture and traditions . Aleksey Khomyakov , Ivan Kireyevsky , and Konstantin Aksakov are credited with co-founding the movement . Russian World War I era poster calling to buy war bonds . A notable folk revival in Russian art was loosely related to Slavophilia . Many works concerning Russian history , mythology and fairy tales appeared . Operas by Nikolai Rimsky - Korsakov , Mikhail Glinka and Alexander Borodin ; paintings by Viktor Vasnetsov , Ivan Bilibin and Ilya Repin ; and poems by Nikolay Nekrasov , Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy , among others , are considered masterpieces of Russian romantic nationalism . According to Fyodor Tyutchev , a notable Russian poet of 19th century : Moscow and Peter 's grad , the city of Constantine , these are the capitals of Russian kingdom . But where is their limit ? And where are their frontiers to the north , the east , the south and the setting sun ? The Fate will reveal this to future generations . Seven inland seas and seven great rivers from the Nile to the Neva , from the Elbe to China , from the Volga to the Euphrates , from Ganges to the Danube . That 's the Russian Kingdom , and let it be forever , just as the Spirit foretold and Daniel prophesied . White Russian anti-Bolshevik poster , c. 1932 Pan-Slavism , an ideal of unity of all Slavic Orthodox Christian nations , gained popularity in the mid - to late 19th century . Among its major ideologists were Nikolay Danilevsky . Pan-Slavism was fueled by and was the fuel for Russia 's numerous wars against the Ottoman Empire with the goal of liberating Orthodox nations , such as Bulgarians , Romanians , Serbs and Greeks , from Muslim rule . The final goal was Constantinople ; the Russian Empire still considered itself the `` Third Rome '' and saw its duty as conquering the `` Second Rome '' . Pan-Slavism also played a key role in Russia 's entry into World War I , since the 1914 war against Serbia by Austria - Hungary triggered Russia 's response . In the closing years of the 19th century , Russia was trying to catch up with Western Europe 's Industrial Revolution . The already large gap between the wealth of the rich elite and that of the poor had grown , causing patriotic enthusiasm to decline . Revolutionary activities intensified , culminating in the 1905 Russian Revolution . The revolution led to the emergence of new nationalist and rightist organizations and parties such as the Russian Assembly , the Union of the Russian People , the Union of Archangel Michael and others . Their motto was `` Russia for Russians '' . These parties remained monarchist and anti-Semitic ; they were organised by wealthy , powerful aristocrats such as Vladimir Purishkevich and Nikolai Yevgenyevich Markov . World War I revived the national spirit and enthusiasm . However , as the war effort on the eastern front failed , the popularity of Nicholas II declined to the level extant when he abdicated during the February Revolution . After the subsequent October Revolution , which resulted in the overthrow of the Russian Provisional Government and the Russian Civil War , the loosely allied monarchist and anti-communist White Army continued to promote Russian nationalism until they were defeated by the Red Army . Soviet nationalism ( edit ) Further information : Soviet socialist patriotism The Bolshevik revolutionaries who seized power in 1917 were nominally `` antinationalists '' and `` antipatriots '' . The newborn Soviet republic under Vladimir Lenin proclaimed internationalism as its official ideology using the Russian language -- which was also the language of their party and government . Since Russian patriotism served as a legitimizing prop of old order , Bolshevik leaders were anxious to suppress its manifestations and ensure its eventual extinction . They officially discouraged Russian nationalism and remnants of Imperial patriotism , such as the wearing of military awards received before Civil War . Some their followers were unlike minded ; in non-Russian territories Bolshevik power was often regarded as renewed Russian imperialism during 1919 to 1921 . After 1923 a policy of nativization , which provided government support for non-Russian culture and languages within the non-Russian republics , was adopted . Romantic Russian nationalist themes appeared in art , such as the historical epic films by Sergei Eisenstein and Vsevolod Pudovkin , as well as Sergei Sergeyev - Tsensky 's patriotic novels . The creation of an international communist state under control of the workers was perceived by some as accomplishment of Russian nationalistic dreams . Poet Pavel Kogan described his feelings of the Soviet patriotism just before World War II : I am a patriot . I love Russian air and Russian soil . But we will reach the Ganges River , and we will die in fights , to make our Motherland shine from Japan to England According to Nikolai Berdyaev : The Russian people did not achieve their ancient dream of Moscow , the Third Rome . The ecclesiastical schism of the 17th century revealed that the muscovite tsardom is not the third Rome . The messianic idea of the Russian people assumed either an apocalyptic form or a revolutionary ; and then there occurred an amazing event in the destiny of the Russian people . Instead of the Third Rome in Russia , the Third International was achieved , and many of the features of the Third Rome pass over to the Third International . The Third International is also a Holy Empire , and it also is founded on an Orthodox faith . The Third International is not international , but a Russian national idea . The Soviet Union 's war against Nazi Germany became known as the Great Patriotic War , recalling the previous use of the term in the Napoleonic Wars , the Patriotic War . The Soviet state called for its citizens to defend the `` Motherland '' ; Stalin proclaimed the slogan `` Not a step back ! '' . At the same time , Nazi Germany organised collaborationist military units such as Andrey Vlasov 's Russian Liberation Army and Pyotr Krasnov 's Cossacks . During the Second World War , the strong patriotism of Vlasov 's army presented Russians with an alternative to the state - centered nationalism promoted by the Stalin 's government . In 1944 , the Soviet Union abandoned its communist anthem The Internationale and adopted new national anthem . Contemporary nationalism ( edit ) Further information : Eurasianism , Nostalgia for the Soviet Union , Russia under Vladimir Putin , and Russian irredentism The Romanov flag is used by some Russian nationalists and monarchists . A march of about 7,000 people waving Czarist flags , chanting anti-immigrant slogans and carrying a big banner that reads `` Let 's give back Russia to Russians '' ( Вернём Руссию русским ) in Moscow , November 4 , 2011 . After the dissolution of the Soviet Union , the Russian Orthodox Church restored much of its Tsarist - Russian influence on the society . The church became a common source of Russian pride and nationalism . The official ideology did not completely turn to Imperial monarchist sentiment but tried to maintain a balance between Tsarist and Soviet ideals . The ruling United Russia party said its view of Russia is that of a multi-national republic and calls for national tolerance one of its key platforms . Vladimir Putin 's government is also using natalist policies by giving rewards and promoting more children in families . Many nationalist movements , both radical and moderate , have arisen in modern Russia . One of the oldest and most popular is Vladimir Zhirinovsky 's right - wing populist LDPR , which had been a member of the State Duma since its creation in 1993 . Rodina was a popular moderate left - wing nationalist party under Dmitry Rogozin , which eventually abandoned its nationalist ideology and merged with the larger socialist party A Just Russia . Rally of supporters of the Donetsk People 's Republic on occasion of Victory Day held in Donetsk , 9 May 2014 One of the more radical , ultranationalist movements is Russian National Unity , a far - right group that organises paramilitary brigades of its younger members . Others include BORN ( Militant Organization of Russian Nationalists ) which was involved in the murder of Stanislav Markelov , the neo-monarchist Pamyat , the Union of Orthodox Banner - Bearers , and the Movement Against Illegal Immigration , which revived the slogan `` Russia for Russians '' and usually attract young skinheads . These parties organise an annual rally called the Russian March . A rise of radical nationalism in modern Russia is considered to be a result of several factors ; the humiliation felt after the fall of the Soviet Union ; a response to the activity of ethnic criminal groups from the South Caucasus and Central Asia and ongoing illegal immigration from these regions ; and a reaction to modern , Russian - enforced national tolerance . It is also alleged that the FSB is selectively using nationalist extremism to drive sentiments in the society in desired direction . In modern Russia , the term националист ( Russian pronunciation : ( nətsɨənɐˈljist ) ) or `` nationalist '' bears the negative connotation of far - right nationalists and neo-fascists , rather than in the word 's original meaning . Some parties like United Russia use the word as a pejorative synonymous with chauvinism regarding their right - wing opponents . The financial crisis starting 2008 - 2009 saw the anti-immigration sentiment become more accepted in Russia because of an increased concern that immigrants -- particularly illegals -- would compete for jobs with the domestic workforce , and if not getting jobs , would turn to crime . Outside Russia , with the fall of Soviet ideology of enforced internationalism , national clashes among the ethnic groups within its former borders erupted . Because of repressive Soviet occupation politics and the privileged status of Russians in Soviet society , some post-Soviet states rejected all things Russian and Soviet as a symbols of occupation , and particularly in Baltic states and Georgia , with some embracing anti-Russian sentiment . Following the 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine , United Russia has increasingly relied on Russian nationalism for support . At the same time , the ruling party cultivated close ties with Eurosceptic , far - right and far - left political movements , supporting them financially and inviting them to Eurasian conferences in Crimea and Saint Petersburg . In March 2015 , the Russian nationalist party Rodina organized the International Russian Conservative Forum in Saint Petersburg , inviting a majority of its far - left and far - right ( including openly neo-Nazi ) supporters from abroad , many of whom had visited a similar event in Crimea in 2014 : Udo Voigt , Jim Dowson , Nick Griffin , Jared Taylor , Roberto Fiore , Georgios Epitidios ( Golden Dawn ) and others . Extremist nationalism ( edit ) Extremist nationalism in Russia refers to many far - right and a few far - left ultra-nationalist movements and organizations . Of note , the term nationalism in Russia often refers to extremist nationalism . However , it is often mixed up with `` fascism '' in Russia . While this terminology does not exactly match the formal definitions of fascism , the common denominator is chauvinism . In all other respects the positions vary over a wide spectrum . Some movements hold a political position that the state must be an instrument of nationalism ( such as the National Bolshevik Party , headed by Eduard Limonov ) , while others ( for example , Russian National Unity ) resolve to vigilante tactics against the perceived `` enemies of Russia '' without going into politics . Historically , the first prototype of such groups started with the Black Hundreds in Imperial Russia . More recent antisemitic , supremacist and neo-fascist organizations include Pamyat , Russian National Socialist Party and others . In 1997 , the Moscow Anti-Fascist Center estimated there were 40 ( nationalist ) extremist groups operating in Russia . The same source reported 35 extremist newspapers , the largest among these being Zavtra . In spite of repression by governmental authorities , a far - right extremist movement has established itself in Russia . Parties and organizations ( edit ) Black Hundreds early 20th century Liberal Democratic Party of Russia ( 1989 - since ) National Salvation Front ( 1992 - 1994 ? ) National Bolshevik Front ( 1993 - ? ? ) National Bolshevik Party ( 1994 - 2007 ) United Russia Slavic Union ( 1999 - 2010 ) Banned Still operating as a pressure group Movement Against Illegal Immigration ( 2002 - 2011 ) Banned Eurasia Party Great Russia ( 2007 - since ) Mladorossi The Other Russia Pamyat People 's National Party Rodina Russian National Socialist Party Russian National Union Russian National Unity See also ( edit ) Russia portal Russia for Russians All - Russian nation Nashism National Bolshevism Neo-Sovietism Neo-Stalinism Pochvennichestvo Russia -- European Union relations Russia -- Ukraine relations Russophilia Third Rome Russian World References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Russia 's Historical Roots '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Hutchings , Stephen C. ( 2004 ) . Russian Literary Culture in the Camera Age : The Word as Image . Routledge . p. 86 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Edward C. Thaden . The Beginnings of Romantic Nationalism in Russia . American Slavic and East European Review , Vol. 13 , No. 4 ( Dec. , 1954 ) , pp. 500 - 521 . Published by : The American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies Jump up ^ `` O.I. Senkovskii and Romantic Empire '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ 2001 : Perry Anderson , Professor of History and Sociology , UCLA ; Editor , New Left Review : Internationalism : Metamorphoses of a Meaning . See also the interview with Anderson . Jump up ^ Timo Vihavainen : Nationalism and Internationalism . How did the Bolsheviks Cope with National Sentiments ? in Chulos & Piirainen 2000 . Jump up ^ Benedikt Sarnov , Our Soviet Newspeak : A Short Encyclopedia of Real Socialism. , pages 446 - 447 . Moscow : 2002 , ISBN 5 - 85646 - 059 - 6 ( Наш советский новояз . Маленькая энциклопедия реального социализма . ) Jump up ^ `` isbn : 5457554619 - Google Search '' . books.google.com . Jump up ^ Quoted from book by Benedikt Sarnov , Our Soviet Newspeak : A Short Encyclopedia of Real Socialism. , pages 446 - 447 . Moscow : 2002 , ISBN 5 - 85646 - 059 - 6 ( Наш советский новояз . Маленькая энциклопедия реального социализма . ) Jump up ^ Roberts , Geoffrey . Stalin 's Wars : From World War to Cold War , 1939 -- 1953 . New Haven , CT ; London : Yale University Press , 2006 ( hardcover , ISBN 0 - 300 - 11204 - 1 ) , page 132 Jump up ^ Cathrine Andreyev , Vlasov and the Russian Liberation Movement : Soviet reality and emigre theories . Cambridge University Press , 1987 . Jump up ^ `` Putin 's Family Values '' . Jump up ^ `` Leader of `` Kremlin project '' found guilty of ultranationalist BORN murders : : khpg.org `` . khpg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Berg - Nordlie , Mikkel and Aadne Aasland : Migration and National Identity in Russia Archived 2011 - 04 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . ( NIBR International Blog 07.02. 2011 ) ^ Jump up to : Berg - Nordlie , Mikkel ; Aasland , Aadne & Olga Tkach : Compatriots or Competitors ? A Glance at Rossiyskaya Gazeta 's Immigration Debate 2004 - 2009 , in Sociālo Zinātņu Vēstnesis 2 / 2010 ( pp. 7 - 26 ) Jump up ^ `` Влади Антоневич и его фильм `` Кредит на убийство '' `` . ИноСМИ . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Russia : Western Businesses and the Return of the Cold War Mentality '' . Stratfor . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Neil Melvin Russians Beyond Russia : The Politics of National Identity . London Royal Inst. of Internat . Affairs 1995 Jump up ^ Van Herpen , Marcel H. ( 27 February 2014 ) . Putin 's Wars : The Rise of Russia 's New Imperialism . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 296 pp. ISBN 1442231378 . ^ Jump up to : Max Seddon ( 2015 - 03 - 22 ) . `` Racists , Neo-Nazis , Far Right Flock to Russia for Joint Conference '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Chronology of events - NUPI '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Racist Violence and Neo-Nazi Movements in Russia , Robert Kusche , Dresden , August 2013 Further reading ( edit ) John B. Dunlop . The Faces of Contemporary Russian Nationalism . Princeton University Press , 1983 . Bibliography ( edit ) Stephen D. Shenfield . Russian Fascism : Traditions , Tendencies , Movements , 2001 ISBN 0 - 7656 - 0634 - 8 or ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 0634 - 1 Russian : А . Л . Янов . Патриотизм и национализм в России. 1825 - 1921 . М. , Академкнига , 2002 Russian : Г . Кожевникова Радикальный национализм в России : проявления и противодействие Центр экстремальной журналистики . Verkhovsky , Alexander ( December 2000 ) . `` Ultra-nationalists in Russia at the onset of Putin 's rule '' . Nationalities Papers. 28 ( 4 ) : 707 -- 722 . doi : 10.1080 / 00905990020009692 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Russian nationalism . Nationalism and xenophobia in Russia , SOVA Center , an independent authority that produces reports and daily updates on the rise of nationalism and xenophobia in the Russian Federation Ultra-nationalist , fascist and neo-Nazi movements in Russia Infoshop News Western Perceptions of Russian Nationalism ( or this link ) Russian Nationalism and Putin 's Russia ( ( 2 ) ) On menace of nationalism in Russia . `` Yabloko '' Party view ( in Russian ) Vladislav Kelle . Nationalism and the future of Russia ( in Russian ) Racial violence escalates in Russia Jane 's Intelligence Review , 5 September 2006 National Socialist Society Radical national socialist organization Nordrus - an organization of `` Russian radical nationalists '' ( in Russian ) ( in English ) `` VELVET '' FASCISM . Ultra-nationalist ideas are popular among the literary mainstream and political saloons by Andrey Kolesnikov ( in English ) Russian Fascism and Russian Fascists by Kirill Buketov ( in English ) Radical nationalism in Russia and efforts to counteract it in 2006 Russian nationalism History Russification Slavophilia Pochvennichestvo Western Ukrainian Russophiles White movement Smenovekhovtsy Soviet socialist patriotism Russian March 2006 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine Concepts All - Russian nation Collector of Russian lands Orthodoxy , Autocracy , and Nationality Russia for Russians Russophilia Soviet nostalgia Third Rome Variants Eurasianism National Bolshevism Nashism Neo-Sovietism Neo-Stalinism Pan-Slavism Putinism Radical nationalism Organizations Black Hundreds CPRF Derzhava Donetsk Republic DPNI ESM Essence of Time Eurasia Party FNS Format18 Great Russia KRO LDPR LDPSU Mladorossi Nashi ( 1991 ) Nashi ( 2005 ) NBF NBP NDPR New Russia Party NNP Nochnoy Dozor NSO NSPR NTS ONF The Other Russia Pamyat Patriots of Russia PDV Peace for Lugansk Region People 's Union Primorsky Partisans Republican Party of Crimea RFO RFP RGFD RMU RNE RNS Rodina RONDD RONS ROS ROVS Russian Assembly Russian Bloc ( 2001 ) Russian Bloc ( 2002 ) Russian Goal Russian National Party Russian Unity The Saviour SFM Slavic Party Slavic Union Spiritual Heritage Union of Fascist Little Ones Union of Young Fascists -- Vanguard ( Boys ) Union of Young Fascists -- Vanguard ( Girls ) Young Guard of United Russia VFO WWN Literature Fashist Foundations of Geopolitics The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Nash Put ' Sankya Ethnic nationalism Africa Acholi African Afrikaner Algerian Arab Berber Canarian Congolese Coptic Egyptian Ethiopian Fulani Hutu Igbo Ivorian Kabyle Libyan Ndebele Nigerian Ogoni Oromo Rhodesian Riffian Sahrawi Somali Toubou Tuareg Tunisian Ugandan Zimbabwean Zulu Asia Arab Armenian Assamese Assyrian Azerbaijani Baloch Bangladeshi Bengali Bodo Burmese ( Burmese Buddhist ) Chinese Dalit East Turkestani Filipino Georgian Gorkha Hindu Hong Kong Indian Indonesian Iranian Iraqi Israeli Japanese Kashmiri Khmer Korean Korean ethnicity Kurdish Lebanese Malay Early Malaysian Malay Malaysian Hindu Manchurian Mongolian Marathi Naga Pashtun Pakistani Palestinian Punjabi Ryukyu Saraiki Sikh Sindhi Sinhalese Buddhist South Asian Muslim Syrian Taiwanese Tamil ( Sri Lankan Tamil ) Thai Tibetan Tripuri Turkic Turkish Vietnamese Zaza Europe Albanian in Albania in Kosovo in Rep. of Macedonia Alsatian Andalusian Aragonese Armenian Asturian Austrian Azerbaijani Balkar and Karachay Basque Bavarian Belgian Belarusian Bosnian Breton British Bulgarian Castilian Catalan Celtic Circassian Cornish Corsican Croatian Cypriot Czech Czechoslovak English Estonian Faroese Flemish Finnish French Galician German in Austria Georgian Greek in Cyprus Hungarian Icelandic Irish Italian Lezgian Lithuanian Macedonian Maltese Moldovan Montenegrin Norwegian Occitan Padanian Polish Prussian Rhenish Romanian Russian Scandinavian Sardinian Scottish Serbian Sicilian Silesian Slavic Slovak Slovenian South Tyrolean Spanish Swiss Székely Turkic Turkish Ukrainian Ulster Valencian Venetian Walloon Welsh Yugoslav The Americas American Argentine Aymara Brazilian Californian Canadian Chicano Confederate Greenlandic Indigenous Lakota Martinican Native - American Puerto Rican Québécois Texan Oceania Australian Hawaiian Māori New Zealander Other African - American Racial Black White Religious Christian Islamic Queer Soviet ( spanning two continents ) Turanist Note : Forms of nationalism based primarily on ethnic groups are listed above . This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of ethnic nationalism . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_nationalism&oldid=865682574 '' Categories : Russian nationalism Politics of Russia Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from May 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from August 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles needing translation from Russian Wikipedia Articles containing Russian - language text Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Català Español 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Монгол Русский Suomi Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 14 : 07 ( UTC ) . 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where was the tv show the oc filmed			The O.C.	the o. c.	The O.C. is an American teen drama television series created by Josh Schwartz that originally aired on the Fox network in the United States from August 5 , 2003 , to February 22 , 2007 , running a total of four seasons . `` O.C. '' is an abbreviation of `` Orange County . ''	The series centers on Ryan Atwood , a troubled but tough young man from a broken home who is adopted by the wealthy and philanthropic Sandy and Kirsten Cohen . Ryan and his foster brother Seth , a socially awkward yet quick - witted teenager , deal with life as outsiders in the high - class world of Newport Beach . Ryan and Seth spend much time navigating their relationships with girl - next - door Marissa Cooper , Seth 's childhood crush Summer Roberts , and the fast - talking loner Taylor Townsend . Storylines deal with the culture clash between the idealistic Cohen family and the shallow , materialistic , and closed - minded community in which they reside . The series includes elements of postmodernism , and functions as a mixture of melodrama and comedy . The series premiered with high ratings and was one of the most popular new dramas of the 2003 -- 2004 television season . It was widely referred to as a pop cultural phenomenon and received mostly positive reception from critics . However , ratings declined as the show went on . The low ratings led to its cancellation in early 2007 , even after an online petition that gained over 700,000 signatures . The O.C. has been broadcast in more than fifty countries worldwide . The series has also been released on DVD , as well as on iTunes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 3 Production 3.1 Conception 3.2 Filming locations 3.3 The Cohen home 3.4 Music 4 Themes 4.1 Chrismukkah 4.2 Meta - fictional humor 5 Broadcast and distribution 5.1 First run broadcast 5.2 Cancellation 5.3 Syndication 5.4 Media releases 6 Reception 6.1 Critical reception 6.2 U.S. television ratings 6.3 Awards and honors 6.4 Legacy 7 Complementary media 7.1 Novels 7.2 Licensed merchandise 7.3 Spin - offs 7.4 Podcasts 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Main article : List of The O.C. episodes Season 1 focuses on Ryan Atwood 's arrival in Newport Beach to live with Sandy and Kirsten Cohen , who take him in after his mother kicks him out . A major theme of the first season is the culture shock Ryan feels as he adjusts from a life of domestic abuse and poverty to living in a superficial high - class society . He quickly befriends and bonds with Seth Cohen , and begins to have a romantic relationship with Marissa Cooper . Although coming from very different backgrounds , Ryan soon discovers that he deals with similar issues to his new peers , such as self - identity conflict and familial alienation . The relationship between Ryan and Marissa flourishes when he supports her through her parents ' divorce . As the show progresses , Ryan takes a very protective role over Marissa , showing Ryan to be a much more stable , controlled person than originally portrayed . Other storylines include Seth 's development from a friendless loner to having two romantic choices in Summer and Anna , as well as the arrivals of Oliver Trask , a troubled teen who befriends Marissa during their coinciding therapy sessions , and Theresa Diaz , Ryan 's close friend and former love interest from his hometown of Chino . Meanwhile , Sandy Cohen frequently comes into conflict with Caleb Nichol , Kirsten 's father and a wealthy industrialist who is said to `` basically own Newport . '' The second season of The O.C. continues to follow the tumultuous romantic relationships between Ryan and Marissa , Seth and Summer , and Sandy and Kirsten . Josh Schwartz , the show 's creator , stated that in Season 2 , the show would `` no longer be about Ryan 's past ; now it 's going to be about Ryan 's future , '' and that this season would `` slow down the storytelling a little bit ... and evolve the characters . '' For example , the story closely follows Ryan in his advanced physics class , where tension is created between him and another student , Lindsay , who presumes that Ryan will be useless as a lab partner , who thus prevents him from contributing to the work that must be submitted . Ryan 's character begins to grow when he stands up to Lindsay and convinces her to allow him to contribute , forcing them to work together to complete the assignment . They later become involved romantically , creating extreme complications and relational shifts amongst the now `` Cooper - Nichol '' family . The Bait Shop becomes a prominent social destination for the teenage characters . A number of recurring characters are introduced , such as D.J. , Lindsay Gardner , Zach Stevens , and Alex Kelly , with whom the main characters form a variety of relationships . Ryan 's brother , Trey Atwood , gets out of jail and threatens to bring Ryan 's old life into his new one . Sandy and Kirsten also face new conflicts after drifting apart during the summer . Season 2 ends with Marissa shooting Trey after Ryan confronts him for attempting to sexually assault Marissa . Season 3 creates many dynamic changes with regards to relationships and power within the characters ' society . Firstly , Marissa is expelled from the Harbor School . The Cooper family , left with little money , is forced to move into a trailer park . Julie Cooper - Nichol , once one of the richest women in all of Newport , struggles to put food on the table for her daughters . Marissa 's life begins to spiral out of control , as she struggles with alcohol and drug abuse , as well as dealing with the loss of her close friend Johnny . Similarly , Kirsten confronts her alcohol addiction and eventually leaves rehab , only to encounter more problems when she begins business with a con artist . The other characters look towards college , with Seth and Summer competing for a spot at Brown University . Sandy 's moral compass becomes imperiled when a past love interest makes her way back into his life , and he takes over Caleb 's old position as head of The Newport Group , pursuing a project to establish more low - income housing in Newport . Ryan also attempts to resolve his individual relationships with his mother , and with his childhood friend Theresa Diaz . He also pursues the idea of a post-secondary education , with encouragement from both Sandy and Kirsten to visit Berkeley . Ryan 's life is quickly put on hold when , in the season 3 finale , Ryan decides to drive Marissa to the airport , and they are run off the road by Kevin Volchok , Marissa 's most recent love affair gone wrong . In the last few minutes of the episode , Ryan pulls Marissa out from the burning car , only to watch her die in his arms . The fourth and final season begins five months after Marissa 's death in the car accident . Ryan starts the season in isolation as a broken , grieving man , seeking revenge on Volchok . With the help of Julie , both she and Ryan are able to track Volchok down in Mexico , and turn him into federal officials . The continued love of the Cohen family and the company of the eccentric Taylor Townsend guide him back to the light . Meanwhile , Seth and Summer face the problems of a long distance relationship as Summer leaves to attend college . The first half of the season focuses on the characters accepting the reality of Marissa 's death . The second half focuses on the characters ' finding themselves ' while facing a myriad of identity crises . This final season contains multiple surprises , such as a new addition to the Cohen family , a visit to an alternate universe in which Sandy becomes mayor , and a natural disaster that leaves Newport devastated . Cast and characters ( edit ) Further information : List of The O.C. characters Season 1 cast of The O.C. Peter Gallagher portrays Sandy Cohen , an idealistic public defender who takes in Ryan Atwood in the pilot episode , much to the dismay of his wife , Kirsten . He is the husband of Kirsten , the father of Seth Cohen , and the legal guardian of Ryan Atwood . Although he lives in a large upper class house , his politics are left - leaning and open - minded , causing friction between himself and the community . Peter Gallagher described the character as a `` leftie Jewish guy from the Bronx . '' Sandy deals with many conflicts throughout the series , such as trying to gain acceptance from his father - in - law while being financially supported by his wife , and raising two teenagers in a ( sometimes ) corrupt environment . Kelly Rowan portrays Kirsten Cohen . She is the wife of Sandy Cohen , the mother of Seth and former CFO of her father 's ( Caleb Nichol ) real estate company , the Newport Group . Before she met Sandy she dated and grew up with Jimmy Cooper father of Marissa Cooper , with whom she remains friends . She has had trouble with alcohol , which was triggered by the failing deteriorating relationship between her and her father , and had an abortion early in her life , which belonged to Jimmy . Kirsten continues to open a dating service with Julie , and become a mother of two at the end of the fourth season . The character 's politics and lifestyle are conservative , a contrast to her husband . Kelly Rowan described the character as seemingly more `` together '' than herself during an interview . Benjamin McKenzie portrays Ryan Atwood , a troubled teenager from Chino who is brought into the privileged community of Newport Beach , California after his mother , Dawn Atwood , throws him out of their family home . Ryan is subsequently taken in by his public defender , Sandy Cohen . He forms fast bonds with the entire Cohen family , especially Sandy 's son Seth , as well as an extreme attachment to the girl next door , Marissa Cooper . Ryan slowly finds himself a place within his new materialistic society , and makes of the most of his situation by not only completing high school , but also continuing on to university . Casting director Patrick Rush found the role of Ryan Atwood particularly hard to cast and only invited Benjamin McKenzie to an audition after Fox had made them aware of the young actor after his unsuccessful audition for a UPN sitcom . Rush said , `` When Benjamin ( McKenzie ) came in , he was n't physically what Josh had envisioned , but he inhabited the character unlike anyone we had seen . I think that the character of Ryan is a kid that always seems a little lost and has a sense of mystery and danger ; Benjamin has all those qualities . '' Chad Michael Murray was originally offered the role of Ryan Atwood but turned it down for the lead role of Lucas Scott on One Tree Hill . Mischa Barton portrays Marissa Cooper ( season 1 -- 3 ) . Throughout the series Marissa is frequently battling with drugs and alcohol , including nearly killing herself on a trip in Mexico with her friends . Marissa 's relationships with her parents , boyfriends , and classmates are often tumultuous . She is Summer 's best friend and Ryan 's on and off love interest . Marissa is portrayed as a `` spoiled girl who adjusts to being poor . '' The casting director referred to Marissa as `` a girl stuck in the trappings of her life who seemed older than her actual age . '' Mischa Barton left the series at the end of season three when her character was subsequently written off by being killed in a car accident . Commenting on her departure , Barton said , `` My character has been through so , so much and there 's really nothing more left for her to do . '' Adam Brody portrays Seth Cohen , the awkward adolescent son of Sandy and Kirsten Cohen . He is known for his quick quips , comic book fascination , and pop - culture references . Seth is also the love interest of Summer Roberts , on whom he had a crush on since the third grade . Seth has been called a `` Jewish nerd into obscure emo bands , '' who `` starts dating a gorgeous , popular virgin . '' The New York Times characterised Seth as `` eccentric and literate , Seth professes actual wanderlust ( ... ) The show 's press materials maintain that he 's an existential hero along the lines of Holden Caulfield . '' Adam Brody 's portrayal of Seth was well received and is considered one of the overall highlights of the series . Chris Carmack portrays Luke Ward ( season 1 , special guest star season 2 ) , Marissa 's first boyfriend and regular cast member for most of the first season . Luke is initially the main antagonist of the series , coining the series famous `` Welcome to the O.C. , bitch ! '' line during a fight with Ryan in the premiere episode . However , he later becomes the main `` comic punching bag '' for the other characters . Josh Schwartz characterised the later Luke as `` strumming a guitar being a goofball . '' Tate Donovan portrays Jimmy Cooper ( season 1 -- 2 , recurring season 3 , special guest star season 4 ) , Marissa and Kaitlin 's father ( and Julie 's ex-husband ) . He gets in trouble for embezzlement and must face the consequences of his actions and its effect on his reputation and personal life . After his divorce from Julie , he pursues Hayley Nichol , Kirsten 's younger sister , who eventually leaves him to further her fashion career in Japan . He was a regular cast member for Season 1 and the beginning of Season 2 . Jimmy 's character made a brief appearance on season 3 , but was quickly left when Jimmy is forced to leave town , the morning of his wedding to Julie , due to money problems . One interviewer characterised Jimmy as a `` lovable deadbeat dad . '' Josh Schwartz has referred to the character as a `` cat '' in DVD Commentaries . The character is portrayed as flighty and perpetually in financial debt despite warm relationships with his daughters . The character was ranked eighth by Entertainment Weekly on a list of the worst dads in television history . Melinda Clarke portrays Julie Cooper , the mother of Kaitlin Cooper and Marissa Cooper . At the beginning of the show she is married to financial planner Jimmy Cooper . She is often characterised as being devious , selfish , and shallow . However , she reveals a more vulnerable and empathetic part of herself a number of times during the series . Melinda Clarke summarised her character as being `` clearly just such a money - digging whore . To me , it 's so funny now to see The Real Housewives of Orange County because you realise it exists and that 's what Julie was . Julie was obviously the original housewife . '' Melinda went on to commend the character 's `` incredible arc , '' saying that Julie started as `` this woman who was so superficial but , of course , she 's not just one - dimensional , she 's multi-dimensional . Starting in her pink Juicy sweat suit outfit and then by the end she 's graduated from college and moving on with her life . She 's a survivor . '' Rachel Bilson portrays Summer Roberts , a pretty and popular socialite who is the love interest of Seth and best friend to Marissa . Bilson 's character was originally scheduled to appear in only a few episodes , but her character quickly became popular amongst viewers , and ended up being part of the main cast for the rest of the series . Summer 's mother left when her parents divorced after her mother abandons them and she has had no contact with her since . Her stepmother , nicknamed the `` step - monster , '' is a lazy woman with a suggested drug problem . Summer has been referred to as a `` seemingly snotty , superficial rich girl who is revealed to have hidden depth when she warms to the charms of nerdy Seth . '' She is the daughter of Dr. Neil Roberts . Summer 's character surprises audiences by turning out to be much more intellectually capable than ever imagined . She continues to be accepted to Brown , beating out many applicants from Harbour School , including , to his dismay , Seth . Not only intelligent , Summer Roberts proves to be an activist for animals while protesting against lab testing on critters and setting lab bunnies free . She later takes one as her own and names her Pancakes . Alan Dale portrays Caleb Nichol ( season 2 , recurring season 1 ) , Kirsten 's businessman father and later Julie Cooper 's husband . His character recurs throughout the first season , and he becomes a regular during the second season , but comes to a sudden stop when his character suffers from a fatal heart attack during the season 2 finale . The Chicago Tribune characterised Caleb as a `` gruff , uncompromising Newport Beach , Calif. , real - estate developer '' . When asked by the Tribune about the character , Dale said , `` '' The thing that 's lovely about this character is that there 's so much to do with him . His relationships are so complicated , and once the marriage happened , everyone was related in the show . That means he 's got all these people to relate to , and he relates so badly with everyone . '' Autumn Reeser portrays Taylor Townsend ( season 4 , recurring season 3 ) , introduced in Season 3 as a neurotic perfectionist student . Her character 's initial personality was referred to by many critics as similar to the character Tracy Flick from the film Election . Taylor begins the series as a recurring villain before eventually becoming the second female lead in the fourth season . Autumn Reeser 's performance was critically acclaimed . She reflected back on the character during a 2010 interview , saying `` I feel like there 's a lot of girls out there who could really relate to her , who had n't seen themselves on TV in that way . I loved that about her . I loved that she made no apologies for who she was even though she was n't what all the magazines said was OK . She was like , `` I 'm still valid . And I 'm awesome . And I know I 'm odd , and that 's OK . '' Willa Holland portrays Kaitlin Cooper ( season 4 , recurring season 1 , 3 ) . The role was originally played by Shailene Woodley in a recurring role during Season 1 . Kaitlin spends much of the series at boarding school before returning on a recurring basis in season 3 ( now played by Holland ) and finally becoming a regular character in season 4 . The daughter of Jimmy Cooper and Julie Cooper - Nichol and sister to Marissa Cooper , her personality is more similar to her mother 's rather than her father 's , and she is portrayed as a regular pot smoker and occasional dealer . Holland observed that `` no one can control her '' but that her arc in Season 4 finds the character maturing . When asked about any disappointment over the recast , Shailene Woodley responded that , `` I was 11 and I was on as a guest , recurring character , or whatever . My character went to boarding school and when they decided to bring her back , they actually re-auditioned me to bring her back . But I did n't go through puberty until late ( ... ) So , there was no weirdness when Willa Holland got it because she was so obviously right for the role ... and I was so obviously not ( laughs ) . '' In the series , Willa Holland 's character dates a character played by the popular music star Chris Brown in the 4th season of the show . Production ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) In 2002 , creator Josh Schwartz met with Joseph `` McG '' McGinty Nichol and Stephanie Savage of production company Wonderland Sound and Vision . They told Schwartz they wanted to create a television show based in McG 's hometown of Newport Beach , Orange County , California . Savage suggested producing a police or extreme sports 21 Jump Street - style show , but Schwartz knew little about the genre . Having had experiences with people from Newport Beach during his time at the University of Southern California , Schwartz came back to them with his own characters . The show was pitched to Fox in August 2002 . Fox targeted a summer launch for the show , and Doug Liman was brought in to direct the premiere after McG withdrew due to his scheduling conflicts with Charlie 's Angels 2 . The show was confirmed for the 2003 -- 2004 schedule in May , and an August 5 , 2003 broadcast date was selected in June . Schwartz said that inspiration for the show came from being a fan of Larry Sanders , Cameron Crowe and other `` quirky character - driven shows like Freaks and Geeks , Undeclared , and My So - Called Life '' . Schwartz went to college at the University of Southern California School of Cinema - Television , and later said that The O.C. was `` very much based on sort of the experiences I had when I was in college '' as a `` Jewish kid from the East Coast ... surrounded by all these kids from Newport Beach who were water - polo players , and these very blonde girls who only wanted to date them . I felt very much like an outsider . '' Although Orange County residents criticised the show 's title , stating that people did not call the county by the phrase , Schwartz claims that USC students did say that they were from `` The O.C. '' He also stated that Cohen family in season one resembles his own family life , adding that `` The dynamic between Sandy and Seth is very much based on me and my dad . '' Schwartz reasoned that , `` As much as our audience enjoys living vicariously in this wealthy world , I think the true wish fulfillment comes from wishing that they had a family like the Cohens -- where the parents could be that cool and that grounded and that loving , but also real parents . '' Schwartz said that he wrote the highly regarded Pilot episode in his boxer shorts . `` I had no idea what would come of it and there was just that purity to it . '' The script for the Pilot attracted most of the regular cast to the project , including film star Peter Gallagher , who said of the Pilot , `` In that recently post-9 / 11 America , I read this script and thought it was astounding . I thought it was exactly the right story to be telling at that point in time . It was about a family living in a not very embracing community , one that does n't necessarily share all their values . ( ... ) they do n't lose their sense of humor or their inclination to help . They still open their arms and embrace this outsider kid . And I thought that was powerful in an era with a kind of xenophobia , a kind of looking - over-your - shoulder and getting small and angry , sort of creeping into the PATRIOT Act - fueled environment . This espoused a kind of America ... It just felt right . And it had a sense of humor . '' Filming locations ( edit ) Manhattan Beach was one of the primary filming locations for the show . Although the show is set in Newport Beach , financial penalties imposed for filming outside the studio zone meant much of the show was filmed in the Manhattan Beach , Los Angeles County region . Many of the beach scenes were also filmed in Hermosa Beach , Redondo Beach and Torrance . Sites in Los Angeles County were used for many different on - screen locations , which include Ryan 's hometown of Chino , Luke 's father 's Portland home , Johnny 's father 's Indio office and Tijuana . For the first episode , `` Premiere '' , the Cohen family home was shot on location in Malibu . A mock pool house was built for use in the pilot , and taken down after filming completed . The Cohens ' home was recreated on a soundstage at Raleigh Studios in Manhattan Beach for filming during the rest of the series ; the pool was only 4 - feet deep meaning that the cast had to act on their knees . External shots of the original house remained in use throughout the show . The pilot was shot on 35 mm film stock , while subsequent episodes used digitally post-processed 16 mm in order to reduce the cost of production . The Harbor School is the local school that the show 's adolescents attend . Based on Newport 's Newport Harbor High School , which executive producer McG attended , the filming location was Mount St. Mary 's College , a private woman 's college in Brentwood , Los Angeles . The University of California , Los Angeles was the location used to represent Berkeley , and the University of Southern California was used to represent Brown University . The FAA First Federal Credit Union building in Hawthorne was used to depict the Newport Group in season two . Wayfarers Chapel in Rancho Palos Verdes was used three times on the show -- twice for a wedding and once for a funeral . The Cohen 's original home in Berkeley , which they return to in `` The End 's Not Near , It 's Here '' , was shot in South Pasadena . The restaurant dubbed the Crab Shack on the show is actually local landmark The Crab Cooker . Julie refers to the restaurant in a Season 3 episode by its real - life name . Scenes from the show were also shot at the landmark Wattles Mansion located in Hollywood . The Cohen home ( edit ) The Cohen household is a fictitious `` McMansion '' built by Caleb Nichol and The Newport Group . The house is based off two homes located in Malibu , California . The exterior shots of the front of the home and the driveway were filmed from a home on Ocean Breeze Drive in Malibu , California built in 2002 . This was filmed multiple times and used continuously for all four seasons . The interior , backyard , and infinity pool were filmed for the pilot episode in another home down the street also in Malibu . The pool house was built for the pilot episode . After the show got picked up to reduce production costs the interior , backyard , and pool house was rebuilt at Raleigh Studios in Manhattan Beach , CA . During some early episodes in season 2 , the Cohens were doing some extensive remodeling ; this was probably written in because the new set did not accurately recreate the original home in Malibu . The kitchen countertop changed from a dark grey granite to a light beige marble countertop . The sink in the island countertop switches to the other side and the backsplash tile changes . During the pilot episode Ryan walked out of the pool house to look at the ocean view . Past the property line there were houses , streets , cars , and land between the house and the ocean . After the set was created , there was just an ocean and sky backdrop as if the house were sitting on a cliff ; also artificial grass and studio lighting looked less realistic than in the pilot episode . Music ( edit ) Main article : Music on The O.C. The Bait Shop , which was the fictional concert venue that staged performances in the second and third season . Alexandra Patsavas , who had previously worked on shows including Roswell and Carnivàle , was appointed as music supervisor on The O.C. . Patsavas worked alongside creator Josh Schwartz , in selecting the music to be used . Schwartz said that he had `` always intended that music be a character on the show '' The O.C. made indie rock a `` main focus of the series '' and also its marketing plan , releasing six soundtracks throughout the series . In the second season , a fictional new night club and concert venue , called The Bait Shop , was introduced . Bands including The Walkmen , The Killers , Modest Mouse , The Thrills , Rachael Yamagata , Death Cab for Cutie and The Subways all made guest appearances on the show performing at the venue . In addition to having guest artists perform on the show , it also premiered many new music singles from artists including the Beastie Boys , U2 , Beck , Coldplay , Gwen Stefani , and The Shins . Many bands gained exposure through the show , which caused an increase in sales of their music . Rooney , who were the first band to guest appear on the show , experienced a `` 200 percent increase in sales '' after their appearance . Even artists who just had their songs featured benefited : Imogen Heap became `` a household name stateside , '' and Youth Group , who recorded a song specifically for the show , had `` more than 5,000 iTunes downloads ( of that track ) in its first week '' following it being played . However , not all bands were keen to feature on the show . Clap Your Hands Say Yeah were asked to perform , but they turned it down because they were worried that it could diminish their credibility . Some fans and critics echoed that sentiment by stating that such appearances and mass marketing techniques are creating sell - outs . Generally the music was well received . Ben Spier from Entertainment Weekly described the show as a `` mixtaper 's dream '' and Rolling Stone commented that the soundtrack was the reason people kept watching the show . However , Karyn L. Barr from Entertainment Weekly stated that using acts like U2 on a show that dedicated time to indie bands was `` selling out . '' Noah Davis of PopMatters.com criticised the show for neglecting plotlines and replacing them with `` the gang 's countless trips to the Bait Shop . '' Themes ( edit ) The series touches on themes such as inter-generational conflict , social class , social mobility , social alienation , sexual performance anxiety , hope , loneliness , virginity , emotional insecurity , environmentalism , alcoholism , drug addiction , gambling addiction , mental illness , homophobia , bisexuality , May -- December romances , teen pregnancy , political activism , and eventually death and the acceptance of loss . These topics are examined through both lighthearted comedy and heightened operatic drama . Chrismukkah ( edit ) Main article : Chrismukkah Within the series , Seth Cohen has a Jewish father and a Protestant ( Presbyterian ) mother . As a way to merge the two faiths , Seth claims to have `` created Chrismukkah '' when he was six years old . The series included annual Chrismukkah episodes for every season of its run . Particulars of when exactly the holiday was celebrated were not given ; Seth simply said in the first season 's Chrismukkah episode that it was `` eight days of presents , followed by one day of many presents . '' Chrismukkah later received mention in the television series Grey 's Anatomy . In December 2011 the pop - culture website The A.V. Club reviewed all four Chrismukkah episodes for its `` TV Club Advent Calendar . '' The writer noted , `` When thinking back on holiday specials of yore for this project , the first thing that popped into my head was n't nostalgia for my Rankin / Bass - and Chuck Jones - filled youth . Instead , I immediately focused on a much more recent obsession : Chrismukkah . Created by The O.C. 's Seth Cohen ... '' The reviewer continued , saying that `` A thread of underlying sadness unites all four Chrismukkah episodes , but it 's a sadness that begs to be redeemed by the end of the hour . Chrismukkah is really about traditional Christmas togetherness and your standard happy ending ; it 's the everyday miracle of people coming together to create something magical . '' Meta - fictional humor ( edit ) Several episodes feature a fictional show - within - the - show called The Valley , an in - show equivalent to The O.C. The Valley , like The O.C. , has a fictional reality TV counterpart , Sherman Oaks : The Real Valley , which causes Seth to ask , `` Why watch the plight of fictional characters when you can watch real people in contrived situations ? '' Season 2 also focuses on the creation of a fictional comic book called Atomic County , written by Seth Cohen , that is used for similar self - deprecating purposes . The Valley and Atomic County are used throughout the series to comment on aspects of the show itself , such as message board criticism of the show 's reliance on love triangles , the trope of mid-twenties actors portraying teenagers , and the inability of the series to be renewed for another season . In addition , several of the characters talk as if they are aware that they are in a television series . One episode in the second season finds Seth commenting that `` we tried some new things , '' but that `` last year was just better , '' echoing response from fans that the second season was inferior to the first . USA Today remarked that The O.C. 's `` undertone of sarcasm and self - parody ' was one of the aspects of the series that made it compelling . Writer Ken Barnes opined that The O.C. took `` meta - TV '' to its `` sublime peak '' with The Valley . He continued , saying that the `` device allowed producers and writers to have fun mocking critical and public perceptions of The OC , its supposed soap - operatic excesses and pop - culture obsessions . In a book written by Alan Sepinwall that examined the series , Sepinwall noted that `` Schwartz spends enough of his day trolling message boards to know exactly what fans are complaining about and which references to other shows and movies they 've caught , and he incorporates it into his scripts . '' An entire chapter of the book is devoted to perceived self - mockery within the series , with much attention given to the episode `` The L.A. '' from Season One . Producer Allan Heinberg said that many instances of meta - commentary had to be cut if the network or Schwartz felt they had gone too far , saying that `` Sandy at one point had a speech about the Golden Globes that we felt was maybe a little inside . '' Schwartz similarly declined a request to have The O.C. actors portray themselves on Arrested Development , another FOX show set in Orange County . Broadcast and distribution ( edit ) First run broadcast ( edit ) See also : List of The O.C. episodes The first season premiered at 9 : 00 p.m. ( EDT ) on August 5 , 2003 on Fox , and was simulcast in Canada on CTV . The original , English - language version of the show also aired in other continents . In the United Kingdom , the first episode was aired at 9 : 00 p.m. ( GMT ) on March 7 , 2004 on Channel 4 , but subsequent episodes were first shown on sister station E4 , a week in advance of being shown on Channel 4 . In Australia , the pilot was first broadcast on the Nine Network but the channel later dropped the show . Network Ten picked up the show and by the fourth season was airing episodes within days of it being broadcast in the U.S. In New Zealand , the show was aired on TV2 , and in Ireland it was broadcast on TG4 . In South Africa it premiered on April 1 , 2004 on satellite television channel Go and was shown on terrestrial channel SABC 3 in December 2006 . In India , the English - language channel Zee Café debuted the show on December 30 , 2005 . For the fourth season , in the week before an episode was broadcast on television , it was available via on demand streaming through Fox Interactive Media 's MySpace and MyFoxLocal stations . It was also aired in non-English speaking countries . It aired across Latin America on the Warner Channel . In France , it aired on France 2 under the name Newport Beach . It aired in Germany on ProSieben , in Switzerland on SF zwei , and in Russia under the name OC -- Lonely Hearts on STS . In Italy it was shown on Italia 1 , with pay - per view channel Joi being the first to make available episodes of season 3 onwards through the digital terrestrial television service Mediaset Premium . In Poland the series was broadcast under the local title Życie Na Fali on TVN in 2006 and 2007 in a daytime block from Monday to Friday at 2 : 00 p.m. with single episodes attracting up to a million viewers . Then , it was also repeated on TVN7 . Cancellation ( edit ) Due to low ratings , it was rumored that the show would not return for a fifth season . In June 2006 , Fox confirmed that `` the current order for The O.C. is 16 episodes '' , but added that there was a chance to add more installments . In September 2006 , Rachel Bilson said that she felt like `` the show is over '' , and co-star Kelly Rowan stated that many of the cast realised the show was close to being cancelled . Rowan said that `` when ( the fourth season ) was picked up for just 16 episodes this year the cast had a feeling the end was near . '' On January 3 , 2007 , Fox announced that The O.C. was to be cancelled . In a statement , Schwartz said `` This feels like the best time to bring the show to its close '' adding that `` what better time to go out than creatively on top . '' Fox launched an official campaign on their website called Save The O.C. , which garnered over 740,000 signatures . There were rumors that the show would be saved by The CW Television Network . CW president Dawn Ostroff confirmed in January 2007 that while the move was discussed , it was decided against . Syndication ( edit ) The O.C. was syndicated on Soapnet from 2007 until 2012 in the United States , and the series began airing on Pop in 2016 . The show became available for streaming on The CW Seed in 2015 , and Hulu in 2016 . Media releases ( edit ) The O.C. -- The Complete Series All four seasons are available on DVD in Regions 1 , 2 and 4 . Season DVD Release date Season 1 The O.C. -- The Complete First Season October 26 , 2004 Season 2 The O.C. -- The Complete Second Season August 23 , 2005 Season 3 The O.C. -- The Complete Third Season October 24 , 2006 Season 4 The O.C. -- The Complete Fourth and Final Season May 22 , 2007 The O.C. The Complete Series was released on November 27 , 2007 in Canada and the United States , which included the first season remastered in widescreen . The complete series was also released as a Region 2 DVD on November 19 , 2007 but did not include the remastered version of the first season . Additionally , the boxset included a note from Josh Schwartz , a printed conversation between Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage , two rare bonus discs , a season four gag reel , and Atomic County excerpts . For registered members of selected regional iTunes Stores , the complete series is available to purchase and download . These seasons are also available in the US as video on demand from Amazon Video . The fourth season was also made available in the Zune . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Adam Brody 's performance as Seth Cohen was held in high regard by fans and critics . Season one of The O.C. received generally positive reviews from critics and is frequently regarded as the best season . Upon the show 's premiere , Gael Fashingbauer Cooper of MSNBC described Ryan and Seth 's friendship as `` the most promising plot '' . The New York Times noted that `` Mr. Schwartz pulled it off , sneaking a truly smart show past the gatekeepers in the guise of something commercial and trashy and fun . '' The reviewer also praised how the show `` steered clear of both Aaron Spelling - style camp and the soggy earnestness that often characterises teen drama '' and praised the integration of the adult cast into the plotlines . IGN called it `` far more engaging and interesting '' than its predecessors in the teen genre . The reviewer pointed to the show 's sense of humor and respect for its audience , praising the series as `` very funny '' and `` well - acted '' , while referring to Mischa Barton as the weak link . Time Magazine critic James Poniewozik was fond of the premiere episode , saying that the show `` looks to have enough heart , talent and wit to generate a few seasons ' worth of luxurious suds . As Ryan would say , in the teen - soap business , being 100 % original does n't make you smart . Delivering a formula with so much style and believability that it feels new again -- that does . '' Despite much positive reception , the first season was not without some criticism . San Jose Mercury News criticised the plot and the casting , saying that `` the storylines usually involve the obligatory three - episode - arc drug problems or lost virginity with dialogue designed to keep a dog up to speed , '' and that `` Whoever at FOX thought Benjamin McKenzie could pass for anything younger than 25 should be fired . '' The second season was widely regarded as inferior to the first , but still received generally positive reception . IGN noted that Season 2 contains some of the best moments of the series , and praised the bisexual romance between Alex and Marissa . It was said to have `` managed to surpass its ratings ploy outer trappings to actually work as one of the better Marissa plotlines , at least initially , by doing a solid job of portraying her `` I 've never done this before ... '' confusion and excitement . '' Another review praised episodes `` The Chrismukkah That Almost Was n't '' and `` The Rainy Day Woman '' as standout quality hours of the series , and praised the storyline that focused on Sandy and Kirsten 's marriage . Autumn Reeser 's performance as Taylor Townsend was frequently singled out as a highlight of the third and fourth seasons . In contrast to the first two , Season 3 of the series was met with mostly negative reception . After the eventual cancellation of the show , Schwartz admitted that `` the whole first half of the third season was a total mess . '' IGN faulted a season which , in their opinion , had `` far too much time and too many episodes spent with the less than beloved character Johnny . '' IGN also noted that `` Kirsten and Sandy both suffered from unsatisfying stories , '' and that the departure of character Caleb Nichol had been a mistake `` as he had been a great character to bounce off both of the elder Cohens . '' In September 2007 , Schwartz admitted in an interview for New York that the show `` went down the wrong road '' with Johnny . The season did , however , receive some praise . The new character Taylor Townsend was stated as being `` played to perfection by Autumn Reeser '' and her character was described as `` one of the greatest elements of The O.C. '' Jeffrey Robinson of DVD Talk described the storylines as `` very intelligent and also incorporate a great deal of humor to keep your interest . '' While looking back on the series in an interview for the complete series box - set , Schwartz explained that `` somewhere around Season 3 , for reasons too numerous to discuss , I lost focus . The network was n't really supporting the show . '' Schwartz went on to say that Season 3 was probably `` the most important season , because it 's where I learned the most . About television , about myself as a writer , about discipline and trying to hold onto your focus even if you 're hearing a lot of opinions or being forced to add things creatively that you do n't agree with . And I do n't think Season 4 would have been as fun or as adventurous or as weird and zany and ultimately emotional if it were n't for that experience . '' The final season is generally regarded by fans and critics as a return to form for the series . Variety 's Josef Adalian said that `` ( the show ) is once again in great creative shape . '' He added that `` the scripts are snappy , the plots make sense , the acting 's solid , ( and ) the music is appropriately indie '' but criticised Fox for `` throwing away '' the show by giving it the Thursday 9 : 00 p.m. timeslot . Buddytv.com praised the season premiere , saying `` this episode is the best OC episode since the show 's first season . The absence of Mischa Barton character of Marissa Cooper is the best thing that 's happened to The OC in a long time . The cast is now exceptional from top to bottom and the show is , at least in the first episode , much darker in tone than the first three seasons . This is a good sign . '' Later in the season , Buddytv.com lamented that `` The OC is winding down , in all likelihood , and it 's a shame . The show is hitting its creative stride just now , in its fourth season , and no one cares . '' Critic Alan Sepinwall said of the premiere , `` Damn . That was ... not bad . No , better than that . That was good . Confident , in character , funny on occasion ( any scene with Che ) , genuinely touching at others ( the comic book store intervention ) , really the most like itself the show has felt in a long time , maybe even going back to season one . '' In a review of a later episode , Sepinwall related that Season 4 was a `` resurgent season '' and that `` every `` O.C. '' episode review just turns into a list of things I liked . '' Belinda Acosta of The Austin Chronicle agreed , praising the show 's `` new energy '' and its ability to successfully cover `` the transition between high school and college that other series have stumbled over . '' Entertainment Weekly 's Ken Tucker commented that the fourth season was `` a succession of terrific subplots '' and praised new main cast member Taylor `` as a fine , funny love interest for Ryan . '' Greg Elwell of DVD Talk described Bullit as `` the breakout character of the season '' but commented that the season 's `` dark opening ( ... ) did n't do much to keep viewers around . '' IGN 's Eric Goldman was also critical , saying that `` as amusing as Che was , his inclusion into some later episodes gets a bit tired . '' Goldman also commented that `` the second half of Season 4 was n't quite as solid as the first ( half ) '' ; however , he added that while the fourth season had to prove itself again as an enjoyable watch `` Josh Schwartz rose to this challenge ( ... ) once again creating a show that was witty and self - aware . '' US television ratings ( edit ) A line graph showing the U.S. television ratings for The O.C. The pilot episode attracted 7.46 million viewers in the United States , came second in its time slot behind the season finale of Last Comic Standing , and was the highest rated show of the night in the 12 -- 17 - year - old demographic . The most watched O.C. episode was `` The Rivals '' , the seventeenth episode of season one . It attracted 12.72 million viewers , and was the lead - out to American Idol , which attracted 29.43 million viewers that week . The O.C. was the highest - rated new drama of the 2003 -- 2004 season among adults aged 18 to 34 , averaging a total of 9.7 million viewers . For the second season , the show moved to an `` ultra-competitive Thursday '' timeslot against the likes of Survivor , Joey and Will & Grace . This is often cited as a cause of The O.C. 's decline in popularity . The move improved Fox 's performance at the new time slot , but lost the show viewers , as average viewing figures decreased thirty percent from the previous season to 7 million . For the third season , average viewing figures decreased a further twenty percent from the previous season to 5.6 million . The Thursday 9.00 pm timeslot placed the show against two other very popular shows , CSI and Grey 's Anatomy . The fourth season premiered in November 2006 with very little promotion or advertisements from FOX , and was once again in the Thursday timeslot . The premiere episode attracted 3.4 million viewers , which was a series low . For the series finale , 6.7 million viewers tuned in . This was 76 percent more than the season average of 4.6 million viewers . Season Episodes Timeslot ( ET ) Season premiere Season finale TV season Rank Viewers ( millions ) 27 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( 2003 ) Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( 2003 -- 04 ) August 5 , 2003 May 5 , 2004 2003 -- 04 57 9.69 24 Thursday 8 : 00 pm November 4 , 2004 May 19 , 2005 2004 -- 05 85 7.0 25 Thursday 8 : 00 pm ( 2005 ) Thursday 9 : 00 pm ( 2006 ) September 8 , 2005 May 18 , 2006 2005 -- 06 105 5.6 16 Thursday 9 : 00 pm November 2 , 2006 February 22 , 2007 2006 -- 07 123 4.3 Awards and honors ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by The O.C. For the debut episode , `` Premiere '' , Schwartz received a Writers Guild of America Award nomination for Best Screenplay in an Episodic Drama , and casting directors Rush and Silverberg nominated in the Dramatic Pilot category of the Artios Awards . Luke 's declaration in the premiere episode of `` Welcome to the O.C. , bitch '' was placed 83rd by TV Land in its 100 Greatest TV Quotes and Catchphrases in 2006 . The first season picked up four Teen Choice Awards , and was nominated for another two . Additionally it was nominated for the Outstanding New Program TCA Award , and in Australia it won a Logie Award for Most Popular Overseas Program in 2005 . For the second season the show was nominated for five Teen Choice Awards , and won four of them , including best drama . It was nominated for the Favorite Television Drama People 's Choice Award , and Kelly Rowan won a PRISM Award for Performance in a Drama Series Episode , with Peter Gallagher getting a nomination . The second - season finale was nominated for a PRISM TV Drama Series Episode award . The third season was nominated for five Teen Choice Awards and won four of them , including `` Choice Drama / Action Adventure Show '' and `` Choice Actor : Drama / Action Adventure , '' which Adam Brody won for the third consecutive year . Legacy ( edit ) The O.C. popularised its setting , Orange County , and led to copycats like MTV 's reality show Laguna Beach : The Real Orange County and the Bravo documentary series The Real Housewives of Orange County , and its success as a prime - time soap opera helped Marc Cherry get Desperate Housewives on the air . The show generated a dedicated and thriving international fan community . DVD Verdict said , `` The O.C. has become one of those rare shows whose influence has begun to extend far beyond the television screen , and has actually started to take an active role in shaping American teenage pop culture . '' Fans of the show , sometimes dubbed OC Groupies , have been active in developing a large number of fan websites and forums dedicated to the program . Famous fans of the show include the Bush twins , Jenna and Barbara , and Princess Beatrice . Additionally , actual UC Berkeley students created in 2004 the Sandy Cohen Public Defender Fellowship in honor of Peter Gallagher 's character Sandy Cohen . The fellowship is awarded to students who plan to work as public defenders and has been presented by Gallagher . Comedy group The Lonely Island created a parody of The O.C. called The ' Bu . At Boston College , students created and produced a parody titled `` The BC '' that received nationwide acclaim and features in The New York Times and CBS Evening News . On April 14 , 2007 , Saturday Night Live aired a Digital Short titled `` Dear Sister '' that satirised the final scene of The O.C. 's second - season finale . The short became popular enough to beget a wave of re-enactments and parodies using `` Hide and Seek '' with the music set to slow - motion scenes of violence from various films and television series . Independent Washington University in St. Louis newspaper Student Life said that , `` The O.C. 's '' legacy will live on through its viewers . Whether you wear a ' Save Marissa ' shirt , a leather wristcuff or hoodie in honor of Ryan or listen to Death Cab for Cutie , as Seth did , know that `` The O.C. '' was a cultural phenomenon that will not be forgotten . '' Between 2012 and 2013 , The OC 's catchphrase `` What are you doing here ? '' -- most memorably and often repeated by Marissa Cooper , but also used by other characters -- was satirised in Saturday Night Live 's skit The Californians . The web series The Most Popular Girls in School mentioned the series in a flashback episode where the main characters were portrayed as children in 2003 ; in a scene the characters talk briefly about watching an episode the night before . A Turkish adaptation , named Medcezir , has been created in 2013 and airs on Star TV . The first season counts 38 episodes . Complementary Media ( edit ) The characters and setting of The O.C. have appeared in several official tie - ins outside of the television broadcast , including in print and on the Internet . Novels ( edit ) Eight novelizations have been released by the publisher Scholastic Inc. with the permission of Warner Bros. & Fox . They are : The Outsider ( ISBN 0141319070 ) The Misfit ( ISBN 0141319089 ) The Way Back ( ISBN 0439677025 ) Spring Break ( ISBN 0439696321 ) Summer of Summer ( ISBN 043969633X ) Bait & Switch ( ISBN 0439745705 ) ' Twas the Night Before Chrismukkah ( ISBN 0 - 439 - 7457 - 13 ) Cohen ! ( ISBN 0439745721 ) With the exception of ' Twas the Night Before Chrismukkah , written by Andes Hruby , all the books were written by authors Cory Martin and Aury Wallington . An official biography book titled Meet The O.C. Superstars ( ISBN 0 - 4396 - 60602 ) , written by Monica Rizzo , was also published . Several unofficial books relating to the show have also been published . O.C. Undercover ( ISBN 0312331428 ) , written by Brittany Kemp , published by Plexus Publishing Ltd. , is a book that includes biographies of the cast , fashion tips , and information about culture trends associated with the show . Stop Being a Hater and Learn to Love The O.C. ( ISBN 1596090065 ) , written by Alan Sepinwall and published by Chamberlain Bros. , discusses the merits of the television program , and aims to give a lighthearted view from all ages of the show . Licensed merchandise ( edit ) Several types of products based on the series , such as clothes , toys and games , have been licensed for release . Licensed items of clothing released included T - shirts , jumpers , underwear and flip - flops , which are sold from the 20th Century Fox store . Other accessories available included keychains , notepads and a Chrismukkah wrapping paper . An official bath set and `` OC Beauty To Go Cooling Set '' was released in 2004 . AMC Beauty released fragrances in October 2006 , named `` The O.C. for Him '' and `` The O.C. for Her '' in 0.5 oz and 1.7 oz versions . LeSportsac , in a partnership with Fox , released The O.C. collection '' in August 2006 , which was a fashion line of bags and accessories . Screenlife and Mattel launched a The O.C. themed version of Scene It ? , a DVD trivia game based on the first three seasons . Cardinal Games released The OC Game , another trivia board game . In 2006 , Gameloft released a mobile game based on the show . A partnership with Sephora included one of their beauty editors writing on the official OC Insider site , and the inclusion of articles about their products . TheOCInsider.com and Starbrand.tv also included comprehensive guides of fashion and styles featured on the show , providing details to customers of how to obtain these items . Spin - offs ( edit ) The O.C. has given rise to a number of spin - offs , some developed and others not . Atomic County was a spin - off based on the cartoon characters in Seth 's comic book of the same name . It was created by The O.C. writer John Stephens and artist Eric Wight , who was responsible for the comic book drawings featured on the show . In 2005 , Schwartz announced he was writing a spin - off which followed the life of Marissa 's younger sister Kaitlin at boarding school . It was set to premiere in January 2006 , but the airing of the spin - off never occurred . Schwartz attributed this to Gail Berman , president of Fox Broadcasting Company , moving to Paramount in May 2005 . There were plans to turn the show into something of a reverse spin - off . Schwartz planned to release a spin - off of his series Gossip Girl entitled Valley Girls , originally to premiere in the fall of 2009 . Schwartz wanted to tie in the younger versions of the characters from both The O.C. and the principals from Valley Girls to establish a continuity with Gossip Girl . A re-adaption of the show started in September 2013 in Turkey . It soon became a wide popular series named Medcezir ( meaning tide in English ) featuring popular young Turkish artists Çağatay Ulusoy and Serenay Sarıkaya . By the New Year of 2013 , first 15 Episodes were released with very positive and increasing criticism . The plot is very similar to The O.C. , yet the show is a lot different by script on this adaption . The O.C. Musical took place on August 30 , 2015 , at the Montalban Theater in Los Angeles , selling out in minutes when tickets went on sale earlier that same month . While not officially authorized by FOX or Warner Bros. TV , Sucker Love Productions ' musical was supported by the show 's cast and producers , with Autumn Reeser portraying Julie Cooper and briefly reprising her role as Taylor Townsend for the first time in 8 years . Creator Josh Schwartz and stars Rachel Bilson , Melinda Clarke , and Kelly Rowan also reunited at the musical . The cast included Awkward star Greer Grammer as Summer Roberts and Pretty Little Liars star Brendan Robinson as Seth Cohen . Podcasts ( edit ) There are currently four Podcasts about The O.C. The original is PortlandCA , an O.C. commentary track hosted by Josh Hatfield , Josh Stout and Cory Hatfield . New episodes are posted on Thursday . The second is Do You See The O.C. That I See ? hosted by Allie Russell and Jillian Gomez . The recurring theme of this podcast is burritos . The third is The O.C. Plus Three hosted by Cam , David and Meaghan . This is an episode by episode commentary podcast with Cam being the only one to have seen the show before . The fourth is We Used To Be Teens hosted by Bryony , Cal , and Josh . WUTBT is an episode by episode analysis podcast , and is largely punctuated by meme chat and tangents . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gumbel , Andrew ( January 5 , 2007 ) . `` It 's so over for The OC '' . London : The Independent . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tribune Newspapers ( April 21 , 2004 ) . `` ' Soapedy ' a prime - time hit '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan , Seth , and co . shine in pop culture phenomenon '' . The Observer . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Plagued by low ratings , ' The O.C. ' gets canceled '' . msnbc.msn.com . Associated Press . January 4 , 2007 . 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Jump up ^ Battaglio , Stephen ( August 7 , 2003 ) . `` Comic has last laugh against O.C. '' Daily News . Mortimer Zuckerman . Retrieved January 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( August 7 , 2003 ) . `` The Beautiful People of ' O.C. ' Deliver Some Ugly Numbers '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Berman , Marc ( January 23 , 2004 ) . `` The Programming Insider '' . Mediaweek . Nielsen Company . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2009 . Retrieved October 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings shine in ' The O.C. ' '' ( Note : Payment required ) . USA Today . McLean , Virginia . March 2 , 2004 . Retrieved July 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` I.T.R.S. Ranking Report : 01 Thru 210 '' . ABC Medianet . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Jennifer ( January 12 , 2007 ) . `` The O.C. Wipes Out '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Matthew ( February 22 , 2007 ) . `` Ironic and fun ' O.C. ' died oh so quickly '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved August 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( January 4 , 2007 ) . `` The O.C. Is Cancelled '' . IGN . Retrieved August 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Finn , Natalie ( January 4 , 2007 ) . `` The O.C. , RIP '' . E ! Online News . E ! Entertainment Television . Retrieved August 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Primetime series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 27 , 2005 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2009 . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2009 . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bawden , Jim ( February 22 , 2007 ) . `` What killed The O.C. ? '' . Toronto Star . Torstar . Retrieved October 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Josh Says Goodbye '' . What 's Alan Watching . Retrieved January 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barrett , Annie ( November 6 , 2006 ) . `` The O.C. : `` Help us ! '' Love , the Cohens `` . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Berman , Marc ( November 6 , 2006 ) . `` DOA Return of Fox 's The O.C '' . Mediaweek . Nielsen Company . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2009 . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Toff , Benjamin ( February 24 , 2007 ) . `` Arts , Briefly ; Modest Finale for ' The OC ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 -- 07 primetime wrap '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 25 , 2007 . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2010 . Retrieved June 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Cadorette , Guylaine ( January 2 , 2004 ) . `` WGA Announces Screenplay Noms '' . Hollywood Media Corp . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Artios Award Winners 2004 '' . Casting Society of America . Retrieved December 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Sarah ( April 19 , 2007 ) . `` Farewell to The OC , bitch : best teen show for years ? '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved August 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest TV Quotes and Catchphrases '' . TV Land . Viacom . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2008 . Retrieved October 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` What are TV 's 100 Greatest Quotes and Catchphrases '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media . November 28 , 2006 . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Television Critics Association Awards Archived July 15 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . '' , Television Critics Association . Documented at `` Complete list of nominees Archived July 1 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . '' ( XLS ) . Retrieved on 2008 -- 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Logie award winners 2005 '' . The Daily Telegraph ( Sydney ) . Sydney . October 16 , 2004 . Retrieved July 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` PRISM Awards , 2006 , Television '' . PRISM Awards . Entertainment Industries Council . Retrieved July 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Moss , Corey ( August 21 , 2006 ) . `` Britney Introduces K - Fed , Nick Lachey Scores ' Awkward ' Award At Teen Choice 2006 '' . MTV . Retrieved September 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Suzanne C. ( October 29 , 2006 ) . `` Once hot , ' O.C. ' now struggles '' . The Boston Globe . The New York Times Company . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The O.C. : The Complete Second Season '' . DVD Verdict . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2012 . Retrieved January 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sooke , Alastair ( August 13 , 2005 ) , `` The OC : Complete Second Season '' , Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved on July 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Elsworth , Catherine ; Born , Matt ( October 16 , 2004 ) , `` Bush twins endorse the sultry soap taking over from Friends '' , Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved on July 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm not a stereotypical princess '' ( August 4 , 2005 ) , Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved on July 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Peter Gallagher Presents OC - inspired Public Defender Fellowship '' . Berkeley Law . May 10 , 2005 . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tam , Chester ( April 15 , 2007 ) . `` SNL Digital Short -- The Shooting '' . Retrieved April 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` SNL Digital Short inspired by the O.C. Archived April 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . '' Jump up ^ `` Life after the OC '' . Student Life . January 14 , 2009 . Retrieved January 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weisman , Jon ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` ' The O.C. ' Gets a Remake ... in Turkey '' . Variety . Retrieved September 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Twas The Night Before Chrismukkah ( The O.C. ) '' . Amazon.com . ISBN 0439745713 . Jump up ^ `` Barnes & Noble -- Books by Cory Martin '' . Retrieved July 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Aury Wallington -- Books -- Series '' . Retrieved July 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Meet The OC Superstars : The Official Biography ! '' . Amazon.com . ISBN 0439660602 . Jump up ^ `` O.C. Undercover : An Unofficial Guide to the Stars and Styles of The O.C '' . Amazon.com . ISBN 0312331428 . Jump up ^ `` Stop Being a Hater and Learn to Love The O.C '' . Amazon.com . ISBN 1596090065 . Jump up ^ `` WBtv Shop -- The O.C. -- Girls '' . WBTV Shop . Warner Bros. Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chrismukkah Wrapping Paper -- Matzoh Ball and Snowman Design '' . WBTV Shop . Warner Bros. Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sephora celebrates with OC '' ( Note : Payment required ) . Cosmetic Products Report . Cosmetics International . November 1 , 2004 . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rivenburg , Roy ( September 8 , 2005 ) . `` ' The O.C. ' Brand Puts Style on Sale '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Smells Like `` O.C. '' Spirit `` . Retrieved July 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` LeSportsac Moves Into `` The O.C '' . LeSportsac . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2008 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Scene It ? -- The OC '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The OC Game '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Gameloft -- The O.C '' . Retrieved July 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Writer Bios -- Laura Kenney '' . The OC Insider . Warner Bros. Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Girlie Gadgets : Move Over Blackberry , These Little Beauty Gizmos Are Our New Favorite Playthings '' . The OC Insider . Warner Bros. Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wilkes , Neil ( January 20 , 2005 ) . `` Schwartz scraps ' Athens ' , confirms ' OC ' spinoff '' . Digital Spy . Digital Spy Limited . Retrieved October 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( February 27 , 2007 ) . `` The O.C. : Josh says goodbye '' . What 's Alan Watching ? . Alan Sepinwall . Retrieved October 28 , 2008 . Further reading ( edit ) Arellano , Gustavo . `` Headed for reruns . '' Los Angeles Times . January 22 , 2007 . 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myocardial infarction leads to impairment of ventricular function because			Myocardial infarction	myocardial infarction	Myocardial infarction ( MI ) , commonly known as a heart attack , occurs when blood flow decreases or stops to a part of the heart , causing damage to the heart muscle . The most common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which may travel into the shoulder , arm , back , neck , or jaw . Often it occurs in the center or left side of the chest and lasts for more than a few minutes . The discomfort may occasionally feel like heartburn . Other symptoms may include shortness of breath , nausea , feeling faint , a cold sweat , or feeling tired . About 30 % of people have atypical symptoms . Women more often have atypical symptoms than men . Among those over 75 years old , about 5 % have had an MI with little or no history of symptoms . An MI may cause heart failure , an irregular heartbeat , cardiogenic shock , or cardiac arrest .	Most MIs occur due to coronary artery disease . Risk factors include high blood pressure , smoking , diabetes , lack of exercise , obesity , high blood cholesterol , poor diet , and excessive alcohol intake , among others . The complete blockage of a coronary artery caused by a rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque is usually the underlying mechanism of an MI . MIs are less commonly caused by coronary artery spasms , which may be due to cocaine , significant emotional stress , and extreme cold , among others . A number of tests are useful to help with diagnosis , including electrocardiograms ( ECGs ) , blood tests , and coronary angiography . An ECG , which is a recording of the heart 's electrical activity , may confirm an ST elevation MI ( STEMI ) if ST elevation is present . Commonly used blood tests include troponin and less often creatine kinase MB . Treatment of an MI is time critical . Aspirin is an appropriate immediate treatment for a suspected MI . Nitroglycerin or opioids may be used to help with chest pain ; however , they do not improve overall outcomes . Supplemental oxygen should be used in those with low oxygen levels or shortness of breath . In a STEMI , treatments attempt to restore blood flow to the heart , and include percutaneous coronary intervention ( PCI ) , where the arteries are pushed open and may be stented , or thrombolysis , where the blockage is removed using medications . People who have a non-ST elevation myocardial infarction ( NSTEMI ) are often managed with the blood thinner heparin , with the additional use of PCI in those at high risk . In people with blockages of multiple coronary arteries and diabetes , coronary artery bypass surgery ( CABG ) may be recommended rather than angioplasty . After an MI , lifestyle modifications , along with long term treatment with aspirin , beta blockers , and statins , are typically recommended . Worldwide , about 15.9 million myocardial infarctions occurred in 2015 . More than 3 million people had an ST elevation MI and more than 4 million had an NSTEMI . STEMIs occur about twice as often in men as women . About one million people have an MI each year in the United States . In the developed world the risk of death in those who have had an STEMI is about 10 % . Rates of MI for a given age have decreased globally between 1990 and 2010 . In 2011 , AMI was one of the top five most expensive conditions during inpatient hospitalizations in the US , with a cost of about $11.5 billion for 612,000 hospital stays . Play media Video explanation Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 Signs and symptoms 2.1 Pain 2.2 Other symptoms 3 Causes 3.1 Diet 3.2 Genetics 3.3 Other 4 Mechanism 4.1 Atherosclerosis 4.2 Other causes 4.3 Tissue death 5 Diagnosis 5.1 Criteria 5.2 Types 5.3 Cardiac biomarkers 5.4 Electrocardiogram 5.5 Imaging 5.6 Differential diagnosis 6 Management 6.1 Pain 6.2 Anticoagulation 6.3 Angiogram 6.4 Fibrinolysis 6.5 Other 6.6 Rehabilitation 7 Prevention 7.1 Primary prevention 7.1. 1 Lifestyle 7.1. 2 Medication 7.2 Secondary prevention 7.2. 1 Medications 7.2. 2 Other 8 Prognosis 8.1 Complications 9 Epidemiology 10 Society and culture 10.1 Legal implications 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Terminology ( edit ) Main article : Acute coronary syndrome Myocardial infarction ( MI ) refers to tissue death ( infarction ) of the heart muscle ( myocardium ) . It is a type of acute coronary syndrome , which describes a sudden or short - term change in symptoms related to blood flow to the heart . Unlike other causes of acute coronary syndromes , such as unstable angina , a myocardial infarction occurs when there is cell death , as measured by a blood test of cardiac enzymes such as troponin or CK - MB . When there is evidence of an MI , it may be classified as an ST elevation myocardial infarction ( STEMI ) or Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction ( NSTEMI ) based on the results of an ECG . The phrase `` heart attack '' is often used non-specifically to refer to a myocardial infarction and to sudden cardiac death . An MI is different from -- but can cause -- cardiac arrest , where the heart is not contracting at all or so poorly that all vital organs cease to function , thus causing death . It is also distinct from heart failure , in which the pumping action of the heart is impaired . However , an MI may lead to heart failure . Signs and symptoms ( edit ) Areas where pain is experienced in myocardial infarction , showing common ( dark red ) and less common ( light red ) areas on the chest and back . Pain ( edit ) Chest pain is the most common symptom of acute myocardial infarction and is often described as a sensation of tightness , pressure , or squeezing . Pain radiates most often to the left arm , but may also radiate to the lower jaw , neck , right arm , back , and upper abdomen . The pain most suggestive of an acute MI , with the highest likelihood ratio , is pain radiating to the right arm and shoulder . Similarly , chest pain similar to a previous heart attack is also suggestive . The pain associated with MI is usually diffuse , does not change with position , and lasts for more than 20 minutes . Levine 's sign , in which a person localizes the chest pain by clenching one or both fists over their sternum , has classically been thought to be predictive of cardiac chest pain , although a prospective observational study showed it had a poor positive predictive value . Pain that responds to nitroglycerin does not indicate the presence or absence of a myocardial infarction . Other symptoms ( edit ) Chest pain may be accompanied by sweating , nausea or vomiting , and fainting , and these symptoms may also occur without any pain at all . In women , the most common symptoms of myocardial infarction include shortness of breath , weakness , and fatigue . Shortness of breath is a common , and sometimes the only symptom , occurring when damage to the heart limits the output of the left ventricle , with breathlessness arising either from low oxygen in the blood , or pulmonary edema . Other less common symptoms include weakness , light - headedness , palpitations , and abnormalities in heart rate or blood pressure . These symptoms are likely induced by a massive surge of catecholamines from the sympathetic nervous system , which occurs in response to pain and , where present , low blood pressure . Loss of consciousness due to inadequate blood flow to the brain and cardiogenic shock , and sudden death , frequently due to the development of ventricular fibrillation , can occur in myocardial infarctions . Cardiac arrest , and atypical symptoms such as palpitations , occur more frequently in women , the elderly , those with diabetes , in people who have just had surgery , and in critically ill patients . `` Silent '' myocardial infarctions can happen without any symptoms at all . These cases can be discovered later on electrocardiograms , using blood enzyme tests , or at autopsy after a person has died . Such silent myocardial infarctions represent between 22 and 64 % of all infarctions , and are more common in the elderly , in those with diabetes mellitus and after heart transplantation . In people with diabetes , differences in pain threshold , autonomic neuropathy , and psychological factors have been cited as possible explanations for the lack of symptoms . In heart transplantation , the donor heart is not fully innervated by the nervous system of the recipient . Causes ( edit ) The most prominent risk factors for myocardial infarction are older age , actively smoking , high blood pressure , diabetes mellitus , and total cholesterol and high - density lipoprotein levels . Many risk factors of myocardial infarction are shared with coronary artery disease , the primary cause of myocardial infarction , with other risk factors including male sex , low levels of physical activity , a past family history , obesity , and alcohol use . Risk factors for myocardial disease are often included in risk factor stratification scores , such as the Framingham risk score . At any given age , men are more at risk than women for the development of cardiovascular disease . High levels of blood cholesterol is a known risk factor , particularly high low - density lipoprotein , low high - density lipoprotein , and high triglycerides . Many risk factors for myocardial infarction are potentially modifiable , with the most important being tobacco smoking ( including secondhand smoke ) . Smoking appears to be the cause of about 36 % and obesity the cause of 20 % of coronary artery disease . Lack of physical activity has been linked to 7 -- 12 % of cases . Less common causes include stress - related causes such as job stress , which accounts for about 3 % of cases , and chronic high stress levels . Diet ( edit ) There is varying evidence about the importance of saturated fat in the development of myocardial infarctions . Eating polyunsaturated fat instead of saturated fats has been shown in studies to be associated with a decreased risk of myocardial infarction , while other studies find little evidence that reducing dietary saturated fat or increasing polyunsaturated fat intake affects heart attack risk . Dietary cholesterol does not appear to have a significant effect on blood cholesterol and thus recommendations about its consumption may not be needed . Trans fats do appear to increase risk . Acute and prolonged intake of high quantities of alcoholic drinks ( 3 -- 4 or more ) increases the risk of a heart attack . Genetics ( edit ) Family history of ischemic heart disease or MI , particularly if one has a male first - degree relative ( father , brother ) who had a myocardial infarction before age 55 years , or a female first - degree relative ( mother , sister ) less than age 65 increases a person 's risk of MI . Genome - wide association studies have found 27 genetic variants that are associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction . The strongest association of MI has been found with chromosome 9 on the short arm p at locus 21 , which contains genes CDKN2A and 2B , although the single nucleotide polymorphisms that are implicated are within a non-coding region . The majority of these variants are in regions that have not been previously implicated in coronary artery disease . The following genes have an association with MI : PCSK9 , SORT1 , MIA3 , WDR12 , MRAS , PHACTR1 , LPA , TCF21 , MTHFDSL , ZC3HC1 , CDKN2A , 2B , ABO , PDGF0 , APOA5 , MNF1ASM283 , COL4A1 , HHIPC1 , SMAD3 , ADAMTS7 , RAS1 , SMG6 , SNF8 , LDLR , SLC5A3 , MRPS6 , KCNE2 . Other ( edit ) The risk of having a myocardial infarction increases with older age , low physical activity , and low socioeconomic status . Heart attacks appear to occur more commonly in the morning hours , especially between 6AM and noon . Evidence suggests that heart attacks are at least three times more likely to occur in the morning than in the late evening . Shift work is also associated with a higher risk of MI . Women who use combined oral contraceptive pills have a modestly increased risk of myocardial infarction , especially in the presence of other risk factors . The use of non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) , even for as short as a week , increases risk . Endometriosis in women under the age of 40 is an identified risk factor . Short - term exposure to air pollution such as carbon monoxide , nitrogen dioxide , and sulfur dioxide ( but not ozone ) have been associated with MI . A number of acute and chronic infections including Chlamydophila pneumoniae , influenza , Helicobacter pylori , and Porphyromonas gingivalis among others have been linked to atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction . As of 2013 , there is no evidence of benefit from antibiotics or vaccination , however , calling the association into question . Myocardial infarction can also occur as a late consequence of Kawasaki disease . Calcium deposits in the coronary arteries can be detected with CT scans . Calcium seen in coronary arteries can provide predictive information beyond that of classical risk factors . High blood levels of the amino acid homocysteine is associated with premature atherosclerosis ; whether elevated homocysteine in the normal range is causal is controversial . Mechanism ( edit ) Atherosclerosis ( edit ) Play media The animation shows how plaque buildup or a coronary artery spasm can lead to a heart attack and how blocked blood flow in a coronary artery can lead to a heart attack . A myocardial infarction occurs when an atherosclerotic plaque slowly builds up in the inner lining of a coronary artery and then suddenly ruptures , causing catastrophic thrombus formation , totally occluding the artery and preventing blood flow downstream . Further information : Atherosclerosis The most common cause of a myocardial infarction is the rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque on an artery supplying heart muscle . Plaques can become unstable , rupture , and additionally promote the formation of a blood clot that blocks the artery ; this can occur in minutes . Blockage of an artery can lead to tissue death in tissue being supplied by that artery . Atherosclerotic plaques are often present for decades before they result in symptoms . The gradual buildup of cholesterol and fibrous tissue in plaques in the wall of the coronary arteries or other arteries , typically over decades , is termed atherosclerosis . Atherosclerosis is characterized by progressive inflammation of the walls of the arteries . Inflammatory cells , particularly macrophages , move into affected arterial walls . Over time , they become laden with cholesterol products , particularly LDL , and become foam cells . A cholesterol core forms as foam cells die . In response to growth factors secreted by macrophages , smooth muscle and other cells move into the plaque and act to stabilize it . A stable plaque may have a thick fibrous cap with calcification . If there is ongoing inflammation , the cap may be thin or ulcerate . Exposed to the pressure associated with blood flow , plaques , especially those with a thin lining , may rupture and trigger the formation of a blood clot ( thrombus ) . Other causes ( edit ) Atherosclerotic disease is not the only cause of myocardial infarction , and it may exacerbate or contribute to other causes . A myocardial infarction may result from a heart with a limited blood supply subject to increased oxygen demands , such as in fever , a fast heart rate , hyperthyroidism , too few red blood cells in the bloodstream , or low blood pressure . Damage or failure of procedures such as percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafts may cause a myocardial infarction . Spasm of coronary arteries , such as Prinzmetal 's angina may cause blockage . Tissue death ( edit ) Drawing of the heart showing anterior left ventricle wall infarction If impaired blood flow to the heart lasts long enough , it triggers a process called the ischemic cascade ; the heart cells in the territory of the blocked coronary artery die ( infarction ) , chiefly through necrosis , and do not grow back . A collagen scar forms in their place . When an artery is blocked , cells lack oxygen , needed to produce ATP in mitochondria . ATP is required for the maintenance of electrolyte balance , particularly through the Na / K ATPase . This leads to an ischemic cascade of intracellular changes , necrosis and apoptosis of affected cells . Cells in the area with the worst blood supply , just below the inner surface of the heart ( endocardium ) , are most susceptible to damage . Ischemia first affects this region , the subendocardial region , and tissue begins to die within 15 -- 30 minutes of loss of blood supply . The dead tissue is surrounded by a zone of potentially reversible ischemia that progresses to become a full - thickness transmural infarct . The initial `` wave '' of infarction can take place over 3 -- 4 hours . These changes are seen on gross pathology and can not be predicted by the presence or absence of Q waves on an ECG . The position , size and extent of an infarct depends on the affected artery , totality of the blockage , duration of the blockage , the presence of collateral blood vessels , oxygen demand , and success of interventional procedures . Tissue death and myocardial scarring alter the normal conduction pathways of the heart , and weaken affected areas . The size and location puts a person at risk of abnormal heart rhythms ( arrhythmias ) or heart block , aneurysm of the heart ventricles , inflammation of the heart wall following infarction , and rupture of the heart wall that can rupture with catastrophic consequences . Diagnosis ( edit ) Main article : Myocardial infarction diagnosis Criteria ( edit ) An acute myocardial infarction , according to current consensus , is defined by an elevated cardiac biomarker and at least one of the following : Symptoms relating to ischemia Changes on an electrocardiogram ( ECG ) , such as ST segment changes , new left bundle branch block , or Q waves Changes in the motion of the heart wall on imaging Demonstration of a thrombus on angiogram or at autopsy . Types ( edit ) Myocardial infarctions are generally clinically classified into ST elevation MI ( STEMI ) and non-ST elevation MI ( NSTEMI ) . These are based on changes to an ECG . STEMIs make up about 25 -- 40 % of myocardial infarctions . A more explicit classification system , based on international consensus in 2012 , also exists . This classifies myocardial infarctions into five types : Spontaneous MI related to plaque erosion and / or rupture , fissuring , or dissection MI related to ischemia , such as from increased oxygen demand or decreased supply , e.g. coronary artery spasm , coronary embolism , anemia , arrhythmias , high blood pressure or low blood pressure Sudden unexpected cardiac death , including cardiac arrest , where symptoms may suggest MI , an ECG may be taken with suggestive changes , or a blood clot is found in a coronary artery by angiography and / or at autopsy , but where blood samples could not be obtained , or at a time before the appearance of cardiac biomarkers in the blood Associated with coronary angioplasty or stents Associated with percutaneous coronary intervention ( PCI ) Associated with stent thrombosis as documented by angiography or at autopsy Associated with CABG Cardiac biomarkers ( edit ) There are a number of different biomarkers used to determine the presence of cardiac muscle damage . Troponins , measured through a blood test , are considered to be the best , and are preferred because they have greater sensitivity and specificity for measuring injury to the heart muscle than other tests . A rise in troponin occurs within 2 -- 3 hours of injury to the heart muscle , and peaks within 1 -- 2 days . The gross value of the troponin , as well as a change over time , are useful in measuring and diagnosing or excluding myocardial infarctions , and the diagnostic accuracy of troponin testing is improving over time . One high - sensitivity cardiac troponin is able to rule out a heart attack as long as the ECG is normal . Other tests , such as CK - MB or myoglobin , are discouraged . CK - MB is not as specific as troponins for acute myocardial injury , and may be elevated with past cardiac surgery , inflammation or electrical cardioversion ; it rises within 4 -- 8 hours and returns to normal within 2 -- 3 days . Copeptin may be useful to rule out MI rapidly when used along with troponin . Electrocardiogram ( edit ) A 12 - lead ECG showing a STEMI . Elevation of the ST segment can be seen in some leads . Electrocardiograms ( ECGs ) are a series of leads placed on a person 's chest that measure electrical activity associated with contraction of heart muscle . The taking of an ECG is an important part in the workup of an AMI , and ECGs are often not just taken once , but may be repeated over minutes to hours , or in response to changes in signs or symptoms . ECG readouts product a waveform with different labelled features . In addition to a rise in biomarkers , a rise in the ST segment , changes in the shape or flipping of T waves , new Q waves , or a new left bundle branch block can be used to diagnose an AMI . In addition , ST elevation can be used to diagnose an ST segment myocardial infarction ( STEMI ) . A rise must be new , in two adjacent adjacent ECG leads , greater than 2 mm ( 0.2 mV ) for males and greater than 1.5 mm ( 0.15 mV ) in females in all leads except for V2 and V3 , where it must be greater than 1 mm ( 0.1 mV ) . ST elevation is associated with infarction , and may be preceded by changes indicating ischemia , such as ST depression or inversion of the T waves . Abnormalities can help localize the location of an infarct , based on the leads that are affected by changes . Early STEMIs may be preceded by peaked T waves . Other ECG abnormalities relating to complications of acute myocardial infarctions may also be evident , such as atrial or ventricular fibrillation . Imaging ( edit ) Noninvasive imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis and characterisation of myocardial infarction . Tests such as chest X-rays can be used to explore and exclude alternate causes of a person 's symptoms . Tests such as stress echocardiography and myocardial perfusion imaging can confirm a diagnosis when a person 's history , physical examination ( including cardiac examination ) ECG , and cardiac biomarkers suggest the likelihood of a problem . Echocardiography , an ultrasound scan of the heart , is able to visualize the heart , its size , shape , and any abnormal motion of the heart walls as they beat that may indicate a myocardial infarction . The flow of blood can be imaged , and contrast dyes may be given to improve image . Other scans using radioactive contrast include SPECT CT - scans using thallium , sestamibi ( MIBI scans ) or tetrofosmin ; or a PET scan using Fludeoxyglucose or rubidium - 82 . These nuclear medicine scans can visualize the perfusion of heart muscle . SPECT may also be used to determine viability of tissue , and whether areas of ischemia are inducible . Medical societies and professional guidelines recommend that the physician confirm a person is at high risk for myocardial infarction before conducting imaging tests to make a diagnosis , as such tests are unlikely to change management and result in increased costs . Patients who have a normal ECG and who are able to exercise , for example , do not merit routine imaging . Play media Poor movement of the heart due to an MI as seen on ultrasound Play media Pulmonary edema due to an MI as seen on ultrasound Differential diagnosis ( edit ) There are many causes of chest pain , which can originate from the heart , lungs , gastrointestinal tract , aorta , and other muscles , bones and nerves surrounding the chest . In addition to myocardial infarction , other causes include angina , insufficient blood supply ( ischemia ) to the heart muscles without evidence of cell death , gastroesophageal reflux disease ; pulmonary embolism , tumors of the lungs , pneumonia , rib fracture , costochondritis , and other musculoskeletal injuries . Rarer severe differential diagnoses includes aortic dissection , esophageal rupture , tension pneumothorax , and pericardial effusion causing cardiac tamponade . The chest pain in an MI may mimic heartburn . Causes of sudden - onset breathlessness generally involve the lungs or heart -- including pulmonary edema , pneumonia , allergic reactions and asthma , and pulmonary embolus , acute respiratory distress syndrome and metabolic acidosis . There are many different causes of fatigue , and myocardial infarction is not a common cause . Management ( edit ) Main article : Management of acute coronary syndrome A myocardial infarction requires immediate medical attention . Treatment aims to preserve as much heart muscle as possible , and to prevent further complications . Treatment depends on whether the myocardial infarction is a STEMI or NSTEMI . Treatment in general aims to unblock blood vessels , reduce blot clot enlargement , reduce ischemia , and modify risk factors with the aim of preventing future MIs . In addition , the main treatment for myocardial infarctions with ECG evidence of ST elevation ( STEMI ) include thrombolysis or percutaneous coronary intervention , although PCI is also ideally conducted within 1 -- 3 days for NSTEMI . In addition to clinical judgement , risk stratification may be used to guide treatment , sometimes including systems such as the TIMI and GRACE ( Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events ) scoring systems . Pain ( edit ) The pain associated with myocardial infarction may be treated with nitroglycerin or morphine . Nitroglycerin ( given under the tongue or intravenously ) may improve the blood supply to the heart , and decrease the work the heart must do . It is an important part of therapy for its pain relief , despite there being no benefit to overall mortality . Morphine may also be used , and is effective for the pain associated with STEMI . The evidence for benefit from morphine on overall outcomes , however , is poor and there is some evidence of potential harm . Anticoagulation ( edit ) Aspirin , an antiplatelet anticoagulant , is given as a loading dose with the goal of reducing the clot size and reduce further clotting in the affected artery . It is known to decrease mortality associated with acute myocardial infarction by at least 50 % . P2Y12 inhibitors such as clopidogrel , prasugrel and ticagrelor are given concurrently , also as a loading dose , with the dose depending on whether further surgical management or fibrinolysis is planned . Prasugrel and ticagrelor are recommended in European and American guidelines , as they are active more quickly and consistently than clopidogrel . P2Y12 inhibitors are recommended in both NSTEMI and STEMI , including in PCI , with evidence also to suggest improved mortality . Heparins , particularly in the unfractionated form , act at several points in the clotting cascade , help to prevent the enlargement of a clot , and are also given in myocardial infarction , owing to evidence suggesting improved mortality rates . In very high - risk scenarios , inhibitors of the platelet glycoprotein α β receptor such as eptifibatide or tirofiban may be used . There is varying evidence on the mortality benefits in NSTEMI . A 2014 review of P2Y12 inhibitors such as clopidogrel found they do not change the risk of death when given to people with a suspected NSTEMI prior to PCI , nor do heparins change the risk of death . They do decrease the risk of having a further myocardial infarction . Angiogram ( edit ) Primary percutaneous coronary intervention ( PCI ) is the treatment of choice for STEMI if it can be performed in a timely manner , ideally within 90 -- 120 minutes of contact with a medical provider . Some recommend it is also done in NSTEMI within 1 -- 3 days , particularly when considered high - risk . A 2017 review , however , did not find a difference between early versus later PCI in NSTEMI . PCI involves small probes , inserted through peripheral blood vessels such as the femoral artery or radial artery into the blood vessels of the heart . The probes are then used to identify and clear blockages using small balloons , which are dragged through the blocked segment , dragging away the clot , or the insertion of stents . Coronary artery bypass grafting is only considered when the affected area of heart muscle large , and PCI is unsuitable , for example with difficult cardiac anatomy . After PCI , people are generally placed on aspirin indefinitely and on dual antiplatelet therapy ( generally aspirin and clopidogrel ) for at least a year . Fibrinolysis ( edit ) If PCI can not be performed within 90 to 120 minutes in STEMI then fibrinolysis , preferably within 30 minutes of arrival to hospital , is recommended . If a person has had symptoms for 12 to 24 hours evidence for effectiveness of thrombolysis is less and if they have had symptoms for more than 24 hours it is not recommended . Thrombolysis involves the administration of medication that activates the enzymes that normally dissolve blood clots . These medications include tissue plasminogen activator , reteplase , streptokinase , and tenecteplase . Thrombolysis is not recommended in a number of situations , particularly when associated with a high risk of bleeding or the potential for problematic bleeding , such as active bleeding , past strokes or bleeds into the brain , or severe hypertension . Situations in which thrombolysis may be considered , but with caution , include recent surgery , use of anticoagulants , pregnancy , and proclivity to bleeding . Major risks of thrombolysis are major bleeding and intracranial bleeding . Pre-hospital thrombolysis reduces time to thrombolytic treatment , based on studies conducted in higher income countries , however it is unclear whether this has an impact on mortality rates . Other ( edit ) In the past , high flow oxygen was recommended for everyone with a possible myocardial infarction . More recently , no evidence was found for routine use with potential of harm . Therefore , oxygen is currently only recommended if oxygen levels are found to be low or if someone is in respiratory distress . If despite thrombolysis there is significant cardiogenic shock , continued severe chest pain , or less than a 50 % improvement in ST elevation on the ECG recording after 90 minutes , then rescue PCI is indicated emergently . Those who have had cardiac arrest may benefit from targeted temperature management with evaluation for implementation of hypothermia protocols . Furthermore , those with cardiac arrest , and ST elevation at any time , should usually have angiography . Rehabilitation ( edit ) Cardiac rehabilitation benefits many who have experienced myocardial infarction , even if there has been substantial heart damage and resultant left ventricular failure . It should start soon after discharge from the hospital . The program may include lifestyle advice , exercise , social support , as well as recommendations about driving , flying , sport participation , stress management , and sexual intercourse . Prevention ( edit ) There is a large crossover between the lifestyle and activity recommendations to prevent a myocardial infarction , and those that may be adopted as secondary prevention after an initial myocardial infarction , because of shared risk factors and an aim to reduce atherosclerosis affecting heart vessels . Primary prevention ( edit ) Lifestyle ( edit ) Physical activity can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease , and people at risk are advised to engage in 150 minutes of moderate or 75 minutes of vigorous intensity aerobic exercise a week . Keeping a healthy weight , drinking alcohol within the recommended limits , and quitting smoking reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease . Substituting polyunsaturated fats such as olive oil and rapeseed oil instead saturated fats may reduce the risk of myocardial infarction , although there is not universal agreement . Dietary modifications are recommended by some national authorities , with recommendations including increasing the intake of wholegrain starch , reducing sugar intake ( particularly of refined sugar ) , consuming five portions of fruit and vegetables daily , consuming two or more portions of fish per week , and consuming 4 -- 5 portions of unsalted nuts , seeds , or legumes per week . The dietary pattern with the greatest support is the Mediterranean diet . Vitamins and mineral supplements are of no proven benefit , and neither are plant stanols or sterols . Public health measures may also act at a population level to reduce the risk of myocardial infarction , for example by reduce unhealthy diets ( excessive salt , saturated fat and trans fat ) including food labeling and marketing requirements as well as requirements for catering and restaurants , and stimulating physical activity . This may be part of regional cardiovascular disease prevention programs , or through the health impact assessment of regional and local plans and policies . Most guidelines recommend combining different preventive strategies . A 2015 Cochrane Review found some evidence that such an approach might help with blood pressure , body mass index and waist circumference . However , there was insufficient evidence to show an effect on mortality or actual cardio - vascular events . Medication ( edit ) Statins , drugs that act to lower blood cholesterol , decrease the incidence and mortality rates of myocardial infarctions . They are often recommended in those at an elevated risk of cardiovascular diseases . Aspirin has been studied extensively in people considered at increased risk of myocardial infarction . Based on numerous studies in different groups ( e.g. people with or without diabetes ) , there does not appear to be a benefit strong enough to outweigh the risk of excessive bleeding . Nevertheless , many clinical practice guidelines continue to recommend aspirin for primary prevention , and some researchers feel that those with very high cardiovascular risk but low risk of bleeding should continue to receive aspirin . Secondary prevention ( edit ) There is a large crossover between the lifestyle and activity recommendations to prevent a myocardial infarction , and those that may be adopted as secondary prevention after an initial myocardial infarct . Recommendations include stopping smoking , a gradual return to exercise , eating a healthy diet , low in saturated fat and low in cholesterol , and drinking alcohol within recommended limits , exercising , and trying to achieve a healthy weight . Exercise is both safe and effective even if people have had stents or heart failure , and is recommended to start gradually after 1 -- 2 weeks . Counselling should be provided relating to medications used , and for warning signs of depression . Previous studies suggested a benefit from omega - 3 fatty acid supplementation but this has not been confirmed . Medications ( edit ) Following a heart attack , nitrates , when taken for two days , and ACE - inhibitors decrease the risk of death . Other medications include : Aspirin is continued indefinitely , as well as another antiplatelet agent such as clopidogrel or ticagrelor ( `` dual antiplatelet therapy '' or DAPT ) for up to twelve months . If someone has another medical condition that requires anticoagulation ( e.g. with warfarin ) this may need to be adjusted based on risk of further cardiac events as well as bleeding risk . In those who have had a stent , more than 12 months of clopidogrel plus aspirin does not affect the risk of death . Beta blocker therapy such as metoprolol or carvedilol is recommended to be started within 24 hours , provided there is no acute heart failure or heart block . The dose should be increased to the highest tolerated . Contrary to what was long believed , the use of beta blockers does not appear to affect the risk of death , possibly because other treatments for MI have improved . When beta blocker medication is given within the first 24 -- 72 hours of a STEMI no lives are saved . However , 1 in 200 people were prevented from a repeat heart attack , and another 1 in 200 from having an abnormal heart rhythm . Additionally , for 1 in 91 the medication causes a temporary decrease in the heart 's ability to pump blood . ACE inhibitor therapy should be started within 24 hours , and continued indefinitely at the highest tolerated dose . This is provided there is no evidence of worsening kidney failure , high potassium , low blood pressure , or known narrowing of the renal arteries . Those who can not tolerate ACE inhibitors may be treated with an angiotensin II receptor antagonist . Statin therapy has been shown to reduce mortality and subsequent cardiac events , and should be commenced with the aim of lowering LDL cholesterol . Other medications , such as ezetimibe , may also be added with this goal in mind . Aldosterone antagonists ( spironolactone or eplerenone ) may be used if there is evidence of left ventricular dysfunction after an MI , ideally after beginning treatment with an ACE inhibitor . Other ( edit ) A defibrillator , an electric device connected to the heart and surgically inserted under the skin , may be recommended . This is particularly if there are any ongoing signs of heart failure , with a low left ventricular ejection fraction and a New York Heart Association grade II or III after 40 days of the infarction . Defibrillators detect potentially fatal arrhythmia and deliver an electrical shock to the person to depolarize a critical mass of the heart muscle . Prognosis ( edit ) The prognosis after myocardial infarction varies greatly depending on the extent and location of the affected heart muscle , and the development and management of complications . Prognosis is worse with older age , and social isolation . Anterior infarcts , persistent ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation , development of heart blocks , and left ventricular impairment are all associated with poorer prognosis . Without treatment , about a quarter of those affected by MI die within minutes , and about forty percent within the first month . Morbidity and mortality from myocardial infarction has however improved over the years due to earlier and better treatment : in those who have an STEMI in the United States , between 5 and 6 percent die before leaving the hospital and 7 to 18 percent die within a year . Complications ( edit ) Main article : Myocardial infarction complications Complications may occur immediately following the myocardial infarction or may take time to develop . Disturbances of heart rhythms , including atrial fibrillation , ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation and heart block can arise as a result of ischemia , cardiac scarring , and infarct location . Stroke is also a risk , either as a result of clots transmitted from the heart during PCI , as a result of bleeding following anticoagulation , or as a result of disturbances in the heart 's ability to pump effectively as a result of the infarction . Regurgitation of blood through the mitral valve is possible , particularly if the infarction causes dysfunction of the papillary muscle . Cardiogenic shock as a result of the heart being unable to adequately pump blood may develop , dependent on infarct size , and is most likely to occur within the days following an acute myocardial infarction . Cardiogenic shock is the largest cause of in - hospital mortality . Rupture of the ventricular dividing wall or left ventricular wall may occur within the initial weeks . Dressler 's syndrome , a reaction following larger infarcts and a cause of pericarditis is also possible . Heart failure may develop as a long - term consequence , with an impaired ability of heard muscle to pump , scarring , and increase in size of the existing muscle . Aneurysm of the left ventricle myocardium develops in about 10 % of MI and is itself a risk factor for heart failure , ventricular arrhythmia and the development of clots . Risk factors for complications and death risk factors for death include age , hemodynamic parameters ( such as heart failure , cardiac arrest on admission , systolic blood pressure , or Killip class of two or greater ) , ST - segment deviation , diabetes , serum creatinine , peripheral vascular disease , and elevation of cardiac markers . Epidemiology ( edit ) Myocardial infarction is a common presentation of coronary artery disease . The World Health Organization estimated in 2004 , that 12.2 % of worldwide deaths were from ischemic heart disease ; with it being the leading cause of death in high - or middle - income countries and second only to lower respiratory infections in lower - income countries . Worldwide , more than 3 million people have STEMIs and 4 million have NSTEMIs a year . STEMIs occur about twice as often in men as women . Rates of death from ischemic heart disease ( IHD ) have slowed or declined in most high - income countries , although cardiovascular disease still accounted for one in three of all deaths in the USA in 2008 . For example , rates of death from cardiovascular disease have decreased almost a third between 2001 and 2011 in the United States . In contrast , IHD is becoming a more common cause of death in the developing world . For example , in India , IHD had become the leading cause of death by 2004 , accounting for 1.46 million deaths ( 14 % of total deaths ) and deaths due to IHD were expected to double during 1985 -- 2015 . Globally , disability adjusted life years ( DALYs ) lost to ischemic heart disease are predicted to account for 5.5 % of total DALYs in 2030 , making it the second-most - important cause of disability ( after unipolar depressive disorder ) , as well as the leading cause of death by this date . Society and culture ( edit ) Depictions of heart attacks in popular media often include collapsing or loss of consciousness which are not common symptoms ; these depictions contribute to widespread misunderstanding about the symptoms of myocardial infarctions , which in turn contributes to people not getting care when they should . Legal implications ( edit ) At common law , in general , a myocardial infarction is a disease , but may sometimes be an injury . This can create coverage issues in the administration of no - fault insurance schemes such as workers ' compensation . In general , a heart attack is not covered ; however , it may be a work - related injury if it results , for example , from unusual emotional stress or unusual exertion . In addition , in some jurisdictions , heart attacks suffered by persons in particular occupations such as police officers may be classified as line - of - duty injuries by statute or policy . In some countries or states , a person having suffered from an MI may be prevented from participating in activity that puts other people 's lives at risk , for example driving a car or flying an airplane . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Coronary Heart Disease ? '' . www.nhlbi.nih.gov . September 29 , 2014 . Archived from the original on 24 February 2015 . Retrieved 23 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` What Is a Heart Attack ? '' . www.nhlbi.nih.gov . December 17 , 2013 . 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CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Fox KA , Dabbous OH , Goldberg RJ , Pieper KS , Eagle KA , Van de Werf F , Avezum A , Goodman SG , Flather MD , Anderson FA , Granger CB ; Dabbous ; Goldberg ; Pieper ; Eagle ; Van De Werf ; Avezum ; Goodman ; Flather ; Anderson Jr ; Granger ( November 2006 ) . `` Prediction of risk of death and myocardial infarction in the six months after presentation with acute coronary syndrome : prospective multinational observational study ( GRACE ) '' . BMJ. 333 ( 7578 ) : 1091 . PMC 1661748 . PMID 17032691 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 38985.646481. 55 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 09 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Weir RA , McMurray JJ , Velazquez EJ ; McMurray ; Velazquez ( 2006 ) . `` Epidemiology of heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction : prevalence , clinical characteristics , and prognostic importance '' . Am J Cardiol. 97 ( 10A ) : 13F -- 25F . PMID 16698331 . doi : 10.1016 / j. amjcard. 2006.03. 005 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : World Health Organization ( 2008 ) . The Global Burden of Disease : 2004 Update . Geneva : World Health Organization . ISBN 92 - 4 - 156371 - 0 . Jump up ^ Roger VL , Go AS , Lloyd - Jones DM , Benjamin EJ , Berry JD , Borden WB , Bravata DM , Dai S , Ford ES , Fox CS , Fullerton HJ , Gillespie C , Hailpern SM , Heit JA , Howard VJ , Kissela BM , Kittner SJ , Lackland DT , Lichtman JH , Lisabeth LD , Makuc DM , Marcus GM , Marelli A , Matchar DB , Moy CS , Mozaffarian D , Mussolino ME , Nichol G , Paynter NP , Soliman EZ , Sorlie PD , Sotoodehnia N , Turan TN , Virani SS , Wong ND , Woo D , Turner MB ; Go ; Lloyd - Jones ; Benjamin ; Berry ; Borden ; Bravata ; Dai ; Ford ; Fox ; Fullerton ; Gillespie ; Hailpern ; Heit ; Howard ; Kissela ; Kittner ; Lackland ; Lichtman ; Lisabeth ; Makuc ; Marcus ; Marelli ; Matchar ; Moy ; Mozaffarian ; Mussolino ; Nichol ; Paynter ; Soliman ( January 2012 ) . `` Executive summary : heart disease and stroke statistics -- 2012 update : a report from the American Heart Association '' . Circulation. 125 ( 1 ) : 188 -- 97 . PMID 22215894 . doi : 10.1161 / CIR. 0b013e3182456d46 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Mozaffarian , D ; Benjamin , EJ ; Go , AS ; Arnett , DK ; Blaha , MJ ; Cushman , M ; de Ferranti , S ; Després , JP ; Fullerton , HJ ; Howard , VJ ; Huffman , MD ; Judd , SE ; Kissela , BM ; Lackland , DT ; Lichtman , JH ; Lisabeth , LD ; Liu , S ; Mackey , RH ; Matchar , DB ; McGuire , DK ; Mohler ER , 3rd ; Moy , CS ; Muntner , P ; Mussolino , ME ; Nasir , K ; Neumar , RW ; Nichol , G ; Palaniappan , L ; Pandey , DK ; Reeves , MJ ; Rodriguez , CJ ; Sorlie , PD ; Stein , J ; Towfighi , A ; Turan , TN ; Virani , SS ; Willey , JZ ; Woo , D ; Yeh , RW ; Turner , MB ; American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics , Subcommittee ( 27 January 2015 ) . `` Heart disease and stroke statistics -- 2015 update : a report from the American Heart Association . '' . Circulation. 131 ( 4 ) : e29 -- 322 . PMID 25520374 . doi : 10.1161 / cir. 0000000000000152 . From 2001 to 2011 , death rates attributable to CVD declined 30.8 % . Jump up ^ Gupta R , Joshi P , Mohan V , Reddy KS , Yusuf S ; Joshi ; Mohan ; Reddy ; Yusuf ( January 2008 ) . `` Epidemiology and causation of coronary heart disease and stroke in India '' . Heart . 94 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 26 . PMID 18083949 . doi : 10.1136 / hrt. 2007.132951 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Perry , K ; Petrie , KJ ; Ellis , CJ ; Horne , R ; Moss - Morris , R ( July 2001 ) . `` Symptom expectations and delay in acute myocardial infarction patients . '' . Heart ( British Cardiac Society ) . 86 ( 1 ) : 91 -- 3 . PMC 1729795 . PMID 11410572 . doi : 10.1136 / heart. 86.1. 91 . Jump up ^ Workers ' Compensation FAQ Archived 2007 - 07 - 11 at the Wayback Machine ... Prairie View A&M University . Retrieved November 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ SIGNIFICANT DECISIONS Subject Index Archived 2006 - 12 - 06 at the Wayback Machine ... Board of Industrial Insurance Appeals . Retrieved November 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Classification of Drivers ' Licenses Regulations '' . Nova Scotia Registry of Regulations . May 24 , 2000 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2007 . Retrieved April 22 , 2007 . Further reading ( edit ) Levine , Glenn N. ; Bates , Eric R. ; Blankenship , James C. ; Bailey , Steven R. ; Bittl , John A. ; Cercek , Bojan ; Chambers , Charles E. ; Ellis , Stephen G. ; Guyton , Robert A. ( 2016 - 03 - 15 ) . `` 2015 ACC / AHA / SCAI Focused Update on Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Patients With ST - Elevation Myocardial Infarction : An Update of the 2011 ACCF / AHA / SCAI Guideline for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention and the 2013 ACCF / AHA Guideline for the Management of ST - Elevation Myocardial Infarction '' . Circulation. 133 ( 11 ) : 1135 -- 1147 . ISSN 0009 - 7322 . PMID 26490017 . doi : 10.1161 / CIR. 0000000000000336 . External links ( edit ) Classification V T D ICD - 10 : I21 - I22 ICD - 9 - CM : 410 MeSH : D009203 DiseasesDB : 8664 External resources MedlinePlus : 000195 eMedicine : med / 1567 emerg / 327 ped / 2520 Patient UK : Myocardial infarction Find more aboutMyocardial infarctionat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Cardiac disorders -- Open Directory Project American Heart Association 's Heart Attack web site -- Information and resources for preventing , recognizing and treating a heart attack . TIMI Score for UA / NSTEMI and STEMI HEART Score for Major Cardiac Events Cardiovascular disease ( heart ) ( I00 -- I52 , 390 -- 429 ) Ischaemic Coronary disease Coronary artery disease ( CAD ) Coronary artery aneurysm Spontaneous coronary artery dissection ( SCAD ) Coronary thrombosis Coronary vasospasm Myocardial bridge Active ischemia Angina pectoris Prinzmetal 's angina Stable angina Acute coronary syndrome Myocardial infarction Unstable angina Sequelae hours Hibernating myocardium Myocardial stunning days Myocardial rupture weeks Aneurysm of heart / Ventricular aneurysm Dressler syndrome Layers Pericardium Pericarditis Acute Chronic / Constrictive Pericardial effusion Cardiac tamponade Hemopericardium Myocardium Myocarditis Chagas disease Cardiomyopathy Dilated Alcoholic Hypertrophic Restrictive Loeffler endocarditis Cardiac amyloidosis Endocardial fibroelastosis Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia Endocardium / valves Endocarditis infective endocarditis Subacute bacterial endocarditis non-infective endocarditis Libman -- Sacks endocarditis Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis Valves mitral regurgitation prolapse stenosis aortic stenosis insufficiency tricuspid stenosis insufficiency pulmonary stenosis insufficiency Conduction / arrhythmia Bradycardia Sinus bradycardia Sick sinus syndrome Heart block : Sinoatrial AV 1 ° 2 ° 3 ° Intraventricular Bundle branch block Right Left Left anterior fascicle Left posterior fascicle Bifascicular Trifascicular Adams -- Stokes syndrome Tachycardia ( paroxysmal and sinus ) Supraventricular Atrial Multifocal Junctional AV nodal reentrant Junctional ectopic Ventricular Accelerated idioventricular rhythm Catecholaminergic polymorphic Torsades de pointes Premature contraction Atrial Junctional Ventricular Pre-excitation syndrome Lown -- Ganong -- Levine Wolff -- Parkinson -- White Flutter / fibrillation Atrial flutter Ventricular flutter Atrial fibrillation Familial Ventricular fibrillation Pacemaker Ectopic pacemaker / Ectopic beat Multifocal atrial tachycardia Pacemaker syndrome Parasystole Wandering pacemaker Long QT syndrome Andersen -- Tawil Jervell and Lange - Nielsen Romano -- Ward Cardiac arrest Sudden cardiac death Asystole Pulseless electrical activity Sinoatrial arrest Other / ungrouped hexaxial reference system Right axis deviation Left axis deviation QT Short QT syndrome T wave alternans ST Osborn wave ST elevation ST depression Strain pattern Cardiomegaly Ventricular hypertrophy Left Right / Cor pulmonale Atrial enlargement Left Right Other Cardiac fibrosis Heart failure Diastolic heart failure Cardiac asthma Rheumatic fever Disorders of blood flow Decreases Clots Thrombus Thrombosis Renal vein thrombosis Ischemia Brain ischemia Ischaemic heart disease large intestine : Ischemic colitis small intestine : Mesenteric ischemia Infarction Types Anemic Hemorrhagic Location Heart Brain Spleen Limb Increases Hemorrhage Bruise / Hematoma Petechia Purpura Ecchymosis head Epistaxis Hemoptysis Intracranial hemorrhage Hyphema Subconjunctival hemorrhage torso Hemothorax Hemopericardium Pulmonary hematoma abdomen Gastrointestinal bleeding Haemobilia Hemoperitoneum Hematocele Hematosalpinx joint Hemarthrosis Edema Anasarca Angioedema / Lymphedema Exudate / Transudate Cerebral edema Pulmonary edema Hydrothorax Ascites / hydroperitoneum Hydrosalpinx Other Hyperemia LCCN : sh85059683 GND : 4024654 - 1 BNF : cb11932573j ( data ) NDL : 00571052 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myocardial_infarction&oldid=804915585 '' Categories : Aging - associated diseases Causes of death Ischemic heart diseases Medical emergencies Acute pain Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . 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when does the copyright on happy birthday expire			Happy Birthday to You	happy birthday to you	`` Happy Birthday to You '' , more commonly known as simply `` Happy Birthday '' , is a song that is traditionally sung to celebrate the anniversary of a person 's birth . According to the 1998 Guinness World Records , `` Happy Birthday to You '' is the most recognized song in the English language , followed by `` For He 's a Jolly Good Fellow '' . The song 's base lyrics have been translated into at least 18 languages . The melody of `` Happy Birthday to You '' comes from the song `` Good Morning to All '' , which has traditionally been attributed to American sisters Patty and Mildred J. Hill in 1893 , although the claim that the sisters composed the tune is disputed .	Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Lyrics 2.1 `` Happy birthday to you '' 2.2 Lyrics with melody 2.3 Traditional variations 3 Copyright status 3.1 2013 lawsuit 4 Public performances 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Footnotes 6.2 Works cited 7 External links History ( edit ) Patty Hill was a kindergarten principal in Louisville , Kentucky , developing various teaching methods at what is now the Little Loomhouse ; her sister Mildred was a pianist and composer . The sisters used `` Good Morning to All '' as a song that young children would find easy to sing . The combination of melody and lyrics in `` Happy Birthday to You '' first appeared in print in 1912 , and probably existed even earlier . None of the early appearances of the `` Happy Birthday to You '' lyrics included credits or copyright notices . The Summy Company registered a copyright in 1935 , crediting authors Preston Ware Orem and Mrs. R. R. Forman . In 1988 , Warner / Chappell Music purchased the company owning the copyright for US $ 25 million , with the value of `` Happy Birthday '' estimated at US $ 5 million . Based on the 1935 copyright registration , Warner claimed that the United States copyright will not expire until 2030 , and that unauthorized public performances of the song are illegal unless royalties are paid to Warner . In one specific instance in February 2010 , the royalty for a single use was said to be US $ 700 . By one estimate , the song is the highest - earning single song in history , with estimated earnings since its creation of US $ 50 million . In the European Union , the copyright for the song expired on January 1 , 2017 . The American copyright status of `` Happy Birthday to You '' began to draw more attention with the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act in 1998 . When the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the Act in Eldred v. Ashcroft in 2003 , Associate Justice Stephen Breyer specifically mentioned `` Happy Birthday to You '' in his dissenting opinion . American law professor Robert Brauneis , who extensively researched the song , concluded in 2010 that `` It is almost certainly no longer under copyright . '' In 2013 , based in large part on Brauneis 's research , Good Morning to You Productions , a company producing a documentary about `` Good Morning to All '' , sued Warner / Chappell for falsely claiming copyright to the song . In September 2015 , a federal judge declared that the Warner / Chappell copyright claim was invalid , ruling that the copyright registration applied only to a specific piano arrangement of the song , and not to its lyrics and melody . In 2016 , Warner / Chappell settled for US $14 million , and the court declared that `` Happy Birthday to You '' was in the public domain . Lyrics ( edit ) `` Happy Birthday to You '' ( edit ) Happy birthday to you Happy birthday to you Happy birthday dear ( NAME ) Happy birthday to you . The person whose birthday is being celebrated is filled in for `` ( NAME ) '' . The earliest known publication used `` John '' as the example . Lyrics with melody ( edit ) Traditional variations ( edit ) It is traditional , among English - speakers , that at a birthday party , the song `` Happy Birthday to You '' be sung to the birthday person by the other guests celebrating the birthday . More specifically , the birthday person is traditionally presented with a birthday cake with lit candles , with the number of candles sometimes corresponding to the age of the person . After the song is sung ( usually just once ) , party guests sometimes add wishes like `` and many more ! '' expressing the hope that the birthday person will enjoy a long life . The birthday person may be asked to make a wish ( `` Make a wish ! '' ) -- which he or she does silently -- and then is supposed to blow out the candles . Traditionally , blowing out the candles is believed ( or is considered a lighthearted superstition ) to ensure that the wish will come true . Once the candles have been blown out , people may applaud , after which the cake may be served , often with the first piece being served to the person whose birthday it is . In several countries , immediately after `` Happy Birthday '' has been sung , it is traditional for one of the guests to enthusiastically lead with `` Hip hip ... '' and then for all of the other guests to join in and say `` ... hooray ! '' This is normally repeated three times . In Canada , especially at young children 's birthdays , immediately after `` Happy Birthday '' has been sung , the singers segue into `` How old are you now ? How old are you now ? How old are you now - ow , how old are you now ? '' and then count up : `` Are you one ? Are you two ? Are you ... '' until they reach the right age , at which the celebrant says `` yes '' , and everybody else , who presumably know the right number , all cheer . Copyright status ( edit ) The public domain song Good - Morning to All Instrumental version of `` Good Morning to All '' . Both the music and lyrics are in public domain in both the European Union and United States . The copyright expired in the European Union on January 1 , 2017 . In the United States , a federal court ruled in 2016 that Warner / Chappell 's copyright claim was invalid and there was no other claim to copyright . The origins of `` Happy Birthday to You '' date back to at least the late 19th century , when two sisters , Patty and Mildred J. Hill , introduced the song `` Good Morning to All '' to Patty 's kindergarten class in Kentucky . Years later , in 1893 , they published the tune in their songbook Song Stories for the Kindergarten . Kembrew McLeod stated that the Hill sisters likely copied the tune and lyrical idea from other popular and similar nineteenth - century songs that predated theirs , including Horace Waters ' `` Happy Greetings to All '' , `` Good Night to You All '' also from 1858 , `` A Happy New Year to All '' from 1875 , and `` A Happy Greeting to All '' , published 1885 . However , American law professor Robert Brauneis disputes this , noting that these earlier songs had quite different melodies . It is likely that teachers and students spontaneously adapted the published version of `` Good Morning to All '' to celebrate birthdays in the classroom , changing the lyrics to `` Happy Birthday '' in the process . The complete text of `` Happy Birthday to You '' first appeared in print as the final four lines of Edith Goodyear Alger 's poem `` Roy 's Birthday '' , published in her book A Primer of Work and Play , copyrighted by D.C. Heath in 1901 , with no reference to the words being sung . The first book including `` Happy Birthday '' lyrics set to the tune of `` Good Morning to All '' that bears a date of publication is from 1911 in The Elementary Worker and His Work , but earlier references exist to a song called `` Happy Birthday to You '' including an article from 1901 in the Inland Educator and Indiana School Journal . Children 's Praise and Worship , edited by Andrew Byers , Bessie L. Byrum and Anna E. Koglin , published the song in 1918 . In 1924 , Robert Coleman included `` Good Morning to All '' in a songbook with the birthday lyrics as a second verse . Coleman also published `` Happy Birthday '' in The American Hymnal in 1933 . In 1935 , several specific piano arrangements and an unused second verse of `` Happy Birthday to You '' were copyrighted as a work for hire crediting Preston Ware Orem for the piano arrangements and Mrs. R. R. Forman for the lyrics by the Summy Company , the publisher of `` Good Morning to All '' . This served as the legal basis for claiming that Summy Company legally registered the copyright for the song , as well as the later renewal of these copyrights . A later 2015 lawsuit would find this claim baseless . That specific new lyrics that also included the full text of `` Happy Birthday to You '' , was a copyright on the derivative work . A 1957 acquisition of C.C. Birchard & Company saw Summy Company becoming the Summy - Birchard Company . A later corporate restructuring in the 1970s saw Summy - Birchard becoming a division of a new company : Birch Tree Group Limited . Warner / Chappell Music acquired Birch Tree Group Limited in 1988 for US $ 25 million . The company continued to insist that one can not sing the `` Happy Birthday to You '' lyrics for profit without paying royalties : in 2008 , Warner collected about US $ 5,000 per day ( US $ 2 million per year ) in royalties for the song . Warner / Chappell claimed copyright for every use in film , television , radio , anywhere open to the public , and for any group where a substantial number of those in attendance are not family or friends of whoever is performing the song . Brauneis cited problems with the song 's authorship and the notice and renewal of the copyright , and concluded : `` It is almost certainly no longer under copyright . '' In the European Union , copyright lasts for the life of the author ( s ) plus 70 years ; since Patty Hill ( the last surviving author ) died in 1946 , the copyright in these countries expired on January 1 , 2017 . 2013 Lawsuit ( edit ) On June 13 , 2013 , documentary filmmaker Jennifer Nelson filed a putative class action suit in federal court for the Southern District of New York against Warner / Chappell in the name of her production company , Good Morning to You Productions . As part of a documentary she was making about the song and its history , she had paid US $ 1,500 to secure the rights . Her complaint relied heavily on Brauneis 's research , seeking not only the return of her money but all royalties collected by the company from other filmmakers since 2009 . A week later a similar case was filed in the Central District of California , Rupa Marya v. Warner Chappell Music Inc , Case No. 2 : 13 - cv - 04460 . Five weeks later , Nelson refiled the case there , and the cases were combined . As of April 2014 , Warner 's motion to dismiss had been denied without prejudice , and discovery began under an agreed plan with respect to Claim One , declaratory judgment as to whether `` Happy Birthday to You '' is in the public domain . The Motion Cut - Off as to Merits Issues on the Claim One deadline was November 7 , 2014 . After that , the court was expected to rule on the motion for summary judgment as to the merits issues on Claim One . A jury trial was requested . On July 28 , 2015 , one day prior to a scheduled ruling , Nelson 's attorneys Betsy Manifold and Mark Rifkin presented new evidence that they argued was conclusive proof that the song was in the public domain , `` thus making it unnecessary for the Court to decide the scope or validity of the disputed copyrights , much less whether Patty Hill abandoned any copyright she may have had to the lyrics '' . Several weeks prior , they had been given access to documents held back from them by Warner / Chappell , which included a copy of the 15th edition of The Everyday Song Book , published in 1927 . The book contained `` Good Morning and Happy Birthday '' , but the copy was blurry , obscuring a line of text below the title . Manifold and Rifkin located a clearer copy of an older edition , published in 1922 , that also contained the `` Happy Birthday '' lyrics . The previously obscured line was revealed to be the credit `` Special permission through courtesy of The Clayton F Summy Co . '' . Manifold and Rifkin argued that because the music and lyrics were published without a valid copyright notice as was required at the time , `` Happy Birthday '' was in the public domain . Warner / Chappell disputed the evidence , arguing that unless there was `` necessary authorization from the copyright owner '' , the `` Happy Birthday '' lyrics and sheet music would still be subject to common law copyright as an unpublished work , and that it was unknown whether the `` special permission '' from the Summy Company covered `` Good Morning to All '' , `` Happy Birthday '' , or both , thus alleging that the publication in The Everyday Song Book was unauthorized . The company also argued that it was not acting in bad faith in withholding the evidence of the 1927 publication . On September 22 , 2015 , federal judge George H. King ruled that the Warner / Chappell copyright claim over the lyrics was invalid . The 1935 copyright held by Warner / Chappell applied only to a specific piano arrangement of the song , not the lyrics or melody . The court held that the question of whether the 1922 and 1927 publications were authorized , thus placing the song in the public domain , presented questions of fact that would need to be resolved at trial . However , Warner / Chappell had failed to prove that it actually had ever held a copyright to the lyrics , so the court was able to grant summary judgment to the plaintiffs , thus resolving the case . Some initial news sources characterized the decision as ruling that the song was in the public domain , but the decision did not go so far , holding only that Warner / Chappell did not prove they owned the copyright . However , because there are no other claimants to the copyright , and the copyright to the melody long ago expired , the plaintiffs suggested that the song was de facto in the public domain . Also , the judge ruled that the song was not copyrighted by Summy Co. , who had written in the song book , `` Special permission through courtesy of the Clayton F. Summy Co . '' Since there was no evidence Summy Co. had copyright on the song , the song is still considered to be in the public domain . Prior to the lawsuit , Warner / Chappell had been earning $2 million a year licensing the song for commercial use , with a notable example the $5,000 paid by the filmmakers of the 1994 documentary , Hoop Dreams , in order to safely distribute the film . On February 8 , 2016 , Warner / Chappell agreed to pay a settlement of $14 million to those who had licensed the song , and would allow a final judgment declaring the song to be in the public domain , with a final hearing scheduled in March 2016 . On June 28 , 2016 , the final settlement was officially granted and the court declared that the song was in the public domain . The following week , Nelson 's short - form documentary , Happy Birthday : my campaign to liberate the people 's song , was published online by The Guardian . In the wake of their success , the lawyers involved in the `` Happy Birthday '' lawsuit filed similar lawsuits regarding `` We Shall Overcome '' and `` This Land Is Your Land '' . Public performances ( edit ) One of the most famous performances of `` Happy Birthday to You '' was Marilyn Monroe 's rendition to U.S. President John F. Kennedy in May 1962 . Another notable use was by comedy pianist Victor Borge , who played the song in styles of various composers , or would begin playing Moonlight Sonata , smoothly transitioning into the song . The documentary film The Corporation states that Warner / Chappell charged up to US $ 10,000 for the song to appear in a film . Because of the copyright issue , filmmakers rarely showed complete singalongs of `` Happy Birthday '' in films , either substituting the public - domain `` For He 's a Jolly Good Fellow '' or avoiding the song entirely . Before the song was copyrighted it was used freely , as in Bosko 's Party , a Warner Bros. cartoon of 1932 , where a chorus of animals sings it twice through . The copyright status of `` Happy Birthday to You '' is directly referenced in a 2009 episode of the TV series iCarly , `` iMake Sam Girlier '' , in which the main character as well as others begin to sing the song to Sam but are prevented from doing so by Freddie , who says the song is n't public domain ; `` For She 's a Jolly Good Fellow '' is then sung instead . In a 1998 episode of the television show Sports Night , `` Intellectual Property '' , character Dan Rydell sings the song to his co-anchor during a telecast , forcing his network to pay royalties , and causing him to ask his colleagues to choose public - domain songs for him to sing for their birthdays . The copyright is also referenced frequently in a Disney A.N.T. Farm episode where characters repeatedly try to sing the song , only to be stopped by others reminding them of the price . The melody of the song is also featured in The Wrong Trousers but was replaced with `` For He 's a Jolly Good Fellow '' for DVD releases . The use of the song is a problem even if it is sung in a made - up language , as a Klingon - language version was nixed in pre-production from the 7th - season episode of Star Trek : The Next Generation called `` Parallels '' , replaced with `` For He 's a Jolly Good Fellow '' in Klingon . In the Futurama episode `` I Second That Emotion '' , they poke fun at the song and its copyright by making their own version with the lyrics `` What day is today ? / It 's ( birthday person ) 's birthday / What a day for a birthday / Let 's all have some cake . '' In the 30 Rock episode `` Goodbye , My Friend '' , TGS cast members begin to sing the song following an announcement about the royalty fee for singing `` Happy Birthday to You '' on a television show . The cast is interrupted after the first line by a character entering the scene . In the Community episode `` Mixology Certification '' , a scene starts with the last two words of the song ( `` ... to you '' ) , implying it had been sung in its entirety , before Pierce confusedly asks , `` How come we only sang the last two words ? '' In the 1987 documentary Eyes on the Prize about the U.S. Civil Rights Movement , there was a birthday party scene in which Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. 's discouragement began to lift . After its initial release , the film was unavailable for sale or broadcast for many years because of the cost of clearing many copyrights , of which `` Happy Birthday to You '' was one . Grants in 2005 for copyright clearances allowed PBS to rebroadcast the film as recently as February 2008 . In 2010 , the Western Classical music conductor Zubin Mehta conducted the orchestra to play variations of Happy Birthday in the styles of various Western classical music composers including Wagner , Bach , Mozart and Beethoven , and in the Viennese , New Orleans and Hungarian composition styles . On August 5 , 2013 , the first anniversary of its landing on Mars , NASA 's Curiosity rover celebrated its `` birthday '' when engineers at Goddard Space Flight Center used the Sample Analysis at Mars ( SAM ) instrument to cause the rover to `` sing '' Happy Birthday on the Martian surface . During the March 6 , 2014 episode of the Comedy Central series The Colbert Report , Stephen Colbert planned to sing the song in honor of the 90th anniversary of its 1924 publication . Due to the copyright issues , Colbert instead performed his new `` royalty - free '' birthday song , which is set to `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . See also ( edit ) History portal Kentucky portal Music portal United States portal List of birthday songs Copyright troll References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brauneis ( 2010 ) , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Hill ; , Mildred J. ( music ) ; Hill , Patty S. ( lyrics ) ( 1896 ) . `` Good Morning to All '' . Song Stories for the Kindergarten . Illustrations by Margaret Byers ; With an introduction by Anna E. Bryan ( New , Revised , Illustrated and Enlarged ed . ) . Chicago : Clayton F. Summy Co. p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Collins , Paul ( July 21 , 2011 ) . `` You Say It 's Your Birthday . Does the Infamous ' Happy Birthday to You ' Copyright Hold up to Scrutiny ? '' . Slate . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Originally published in Song Stories for the Kindergarten . Chicago : Clayton E. Summy Co. 1896 . as cited by Snyder , Agnes ( 1972 ) . Dauntless Women in Childhood Education , 1856 -- 1931 . Washington , D.C. : Association for Childhood Education International . p. 244 . ^ Jump up to : Masnick , Mike ( June 13 , 2013 ) . `` Lawsuit Filed to Prove Happy Birthday Is in The Public Domain ; Demands Warner Pay Back Millions of License Fees '' . Techdirt . Jump up ^ Clifft , Candice ( 2007 ) . `` Little Loomhouse '' . Louisville Life Program . Kentucky Educational Television . Jump up ^ Brauneis ( 2010 ) , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Brauneis ( 2010 ) , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Brauneis ( 2010 ) , pp. 31 -- 32 . ^ Jump up to : Weiser , Benjamin ( June 13 , 2013 ) . `` Birthday Song 's Copyright Leads to a Lawsuit for the Ages '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Happy Birthday ' and the Money It Makes '' . The New York Times . December 26 , 1989 . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , Wendy ( February 5 , 2010 ) . `` Transcript '' . The Wendy Williams Show . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2011 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . We paid $700 to say happy birthday . You got to pay for the song . Williams used the song during an episode of her show . Jump up ^ Mohan , Isabel ( December 29 , 2012 ) . `` The Richest Songs in the World , BBC Four , Review '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Warner , Brian ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` The 10 Richest Songs of All Time '' . Celebrity Net Worth . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ EU countries observe the `` life + 70 '' copyright standard . Jump up ^ 537 US 186 , Justice Breyer , dissenting , II , C . ^ Jump up to : Brauneis ( 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Blistein , Jon ( 9 February 2016 ) . `` Warner Music Settles ' Happy Birthday ' Lawsuit for $14 Million '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Good Morning to You Productions v. Warner / Chappell Music , Inc . ( U.S. District Court for the Central District of California 2016 ) ( `` The Court hereby declares that , as of the Final Settlement Date , the Song entitled Happy Birthday to You ! will be in the public domain . '' ) . Text Jump up ^ `` Rupa Marya , et al. v. Warner / Chappell Music , Inc. , et al '' ( PDF ) . United States District Court for the Central District of California . September 22 , 2015 . Case Number CV - 13 - 4460 - GHK . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Konstantinides , Anneta ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` That 's Not What She Wished For ! Grandma , 102 , Blows Out Her Birthday Candles ... and Ends Up Losing Her Teeth Instead '' . The Daily Mail . London . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brauneis ( 2010 ) , pp. 12 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Feaster , Patrick ( June 20 , 2014 ) , `` Edith Goodyear Alger : Lyricist of ' Happy Birthday to You ' ? '' Griffonage - Dot - Com . Jump up ^ US District Court CA ( 2015 ) , pp. 3 . Jump up ^ Romeo , Dave ( 2009 ) . Striving for Significance : Life Lessons Learned While Fishing . iUniverse . p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4401 - 2213 - 2 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Russell , Carrie ( 2004 ) . Complete Copyright : An Everyday Guide for Librarians . American Library Association . p. 15 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Brauneis , Robert ( October 14 , 2010 ) . `` Copyright and the World 's Most Popular Song '' . Journal of the Copyright Society of the U.S.A . Legal Studies Research Paper No. 392 . George Washington University Law School . 56 : 335 . doi : 10.2139 / ssrn. 1111624 . SSRN 1111624 . Jump up ^ Brauneis ( 2010 ) , pp. 4 , 68 . Jump up ^ Balme , Charlie ( 22 December 2015 ) . `` US Happy Birthday copyright case settles after protracted legal battle '' . Marks & Clerk . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Happy Birthday to You ' Belongs to Everyone : Lawsuit '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ `` Class Action Complaint : Good Morning to You Productions v. Warner / Chappell Music '' . June 13 , 2013 -- via Scribd.com . Jump up ^ `` Case docket : Rupa Marya v. Warner Chappell Music Inc '' . archive.org . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Notice of Voluntary Dismissal , Good Morning To You Productions Corp. v. Warner / Chappell Music , Docket No. 1 : 13 - cv - 04040 ( S.D.N.Y. filed July 26 , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Third Amended Consolidated Complaint , Good Morning to You Productions Corp. v. Warner / Chappell Music , Docket No. 2 : 13 - cv - 04460 ( C.D. Cal . November 6 , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Masnick , Mike ( September 3 , 2013 ) . `` Warner Music Reprising the Role of the Evil Slayer of the Public Domain , Fights Back Against Happy Birthday Lawsuit '' . Techdirt . Jump up ^ Johnson , Ted ( October 7 , 2013 ) . `` Court Keeps Candles Lit on Dispute Over ' Happy Birthday ' Copyright '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Dkt. 89 ( Joint Report Rule 26 ( f ) Discovery Plan ) Jump up ^ Amended Complaint , Dkt. 75 . Jump up ^ `` ' Happy Birthday ' Lawsuit : ' Smoking Gun ' Emerges in Bid to Free World 's Most Popular Song '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Lawyers : 1922 Songbook with ' Happy Birthday ' Lyrics Was n't ' Authorized ' '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : US District Court CA ( 2015 ) . ^ Jump up to : Mai - Duc , Christine ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Happy Birthday ' Song Copyright Is Not Valid , Judge Rules '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Eriq ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Happy Birthday ' Copyright Ruled to Be Invalid '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hunt , Elle ( September 23 , 2015 ) . `` Happy Birthday Ruled Public Domain as Judge Throws out Copyright Claim '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Calamur , Krishnadev ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Unchained Melody '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ US District Court CA ( 2015 ) , pp. 14 - 16 . Jump up ^ Mai - Duc , Christine ( September 23 , 2015 ) . `` Filmmaker Picks a Fight with a Corporate Giant and Sets ' Happy Birthday ' Free '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Gordon ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Truth and Consequences '' . On the Media ( Transcript ) . Interview with Bob Garfield . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Happy Birthday ' , ' Hoop Dreams ' , and the Fight for Fair Use '' . Kartemquin Films . September 22 , 2015 . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Eriq ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Warner Music Pays $14 Million to End ' Happy Birthday ' Copyright Lawsuit '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Birthday : Warner Offers up to $14 M to Settle Copyright Dispute '' . CBC News . February 9 , 2016 . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Documentary About Freeing Happy Birthday From Copyfraud Comes Out The Day After Happy Birthday Officially Declared Public Domain '' . Techdirt . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Happy Birthday ' Legal Team Turns Attention to ' We Shall Overcome ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Farivar , Cyrus ( 18 June 2016 ) . `` Lawyers who yanked ' Happy Birthday ' into public domain now sue over ' This Land ' '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Bates , Daniel ( November 25 , 2011 ) . `` Happy Birthday Mr President , I 'm a Bit Out of Breath : Secret Behind Marilyn Monroe 's Most Memorable Moment '' . The Daily Mail . London . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Higham , Nick ( December 24 , 2000 ) . `` Victor Borge : The Great Dane '' . BBC News . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Logan , Brian ( March 14 , 2012 ) . `` Rainer Hersch 's Victor Borge '' . The Guardian ( Review ) . London . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sports Night `` Intellectual Property '' Quotes `` . imdb.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dean , Katie ( August 30 , 2005 ) . `` Cash Rescues Eyes on the Prize '' . Wired . Retrieved May 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` PBS News : PBS Celebrates Black History Month with an Extensive Lineup of Special Programming '' ( Press release ) . PBS . January 10 , 2008 . Retrieved May 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Zubin Mehta , Happy Birthday Variation , Symphony '' ( Video ) . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 -- via You Tube . Jump up ^ `` Zubin Mehta Does Variations on ' Happy Birthday ' '' . Best Jon Bon . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Happy Birthday , Curiosity ! '' . NASA . August 4 , 2013 . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Colbert Creates Royalty - Free Alternative to ' Happy Birthday ' For ' Happy Birthday 's Happy Birthday '' . Techdirt . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Stephen Colbert Audience Experience '' . Worcester Telegram & Gazette . March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Works cited ( edit ) Brauneis , Robert ( 2010 ) . `` Copyright and the World 's Most Popular Song '' . GWU Legal Studies Research Paper No. 1111624 . SSRN 1111624 . `` Rupa Marya , et al. v. Warner / Chappell Music , Inc. , et al '' ( PDF ) . United States District Court for the Central District of California . September 22 , 2015 . Case Number CV - 13 - 4460 - GHK . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) ( hide ) Find more aboutHappy Birthday to Youat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Free sheet music of Happy Birthday to You from Cantorion.org The original edition of Song Stories For The Kindergarten in PDF ( public domain ) . It contains the song `` Good morning to you '' . The Happy Birthday Song and The Little Loomhouse `` Happy Birthday '' at MusicBrainz ( information and list of recordings ) Mars rover Curiosity plays `` Happy Birthday '' to itself on YouTube in 2013 The Happy Birthday Song provides access to the `` Good Morning and Birthday Song '' from the 1927 edition of The Everyday Song Book held by the University of Pittsburgh Library System . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happy_Birthday_to_You&oldid=815978878 '' Categories : 1912 songs American songs Songs about birthday Copyright infringement Folk songs History of Louisville , Kentucky Public domain music Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Use mdy dates from February 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 MusicBrainz work same as Wikidata Articles with MusicBrainz work links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский සිංහල Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 13 : 03 . 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what is the purpose of online shopping websites	Online shopping is a form of electronic commerce which allows consumers to directly buy goods or services from a seller over the Internet using a web browser . Consumers find a product of interest by visiting the website of the retailer directly or by searching among alternative vendors using a shopping search engine , which displays the same product 's availability and pricing at different e-retailers . As of 2016 , customers can shop online using a range of different computers and devices , including desktop computers , laptops , tablet computers and smartphones .	allows consumers to directly buy goods or services from a seller over the Internet using a web browser	Online shopping	online shopping	Online shopping is a form of electronic commerce which allows consumers to directly buy goods or services from a seller over the Internet using a web browser . Consumers find a product of interest by visiting the website of the retailer directly or by searching among alternative vendors using a shopping search engine , which displays the same product 's availability and pricing at different e-retailers . As of 2016 , customers can shop online using a range of different computers and devices , including desktop computers , laptops , tablet computers and smartphones .	An online shop evokes the physical analogy of buying products or services at a regular `` bricks - and - mortar '' retailer or shopping center ; the process is called business - to - consumer ( B2C ) online shopping . When an online store is set up to enable businesses to buy from another businesses , the process is called business - to - business ( B2B ) online shopping . A typical online store enables the customer to browse the firm 's range of products and services , view photos or images of the products , along with information about the product specifications , features and prices . Online stores typically enable shoppers to use `` search '' features to find specific models , brands or items . Online customers must have access to the Internet and a valid method of payment in order to complete a transaction , such as a credit card , an Interac - enabled debit card , or a service such as PayPal . For physical products ( e.g. , paperback books or clothes ) , the e-tailer ships the products to the customer ; for digital products , such as digital audio files of songs or software , the e-tailer typically sends the file to the customer over the Internet . The largest of these online retailing corporations are Alibaba , Amazon.com , and eBay . Part of a series on E-commerce Online goods and services Digital distribution E-books Software Streaming media Retail services Banking DVD - by - mail Flower delivery Food ordering Grocery Pharmacy Travel Marketplace services Advertising Auctions Comparison shopping Social commerce Trading communities Wallet Mobile commerce Payment Ticketing Customer service Call centre Help desk Live support software E-procurement Purchase - to - pay Contents 1 Terminology 2 History 2.1 History of online shopping 2.2 Growth in online shoppers 3 International statistics 4 Customers 5 Customer buying behaviour in digital environment 6 Product selection 7 Payment 8 Product delivery 9 Shopping cart systems 10 Design 10.1 Information load 10.2 Consumer needs and expectations 10.3 User interface 11 Market share 12 Advantages 12.1 Convenience 12.2 Information and reviews 12.3 Price and selection 13 Disadvantages 13.1 Fraud and security concerns 13.2 Lack of full cost disclosure 13.3 Privacy 14 Product suitability 15 Aggregation 16 Impact of reviews on consumer behaviour 17 See also 18 References Terminology Alternative names for the activity are `` e-tailing '' , a shortened form of `` electronic retail '' or `` e-shopping '' , a shortened form of `` electronic shopping '' . An online store may also be called an e-web - store , e-shop , e-store , Internet shop , web - shop , web - store , online store , online storefront and virtual store . Mobile commerce ( or m - commerce ) describes purchasing from an online retailer 's mobile device - optimized website or software application ( `` app '' ) . These websites or apps are designed to enable customers to browse through a companies ' products and services on tablet computers and smartphones . History History of online shopping The growth of the internet as a secure shopping channel has developed since 1994 , with the first sales of Sting album ' Ten Summoner 's Tales ' . Wine , chocolates and flowers soon followed and were among the pioneering retail categories which fueled the growth of online shopping . Researchers found that having products that are appropriate for e-commerce was a key indicator of Internet success . Many of these products did well as they are generic products which shoppers did n't need to touch and feel in order to buy . But also importantly in the early days there were few shoppers online and they were from a narrow segment : affluent , male , 30 + . Online shopping has come along way since these early days and - in the UK - accounts for significant percents ( depending on product category as percentages can vary ) . Growth in online shoppers As the revenues from online sales continued to grow significantly researchers identified different types of online shoppers , Rohm & Swaninathan identified four categories and named them `` convenience shoppers , variety seekers , balanced buyers , and store - oriented shoppers '' . They focused on shopping motivations and found that the variety of products available and the perceived convenience of the buying online experience were significant motivating factors . This was different for offline shoppers , who were more motivated by time saving and recreational motives . Digital High Street 2020 Michael Aldrich , pioneer of online shopping in the 1980s . English entrepreneur Michael Aldrich was a pioneer of online shopping in 1979 . His system connected a modified domestic TV to a real - time transaction processing computer via a domestic telephone line . He believed that videotex , the modified domestic TV technology with a simple menu - driven human -- computer interface , was a ' new , universally applicable , participative communication medium -- the first since the invention of the telephone . ' This enabled ' closed ' corporate information systems to be opened to ' outside ' correspondents not just for transaction processing but also for e-messaging and information retrieval and dissemination , later known as e-business . His definition of the new mass communications medium as ' participative ' ( interactive , many - to - many ) was fundamentally different from the traditional definitions of mass communication and mass media and a precursor to the social networking on the Internet 25 years later . In March 1980 he launched Redifon 's Office Revolution , which allowed consumers , customers , agents , distributors , suppliers and service companies to be connected on - line to the corporate systems and allow business transactions to be completed electronically in real - time . During the 1980s he designed , manufactured , sold , installed , maintained and supported many online shopping systems , using videotex technology . These systems which also provided voice response and handprint processing pre-date the Internet and the World Wide Web , the IBM PC , and Microsoft MS - DOS , and were installed mainly in the UK by large corporations . The first World Wide Web server and browser , created by Tim Berners - Lee in 1990 , opened for commercial use in 1991 . Thereafter , subsequent technological innovations emerged in 1994 : online banking , the opening of an online pizza shop by Pizza Hut , Netscape 's SSL v2 encryption standard for secure data transfer , and Intershop 's first online shopping system . The first secure retail transaction over the Web was either by NetMarket or Internet Shopping Network in 1994 . Immediately after , Amazon.com launched its online shopping site in 1995 and eBay was also introduced in 1995 . Alibaba 's sites Taobao and Tmall were launched in 2003 and 2008 , respectively . Retailers are increasingly selling goods and services prior to availability through `` pretail '' for testing , building , and managing demand . International statistics Statistics show that in 2012 , Asia - Pacific increased their international sales over 30 % giving them over $433 billion in revenue . That is a $69 billion difference between the U.S. revenue of $364.66 billion . It is estimated that Asia - Pacific will increase by another 30 % in the year 2013 putting them ahead by more than one - third of all global ecommerce sales . The largest online shopping day in the world is Singles Day , with sales just in Alibaba 's sites at US $9.3 billion in 2014 . Customers Online customers must have access to the Internet and a valid method of payment in order to complete a transaction . Generally , higher levels of education and personal income correspond to more favorable perceptions of shopping online . Increased exposure to technology also increases the probability of developing favorable attitudes towards new shopping channels . Customer buying behaviour in digital environment The marketing around the digital environment , customer 's buying behaviour may not be influenced and controlled by the brand and firm , when they make a buying decision that might concern the interactions with search engine , recommendations , online reviews and other information . With the quickly separate of the digital devices environment , people are more likely to use their mobile phones , computers , tablets and other digital devices to gather information . In other words , the digital environment has a growing effect on consumer 's mind and buying behaviour . In an online shopping environment , interactive decision may have an influence on aid customer decision making . Each customer is becoming more interactive , and though online reviews customers can influence other potential buyers ' behaviors . Subsequently , risk and trust would also are two important factors affecting people 's ' behavior in digital environments . Customer consider to switch between e-channels , because they are mainly influence by the comparison with offline shopping , involving growth of security , financial and performance - risks In other words , a customer shopping online that they may receive more risk than people shopping in stores . There are three factors may influence people to do the buying decision , firstly , people can not examine whether the product satisfy their needs and wants before they receive it . Secondly , customer may concern at after - sale services . Finally , customer may afraid that they can not fully understand the language used in e-sales . Based on those factors customer perceive risk may as a significantly reason influence the online purchasing behaviour . Online retailers has place much emphasis on customer trust aspect , trust is another way driving customer 's behaviour in digital environment , which can depend on customer 's attitude and expectation . Indeed , the company 's products design or ideas can not met customer 's expectations . Customer 's purchase intension based on rational expectations , and additionally impacts on emotional trust . Moreover , those expectations can be also establish on the product information and revision from others . Product selection Consumers find a product of interest by visiting the website of the retailer directly or by searching among alternative vendors using a shopping search engine . Once a particular product has been found on the website of the seller , most online retailers use shopping cart software to allow the consumer to accumulate multiple items and to adjust quantities , like filling a physical shopping cart or basket in a conventional store . A `` checkout '' process follows ( continuing the physical - store analogy ) in which payment and delivery information is collected , if necessary . Some stores allow consumers to sign up for a permanent online account so that some or all of this information only needs to be entered once . The consumer often receives an e-mail confirmation once the transaction is complete . Less sophisticated stores may rely on consumers to phone or e-mail their orders ( although full credit card numbers , expiry date , and Card Security Code , or bank account and routing number should not be accepted by e-mail , for reasons of security ) . Payment Online shoppers commonly use a credit card or a PayPal account in order to make payments . However , some systems enable users to create accounts and pay by alternative means , such as : Billing to mobile phones and landlines Cash on delivery ( C.O.D. ) Cheque / Check Debit card Direct debit in some countries Electronic money of various types Gift cards Postal money order Wire transfer / delivery on payment Invoice , especially popular in some markets / countries , such as Switzerland Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies Some online shops will not accept international credit cards . Some require both the purchaser 's billing and shipping address to be in the same country as the online shop 's base of operation . Other online shops allow customers from any country to send gifts anywhere . The financial part of a transaction may be processed in real time ( e.g. letting the consumer know their credit card was declined before they log off ) , or may be done later as part of the fulfillment process . Product delivery Once a payment has been accepted , the goods or services can be delivered in the following ways . For physical items : Shipping : The product is shipped to a customer - designated address . Retail package delivery is typically done by the public postal system or a retail courier such as FedEx , UPS , DHL , or TNT . Drop shipping : The order is passed to the manufacturer or third - party distributor , who then ships the item directly to the consumer , bypassing the retailer 's physical location to save time , money , and space . In - store pick - up : The customer selects a local store using a locator software and picks up the delivered product at the selected location . This is the method often used in the bricks and clicks business model . For digital items or tickets : Downloading / Digital distribution : The method often used for digital media products such as software , music , movies , or images . Printing out , provision of a code for , or e-mailing of such items as admission tickets and scrip ( e.g. , gift certificates and coupons ) . The tickets , codes , or coupons may be redeemed at the appropriate physical or online premises and their content reviewed to verify their eligibility ( e.g. , assurances that the right of admission or use is redeemed at the correct time and place , for the correct dollar amount , and for the correct number of uses ) . Will call , COBO ( in Care Of Box Office ) , or `` at the door '' pickup : The patron picks up pre-purchased tickets for an event , such as a play , sporting event , or concert , either just before the event or in advance . With the onset of the Internet and e-commerce sites , which allow customers to buy tickets online , the popularity of this service has increased . Shopping cart systems Simple shopping cart systems allow the off - line administration of products and categories . The shop is then generated as HTML files and graphics that can be uploaded to a webspace . The systems do not use an online database . A high - end solution can be bought or rented as a stand - alone program or as an addition to an enterprise resource planning program . It is usually installed on the company 's web server and may integrate into the existing supply chain so that ordering , payment , delivery , accounting and warehousing can be automated to a large extent . Other solutions allow the user to register and create an online shop on a portal that hosts multiple shops simultaneously from one back office . Examples are BigCommerce , Shopify and FlickRocket . Open source shopping cart packages include advanced platforms such as Interchange , and off - the - shelf solutions such as Magento , osCommerce , Shopgate , PrestaShop , and Zen Cart . Commercial systems can also be tailored so the shop does not have to be created from scratch . By using an existing framework , software modules for various functionalities required by a web shop can be adapted and combined . Design Customers are attracted to online shopping not only because of high levels of convenience , but also because of broader selections , competitive pricing , and greater access to information . Business organizations seek to offer online shopping not only because it is of much lower cost compared to bricks and mortar stores , but also because it offers access to a worldwide market , increases customer value , and builds sustainable capabilities . Information load Designers of online shops are concerned with the effects of information load . Information load is a product of the spatial and temporal arrangements of stimuli in the web store . Compared with conventional retail shopping , the information environment of virtual shopping is enhanced by providing additional product information such as comparative products and services , as well as various alternatives and attributes of each alternative , etc . Two major dimensions of information load are complexity and novelty . Complexity refers to the number of different elements or features of a site , often the result of increased information diversity . Novelty involves the unexpected , suppressed , new , or unfamiliar aspects of the site . The novelty dimension may keep consumers exploring a shopping site , whereas the complexity dimension may induce impulse purchases . Consumer needs and expectations According to the output of a research report by Western Michigan University published in 2005 , an e-commerce website does not have to be good looking with listing on a lot of search engines . It must build relationships with customers to make money . The report also suggests that a website must leave a positive impression on the customers , giving them a reason to come back . However , resent research has proven that sites with higher focus on efficiency , convenience , and personalised services increased the customers motivation to make purchases . Dyn , an Internet performance management company conducted a survey on more than 1400 consumers across 11 countries in North America , Europe , Middle - East and Asia and the results of the survey are as follows : Online retailers must improve the website speed Online retailers must ease consumers fear around security These concerns majorly affect the decisions of almost two thirds of the consumers . User interface An automated online assistant , with potential to enhance user interface on shopping sites . The most important factors determining whether customers return to a website are ease of use and the presence of user - friendly features . Usability testing is important for finding problems and improvements in a web site . Methods for evaluating usability include heuristic evaluation , cognitive walkthrough , and user testing . Each technique has its own characteristics and emphasizes different aspects of the user experience . Market share The popularity of online shopping continues to erode sales of conventional retailers . For example , Best Buy , the largest retailer of electronics in the U.S. in August 2014 reported its tenth consecutive quarterly dip in sales , citing an increasing shift by consumers to online shopping . Amazon.com has the largest market share in the United States . As of May 2018 , a survey found two - thirds of Americans had bought something from Amazon ( 92 % of those who had bought anything online ) , with 40 % of online shoppers buying something from Amazon at least once a month . The survey found shopping began at amazon.com 44 % of the time , compared to a general search engine at 33 % . It estimated 75 million Americans subscribe to Amazon Prime and 35 million more use someone else 's account . There were 242 million people shopping online in China in 2012 . For developing countries and low - income households in developed countries , adoption of e-commerce in place of or in addition to conventional methods is limited by a lack of affordable Internet access . Advantages Convenience Online stores are usually available 24 hours a day , and many consumers in Western countries have Internet access both at work and at home . Other establishments such as Internet cafes , community centers and schools provide internet access as well . In contrast , visiting a conventional retail store requires travel or commuting and costs such as gas , parking , or bus tickets , and must typically take place during business hours . Delivery was always a problem which affected the convenience of online shopping . However to overcome this many retailers including online retailers in Taiwan brought in a store pick up service . This now meant that customers could purchase goods online and pick them up at a nearby convenience store , making online shopping more advantageous to customers . In the event of a problem with the item ( e.g. , the product was not what the consumer ordered or the product was not satisfactory ) , consumers are concerned with the ease of returning an item in exchange for the correct product or a refund . Consumers may need to contact the retailer , visit the post office and pay return shipping , and then wait for a replacement or refund . Some online companies have more generous return policies to compensate for the traditional advantage of physical stores . For example , the online shoe retailer Zappos.com includes labels for free return shipping , and does not charge a restocking fee , even for returns which are not the result of merchant error . ( Note : In the United Kingdom , online shops are prohibited from charging a restocking fee if the consumer cancels their order in accordance with the Consumer Protection ( Distance Selling ) Act 2000 ) . A 2018 survey in the United States found 26 % of online shoppers said they never return items , and another 65 % said they rarely do so . Information and reviews Online stores must describe products for sale with text , photos , and multimedia files , whereas in a physical retail store , the actual product and the manufacturer 's packaging will be available for direct inspection ( which might involve a test drive , fitting , or other experimentation ) . Some online stores provide or link to supplemental product information , such as instructions , safety procedures , demonstrations , or manufacturer specifications . Some provide background information , advice , or how - to guides designed to help consumers decide which product to buy . Some stores even allow customers to comment or rate their items . There are also dedicated review sites that host user reviews for different products . Reviews and even some blogs give customers the option of shopping for cheaper purchases from all over the world without having to depend on local retailers . In a conventional retail store , clerks are generally available to answer questions . Some online stores have real - time chat features , but most rely on e-mails or phone calls to handle customer questions . Even if an online store is open 24 hours a day , seven days a week , the customer service team may only be available during regular business hours . Price and selection One advantage of shopping online is being able to quickly seek out deals for items or services provided by many different vendors ( though some local search engines do exist to help consumers locate products for sale in nearby stores ) . Search engines , online price comparison services and discovery shopping engines can be used to look up sellers of a particular product or service . Shipping costs ( if applicable ) reduce the price advantage of online merchandise , though depending on the jurisdiction , a lack of sales tax may compensate for this . Shipping a small number of items , especially from another country , is much more expensive than making the larger shipments bricks - and - mortar retailers order . Some retailers ( especially those selling small , high - value items like electronics ) offer free shipping on sufficiently large orders . Another major advantage for retailers is the ability to rapidly switch suppliers and vendors without disrupting users ' shopping experience . Disadvantages Fraud and security concerns Given the lack of ability to inspect merchandise before purchase , consumers are at higher risk of fraud than face - to - face transactions . When ordering merchandise online , the item may not work properly , it may have defects , or it might not be the same item pictured in the online photo . Merchants also risk fraudulent purchases if customers are using stolen credit cards or fraudulent repudiation of the online purchase . However , merchants face less risk from physical theft by using a warehouse instead of a retail storefront . Secure Sockets Layer ( SSL ) encryption has generally solved the problem of credit card numbers being intercepted in transit between the consumer and the merchant . However , one must still trust the merchant ( and employees ) not to use the credit card information subsequently for their own purchases , and not to pass the information to others . Also , hackers might break into a merchant 's web site and steal names , addresses and credit card numbers , although the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard is intended to minimize the impact of such breaches . Identity theft is still a concern for consumers . A number of high - profile break - ins in the 2000s has prompted some U.S. states to require disclosure to consumers when this happens . Computer security has thus become a major concern for merchants and e-commerce service providers , who deploy countermeasures such as firewalls and anti-virus software to protect their networks . Phishing is another danger , where consumers are fooled into thinking they are dealing with a reputable retailer , when they have actually been manipulated into feeding private information to a system operated by a malicious party . Denial of service attacks are a minor risk for merchants , as are server and network outages . Quality seals can be placed on the Shop web page if it has undergone an independent assessment and meets all requirements of the company issuing the seal . The purpose of these seals is to increase the confidence of online shoppers . However , the existence of many different seals , or seals unfamiliar to consumers , may foil this effort to a certain extent . A number of resources offer advice on how consumers can protect themselves when using online retailer services . These include : Sticking with well - known stores , or attempting to find independent consumer reviews of their experiences ; also ensuring that there is comprehensive contact information on the website before using the service , and noting if the retailer has enrolled in industry oversight programs such as a trust mark or a trust seal . Before buying from a new company , evaluating the website by considering issues such as : the professionalism and user - friendliness of the site ; whether or not the company lists a telephone number and / or street address along with e-contact information ; whether a fair and reasonable refund and return policy is clearly stated ; and whether there are hidden price inflators , such as excessive shipping and handling charges . Ensuring that the retailer has an acceptable privacy policy posted . For example , note if the retailer does not explicitly state that it will not share private information with others without consent . Ensuring that the vendor address is protected with SSL ( see above ) when entering credit card information . If it does the address on the credit card information entry screen will start with `` HTTPS '' . Using strong passwords which do not contain personal information such as the user 's name or birthdate . Another option is a `` pass phrase , '' which might be something along the lines : `` I shop 4 good a buy ! ! '' These are difficult to hack , since they do not consist of words found in a dictionary , and provides a variety of upper , lower , and special characters . These passwords can be site specific and may be easy to remember . Although the benefits of online shopping are considerable , when the process goes poorly it can create a thorny situation . A few problems that shoppers potentially face include identity theft , faulty products , and the accumulation of spyware . If users are required to put in their credit card information and billing / shipping address and the website is not secure , customer information can be accessible to anyone who knows how to obtain it . Most large online corporations are inventing new ways to make fraud more difficult . However , criminals are constantly responding to these developments with new ways to manipulate the system . Even though online retailers are making efforts to protect consumer information , it is a constant fight to maintain the lead . It is advisable to be aware of the most current technology and scams to protect consumer identity and finances . Product delivery is also a main concern of online shopping . Most companies offer shipping insurance in case the product is lost or damaged . Some shipping companies will offer refunds or compensation for the damage , but this is up to their discretion . Lack of full cost disclosure The lack of full cost disclosure may also be problematic . While it may be easy to compare the base price of an item online , it may not be easy to see the total cost up front . Additional fees such as shipping are often not visible until the final step in the checkout process . The problem is especially evident with cross-border purchases , where the cost indicated at the final checkout screen may not include additional fees that must be paid upon delivery such as duties and brokerage . Some services such as the Canadian - based Wishabi attempts to include estimates of these additional cost , but nevertheless , the lack of general full cost disclosure remains a concern . Privacy Privacy of personal information is a significant issue for some consumers . Many consumers wish to avoid spam and telemarketing which could result from supplying contact information to an online merchant . In response , many merchants promise to not use consumer information for these purposes , Many websites keep track of consumer shopping habits in order to suggest items and other websites to view . Brick - and - mortar stores also collect consumer information . Some ask for a shopper 's address and phone number at checkout , though consumers may refuse to provide it . Many larger stores use the address information encoded on consumers ' credit cards ( often without their knowledge ) to add them to a catalog mailing list . This information is obviously not accessible to the merchant when paying in cash or through a bank ( money transfer , in which case there is also proof of payment ) . Product suitability This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Many successful purely virtual companies deal with digital products , ( including information storage , retrieval , and modification ) , music , movies , office supplies , education , communication , software , photography , and financial transactions . Other successful marketers use drop shipping or affiliate marketing techniques to facilitate transactions of tangible goods without maintaining real inventory . Some non-digital products have been more successful than others for online stores . Profitable items often have a high value - to - weight ratio , they may involve embarrassing purchases , they may typically go to people in remote locations , and they may have shut - ins as their typical purchasers . Items which can fit in a standard mailbox -- such as music CDs , DVDs and books -- are particularly suitable for a virtual marketer . Products such as spare parts , both for consumer items like washing machines and for industrial equipment like centrifugal pumps , also seem good candidates for selling online . Retailers often need to order spare parts specially , since they typically do not stock them at consumer outlets -- in such cases , e-commerce solutions in spares do not compete with retail stores , only with other ordering systems . A factor for success in this niche can consist of providing customers with exact , reliable information about which part number their particular version of a product needs , for example by providing parts lists keyed by serial number . Products less suitable for e-commerce include products that have a low value - to - weight ratio , products that have a smell , taste , or touch component , products that need trial fittings -- most notably clothing -- and products where colour integrity appears important . Nonetheless , some web sites have had success delivering groceries and clothing sold through the internet is big business in the U.S. Aggregation High - volume websites , such as Yahoo ! , Amazon.com , and eBay , offer hosting services for online stores to all size retailers . These stores are presented within an integrated navigation framework , sometimes known as virtual shopping malls or online marketplaces . Impact of reviews on consumer behaviour One of the great benefits of online shopping is the ability to read product reviews , written either by experts or fellow online shoppers . The Nielsen Company conducted a survey in March 2010 and polled more than 27,000 Internet users in 55 markets from the Asia - Pacific , Europe , Middle East , North America , and South America to look at questions such as `` How do consumers shop online ? '' , `` What do they intend to buy ? '' , `` How do they use various online shopping web pages ? '' , and the impact of social media and other factors that come into play when consumers are trying to decide how to spend their money on which product or service . According to the research , reviews on electronics ( 57 % ) such as DVD players , cellphones , or PlayStations , and so on , reviews on cars ( 45 % ) , and reviews on software ( 37 % ) play an important role in influencing consumers who tend to make purchases online . Furthermore , 40 % of online shoppers indicate that they would not even buy electronics without consulting online reviews first . In addition to online reviews , peer recommendations on online shopping pages or social media websites play a key role for online shoppers when they are researching future purchases . 90 % of all purchases made are influenced by social media . See also Bricks and clicks business model Comparison of free software e-commerce web application frameworks Dark store Direct imports Digital distribution Electronic business Online auction business model Online music store Online pharmacy Online shopping malls Online shopping rewards Open catalogue Personal shopper Retail therapy Types of retail outlets Tourist trap References Jump up ^ `` The Alibaba phenomenon '' . The Economics . March 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shop Direct celebrates 20 years of online shopping '' . Shopdirect.com. 2014 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Doherty , N.F. ; Ellis ‐ Chadwick , F. ; Hart , C.A. ( 1999 ) . `` Cyber retailing in the UK : the potential of the Internet as a retail channel '' . International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management . 27 ( 1 ) : 22 -- 36 . doi : 10.1108 / 09590559910252685 . 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( 2 ) Jump up ^ 2011 M. Aldrich ' Online Shopping in the 1980s ' IEEE ' Annals of the History of Computing ' Vol 33 No4 pp57 - 61 October -- December 2011 ISSN 1058 - 6180 ( 3 ) Jump up ^ 1980 Checking on the check - outs , Financial Times London 12 July 1980 ( 4 ) ^ Jump up to : Palmer , Kimberly. ( 2007 ) News & World Report . Jump up ^ Gilber , Alorie ( 11 August 2004 ) . `` E-commerce turns 10 '' . CNet . Archived from the original on 29 October 2014 . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . Jump up ^ C. Custer ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Tmall CEO : this year , Alibaba plans to take Singles Day global '' . Tech in Asia . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Steven Millward ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` New record for world 's biggest shopping day as Alibaba 's shoppers spend $9.3 billion in 24 hours '' . Tech in Asia . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bigne , Enrique ( 2005 ) . `` The Impact of Internet User Shopping Patterns and Demographics on Consumer Mobile Buying Behavior '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Electronic Commerce Research . 6 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ Kannan , P. K ; Alice Li , Hongshuang ( 2017 ) . `` Digital Marketing : A framework , review and research agenda '' . International Journal of research in Marketing . 34 ( 1 ) : 22 -- 45 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijresmar. 2016.11. 006 . Jump up ^ Pappas , N ( March 2016 ) . `` Marketing Strategies perceived risks , and consumer trust in online behaviour '' . Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services . 29 : 92 -- 103 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jretconser. 2015.11. 007 . Jump up ^ Kawai , F ; Tagg , S ( July 2017 ) . `` The construction of online shopping experience : A repertory grid approach '' . Computers in Human Behavior . 72 : 222 -- 232 . doi : 10.1016 / j. chb. 2017.02. 055 . Jump up ^ PCI Security Standards Council . `` PCI Data Storage Do 's and Don'ts '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 24 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Lopresti , Michael ( September 1 , 2007 ) . `` Bill - 2 - Phone Lets Customers Add Online Purchases to Their Phone Bill '' . Allbusiness.com . Retrieved 23 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Geena Rao ( July 19 , 2010 ) . `` Mopay Now Allows You To Bill Mobile Payments To A Landline Account '' . TechCrunch.com . Retrieved 23 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Walker , John ( 2007 - 11 - 22 ) . `` RPS Exclusive : Gabe Newell Interview '' . Rock , Paper , Shotgun . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 28 . The worst days ( for game development ) were the cartridge days for the NES . It was a huge risk -- you had all this money tied up in silicon in a warehouse somewhere , and so you 'd be conservative in the decisions you felt you could make , very conservative in the IPs you signed , your art direction would not change , and so on . Now it 's the opposite extreme : we can put something up on Steam , deliver it to people all around the world , make changes . We can take more interesting risks. ( ... ) Retail does n't know how to deal with those games . On Steam ( a digital distributor ) there 's no shelf - space restriction . It 's great because they 're a bunch of old , orphaned games . Jump up ^ `` How Does Shopping Cart Software Works -- Product Databases '' . 15 Jan 2004 . Retrieved 7 Feb 2017 . Jump up ^ Jarvenpaa , S.L. ; Todd , P.A. ( 1997 ) . `` Consumer reactions to electronic shopping on the world wide web '' . International Journal of Electronic Commerce . 1 : 59 -- 88 . doi : 10.1080 / 10864415.1996. 11518283 . Jump up ^ Peterson , R.A. ; Balasubramanian , S. ; Bronnenberg , B.J. ( 1997 ) . `` Exploring the implications of the Internet for consumer marketing '' . Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science . 25 : 329 -- 346 . doi : 10.1177 / 0092070397254005 . Jump up ^ Stephen ; Liou , Juhn - Shiuan ( 2004 ) . `` A framework for internet channel evaluation '' . 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Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management . 20 ( 4 ) : 487 -- 506 . doi : 10.1108 / JFMM - 02 - 2016 - 0015 . Jump up ^ `` Consumers and their online shopping expectations -- Ecommerce News '' . 20 February 2015 . Retrieved 29 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sherry Y. Chen en Robert D. Macredie , `` The assessment of usability of electronic shopping : A heuristic evaluation '' , International Journal of Information Management 25 ( 2005 ) , 516 -- 532 Jump up ^ `` Best Buy looks to new products to push sales '' . Minneapolis News.Net. 26 August 2014 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ What Americans Told Us About Online Shopping Says A Lot About Amazon Jump up ^ `` China 's Internet users reach 564 mln '' . news.xinhuanet.com. 2013 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Hsiao , Ming - Hsiung ( 2009 ) . `` Shopping mode choice : Physical store shopping versus e-shopping '' . 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Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Online_shopping&oldid=857095635 '' Categories : E-commerce Online retailers Consumer behaviour Merchandising Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2014 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2011 Articles needing additional references from March 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Čeština Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Кыргызча Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 14 : 54 ( UTC ) . 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when did the yankees become a baseball team	The history of the New York Yankees Major League Baseball ( MLB ) team spans more than a century . Frank J. Farrell and William Stephen Devery bought the rights to an American League ( AL ) club in New York City after the 1902 season . The team , which became known as the Yankees in 1913 , rarely contended for the AL championship before the acquisition of outfielder Babe Ruth after the 1919 season . With Ruth in the lineup , the Yankees won their first AL title in 1921 , followed by their first World Series championship in 1923 . Ruth and first baseman Lou Gehrig were part of the team 's Murderers ' Row lineup , which led the Yankees to a then - AL record 110 wins and a Series championship in 1927 under Miller Huggins . They repeated as World Series winners in 1928 , and their next title came under manager Joe McCarthy in 1932 .	after the 1902 season	History of the New York Yankees	history of the new york yankees		The 1913 squad , the first that went by the name `` Yankees '' The history of the New York Yankees Major League Baseball ( MLB ) team spans more than a century . Frank J. Farrell and William Stephen Devery bought the rights to an American League ( AL ) club in New York City after the 1902 season . The team , which became known as the Yankees in 1913 , rarely contended for the AL championship before the acquisition of outfielder Babe Ruth after the 1919 season . With Ruth in the lineup , the Yankees won their first AL title in 1921 , followed by their first World Series championship in 1923 . Ruth and first baseman Lou Gehrig were part of the team 's Murderers ' Row lineup , which led the Yankees to a then - AL record 110 wins and a Series championship in 1927 under Miller Huggins . They repeated as World Series winners in 1928 , and their next title came under manager Joe McCarthy in 1932 . The Yankees won the World Series every year from 1936 to 1939 with a team that featured Gehrig and outfielder Joe DiMaggio , who recorded a record hitting streak during New York 's 1941 championship season . New York set a major league record by winning five consecutive championships from 1949 to 1953 , and appeared in the World Series nine times from 1955 to 1964 . Mickey Mantle , Yogi Berra , and Whitey Ford were among the players fielded by the Yankees during the era . After the 1964 season , a lack of effective replacements for aging players caused the franchise to decline on the field , and the team became a money - loser for owners CBS while playing in an aging stadium . George Steinbrenner bought the club in 1973 and regularly invested in new talent , using free agency to acquire top players . Yankee Stadium was renovated and reopened in 1976 as the home of a more competitive Yankees team . Despite clubhouse disputes , the team reached the World Series four times between 1976 and 1981 and claimed the championship in 1977 and 1978 . New York continued to pursue their strategy of signing free agents into the 1980s , but with less success , and the team eventually sank into mediocrity after 1981 . In the early 1990s , the team began to improve as their roster was rebuilt around young players from their minor league system , including Derek Jeter and Mariano Rivera . After earning a playoff berth in 1995 , the Yankees won four of the next five World Series , and the 1998 -- 2000 teams were the last in MLB to win three straight Series titles . As the 2000s progressed , the Yankees ' rivalry with the Boston Red Sox increased in intensity as the sides met multiple times in the American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) , trading victories in 2003 and 2004 . New York regularly reached the postseason , but were often defeated in the first two rounds . In 2009 , the Yankees opened a new Yankee Stadium and won the World Series for the 27th time in team history , an MLB record . The furthest the Yankees have gone in the postseason since then is the ALCS , in 2010 , 2012 , and 2017 . Contents 1 Pre-World War II 1.1 Background : 1901 -- 02 Baltimore Orioles 1.2 1903 -- 12 : Early years 1.3 1913 -- 20 : New ownership and acquisition of Babe Ruth 1.4 1921 -- 28 : First World Series win and Murderers ' Row 1.5 1929 -- 35 : Hiring of Joe McCarthy and Ruth 's called shot 1.6 1936 -- 41 : Renewed domination 2 World War II to free agency 2.1 1942 -- 47 : Pre-Stengel era 2.2 1948 -- 56 : Stengel hire and five straight World Series wins 2.3 1957 -- 64 : Continued success 2.4 1965 -- 72 : New ownership and decline 2.5 1973 -- 76 : Steinbrenner takes over 3 Free agency era 3.1 1977 -- 81 : `` The Bronx Zoo '' 3.2 1982 -- 95 : Struggles and return to postseason 3.3 1996 -- 2001 : Championship run 3.4 2002 -- 08 : Final years in old Yankee Stadium 3.5 2009 -- 2016 : New stadium and record 27th championship 3.6 2017 -- present : Rise of the `` Baby Bombers '' 4 Notes 5 References 6 Bibliography Pre-world war ii ( edit ) Background : 1901 -- 02 Baltimore Orioles ( edit ) John McGraw was the first manager of the Baltimore Orioles , and had an ownership interest . At the end of the 1900 baseball season , the Western League was positioned by its president , Ban Johnson , as a new major league that would compete with the established National League ( NL ) . The league was reorganized and renamed the American League ( AL ) , and eight cities fielded teams in the 1901 season . A Baltimore team had played in the NL through the 1899 season , after which the club was shut down by the league . Baltimore was one of three former NL cities where the AL placed teams in an effort to reach underserved fans . The new Orioles ' first manager was John McGraw , who had held the same position for the previous Baltimore team in 1899 ; McGraw also held an ownership stake . In 1901 , their first season , the Orioles had a 68 -- 65 win -- loss record and finished in fifth place in the AL . During the season , there were numerous disputes between Johnson and McGraw over disciplinary issues , which continued into the following year . Rumors began to spread that Johnson was interested in relocating the team to New York City , in an attempt to compete directly with the NL . McGraw left the Orioles and joined the New York Giants as their manager ; he transferred his interest in the Baltimore team to the Giants as part of the deal . Several Orioles -- including Roger Bresnahan and Joe McGinnity -- joined the Giants after McGraw 's departure , and the Giants gained a majority of the Orioles ' stock . The league managed to take back control of the team from the Giants ; after the Orioles forfeited a game because they lacked enough active players , Johnson ordered that the team be `` restocked with players essentially given away by the other teams in order to play out the schedule '' , according to author Marty Appel . The Orioles finished last in the league both in the standings and in attendance . The AL and NL signed an agreement after the 1902 season that ended the leagues ' battles for players , which had led to increasing salaries . Johnson sought the right to locate an AL team in New York City , which was granted as part of the leagues ' peace agreement . His intention was for the team to play in Manhattan , but the idea was opposed by Giants owner John T. Brush and former owner Andrew Freedman , who were connected to the city 's Tammany Hall political organization . They blocked several potential stadium locations , before a pair of Tammany Hall politicians , Frank J. Farrell and William Stephen Devery , purchased the New York franchise in the AL . The pair paid US $18,000 for the team . It is not clear whether Farrell and Devery purchased the remains of the Orioles and moved them to New York , or if they received an expansion franchise . It was the last change in the lineup of MLB teams for half a century . 1903 -- 12 : early years ( edit ) The ballpark for the New York team was constructed between 165th and 168th Streets , on Broadway in Manhattan . Formally known as American League Park , it was nicknamed Hilltop Park because of its relatively high elevation . The team did not have an official nickname ; it was often called the New York Americans in reference to the AL . Another common nickname for the club was the Highlanders , a play on the last name of the team 's president , Joe Gordon , and the British military unit , the Gordon Highlanders . The team acquired players such as outfielder Willie Keeler and pitcher Jack Chesbro . The player - manager was Clark Griffith , obtained from the Chicago White Sox . On April 22 , 1903 , the Highlanders began their season with a 3 -- 1 loss to the Washington Senators ; eight days later , they won their first game in Hilltop Park , defeating the Senators 6 -- 2 . New York fell out of contention for the AL pennant in May , falling to seventh place after playing games away from Hilltop Park for a 24 - day period while construction on the stadium concluded . With a final record of 72 -- 62 after wins in 19 of 29 games played in September , New York finished in fourth . New York plays a game at Hilltop Park in 1912 . Chesbro won 41 games in New York 's 1904 season , still an AL record . New York contended for the AL pennant with the Boston Americans ( later nicknamed the Red Sox ) ; Johnson aided New York by helping the team acquire multiple players in trades , including Boston 's Patsy Dougherty . Boston and New York faced each other in a season - ending five - game series that decided the pennant winner , and was played from October 7 -- 10 . Boston won two of the first three games , which meant that New York needed to win the two contests scheduled on October 10 to win the AL title . With the score of the first game tied 2 -- 2 in the ninth inning , Chesbro threw a wild pitch that allowed a runner on third base to score , giving Boston a 3 -- 2 victory that clinched the AL pennant ; New York won the now - meaningless second game . New York 's performance declined in 1905 , as numerous pitchers dealt with arm injuries and conditioning issues . After losing 18 of 25 games in May , the Highlanders ended the season in sixth . In its 1906 season , New York again contended for the AL championship . With 13 games left , the team held a one - game lead over the White Sox , but finished in second place three games behind Chicago . According to Appel , `` What would follow would be a string of mediocre to bad seasons and not a very good attraction for baseball - crazed New York fans . '' New York recorded a fifth - place finish in 1907 , with 70 wins , 22 fewer than the league champion Detroit Tigers . The 1908 and 1909 teams finished last and fifth , respectively , and there were multiple managerial changes in the period . New York had a second - place finish in 1910 , but did not seriously contend for the pennant . Manager George Stallings and first baseman Hal Chase , the team captain , clashed towards the end of the season ; facing opposition from Ban Johnson , who wanted him to resign as manager , Stallings left the position . Chase managed New York 's last 14 games . The following season , New York had a sixth - place finish . Early in the season , New York allowed the Giants to play in Hilltop Park after the Giants ' stadium , the Polo Grounds , burned down ; the arrangement lasted until June 28 , when the rebuilt Polo Grounds opened . Chase resigned as manager before New York 's 1912 season ; Harry Wolverton accepted the position . That year , New York had a last - place finish with a record of 50 -- 102 , the winning percentage of . 329 the lowest - ever for the club . After their first couple of seasons in New York City , team ownership infrequently invested in new players . The ownership group of Farrell and Devery spent their money on personal pursuits such as gambling , leaving them with little to put into the team . New York 's star player , Chase , consorted frequently with gamblers . Author Jim Reisler dubbed him `` the most crooked player to ever play the game '' because of reports that he took part in game fixing . The club also had difficulty drawing fans to Hilltop Park . Appel wrote that `` maybe the best thing you could say about the ballpark was that it never burned down . '' By the end of the 1912 season , Farrell was searching for a site to build a new stadium on . 1913 -- 20 : New ownership and acquisition of Babe Ruth ( edit ) Babe Ruth in 1920 , the year he joined the Yankees New York started playing home games at the Polo Grounds in 1913 as tenants of the Giants . Before the 1913 season , the team gained an official nickname for the first time . Either `` Yankees '' or `` Yanks '' had been used frequently since 1904 in newspapers such as the New York Evening Journal , since `` Highlanders '' was hard to fit in headlines . Such unofficial nicknames were common during that era , but thereafter the official name took hold -- the New York Yankees . A third major league , the Federal League ( FL ) , began play in 1914 and lasted for two years . While the Yankees did not have to contend with direct competition for fans , as the FL chose to place its New York City franchise in Brooklyn instead of Manhattan , the team nearly lost leading pitcher Ray Caldwell to the rival league after the 1914 season . With the Yankees finishing seventh in 1913 and sixth in 1914 , Farrell and Devery sold the team to brewery magnate Jacob Ruppert and former United States Army engineer Tillinghast L'Hommedieu Huston . The Yankees had rarely been profitable over the previous 10 years , and carried debts of $20,000 . The sale was completed on January 11 , 1915 , as the pair paid a combined $460,000 . Ruppert called the team `` an orphan ball club , without a home of its own , without players of outstanding ability , without prestige . '' The new owners intended to spend freely to improve the club 's talent level and made a major purchase in 1915 , buying pitcher Bob Shawkey from the Philadelphia Athletics . In spite of this , the Yankees ' 69 wins were only enough for fifth in the league . After wearing different designs during the Highlanders years , in 1915 the Yankees introduced white uniforms with pinstripes and an interlocking `` NY '' logo during games at the Polo Grounds ; this remains their home uniform design today . For road games , the team began to wear gray uniforms with `` New York '' across the chest from 1913 ; the Yankees still wear similar garb . Following the acquisition of third baseman Frank `` Home Run '' Baker from the Athletics , the 1916 Yankees had 80 wins and contended for the AL pennant for most of the season , before suffering a run of injuries to key players , including Baker . In the Yankees ' 1917 season , New York finished in sixth ; Bill Donovan , the club 's manager since 1915 , was fired in the offseason . Ruppert replaced him with Miller Huggins , completing the hire while Huston was overseas fighting in World War I . The Yankees contended for first place in the war - shortened 1918 campaign along with the Red Sox and Cleveland Indians , but lost numerous players to military service and were fourth at 60 -- 63 . After the season , the Yankees acquired three players -- including outfielder Duffy Lewis and pitcher Ernie Shore -- in a trade with the Red Sox , the winners of the 1918 World Series . In 1919 , the club made another trade with Boston , acquiring pitcher Carl Mays for two players and $40,000 . The midseason deal provoked a dispute between the teams and Ban Johnson , who unsuccessfully attempted to block it . Mays had a 9 -- 3 pitching record as a Yankee , and the team improved to 80 -- 59 for the season ; the mark was good for third in the AL . The 1919 season was the first in which the Yankees played games at the Polo Grounds on Sundays ; until then , blue laws had banned Sunday baseball in New York state . The Yankees ' attendance more than doubled in 1919 , rising to about 619,000 . The Giants soon moved to force the Yankees out of the Polo Grounds , in an effort to secure more Sunday home games . On December 26 , 1919 , the Yankees made an agreement with the Red Sox to purchase outfielder Babe Ruth for $25,000 cash and $75,000 in promissory notes . The deal , which was announced on January 5 , 1920 , was called `` the most famous transaction in sports '' by author Glenn Stout . After tying for the MLB home run lead in 1918 with the Athletics ' Tilly Walker ( with 11 ) , Ruth broke the single - season record with 29 in 1919 . At the same time , he sought a new contract that would double his $10,000 yearly salary . After the trade , Boston did not win another World Series championship until 2004 ; an alleged jinx against the Red Sox , which was known as the Curse of the Bambino ( after a nickname for Ruth ) , was first brought up when they lost the 1986 World Series and became widely discussed after Dan Shaughnessy authored a book with the title . The deal became a symbol of `` how things ( would ) always go wrong for the Red Sox and right for the Yankees '' , according to Stout . With Ruth in the lineup , the Yankees ' fortunes were transformed . Playing on four World Series champion teams , Ruth hit 659 home runs and scored 1,959 runs ; both marks are team records as of 2018 . He is second in club history with 1,978 runs batted in and accumulated 2,518 hits as a Yankee , third on the team 's all - time list . As well as prowess on the field , Ruth had a larger - than - life personality , bringing him and his team a huge amount of press and public attention . The addition of Ruth helped the Yankees increase their attendance to 1,289,422 for the 1920 season ; it was the first time that any MLB team drew more than one million fans in a year . His skills and charm appealed to large segments of the New York City population ; Stout wrote that `` He belonged to everyone . '' New York was the AL attendance leader for 13 of Ruth 's 15 seasons with the team ; the Yankees became solidly profitable as well , making over $370,000 in 1920 and remaining in the black for the rest of the decade . In 1920 , Ruth hit 54 home runs for a new record ; his total was higher than that of all other MLB teams but the Philadelphia Phillies . New York had 95 wins , the most in team history to that point , but fell three wins short of the AL championship and finished third . In an August 16 game against the Indians , a pitch from Mays hit Indians shortstop Ray Chapman in the head , leading to his death ; the Yankees slumped after the incident as Cleveland captured the pennant . After the season , the Yankees hired general manager Ed Barrow from the Red Sox . Barrow made numerous trades with his former club , including one immediately after his departure that brought catcher Wally Schang and pitcher Waite Hoyt to New York . The Yankees also became involved in another dispute with Ban Johnson , this time over the replacement of baseball 's existing governing body , the National Commission , after reports came out that the 1919 World Series had been fixed . The Yankees and 10 other franchises -- including the entire NL -- supported the idea of a three - man committee drawn from outside baseball running MLB , and for a time a move by the Yankees to the NL was rumored ; ultimately , Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis was named MLB 's first commissioner . 1921 -- 28 : first World Series win and Murderers ' Row ( edit ) The 1921 season began a 44 - year period in which the Yankees were , according to author Richard Worth , `` The greatest sustained winning ' empire ' in sports '' . Ruth surpassed his own record by hitting 59 home runs . He also led MLB in on - base percentage with a . 512 mark for the season . The Yankees won the AL pennant for the first time , winning 98 games in the regular season ; the total gave them the league championship by a margin of 4 ⁄ games over Cleveland . In the best - of - nine 1921 World Series , they faced the Giants and won the first two games , but their opponents claimed the Series title when they won four of the next five games . Ruth suffered an arm infection , which limited his playing time in the later part of the Series . He and Bob Meusel participated in exhibition games during the offseason , in violation of MLB rules forbidding players on pennant - winning teams from barnstorming after the World Series . Season - long suspensions were considered a possibility , but Landis decided to suspend the pair for six weeks . Despite the setback , New York had 94 wins and repeated as AL champions . The St. Louis Browns were the closest pursuers , finishing one game behind New York . In the World Series , the Yankees again faced the Giants in an all - New York matchup ; the Series changed to a best - of - seven format that year . The Giants defeated the Yankees in five games , including one that ended in a tie when it was suspended because of darkness . Lou Gehrig was part of the Yankees ' 1927 Murderers ' Row lineup . By 1923 , the teams no longer shared the Polo Grounds , as Giants owner Charles Stoneham had attempted to evict the Yankees in 1920 . Although the attempt was unsuccessful , and Stoneham and the Yankees ' owners agreed to a two - year lease renewal , the Giants indicated that the Yankees would not receive an extension after 1922 . The treatment pushed the Yankees into seeking their own stadium . In 1921 , the team bought a plot of land in the Bronx , and the construction crew finished the new ballpark before the 1923 season . Yankee Stadium , a triple - deck facility , was originally designed to hold more than 55,000 spectators ; it was later able to hold over 70,000 . Writer Peter Carino called the stadium `` a larger and more impressive facility than anything yet built to house a baseball team . '' At Yankee Stadium 's inaugural game on April 18 , 1923 , Ruth hit the first home run in the stadium , which sportswriter Fred Lieb named `` the House That Ruth Built '' as the Yankees would not have needed such a large stadium without the Ruth - driven attendance . Ruth himself had a resurgence after receiving vocal criticism for his 1922 World Series performance . He shared the MLB lead with Cy Williams by hitting 41 home runs in the 1923 season , and had a career - best . 393 batting average ; his performance earned him the AL Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Award . The Yankees finished first for the third consecutive year , and faced the Giants again in the 1923 World Series . Giants outfielder Casey Stengel hit game - winning home runs in two of the first three games of the World Series , but Ruth 's three home runs helped the Yankees win in six games for their first MLB title . Off the field , Ruppert purchased Huston 's share of the Yankees for $1,250,000 , assuming full ownership of the club . The Yankees did not return to the World Series in either of the following two seasons . By 1925 , New York had fallen to seventh place . That year marked the team 's last losing season until 1965 ; the 39 - year streak of winning seasons is an MLB record . First baseman Lou Gehrig debuted in 1925 , earning a spot in the lineup he would not relinquish for almost 15 years , a then - record consecutive games played streak . The Yankees made more talent upgrades before their 1926 season , which included the signing of infielder Tony Lazzeri , who spent over a decade with the club . New York 's performance on the field surpassed preseason expectations , and a 16 - game winning streak in May gave the team a substantial lead . With a three - game final margin over the Indians , the Yankees won the pennant and a spot in the 1926 World Series against the St. Louis Cardinals . After the Yankees took a 3 -- 2 series lead , the Cardinals won the final two games in Yankee Stadium to claim the Series title . Ruth hit three home runs in the fourth game , but made the final out of the Series on a failed stolen base attempt . The Yankees ' lineup in the 1927 season , which featured Ruth , Gehrig , Lazzeri , Meusel , Mark Koenig , and Earle Combs , was known as Murderers ' Row for its power hitting . The team led in the standings throughout . The Yankees took first place in early May , and by the end of June had posted a 49 -- 20 record , giving them a large lead in the AL standings ; by mid-September , they had clinched the pennant . The 1927 Yankees had a 110 -- 44 record in the regular season , and broke the AL record for wins in a year . Ruth 's total of 60 home runs set a single - season home run record that stood for 34 years . Gehrig added 47 home runs and his 175 RBI topped the AL ; he won the first of his two AL MVP Awards . The Yankees completed the season by sweeping the Pittsburgh Pirates in the 1927 World Series . The 1927 Yankees squad is included among the great teams in baseball history . To begin the 1928 season , the Yankees went on a 34 -- 8 run and took a sizable lead . The Athletics chased them for the AL pennant towards the end of the season , but New York won the title again and faced the Cardinals in the 1928 World Series , sweeping them in four games . Coming off a 54 - home run regular season , Ruth had three more and a . 625 batting average in the Series , while Gehrig batted . 545 with four home runs . With the Yankees ' run of three straight league pennants and two World Series titles came criticism from fans of other teams , who decried the team 's dominance . Calls to `` Break up the Yankees ! '' were made , and critics hoped that the team would sell Gehrig to separate him from Ruth ; Ruppert declined to do so . 1929 -- 35 : hiring of Joe McCarthy and Ruth 's called shot ( edit ) The Yankees ' run of pennants was broken up by a rising Philadelphia Athletics team , which denied the Yankees a fourth straight AL championship in 1929 . The team 's manager , Huggins , died on September 25 . After Art Fletcher managed for the rest of the year , Shawkey took the position for the 1930 season , in which the Yankees had a third - place finish . The Yankees fired Fletcher and hired Joe McCarthy ; in his first season as manager , the team won 94 games but finished second behind the Athletics . McCarthy 's team was undergoing a transition from Murderers ' Row ; new contributors included Bill Dickey , who had first played for the Yankees in 1928 , and pitchers Red Ruffing and Lefty Gomez . Ruffing , who had a 39 -- 96 record with the Red Sox before being traded to New York , ended up 231 -- 124 in his Yankees career . In 1932 , McCarthy 's Yankees returned to the top of the AL with 107 wins , enough for a 13 - game margin over the Athletics . The Yankees met the Chicago Cubs in the 1932 World Series and swept them four games to none . Gehrig had three home runs , eight RBI , and a . 529 batting average for the Series , while Ruth contributed a pair of home runs in the third game at Chicago 's Wrigley Field . The second of Ruth 's home runs was his `` called shot '' ; after pointing towards the center field stands , according to some post-game press reports , Ruth homered to break a 4 -- 4 tie in the fifth inning . Although accounts of the incident vary greatly , author Eric Enders called the home run `` the most talked - about hit in baseball history '' . The Yankees began cutting their payroll in 1933 , as their finances were strained by the Great Depression . Regardless , the makeup of the team was minimally impacted in comparison to the Athletics , who were forced to sell key players to lower their expenses . From 1933 to 1935 , the Yankees posted three consecutive second - place finishes . Ruth 's performance declined from previous seasons in 1933 and 1934 , his final years with the team . The Yankees released Ruth from his contract before the 1935 season , and Gehrig took a leadership role for the club ; he was named New York 's captain . New York was beginning to see results from an initiative to buy minor league teams in an effort to reduce the cost of obtaining players ; after buying their first minor league club in 1929 , the Yankees had a 15 - team system by 1937 . Players developed in the farm system entered the Yankee lineup beginning in the mid-1930s , and into the early 1960s this remained the team 's primary player acquisition method . McCarthy worked to regulate player behavior in areas such as mental focus and off - field attire ; the Yankees acquired a `` corporate image '' that they retained for many years . 1936 -- 41 : renewed domination ( edit ) Joe DiMaggio recorded base hits in an MLB record 56 straight games in 1941 . New York 's 1936 season was Joe DiMaggio 's first with the club . The young center fielder was signed in 1934 from the Pacific Coast League 's San Francisco Seals , and made his debut with the Yankees in 1936 , gaining an extra year 's experience with the Seals . DiMaggio had a . 323 batting average , 29 home runs , and 125 RBI in his rookie season . Gehrig won the AL MVP Award for his season , in which he hit a career - high 49 home runs , with a . 354 batting average and 152 RBI . Behind these performances , the Yankees had a 102 - win season and won the AL pennant , before defeating the Giants in the 1936 World Series , four games to two . After a second consecutive 102 - win regular season and AL championship in the 1937 season , the Yankees again defeated the Giants in the Series -- this time winning 4 -- 1 . The 1938 Yankees had 48 victories in 61 games during one stretch , and won the team 's third straight AL championship despite a drop in batting performance by Gehrig . In the 1938 World Series , the Yankees swept the Chicago Cubs in four games . Ruppert died early in 1939 ; before his death , he sold his ownership interest to Barrow , who took over as the Yankees ' president . Financially , the club 's position had improved from earlier in the decade ; after posting a net loss of around $170,000 from 1931 to 1935 , the team made over $1 million during the next four years . The 1939 Yankees lost the services of Gehrig early in the season . After starting the year poorly , he ended his streak of 2,130 consecutive games played ; he was later diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , which forced him to retire . Despite the loss of Gehrig , New York fielded a team that posted 106 victories in 1939 , 17 more than the second - place team . DiMaggio was named MVP of the league ; he led the AL in batting average (. 381 ) and was second in RBI ( 126 ) . Ruffing led the Yankees ' pitchers with 20 wins . In the 1939 World Series , the Yankees swept the Cincinnati Reds in four games for the club 's fourth consecutive Series championship . Writers have given the 1936 -- 39 Yankees acclaim for their success in regular season and World Series play ; Stout wrote that the 1939 squad was `` magnificent '' , and that their campaign was `` wholly without drama '' besides Gehrig 's departure from the lineup . In response to the Yankees ' dominance , after the 1939 season the AL temporarily barred most transactions between the last pennant winner and other league teams in an attempt to prevent New York from improving its roster . The Yankees ' run of championships ended in 1940 ; the team had 18 more losses than in the previous season and finished second , two games behind the Tigers . DiMaggio recorded base hits in 56 consecutive games for the Yankees during the 1941 season , breaking the MLB record of 44 games that had been set by Willie Keeler in 1897 . His hitting streak lasted from May 15 to July 17 , when DiMaggio failed to record a hit during a game against the Indians at Cleveland Stadium . After winning the AL pennant , the Yankees met the Brooklyn Dodgers in the 1941 World Series , prevailing in five games . In Game 4 , the Yankees trailed 4 -- 3 in the ninth inning and were on the verge of defeat when Tommy Henrich struck out ; Dodgers catcher Mickey Owen was unable to field the pitch , allowing Henrich to reach base . That began a four - run game - winning rally , and New York won the championship in Game 5 the following day . World war ii to free agency ( edit ) 1942 -- 47 : pre-stengel era ( edit ) The attack on Pearl Harbor occurred during the offseason , and some baseball players immediately joined the Armed Forces . Most of the Yankees ' roster remained with the team in 1942 , and the club repeated as AL champions despite Gomez 's departure . In the 1942 World Series , the Cardinals gave the Yankees their first Series loss since 1926 , after winning in eight consecutive appearances . DiMaggio and other Yankees entered the military before the 1943 season , but the club won the AL championship for the 14th time and 7th since 1936 . The Cardinals met the Yankees in a World Series rematch , and New York won four games to one . After 1943 , more of the team 's players were drafted into military , and the Yankees ended 1944 in third place , one position higher than they finished the following season . A group consisting of Larry MacPhail , Dan Topping , and Del Webb bought the Yankees , their stadium , and the franchise 's minor league teams for $2,800,000 in 1945 . Under the new ownership , Yankee Stadium underwent extensive renovations that included the installation of lights . With the war over and the return of players from overseas , the Yankees set an MLB single - season home attendance record by attracting 2,265,512 fans in 1946 . McCarthy resigned as manager early in the season . The Yankees used two other managers during the year ( Bill Dickey and Johnny Neun ) , and ended 1946 in third place . Catcher Yogi Berra made his Yankees debut that year ; in his 18 - season career , Berra won the AL MVP Award three times . Bucky Harris was brought in to be the manager , and his 1947 team won the AL pennant and defeated the Dodgers in a seven - game World Series . After the end of the Series , MacPhail sold his share of Yankees ownership to Topping and Webb for $2 million . 1948 -- 56 : Stengel hire and five straight World Series wins ( edit ) Despite contending late into the season , the 1948 Yankees finished in third place . Harris was released and the Yankees brought in Casey Stengel to manage . At the time , Stengel had `` a reputation as a bit of a clown '' , according to Appel , and had been unsuccessful in two previous MLB managing stints . As the Yankees ' manager , he optimized matchups by using a platoon system , playing more left - handed batters against right - handed pitchers . Numerous injuries affected the team during the 1949 season but it battled with the Red Sox for the AL pennant ; before a season - ending two - game series at Yankee Stadium , New York trailed Boston by one game and needed a pair of wins . By scores of 5 -- 4 and 5 -- 3 , the Yankees won the two games and the league championship . New York won a World Series rematch with the Dodgers in five games . Stengel was named AL Manager of the Year in his first season . The Yankees faced another competitive pennant race in 1950 , as the Tigers joined New York and Boston at the top of the AL . Late in the season , the Yankees broke a tie with the Tigers for first place and went on to win the pennant . In the 1950 World Series , the Yankees swept the Phillies ; the second game was decided by a DiMaggio home run in the tenth inning . Following the season , Yankee Phil Rizzuto was named AL MVP after recording 200 base hits during the regular season . Mickey Mantle won the AL Triple Crown in 1956 , five seasons after first joining the Yankees . Fan interest in attending games had begun declining throughout MLB in the late - 1940s , and the Yankees faced a drop - off in their crowds after 1947 , when they sold about 2.2 million tickets . By 1957 , season attendance was down by over 700,000 . New York baseball fans had the option of watching games on television instead by the early 1950s . The Yankees joined the other New York City franchises in allowing game telecasts . This was a departure from the team 's strategy when radio broadcasts were introduced . Regular season games of the Yankees were not broadcast until 1939 , as management believed that fewer fans would attend games if they could listen on radios . DiMaggio played his final MLB season in 1951 , while highly touted outfielder Mickey Mantle made his debut for New York . Pitcher Allie Reynolds threw two no - hitters during 1951 , as the Yankees claimed the AL pennant for the third straight year . They then won the 1951 World Series against the Giants , four games to two . When their 1952 team took the AL pennant , the Yankees had an opportunity to match the four straight World Series championships won by the team from 1936 to 1939 . In another Yankees -- Dodgers matchup , New York fell behind three games to two , but victories in games six and seven gave the Yankees the title . New York and Brooklyn were matched again in the 1953 World Series , and a Billy Martin base hit that decided the sixth and final game of the Series gave the Yankees another four games to two victory and a fifth title in a row . As of 2016 , the 1949 -- 1953 Yankees are the only MLB teams to win five straight World Series ; no team since has won more than three in a row . The Yankees won 103 games in 1954 , the most yet for a Stengel - managed team , but the Indians took the pennant with a then - AL record 111 wins . One year later , the 1955 Yankees faced the Dodgers in the World Series . After the teams split the first six games of the Series , the Yankees lost the seventh and final game 2 -- 0 , giving the Dodgers their first Series win . Elston Howard , the first African American player in Yankees history , made his debut in 1955 . His arrival came eight years after MLB 's color line had been broken , as the Yankees ' management had sought to avoid integrating the club 's roster . As teams such as the Dodgers added black players , the Yankees turned down numerous opportunities to acquire Negro league talent . Management feared alienating white fans and harbored stereotypes of African American players . Author Robert Cohen called these views `` symbolic of the overall arrogance of Yankee ownership and management , as well as their prevailing racial attitudes . '' In 1956 , Mantle won the MVP award for a season in which he led the AL and MLB in batting average (. 353 ) , home runs ( 52 ) , and RBIs ( 130 ) , becoming the second Yankee ( after Gehrig in 1934 ) to win a Triple Crown . The 1956 Yankees won the franchise 's seventh AL championship under Stengel and advanced to a World Series rematch with the Dodgers . In Game 5 , with the Series even at 2 -- 2 , Yankees pitcher Don Larsen threw a perfect game . In seven games , the Yankees won the Series . 1957 -- 64 : continued success ( edit ) By 1957 , the Yankees had won 15 of the last 21 AL pennants . The team 's minor - league system had been reduced to 10 teams from a peak of 22 , and its scouting system was acclaimed by Sports Illustrated 's Roy Terrell as `` the best in all baseball . '' Instead of signing many players for their organization , the Yankees concentrated on acquiring a smaller number of highly skilled players , according to head scout Paul Krichell . The club recruited players by selling them on the `` fame , fortune and fat shares of a World Series pot '' that came with making New York 's roster . The 1957 Yankees reached that year 's World Series , but lost in seven games to the Milwaukee Braves . Following the Series , the Giants and Dodgers left New York City for California , leaving the Yankees as New York 's only MLB team . Despite their status as the sole New York City - based franchise , the Yankees ' 1958 attendance decreased from previous seasons as the team could not attract bereft Giants and Dodgers fans . In the 1958 World Series , the Yankees had an opportunity to avenge their defeat to the Braves . The Yankees fell behind by losing three of the first four games , but won the final three games of the Series to claim another championship . The Yankees were unable to defend their AL and World Series championships in 1959 , as they ended up with a 79 -- 75 record , their worst record since 1925 , good for third place . Roger Maris broke the MLB single - season home run record in 1961 , his second year as a Yankee . When Arnold Johnson ( a friend of Topping and Yankees general manager George Weiss ) became the owner of the Kansas City Athletics in 1955 , his new team made many transactions with the Yankees . From 1956 to 1960 , the Athletics traded many young players to the Yankees for cash and aging veterans . The trades strengthened the Yankees ' roster , but brought criticism from rival clubs . Before their 1960 season , the Yankees made one such trade with the Athletics in which they acquired outfielder Roger Maris . In his first Yankees season , Maris led the league in slugging percentage , RBIs , and extra base hits , finished second with 39 home runs , and won the AL MVP Award . The 1960 Yankees won the AL pennant for the 10th time in 12 years under Stengel , and outscored the Pirates 55 -- 27 in the seven World Series games . However , the team lost four of them , falling short of a Series championship after Bill Mazeroski hit a walk - off home run in the final game , ending a contest that Appel called `` one of the most memorable in baseball history . '' The season turned out to be Stengel 's last as Yankees manager ; he indicated that his age played a role in the team 's decision , saying , `` I 'll never make the mistake of being seventy again . '' Ralph Houk was chosen to replace Stengel . During the 1961 season , both Mantle and Maris chased Ruth 's single - season home run record of 60 , and the pair attracted much press attention as the year progressed . Ultimately , an infection forced Mantle to leave the lineup and bow out of the race in mid-September with 54 home runs . Maris continued , though , and on October 1 , the final day of the season , he homered against Red Sox pitcher Tracy Stallard into the right field stands of Yankee Stadium , breaking the record with 61 . Commissioner Ford Frick decreed that two separate records be kept , as the Yankees played a 154 - game schedule in 1927 ( beginning in 1961 , AL teams played 162 games to accommodate the league 's expansion to 10 teams ) . MLB did away with the dual records 30 years later , giving Maris sole possession of the single - season home run record before it was broken in 1998 by Mark McGwire . The Yankees won the pennant with 109 regular season wins , at the time the club 's second - highest single - season total , and defeated the Cincinnati Reds in five games to win the franchise 's 19th World Series . The team hit 240 home runs to break the MLB single - season record . Maris won another AL MVP Award , while Whitey Ford captured the Cy Young Award , having posted a 25 -- 4 record . The team gained a reputation as one of the strongest the Yankees had fielded , along with the 1927 and 1939 Yankees . New York returned to the World Series in 1962 , facing the San Francisco Giants . After exchanging victories in the first six games of the Series , the Yankees won the decisive seventh game 1 -- 0 to clinch the title . The Yankees again reached the World Series in their 1963 campaign , but were swept in four games by the Los Angeles Dodgers . Houk left the manager 's position to become the team 's general manager and the newly retired Berra was named manager . After dealing with player injuries and internal dissension , the Yankees rallied from third place late in the 1964 season and won the AL pennant by one game over the White Sox . It was their fifth straight World Series appearance and fourteenth in the past sixteen years . The team faced the St. Louis Cardinals in a series that included a walk - off home run by Mantle to end the third game . Despite Mantle 's game - winning hit , the Yankees were defeated by the Cardinals in seven games , and Berra was fired . 1965 -- 72 : New ownership and decline ( edit ) In 1964 , CBS announced that it was purchasing 80 percent of the Yankees for $11.2 million . The television network bought the remaining 20 percent , originally retained by Topping and Webb , during the next two years . Topping left as team president after the sale ; CBS executive Mike Burke replaced him . From 1962 to the sale , Topping and Webb had sharply curtailed the Yankees ' investment in their minor league system , to show greater profits . As a result , the team lacked capable replacements for its aging players . Other factors affected the club 's fortunes as well . The team had been slow in signing African American players even after Howard , and lost the opportunity to sign future stars . As most American League clubs dragged their feet in integrating their rosters , the rapid decline of the Yankees ' white stars left them on the same footing as the rest of the league . Also , the 1965 introduction of the MLB draft , which allowed the clubs with the worst records to have the first selections , meant that the Yankees could not outbid other teams for young talent . Their trade pipeline with the A 's had dried up by 1960 , as new A 's owner Charlie Finley announced his intention to avoid trading with New York . Competition for the attention of local fans had been provided by the expansion New York Mets , founded in 1962 . By 1964 , the new club started a 12 - year streak of outdrawing the Yankees ; the Mets also won the 1969 World Series . The Yankees had a record of 77 -- 85 in 1965 , and their sixth - place finish was their lowest since 1925 . It was only their second finish in the second division since 1918 . Johnny Keane , who was hired to succeed Berra as manager , was fired after the Yankees lost 16 of 20 games to start their 1966 season ; Houk named himself as Keane 's replacement . A last - place finish -- their first since 1912 -- followed at season 's end , and the Yankees ended up one position higher , ninth , the following season . Ford , Howard , Mantle , and Maris all retired or were traded to other clubs between 1966 and 1969 . Attendance at Yankee Stadium fell to between 1 and 1.3 million fans per season from 1965 to 1971 , and dropped below 1 million in 1972 . One 1966 game had a crowd of 413 fans ; television announcer Red Barber was fired by the Yankees after discussing the low attendance during his telecast . After fifth - place finishes in 1968 and 1969 ( the latter in the newly created six - team American League East division ) , the 1970 Yankees improved to second in the AL East with a 93 -- 69 record , finishing behind the Baltimore Orioles . Catcher Thurman Munson played his first full season for the Yankees and won AL Rookie of the Year honors for 1970 . New York had 11 more losses during their 1971 season than they had in 1970 , but in 1972 they contended for the AL East title and a playoff berth . Late in the season , the Yankees were in a four - way tie for the most wins in the division , but a slump caused them to fall to fourth by the end of their campaign with a record of 79 -- 76 . 1973 -- 76 : Steinbrenner takes over ( edit ) George Steinbrenner bought the Yankees from CBS in 1973 . The newly remodeled Yankee Stadium , pictured in 2007 , opened in time for the 1976 season . Less than a decade into its ownership of the Yankees , CBS moved to sell the team in 1972 . In eight years , the team posted an $11 million loss under CBS ; losing money in all but two years . Along with the decrease in attendance , the Yankees ' television revenues fell by more than 80 percent from their peak , and in 1973 were more than $1 million below what the Mets earned from their broadcasting agreement . A group of investors , led by Cleveland - based shipbuilder George Steinbrenner , purchased the club from CBS on January 3 , 1973 for $10 million . Despite an initial promise that he would `` stick to building ships '' and remain in the background , Steinbrenner proved to be a hands - on owner , clashing with Burke and forcing him out of his leadership position . Describing the level of control displayed by the lead owner , investor John McMullen stated , `` There is nothing in life quite so limited as being a limited partner of George Steinbrenner . '' The 1973 Yankees held the AL East lead entering August , but faded and ended the year fourth . The 1973 season was the team 's last in Yankee Stadium before the building was renovated . The Yankees had become concerned about the drop in attendance and the poor conditions of the stadium 's surroundings . For a time , New Jersey sought to attract sports teams to the Meadowlands Sports Complex , and New York City acted to prevent the Yankees from moving . The city paid $24 million to buy Yankee Stadium and the adjacent land , and in 1972 agreed to renovations . Work on the stadium finished in 1976 , and the Yankees were required to play at the Mets ' home field , Shea Stadium , in 1974 and 1975 . During the first of those seasons , the team nearly won the AL East , finishing behind the Orioles in a race that was decided in the final games . The Yankees were helped by an early - season trade that brought first baseman Chris Chambliss to the team , and improved to 89 wins from 1973 's 80 victories . After the 1974 season , star pitcher Catfish Hunter was declared a free agent because of a skipped insurance payment . The Yankees signed him to a $3.75 million , four - year contract . It was the beginning of a long - term franchise philosophy of using free agency to acquire talent ; Stout writes that they `` were the first team to comprehend what free agency meant '' , as it provided an advantage over lower - spending rivals and generated fan and media interest . Hunter had 23 wins during the Yankees ' 1975 season , but the team did not contend for the playoffs after July . New York fired manager Bill Virdon in August and hired Billy Martin as his replacement . With Martin as the helm , the Yankees returned to the postseason in their first season in the renovated Yankee Stadium , winning the 1976 AL East title by a 10 1 / 2 - game margin over the Orioles . Munson was named AL MVP , with a . 302 batting average and a total of 105 RBIs that was second - best in the AL . The 1976 American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) between the Yankees and Kansas City Royals went to a deciding fifth game , which was won by New York on a walk - off home run by Chambliss . The Yankees did not win a game against the Cincinnati Reds in the 1976 World Series . Free agency era ( edit ) 1977 -- 81 : `` the Bronx Zoo '' ( edit ) Free agency was introduced more fully from the 1976 offseason ; outfielder Reggie Jackson , who had spent one season with the Orioles after being traded by the Athletics , was the most significant player available in that first offseason . Steinbrenner signed Jackson to a five - year , $2.96 million contract , giving the Yankees a key player , but one who had difficulty fitting in with the rest of the team . Martin had opposed Jackson 's signing , and many players were angered by comments Jackson made that were critical of Munson. Jackson and Martin nearly came to blows in the Yankees ' dugout during one game against the Red Sox , in which Martin removed Jackson for being slow to field a ball . The incident sparked media reports of disputes between Martin and Steinbrenner , and further conflict between Martin and Jackson . The Yankees of the late - 1970s , noted for clubhouse conflict and on - field success , were later nicknamed `` The Bronx Zoo '' , after a book of the same name by pitcher Sparky Lyle , and at the time , New York and the baseball world were agog at their antics . The 1977 Yankees won the AL East and defeated the Royals in the 1977 ALCS . Trailing 3 -- 2 in the top of the ninth inning of the decisive fifth game , the Yankees scored three times to gain a berth in the World Series . Against the Dodgers , the Yankees prevailed in six games for their first Series championship since 1962 . Jackson hit a record five home runs in the Series , including three in Game 6 on consecutive pitches , against three different Dodgers pitchers . Jackson gained his own candy bar and the nickname `` Mr. October '' . Before their 1978 season , the Yankees added relief pitcher Goose Gossage , even though their closer was reigning Cy Young Award winner Lyle . By the middle of July , the team was 14 games behind the Red Sox and infighting had begun again . After making comments to reporters criticizing both Jackson and Steinbrenner , Martin resigned and Bob Lemon was hired as manager . The Yankees closed the gap that Boston had opened on them , and by the start of a four - game series at Fenway Park on September 7 , the Red Sox ' lead was down to four games . Over the course of the series , nicknamed `` The Boston Massacre '' , the Yankees outscored the Red Sox 42 -- 9 , winning each game . The teams finished the regular season with identical records , and an AL East tie - breaker game was held on October 2 . Losing 2 -- 0 in the seventh inning , the Yankees took the lead on a three - run home run by shortstop Bucky Dent , and eventually won 5 -- 4 . After beating the Kansas City Royals for the third consecutive year in the ALCS , the Yankees faced the Dodgers again in the 1978 World Series . They lost the first two games on the road , but then returned to Yankee Stadium and won three consecutive games before clinching a Series championship in Game 6 in Los Angeles . Pitcher Ron Guidry was the Cy Young Award winner in 1978 , having posted 25 wins against 3 losses with a 1.74 ERA , and 248 strikeouts . Eighteen of his strikeouts came in his June 17 appearance against the California Angels , which broke the franchise record . On August 2 , 1979 , Munson was killed in a plane crash . Martin , who had returned as manager after Steinbrenner fired Lemon in June , said that with his death , `` The whole bottom fell out of the team . '' The 1979 Yankees finished fourth with an 89 -- 71 record . Steinbrenner fired Martin after the season and replaced him with Dick Howser , who led the Yankees to 103 wins and the AL East title in 1980 . Jackson led the AL with 41 home runs and posted a . 300 batting average for the Yankees , who finished three games ahead of the Orioles . Their stay in the postseason was brief , as the Royals beat them in three straight games to win the ALCS . Before their 1981 campaign , the Yankees signed Dave Winfield to a 10 - year contract worth $23 million , a record at the time . The season was shortened by a strike , and the Yankees qualified for the playoffs by virtue of leading the AL East when the work stoppage began . They defeated the Milwaukee Brewers in a divisional playoff round in five games . and won the AL pennant with three straight wins over the Athletics in the ALCS . The Yankees won the first two games of the 1981 World Series against Los Angeles , but the Dodgers won the next four games and the championship . 1982 -- 95 : struggles and return to postseason ( edit ) Following the team 's loss to the Dodgers in the 1981 World Series , the Yankees had a 15 - year absence from the World Series , the longest since the time before their initial appearance in 1921 . As the 1980s progressed , the Yankees regularly spent heavily on free agents who were often aging and proved to be declining in performance . The atmosphere of turmoil around the club discouraged some players from signing contracts with New York ; they either ignored the Yankees ' offers or used them to get more money from other teams . Steinbrenner traded prospects for veterans ; sportswriter Buster Olney called this `` a practice that ultimately inflicted serious damage on the organization , leaving the team without the needed influx of young and cheap talent . '' With Steinbrenner at the helm , the team continued to change managers frequently ; there were 21 managerial changes in his first two decades of ownership ; Martin served five separate stints as New York 's manager . Don Mattingly was the MVP of the AL in 1985 , but did not compete in the MLB playoffs until a decade later . The 1982 and 1983 Yankees were fifth and third , respectively . Henry Fetter wrote of the following year 's team , which had several aging players , `` The 1984 Yanks had assembled an all - star lineup -- but it was that of 1979 . '' In what became a trend in future seasons , the Yankees lacked effective pitching , undoing the efforts of a top - tier offense that included players such as Winfield and first baseman Don Mattingly , one of the few star hitters produced by the farm system during the era . Mattingly led the AL in batting average in 1984 -- beating out Winfield for the league lead . The Yankees ' 1985 season began with a batting lineup improved by an offseason trade for Rickey Henderson , the future MLB career stolen base and runs scored record holder . Mattingly was AL MVP in 1985 , with 145 RBI and a personal - best 35 home runs , while Guidry won 22 games . The Yankees had 97 wins , two off the division leader Toronto Blue Jays . The 1986 side 's win total fell to 92 , but it was only enough for second place again behind Boston . Mattingly hit an MLB record six grand slam home runs in 1987 , but dealt with back pain that limited his effectiveness in his remaining years . The Yankees fell to fourth , beginning a six - year streak of fourth or worse . The Yankees had the most wins of any MLB team during the 1980s , but missed the playoffs eight times during the decade and did not win a World Series . Many New York baseball fans chose to support an exciting Mets team . From 1984 to 1992 , a period that featured their 1986 World Series victory , the Mets ' attendance topped that of the Yankees every year . Despite falling attendance , the Yankees ' finances were not significantly harmed , as they had a 12 - year television rights contract with the Madison Square Garden network that gave them a record $500 million and flexibility to increase their payroll if desired . Winfield 's tenure with the team ended when he was traded in May 1990 . The 1990 team lost 95 games to finish at the bottom of the AL East , and its . 414 winning percentage was the franchise 's worst since 1913 . The Yankees underwent a dramatic change in their front office that year , which Glenn Stout cites as a turning point for the club . Winfield had become a target of Steinbrenner in previous years . At one 1985 game , he criticized Winfield by calling him `` Mr. May '' , that is , a player who only performed well early in the season . Steinbrenner also resented Winfield 's salary as too high , and was critical of a charitable foundation run by him . A gambler was paid by Steinbrenner `` for damaging information '' about Winfield , an incident that resulted in an indefinite suspension from then - commissioner Fay Vincent in 1990 . Under new general manager Gene Michael , the Yankees allowed their minor league talent more time to improve their skills and more of a chance to play for the Yankees if they were good enough . Michael focused on on - base percentage in deciding which hitters to pursue , and emphasized left - handed batters who might take advantage of Yankee Stadium 's short right - field porch . The players developed by the team during its rebuilding years included outfielder Bernie Williams , a future AL batting average leader , and a group -- Derek Jeter , Andy Pettitte , Jorge Posada , and Mariano Rivera -- that became the centerpiece of the championship teams of the 1990s , and was later nicknamed the `` Core Four '' . After a 71 - win 1991 season , the Yankees replaced their incumbent manager , Stump Merrill , with Buck Showalter , who increased the playing time given to young players . While the 1992 Yankees were 20 games behind the AL East winner , offseason acquisitions -- third baseman Wade Boggs , pitcher Jimmy Key , and outfielder Paul O'Neill -- helped the 1993 team to an 88 -- 74 record and New York 's highest finish ( second ) in seven seasons . By 1994 , the Yankees had progressed to the point where they led the AL with a 70 -- 43 record going into the homestretch of the regular season . Their campaign was cut short by a players ' strike , which resulted in the cancellation of the playoffs and 1994 World Series . Many media members believed that the Yankees might have reached the World Series if not for the strike . A year later , the team reached the playoffs and gave Mattingly his first career postseason appearance by winning the first AL wild card berth , but it was eliminated in a five - game Division Series ( ALDS ) against the Seattle Mariners . 1996 -- 2001 : championship run ( edit ) Joe Torre ( right ) with Yankee catcher Yogi Berra Mattingly did not return to the Yankees for their 1996 season , and the club replaced Showalter with Joe Torre . Although the managerial change met with a mixed reception by the press , Torre received praise for his handling of players as his managerial career progressed ; Olney remarked that he was able to `` defuse powder - keg issues and serve as a buffer between Steinbrenner and the players . '' Jeter won the AL Rookie of the Year Award in his first full season with the Yankees , and Pettitte with 21 wins was second in AL Cy Young Award voting and Rivera posted an 8 -- 3 record and 2.09 ERA as the club won a division title . New York reached the 1996 World Series , where they lost the first two games at home to the Atlanta Braves by a combined score of 16 -- 1 . But New York won three straight contests in Atlanta , including a Game 4 in which they scored eight straight runs to rally from a 6 -- 0 deficit . With a 3 -- 2 win in Game 6 , the Yankees won the World Series for the first time in 18 years . For 1997 , the Yankees signed starting pitcher David Wells and allowed closer John Wetteland to leave in free agency , enabling Rivera to inherit the role . The 1997 Yankees earned a wild card playoff berth , but lost three games to two against the Cleveland Indians in the ALDS . U.S. President George W. Bush tosses out the ceremonial first pitch before Game 3 of the 2001 World Series . In preparation for their 1998 season , the Yankees replaced general manager Bob Watson with Brian Cashman . The club made many player acquisitions , gaining the services of third baseman Scott Brosius , second baseman Chuck Knoblauch , and starting pitcher Orlando Hernández . The Yankees won 28 of their first 37 games -- a stretch that concluded with a perfect game pitched by Wells -- and by August were 76 -- 27 . The 1998 Yankees are considered by some writers to be among the greatest teams in baseball history , having compiled a then - AL record of 114 regular - season wins against 48 losses . After playoff series wins over the Texas Rangers and Indians , New York defeated the San Diego Padres in four consecutive World Series games for their 24th Series title . After the 1998 season , Wells was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays for Roger Clemens , who had just completed two consecutive Cy Young Award - winning seasons . In a regular season that included another perfect game by a Yankees pitcher , this one by David Cone , New York led the AL East with 98 wins and beat the Rangers in the ALDS . This led to an ALCS against the rival Red Sox . New York won the first two games en route to a 4 -- 1 series win , and went on to sweep the Braves in the 1999 World Series . The postseason results gave the 1998 -- 99 Yankees a 22 -- 3 playoff record , and the team held a 12 - game winning streak in World Series competition dating back to 1996 . Although the 2000 Yankees had an 87 -- 74 regular season record that was the worst among playoff qualifiers , the team won consecutive playoff series to claim the AL championship . New York 's pennant placed them in the 2000 World Series against the cross-town Mets , the first Subway Series in 44 years . With a four games to one victory , the Yankees gained their third successive title . As of 2017 , the 2000 Yankees are the most recent MLB team to repeat as World Series champions and the Yankees of 1998 -- 2000 are the last team to win three consecutive World Series . Free agent pitcher Mike Mussina signed with the Yankees before their 2001 season began , and the club pulled away from the Red Sox as the year progressed to claim another divisional championship , as Clemens won 20 games . The September 11 attacks interrupted the season , and the resumption of baseball in New York became a symbol of how the city recovered from the destruction of the Twin Towers . After falling behind 2 -- 0 in the ALDS against the Athletics , the Yankees won three straight contests to advance to the ALCS . They prevailed in five games against the Seattle Mariners , who had tied a single - season MLB record with 116 regular season wins , for the team 's fourth straight AL pennant . The Arizona Diamondbacks gained a two - game lead in the 2001 World Series before the Yankees won three consecutive ballgames ; New York home runs with two outs in the ninth inning of Games 4 and 5 led to extra inning wins in both games , with Game 4 ended by a Jeter home run . The Yankees ' championship streak ended , though , as the Diamondbacks won the Series in seven games with a late rally in the final inning of Game 7 . 2002 -- 08 : final years in old Yankee Stadium ( edit ) After the 2001 season , several players from the late 1990s and early 2000s Yankees teams departed . New York won their fifth AL East title in a row in its 2002 campaign , but the Anaheim Angels defeated the Yankees in the ALDS . The Yankees ' major acquisition in the offseason was leading Japanese hitter Hideki Matsui of the Yomiuri Giants . Another signing , that of Cuban pitcher José Contreras , led to complaints from Red Sox CEO Larry Lucchino , who dubbed his team 's rivals `` the Evil Empire '' . Tensions between the rivals increased in the coming seasons , and writers called the rivalry one of the most intense and well known in North American professional sports . By 2003 , New York 's overall payroll had reached almost $153 million , more than the Padres , Brewers , Royals , and Tampa Bay Devil Rays combined . Criticism of the Yankees ' spending such as Lucchino 's was frequently raised ; during a 15 - year stretch from 1999 to 2013 , they had the biggest MLB player payroll every year . Alex Rodriguez was named the 2005 and 2007 American League MVP . Jeter became the Yankees ' captain in their 2003 season . The team faced the Red Sox in the ALCS . The series came down to a seventh game , and the Yankees fell behind before three eighth - inning runs forced a 5 -- 5 tie and extra innings . Aaron Boone , a third baseman acquired by New York in a mid-season trade , hit a walk - off home run in the eleventh inning to give New York the pennant . The Yankees were then defeated by the Florida Marlins in the World Series , four games to two . The Yankees added power hitting to their lineup in the offseason , signing free agent Gary Sheffield and trading for shortstop Alex Rodriguez , who became a third baseman with New York . Three of the starting pitchers from the previous season -- Clemens , Pettitte , and Wells -- left the team before the season . Despite the losses , the 2004 Yankees managed to top the AL East with 101 wins and defeat the Twins three games to one in the ALDS . The victory set up an ALCS rematch with the Red Sox . The Yankees took a 3 -- 0 series lead before losing four consecutive games , becoming the first team in MLB history to lose a best - of - seven series after winning the first three games . The 2005 season featured an AL MVP performance by Rodriguez , who hit a league - leading 48 home runs with 130 RBIs and a . 321 batting average . The Yankees beat the Red Sox for the division title because they won 10 of their 19 contests against Boston ; both teams had 95 -- 67 records . The Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim defeated the Yankees in five games in the first round of the postseason . The 2006 Yankees kept at the same level , as they won the AL East for the ninth straight year but were eliminated in the ALDS by the Detroit Tigers three games to one . Rodriguez again won the AL MVP award in 2007 , as his 54 home runs and 156 RBIs topped the AL ; he scored 143 runs , the highest single - season number by a player since 1985 . After starting the year 21 -- 29 , the Yankees rallied to win the AL 's wild card berth ; it was the first time in 10 seasons that they did not win the AL East . New York 's season ended in the first round of the playoffs ; the Indians won the opening two games of the ALDS and finished the series in four games . Manager Torre did not re-sign after the season , and Joe Girardi took his place . Rodriguez , who used an opt - out clause in his contract to become a free agent , stayed with the Yankees by signing for $275 million over 10 seasons , an MLB record . The 2008 season was the Yankees ' last in which they played at the original Yankee Stadium . The club had sought a new stadium to increase revenues , following the example set by other MLB teams . It was also the first in which Hal and Hank Steinbrenner ran the team as general partners ; though George Steinbrenner was still the principal owner on paper , he yielded operational responsibilities during the 2007 offseason . Yankee Stadium was the site of the 2008 All - Star Game , but for the first time in 14 years did not host playoff action . New York ended the year third in the AL East and failed to qualify for the postseason . 2009 -- 2016 : New Stadium and record 27th championship ( edit ) New Yankee Stadium on Opening Day of the 2009 season Derek Jeter salutes the Yankee Stadium crowd after breaking Lou Gehrig 's franchise hits record . The new Yankee Stadium , which cost a record $1.5 billion , was constructed near the old facility . As built , it had a capacity of approximately 52,000 , with 52 luxury suites . Monument Park , which holds plaques and monuments honoring former Yankees personnel , was built beyond the center field fence ; its collection was transplanted from the old stadium . For the 2009 season , the team committed over $400 million in future salaries to three free agents : pitchers CC Sabathia and A.J. Burnett , and first baseman Mark Teixeira . New York won 90 of its last 134 games , and broke the franchise single - season record by hitting 244 home runs . Another club record was broken by Jeter , who passed Gehrig as the Yankees ' all - time hits leader on September 11 . New York posted 103 wins in 2009 and beat out the Red Sox for the division title by eight games . In the AL playoffs , the Yankees defeated the Twins in the ALDS and the Angels in the ALCS , advancing to the World Series . There , they faced the defending Series champions , the Philadelphia Phillies . Behind a six - RBI effort by Matsui in the sixth and final game , the Yankees defeated the Phillies to win their record 27th Series championship . George Steinbrenner died in July 2010 . The Yankees won the league 's wild card berth , but their title defense was ended by the Texas Rangers in the ALCS . Multiple Yankees players set individual marks in 2011 . Jeter joined the 3,000 hit club on July 9 ; he was the first player to do so while playing for the club . Later in the season , Rivera posted the 602nd save of his career , breaking the all - time record that had been held by Trevor Hoffman . The Yankees won the AL East , but lost in the ALDS to the Tigers . Rivera suffered a season - ending injury to his right knee in May 2012 while catching fly balls before a game against the Royals . Even without their longtime closer , the 2012 Yankees gained a 10 - game lead by mid-July , and held off the Orioles to win the division title by a final margin of two games . After defeating the Orioles in a five - game ALDS , the Yankees were swept by the Tigers in the ALCS . During Game 1 of the 2012 ALCS , Jeter broke his right ankle while attempting to field a ball . He was one of many Yankees to miss playing time during the club 's 2013 campaign ; 20 players were placed on the disabled list at least once . The team had an opportunity to win a wild - card playoff spot , but faded late in the season . It was only the second time since 1995 that New York did not qualify for postseason play . In the offseason , second baseman Robinson Canó departed New York for the Mariners in free agency , but the Yankees signed starting pitcher Masahiro Tanaka , who was coming off a 24 -- 0 year with Japan 's Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles , to a seven - year contract . Rodriguez was suspended for the 2014 season by MLB for using performance - enhancing drugs . The 2014 Yankees , the last with Jeter in their lineup , fell four games short of a postseason berth with an 84 -- 78 record . Despite signing several new hitters prior to the season , the team finished third from last in the AL in runs scored . The offense improved in 2015 , ending the regular season with the second-most runs in MLB . New York gained a wild card berth with a second - place finish , but was defeated by the Houston Astros in a one - game playoff . The Yankees traded several veteran players during their 2016 season , and Rodriguez was released from his contract . The club had 84 wins , but missed the playoffs for the third time in four years . As the Yankees ' on - field performance declined after 2009 , their attendance and television ratings fell ; revenue from ticket and luxury suite sales at Yankee Stadium decreased by more than 40 percent from 2009 to 2016 . 2017 -- present : rise of the `` Baby Bombers '' ( edit ) The 2017 Yankees featured a group of young players who became known as the `` Baby Bombers '' . Among them were outfielder Aaron Judge , catcher Gary Sánchez , starting pitcher Luis Severino , and first baseman Greg Bird . Judge hit a league - leading 52 home runs , the most ever by a rookie ; he was the AL MVP runner - up and won AL Rookie of the Year honors . New York earned a postseason berth and reached the ALDS by beating the Twins in the AL wild card game . The Indians gained a two - game lead in the ALDS , but the Yankees won three consecutive times to advance to the ALCS . Against the Astros , the Yankees lost in seven games . After 10 years as the team 's manager , Girardi was replaced by Boone . New York acquired outfielder Giancarlo Stanton , the 2017 NL MVP , in an offseason trade with the Marlins . As of 2017 , the Yankees ' 27 World Series championships are 16 more than the number won by the St. Louis Cardinals , who have the second-most titles among MLB teams . New York 's championship total is the highest of any franchise in a major North American league ; the National Hockey League 's Montreal Canadiens are second behind the Yankees with 24 Stanley Cup wins . The 40 AL titles won by the Yankees places them 17 in front of the Cardinals for the most pennants won by an MLB team . The Giants and Dodgers are the only other clubs with 20 or more pennants . The Baseball Hall of Fame has inducted over 40 players and managers who have worn Yankees pinstripes . Forbes magazine has labeled the Yankees the most valuable team in baseball every year since 1998 ; the franchise was worth an estimated $4 billion in 2018 . In Glenn Stout 's Yankees history book , the author wrote : More often than not , they have shown just how the game of baseball is supposed to be played . Ruth , Gehrig , DiMaggio , Mantle , Mattingly , Jeter , and dozens of other players impossible to forget have worn their uniform . Yankee Stadium has been their stage . The very definition of a dynasty , they have created the collective memories that make friends of strangers , given their city a face , and displayed its heart and soul . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Yankees do not count the Orioles years as part of their history . Baseball-Reference.com included the 1901 and 1902 Orioles in its statistics for the Yankees until 2014 , when it decided to separate the two years from the subsequent New York - based seasons . Official MLB historian John Thorn supported the change , citing the new ownership , high roster turnover , and AL takeover of the Orioles . Appel wrote that `` many historians feel the Yankees and the Orioles were the same franchise '' , and called the background of the modern club `` a question of historical debate '' ; he opined that `` There seems little to really connect the two teams other than one replacing the other . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tygiel 2000 , pp. 48 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Tygiel 2000 , pp. 47 , 49 . Jump up ^ `` 1901 Baltimore Orioles '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tygiel 2000 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Fetter 2005 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Fetter 2005 , pp. 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Appel 2012 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Fetter 2005 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Stout 2002 , pp. 9 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Appel 2012 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Zalman , Jonathan ( August 15 , 2014 ) . `` The Yankees ' Missing Chapter '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Appel 2012 , pp. 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Fetter 2005 , pp. 204 -- 205 . Jump up ^ Appel 2012 , pp. 16 -- 18 . ^ Jump up to : Appel 2012 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Stout 2002 , pp. 16 -- 21 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved January 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stout 2002 , pp. 27 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Stout 2002 , pp. 41 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Stout 2002 , pp. 44 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Appel 2012 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Reisler 2005 , p. 260 . Jump up ^ Stout 2002 , pp. 47 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Appel 2012 , pp. 53 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Stout 2002 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Appel 2012 , pp. 58 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Stout 2012 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Appel 2012 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Reisler 2005 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Stout 2002 , pp. 58 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Appel 2012 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Appel 2012 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Stout 2002 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Stout 2002 , pp. 18 -- 19 , 59 . Jump up ^ Worth 2013 , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Appel 2012 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Wiggins 2009 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Appel 2012 , pp. 66 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Pepe 1998 , pp. 17 , 19 . Jump up ^ Haupert & Winter 2003 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Gallagher 2003 , p. 318 . Jump up ^ Stout 2002 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Appel 2012 , pp. 32 -- 33 . Jump up ^ `` Yanks to Change Jerseys to Honor Fenway '' . Fox Sports . April 18 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2016 . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stout 2002 , pp. 68 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Stout 2002 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Appel 2012 , pp. 84 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Stout 2002 , pp. 70 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Stout 2002 , pp. 73 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Appel 2012 , pp. 90 -- 92 . Jump up ^ `` 1919 New York Yankees '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fetter 2005 , pp. 69 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Fetter 2005 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Stout 2002 , pp. 81 -- 83 , 87 . ^ Jump up to : `` Year - by - Year Top - Tens Leaders & Records for Home Runs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stout 2002 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Appel 2012 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Stout , Glenn ( July 18 , 2002 ) . `` When the Yankees Nearly Moved to Boston '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Appel 2012 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees Top 10 Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Appel 2012 , pp. 94 -- 95 , 182 . Jump up ^ Appel 2012 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Stout 2002 , pp. 86 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Haupert & Winter 2003 , pp. 94 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Appel 2012 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Stout 2002 , pp. 91 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Stout 2002 , pp. 93 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Appel 2012 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Worth 2013 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Appel 2012 , pp. 112 -- 113 . Jump up ^ Pepe 1998 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Appel 2012 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Stout 2002 , pp. 102 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Fetter 2005 , pp. 75 , 78 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Stout 2002 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Chipman , Bill ( August 17 , 1948 ) . `` Babe Ruth 's Baseball Career Touched All the Bases '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fetter 2005 , pp. 79 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Stout 2002 , pp. 96 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Carino 2004 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Stout 2002 , pp. 97 , 103 -- 105 . Jump up ^ Axisa , Mike ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` Happy 95th Anniversary : Red Sox Complete Sale of Babe Ruth to Yankees '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stout 2002 , pp. 105 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Haupert & Winter 2003 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Stout 2002 , pp. 111 -- 113 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Teixeira Hits Walk - Off Slam , But Red Sox Clinch With Jays ' Loss '' . ESPN . Associated Press . September 29 , 2016 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Appel 2012 , pp. 142 -- 143 , 212 . 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The Village Voice. 42 ( 37 ) : 142 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Jack ( April 25 , 1995 ) . `` Finishing What They Started '' . The Hartford Courant . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pepe 1998 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Pepe 1998 , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Stout 2002 , p. 390 . Jump up ^ Olney 2005 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Pepe 2013 , pp. 57 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Enders 2007 , pp. 242 , 244 . Jump up ^ Stout 2002 , p. 405 . Jump up ^ Appel 2012 , pp. 501 -- 502 . Jump up ^ Stout 2002 , pp. 412 -- 414 , 417 , 419 . Jump up ^ Verducci , Tom . `` Skill Made ' 98 Yankees Great But Chemistry Made Them Historic '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Greenstein , Teddy ( October 23 , 1998 ) . `` Against History 's Best , ' 98 Yankees Measure Up '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Appel 2012 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Pepe 1998 , pp. 224 -- 229 . Jump up ^ Stout 2002 , pp. 425 -- 428 , 430 -- 31 . Jump up ^ The Subway Series 2000 , p. 28 . 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Jump up ^ `` Yankees , a Team in Transition , Feel Downbeat and Yet Hopeful '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . October 7 , 2015 . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schonbrun , Zach ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` With Youth in Place , the Yankees Look Ahead '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` Mets Close Gap With Yankees in TV Viewership '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chemi , Eric ; Wells , Nick ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` Where Did the Yankees Audience Go ? '' . CNBC . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Witz , Billy ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Winning Yankees Are n't Faring Nearly as Well at the Ticket Office '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bodley , Hal ( April 2 , 2017 ) . `` Rays Give ' Baby Bombers ' Rude Awakening '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Young Yanks ' Core Reveling in Postseason Run '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fitzpatrick , Mike ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Wondering Who Stays and Goes , Yankees Turn Toward 2018 '' . Newsday . Associated Press . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mazzeo , Mike ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Aaron Judge Finishes Second in AL MVP Voting to Jose Altuve '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ; Waldstein , David ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` Yankees Choose Aaron Boone to Be Their Next Manager '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reiter , Ben ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` How Giancarlo Stanton Negotiated His Way to the Yankees to Create Baseball 's Scariest Lineup '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Complete Baseball Team and Baseball Team Encyclopedias '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Huffman , Joshua ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` Sports Franchises With the Most Championships in North America '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees Hall of Fame Register '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` Forbes : Yankees Once Again MLB 's Most Valuable Franchise '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stout 2002 , p. 455 . Bibliography ( edit ) Allen , Maury ( 2000 ) . All Roads Lead to October : Boss Steinbrenner 's 25 - Year Reign Over the New York Yankees . New York City : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 27163 - 3 . Allen , Maury ( 2008 ) . Yankees World Series Memories . Champaign , Illinois : Sports Publishing LLC . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59670 - 228 - 8 . Appel , Marty ( 2012 ) . Pinstripe Empire : The New York Yankees From Before the Babe to After the Boss . New York City : Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60819 - 492 - 6 . Bashe , Philip ( 1994 ) . Dog Days : The New York Yankees ' Fall from Grace and Return to Glory , 1964 -- 1976 . New York City : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 41310 - 3 . Carino , Peter ( Fall 2004 ) . `` Reciprocal Grandeur : Babe Ruth and Yankee Stadium '' . NINE : A Journal of Baseball History & Culture . 13 ( 1 ) : 50 -- 58 . ISSN 1188 - 9330 . Cohen , Robert W. ( 2012 ) . The 50 Greatest Players in New York Yankees History . Lanham , Maryland : Taylor Trade Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58979 - 815 - 1 . Cohen , Robert W. ( 2004 ) . The Lean Years of the Yankees , 1965 -- 1975 . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 8039 - 5 . Costa , Gabriel B. ; Huber , Michael R. ; Saccoman , John T. ( 2012 ) . Reasoning with Sabermetrics : Applying Statistical Science to Baseball 's Tough Questions . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6071 - 7 . Enders , Eric ( 2007 ) . The Fall Classic : The Definitive History of the World Series . New York City : Sterling Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 4770 - 0 . Fetter , Henry D. ( 2005 ) . Taking on the Yankees : Winning and Losing in the Business of Baseball . New York City : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 32674 - 1 . Frommer , Harvey ; Frommer , Frederic J. ( 2014 ) . Red Sox vs. Yankees : The Great Rivalry . Lanham , Maryland : Taylor Trade Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58979 - 919 - 6 . Gallagher , Mark ( 2003 ) . The Yankee Encyclopedia . Champaign , Illinois : Sports Publishing LLC . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58261 - 683 - 4 . Golenbock , Peter ( 2010 ) ( 1975 ) . Dynasty : The New York Yankees , 1949 -- 1964 . Mineola , New York : Dover Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 47736 - 7 . Graham , Frank ( 1948 ) . The New York Yankees : An Informal History . New York City : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . OCLC 1210479 . Halberstam , David ( 1989 ) . Summer of ' 49 . New York City : Harper Perennial . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 088426 - 0 . Haupert , Michael ; Winter , Kenneth ( 2003 ) . `` Pay Ball : Estimating the Profitability of the New York Yankees 1915 -- 1937 '' . Essays in Economic and Business History . 21 : 89 -- 101 . ISSN 0896 - 226X . Massarotti , Tony ; Harper , John ( 2005 ) . A Tale of Two Cities : The 2004 Yankees -- Red Sox Rivalry and the War for the Pennant . Guilford , Connecticut : Globe Pequot . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59228 - 704 - 8 . Neyer , Rob ( 2007 ) . Rob Neyer 's Big Book of Baseball Blunders : A Complete Guide to the Worst Decisions and Stupidest Moments in Baseball History . New York City : Fireside Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 9214 - 3 . Olney , Buster ( 2005 ) . The Last Night of the Yankee Dynasty : The Game , the Team , and the Cost of Greatness . New York City : Ecco Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 051507 - 2 . Pepe , Phil ( 2013 ) . Core Four : The Heart and Soul of the Yankees Dynasty . Chicago : Triumph Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60078 - 811 - 6 . Pepe , Phil ( 1998 ) . The Yankees : An Authorized History of the New York Yankees . Dallas : Taylor Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87833 - 234 - 2 . Reisler , Jim ( 2005 ) . Before They Were the Bombers : The New York Yankees ' Early Years , 1903 -- 1915 . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2230 - 2 . Stout , Glenn ( 2002 ) . Yankees Century : 100 Years of New York Yankees Baseball . New York City : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 08527 - 9 . Surdam , David G. ( December 2008 ) . `` The New York Yankees Cope with the Great Depression '' . Enterprise & Society . 9 ( 4 ) : 816 -- 840 . ISSN 1467 - 2227 . Surdam , David George ( 2011 ) . Wins , Losses , & Empty Seats : How Baseball Outlasted the Great Depression . Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 3595 - 3 . The Subway Series : The Yankees , the Mets and a Season to Remember . St. Louis : The Sporting News . 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89204 - 658 - 4 . Trachtenberg , Leo ( 1995 ) . The Wonder Team : The True Story of the Incomparable 1927 New York Yankees . Bowling Green , Ohio : Popular Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87972 - 678 - 2 . Tygiel , Jules ( 2000 ) . Past Time : Baseball as History . New York City : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514604 - 2 . Wiggins , Robert Peyton ( 2009 ) . The Federal League of Base Ball Clubs : The History of an Outlaw Major League , 1914 -- 1915 . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3835 - 8 . Worth , Richard ( 2013 ) . Baseball Team Names : A Worldwide Dictionary , 1869 -- 2011 . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6844 - 7 . 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how long is each grace and frankie episode	Grace and Frankie Genre Comedy Created by Marta Kauffman Howard J. Morris Starring Jane Fonda Lily Tomlin Sam Waterston Martin Sheen Brooklyn Decker Ethan Embry June Diane Raphael Baron Vaughn Opening theme `` Stuck in the Middle with You '' performed by Grace Potter Composer ( s ) Sam KS Michael Skloff Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 52 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Marta Kauffman Howard J. Morris Jane Fonda Lily Tomlin Tate Taylor ( pilot ) Paula Weinstein Dana Goldberg David Ellison Marcy Ross Alexa Junge Production location ( s ) Los Angeles , California Cinematography Gale Tattersall Editor ( s ) Lisa Zeno Churgin Michael Jablow Sarah Lucky Camera setup Single - camera Running time 25 -- 35 minutes Production company ( s ) Okay Goodnight Skydance Television Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Original release May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) -- present ( present ) External links Official website	25 -- 35 minutes	Grace and Frankie	grace and frankie	Grace and Frankie is an American comedy web television series created by Marta Kauffman and Howard J. Morris for Netflix . The series stars Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin in the title roles of Grace and Frankie , two unlikely friends who are brought together after their husbands announce that they are in love and plan to get married . Sam Waterston , Martin Sheen , Brooklyn Decker , Ethan Embry , June Diane Raphael , and Baron Vaughn co-star in supporting roles . It premiered on Netflix on May 8 , 2015 , with all 13 episodes of the first season released simultaneously . The second , third , and fourth seasons , also consisting of 13 episodes each , have been released on May 6 , 2016 , March 24 , 2017 , and January 19 , 2018 , respectively .	Despite mixed reviews upon its debut , the series was met with a more positive critical reception towards its later seasons and has received several nominations , including four Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series and a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy . On February 15 , 2018 , Grace and Frankie was renewed for a fifth season . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Production and development 4.1 Casting 4.2 Filming 5 Reception 5.1 Accolades 5.2 Controversy 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) The series follows Grace , a retired cosmetics mogul , and Frankie , a hippie art teacher , whose husbands , Robert and Sol , are successful divorce lawyers in San Diego . Grace and Frankie 's lives are turned upside down when Robert and Sol announce that they are in love with each other and are leaving their wives . Now , the women , who have never particularly liked each other , are forced to live together and learn to unite and cope with difficulties . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Jane Fonda as Grace Hanson , a retired cosmetics mogul Lily Tomlin as Frances `` Frankie '' Bergstein ( née Mengela ) , a hippie art teacher Martin Sheen as Robert Hanson , a successful divorce lawyer and Grace 's former husband who later becomes Sol 's husband Sam Waterston as Sol Bergstein , a successful divorce lawyer and Frankie 's former husband who later becomes Robert 's husband June Diane Raphael as Brianna Hanson , older daughter of Grace and Robert , head of the company founded and once run by Grace Baron Vaughn as Nwabudike `` Bud '' Bergstein , son of Frankie and Sol , and also a lawyer at Robert & Sol 's firm Brooklyn Decker as Mallory Hanson , younger daughter of Grace and Robert , a wife and mother of four children Ethan Embry as Coyote Bergstein , son of Frankie and Sol , a substitute teacher and recovering addict Recurring ( edit ) Actor Character Season Ernie Hudson Jacob Recurring Geoff Stults Mitch Recurring Guest Tim Bagley Peter Recurring Guest Recurring Peter Cambor Barry Recurring Guest Recurring Craig T. Nelson Guy Recurring Brittany Ishibashi Erica Guest Recurring Guest Michael Charles Roman Adam Guest Recurring Guest Recurring Sam Elliott Phil Milstein Recurring Estelle Parsons Babe Recurring Marsha Mason Arlene Guest Recurring Lindsey Kraft Allison Giampietro - Smikowitz Recurring Peter Gallagher Nick Skolka Recurring Jack Plotnick Paul Recurring Megan Ferguson Nadia Guest Recurring Lisa Kudrow Sheree Recurring Talia Shire Teddie Recurring Mark Deklin Roy Recurring Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Grace and Frankie episodes Season Episodes Originally released 13 May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) 13 May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) 13 March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) 13 January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) Production and Development ( edit ) In March 2014 , Netflix finalized a deal for a 13 - episode straight - to - series order for Grace and Frankie , with Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin attached to star in the lead roles . The series was written and created by Marta Kauffman and Howard J. Morris , who also serve as executive producers alongside Fonda , Tomlin , Paula Weinstein and Tate Taylor , and Skydance Productions ' Dana Goldberg , David Ellison and Marcy Ross . On May 26 , 2015 , Netflix renewed the series for a second season which premiered on May 6 , 2016 . On December 10 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a third season which premiered on March 24 , 2017 . On April 12 , 2017 , the series was renewed for a fourth season , which premiered on January 19 , 2018 . On February 15 , 2018 , the series was renewed for a fifth season , with RuPaul announced to guest star as a rival of Grace & Frankie . Casting ( edit ) Casting announcements began in June 2014 , with Martin Sheen cast in the role of Robert , Grace 's husband . The following month , Sam Waterston was cast in the role of Sol , Frankie 's husband . June Diane Raphael and Baron Vaughn were then added to the cast , with Raphael cast in the role of Brianna , Grace and Robert 's elder daughter , who rebels against Grace 's decorum . Vaughn signed onto the role of Nwabudike , Frankie and Sol 's son . Shortly afterwards , Ethan Embry and Brooklyn Decker were cast in the remaining roles on the series . Embry joined in the role of Coyote , Frankie and Sol 's recovering drug addicted son , while Decker signed onto the role of Mallory , Grace and Robert 's younger daughter . In October 2015 , it was announced Sam Elliott would appear in the second season as Grace 's love interest . In April 2017 , it was reported that Lisa Kudrow will appear in the fourth season as Sheree , Grace 's manicurist . In February 2018 , the same day as the fifth season was commissioned , RuPaul was confirmed to appear in the fifth season as a rival of Grace and Frankie . Filming ( edit ) Production on season one of Grace and Frankie began in Los Angeles , California , in early August 2014 , and ended in late November . Production on season two of the series began in July 2015 , and ended in November the same year . Reception ( edit ) The first season of Grace and Frankie received mixed reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes it has a rating of 50 % , based on 32 reviews , with an average rating of 6.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Grace and Frankie 's stellar cast adds an undeniable appeal , although its sloppy dialogue and clichéd sitcom setup will still leave most viewers wanting . '' On Metacritic the season has a score of 58 out of 100 , based on 27 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . The second season received a more positive reception from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a rating of 89 % , based on 9 reviews , with an average rating of 7.2 / 10 . On Metacritic , the season has a score of 62 out of 100 , based on 6 critics , indicating `` generally favourable reviews '' . Jasef Wisener of TVOvermind gave the second season a 4.5 / 5 , calling it `` heartfelt and hilarious '' and `` a huge improvement over the sometimes sluggish first season . '' The third season received critical acclaim . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a rating of 100 % , based on 5 reviews , with an average rating of 7.5 / 10 . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2015 67th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated 20th Satellite Awards Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated 73rd Golden Globe Awards Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Lily Tomlin Nominated Dorian Awards TV Comedy of the Year Nominated TV Performance of the Year -- Actress Jane Fonda Nominated TV Performance of the Year -- Actress Lily Tomlin Nominated LBGTQ TV Show of the Year Nominated 27th GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Comedy Series Nominated 19th OFTA Awards Best Comedy Series Nominated Best Actress in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Won Best Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Sam Waterston Nominated Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated Best Direction in a Comedy Series Nominated Best Writing in a Comedy Series Nominated 2016 68th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series , Limited Series , or Movie Allyson Fanger , Lori DeLapp Nominated 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Contemporary Television Series Allyson B. Fanger Nominated 28th GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Comedy Series Nominated Artios Awards Outstanding Achievement in Casting - Television Pilot - Comedy Tracy Lilienfield , Emily Towler Nominated 20th OFTA Awards Best Actress in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Nominated Best Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated 2017 69th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Nominated Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series , Limited Series , or Movie Designers ( show ) Allyson B. Fanger , Heather Pain , Lori DeLapp Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Program ( Half - Hour or Less ) Designers ( show ) Devorah Herbert , Ben Edelberg , Christopher Carlson Nominated 2018 70th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Pending Outstanding Contemporary Costumes Designers ( show ) Allyson B. Fanger , Heather Pain , Lori DeLapp Pending Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Program ( Half - Hour or Less ) Designers ( show ) Devorah Herbert , Amy Wheeler , Andrea Fenton Pending 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated Controversy ( edit ) After the show 's release , Tomlin and Fonda expressed displeasure once it became public that their salaries were just equal to those of Sheen and Waterston , even though `` the show is not ' Sol and Robert ' , it 's ' Grace and Frankie , ' '' in the words of Lily Tomlin , and contended this constituted a significant pay inequity . Shortly thereafter , Sheen and Waterston went on the record to support their co-stars ' demands for a salary increase , with Waterston being quoted as saying : `` I think they 're being cheated '' . After fans of the show gathered nearly 200,000 signatures on a petition protesting the disparity , the two actresses issued a public statement backing away from criticism , saying : `` This just reminds us to be mindful of how things come across in interviews . We appreciate everyone 's support and the attention to this issue , but the structure of Grace and Frankie is fair , and we could n't be happier to work with Skydance , Netflix and the great cast of this show . '' Fonda and Tomlin made a statement to The Wrap that they were never unhappy with the salaries to start with and that they had `` made a joke in an interview about our salaries , which was taken out of context . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Erik , Pedersen ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grace And Frankie ' Renewed For Season 5 On Netflix ; RuPaul To Guest Star '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin Back Together Again in `` Grace and Frankie , '' A New Original Comedy Series on Netflix `` . The Futon Critic . March 19 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grace And Frankie ' Renewed For Season 2 By Netflix '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Unveils Premiere Dates For ' Orange Is The New Black , ' ' The Get Down , ' ' Flaked ' And Others '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Renews ' Grace and Frankie ' for Season 3 '' . Variety.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grace And Frankie ' Gets Season 3 Premiere Date On Netflix & Teaser '' . Deadline Hollywood . ^ Jump up to : Otterson , Joe ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grace and Frankie ' Renewed for Season 4 at Netflix , Adds Lisa Kudrow '' . Variety . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore , Kasey ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Grace and Frankie Season 4 : Official Renewal Status and Release Date '' . whats-on-netflix.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ; Goldberg , Lesley ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` Martin Sheen to Star in Netflix 's Jane Fonda - Lily Tomlin Comedy ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Kaitlin ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Sam Waterston and Jane Fonda Reunite for Netflix 's Grace and Frankie '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` June Diane Raphael & Baron Vaughn Join Netflix Comedy ' Grace & Frankie ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Development Update : Tuesday , July 29 '' . The Futon Critic . July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fonda , Jane ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Grace & Frankie nearing end of Season 2 '' . JaneFonda.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Starting the New Series , Grace & Frankie , with Lily Tomlin , Martin Sheen & Sam Waterston '' . JaneFonda.com . August 17 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gearing Up for Grace and Frankie Season II '' . JaneFonda.com . July 2 , 2015 . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Last day on Season II of Grace & Frankie '' . JaneFonda.com . November 13 , 2015 . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grace and Frankie : Season 1 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grace and Frankie : Season 1 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grace and Frankie : Season 2 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grace and Frankie : Season 2 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wisener , Jasef ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Grace and Frankie Season 2 Review '' . TVOvermind . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grace and Frankie : Season 3 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emmy Awards 2015 : The complete winners list '' . CNN.com . September 21 , 2015 . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Satellite Awards ( 2015 ) '' . International Press Academy . IPA . December 2 , 2015 . pressacademy.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` 2016 Golden Globes : Lady Gaga , Transparent and Orange Is the New Black Leads the Race '' . Variety . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` GALECA 2015 / 16 DORIAN AWARDS '' . GALECA. 2016 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 / 01 / 2016 - glaad - media - award - nominations '' . vulture.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 19th Annual TV Awards ( 2014 - 15 ) '' . Online Film & Television Association . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Anderson and Lauren Graham to Announce Emmy Nominations '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . June 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards '' . Los Angeles Times . July 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : https://variety.com/2016/film/news/2017-sag-awards-nominations-nominees-list-1201941897/ Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Contemporary TV Series '' . costumedesignersguild.com . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GLAAD Media Awards Nominees # glaadawards '' . GLAAD . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.castingsociety.com/awards/artios/2016 Jump up ^ http://www.oftaawards.com/television-awards/20th-annual-tv-awards-2015-16/ Jump up ^ http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominations/award-search?search_api_views_fulltext=Grace+and+Frankie&submit=Search&field_celebrity_details_field_display_name=&field_show_details_field_nominee_show_nr_title=&field_show_details_field_network=All&field_show_details_field_production_company=All&field_nominations_year=1949-01-01+00%3A00%3A00&field_nominations_year_1=2017-01-01+00%3A00%3A00&field_award_category=All Jump up ^ http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominations/award-search?search_api_views_fulltext=Grace+and+Frankie&submit=Search&field_celebrity_details_field_display_name=&field_show_details_field_nominee_show_nr_title=&field_show_details_field_network=All&field_show_details_field_production_company=All&field_nominations_year=1949-01-01+00%3A00%3A00&field_nominations_year_1=2017-01-01+00%3A00%3A00&field_award_category=All Jump up ^ Kang , Inkoo . `` Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin Go Public About Their Unfair ' Grace and Frankie ' Paychecks '' . Women and Hollywood . Indiewire.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vanmetre , Elizabeth ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` Martin Sheen , Sam Waterston agree ' Grace and Frankie ' , stars Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin deserve pay raise '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gennis , Sadie . `` Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin Say They 're Okay with Grace and Frankie Gender Pay Disparity '' . TV Guide . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . 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after complete oxidation of a glucose molecule how many number of atp molecules are formed	Aerobic metabolism is up to 15 times more efficient than anaerobic metabolism ( which yields 2 molecules ATP per 1 molecule glucose ) . However some anaerobic organisms , such as methanogens are able to continue with anaerobic respiration , yielding more ATP by using other inorganic molecules ( not oxygen ) as final electron acceptors in the electron transport chain . They share the initial pathway of glycolysis but aerobic metabolism continues with the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation . The post-glycolytic reactions take place in the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells , and in the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells .	2 molecules ATP	Cellular respiration	cellular respiration		This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Typical eukaryotic cell Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) , and then release waste products . The reactions involved in respiration are catabolic reactions , which break large molecules into smaller ones , releasing energy in the process , as weak so - called `` high - energy '' bonds are replaced by stronger bonds in the products . Respiration is one of the key ways a cell releases chemical energy to fuel cellular activity . Cellular respiration is considered an exothermic redox reaction which releases heat . The overall reaction occurs in a series of biochemical steps , most of which are redox reactions themselves . Although cellular respiration is technically a combustion reaction , it clearly does not resemble one when it occurs in a living cell because of the slow release of energy from the series of reactions . Nutrients that are commonly used by animal and plant cells in respiration include sugar , amino acids and fatty acids , and the most common oxidizing agent ( electron acceptor ) is molecular oxygen ( O ) . The chemical energy stored in ATP ( its third phosphate group is weakly bonded to the rest of the molecule and is cheaply broken allowing stronger bonds to form , thereby transferring energy for use by the cell ) can then be used to drive processes requiring energy , including biosynthesis , locomotion or transportation of molecules across cell membranes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Aerobic respiration 1.1 Aerobic respiration summed up 1.2 Glycolysis 1.3 Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate 1.4 Citric acid cycle 1.5 Oxidative phosphorylation 2 Efficiency of ATP production 3 Fermentation 4 Anaerobic respiration 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Aerobic respiration Aerobic respiration ( red arrows ) is the main means by which both fungi and animals utilize chemical energy in the form of organic compounds that were previously created through photosynthesis ( green arrow ) . Aerobic respiration requires oxygen ( O ) in order to create ATP . Although carbohydrates , fats , and proteins are consumed as reactants , it is the preferred method of pyruvate breakdown in glycolysis and requires that pyruvate enter the mitochondria in order to be fully oxidized by the Krebs cycle . The products of this process are carbon dioxide and water , but the energy transferred is used to break bonds in ADP as the third phosphate group is added to form ATP ( adenosine triphosphate ) , by substrate - level phosphorylation , NADH and FADH Simplified reaction : C H O ( s ) + 6 O ( g ) → 6 CO ( g ) + 6 H O ( l ) + heat ΔG = − 2880 kJ per mol of C H O The negative ΔG indicates that the reaction can occur spontaneously . The potential of NADH and FADH is converted to more ATP through an electron transport chain with oxygen as the `` terminal electron acceptor '' . Most of the ATP produced by aerobic cellular respiration is made by oxidative phosphorylation . This works by the energy released in the consumption of pyruvate being used to create a chemiosmotic potential by pumping protons across a membrane . This potential is then used to drive ATP synthase and produce ATP from ADP and a phosphate group . Biology textbooks often state that 38 ATP molecules can be made per oxidised glucose molecule during cellular respiration ( 2 from glycolysis , 2 from the Krebs cycle , and about 34 from the electron transport system ) . However , this maximum yield is never quite reached because of losses due to leaky membranes as well as the cost of moving pyruvate and ADP into the mitochondrial matrix , and current estimates range around 29 to 30 ATP per glucose . Aerobic metabolism is up to 15 times more efficient than anaerobic metabolism ( which yields 2 molecules ATP per 1 molecule glucose ) . However some anaerobic organisms , such as methanogens are able to continue with anaerobic respiration , yielding more ATP by using other inorganic molecules ( not oxygen ) as final electron acceptors in the electron transport chain . They share the initial pathway of glycolysis but aerobic metabolism continues with the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation . The post-glycolytic reactions take place in the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells , and in the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells . Aerobic respiration summed up 1 . Glycolysis : -- - 2 ATPs + Glucose → 2 Pyruvic Acid + 4 Hydrogen + 4 ATPs 2 . Formation of Acetyl CoA : -- - 2 Pyruvic Acid + 2 CoA → 2 Acetyl CoA + 2 Carbon Dioxide + 2 Hydrogen 3 . Krebs Cycle : -- - 2 Acetyl CoA + 3 O2 → 6 Hydrogen + 4 Carbon Dioxide + 2 ATPs 4 . Electron Transport System : -- - 12 Hydrogen + 3 O2 → 6 Water + 32 ATPs Overall Reaction : -- - Glucose + 6 O2 → 6 Carbon Dioxide + 6 Water + 36 ATPs Glycolysis Out of the cytoplasm it goes into the Krebs cycle with the acetyl CoA . It then mixes with CO and makes 2 ATP , NADH , and FADH . From there the NADH and FADH go into the NADH reductase , which produces the enzyme . The NADH pulls the enzyme 's electrons to send through the electron transport chain . The electron transport chain pulls H ions through the chain . From the electron transport chain , the released hydrogen ions make ADP for an end result of 32 ATP . O attracts itself to the left over electron to make water . Lastly , ATP leaves through the ATP channel and out of the mitochondria . Main article : Glycolysis Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that takes place in the cytosol of cells in all living organisms . This pathway can function with or without the presence of oxygen . In humans , aerobic conditions produce pyruvate and anaerobic conditions produce lactate . In aerobic conditions , the process converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate ( pyruvic acid ) , generating energy in the form of two net molecules of ATP . Four molecules of ATP per glucose are actually produced , however , two are consumed as part of the preparatory phase . The initial phosphorylation of glucose is required to increase the reactivity ( decrease its stability ) in order for the molecule to be cleaved into two pyruvate molecules by the enzyme aldolase . During the pay - off phase of glycolysis , four phosphate groups are transferred to ADP by substrate - level phosphorylation to make four ATP , and two NADH are produced when the pyruvate are oxidized . The overall reaction can be expressed this way : Glucose + 2 NAD + 2 P + 2 ADP → 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H + 2 H O + heat Starting with glucose , 1 ATP is used to donate a phosphate to glucose to produce glucose 6 - phosphate . Glycogen can be converted into glucose 6 - phosphate as well with the help of glycogen phosphorylase . During energy metabolism , glucose 6 - phosphate becomes fructose 6 - phosphate . An additional ATP is used to phosphorylate fructose 6 - phosphate into fructose 1 , 6 - disphosphate by the help of phosphofructokinase . Fructose 1 , 6 - diphosphate then splits into two phosphorylated molecules with three carbon chains which later degrades into pyruvate . Glycolysis can be literally translated as `` sugar splitting '' . Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate Main article : Pyruvate decarboxylation Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl - CoA and CO by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex ( PDC ) . The PDC contains multiple copies of three enzymes and is located in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes . In the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl - CoA , one molecule of NADH and one molecule of CO is formed . Citric acid cycle Main article : Citric acid cycle This is also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle . When oxygen is present , acetyl - CoA is produced from the pyruvate molecules created from glycolysis . Once acetyl - CoA is formed , aerobic or anaerobic respiration can occur . When oxygen is present , the mitochondria will undergo aerobic respiration which leads to the Krebs cycle . However , if oxygen is not present , fermentation of the pyruvate molecule will occur . In the presence of oxygen , when acetyl - CoA is produced , the molecule then enters the citric acid cycle ( Krebs cycle ) inside the mitochondrial matrix , and is oxidized to CO while at the same time reducing NAD to NADH . NADH can be used by the electron transport chain to create further ATP as part of oxidative phosphorylation . To fully oxidize the equivalent of one glucose molecule , two acetyl - CoA must be metabolized by the Krebs cycle . Two waste products , H O and CO , are created during this cycle . The citric acid cycle is an 8 - step process involving 18 different enzymes and co-enzymes . During the cycle , acetyl - CoA ( 2 carbons ) + oxaloacetate ( 4 carbons ) yields citrate ( 6 carbons ) , which is rearranged to a more reactive form called isocitrate ( 6 carbons ) . Isocitrate is modified to become α - ketoglutarate ( 5 carbons ) , succinyl - CoA , succinate , fumarate , malate , and , finally , oxaloacetate . The net gain of high - energy compounds from one cycle is 3 NADH , 1 FADH , and 1 GTP ; the GTP may subsequently be used to produce ATP . Thus , the total yield from 1 glucose molecule ( 2 pyruvate molecules ) is 6 NADH , 2 FADH , and 2 ATP . Oxidative phosphorylation Main articles : Oxidative phosphorylation , Electron transport chain , Electrochemical gradient , and ATP synthase In eukaryotes , oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondrial cristae . It comprises the electron transport chain that establishes a proton gradient ( chemiosmotic potential ) across the boundary of inner membrane by oxidizing the NADH produced from the Krebs cycle . ATP is synthesized by the ATP synthase enzyme when the chemiosmotic gradient is used to drive the phosphorylation of ADP . The electrons are finally transferred to exogenous oxygen and , with the addition of two protons , water is formed . Efficiency of ATP production The table below describes the reactions involved when one glucose molecule is fully oxidized into carbon dioxide . It is assumed that all the reduced coenzymes are oxidized by the electron transport chain and used for oxidative phosphorylation . Step coenzyme yield ATP yield Source of ATP Glycolysis preparatory phase − 2 Phosphorylation of glucose and fructose 6 - phosphate uses two ATP from the cytoplasm . Glycolysis pay - off phase Substrate - level phosphorylation 2 NADH 3 or 5 Oxidative phosphorylation : Each NADH produces net 1.5 ATP ( instead of usual 2.5 ) due to NADH transport over the mitochondrial membrane Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate 2 NADH 5 Oxidative phosphorylation Krebs cycle Substrate - level phosphorylation 6 NADH 15 Oxidative phosphorylation 2 FADH Oxidative phosphorylation Total yield 30 or 32 ATP From the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule to carbon dioxide and oxidation of all the reduced coenzymes . Although there is a theoretical yield of 38 ATP molecules per glucose during cellular respiration , such conditions are generally not realized because of losses such as the cost of moving pyruvate ( from glycolysis ) , phosphate , and ADP ( substrates for ATP synthesis ) into the mitochondria . All are actively transported using carriers that utilize the stored energy in the proton electrochemical gradient . Pyruvate is taken up by a specific , low Km transporter to bring it into the mitochondrial matrix for oxidation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex . The phosphate carrier ( PiC ) mediates the electroneutral exchange ( antiport ) of phosphate ( H PO ; P ) for OH or symport of phosphate and protons ( H ) across the inner membrane , and the driving force for moving phosphate ions into the mitochondria is the proton motive force . The ATP - ADP translocase ( also called adenine nucleotide translocase , ANT ) is an antiporter and exchanges ADP and ATP across the inner membrane . The driving force is due to the ATP ( − 4 ) having a more negative charge than the ADP ( − 3 ) , and thus it dissipates some of the electrical component of the proton electrochemical gradient . The outcome of these transport processes using the proton electrochemical gradient is that more than 3 H are needed to make 1 ATP . Obviously this reduces the theoretical efficiency of the whole process and the likely maximum is closer to 28 -- 30 ATP molecules . In practice the efficiency may be even lower because the inner membrane of the mitochondria is slightly leaky to protons . Other factors may also dissipate the proton gradient creating an apparently leaky mitochondria . An uncoupling protein known as thermogenin is expressed in some cell types and is a channel that can transport protons . When this protein is active in the inner membrane it short circuits the coupling between the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis . The potential energy from the proton gradient is not used to make ATP but generates heat . This is particularly important in brown fat thermogenesis of newborn and hibernating mammals . Stoichiometry of aerobic respiration and most known fermentation types in eucaryotic cell . Numbers in circles indicate counts of carbon atoms in molecules , C6 is glucose C H O , C1 carbon dioxide CO . Mitochondrial outer membrane is omitted . According to some of newer sources the ATP yield during aerobic respiration is not 36 -- 38 , but only about 30 -- 32 ATP molecules / 1 molecule of glucose , because : ATP : NADH + H and ATP : FADH ratios during the oxidative phosphorylation appear to be not 3 and 2 , but 2.5 and 1.5 respectively . Unlike in the substrate - level phosphorylation , the stoichiometry here is difficult to establish . ATP synthase produces 1 ATP / 3 H. However the exchange of matrix ATP for cytosolic ADP and Pi ( antiport with OH or symport with H ) mediated by ATP -- ADP translocase and phosphate carrier consumes 1 H / 1 ATP as a result of regeneration of the transmembrane potential changed during this transfer , so the net ratio is 1 ATP : 4 H . The mitochondrial electron transport chain proton pump transfers across the inner membrane 10 H / 1 NADH + H ( 4 + 2 + 4 ) or 6 H / 1 FADH ( 2 + 4 ) . So the final stoichiometry is 1 NADH + H : 10 H : 10 / 4 ATP = 1 NADH + H : 2.5 ATP 1 FADH : 6 H : 6 / 4 ATP = 1 FADH : 1.5 ATP ATP : NADH + H coming from glycolysis ratio during the oxidative phosphorylation is 1.5 , as for FADH , if hydrogen atoms ( 2H + 2e ) are transferred from cytosolic NADH + H to mitochondrial FAD by the glycerol phosphate shuttle located in the inner mitochondrial membrane . 2.5 in case of malate - aspartate shuttle transferring hydrogen atoms from cytosolic NADH + H to mitochondrial NAD So finally we have , per molecule of glucose Substrate - level phosphorylation : 2 ATP from glycolysis + 2 ATP ( directly GTP ) from Krebs cycle Oxidative phosphorylation 2 NADH + H from glycolysis : 2 × 1.5 ATP ( if glycerol phosphate shuttle transfers hydrogen atoms ) or 2 × 2.5 ATP ( malate - aspartate shuttle ) 2 NADH + H from the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and 6 from Krebs cycle : 8 × 2.5 ATP 2 FADH from the Krebs cycle : 2 × 1.5 ATP Altogether this gives 4 + 3 ( or 5 ) + 20 + 3 = 30 ( or 32 ) ATP per molecule of glucose The total ATP yield in ethanol or lactic acid fermentation is only 2 molecules coming from glycolysis , because pyruvate is not transferred to the mitochondrion and finally oxidized to the carbon dioxide ( CO ) , but reduced to ethanol or lactic acid in the cytoplasm . Fermentation Main article : Fermentation Without oxygen , pyruvate ( pyruvic acid ) is not metabolized by cellular respiration but undergoes a process of fermentation . The pyruvate is not transported into the mitochondrion , but remains in the cytoplasm , where it is converted to waste products that may be removed from the cell . This serves the purpose of oxidizing the electron carriers so that they can perform glycolysis again and removing the excess pyruvate . Fermentation oxidizes NADH to NAD+ so it can be re-used in glycolysis . In the absence of oxygen , fermentation prevents the buildup of NADH in the cytoplasm and provides NAD+ for glycolysis . This waste product varies depending on the organism . In skeletal muscles , the waste product is lactic acid . This type of fermentation is called lactic acid fermentation . In strenuous exercise , when energy demands exceed energy supply , the respiratory chain can not process all of the hydrogen atoms joined by NADH . During anaerobic glycolysis , NAD+ regenerates when pairs of hydrogen combine with pyruvate to form lactate . Lactate formation is catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase in a reversible reaction . Lactate can also be used as an indirect precursor for liver glycogen . During recovery , when oxygen becomes available , NAD+ attaches to hydrogen from lactate to form ATP . In yeast , the waste products are ethanol and carbon dioxide . This type of fermentation is known as alcoholic or ethanol fermentation . The ATP generated in this process is made by substrate - level phosphorylation , which does not require oxygen . Fermentation is less efficient at using the energy from glucose : only 2 ATP are produced per glucose , compared to the 38 ATP per glucose nominally produced by aerobic respiration . This is because the waste products of fermentation still contain chemical potential energy that can be released by oxidation . Ethanol , for example , can be burned in an internal combustion engine like gasoline . Glycolytic ATP , however , is created more quickly . For prokaryotes to continue a rapid growth rate when they are shifted from an aerobic environment to an anaerobic environment , they must increase the rate of the glycolytic reactions . For multicellular organisms , during short bursts of strenuous activity , muscle cells use fermentation to supplement the ATP production from the slower aerobic respiration , so fermentation may be used by a cell even before the oxygen levels are depleted , as is the case in sports that do not require athletes to pace themselves , such as sprinting . Anaerobic respiration Main article : Anaerobic respiration Cellular respiration is the process by which biological fuels are oxidised in the presence of an inorganic electron acceptor ( such as oxygen ) to produce large amounts of energy , to drive the bulk production of ATP . Anaerobic respiration is used by some microorganisms in which neither oxygen ( aerobic respiration ) nor pyruvate derivatives ( fermentation ) is the final electron acceptor . Rather , an inorganic acceptor such as sulfate or nitrate is used . Such organisms are typically found in unusual places such as underwater caves or near hydrothermal vents at the bottom of the ocean . See also Maintenance respiration : maintenance as a functional component of cellular respiration Pasteur point Respirometry : research tool to explore cellular respiration Tetrazolium chloride : cellular respiration indicator Complex 1 : NADH : ubiquinone oxidoreductes References Jump up ^ Bailey , Regina . `` Cellular Respiration '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Rich , P.R. ( 2003 ) . `` The molecular machinery of Keilin 's respiratory chain '' . Biochemical Society Transactions . 31 ( Pt 6 ) : 1095 -- 1105 . doi : 10.1042 / BST0311095 . PMID 14641005 . Jump up ^ Reece1 Urry2 Cain3 Wasserman4 Minorsky5 Jackson6 , Jane1 Lisa2 Michael3 Steven4 Peter5 Robert6 ( 2010 ) . Campbell Biology Ninth Edition . Pearson Education , Inc. p. 168 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cellular Respiration '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Porter , R. ; Brand , M. ( 1 September 1995 ) . `` Mitochondrial proton conductance and H+ / O ratio are independent of electron transport rate in isolated hepatocytes '' . The Biochemical Journal ( Free full text ) . 310 ( Pt 2 ) : 379 -- 382 . doi : 10.1042 / bj3100379 . ISSN 0264 - 6021 . PMC 1135905 . PMID 7654171 . ^ Jump up to : Stryer , Lubert ( 1995 ) . Biochemistry ( fourth ed . ) . New York -- Basingstoke : W.H. Freeman and Company . ISBN 978 - 0716720096 . External links A detailed description of respiration vs. fermentation Kimball 's online resource for cellular respiration Cellular Respiration and Fermentation at Clermont College Library resources about Cellular respiration Resources in your library Metabolism , catabolism , anabolism General Metabolic pathway Metabolic network Primary nutritional groups Energy metabolism Aerobic respiration Glycolysis → Pyruvate decarboxylation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation ( electron transport chain + ATP synthase ) Anaerobic respiration Electron acceptors are other than oxygen Fermentation Glycolysis → Substrate - level phosphorylation ABE Ethanol Lactic acid Specific paths Protein metabolism Protein synthesis Catabolism Carbohydrate metabolism ( carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism ) Human Glycolysis ⇄ Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis ⇄ Glycogenesis Pentose phosphate pathway Fructolysis Galactolysis Glycosylation N - linked O - linked Nonhuman Photosynthesis Anoxygenic photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Carbon fixation Xylose metabolism Radiotrophism Lipid metabolism ( lipolysis , lipogenesis ) Fatty acid metabolism Fatty acid degradation ( Beta oxidation ) Fatty acid synthesis Other Steroid metabolism Sphingolipid metabolism Eicosanoid metabolism Ketosis Reverse cholesterol transport Amino acid Amino acid synthesis Urea cycle Nucleotide metabolism Purine metabolism Nucleotide salvage Pyrimidine metabolism Other Metal metabolism Iron metabolism Ethanol metabolism Metabolism map Carbon Fixation Photo - respiration Pentose Phosphate Pathway Citric Acid Cycle Glyoxylate Cycle Urea Cycle Fatty Acid Synthesis Fatty Acid Elongation Beta Oxidation Peroxisomal Beta Oxidation Glyco - genolysis Glyco - genesis Glyco - lysis Gluconeo - genesis Decarb - oxylation Fermentation Keto - lysis Keto - genesis feeders to Gluconeo - genesis Direct / C4 / CAM Carbon Intake Light Reaction Oxidative Phosphorylation Amino Acid Deamination Citrate Shuttle Lipogenesis Lipolysis Steroidogenesis MVA Pathway MEP Pathway Shikimate Pathway Transcription & Replication Translation Proteolysis Glycosy - lation Sugar Acids Double / Multiple Sugars & Glycans Simple Sugars Inositol - P Amino Sugars & Sialic Acids Nucleotide Sugars Hexose - P Triose - P Glycerol P - glycerates Pentose - P Tetrose - P Propionyl - CoA Succinate Acetyl - CoA Pentose - P P - glycerates Glyoxylate Photosystems Pyruvate Lactate Acetyl - CoA Citrate Oxalo - acetate Malate Succinyl - CoA α - Keto - glutarate Ketone Bodies Respiratory Chain Serine Group Alanine Branched - chain Amino Acids Aspartate Group Homoserine Group & Lysine Glutamate Group & Proline Arginine Creatine & Polyamines Ketogenic & Glucogenic Amino Acids Amino Acids Shikimate Aromatic Amino Acids & Histidine Ascorbate ( Vitamin C ) δ - ALA Bile Pigments Hemes Cobalamins ( Vitamin B ) Various Vitamin B 's Calciferols ( Vitamin D ) Retinoids ( Vitamin A ) Quinones ( Vitamin K ) & Carotenoids ( Vitamin E ) Cofactors Vitamins & Minerals Antioxidants PRPP Nucleotides Nucleic Acids Proteins Glycoproteins & Proteoglycans Chlorophylls MEP MVA Acetyl - CoA Polyketides Terpenoid Backbones Terpenoids & Carotenoids ( Vitamin A ) Cholesterol Bile Acids Glycero - phospholipids Glycerolipids Acyl - CoA Fatty Acids Glyco - sphingolipids Sphingolipids Waxes Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Neurotransmitters & Thyroid Hormones Steroids Endo - cannabinoids Eicosanoids Major metabolic pathways in metro - style map . Click any text ( name of pathway or metabolites ) to link to the corresponding article . Single lines : pathways common to most lifeforms . Double lines : pathways not in humans ( occurs in e.g. plants , fungi , prokaryotes ) . Orange nodes : carbohydrate metabolism . Violet nodes : photosynthesis . Red nodes : cellular respiration . Pink nodes : cell signaling . Blue nodes : amino acid metabolism . Grey nodes : vitamin and cofactor metabolism . Brown nodes : nucleotide and protein metabolism . Green nodes : lipid metabolism . Metabolism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellular_respiration&oldid=846811056 '' Categories : Cellular respiration Metabolism Plant physiology Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Lietuvių Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語中文 45 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 June 2018 , at 01 : 35 ( UTC ) . 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who sings the song some like it hot			Some Like It Hot ( song )	some like it hot ( song )		`` Some Like It Hot '' ( 1985 ) `` Get It On ( Bang a Gong ) '' ( 1985 ) `` Some Like It Hot '' is a song recorded by The Power Station . It was the first single released from the group 's 1985 eponymous debut album . Released by Parlophone Records in 1985 , the song features heavy drum beats from Tony Thompson and vocals from Robert Palmer . It was the band 's biggest hit , peaking at number six on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart . The video featured the transgender model Caroline Cossey ( also known as Tula ) . The song was featured in the 1985 film National Lampoon 's European Vacation . It was also featured in `` It 's a Trap ! '' , the Family Guy parody of Return of the Jedi . Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' Parlophone / R 6091 ( UK ) `` Some Like It Hot '' -- 3 : 45 `` The Heat Is On '' -- 3 : 20 12 '' Parlophone / 12 R 6091 ( UK ) `` Some Like It Hot and the Heat Is On '' -- 6 : 36 `` Some Like It Hot '' -- 3 : 45 `` The Heat Is On '' -- 3 : 20 also released as a 12 '' picture disc ( 12RP 6091 ) Cover versions ( edit ) In 2009 , the band Chin Chin released a cover version on Definitive Jux Records . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ DeCurtis , Anthony ; Henke , James ; George - Warren , Holly , eds. ( 1992 ) . The Rolling Stone Album Guide : Completely New Reviews : Every Essential Album , Every Essential Artist ( 3rd ed . ) . Random House . p. 552 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 73729 - 4 . The Power Station Robert Palmer Andy Taylor John Taylor Tony Thompson Michael Des Barres Bernard Edwards Studio albums The Power Station Living in Fear Singles `` Some Like It Hot '' `` Get It On ( Bang a Gong ) '' `` Communication '' `` She Can Rock It '' Related articles Duran Duran Chic Distance Commando soundtrack Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Some_Like_It_Hot_(song)&oldid=845351776 '' Categories : 1985 singles 1985 songs Debut singles The Power Station ( band ) songs Funk rock songs Song recordings produced by Bernard Edwards Songs written by John Taylor ( bass guitarist ) Songs written by Andy Taylor ( guitarist ) Songs written by Robert Palmer ( singer ) Parlophone singles Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Talk About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 11 June 2018 , at 06 : 29 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some%20Like%20It%20Hot%20%28song%29	1,910
who killed the twins in the tower of london			Princes in the Tower	princes in the tower	`` The Princes in the Tower '' is an expression frequently used to refer to Edward V , King of England and Richard of Shrewsbury , Duke of York . The two brothers were the only sons of Edward IV of England and Elizabeth Woodville surviving at the time of their father 's death in 1483 . When they were 12 and 9 years old , respectively , they were lodged in the Tower of London by the man appointed to look after them , their uncle , the Lord Protector : Richard , Duke of Gloucester . This was supposedly in preparation for Edward 's forthcoming coronation as king . However , Richard took the throne for himself and the boys disappeared .	It is unclear what happened to the boys after they disappeared in the Tower . It is generally assumed that they were murdered ; a common hypothesis is that they were killed by Richard in an attempt to secure his hold on the throne . Their death may have occurred some time in 1483 , but apart from their disappearance , the only evidence is circumstantial . As a result , several other hypotheses about their fates have been proposed , including the suggestion that they were murdered by Henry Stafford , 2nd Duke of Buckingham or Henry VII , among others . It has also been suggested that one or both princes may have escaped assassination . In 1487 , Lambert Simnel initially claimed to be Richard , Duke of York , but later claimed to be Edward Plantagenet , 17th Earl of Warwick . From 1491 until his capture in 1497 , Perkin Warbeck claimed to be Richard , Duke of York , having supposedly escaped to Flanders . Warbeck 's claim was supported by some contemporaries ( including the aunt of the disappeared princes , Margaret of York ) . In 1674 , workmen at the Tower dug up a wooden box containing two small human skeletons . The bones were found in the ground near the White Tower , which is close to one reported site of their burial . The bones were widely accepted at the time as those of the princes , but this has not been proven and is far from certain . King Charles II had the bones buried in Westminster Abbey . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Disappearance 3 Evidence 3.1 Rumours 3.2 Early writers 3.3 Bodies 3.3. 1 Tower of London 3.3. 2 St George 's Chapel 4 Theories 4.1 Richard III 4.2 Henry Stafford , 2nd Duke of Buckingham 4.3 Henry VII 4.4 Other suspects 4.5 Other claims 5 Impact 6 In popular culture 6.1 Literature 6.1. 1 Fiction 6.1. 2 Non-fiction 6.2 Television 7 References Background ( edit ) On 9 April 1483 , Edward IV of England died unexpectedly after an illness lasting around three weeks . At the time , Edward 's son , the new King Edward V , was at Ludlow , and the dead king 's brother , Richard , Duke of Gloucester , was at Middleham in Yorkshire . The news reached Gloucester around 15 April , although he may have been forewarned of Edward 's illness . It is reported that he then went to York Minster to publicly `` pledge his loyalty to his new king '' . The Croyland Chronicle states that , before his death , Edward IV designated his brother Gloucester as Lord Protector . Edward 's request may not have mattered , however , since `` as the precedent of Henry V showed , the council was not bound to follow the wishes of a dead king '' . Edward V and Gloucester set out for London from the west and north respectively , meeting at Stony Stratford on 29 April . The following morning , Gloucester arrested Edward 's retinue including the boys ' uncle , Anthony Woodville , 2nd Earl Rivers , and their half - brother Sir Richard Grey . They were sent to Pontefract Castle in Yorkshire where , on 25 June , they were beheaded . Gloucester then took possession of the prince himself , prompting Elizabeth Woodville to take her other son , Richard , Duke of York , and her daughters into sanctuary at Westminster Abbey . Edward V and Gloucester arrived in London together . Plans continued for Edward 's coronation , but the date was postponed from 4 May to 25 June . On 19 May 1483 Edward was lodged in the Tower of London , then the traditional residence of monarchs prior to coronation . On 16 June , he was joined by his younger brother Richard , Duke of York , who was previously in sanctuary . At this point the date of Edward 's coronation was indefinitely postponed by their uncle , Gloucester . On Sunday 22 June , a sermon was preached at Saint Paul 's Cross claiming Gloucester to be the only legitimate heir of the House of York . On 25 June , `` a group of lords , knights and gentlemen '' petitioned Richard to take the throne . Both princes were subsequently declared illegitimate by Parliament ; this was confirmed in 1484 by an Act of Parliament known as Titulus Regius . The act stated that Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville 's marriage was invalid because of Edward 's pre-contract of marriage with Lady Eleanor Butler . Gloucester was crowned King Richard III of England on 3 July . The declaration of the boys ' illegitimacy has been described by Rosemary Horrox as an ex post facto justification for Richard 's accession . Disappearance ( edit ) Dominic Mancini , an Italian friar who visited England in the 1480s and who was in London in the spring and summer of 1483 , recorded that after Richard III seized the throne , Edward and his younger brother Richard were taken into the `` inner apartments of the Tower '' and then were seen less and less until they disappeared altogether . Mancini records that during this period Edward was regularly visited by a doctor , who reported that Edward , `` like a victim prepared for sacrifice , sought remission of his sins by daily confession and penance , because he believed that death was facing him . '' The Latin reference to `` Argentinus medicus '' , was originally translated as `` a Strasbourg doctor '' ; however , D.E. Rhodes suggests it may actually refer to `` Doctor Argentine '' , whom Rhodes identifies as John Argentine , an English physician who would later serve as provost of King 's College , Cambridge , and as doctor to Arthur , Prince of Wales , eldest son of King Henry VII of England ( Henry Tudor ) . There are reports of the two princes being seen playing in the Tower grounds shortly after Richard joined his brother , but there are no recorded sightings of either of them after the summer of 1483 . An attempt to rescue them in late July failed . Their fate remains an enduring mystery . Many historians believe the princes were murdered , some suggesting that the act may have happened towards the end of summer 1483 . Maurice Keen argues that the rebellion against Richard in 1483 initially `` aimed to rescue Edward V and his brother from the Tower before it was too late '' , but that , when the Duke of Buckingham became involved , it shifted to support of Henry Tudor because `` Buckingham almost certainly knew that the princes in the Tower were dead . '' Alison Weir proposes 3 September 1483 as a potential date ; however , Weir 's work has been criticised for `` arriving at a conclusion that depends more on her own imagination than on the uncertain evidence she has so misleadingly presented . '' Sir Clements Markham suggests the princes may have been alive as late as July 1484 , pointing to the regulations issued by Richard III 's household which stated : `` the children should be together at one breakfast '' . James Gairdner , however , argues that it is unclear to whom the phrase `` the children '' alludes , and that it may not have been a reference to the princes . It may refer to Edward , Earl of Warwick ( son of the Duke of Clarence ) and Edward IV 's two youngest daughters ( Catherine and Bridget ) , all of whom were living under Richard 's care at Sheriff Hutton . Evidence ( edit ) King Edward V and the Duke of York in the Tower of London by Paul Delaroche . The theme of innocent children awaiting an uncertain fate was popular amongst 19th - century painters . Other than their disappearance , there is no direct evidence that the princes were murdered , and `` no reliable , well - informed , independent or impartial sources '' for the associated events . Nevertheless , following their disappearance , rumours quickly spread that they had been murdered . Only one contemporary narrative account of the boys ' time in the tower exists : that of Dominic Mancini . ( Mancini 's account was not discovered until 1934 . Accounts written after the accession of Henry Tudor are often claimed to be biased or influenced by Tudor propaganda . ) Four unidentified bodies have been found which are considered possibly connected with the events of this period : two at the Tower of London and two in Saint George 's Chapel , Windsor Castle . Those found in the Tower were buried in Westminster Abbey , but the Abbey authorities have refused to allow either set of remains to be subjected to DNA analysis to positively identify them as the remains of the princes . Rumours ( edit ) Several sources suggest there were rumours of the princes ' deaths in the time following their disappearance . Rumours of murder also spread to France . In January 1484 Guillaume de Rochefort , Lord Chancellor of France , urged the Estates General to `` take warning '' from the fate of the princes , as their own king , Charles VIII , was only 13 . The early reports , including that of Rochefort , Philippe de Commines ( French politician ) , Caspar Weinreich ( contemporary German chronicler ) and Jan Allertz ( Recorder of Rotterdam ) , all state that Richard killed the princes before he seized the throne ( thus before June 1483 ) . De Commines ' Memoirs ( c. 1500 ) , however , identifies the Duke of Buckingham as the person `` who put them to death '' . Only Mancini 's account is truly contemporary , having been written in London before November 1483 . The Croyland Chronicle and de Commines ' account were written three and seventeen years later , respectively ( and thus after Richard III 's death and the accession of Henry VII ) . Markham , writing long before Mancini 's account was discovered , argued that some accounts , including the Croyland Chronicle , might have been authored or heavily influenced by John Morton , Archbishop of Canterbury , in order to incriminate Richard III . Early writers ( edit ) KING RICHARD III Darest thou resolve to kill a friend of mine ? TYRREL Ay , my lord ; But I had rather kill two enemies . KING RICHARD III Why , there thou hast it : two deep enemies , Foes to my rest and my sweet sleep 's disturbers Are they that I would have thee deal upon : Tyrrel , I mean those bastards in the Tower . -- William Shakespeare 's King Richard III ( Act IV , scene ii ) Robert Fabyan 's Chronicles of London , compiled around 30 years after the princes ' disappearance , names Richard as murderer . Thomas More ( a Tudor loyalist who had grown up in the household of John Morton , an avowed foe of Richard III ) , wrote The History of King Richard III , c. 1513 . This identified Sir James Tyrrell as the murderer , acting on Richard 's orders . Tyrrell was the loyal servant of Richard III who is said to have confessed to the murder of the princes before his execution for treason in 1502 . In his history , More said that the princes were smothered to death in their beds by two agents of Tyrrell ( Miles Forrest and John Dighton ) and were then buried `` at the stayre foote , metely depe in the grounde vnder a great heape of stones '' , but were later disinterred and buried in a secret place . Polydore Vergil , in his Anglica Historia ( c. 1513 ) , also specifies that Tyrrell was the murderer , stating that he `` rode sorrowfully to London '' and committed the deed with reluctance , upon Richard III 's orders , and that Richard himself spread the rumours of the princes ' death in the belief that it would discourage rebellion . Holinshed 's Chronicles , written in the second half of the 16th century , claims that the princes were murdered by Richard III . The chronicles were one of the main sources used by William Shakespeare for his play Richard III , which also portrays Richard as the murderer . A.J. Pollard believes that the chronicle 's account reflected the contemporary `` standard and accepted account '' , but that by the time it was written `` propaganda had been transformed into historical fact '' . It should also be noted that Thomas More wrote his account with the intention of writing about a moral point rather than a closely mirrored history . While More 's account does rely on some firsthand sources , the account is generally taken from other sources . Additionally , More 's account is one of the bases for William Shakespeare 's Richard III , which similarly indicts Richard for murdering the young princes . Bodies ( edit ) Tower of London ( edit ) In 1674 , some workmen remodelling the Tower of London dug up a wooden box containing two small human skeletons . The bones were found buried 10 ft under the staircase leading to the chapel of the White Tower . They were not the first children 's skeletons found within the tower ; the bones of two children had previously been found `` in an old chamber that had been walled up '' , which Pollard suggests could have equally been those of the princes . The reason the bones were attributed to the princes was because the location partially matched that given by More . However , More also stated that they were later moved to a `` better place '' , which does not match with the bones discovered . One anonymous report was that they were found with `` pieces of rag and velvet about them '' ; the velvet could indicate that the bodies were those of aristocrats . Four years after their discovery , the bones were placed in an urn and , on the orders of King Charles II , interred in Westminster Abbey , in the wall of the Henry VII Lady Chapel . A monument designed by Christopher Wren marks the resting - place of the putative princes . The bones were removed and examined in 1933 , by the archivist of Westminster Abbey , Lawrence Tanner ; a leading anatomist , Professor William Wright ; and the president of the Dental Association , George Northcroft . By measuring certain bones and teeth , they concluded the bones belonged to two children around the correct ages for the princes . The bones were found to have been interred carelessly along with chicken and other animal bones . There were also three very rusty nails . One skeleton was larger than the other , but many of the bones were missing , including part of the smaller jawbone and all of the teeth from the larger one . Many of the bones had been broken by the original workmen . The examination has been criticised , on the grounds that it was conducted under the presumption that the bones were those of the princes and concentrated only on whether the bones showed evidence of suffocation . Thus no attempt was even made to determine whether the bones were male or female . No further scientific examination has since been conducted on the bones , which remain in Westminster Abbey , and DNA analysis ( if DNA could be obtained ) has not been attempted . A petition was started on the British Government 's `` e-petition '' website requesting that the bones be DNA tested but closed months before its expected close date . If it had received 100,000 signatories a parliamentary debate would have been triggered . Pollard points out that even if modern DNA and carbon - dating proved the bones belonged to the princes , it would not prove who or what killed them . St. George 's Chapel ( edit ) In 1789 , workmen carrying out repairs in St. George 's Chapel , Windsor , rediscovered and accidentally broke into the vault of Edward IV and Queen Elizabeth Woodville , discovering in the process what appeared to be a small adjoining vault . This vault was found to contain the coffins of two unidentified children . However , no inspection or examination was carried out and the tomb was resealed . The tomb was inscribed with the names of two of Edward IV 's children : George , 1st Duke of Bedford who had died at the age of 2 , and Mary of York who had died at the age of 14 ; both had predeceased the King . However , two lead coffins clearly labelled as George Plantagenet and Mary Plantagenet were subsequently discovered elsewhere in the Chapel ( during the excavation for the royal tomb house for King George III under the Wolsey tomb - house in 1810 -- 13 ) , and were moved into the adjoining vault of Edward IV 's , but at the time no effort was made to identify the two lead coffins already in Edward IV 's vault . In the late 1990s , work was being carried out near and around Edward IV 's tomb in St George 's Chapel ; the floor area was excavated to replace an old boiler and also to add a new repository for the remains of future Deans and Canons of Windsor . A request was forwarded to the Dean and Canons of Windsor to consider a possible examination of the two vaults either by fibre - optic camera or , if possible , a reexamination of the two unidentified lead coffins in the tomb also housing the lead coffins of two of Edward IV 's children that were discovered during the building of the Royal Tomb for King George III ( 1810 -- 13 ) and placed in the adjoining vault at that time . Royal consent would be necessary to open any royal tomb , so it was felt best to leave the medieval mystery unsolved for at least the next few generations . The 2012 Leicester archaeological dig has prompted renewed interest in re-excavating the skeletons of the `` two princes '' , but Queen Elizabeth II has not granted the approval required for any such testing of an interred royal . Theories ( edit ) The children of Edward IV of England by Pedro Américo The absence of hard evidence of what happened to the Princes has led to a number of theories being put forward . The most common theory is that they were murdered close to the time that they disappeared , and among historians and authors who accept the murder theory , the most common explanation is that they were murdered by Richard . Richard III ( edit ) Many historians conclude that Richard III is the likeliest candidate for the disappearance of the princes for a number of reasons . Although the princes had been eliminated from the succession , Richard 's hold on the monarchy was very insecure due to the way in which he had attained the crown , leading to a backlash against him by the Yorkist establishment . An attempt had already been made to rescue them and restore Edward to the throne , clear evidence that the existence of the princes would remain a threat as long as they were alive . The boys could have been used by Richard 's enemies as figureheads for rebellion . Rumours of their death were in circulation by late 1483 , but Richard never attempted to prove that they were alive by having them seen in public , which strongly suggests that they were dead by then . However , he did not remain silent on the matter . Raphael Holinshed , in his Chronicles of England , Scotland and Ireland , written in 1577 , reports that Richard , `` what with purging and declaring his innocence concerning the murder of his nephews towards the world , and what with cost to obtain the love and favour of the communal tie ( which outwardlie glosed , and openly dissembled with him ) ... gave prodigally so many and so great rewards , that now both he lacked , and scarce with honesty how to borrow . '' Richard also failed to open any investigation into the matter , which would have been in his interest if he was not responsible for the deaths of his nephews . Richard was away from court on a progression through the Yorkist heartlands at the time the princes disappeared , and would have been unable to murder them in person . They were under guard in the Tower of London , which was controlled by his men , and access to them was strictly limited by his instructions . He could therefore have dispatched one of his retainers to murder the princes on his behalf , but it is unlikely they could have been murdered without his knowledge . This is the version put forward by More and Polydore Vergil , who both name James Tyrrell as the murderer . Tyrrell was an English knight who fought for the House of York on many occasions . Tyrrell was arrested by Henry VII 's forces in 1502 for supporting another Yorkist claimant to the throne . Shortly before his execution , Tyrrell is said by Thomas More to have admitted , under torture , to having murdered the princes at the behest of Richard III . The only record of this is the writing of Thomas More , who wrote that , during his examination , Tyrrell made his confession as to the murders , saying that Richard III ordered their deaths . He also implicated two other men ; despite further questioning , however , he was unable to say where the bodies were , claiming that Brackenbury had moved them . William Shakespeare portrays him as the culprit , sought out by Richard after Buckingham demurs . This version of events is accepted by Alison Weir and Hicks notes that his successful career and rapid promotion after 1483 ' is consistent with his alleged murder of the princes ' . However , the only record of Tyrrell 's confession is through More , and `` no actual confession has ever been found '' . Pollard casts doubts on the accuracy of More 's accounts , suggesting it was `` an elaboration of one of several circulating accounts '' ; however , he does not discount the possibility of it being `` just his own invention '' , pointing to the `` clear similarities to the stories of the Babes in the Wood '' . Clements Markham suggests that More 's account was actually written by Archbishop Morton and that Tyrrell was induced to do the deed by Henry VII between June 16 and July 16 , 1486 , the dates of two general pardons that he received from the king . Richard 's guilt was widely accepted by contemporaries . George Cely , Dominic Mancini , John Rous , the Crowland Chronicler and the London Chronicle all noted the disappearance of the Princes , and all bar Mancini ( who noted that he had no knowledge of what had happened ) repeated rumours naming Richard as the murderer . Guillaume de Rochefort , Chancellor of France , named Richard as the murderer to the Estates General at Tours in January 1484 . It also appears to have been the belief of Elizabeth Woodville and her daughters . One possible motive for Elizabeth Woodville subsequently making her peace with Richard and bringing her daughters out of sanctuary could be that Richard had to swear a solemn oath , before witnesses , to protect and provide for her surviving children , which made it much less likely they could be quietly murdered as it was believed their brothers had been . In line with this contemporary opinion many current historians , including David Starkey , Michael Hicks , Helen Castor and A.J. Pollard regard Richard himself as the most likely culprit . There was no formal accusation against Richard III on the matter ; the Bill of Attainder brought by Henry VII made no definitive mention of the Princes in the Tower , but it did accuse Richard of `` the unnatural , mischievous and great perjuries , treasons , homicides and murders , in shedding of infant 's blood , with many other wrongs , odious offences and abominations against God and man '' . The `` shedding of infant 's blood '' may be an accusation of the Princes ' murder . Hicks speculated that it was a reference to speeches made in Parliament condemning the murder of the princes , which suggested that Richard 's guilt had become common knowledge , or at least common wisdom . Henry Stafford , 2nd Duke of Buckingham ( edit ) The plausibility of Henry Stafford , 2nd Duke of Buckingham , Richard 's right - hand man , as a suspect depends on the princes having already been dead by the time Stafford was executed in November 1483 . It has been suggested that Buckingham had several potential motives . As a descendant of Edward III , through John of Gaunt , 1st Duke of Lancaster and Thomas of Woodstock , 1st Duke of Gloucester on his father 's side , as well as through John of Gaunt , 1st Duke of Lancaster through John Beaufort , son of John of Gaunt on his mother 's side , Buckingham may have hoped to accede to the throne himself in due course ; alternatively , he may have been acting on behalf of a third party . Some , notably Paul Murray Kendall , regard Buckingham as the likeliest suspect : his execution , after he had rebelled against Richard in October 1483 , might signify that he and the king had fallen out ; Weir takes this as a sign that Richard had murdered the princes without Buckingham 's knowledge and Buckingham had been shocked by it . A contemporary Portuguese document suggests Buckingham as the guilty party , stating `` ... and after the passing away of king Edward in the year of 83 , another one of his brothers , the Duke of Gloucester , had in his power the Prince of Wales and the Duke of York , the young sons of the said king his brother , and turned them to the Duke of Buckingham , under whose custody the said Princes were starved to death . '' A document dated some decades after the disappearance was found within the archives of the College of Arms in London in 1980 ; this stated that the murder `` be the vise of the Duke of Buckingham '' . This led Michael Bennett to suggest that possibly some of Richard 's prominent supporters , Buckingham and Tyrell , murdered the princes on their own initiative without waiting for Richard 's orders . Bennett noted in support of this theory : ' After the King 's departure Buckingham was in effective command in the capital , and it is known that when the two men met a month later there was an unholy row between them . ' Buckingham is the only person to be named as responsible in a contemporary chronicle other than Richard himself . However , for two reasons he is unlikely to have acted alone . First of all , if he were guilty of acting without Richard 's orders it is extremely surprising that Richard did not lay the blame for the princes ' murder on Buckingham after Buckingham was disgraced and executed , especially as Richard could potentially have cleared his own name by doing so . Secondly , it is likely he would have required Richard 's help to gain access to the princes , under close guard in the Tower of London , although Kendall argued as Constable of England , he might have been exempt from this ruling . As a result , although it is extremely possible that he was implicated in the decision to murder them , the hypothesis that he acted without Richard 's knowledge is not widely accepted by historians . While Jeremy Potter suggested that Richard would have kept silent had Buckingham been guilty because nobody would have believed Richard was not party to the crime , he further notes that ' Historians are agreed that Buckingham would never have dared to act without Richard 's complicity , or at least , connivance ' . However , Potter also hypothesised that perhaps Buckingham was fantasising about seizing the crown himself at this point and saw the murder of the princes as a first step to achieving this goal . This theory formed the basis of Sharon Penman 's historical novel , The Sunne in Splendour . Henry VII ( edit ) Henry VII ( Henry Tudor ) , following his seizure of the crown , executed some of the rival claimants to the throne . One who was either executed or died in captivity was John of Gloucester , illegitimate son of Richard III . Henry was out of the country between the princes ' disappearance and August 1485 , thus his only opportunity to murder them would have been after his accession in 1485 . Pollard suggests Henry ( or those acting on his orders ) is `` the only plausible alternative to Richard III . '' The year after becoming king , Henry married the princes ' eldest sister , Elizabeth of York , to reinforce his claim to the throne . Not wanting the legitimacy of his wife or her claim as heiress of Edward IV called into question , prior to the marriage he had repealed the Titulus Regius which had previously declared the princes ( and Elizabeth ) illegitimate . Markham suggests the princes were executed under Henry 's orders between 16 June and 16 July 1486 , claiming that it was only after this date that orders went out to circulate the story that Richard had killed the princes , and that the princes ' mother , Elizabeth Woodville , knew that this story was false , and so Henry had to have her silenced . Markham suggests this was the motivation behind Henry 's decision , in February 1487 , to confiscate all of Elizabeth 's lands and possessions , and have her confined to Bermondsey Nunnery , `` where she died six years afterwards '' . However , Arlene Okerlund suggests that her retirement to the nunnery was her own decision , whilst Michael Bennett and Timothy Elston suggests the move was precautionary , precipitated by Lambert Simnel 's claim to be her son Richard . Pollard calls Markham 's theory `` highly speculative '' , and states that Henry 's silence over the princes was more likely `` political calculation than personal guilt '' . Henry was also never accused of the murder by any contemporary , not even by his enemies , which he likely would have been had contemporaries thought there was any possibility of his guilt . Jeremy Potter , at the time he wrote Chairman of the Richard III Society , noted , ' With Henry , as with Richard , there is no real evidence and one must suspect that if he had killed the princes himself he would quickly have produced the corpses and some ingeniously appropriate story implicating Richard . ' Further , Raphael Holinshed reported in 1577 that Richard `` purged and declared is innocence '' regarding `` the murther of his nephews towards the world '' , indicating that the boys did indeed meet their end during Richard 's days . It is also unlikely that the princes would have been kept alive in secret by Richard for 2 years after their last sighting while rumours of his responsibility for their murder circulated . Other suspects ( edit ) Some writers have also accused John Howard , 1st Duke of Norfolk ; Margaret Beaufort , Henry VII 's mother ; and Jane Shore ( Edward IV 's mistress ) . Pollard writes of these theories : `` None deserve serious consideration . The problem with all these accusations is that they beg the question of access to the Tower without Richard 's knowledge and overlook the fact that Richard was responsible for the safekeeping of his nephews '' . The Beaufort theory has more recently been supported by Philippa Gregory and is explored in her Cousins ' War novels , as well as her BBC documentary series The Real White Queen and her Rivals , but is not supported by any evidence other than a speculative one of possible motive . Other claims ( edit ) Historian David Baldwin suggests that Henry VII 's reticence on the subject may have been due to the fact that at least one of the princes was still alive ; he considers that the likelier candidate for survival would be Richard and that Edward may have died of a malady . Baldwin argues that it is `` impossible '' that no one knew what happened to the Princes after they entered the Tower ; he believes Richard III and Henry VII , leading courtiers and their mother would all have known the boys ' whereabouts and welfare . Baldwin argues that had this been the case , Henry VII would have had the choice of keeping quiet about the survival of Richard , or having him executed , and concluded , ' He ( Henry ) would have been happy to let people think the boys had been murdered , but not to speculate when or by whose hand . ' During the reign of Henry VII , two individuals claimed to be Richard , Duke of York , who had somehow escaped death . Lambert Simnel initially claimed to be Richard , before changing his story and claiming to be Edward Plantagenet , 17th Earl of Warwick . Perkin Warbeck later claimed to be Richard , appearing in Ireland and calling himself king Richard IV . Margaret of York , Duchess of Burgundy , formally recognised Warbeck as Richard . Margaret , Richard III 's sister , an unrelenting opponent of Henry VII , had previously recognised Simnel as Warwick . Warbeck was also accepted as Richard by James IV of Scotland . After a failed attempt to invade England he was captured . He retracted his claims , was imprisoned and later executed . Many modern historians believe he was an imposter , whose supporters accepted his claim for political reasons . The fact that two persons claimed to be Richard led the 18th century writer Horace Walpole to argue that Richard had in fact escaped death , and that Warbeck genuinely was Richard , a view also supported by Malcolm Laing . Walpole , however , later retracted his views and stated that he now believed the princes to have been murdered by Richard III to secure his hold on the crown . In more recent times the theory that Warbeck was Richard has been endorsed by Annette Carson , a freelance writer with a ' lifelong interest ' in Richard III . She suggested that Richard smuggled the princes abroad to the custody of their aunt , the Duchess of Burgundy , and they were raised there under false identities . Baldwin 's theory was that by having removed them from sight to prevent them being a focus for opposition , he was then unable to bring them back to court to scotch rumours of their murder without once again having them become a threat . Impact ( edit ) The political reality of the disappearance of the princes , whatever happened to them , is that they were believed to have been murdered and Richard was blamed for their murders . Even if he had not been directly responsible for their deaths , the fact that he had deposed them and kept them under tight guard made him responsible for their welfare in the eyes of contemporaries , and the belief that they had been murdered made him guilty via negligence if not directly . As Baldwin noted in support of his conclusion that Richard would not have murdered the princes , ' It seems incredible Richard ever supposed killing his nephews would help secure his position or make him more acceptable to his subjects . ' An initial uprising in September 1483 , aimed at deposing Richard and restoring Edward V to the throne , was not stopped by rumours of Edward 's murder . Instead , the rebels rallied around Henry Tudor as a potential alternative candidate , who was , as Horrox notes , ' an inconceivable choice if Edward V and his brother were thought to be still available . ' Anthony Cheetham , who considered Richard likely did have the princes murdered , commented that it was ' a colossal blunder . Nothing else could have prompted the deflated Woodvilles to hitch themselves to Henry Tudor 's bandwagon . ' The fact that the majority of the rebels were wealthy and powerful southern noblemen , loyal to Edward IV , suggests a degree of revulsion against Richard 's usurpation of the throne : their willingness to fight on under an implausible alternative candidate suggests that they regarded anyone as preferable to Richard as King due to his usurpation and the murder of his nephews . Bennett suggested that perhaps those who had initially supported Richard in his seizure of power may have felt complicit in the crime , which he thought ' might explain the bitterness of the subsequent recriminations against him . ' Hicks speculated that these men may have been ' appalled by the character of the regime ... shocked by Richard 's crimes . ' Their defection severely weakened Richard , who had to impose his supporters among the northern lords as officeholders in the southern counties to maintain order , in itself a very unpopular act that further damaged his reputation . In Pollard 's words , ' the belief that he had murdered his nephews seriously handicapped Richard 's efforts to secure himself on the throne he had usurped . ' In popular culture ( edit ) The mystery of the Princes in the Tower has had a great impact on literature and television , spawning several award - winning novels such as Josephine Tey 's The Daughter of Time and four novels in Philippa Gregory 's Cousins ' War series as well as aspects of George R.R. Martin 's Game of Thrones . The continued publishing of these novels and stories have contributed to the continued fascination with this mystery Literature ( edit ) Fiction ( edit ) Elaine M. Alphin -- Tournament of Time ( 1994 ) Valerie Anand -- Crown of Roses Margaret Campbell Barnes -- The Tudor Rose ( 1953 ) Emma Darwin -- A Secret Alchemy ( 2009 ) Elizabeth George -- `` I , Richard '' ( short story ) ( 2002 ) Philippa Gregory The White Queen ( 2009 ) The Red Queen ( 2010 ) The Kingmaker 's Daughter ( 2012 ) The White Princess ( 2013 ) Margaret Peterson Haddix Found ( 2008 ) Sent ( 2009 ) Rosemary Hawley Jarman -- `` We Speak No Treason '' ( 1971 ) Sharon Kay Penman -- The Sunne in Splendour ( 1982 ) Elizabeth Peters -- The Murders of Richard III ( 1974 ) Anne Easter Smith A Rose for the Crown ( 2008 ) The Daughter of York ( 2008 ) The King 's Grace ( 2009 ) Royal Mistress ( 2013 ) Jason Charles -- The Claws of Time ( 2017 ) William Shakespeare -- Richard III ( circa 1595 ) Josephine Tey -- The Daughter of Time ( 1951 ) George R.R. Martin - Game of Thrones where the bodies of two young boys , thought to be princes , are found hanged and burned . Game of Thrones is known to be inspired in part by the Wars of the Roses . Non-fiction ( edit ) Horace Walpole -- Historic Doubts on the Life and Reign of Richard III ( 1768 ) Markham , Clements ( 1906 ) . Richard III : His Life and Character . Audrey Williamson -- The Mystery of the Princes ( 1978 ) Giles St. Aubyn -- The Year of Three Kings , 1483 ( Atheneum , 1983 ) A.J. Pollard -- Richard III and the Princes in the Tower ( 1991 ) Alison Weir -- The Princes in the Tower ( 1992 ) Bert Fields -- Royal Blood : Richard III and the mystery of the princes ( HarperCollins , 1998 ) ( ISBN 0 - 06 - 039269 - X ) Josephine Wilkinson -- The Princes in the Tower ( 2013 ) Television ( edit ) The first series of the British sitcom Blackadder is set in a comic alternative history where the Princes in the Tower survived and grew to adulthood , Prince Richard assuming the throne as Richard IV upon Richard III 's death at Bosworth Field . Edward V is ignored by the storyline , and is never mentioned in script . An episode of the Canadian children 's documentary series Mystery Hunters is dedicated to the unsolved case of the missing princes . In 1984 , Channel 4 broadcast a four - hour `` trial '' of Richard III on the charge of murdering the princes . The presiding judge was Lord Elwyn - Jones and the barristers were recruited from the Queen 's Counsel , but had to remain anonymous . Expert witnesses included David Starkey . The jury was composed of ordinary citizens . The burden of proof was left to the prosecution . The jury found in favour of the defendant . In 2005 Channel 4 and RDF Media produced a drama entitled Princes in the Tower about the interrogation of Perkin Warbeck , in which Warbeck almost convinces Henry VII that he really is Richard , Duke of York . Warbeck `` remembers '' that Henry 's mother Margaret Beaufort poisoned his brother Edward V , after which Richard III spirited him away to safety . Warbeck succeeds in alienating king Henry from his mother and wife , who now believes Warbeck to be her lost brother . Margaret then shows Warbeck two young men in chains , whom she presents as the real princes , locked up for years in isolation and now completely insane . She forces Warbeck to confess that he is an imposter , and he is hanged . In the final scene Margaret is seen overseeing the burial of a piece of regal clothing with two skeletons , while Thomas More 's secret account of the events is revealed as the source of the whole story . The 2013 BBC One 10 - part TV series The White Queen is an adaptation of Philippa Gregory 's novels The White Queen ( 2009 ) , The Red Queen ( 2010 ) and The Kingmaker 's Daughter ( 2012 ) . And Secrets of Great British Castles ( 2015 ) which explores all of London 's royalty . The 2017 Starz miniseries The White Princess is an adaptation of Philippa Gregory 's novel of the same name . Which explores the mystery of Prince Richard and mostly the story of King Henry and Elizabeth . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Horrox , Rosemary ( 2004 ) . `` Edward IV of England '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 25 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Pollard , A.J. ( 1991 ) . Richard III and the princes in the tower . Alan Sutton Publishing . ISBN 0862996600 . Jump up ^ The Crowland Chronicle Continuations , 1459 -- 1486 , Nicholas Pronay and John Cox ( eds . ) , ( Richard III and Yorkist History Trust , Gloucester : 1986 ) , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Chalmers ' Biography , vol. 32 , p. 351 ^ Jump up to : Rhodes , D.E. ( April 1962 ) . `` The Princes in the Tower and Their Doctor '' . The English Historical Review . Oxford University Press . 77 ( 303 ) : 304 -- 306 . doi : 10.1093 / ehr / lxxvii. ccciii. 304 . Jump up ^ Peter Hammond and Anne Sutton , The Coronation of Richard III : the Extant Documents ( Palgrave Macmillan , 1984 ) Jump up ^ `` The Usurpation of Richard the Third '' , Dominicus Mancinus ad Angelum Catonem de occupatione regni Anglie per Riccardum Tercium libellus ; Translated to English by C.A.J. Armstrong ( London , 1936 ) Jump up ^ R.F. Walker , `` Princes in the Tower '' , in S.H. Steinberg et al , A New Dictionary of British History , St. Martin 's Press , New York , 1963 , p. 286 . Jump up ^ M.H. Keen , England in the Later Middle Ages : A Political History , Routledge : New York , 2003 , p. 388 . Jump up ^ Alison Weir , The Princes of the Tower ( p. 157 ) Jump up ^ Wood , Charles T ( April 1995 ) . `` Review : Richard III : A Medieval Kingship . by John Gillingham ; The Princes in the Tower . by Alison Weir '' . Speculum . Cambridge University Press : Medieval Academy of America . 70 ( 2 ) : 371 -- 372 . doi : 10.2307 / 2864918 . ^ Jump up to : Markham , Sir Clement Robert ( April 1891 ) . `` Richard III : A Doubtful Verdict Reviewed '' . The English Historical Review . Oxford University Press . 6 ( 22 ) : 250 -- 283 . doi : 10.1093 / ehr / vi. xxii. 250 . ^ Jump up to : Gairdner , James ( July 1891 ) . `` Did Henry VII Murder the Princes ? '' . The English Historical Review . Oxford University Press . 6 ( 23 ) : 444 -- 464 . doi : 10.1093 / ehr / vi. xxiii. 444 . Jump up ^ Travis , Alan ( 5 February 2013 ) . `` Why the princes in the tower are staying six feet under '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Philippe de Commines , Memoirs : the Reign of Louis XI , 1461 -- 83 , Translated by Michael Jones ( 1972 ) , pp. 354 , 396 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Fabyan , Robert ( 1902 ) ( first published 1516 ) . Charles Lethbridge Kingsford , ed . Chronicles of London . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Jump up ^ The History of King Richard the Third , by Sir Thomas More . Jump up ^ Polydore Vergil , Anglica Historia Archived 26 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine . 1846 edition , p. 188 - 9 Jump up ^ Baker - Smith , Dominic ( 2014 ) . `` Thomas More '' . The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Metaphysics Research Lab , Stanford University . Jump up ^ Sir Thomas More , The History of King Richard II , R.S. Sylvester ( ed . ) , ( Newhaven : 1976 ) , p. 88 Jump up ^ Weir , Alison . The Princes in the Tower . 1992 , Random House , ISBN 9780345391780 , p. 252 - 3 . Jump up ^ John Steane , The Archaeology of the Medieval English Monarchy ( Routledge , 1993 ) , page 65 Jump up ^ Weir , p. 257 Jump up ^ ' Examination on the alleged murder of the Princes ' , Wordpress : Richard III Society -- American Branch Jump up ^ Richard III and the Princes -- e-petitions Jump up ^ Chapter Records XXIII to XXVI , The Chapter Library , St. George 's Chapel , Windsor ( Permission required ) Jump up ^ William St. John Hope : `` Windsor Castle : An Architectural History '' , pages 418 -- 419 . ( 1913 ) . Jump up ^ Vetusta Monumenta , Volume III , page 4 ( 1789 ) . Jump up ^ Lysons & Lysons , Magna Britannia , 1812 supplement p. 471 . Also in Britton 's Architectural Antiquities of Great Britain , 1812 page 45 . The move to Edward IV 's crypt mentioned in Samuel Lewis , `` A Topographical Dictionary of Great Britain '' 1831 . Jump up ^ Art Ramirez , `` A Medieval Mystery '' , Ricardian Bulletin , September 2001 . Jump up ^ Robert McCrum ( 15 September 2012 ) . `` Richard III , the great villain of English history , is due a makeover '' . The Observer . London : Guardian . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Society -- History '' . Richardiii.net. 2006 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Michael ( 2003 ) . Richard III ( Revised ed . ) . Stroud : History Press . pp. 209 -- 210 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Michael ( 2003 ) . Richard III ( Revised ed . ) . Stroud : History Press . p. 210 . Jump up ^ Raphael Holinshed , `` Chronicles of England , Scotland and Ireland `` , 1577 , p. 746 , commencing on line 48 . ^ Jump up to : Richard III by Michael Hicks ( 2003 ) p 210 ^ Jump up to : Weir , Alison ( 2013 ) . Elizabeth of York : The First Tudor Queen . London : Jonathan Cape . p. 104 . Jump up ^ Rosemary Horrox , ' Tyrell , Sir James ( c. 1455 -- 1502 ) ' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , 2004 ; online edn , Jan 2008 , accessed 27 Aug 2013 ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Thomas More , The History of King Richard the Third . Accessed 20 September 2013 Jump up ^ The Princes in the Tower by Alison Weir ( 1992 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 39178 - 0 pp 156 -- 166 Jump up ^ Richard III by Michael Hicks ( 2003 ) p 189 Jump up ^ Markham 1906 , p. 270 Jump up ^ Pollard 121 -- 122 Jump up ^ Pollard 122 Jump up ^ Weir , Alison ( 2013 ) . Elizabeth of York : The First Tudor Queen . London : Jonathan Cape . p. 105 . Jump up ^ Cheetham , Antony ( 1972 ) . The Life and Times of Richard III . London : Weidenfeld and Nicholson . p. 151 . Jump up ^ Richard III by Michael Hicks ( 2003 ) pp 223 -- 224 Jump up ^ Weir , Alison ( 2013 ) . Elizabeth of York : The First Tudor Queen . London : Jonathan Cape . pp. 112 -- 114 . Jump up ^ Richard III by Michael Hicks ( 2003 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 2589 - 4 Jump up ^ Helen Castor , She - Wolves : the Women who Ruled England before Elizabeth ( Faber , 2010 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 23706 - 7 , p402 Jump up ^ Pollard p 135 Jump up ^ James Orchard Halliwell - Phillipps , Letters of the Kings of England , Vol. 1 ( 1846 ) , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Rotuli Parliamentorum , J. Strachey ( ed . ) , VI , ( 1777 ) , p. 276 ^ Jump up to : Kendall , Paul Murray ( 1955 ) . Richard III . New York : Norton . pp. 487 -- 489 . Jump up ^ Weir , Alison ( 2008 ) . The Princes in the Tower . London : Vintage . pp. 151 -- 152 . Jump up ^ Alvaro Lopes de Chaves ( ref : Alvaro Lopes de Chaves , Livro de Apontamentos ( 1438 -- 1489 ) , ( Codice 443 da Coleccao Pombalina da B.N.L. ) , Imprensa Nacional -- Casa da Moeda , Lisboa , 1983 ) , private secretary to the Portuguese King Alfonso V . Jump up ^ College of Arms Collection , Queen Victoria Street , London , manuscript MS 2M6 . The entire document containing the reference consists of 126 folios . It appears to have belonged to Christopher Barker whilst he was Suffolk Herald ( 1514 -- 22 ) , since his name , title , and a sketch of his maternal arms appear on folio . io6r. of the MS . Jump up ^ Bennett , Michael ( 1993 ) . The Battle of Bosworth ( 2nd ed . ) . Stroud : Alan Sutton . p. 46 . ^ Jump up to : Cheetham , Antony ( 1972 ) . The Life and Times of Richard III . London : Weidenfeld and Nicholson . p. 148 . Jump up ^ Kendall , Paul Murray ( 1955 ) . Richard III . New York : Norton . p. 488 . Jump up ^ Pollard 123 -- 124 Jump up ^ Potter , Jeremy ( 1983 ) . Good King Richard ? An Account of Richard III and his Reputation . London : Constable . p. 134 . ^ Jump up to : Potter , Jeremy ( 1983 ) . Good King Richard ? An Account of Richard III and his Reputation . London : Constable . p. 135 . Jump up ^ Penman , Sharon ( 1983 ) . The Sunne in Splendour . London : Macmillan . pp. 884 -- 885 . Jump up ^ Cawthorne , Nigel . Kings and Queens of England . New York : Metro Books , 2010 . Print . p. 89 . Jump up ^ Arlene Okerlund , Elizabeth : England 's Slandered Queen . Stroud : Tempus , 2006 , 245 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Michael , Lambert Simnel and the Battle of Stoke , New York , St. Martin 's Press , 1987 , pp. 42 ; 51 ; Elston , Timothy , `` Widowed Princess or Neglected Queen '' in Levin & Bucholz ( eds ) , Queens and Power in Medieval and Early Modern England , University of Nebraska Press , 2009 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Pollard p 130 Jump up ^ Potter , Jeremy ( 1983 ) . Good King Richard ? An Account of Richard III and his reputation . London : Constable . p. 128 . Jump up ^ Holinshed , Chronicles of England , Scotland and Ireland , 1577 p746 . Jump up ^ Pollard p 127 Jump up ^ Gregory , Philippa . `` Philippa Gregory tells the true story behind The White Queen '' . Radio Times . The Radio Times ( BBC ) . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Baldwin , David ( 2013 ) . Richard III . Stroud : Amberley . p. 116 . ^ Jump up to : Baldwin , David . `` The White Queen -- What happened to the Princes in the Tower ? '' . BBC History . Retrieved 18 August 2013 . Jump up ^ David Hume , The history of England , from the invasion of Julius Cæsar to the revolution in 1688 ( 1812 ) , p323 - 324 ^ Jump up to : Wagner , John , Encyclopedia of the Wars of the Roses , ABC - CLIO , 2001 , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Sabor , Peter ( ed ) , Horace Walpole : The Critical Heritage , Routledge , 1987 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Pollard 214 -- 216 Jump up ^ `` Annette Carson '' . University of Leicester : Richard III team . University of Leicester . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Carson , Annette ( 2013 ) . Richard III : The Maligned King ( second ed . ) . Stroud : The History Press . pp. 172 -- 174 . ^ Jump up to : Baldwin , David ( 2013 ) . Richard III . Stroud : Amberley . p. 118 . Jump up ^ Pollard pp. 137 -- 139 Jump up ^ Pollard p 138 Jump up ^ Hicks p. 211 - 212 Jump up ^ Cheetham , Anthony ( 1972 ) . The Life and Times of Richard III . London : Weidenfeld and Nicholson . p. 151 . Jump up ^ Hicks p 211 Jump up ^ Hicks p. 212 Jump up ^ Bennett , Michael ( 1993 ) . The Battle of Bosworth ( 2nd ed . ) . Stroud : Alan Sutton . p. 45 . Jump up ^ Hicks pp. 228 Jump up ^ Pollard p. 139 Jump up ^ Deighton , Selected by the Crime Writers ' Association ; edited by Susan Moody ; foreword by Len ( 1990 ) . Hatchard 's Crime Companion : the top 100 Crime novels of all times . London : Hatchard . ISBN 0 - 904030 - 02 - 4 . Jump up ^ The Trial of Richard III by Richard Drewett and Mark Redhead , published by Alan Sutton in 1984 , ISBN 0 - 86299 - 198 - 6 Conspiracy theories List of conspiracy theories Core topics Cabals Civil Criminal Deception Espionage Fiction Political Secrecy Secret societies Urban legend Psychology Attitude polarization Cognitive dissonance Communal reinforcement Confirmation bias Locus of control Mass hysteria Paranoia Psychological projection Deaths and disappearances Assassinations and avoidable accidents Geoffrey Chaucer ( 1400 ) Princes in the Tower ( 1483 ) Kaspar Hauser ( 1833 ) Abraham Lincoln ( 1865 ) Franz Ferdinand ( 1914 ) Lord Kitchener ( 1916 ) Michael Collins ( 1922 ) Sergey Kirov ( 1934 ) Władysław Sikorski ( 1943 ) Subhas Chandra Bose ( 1945 ) Dag Hammarskjöld ( 1961 ) Patrice Lumumba ( 1961 ) John F. Kennedy ( 1963 ) Robert F. 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what is the name of the chameleon in tangled	Pascal and Maximus first appear in Tangled ( 2010 ) . Introduced as the pet and best friend of Rapunzel , Pascal is a chameleon who lives with Rapunzel in Mother Gothel 's secluded tower . Although Rapunzel pretends to be happy living in isolation under Gothel 's strict , controlling parenting , Pascal refuses to hide his discontent . Meanwhile , Maximus and thief Flynn Rider share a bitter animosity ; as a police horse , Maximus is determined to arrest Flynn Rider for stealing a crown . Seeking refuge from Maximus , Flynn hides in Gothel 's tower where he is quickly incapacitated by Rapunzel , and he and Pascal immediately adopt a love - hate relationship . Determined to see the mysterious `` floating lights '' in time for her eighteenth birthday , Rapunzel agrees to return Flynn 's crown to him only after he escorts her to safely to the kingdom . Meanwhile , Maximus , who continues his search for Flynn , inadvertently tips off Gothel that Rapunzel , on whose magical hair she relies to stay alive , has left the tower accompanied by Flynn . With her life in danger , she desperately pursues them .	Pascal	Pascal and Maximus	pascal and maximus	Pascal and Maximus are a pair of fictional characters who first appear in Walt Disney Pictures ' 50th animated feature film Tangled ( 2010 ) as supporting characters , and subsequently star in its short Tangled Ever After ( 2012 ) , television film Tangled : Before Ever After and television series Tangled : The Series . Created by directors Nathan Greno and Byron Howard , both characters are voiced by American actor Frank Welker in Tangled ; in Tangled Ever After , Welker reprises his role as Pascal while Greno replaces the actor as Maximus . A comedic chameleon and horse duo , Pascal and Maximus serve as sidekicks to main characters Rapunzel and Flynn Rider , respectively .	In Tangled , Pascal resides alongside Rapunzel in Mother Gothel 's tower , while Maximus is a `` police horse originally trained to arrest Flynn Rider before he befriends him at Rapunzel 's insistence . In Tangled Ever After , Pascal and Maximus appear as ring bearer s at Rapunzel and Flynn 's wedding . When they lose the couple 's wedding rings , the duo frantically attempts to retrieve them . Greno and Howard created Pascal in order to provide the lonely , isolated Rapunzel with a friend to talk to . Feeling that a reptile would compliment Rapunzel 's quirky personality , the directors ultimately decided to make the character a chameleon as opposed to a traditional woodland creature . Meanwhile , Maximus was originally conceived as a very serious horse based on actor Tommy Lee Jones until the animators decided to make him a funnier and more likeable character . The unusual decision to make Pascal and Maximus non-speaking characters with Welker providing them with realistic sound effects was inspired by the performances of silent film actors Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton . Both individually and as a comedic duo , Pascal and Maximus have garnered universal acclaim from film critics , who referred to the characters as scene stealers -- British magazine SFX dubbed Maximus the film 's breakout star while The Age hailed the character as the funniest horse in film history -- in addition to praising the fact that both characters are refreshingly funny , expressive and charismatic without the use of dialogue . Additionally , several film critics preferred Pascal and Maximus to the film 's couple . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Conception 1.2 Characterization 2 Appearances 2.1 Tangled 2.2 Tangled Ever After 2.3 Tangled : Before Ever After 2.4 Tangled : The Series 2.5 Miscellaneous 3 Reception 3.1 Critical response 3.2 Merchandise 4 References Development ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) Filmmaker Walt Disney himself had first attempted to adapt the Brothers Grimm fairy tale `` Rapunzel '' into a feature - length animated film during the 1930s . However , he abandoned the project because the story was considered too `` small . '' When they were approached to direct Tangled in 2008 , directors Nathan Greno and Byron Howard decided that it would be best to update the story `` for a modern audience '' , soon discovering `` that the problem with having a prison character ( like Rapunzel ) ... is that they do n't have anyone to talk to . '' Howard explained that because Rapunzel is incapable of having a decent conversation with Mother Gothel , the isolated , incarcerated heroine `` needed someone to relate to . '' Unwilling to default to using the traditional `` boring , ordinary side - kick , '' Greno and Howard created Pascal , conceiving the character as a chameleon because Rapunzel is , according to Greno , `` a rough - and - tumble girl . '' Howard explained that `` we wanted to do ... something fresh , something different . This girl , she 's not a dainty , precious girl ... So what would she have ? ... She 's going to have a lizard . '' Additionally , Howard believed that a reptile would compliment Rapunzel 's personality best , describing the character as `` a quirky pet for a quirky young woman . '' `` We did n't want to do like a bird or a chipmunk or ... ( s ) quirrel ... you 've seen it . You 've seen all these things ; this is the 50th movie that Disney 's made . So what we wanted to do is something fresh , something different . This girl , she 's not a dainty , precious girl . She is this rough and tumble girl next door ... She 's not going to have a little , pretty bluebird on her shoulder . She 's going to have a lizard . That is her . She 's different . So when it came time , we put a lot of thought into this and Pascal , this little tough guy that sits on her shoulder '' . -- co-director Nathan Greno on Pascal 's conception . Howard originally envisioned Maximus as the `` ultimate super-cop '' , jokingly referring to the character as `` the Tommy Lee Jones of horses '' . Attempting to make Maximus feel like a `` fresh '' character , the filmmakers researched several historical horses from both animated and live - action films to ensure that the character would be unique and different enough from his predecessors . Greno explained that `` Maximus ... could have easily slipped into the category of , ' Oh , I 've seen that before . ' '' To prevent this , the filmmakers referenced `` a board with photos of all the different animated horses that had been done '' . Howard explained that Maximus was originally conceived as a `` pretty serious '' character , but eventually developed into a funnier and more likeable horse as the animators continued to draw him with dog - like attributes . Both Pascal and Maximus , who according to the Austin American - Statesman are responsible for providing the film with the majority of its comic relief , were eventually written into the film by screenwriter Dan Fogelman . Analyzing the characters ' roles in the film , HitFix observed that `` There 's a simplicity to it all that I admire , and you throw in a few anthropomorphized animals so everyone laughs a lot , and that 's the Disney recipe '' . One critic wrote about Maximus : `` Horses have played a key role in armies and police forces around the world for hundreds of years , but Maximus is clearly one of a kind . Fearless in the face of danger , relentless in pursuit , and possessed of a nose befitting a bloodhound , this equine super-sleuth wo n't let anything stop him getting his man . '' -- Femalefirst Characterization ( edit ) Both Pascal and Maximus were inspired by the performances of actor and comedian Charlie Chaplin in silent films . Considered rare for Disney animals , Pascal and Maximus do not speak . The idea to make Pascal and Maximus mute was inspired by the performances of actors Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton in Silent films . Identifying themselves as `` huge fans '' of Chaplin , Greno and Howard suggested that it would be a good idea to have a character like the actor featured in the film . Additionally , the directors explained in an interview with Orange that Pascal and Maximus ' silence was also inspired by the roles of Princess Aurora 's animal friends in Disney 's Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) , following the film 's rules and guidelines that even though they do not talk , they remain `` very expressive '' nonetheless and `` act and understand without words . '' Maximus particularly `` belongs to the grand tradition of Disney creatures that are full of personality even though they do n't talk . '' One film critic observed that Pascal and Maximus `` have personalities all their own , making use of techniques harkening back to the silent era '' . Howard explained that `` Pantomime acting is a great challenge for our animators '' because , according to animator Jin Kim , Pascal and Maximus both `` had to be funny without speech '' , forcing the animators to exaggerate their emotions and facial expressions . The Chicago Sun - Times observed that `` Pascal ... does n't speak , but manages to convey himself with eye rolls and changes of color . '' Both animals ' sound effects are provided by American actor Frank Welker . Pascal 's supervising animator Lino DiSalvo told the Los Angeles Times that at one point the animators `` were n't getting enough entertainment out of Pascal . '' DiSalvo elaborated , `` originally , he was very realistic . He moved like a real chameleon , '' which in turn depicted him as very `` cold . '' By exaggerating the character 's shape and face , the animators eventually `` amped ( him ) up '' in order to make him funnier . The name `` Pascal '' was borrowed from a pet chameleon owned by Tangled animator Kellie Lewis . During production , Lewis ' other pet chameleon and Pascal 's mate hatched six eggs , in turn making Pascal a father . In tribute to Pascal , the directors included a `` Chameleon Babies '' credit in the film 's closing credits , parodying the more traditional `` Production babies '' credit , while Lewis herself received a `` Chameleon Wrangler '' credit . Discussing the likelihood a Tangled sequel , Howard explained to the Los Angeles Times `` We do n't want to do a sequel for the sake of sequels ... The story has to be worth telling . '' Because the original film `` buttons up '' well , the directors wanted to avoid simply creating a movie wedding featuring Rapunzel and Flynn because `` that 's not entertainment '' , so Greno and Howard conceived a funny story about Pascal and Maximus instead , providing the animators and writers with `` an opportunity to do a lot of slapstick '' that was mostly absent in Tangled . Wanting the film `` to be a movie for everyone '' , the directors `` figured out a way to give ( the audience ) exactly what they wanted , so there is a beautiful grand wedding in the short , but what happens pretty quickly , those two goofballs Maximus and Pascal lose the wedding rings ... It turned into this big , zany , cartoony , fun , action - packed short . '' In the short , Pascal and Maximus encounter `` a trail of comical chaos that includes flying lanterns , a flock of doves , a wine barrel barricade and a very sticky finale '' . Appearances ( edit ) Tangled ( edit ) Pascal and Maximus first appear in Tangled ( 2010 ) . Introduced as the pet and best friend of Rapunzel , Pascal is a chameleon who lives with Rapunzel in Mother Gothel 's secluded tower . Although Rapunzel pretends to be happy living in isolation under Gothel 's strict , controlling parenting , Pascal refuses to hide his discontent . Meanwhile , Maximus and thief Flynn Rider share a bitter animosity ; as a police horse , Maximus is determined to arrest Flynn Rider for stealing a crown . Seeking refuge from Maximus , Flynn hides in Gothel 's tower where he is quickly incapacitated by Rapunzel , and he and Pascal immediately adopt a love - hate relationship . Determined to see the mysterious `` floating lights '' in time for her eighteenth birthday , Rapunzel agrees to return Flynn 's crown to him only after he escorts her to safely to the kingdom . Meanwhile , Maximus , who continues his search for Flynn , inadvertently tips off Gothel that Rapunzel , on whose magical hair she relies to stay alive , has left the tower accompanied by Flynn . With her life in danger , she desperately pursues them . When Maximus eventually catches up with Rapunzel , Flynn and Pascal , the horse attempts to apprehend Flynn only to be charmed by Rapunzel , who convinces him to leave Flynn alone until they have arrived at their destination while Pascal ensures that the two maintain a healthy relationship . In the kingdom , Flynn , Rapunzel and Pascal embark on a canoe ride to see the floating lights , revealed to be lanterns , up - close , while Maximus is forced to wait ashore as there is not enough room for him . In a friendly gesture , Flynn gives him a bag of apples . Realizing that he is falling in love with Rapunzel , Flynn attempts to hand off the crown he was promised to the Stabbington Brothers , two colleagues of his , only to be kidnapped and handed over to the police . Mistaking this for abandonment , Rapunzel is taken back to the tower by Gothel , who has caught up with them . Maximus manages to help an imprisoned Flynn about to be hanged for his crimes and escape from the dungeon then gets him to Gothel 's tower , where he is stabbed . However , Rapunzel eventually heals Flynn after he cuts her hair , which in turn destroys Gothel , and they live happily every after Pascal and Maximus move to Corona with them ; Maximus is eventually knighted , becoming Captain of the Guards and eliminates crime in the kingdom . Tangled Ever After ( edit ) Tangled Ever After is set six months after the events of the original movie . In the short , Pascal and Maximus are ring bearers at Rapunzel and Flynn Rider 's wedding . When Maximus suffers a reaction from one of the flower petals Pascal is sprinkling along the aisle , Maximus sneezes and the rings are propelled off the pillow on which he is carrying the rings ; the fly through a window in the chapel and into the city streets . Pascal and Maximus discreetly sneak out of the chapel to retrieve them in time for Rapunzel and Flynn to exchange them . Pascal and Maximus encounter several obstacles and hindrances in their attempt , eventually crashing into a tar factor upon retrieving the rings from a flock of flying doves . Completely soiled , Pascal and Maximus finally return to the chapel and return the rings , only to cause the wedding cake to roll out the door . Tangled : before Ever After ( edit ) Pascal is now living in the Castle of Corona with his longtime best friend and her boyfriend , Eugene . He later creates an illusion of Rapunzel to keep Eugene from finding out that she had gone out the walls of Corona . Maximus is ridden by Eugene in a race against Rapunzel , riding Fidela , and the Guards . At night he accompanies Cassandra and Rapunzel on their sneaking out , and tries to cross the shattering stone bridge . He runs back to release Rapunzel 's newly regrown blonde hair from the broken bridge . Tangled : the series ( edit ) Pascal continues to live with Rapunzel at the castle of Corona . Although he seems to like helping Rapunzel adjust to her new royal life , he eventually starts to feel he does n't belong with her and runs away , to Rapunzel 's isolated tower in the deepest parts of the forest . In Episode 11 , it is revealed that , as a baby , his mother had sent him to safety on a lily - pad to escape a ravenous snake that was pursuing them . As his mother was eaten by the snake , he had floated down a waterfall , where he heard young Rapunzel singing . He climbed her tower but was still being followed by the snake which infected him with its lethal venom . It was then that the young Rapunzel used the light - based , healing magic of her blond hair to return him to life . She welcomed the infant chameleon as her best friend , that way they would never have to be alone again . Upon returning to the ivy - covered tower , he is again attacked by the white snake that had killed his mother . Fortunately , his time with Rapunzel had made him brave , and he fends off the snake until Rapunzel arrives . Maximus continues to be the guard 's greatest steed in arresting criminals in all of Corona . He seems to have feelings for a female horse named Fidel . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Both Pascal and Maximus appear in the Nintendo DS version of Tangled : The Video Game ( 2010 ) . While playing mostly as Rapunzel , players are allowed to `` interact with Flynn , Pascal , and Maximus '' , according to Nintendo.com . The video game includes a minigame inspired by Pascal entitled `` Pascal 's Colors / Melody Match '' . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Pascal and Maximus have garnered widespread universal acclaim from film critics , who greeted both characters with nearly equal praise but generally reviewed Maximus more enthusiastically . Citing both characters as `` right on the money , '' Jonathan Crocker of Total Film described Maximus as `` A horse ... who thinks he 's John McClane . '' Kerry Lengel of The Arizona Republic enthused , `` In true Disney fashion , two of the most memorable characters are animals : Pascal ... and Maximus , a barrel - chested horse with the tracking skills of a bloodhound and a sense of duty straight out of Gilbert and Sullivan . '' The Chicago Tribune 's Michael Phillips wrote that both characters are `` Very funny , very noble '' and `` lovely supporting character ( s ) . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone admitted to having `` fell hard '' for Maximus and Pascal . Similarly , Lindsey Ward of Canoe.ca predicted Tangled Ever After , writing , `` Kids and adults alike will also fall for Rapunzel 's trusty chameleon sidekick Pascal and palace horse Maximus -- whose hilarious role as Flynn 's foe - turned - BFF might just earn him his own spin - off . '' The Globe and Mail 's Jennie Punter hailed them as `` characters that only Disney animators could so memorably portray . '' Writing for the Miami Herald , Rene Rodriguez described both characters as `` terrific , '' while Alison Gang of U-T San Diego called them `` hilarious . '' David Edelstein of Vulture.com admitted that he `` ca n't help liking a movie with chameleon reaction shots . '' Joe Neumaier of the Daily News appreciated the fact that although `` There are laughs involving ... Rapunzel 's silent chameleon sidekick ... directors Nathan Greno and Byron Howard keep the tale grounded . '' Observing the way in which animal sidekicks have become `` Disney animation staples , '' Doris Toumarkine of Film Journal International wrote that Pascal is `` cute - as - can - be , '' likening the character to Jiminy Cricket from Disney 's Pinocchio ( 1940 ) . Matt Brunson of Creative Loafing wrote that Pascal `` is likely to charm the adults , further designating Tangled as silky - smooth entertainment . '' Norman Wilner of Now wrote that `` the best performance is a silent one delivered by ... Maximus , a guardsman 's horse clearly modelled on Tommy Lee Jones in The Fugitive -- but funnier . '' Describing the character as `` marvelously bothered , '' Michelle Orange of Movieline wrote that Maximus is `` given a nuanced fidelity and expressive agility so precise that it seems more human than human . '' Cynthia Fuchs of PopMatters called Maximus `` magnificent . '' Empire 's Helen O'Hara wrote that Maximus is a `` comic scene - stealer and police horse extraordinaire . '' While Ian Berriman of SFX dubbed Maximus the film 's `` breakout star , '' The Age 's Jim Schembri hailed the character as `` the funniest horse in film history . '' Sandra Hall of The Sydney Morning Herald labelled Maximus `` The de facto star of ... Tangled '' who `` possesses the strength of Hercules , the nose of an airport sniffer dog and the crankiness of Harrison Ford . '' `` ( The music ) would be the highlight of `` Tangled '' were it not for Maximus , who does n't get to sing because he 's a horse . The prize steed of the royal guard , Maximus pursues Flynn doggedly -- and I do mean ' like a dog , ' complete with ground - sniffing and tail - wagging . The animators have filled this valiant fellow with personality and charisma . '' -- The Oregonian 's Shawn Levy . According to Greno and Howard , the decision to make Pascal and Maximus non-speaking characters has been appreciated by both critics and audiences alike , explaining , `` We 've gotten so many compliments about him and Pascal ... and so many people saying : ' Thank you for not making them talk . ' '' Hailing Pascal and Maximus as `` delightful supporting characters who continue yet another Disney custom without saying a word of dialogue '' , Leonard Martin of Indiewire compared Pascal to a `` comic Greek chorus '' while dubbing Maximus `` an extraordinarily expressive equine adversary ... who earns many of the movie 's biggest laughs . Similarly , The Wall Street Journal 's Joe Morgenstern wrote , `` No one voices Maximus ... but he steals every scene he 's in '' , while calling Pascal `` endearing '' . The Quad - City Times ' Linda Cook reviewed , `` it 's fun to watch the animal sidekicks express themselves , not through words , but facial expressions and body movements . The critters provide much of the comedy '' , while Steve Persall of the Tampa Bay Times penned , `` No talking animals here , although when they 're as amusing as a loyal chameleon and a horse who 's partly bloodhound and cop - flick action hero , they do n't need to speak '' , joking that the Brothers Grimm `` probably would n't object . '' ABC Online `` like ( d ) the way the animals were used '' , explaining , `` They do n't talk ... it really is funny '' , accrediting this to executive producer John Lasseter 's influence on the film . Criticizing the script 's `` abundant chatter , '' Justin Chang of Variety commended the filmmaker 's `` shrewd decision to have the animal sidekicks ... express themselves without the benefit of speech . '' Similarly , Richard Corliss of Time wrote that both characters `` radiate plenty of personality without speaking . '' Critics who were generally less positive in their opinions of Tangled and its main characters Rapunzel and Flynn Rider were otherwise impressed by Pascal and Maximus ' performances . The Liverpool Echo 's Catherine Jones felt that `` Pascal and Maximus shamelessly scene - steal from the human characters '' , while Chris Tookey of the Daily Mail wrote , `` The enjoyable visual gags generally come from the two animal sidekicks '' . The Illinois Times ' Chuck Koplinski wrote , `` Throw in two animal sidekicks -- wily horse Maximus and protective chameleon Pascal -- and you have a film that , while not as moving as the Pixar movies , is a satisfying lark . '' TV Guid e opined that although `` There 's nothing particularly innovative about Dan Fogelman 's screenplay '' , the author wrote that `` a cute animal sidekick ... extend ( s ) to the visual aspects of the film '' . Similarly , Simon Reynolds of Digital Spy wrote , `` This ride 's a familiar one , but with humourous ( sic ) sidekicks such as horse - who - thinks - he 's - a-dog Maximus and chameleon Pascal , it 's thoroughly enjoyable . '' Although Dave White of Movies.com strongly panned Tangled , he dubbed Pascal and Maximus the film 's `` Most Memorable Cliché '' , writing that the characters `` are better than the movie deserves . '' White continued , `` they both steal scene after scene from the Cream of Wheat - like main characters '' , concluding , `` I kept wishing I was watching a movie about just them . '' The Independent 's Anthony Quinn , who was ambivalent towards the film , admitted that Pascal and Maximus `` provide some chuckles . '' Similarly , Tom Huddleston of Time Out wrote , `` With two such bland heroes , it 's good that plenty of attention is paid to the supporting characters , notably ... a bad tempered but loveable horse '' , while Todd Hertz of Christianity Today called Maximus `` a more complex , multi-dimensional character than some movies ' leads '' . Despite calling the film `` bland '' , the Houston Chronicle 's Amy Biancolli called Maximus a `` stone cool '' character . Tyler Hanley Palo Alto Weekly , however , praised the entire ensemble as a whole , calling Rapunzel , Flynn , Pascal and Maximus `` a thoroughly enjoyable quartet . '' In a lone lukewarm review , James Berardinelli of ReelViews called Pascal `` among the least recognizable animal sidekicks ( although he possesses amusing mannerisms ) . '' In 2013 , M Magazine ranked Maximus the sixth best Disney sidekick , while Pascal was ranked eighth . In 2014 , BuzzFeed organized a list of the `` Definitive Ranking of Disney Sidekicks '' , ranking Pascal and Maximus fourth and fourteenth , respectively . Author Jemima Skelley described Pascal as `` The most badass chameleon there ever was '' while hailing Maximus as `` The fiercest horse you 've probably ever seen . '' Unranked , Glamour slightly preferred Pascal to Maximus in the magazine 's article `` Our Favorite Disney Animals of All Time '' . Merchandise ( edit ) Tom Huddleston of Total Film predicted that the popularity of Pascal and Maximus , combined with the success of Tangled , would ultimately provide Disney with promising merchandising opportunities , describing the characters as `` tie - in toys you just pre-ordered in your head , '' while Keith Uhlich of Time Out called them `` action - figure ready . '' Pascal 's likeness has since been adapted into a wide variety of items , including toys , decorations and ornaments , costumes , clothing , jewellery and cosmetics , as demonstrated by the Disney Store 's website . In much of the film 's merchandise , Pascal is included alongside Rapunzel , namely play sets ; The Rapunzel Tangled Figure Play Set features miniature figurines of both Pascal and Maximus in addition to Rapunzel , Flynn Rider and Mother Gothel . However , merchandise inspired by Maximus remains less common . The character 's likeness has , however , been adapted into a plush toy . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bonanno , Luke ( March 28 , 2011 ) . `` Interview : Tangled Directors Nathan Greno & Byron Howard '' . DVDizzy.com . DVDizzy.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Graham , Bill ( 2010 ) . `` SDCC 2010 : Exclusive Interview with Tangled Directors Byron Howard and Nathan Greno '' . Collider . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Graham , Bill ( 2010 ) . `` Directors Byron Howard and Nathan Greno Interview Tangled '' . Collider . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Sean ( March 20 , 2011 ) . `` A Talk With the Directors of Tangled '' . Why So Blue ? . WhySoBlu.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kendrick , James ( 2010 ) . `` Tangled '' . QNetwork Entertainment Portal . QNetwork . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roe , Dale ( November 26 , 2010 ) . `` While lovely to gaze upon , ' Tangled ' gives us a modern princess and a rogue to love ( Our grade : B ) '' . Austin360.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Myers , Scott ( November 27 , 2010 ) . `` Written Interview : Dan Fogelman ( '' Tangled `` ) '' . Go Into The Story . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McWeeny , Drew ( November 23 , 2010 ) . `` Mandy Moore , Zach Levi , Donna Murphy all excel in animated roles '' . HitFix . HitFix , Inc . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tangled : Top Detective Tips '' . Femalefirst . First Active Media Ltd . January 27 , 2011 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gallagher , Brian ( March 28 , 2011 ) . `` Byron Howard and Nathan Greno Talk ' Tangled ' '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Neal , Matt ( May 13 , 2011 ) . `` Review : Tangled '' . Standard - Examiner . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Byron Howard & Nathan Greno Tangled Interview '' . Girl.com.au . Girl.com.au. 2010 . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Chat with Tangled Directors Byron Howard and Nathan Greno Part 1 '' . Chip and Co . Chip and Company . March 18 , 2011 . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tangled -- Nathan Greno and Byron Howard interview '' . IndieLondon . IndieLondon.co.uk. 2011 . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Carnevale , Rob ( February 1 , 2011 ) . `` Tangled -- Nathan Greno and Byron Howard '' . Orange . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Snider , Eric D. ( 2010 ) . `` MOVIE REVIEW : Tangled '' . ericdsnider.com . Eric D. Snider . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( November 23 , 2010 ) . `` Movie Review : Tangled ( 2010 ) '' . Rope of Silicon . RopeofSilicon.com LLC . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Korean hand behind Disney blockbuster '' . HanCinmena . January 27 , 2011 . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Plath , James ( March 26 , 2011 ) . `` TANGLED -- Blu - ray 3D review '' . Movie Metropolis . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Coyle , Jake ( 2010 ) . `` Disney 's ' Tangled ' updates ' Rapunzel ' '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Sun - Times Media , LLC . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2014 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ King , Susan ( October 31 , 2010 ) . `` The Animators : In ' Tangled , ' animals get a little worked up for their debut '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tangled : Byron Howard & Nathan Greno Interview '' . Movie Muser . The Handpicked Media . 2011 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Knight , Chris ( April 2 , 2011 ) . `` On DVD : ' Dos & don'ts from Tangled 's cutting room floor '' . National Post . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Clark , Noelene ( January 15 , 2012 ) . `` ' Tangled Ever After ' : Disney lets its hair down '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Hugh ( November 15 , 2011 ) . `` ' Tangled ' returns in short Disney film ' Tangled Ever After ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Tangled : The Video Game '' . Disney . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Tangled : The Video Game '' . Nintendo.com . Nintendo . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Forbis , Chris ( December 12 , 2010 ) . `` Disney 's Tangled : The Video Game Review ( DS ) '' . Platform Nation . Platform Nation . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2013 . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Moore , Roger ( January 27 , 2013 ) . `` Movie Review : `` Tangled '' `` . Movie Nation . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Do you like Maximus better or Pascal ? '' . Fanpop . Fanpop , Inc . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McGranaghan , Mike ( 2010 ) . `` TANGLED '' . The Aisle Seat . aisleseat.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Crocker , Jonathan ( January 14 , 2011 ) . `` Tangled '' . Total Film . Future Publishing Limited . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lengel , Kerry ( November 22 , 2010 ) . `` ' Tangled , ' 4.5 stars '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( November 22 , 2010 ) . `` Locked up : Disney climbs its heroine 's tresses to animation renewal '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( November 24 , 2010 ) . `` Tangled '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ward , Lindsey ( November 23 , 2010 ) . `` Easy to get caught up in ' Tangled ' '' . Canoe.ca . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Punter , Jennie ( November 24 , 2010 ) . `` Tangled : The roots of animated tradition , with 3 - D highlights '' . Tangled : The roots of animated tradition , with 3 - D highlights . The Globe and Mail Inc . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Rene ( November 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' Tangled ' ( PG ) '' . Miami Herald . Miami.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gang , Alison ( November 24 , 2010 ) . `` '' Tangled '' comes out of the tower , into our hearts `` . U-T San Diego . The San Diego Union - Tribune , LLC . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Edelstein , David ( November 24 , 2010 ) . `` Movie Review : Tangled is No Big Deal , But Still a Goofy Good Time '' . Vulture.com . New York Media LLC . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Neumaier , Joe ( November 23 , 2010 ) . `` ' Tangled ' review : Mandy Moore 's Rapunzel is chill Disney retelling of classic hair - raising tale '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Toumarkine , Doris ( November 24 , 2010 ) . `` Film Review : Tangled '' . Film Journal International . Film Journal International . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brunson , Matt ( November 24 , 2010 ) . `` Tangled has its roots in old - school Disney '' . Creative Loafing . Womack Newspapers , Inc . Retrieved September 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilner , Norman ( November 18 , 2010 ) . `` Tangled '' . Now . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Orange , Michelle ( November 22 , 2010 ) . `` REVIEW : Advances in Fairy - Tale Technology Finally Bring Rapunzel to Big Screen in Tangled '' . Movieline . PMC . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fuchs , Cynthia ( November 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' Tangled ' : Why Would He Like You ? '' . PopMatters . Retrieved December 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ O'Hara , Helen ( 2010 ) . `` Tangled '' . Empire . Bauer Consumer Media Ltd . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Berriman , Ian ( January 28 , 2011 ) . `` Tangled -- film review '' . SFX . Future Publishing Limited . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schembri , Jim ( January 7 , 2011 ) . `` Tangled '' . The Age . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hall , Sandra ( January 8 , 2011 ) . `` Tangled '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Levy , Shawn . `` Review : ' Tangled ' is a ( hair ) cut above most princess pictures '' . The Oregonian . Oregon Live LLC . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cline , Rich ( 2010 ) . `` Tangled '' . Shadows on the Wall . Rich Cline . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Turner , Matthew ( January 27 , 2011 ) . `` Tangled ( 12A ) '' . View London . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , Leonard ( November 24 , 2010 ) . `` film review : TANGLED '' . Indiewire . Indiewire.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Morgenstern , Joe ( November 26 , 2010 ) . `` ' King 's Speech ' : Wit , Warmth , Majesty Disney 's Rapunzel tale ' Tangled ' has body and sheen ; comic ' Tiny Furniture ' debuts a big talent '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cook , Linda ( November 22 , 2010 ) . `` '' Tangled '' a clever twist on Rapunzel `` . Quad - City Times . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Persall , Steve ( November 24 , 2010 ) . `` Review : Disney 's ' Tangled ' is enchanted holiday treat '' . Tampa Bay Times . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2014 . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pomeranz , Margaret ( 2010 ) . `` Tangled '' . ABC Online . ABC . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( November 7 , 2010 ) . `` Review : ' Tangled ' '' . Variety . Variety Media , LLC . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( November 26 , 2010 ) . `` Tangled : Disney 's Ripping Rapunzel '' . Time . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kois , Dan ( November 24 , 2010 ) . `` Tangled Looks and Feels Great , So Why Is Disney Selling It Short ? '' . The Village Voice . Village Voice , LLC , . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Amber ( 2010 ) . `` Tangled '' . Eye For Film . Eye For Film . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jones , Catherine ( January 28 , 2011 ) . `` FILM REVIEW : Tangled '' . Liverpool Echo . Trinity Mirror Merseyside . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tookey , Chris ( January 31 , 2011 ) . `` Cute and clever , a fairy tale that 's a cut above the rest '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Koplinski , Chuck ( December 2 , 2010 ) . `` Tangled goes back to Disney 's roots '' . Illinois Times . IllinoisTimes . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tangled '' . TV Guide . CBS Interactive Inc. 2010 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon ( January 24 , 2011 ) . `` Tangled '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ White , Dave ( 2010 ) . `` Tangled Review '' . Movies.com . Movies.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Anthony ( January 28 , 2011 ) . `` Tangled ( PG ) '' . The Independent . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Huddleston , Tom ( January 25 , 2011 ) . `` Tangled ( PG ) '' . Time Out . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hertz , Todd ( November 24 , 2010 ) . `` Tangled '' . Christianity Today . Christianity Today . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Biancolli , Amy ( November 23 , 2010 ) . `` Tangled '' . Houston Chronicle . Hearst Newspapers , LLC . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hanley , Tyler ( November 24 , 2010 ) . `` Tangled '' . Paloa Alto Online . Palo Alto Online . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( 2010 ) . `` Tangled '' . ReelViews . James Berardinelli . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Omanski , Stephanie ( December 11 , 2013 ) . `` The 25 Best Disney Sidekicks Ever '' . M Magazine . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Omanski , Stephanie ( December 11 , 2013 ) . `` The 25 Best Disney Sidekicks Ever '' . M Magazine . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Skelley , Jemima ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` The Definitive Ranking of Disney Sidekicks '' . BuzzFeed . BuzzFeed , Inc . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sastry , Keertana ( June 13 , 2014 ) . `` Our Favorite Disney Animals of All Time ( Happy Anniversary , Lion King ! ) '' . Glamour . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Uhlich , Keith ( 2010 ) . `` Tangled '' . Time Out . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pascal '' . Disney Store . Disney . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tangled '' . Disney Store . Disney . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rapunzel Tangled Figure Play Set '' . Disney Store . Disney . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maximus Plush -- Tangled -- Medium -- 14 '' . Disney Store . Disney . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . hide Disney 's Tangled Films Tangled ( 2010 ) Tangled Ever After ( 2012 ) Tangled : Before Ever After ( 2017 ) Characters Rapunzel Flynn Rider Pascal and Maximus Mother Gothel Video games Tangled : The Video Game Kingdom Hearts III Music `` When Will My Life Begin ? '' `` Mother Knows Best '' `` I 've Got a Dream '' `` I See the Light '' TV series Tangled : The Series Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pascal_and_Maximus&oldid=845460923 '' Categories : Tangled characters Fictional characters introduced in 2010 Fictional duos Fictional chameleons and geckos Fictional horses Hidden categories : Good articles Use mdy dates from March 2015 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 June 2018 , at 23 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal%20and%20Maximus	1,912

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